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What was the position of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen from Nov 2001 to Jul 2004?
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/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen#P39#2
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Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen ( , informally Poul Nyrup , born 15 June 1943 ) , is a retired Danish politician . Rasmussen was Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) from 2004 to 2011 . He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002 . He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009 . Rasmussen is a member of the Club of Madrid . In 2007 he published the book I grådighedens tid ( In a Time of Greed ) , which contains harsh criticism of the role hedge and venture capital funds play in the global economy . Early life . Rasmussen was born to a working-class family in Esbjerg in 1943 . His parents were Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen and Vera Eline Nyrup Rasmussen . He was educated at the University of Copenhagen , earning a M.sc . degree in Economics in 1971 . While studying he was active in the social democratic student union Frit Forum , where he met some of his future political colleagues . He paid his way through university by doing several jobs , like counting traffic and being a part-time delivery boy . Political career . Member of the Folketing 1987-1993 . He was first elected to the Folketing from Western Jutland in 1987 , where he became Deputy Chairman of the Social Democrats , with Svend Auken as chairman . He had together with Mogens Lykketoft made proposals for Social Democratic reforms . From 1988 to 1992 he was chairman of the Committee on Business and Trade , as well as spokesperson of Business . After the 1990 election , he was seen as a much more realistic candidate for Prime Minister than Auken . In 1992 Rasmussen replaced Auken , the long serving leader of the Social Democrats , after his failure to form a government with the Radikale Venstre after the 1990 election , despite good results for both parties . Many in the party felt that Auken had stuck to a too left wing agenda , scuttling a possible deal with the more centrist Radikale Venstre . Prime Minister 1993-2001 . Rasmussen came to power in early 1993 when then-Prime Minister Poul Schlüter resigned after an inquiry found that he had misinformed the Folketing about the so-called Tamil Case . A coalition of Social Democrats , Social Liberals , Centre Democrats and Christian Democrats , Rasmussens first cabinet made use of limited classical Keynesianism in connection with the so-called kick-start of 1993–94 as its economic policy . Under Rasmussen , Denmark experienced the most comprehensive privatisation of publicly owned assets in the 20th century . The Christian Democrats left the coalition after their defeat in the 1994 Folketing election , as did the Centre Democrats in late 1996 . Key ministers were Economy and Deputy Prime Minister , Social Liberal leader Marianne Jelved , Finance Minister Mogens Lykketoft ( Social Democrats ) and Foreign Minister Niels Helveg Petersen ( Social Liberals ) . The centre-left coalition only narrowly held on to its parliamentary majority in the 1998 Folketing election . After the election Prime Minister Rasmussen stated that the governments first order of business was to secure a yes vote in the upcoming referendum on ratification of the Amsterdam Treaty between the member states of the European Union . Eventually there were 55% yes votes in the Danish Amsterdam Treaty referendum . Rasmussens government later presided over the 2000 referendum on Danish participation in the euro , in which participation was rejected by 53.2% of the vote . A 1998 initiative , dubbed the Whitsun Packet ( Danish : Pinsepakken ) from the season it was issued , increased taxes , limiting private consumption . It was not universally popular with the electorate , which may have been a factor in the Social Democrats defeat in the 2001 parliamentary election . Rasmussen called an early election in 2001 , saying this would give the next prime minister time to prepare for Denmarks upcoming presidency of the European Union in 2002 . The patriarchal role Rasmussen had built for himself since the 11 September attacks had gained him and the Social Liberals their highest poll ratings in years , a lead that would be eroded in the buildup to the election . He was up against Liberal leader Anders Fogh Rasmussen . The campaign focused mainly on immigration and refugees , which worked to the benefit of the anti-immigration Danish Peoples Party . Two in every three Danes now supported tighter immigration restrictions , compared to only one in two before 11 September . In the last few days of the campaign a number of predominantly left-leaning artists and intellectuals urged the Danish electorate not to vote for a rightwing government , warning that the Danish Peoples Party would then be likely to wield great influence on government policy . Other campaign focuses were on welfare and health care . Poul Nyrup Rasmussen stated the aim of creating a more robust economy to deal with the economic downturn . There was little debate about the European Union as the two leaders opinions on that subject were largely the same . The loss of power in the 2001 election to Anders Fogh Rasmussens Venstre meant that the Social Democrats lost their position as the largest party in the Folketing , a position they had held without interruption since the 1924 Folketing election . On election night Rasmussen vowed to stay on as party leader , famously declaring , I will not run away with my tail between my legs . He announced an effort of renewal within the Social Democrats , urging the promotion of centrist party members to leadership positions . Influential factions opposed Rasmussens efforts , calling his leadership into question , and in late 2002 he announced that he would be stepping down as chairman . European Parliament , 2004 . Rasmussen became an MEP for the Party of European Socialists after winning a record number of 407,966 votes for an individual ( from Denmark ) in the European Parliamentary elections in 2004 . He sat on both the Foreign Affairs Committee and the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee . A key issue tackled by Rasmussen in the European Parliament was the lack of regulation for private equity and hedge funds . He worked to secure greater regulation in this area . starting long before the onset of the financial crisis . His report , proposing binding rules for all players as well as greater transparency and accountability , was passed by the European Parliament in September 2008 . Rasmussen has since criticised the European Commission , and in particular Commission President José Manuel Durão Barroso and Commissioner Charlie McCreevy for failing to respond to the report with sufficient speed or dedication . Rasmussen has also slammed the commissions response to the economic crisis ; in March 2009 he wrote : A new , updated Recovery Plan is needed now , otherwise there will be 25 million unemployed in 2010 . There must be real coordination focused on real investments . Europe also needs to do more for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe . It is in our common economic and political interest to prevent financial meltdown in those countries . Europe talks a lot about solidarity , now is the time it is really needed . Party of European Socialists , 2004–11 . In 2004 Rasmussen defeated Giuliano Amato to be elected President of the PES , succeeding Robin Cook in the post . He was re-elected for a further 2.5 years at the PES Congress in Porto on 8 December 2006 . The position involves coordinating the political vision of the party , ensuring unity , chairing the party presidency and representing the party on a regular basis . As PES President he is also President of the Global Progressive Forum and sits on committee of Transatlantic Dialogue , which fosters cooperation between progressives from the US and Europe . Rasmussen has played a central role in making the party more inclusive and oversaw the launch of the network PES Activists , as well as a radically participative consultation process to construct the partys manifesto for the 2009 European election . Rasmussens influence in politicising the PES can be seen in the partys headline political initiative , New Social Europe . Based on a report written by Rasmussen and former President of the European Commission Jacques Delors , this aims at creating a fairer , more inclusive , and more dynamic society . Currently , he is on the advisory board of OMFIF where he is regularly involved in meetings regarding the financial and monetary system . Personal life . Rasmussen was married to Lone Dybkjær , a member of the Folketing ( and a former MEP ) for the centrist Radikale Venstre from 1994 until her death in 2020 . He enjoyed holidaying with his wife in their second house as well as swimming , walking , and reflecting with friends . He also likes listening to music . He is not related to his two immediate successors as Prime Minister , Anders Fogh Rasmussen or Lars Løkke Rasmussen . His daughter committed suicide in 1993 . External links . - Party of European Socialists manifesto for European elections 2009 - Presidents page on PES website - Europe and a New World Order – A Report for the Party of European Socialists by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
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[
"MEP for the Party of European Socialists"
] |
easy
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What position did Poul Nyrup Rasmussen take from Jul 2004 to Jul 2009?
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/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen#P39#3
|
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen ( , informally Poul Nyrup , born 15 June 1943 ) , is a retired Danish politician . Rasmussen was Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) from 2004 to 2011 . He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002 . He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009 . Rasmussen is a member of the Club of Madrid . In 2007 he published the book I grådighedens tid ( In a Time of Greed ) , which contains harsh criticism of the role hedge and venture capital funds play in the global economy . Early life . Rasmussen was born to a working-class family in Esbjerg in 1943 . His parents were Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen and Vera Eline Nyrup Rasmussen . He was educated at the University of Copenhagen , earning a M.sc . degree in Economics in 1971 . While studying he was active in the social democratic student union Frit Forum , where he met some of his future political colleagues . He paid his way through university by doing several jobs , like counting traffic and being a part-time delivery boy . Political career . Member of the Folketing 1987-1993 . He was first elected to the Folketing from Western Jutland in 1987 , where he became Deputy Chairman of the Social Democrats , with Svend Auken as chairman . He had together with Mogens Lykketoft made proposals for Social Democratic reforms . From 1988 to 1992 he was chairman of the Committee on Business and Trade , as well as spokesperson of Business . After the 1990 election , he was seen as a much more realistic candidate for Prime Minister than Auken . In 1992 Rasmussen replaced Auken , the long serving leader of the Social Democrats , after his failure to form a government with the Radikale Venstre after the 1990 election , despite good results for both parties . Many in the party felt that Auken had stuck to a too left wing agenda , scuttling a possible deal with the more centrist Radikale Venstre . Prime Minister 1993-2001 . Rasmussen came to power in early 1993 when then-Prime Minister Poul Schlüter resigned after an inquiry found that he had misinformed the Folketing about the so-called Tamil Case . A coalition of Social Democrats , Social Liberals , Centre Democrats and Christian Democrats , Rasmussens first cabinet made use of limited classical Keynesianism in connection with the so-called kick-start of 1993–94 as its economic policy . Under Rasmussen , Denmark experienced the most comprehensive privatisation of publicly owned assets in the 20th century . The Christian Democrats left the coalition after their defeat in the 1994 Folketing election , as did the Centre Democrats in late 1996 . Key ministers were Economy and Deputy Prime Minister , Social Liberal leader Marianne Jelved , Finance Minister Mogens Lykketoft ( Social Democrats ) and Foreign Minister Niels Helveg Petersen ( Social Liberals ) . The centre-left coalition only narrowly held on to its parliamentary majority in the 1998 Folketing election . After the election Prime Minister Rasmussen stated that the governments first order of business was to secure a yes vote in the upcoming referendum on ratification of the Amsterdam Treaty between the member states of the European Union . Eventually there were 55% yes votes in the Danish Amsterdam Treaty referendum . Rasmussens government later presided over the 2000 referendum on Danish participation in the euro , in which participation was rejected by 53.2% of the vote . A 1998 initiative , dubbed the Whitsun Packet ( Danish : Pinsepakken ) from the season it was issued , increased taxes , limiting private consumption . It was not universally popular with the electorate , which may have been a factor in the Social Democrats defeat in the 2001 parliamentary election . Rasmussen called an early election in 2001 , saying this would give the next prime minister time to prepare for Denmarks upcoming presidency of the European Union in 2002 . The patriarchal role Rasmussen had built for himself since the 11 September attacks had gained him and the Social Liberals their highest poll ratings in years , a lead that would be eroded in the buildup to the election . He was up against Liberal leader Anders Fogh Rasmussen . The campaign focused mainly on immigration and refugees , which worked to the benefit of the anti-immigration Danish Peoples Party . Two in every three Danes now supported tighter immigration restrictions , compared to only one in two before 11 September . In the last few days of the campaign a number of predominantly left-leaning artists and intellectuals urged the Danish electorate not to vote for a rightwing government , warning that the Danish Peoples Party would then be likely to wield great influence on government policy . Other campaign focuses were on welfare and health care . Poul Nyrup Rasmussen stated the aim of creating a more robust economy to deal with the economic downturn . There was little debate about the European Union as the two leaders opinions on that subject were largely the same . The loss of power in the 2001 election to Anders Fogh Rasmussens Venstre meant that the Social Democrats lost their position as the largest party in the Folketing , a position they had held without interruption since the 1924 Folketing election . On election night Rasmussen vowed to stay on as party leader , famously declaring , I will not run away with my tail between my legs . He announced an effort of renewal within the Social Democrats , urging the promotion of centrist party members to leadership positions . Influential factions opposed Rasmussens efforts , calling his leadership into question , and in late 2002 he announced that he would be stepping down as chairman . European Parliament , 2004 . Rasmussen became an MEP for the Party of European Socialists after winning a record number of 407,966 votes for an individual ( from Denmark ) in the European Parliamentary elections in 2004 . He sat on both the Foreign Affairs Committee and the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee . A key issue tackled by Rasmussen in the European Parliament was the lack of regulation for private equity and hedge funds . He worked to secure greater regulation in this area . starting long before the onset of the financial crisis . His report , proposing binding rules for all players as well as greater transparency and accountability , was passed by the European Parliament in September 2008 . Rasmussen has since criticised the European Commission , and in particular Commission President José Manuel Durão Barroso and Commissioner Charlie McCreevy for failing to respond to the report with sufficient speed or dedication . Rasmussen has also slammed the commissions response to the economic crisis ; in March 2009 he wrote : A new , updated Recovery Plan is needed now , otherwise there will be 25 million unemployed in 2010 . There must be real coordination focused on real investments . Europe also needs to do more for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe . It is in our common economic and political interest to prevent financial meltdown in those countries . Europe talks a lot about solidarity , now is the time it is really needed . Party of European Socialists , 2004–11 . In 2004 Rasmussen defeated Giuliano Amato to be elected President of the PES , succeeding Robin Cook in the post . He was re-elected for a further 2.5 years at the PES Congress in Porto on 8 December 2006 . The position involves coordinating the political vision of the party , ensuring unity , chairing the party presidency and representing the party on a regular basis . As PES President he is also President of the Global Progressive Forum and sits on committee of Transatlantic Dialogue , which fosters cooperation between progressives from the US and Europe . Rasmussen has played a central role in making the party more inclusive and oversaw the launch of the network PES Activists , as well as a radically participative consultation process to construct the partys manifesto for the 2009 European election . Rasmussens influence in politicising the PES can be seen in the partys headline political initiative , New Social Europe . Based on a report written by Rasmussen and former President of the European Commission Jacques Delors , this aims at creating a fairer , more inclusive , and more dynamic society . Currently , he is on the advisory board of OMFIF where he is regularly involved in meetings regarding the financial and monetary system . Personal life . Rasmussen was married to Lone Dybkjær , a member of the Folketing ( and a former MEP ) for the centrist Radikale Venstre from 1994 until her death in 2020 . He enjoyed holidaying with his wife in their second house as well as swimming , walking , and reflecting with friends . He also likes listening to music . He is not related to his two immediate successors as Prime Minister , Anders Fogh Rasmussen or Lars Løkke Rasmussen . His daughter committed suicide in 1993 . External links . - Party of European Socialists manifesto for European elections 2009 - Presidents page on PES website - Europe and a New World Order – A Report for the Party of European Socialists by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
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[
"ADAC Formel Masters"
] |
easy
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What sport did Pascal Wehrlein participate from 2010 to 2011?
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/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein#P641#0
|
Pascal Wehrlein Pascal Wehrlein ( born 18 October 1994 ) is a German-Mauritian racing driver for the Porsche Formula E Team , and development driver for Scuderia Ferrari . He previously raced in Formula One for the Sauber and Manor teams . Holding dual nationality of Germany and Mauritius , he raced under the German flag in Formula One . He had previously raced in DTM , winning the title with the Mercedes-Benz team HWA AG in 2015 . In 2014 Wehrlein became the youngest driver to win a DTM race at the age of 19 , and the following year he was the youngest to win the title , at the age of 20 . In February 2016 he began driving full-time in Formula One for Manor , scoring his first championship point at the Austrian Grand Prix . During the season , he regularly out-qualified his lesser rated team mate Rio Haryanto , until Haryanto was replaced mid-season by Esteban Ocon . Manor folded in early 2017 and Wehrlein moved to Sauber . However , before the season began , he was involved in an accident at the Race of Champions that left him unable to compete in the first two races of the season . Despite this , he scored Saubers only points that year . He was replaced for the 2018 season by Charles Leclerc . Wehrlein later raced in Formula E with the Indian Mahindra team alongside Jérôme dAmbrosio , but left the team midway through the 2019–2020 championship season . Early life . Wehrlein was born in Sigmaringen to a German father and Mauritian mother . His father Richard Wehrlein , who entered German boxing championships , owns a CNC machining company in Ostrach . Career . Karting . Wehrlein began karting in 2003 and raced only in his native Germany in his early career . He worked his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF2 category by 2009 , when he finished on fifth position in ADAC Kart Masters . ADAC Formel Masters . 2010 saw his debut in the ADAC Formel Masters championship with ADAC Berlin-Brandenburg e.V . ( also known as Mücke Motorsport ) . Wehrlein finished sixth in the championship with a win at Sachsenring and three other podiums . He remained in the series with the team for the next year . Wehrlein scored seven wins at Oschersleben , Sachsenring , Zolder , Nürburgring and Lausitz on his way to the championship title . Formula 3 Euro Series . In 2012 , Wehrlein stepped up to the Formula 3 Euro Series , continuing with Mücke Motorsport . He finished 2nd in the championship to Daniel Juncadella . DTM ( 2013–2015 ) . Wehrlein made his debut in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) in 2013 at the age of 18 . In a career spanning three seasons Wehrlein managed to be one of the leading drivers in the field despite his youthful age . In his debut season he achieved 3 points finishing 22nd in the championship . He also achieved his first of two fastest laps in his career . In 2014 he switched teams to HWA where he became the youngest driver in the series history to claim pole position and win a race on route to 8th in the championship with 46 points collected . Besides his stand out victory at Lausitz , Wehrleins second best result of the season was a fifth-place finish at Norisring . In 2015 DTM returned to running two races per race weekend , resulting in 18 rounds in the 2015 championship . Due to the inconsistency of most teams and drivers Wehrlein won the title easily having scored in all rounds except for three . He achieved 5 podiums , one fastest lap and two wins . He is the first driver to win the championship having not claimed a pole position throughout his championship season while also being the youngest ever DTM champion . Formula One . In September 2014 , it was announced that Wehrlein would act as a reserve driver for the Mercedes F1 Team and was signed up to be their first junior driver . He took part in preseason testing in Barcelona , driving for both Force India and Mercedes . Manor ( 2016 ) . On 10 February 2016 , it was announced that Wehrlein would make his F1 debut with Manor Racing . It is understood that Manor would receive access to Mercedess wind tunnel in exchange for hiring Wehrlein . He picked number 94 , in reference to his birth year . Wehrlein scored his and Manors only point of the season at the with a tenth-place finish . Sauber ( 2017 ) . On 16 January 2017 , Wehrlein signed with Sauber . He was forced to miss the first test in Barcelona due to an injury he sustained while competing in the Race of Champions . He was replaced by Antonio Giovinazzi before returning for the second test at the same circuit . Despite being fit to take part in the , he later withdrew after participating in the first two practice sessions , with Giovinazzi replacing him for the rest of the race weekend . On 3 April 2017 , Sauber F1 announced Wehrlein would again be replaced by Giovinazzi for the 2017 Chinese Grand Prix . He proceeded with entry into the following Bahrain Grand Prix , qualifying 13th and finishing the race in 11th . He finished eighth in the Spanish Grand Prix after running a one-stop strategy . He did not lose a single one of the places he gained , although a five-second penalty for a pit entry violation cost him seventh to Carlos Sainz Jr . His race at the Monaco Grand Prix ended when , on the 57th lap , Jenson Button tried to lunge down the inside at Portier but succeeded in flipping the Sauber onto its side against the barriers , necessitating another scan of his back . He scored his second points finish of the season in the chaotic Azerbaijan Grand Prix after fighting hard with his teammate Marcus Ericsson for 10th position . This took his points tally to 5 points . Despite having beaten Ericsson in both qualifying and the majority of races , plus being the only driver who scored points for Sauber that season , on 2 December 2017 , Sauber announced that Wehrlein would not be renewed for the 2018 season and that he would be replaced by Charles Leclerc . Ferrari test driver ( 2019–2020 ) . On 8 January 2019 Wehrlein was announced as the development driver for Ferrari . Return to DTM ( 2018 ) . On 7 February 2018 , it was announced that Wehrlein will return to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters with Mercedes-AMGs HWA Team after losing his Formula One seat . Wehrlein left the Mercedes Junior Team after the 2018 season . Formula E ( 2019–present ) . Mahindra Racing ( 2018–2020 ) . Wehrlein moved to Formula E for the 2018–19 season , driving for Mahindra Racing . He did not contest the opening round of the season in Diriyah , with Felix Rosenqvist replacing him , instead making his debut at the Marrakesh ePrix . Wehrlein earned his first pole position in just his third race in the series at the Mexico City ePrix . In the race he crossed the finish line in second , 0.210s behind Lucas di Grassi after being overtaken in the last corner , but was given a 5-second time penalty for cutting a corner earlier in the race which relegated him to sixth position . He set the fastest qualifying time in the qualifying session for the Paris ePrix , but he and teammate dAmbrosio had their times disallowed for underweight cars , promoting Oliver Rowland to pole position . On 8 June 2020 , Wehrlein announced his departure from the Mahindra team in a post on Instagram . TAG Heuer Porsche ( 2020–2021 ) . Wehrlein was signed up to drive for the Porsche Formula E team for the 2020-21 Formula E World Championship . Wehrlein replaced Neel Jani and will partner with fellow countryman André Lotterer . Racing record . Racing career summary . Season still in progress . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but completed 75% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress .
|
[
"Formula 3 Euro Series"
] |
easy
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What sport did Pascal Wehrlein participate from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein#P641#1
|
Pascal Wehrlein Pascal Wehrlein ( born 18 October 1994 ) is a German-Mauritian racing driver for the Porsche Formula E Team , and development driver for Scuderia Ferrari . He previously raced in Formula One for the Sauber and Manor teams . Holding dual nationality of Germany and Mauritius , he raced under the German flag in Formula One . He had previously raced in DTM , winning the title with the Mercedes-Benz team HWA AG in 2015 . In 2014 Wehrlein became the youngest driver to win a DTM race at the age of 19 , and the following year he was the youngest to win the title , at the age of 20 . In February 2016 he began driving full-time in Formula One for Manor , scoring his first championship point at the Austrian Grand Prix . During the season , he regularly out-qualified his lesser rated team mate Rio Haryanto , until Haryanto was replaced mid-season by Esteban Ocon . Manor folded in early 2017 and Wehrlein moved to Sauber . However , before the season began , he was involved in an accident at the Race of Champions that left him unable to compete in the first two races of the season . Despite this , he scored Saubers only points that year . He was replaced for the 2018 season by Charles Leclerc . Wehrlein later raced in Formula E with the Indian Mahindra team alongside Jérôme dAmbrosio , but left the team midway through the 2019–2020 championship season . Early life . Wehrlein was born in Sigmaringen to a German father and Mauritian mother . His father Richard Wehrlein , who entered German boxing championships , owns a CNC machining company in Ostrach . Career . Karting . Wehrlein began karting in 2003 and raced only in his native Germany in his early career . He worked his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF2 category by 2009 , when he finished on fifth position in ADAC Kart Masters . ADAC Formel Masters . 2010 saw his debut in the ADAC Formel Masters championship with ADAC Berlin-Brandenburg e.V . ( also known as Mücke Motorsport ) . Wehrlein finished sixth in the championship with a win at Sachsenring and three other podiums . He remained in the series with the team for the next year . Wehrlein scored seven wins at Oschersleben , Sachsenring , Zolder , Nürburgring and Lausitz on his way to the championship title . Formula 3 Euro Series . In 2012 , Wehrlein stepped up to the Formula 3 Euro Series , continuing with Mücke Motorsport . He finished 2nd in the championship to Daniel Juncadella . DTM ( 2013–2015 ) . Wehrlein made his debut in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) in 2013 at the age of 18 . In a career spanning three seasons Wehrlein managed to be one of the leading drivers in the field despite his youthful age . In his debut season he achieved 3 points finishing 22nd in the championship . He also achieved his first of two fastest laps in his career . In 2014 he switched teams to HWA where he became the youngest driver in the series history to claim pole position and win a race on route to 8th in the championship with 46 points collected . Besides his stand out victory at Lausitz , Wehrleins second best result of the season was a fifth-place finish at Norisring . In 2015 DTM returned to running two races per race weekend , resulting in 18 rounds in the 2015 championship . Due to the inconsistency of most teams and drivers Wehrlein won the title easily having scored in all rounds except for three . He achieved 5 podiums , one fastest lap and two wins . He is the first driver to win the championship having not claimed a pole position throughout his championship season while also being the youngest ever DTM champion . Formula One . In September 2014 , it was announced that Wehrlein would act as a reserve driver for the Mercedes F1 Team and was signed up to be their first junior driver . He took part in preseason testing in Barcelona , driving for both Force India and Mercedes . Manor ( 2016 ) . On 10 February 2016 , it was announced that Wehrlein would make his F1 debut with Manor Racing . It is understood that Manor would receive access to Mercedess wind tunnel in exchange for hiring Wehrlein . He picked number 94 , in reference to his birth year . Wehrlein scored his and Manors only point of the season at the with a tenth-place finish . Sauber ( 2017 ) . On 16 January 2017 , Wehrlein signed with Sauber . He was forced to miss the first test in Barcelona due to an injury he sustained while competing in the Race of Champions . He was replaced by Antonio Giovinazzi before returning for the second test at the same circuit . Despite being fit to take part in the , he later withdrew after participating in the first two practice sessions , with Giovinazzi replacing him for the rest of the race weekend . On 3 April 2017 , Sauber F1 announced Wehrlein would again be replaced by Giovinazzi for the 2017 Chinese Grand Prix . He proceeded with entry into the following Bahrain Grand Prix , qualifying 13th and finishing the race in 11th . He finished eighth in the Spanish Grand Prix after running a one-stop strategy . He did not lose a single one of the places he gained , although a five-second penalty for a pit entry violation cost him seventh to Carlos Sainz Jr . His race at the Monaco Grand Prix ended when , on the 57th lap , Jenson Button tried to lunge down the inside at Portier but succeeded in flipping the Sauber onto its side against the barriers , necessitating another scan of his back . He scored his second points finish of the season in the chaotic Azerbaijan Grand Prix after fighting hard with his teammate Marcus Ericsson for 10th position . This took his points tally to 5 points . Despite having beaten Ericsson in both qualifying and the majority of races , plus being the only driver who scored points for Sauber that season , on 2 December 2017 , Sauber announced that Wehrlein would not be renewed for the 2018 season and that he would be replaced by Charles Leclerc . Ferrari test driver ( 2019–2020 ) . On 8 January 2019 Wehrlein was announced as the development driver for Ferrari . Return to DTM ( 2018 ) . On 7 February 2018 , it was announced that Wehrlein will return to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters with Mercedes-AMGs HWA Team after losing his Formula One seat . Wehrlein left the Mercedes Junior Team after the 2018 season . Formula E ( 2019–present ) . Mahindra Racing ( 2018–2020 ) . Wehrlein moved to Formula E for the 2018–19 season , driving for Mahindra Racing . He did not contest the opening round of the season in Diriyah , with Felix Rosenqvist replacing him , instead making his debut at the Marrakesh ePrix . Wehrlein earned his first pole position in just his third race in the series at the Mexico City ePrix . In the race he crossed the finish line in second , 0.210s behind Lucas di Grassi after being overtaken in the last corner , but was given a 5-second time penalty for cutting a corner earlier in the race which relegated him to sixth position . He set the fastest qualifying time in the qualifying session for the Paris ePrix , but he and teammate dAmbrosio had their times disallowed for underweight cars , promoting Oliver Rowland to pole position . On 8 June 2020 , Wehrlein announced his departure from the Mahindra team in a post on Instagram . TAG Heuer Porsche ( 2020–2021 ) . Wehrlein was signed up to drive for the Porsche Formula E team for the 2020-21 Formula E World Championship . Wehrlein replaced Neel Jani and will partner with fellow countryman André Lotterer . Racing record . Racing career summary . Season still in progress . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but completed 75% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress .
|
[
"Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters"
] |
easy
|
What sport did Pascal Wehrlein participate from 2013 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein#P641#2
|
Pascal Wehrlein Pascal Wehrlein ( born 18 October 1994 ) is a German-Mauritian racing driver for the Porsche Formula E Team , and development driver for Scuderia Ferrari . He previously raced in Formula One for the Sauber and Manor teams . Holding dual nationality of Germany and Mauritius , he raced under the German flag in Formula One . He had previously raced in DTM , winning the title with the Mercedes-Benz team HWA AG in 2015 . In 2014 Wehrlein became the youngest driver to win a DTM race at the age of 19 , and the following year he was the youngest to win the title , at the age of 20 . In February 2016 he began driving full-time in Formula One for Manor , scoring his first championship point at the Austrian Grand Prix . During the season , he regularly out-qualified his lesser rated team mate Rio Haryanto , until Haryanto was replaced mid-season by Esteban Ocon . Manor folded in early 2017 and Wehrlein moved to Sauber . However , before the season began , he was involved in an accident at the Race of Champions that left him unable to compete in the first two races of the season . Despite this , he scored Saubers only points that year . He was replaced for the 2018 season by Charles Leclerc . Wehrlein later raced in Formula E with the Indian Mahindra team alongside Jérôme dAmbrosio , but left the team midway through the 2019–2020 championship season . Early life . Wehrlein was born in Sigmaringen to a German father and Mauritian mother . His father Richard Wehrlein , who entered German boxing championships , owns a CNC machining company in Ostrach . Career . Karting . Wehrlein began karting in 2003 and raced only in his native Germany in his early career . He worked his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF2 category by 2009 , when he finished on fifth position in ADAC Kart Masters . ADAC Formel Masters . 2010 saw his debut in the ADAC Formel Masters championship with ADAC Berlin-Brandenburg e.V . ( also known as Mücke Motorsport ) . Wehrlein finished sixth in the championship with a win at Sachsenring and three other podiums . He remained in the series with the team for the next year . Wehrlein scored seven wins at Oschersleben , Sachsenring , Zolder , Nürburgring and Lausitz on his way to the championship title . Formula 3 Euro Series . In 2012 , Wehrlein stepped up to the Formula 3 Euro Series , continuing with Mücke Motorsport . He finished 2nd in the championship to Daniel Juncadella . DTM ( 2013–2015 ) . Wehrlein made his debut in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) in 2013 at the age of 18 . In a career spanning three seasons Wehrlein managed to be one of the leading drivers in the field despite his youthful age . In his debut season he achieved 3 points finishing 22nd in the championship . He also achieved his first of two fastest laps in his career . In 2014 he switched teams to HWA where he became the youngest driver in the series history to claim pole position and win a race on route to 8th in the championship with 46 points collected . Besides his stand out victory at Lausitz , Wehrleins second best result of the season was a fifth-place finish at Norisring . In 2015 DTM returned to running two races per race weekend , resulting in 18 rounds in the 2015 championship . Due to the inconsistency of most teams and drivers Wehrlein won the title easily having scored in all rounds except for three . He achieved 5 podiums , one fastest lap and two wins . He is the first driver to win the championship having not claimed a pole position throughout his championship season while also being the youngest ever DTM champion . Formula One . In September 2014 , it was announced that Wehrlein would act as a reserve driver for the Mercedes F1 Team and was signed up to be their first junior driver . He took part in preseason testing in Barcelona , driving for both Force India and Mercedes . Manor ( 2016 ) . On 10 February 2016 , it was announced that Wehrlein would make his F1 debut with Manor Racing . It is understood that Manor would receive access to Mercedess wind tunnel in exchange for hiring Wehrlein . He picked number 94 , in reference to his birth year . Wehrlein scored his and Manors only point of the season at the with a tenth-place finish . Sauber ( 2017 ) . On 16 January 2017 , Wehrlein signed with Sauber . He was forced to miss the first test in Barcelona due to an injury he sustained while competing in the Race of Champions . He was replaced by Antonio Giovinazzi before returning for the second test at the same circuit . Despite being fit to take part in the , he later withdrew after participating in the first two practice sessions , with Giovinazzi replacing him for the rest of the race weekend . On 3 April 2017 , Sauber F1 announced Wehrlein would again be replaced by Giovinazzi for the 2017 Chinese Grand Prix . He proceeded with entry into the following Bahrain Grand Prix , qualifying 13th and finishing the race in 11th . He finished eighth in the Spanish Grand Prix after running a one-stop strategy . He did not lose a single one of the places he gained , although a five-second penalty for a pit entry violation cost him seventh to Carlos Sainz Jr . His race at the Monaco Grand Prix ended when , on the 57th lap , Jenson Button tried to lunge down the inside at Portier but succeeded in flipping the Sauber onto its side against the barriers , necessitating another scan of his back . He scored his second points finish of the season in the chaotic Azerbaijan Grand Prix after fighting hard with his teammate Marcus Ericsson for 10th position . This took his points tally to 5 points . Despite having beaten Ericsson in both qualifying and the majority of races , plus being the only driver who scored points for Sauber that season , on 2 December 2017 , Sauber announced that Wehrlein would not be renewed for the 2018 season and that he would be replaced by Charles Leclerc . Ferrari test driver ( 2019–2020 ) . On 8 January 2019 Wehrlein was announced as the development driver for Ferrari . Return to DTM ( 2018 ) . On 7 February 2018 , it was announced that Wehrlein will return to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters with Mercedes-AMGs HWA Team after losing his Formula One seat . Wehrlein left the Mercedes Junior Team after the 2018 season . Formula E ( 2019–present ) . Mahindra Racing ( 2018–2020 ) . Wehrlein moved to Formula E for the 2018–19 season , driving for Mahindra Racing . He did not contest the opening round of the season in Diriyah , with Felix Rosenqvist replacing him , instead making his debut at the Marrakesh ePrix . Wehrlein earned his first pole position in just his third race in the series at the Mexico City ePrix . In the race he crossed the finish line in second , 0.210s behind Lucas di Grassi after being overtaken in the last corner , but was given a 5-second time penalty for cutting a corner earlier in the race which relegated him to sixth position . He set the fastest qualifying time in the qualifying session for the Paris ePrix , but he and teammate dAmbrosio had their times disallowed for underweight cars , promoting Oliver Rowland to pole position . On 8 June 2020 , Wehrlein announced his departure from the Mahindra team in a post on Instagram . TAG Heuer Porsche ( 2020–2021 ) . Wehrlein was signed up to drive for the Porsche Formula E team for the 2020-21 Formula E World Championship . Wehrlein replaced Neel Jani and will partner with fellow countryman André Lotterer . Racing record . Racing career summary . Season still in progress . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but completed 75% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress .
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What sport did Pascal Wehrlein participate from 2016 to 2017?
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/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein#P641#3
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Pascal Wehrlein Pascal Wehrlein ( born 18 October 1994 ) is a German-Mauritian racing driver for the Porsche Formula E Team , and development driver for Scuderia Ferrari . He previously raced in Formula One for the Sauber and Manor teams . Holding dual nationality of Germany and Mauritius , he raced under the German flag in Formula One . He had previously raced in DTM , winning the title with the Mercedes-Benz team HWA AG in 2015 . In 2014 Wehrlein became the youngest driver to win a DTM race at the age of 19 , and the following year he was the youngest to win the title , at the age of 20 . In February 2016 he began driving full-time in Formula One for Manor , scoring his first championship point at the Austrian Grand Prix . During the season , he regularly out-qualified his lesser rated team mate Rio Haryanto , until Haryanto was replaced mid-season by Esteban Ocon . Manor folded in early 2017 and Wehrlein moved to Sauber . However , before the season began , he was involved in an accident at the Race of Champions that left him unable to compete in the first two races of the season . Despite this , he scored Saubers only points that year . He was replaced for the 2018 season by Charles Leclerc . Wehrlein later raced in Formula E with the Indian Mahindra team alongside Jérôme dAmbrosio , but left the team midway through the 2019–2020 championship season . Early life . Wehrlein was born in Sigmaringen to a German father and Mauritian mother . His father Richard Wehrlein , who entered German boxing championships , owns a CNC machining company in Ostrach . Career . Karting . Wehrlein began karting in 2003 and raced only in his native Germany in his early career . He worked his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF2 category by 2009 , when he finished on fifth position in ADAC Kart Masters . ADAC Formel Masters . 2010 saw his debut in the ADAC Formel Masters championship with ADAC Berlin-Brandenburg e.V . ( also known as Mücke Motorsport ) . Wehrlein finished sixth in the championship with a win at Sachsenring and three other podiums . He remained in the series with the team for the next year . Wehrlein scored seven wins at Oschersleben , Sachsenring , Zolder , Nürburgring and Lausitz on his way to the championship title . Formula 3 Euro Series . In 2012 , Wehrlein stepped up to the Formula 3 Euro Series , continuing with Mücke Motorsport . He finished 2nd in the championship to Daniel Juncadella . DTM ( 2013–2015 ) . Wehrlein made his debut in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) in 2013 at the age of 18 . In a career spanning three seasons Wehrlein managed to be one of the leading drivers in the field despite his youthful age . In his debut season he achieved 3 points finishing 22nd in the championship . He also achieved his first of two fastest laps in his career . In 2014 he switched teams to HWA where he became the youngest driver in the series history to claim pole position and win a race on route to 8th in the championship with 46 points collected . Besides his stand out victory at Lausitz , Wehrleins second best result of the season was a fifth-place finish at Norisring . In 2015 DTM returned to running two races per race weekend , resulting in 18 rounds in the 2015 championship . Due to the inconsistency of most teams and drivers Wehrlein won the title easily having scored in all rounds except for three . He achieved 5 podiums , one fastest lap and two wins . He is the first driver to win the championship having not claimed a pole position throughout his championship season while also being the youngest ever DTM champion . Formula One . In September 2014 , it was announced that Wehrlein would act as a reserve driver for the Mercedes F1 Team and was signed up to be their first junior driver . He took part in preseason testing in Barcelona , driving for both Force India and Mercedes . Manor ( 2016 ) . On 10 February 2016 , it was announced that Wehrlein would make his F1 debut with Manor Racing . It is understood that Manor would receive access to Mercedess wind tunnel in exchange for hiring Wehrlein . He picked number 94 , in reference to his birth year . Wehrlein scored his and Manors only point of the season at the with a tenth-place finish . Sauber ( 2017 ) . On 16 January 2017 , Wehrlein signed with Sauber . He was forced to miss the first test in Barcelona due to an injury he sustained while competing in the Race of Champions . He was replaced by Antonio Giovinazzi before returning for the second test at the same circuit . Despite being fit to take part in the , he later withdrew after participating in the first two practice sessions , with Giovinazzi replacing him for the rest of the race weekend . On 3 April 2017 , Sauber F1 announced Wehrlein would again be replaced by Giovinazzi for the 2017 Chinese Grand Prix . He proceeded with entry into the following Bahrain Grand Prix , qualifying 13th and finishing the race in 11th . He finished eighth in the Spanish Grand Prix after running a one-stop strategy . He did not lose a single one of the places he gained , although a five-second penalty for a pit entry violation cost him seventh to Carlos Sainz Jr . His race at the Monaco Grand Prix ended when , on the 57th lap , Jenson Button tried to lunge down the inside at Portier but succeeded in flipping the Sauber onto its side against the barriers , necessitating another scan of his back . He scored his second points finish of the season in the chaotic Azerbaijan Grand Prix after fighting hard with his teammate Marcus Ericsson for 10th position . This took his points tally to 5 points . Despite having beaten Ericsson in both qualifying and the majority of races , plus being the only driver who scored points for Sauber that season , on 2 December 2017 , Sauber announced that Wehrlein would not be renewed for the 2018 season and that he would be replaced by Charles Leclerc . Ferrari test driver ( 2019–2020 ) . On 8 January 2019 Wehrlein was announced as the development driver for Ferrari . Return to DTM ( 2018 ) . On 7 February 2018 , it was announced that Wehrlein will return to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters with Mercedes-AMGs HWA Team after losing his Formula One seat . Wehrlein left the Mercedes Junior Team after the 2018 season . Formula E ( 2019–present ) . Mahindra Racing ( 2018–2020 ) . Wehrlein moved to Formula E for the 2018–19 season , driving for Mahindra Racing . He did not contest the opening round of the season in Diriyah , with Felix Rosenqvist replacing him , instead making his debut at the Marrakesh ePrix . Wehrlein earned his first pole position in just his third race in the series at the Mexico City ePrix . In the race he crossed the finish line in second , 0.210s behind Lucas di Grassi after being overtaken in the last corner , but was given a 5-second time penalty for cutting a corner earlier in the race which relegated him to sixth position . He set the fastest qualifying time in the qualifying session for the Paris ePrix , but he and teammate dAmbrosio had their times disallowed for underweight cars , promoting Oliver Rowland to pole position . On 8 June 2020 , Wehrlein announced his departure from the Mahindra team in a post on Instagram . TAG Heuer Porsche ( 2020–2021 ) . Wehrlein was signed up to drive for the Porsche Formula E team for the 2020-21 Formula E World Championship . Wehrlein replaced Neel Jani and will partner with fellow countryman André Lotterer . Racing record . Racing career summary . Season still in progress . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but completed 75% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress .
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What sport did Pascal Wehrlein participate from 2018 to 2019?
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/wiki/Pascal_Wehrlein#P641#4
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Pascal Wehrlein Pascal Wehrlein ( born 18 October 1994 ) is a German-Mauritian racing driver for the Porsche Formula E Team , and development driver for Scuderia Ferrari . He previously raced in Formula One for the Sauber and Manor teams . Holding dual nationality of Germany and Mauritius , he raced under the German flag in Formula One . He had previously raced in DTM , winning the title with the Mercedes-Benz team HWA AG in 2015 . In 2014 Wehrlein became the youngest driver to win a DTM race at the age of 19 , and the following year he was the youngest to win the title , at the age of 20 . In February 2016 he began driving full-time in Formula One for Manor , scoring his first championship point at the Austrian Grand Prix . During the season , he regularly out-qualified his lesser rated team mate Rio Haryanto , until Haryanto was replaced mid-season by Esteban Ocon . Manor folded in early 2017 and Wehrlein moved to Sauber . However , before the season began , he was involved in an accident at the Race of Champions that left him unable to compete in the first two races of the season . Despite this , he scored Saubers only points that year . He was replaced for the 2018 season by Charles Leclerc . Wehrlein later raced in Formula E with the Indian Mahindra team alongside Jérôme dAmbrosio , but left the team midway through the 2019–2020 championship season . Early life . Wehrlein was born in Sigmaringen to a German father and Mauritian mother . His father Richard Wehrlein , who entered German boxing championships , owns a CNC machining company in Ostrach . Career . Karting . Wehrlein began karting in 2003 and raced only in his native Germany in his early career . He worked his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF2 category by 2009 , when he finished on fifth position in ADAC Kart Masters . ADAC Formel Masters . 2010 saw his debut in the ADAC Formel Masters championship with ADAC Berlin-Brandenburg e.V . ( also known as Mücke Motorsport ) . Wehrlein finished sixth in the championship with a win at Sachsenring and three other podiums . He remained in the series with the team for the next year . Wehrlein scored seven wins at Oschersleben , Sachsenring , Zolder , Nürburgring and Lausitz on his way to the championship title . Formula 3 Euro Series . In 2012 , Wehrlein stepped up to the Formula 3 Euro Series , continuing with Mücke Motorsport . He finished 2nd in the championship to Daniel Juncadella . DTM ( 2013–2015 ) . Wehrlein made his debut in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) in 2013 at the age of 18 . In a career spanning three seasons Wehrlein managed to be one of the leading drivers in the field despite his youthful age . In his debut season he achieved 3 points finishing 22nd in the championship . He also achieved his first of two fastest laps in his career . In 2014 he switched teams to HWA where he became the youngest driver in the series history to claim pole position and win a race on route to 8th in the championship with 46 points collected . Besides his stand out victory at Lausitz , Wehrleins second best result of the season was a fifth-place finish at Norisring . In 2015 DTM returned to running two races per race weekend , resulting in 18 rounds in the 2015 championship . Due to the inconsistency of most teams and drivers Wehrlein won the title easily having scored in all rounds except for three . He achieved 5 podiums , one fastest lap and two wins . He is the first driver to win the championship having not claimed a pole position throughout his championship season while also being the youngest ever DTM champion . Formula One . In September 2014 , it was announced that Wehrlein would act as a reserve driver for the Mercedes F1 Team and was signed up to be their first junior driver . He took part in preseason testing in Barcelona , driving for both Force India and Mercedes . Manor ( 2016 ) . On 10 February 2016 , it was announced that Wehrlein would make his F1 debut with Manor Racing . It is understood that Manor would receive access to Mercedess wind tunnel in exchange for hiring Wehrlein . He picked number 94 , in reference to his birth year . Wehrlein scored his and Manors only point of the season at the with a tenth-place finish . Sauber ( 2017 ) . On 16 January 2017 , Wehrlein signed with Sauber . He was forced to miss the first test in Barcelona due to an injury he sustained while competing in the Race of Champions . He was replaced by Antonio Giovinazzi before returning for the second test at the same circuit . Despite being fit to take part in the , he later withdrew after participating in the first two practice sessions , with Giovinazzi replacing him for the rest of the race weekend . On 3 April 2017 , Sauber F1 announced Wehrlein would again be replaced by Giovinazzi for the 2017 Chinese Grand Prix . He proceeded with entry into the following Bahrain Grand Prix , qualifying 13th and finishing the race in 11th . He finished eighth in the Spanish Grand Prix after running a one-stop strategy . He did not lose a single one of the places he gained , although a five-second penalty for a pit entry violation cost him seventh to Carlos Sainz Jr . His race at the Monaco Grand Prix ended when , on the 57th lap , Jenson Button tried to lunge down the inside at Portier but succeeded in flipping the Sauber onto its side against the barriers , necessitating another scan of his back . He scored his second points finish of the season in the chaotic Azerbaijan Grand Prix after fighting hard with his teammate Marcus Ericsson for 10th position . This took his points tally to 5 points . Despite having beaten Ericsson in both qualifying and the majority of races , plus being the only driver who scored points for Sauber that season , on 2 December 2017 , Sauber announced that Wehrlein would not be renewed for the 2018 season and that he would be replaced by Charles Leclerc . Ferrari test driver ( 2019–2020 ) . On 8 January 2019 Wehrlein was announced as the development driver for Ferrari . Return to DTM ( 2018 ) . On 7 February 2018 , it was announced that Wehrlein will return to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters with Mercedes-AMGs HWA Team after losing his Formula One seat . Wehrlein left the Mercedes Junior Team after the 2018 season . Formula E ( 2019–present ) . Mahindra Racing ( 2018–2020 ) . Wehrlein moved to Formula E for the 2018–19 season , driving for Mahindra Racing . He did not contest the opening round of the season in Diriyah , with Felix Rosenqvist replacing him , instead making his debut at the Marrakesh ePrix . Wehrlein earned his first pole position in just his third race in the series at the Mexico City ePrix . In the race he crossed the finish line in second , 0.210s behind Lucas di Grassi after being overtaken in the last corner , but was given a 5-second time penalty for cutting a corner earlier in the race which relegated him to sixth position . He set the fastest qualifying time in the qualifying session for the Paris ePrix , but he and teammate dAmbrosio had their times disallowed for underweight cars , promoting Oliver Rowland to pole position . On 8 June 2020 , Wehrlein announced his departure from the Mahindra team in a post on Instagram . TAG Heuer Porsche ( 2020–2021 ) . Wehrlein was signed up to drive for the Porsche Formula E team for the 2020-21 Formula E World Championship . Wehrlein replaced Neel Jani and will partner with fellow countryman André Lotterer . Racing record . Racing career summary . Season still in progress . Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results . Driver did not finish , but completed 75% of the race distance . Complete Formula E results . Season still in progress .
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What position did Kathleen Sebelius take from 1995 to 2003?
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/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius#P39#0
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Kathleen Sebelius Kathleen Sebelius ( ; née Gilligan , May 15 , 1948 ) is an American businesswoman and politician who served as the 21st United States Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2009 until 2014 . As Secretary of Health and Human Services , Sebelius was instrumental in overseeing the implementation of the Affordable Care Act . Before becoming secretary , she served as the 44th governor of Kansas from 2003 to 2009 , the second woman to hold that office . She is a member of the Democratic Party . Sebelius was the Democratic respondent to the 2008 State of the Union address and is chair-emerita of the Democratic Governors Association ( she was its first female chair ) . She is CEO of Sebelius Resources LLC . Early life and education . Sebelius was born and raised in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Mary Kathryn ( née Dixon ) and John Jack Gilligan . Sebelius was the second oldest of four children in her family . Her family ran funeral homes and her father was a city counselor in Cincinnati . Jack Gilligan ran for Congress near the end of Sebeliuss time in high school and served one term in Congress . Her father was elected governor of Ohio when Sebelius was 21 years old . Sebelius helped in her fathers campaign traveling around the state . Her family was Catholic and has Irish ancestry . She attended the Summit Country Day School in Cincinnati and graduated from Trinity Washington University in Washington , D.C . with a B.A . in political science . She later earned a Master of Public Administration degree from the University of Kansas . She moved to Kansas in 1974 . Early career . Sebelius served as executive director and chief lobbyist for the Kansas Trial Lawyers Association from 1977 to 1986 . Kansas House of Representatives ( 1987–1995 ) . Sebelius was first elected to the Kansas House of Representatives in 1986 . She won re-election in 1988 , 1990 , and 1992 . She represented Topeka , Kansas . Tenure . In the 1988 presidential election , she endorsed Gary Hart . In 1991 , she ran to become House Majority Leader but lost to State Representative Tom Sawyer of Wichita . She is strongly pro-choice . Committee assignments . - Federal and State Affairs Committee ( Chair ) Kansas Insurance Commissioner ( 1995–2003 ) . In 1994 , Sebelius left the House to run for state Insurance Commissioner and stunned political forecasters by winningthe first time a Democrat had won the position in over a century . She refused to take campaign contributions from the insurance industry and blocked the proposed merger of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas , the states largest health insurer , with an Indiana-based company . Sebeliuss decision marked the first time the corporation had been rebuffed in its acquisition attempts . When Sebelius became commissioner in 1995 , the Insurance Department had an annual budget of $11.7 million . By 2002 , the budget had been cut to $10 million . Among the cuts was spending on contracted services after Sebelius fired two contracted lawyers after an audit discovered they had overbilled the state . In 2001 Sebelius was named as one of Governing Magazines Public Officials of the Year while she was serving as Kansas Insurance Commissioner . Governor of Kansas ( 2003–2009 ) . 2002 election . In the general election , Sebeliuss platform included promises to protect school budgets from budget cuts , not to raise taxes , and to review the entire state message . Throughout the campaign . Sebelius raised $4 million for the campaign , a Kansas state fundraising record . Sebelius defeated Republican Kansas State Treasurer Tim Shallenburger 53%-45% . Sebelius election made her and her father the first father/daughter governor duo in the United States after her election . First term . Throughout her first term , Sebelius built upon her popularity and in January 2006 was tied for 20th most popular governor in the country . During the 2004 election , CNN speculated Sebelius could be a potential running mate for John Kerry . In November 2005 , Time named Sebelius as one of the five best governors in America , praising her for eliminating a $1.1 billion debt she inherited , ferreting out waste in state government , and strongly supporting public educationall without raising taxes , although she proposed raising sales , property , and income taxes . The article also praised her bipartisan approach to governing , a useful trait in a state where Republicans have usually controlled the Legislature . In February 2006 , the White House Project named Sebelius one of its 8 in 08 , a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008 . She was also cited by The New York Times to be among the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States . In October 2006 , the Cato Institute gave Sebelius the grade of D on their biennial fiscal policy report card , which measures the fiscal performance of U.S . governors based on spending and taxes . Her grade was influenced by the combination of proposed tax increases and expanded spending growth beyond population plus inflation . 2006 re-election . On May 26 , 2006 , Sebelius formally announced her candidacy for re-election . Four days later , Mark Parkinson , former chair of the Kansas Republican Party , switched his party affiliation to Democrat ; the following day Sebelius announced that Parkinson would be her running mate for lieutenant governor . Parkinson had previously served in the state House during 1991–1992 and the Senate during 1993–1997 . Parkinson was viewed as a pro-business moderate who strongly supported public education . This was somewhat reminiscent of the fact that John Moore had also been a Republican , before switching just days prior to joining Sebelius as her running mate . She was challenged by Republican Kansas State Senator Jim Barnett . A September 1 Rasmussen poll showed Sebelius with an 11% lead over Barnett . Other polls gave Sebelius as much as a 20% lead . , 50% of Kansas voters were registered Republicans , compared to 27% as registered Democrats . Sebelius nevertheless won re-election , defeating Barnett 57%-41% . Because of Kansass term limits law , her second term as Governor was her last . Second term . In February 2008 , during Sebeliuss second term in office , there was a report in the Wichita Eagle that the State of Kansas was suspending tax refunds and that , because of a lack of tax revenue , may not have been able to meet payroll for state employees . Sebelius called for issuing certificates of indebtedness , moving funds from various state agency accounts into the general fund to alleviate the crisis . However , Republican leaders in the legislature did not agree with her certificate of indebtedness plan , saying the state would be unable to repay the certificates unless Sebelius issued allotments or signed a budget rescission bill that had been passed by the legislature but had not yet been delivered to her desk . The standoff ended when the budget arrived , and Sebelius agreed to sign it , although she line-item vetoed several cuts she felt were too large . The rescission bill reduced the budget by about $300 million . $7 million of the cuts came in the form of reduced educational funding . After Barack Obamas clinching of the nomination in June 2008 , speculation that she would be a contender for the vice-presidential slot on the Democratic ticket continued . The Washington Post listed her as the top prospect for the 2008 nomination . James Carville and Bob Novak also mentioned Sebelius name , and Wesley Clark , also considered a potential running mate , publicly endorsed Sebelius , referring to her as the next vice-president of the United States . Speculation that the Vice Presidential nomination lay in her future was heightened by the fact that she was chosen by the Democratic Partys congressional leaders to give their partys official response to Republican President George W . Bushs 2008 State of the Union Address . The next day , she endorsed Obamas campaign , one week before the Kansas caucus on Super Tuesday . Obama won the caucus easily , with 74% support . Speculation on her vice presidential selection intensified when a report from political ad agency insider , Tribble Ad Agency , reported on its website that the Obama Campaign owned the domain name ObamaSebelius.com through the GoDaddy.com registration service . However , just after midnight on August 23 , it was reported by the Associated Press that Obama ultimately selected Joe Biden , the senior senator from Delaware , as his running mate . Sebelius is a former chair of the Democratic Governors Association . She was the first female chair of the association ( elected as such in 2006 ) . U.S . Secretary of Health and Human Services ( 2009–2014 ) . Nomination . Sebelius was an early supporter of Barack Obamas presidential campaign , endorsing him in January 2008 . After he was elected the President of the United States , Sebelius early support for Obama and her ability to govern as a Democrat in a heavily Republican state made Sebelius look like a likely nominee for Obamas Cabinet . Sebelius asked to be removed from consideration on December 6 , 2008 . Following Bill Richardsons withdrawal as Obamas nomination for Secretary of Commerce , there was media speculation that Sebelius would be chosen as the new nominee . Through a spokesperson , Sebelius reiterated her earlier statement that she would not consider accepting a nomination to the Cabinet position . On February 28 , 2009 , it was reported that Sebelius had accepted Obamas nomination for the position of Secretary of Health and Human Services . On March 2 , 2009 , Obama officially announced Governor Sebelius as his nominee . At Obamas announcement , Sebelius was accompanied by two Kansas Republicans , former U.S . Senators Bob Dole and Pat Roberts . Sebelius was Obamas second choice for Secretary of Health and Human Services . Obamas first pick , former Senator Tom Daschle , withdrew from consideration on February 3 after it was revealed he had over $140,000 in tax errors . In a March 2009 letter to the Senate Finance Committee , Sebelius admitted to unintentional errors in tax returns and paid nearly $8,000 in back taxes to rectify the errors . A letter to Sebelius from Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus and ranking member Chuck Grassley acknowledged their review of Sebelius found no other items needing to be addressed and Baucus , a democrat , publicly expressed his continued support for Sebelius nomination . Anti-abortion activists and senators were the primary opponents of Sebeliuss nomination . In answer to questions from the Senate Finance Committee during her April 2009 confirmation hearing , Sebelius stated she received $12,450 between 1994 and 2001 from physician George Tiller , one of only three late term abortion providers nationwide , who was later assassinated . The Associated Press , however , reported that from 2000 to 2002 Tiller gave at least $23,000 more to a political action committee Sebelius established to raise money for Democrats while she was serving as state insurance commissioner . The Senate Finance Committee approved Sebelius nomination with a vote of 15 to 8 . The full United States Senate voted to confirm Sebelius by a vote of 65 to 31 . She was sworn in on April 28 , 2009 , amidst an outbreak of swine flu in the United States . Lieutenant Governor Parkinson was sworn in as Governor of Kansas and served the remainder of Sebeliuss term . As Secretary of Health and Human Services , Sebelius led an agency with 6,500 employees and a $700 billion annual budget . Affordable Care Act . Sebelius is a staunch advocate for the Affordable Care Act , also known as Obamacare . In response to website glitches and failures , she said in October 2013 , You deserve better . I apologize . Im accountable to you for fixing these problems and Im committed to earning your confidence back by fixing the site . Republicans called for her resignation in response to the website problems . Fifty-five members of the House of Representatives called for her resignation , while U.S . Senators Ted Cruz , Lamar Alexander and Pat Roberts all called for her resignation . In response to the calls to resign , Sebelius said : The majority of people calling for me to resign I would say are people who I dont work for , and who do not want this program to work in the first place . In 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 , Forbes named Sebelius the 57th , 23rd , and 13th most powerful woman in the world , respectively . Hatch Act concern . On September 13 , 2012 , the Office of Special Counsel charged Sebelius with violating the Hatch Act by making a political remark during an official government event . Sebeliuss office reclassified the event from official to political and reimbursed the governments expenses . Resignation . On April 11 , 2014 , Sebelius announced her resignation from her position as Secretary of Health and Human Services . That same day , President Obama nominated Sylvia Mathews Burwell as Sebelius successor . Burwell was sworn in on June 9 , 2014 . Political positions . Abortion . Sebelius is staunchly pro-choice . Her office stated that abortions declined 8.5% during her tenure as governor . According to the Kansas Department of Health and Environment statistics , the number of induced abortions in Kansas declined by 1,568 , or 12.6% , from 2001 to 2007 , the year of the most recently available statistics . Her administration attributes the decline to health care reforms that Sebelius initiated , including adoption incentives , extended health services for pregnant women... , sex education and .. . a variety of support services for families . Nationally , the number of abortions declined approximately 7.6% from 2000 to 2005 , the year of the most recently available and reliable U.S . statistics . Sebelius has been endorsed by Planned Parenthood , which has raised funds on her behalf . In 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , and again in 2008 , Sebelius vetoed legislation that would have limited abortions in Kansas . On April 21 , 2008 , Sebelius vetoed House Substitute for Senate Bill 389 , titled the Comprehensive Abortion Reform Act by its sponsors . Proponents of the bill argued the legislation would strengthen late-term abortion laws and prevent so-called coerced abortions , particularly with respect to minors . The Kansas City Star reported that HS SB 389 would have required the State of Kansas to collect patient diagnostic information providing detailed medical justification for late-term abortions , and would have also permitted litigants to sue abortion providers if they thought that a relative of theirs was planning a late-term abortion in violation of Kansas law . Sebelius objected to the constitutionality , efficacy and morality of the proposed legislation . She wrote , The United States Supreme Court decisions make clear that any law regulating abortion must contain exceptions for pregnancies which endanger the womans life or health . However , SB 389 allows a variety of individuals to seek a court order preventing a woman from obtaining an abortion , even where it may be necessary to save her life . I am concerned that the bill is unconstitutional or even worse , endangers the lives of women . In addition , she expressed concern that the bill would likely encourage extensive litigation and that it unnecessarily jeopardizes the privacy of Kansas womens confidential medical records . Sebelius is a member of the Catholic Church ; however , in early March 2009 , then-Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke , prefect for the Apostolic Signatura , the Holy Sees highest court , declared that Sebelius should not approach the altar for Communion in the United States , saying that , after pastoral admonition , she obstinately persists in serious sin . Kansas City Archbishop Joseph Fred Naumann also asked that Sebelius no longer receive Holy Communion because of her position on abortion . Naumann criticized Sebelius for vetoing HS SB 389 . The action received mixed reviews in the Catholic press . Anti-abortion activists criticized Sebeliuss HHS nomination because she had received donations to her campaign from George Tiller , the medical director of an abortion clinic in Wichita . Not long after Sebelius was sworn in as HHS Secretary , on May 31 , 2009 , Tiller was shot through the eye and killed by Scott Roeder . Morning-after pill . Despite her pro-choice view , in December 2011 , Sebelius overruled the FDAs recommendation on making the morning-after pill ( Plan B One-Step ) available over the counter for females under the age of 17 . President Obama said that the decision was Sebeliuss , not his . Judge Edward R . Korman of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York struck down this restriction , calling it frivolous and silly , and alleging that pure politics — not scientific evidence — was behind efforts by Sebelius to block easier distribution to young girls . The Obama administration , in response , lowered the age limit from 17 to 15 but decided to appeal this ruling to maintain the loosened restrictions , in a move that was widely criticized by advocates of reproductive rights . Capital punishment . Sebelius is an opponent of capital punishment . During her first term , the Kansas capital punishment laws were declared unconstitutional by the Kansas Supreme Court . However , on appeal by Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline , the ruling was again overturned and the current law reinstated by the United States Supreme Court . Drug importation . As governor of Kansas , Sebelius adopted a state drug importation program in 2004 to help her constituents afford prescription medication . The program , called I-saveRx , connected individuals with and helped them buy medication from licensed pharmacies in Canada , Ireland and the United Kingdom . The program later went on to include Australia and New Zealand . Due to federal laws prohibiting personal drug importation under most circumstances , the FDA intercepted some prescription orders en route to Americans who participated in I-SaveRx ; while in most cases prescription imports for personal use are not seized . Education . Early in the term , Sebelius made education funding her top priority . Education funding reached a breaking point in the summer of 2005 when the Kansas Supreme Court ordered the Legislature to increase K–12 funding . Sebelius offered one education funding plan early in her first term , which consisted of property , sales , and income tax increases , resulting in 2006 in the largest K–12 education funding increase in the history of the state . The three-year plan aimed to increase education funding by nearly $1 billion over three years , but did not give a funding source for the second and third years . Environment . Sebelius chaired the Governors Ethanol Coalition . In 2006 , she requested that $200 million be allotted from the U.S . government to support the Department of Energy Biomass and Biorefinery Systems Research and Development Program . She pushed for more widespread recycling efforts across the state . In addition , she vetoed bills authorizing the construction of coal-fired power plants on three separate occasions saying in March 2008 , We know that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change . As an agricultural state , Kansas is particularly vulnerable . Therefore , reducing pollutants benefits our state not only in the short term — but also for generations of Kansans to come . On June 2 , 2008 , Sebelius spoke at the American Wind Energy Association Conference , calling for greater federal support for wind energy and other renewable energy resources . Firearms . Sebelius has said she supports Kansans right to own firearms , but does not believe a broad concealed carry law would make them safer : I dont believe allowing people to carry concealed handguns into sporting events , shopping malls , grocery stores , or the workplace would be good public policy . And to me the likelihood of exposing children to loaded handguns in their parents purses , pockets and automobiles is simply unacceptable . Sebelius vetoed , like her Republican predecessor Bill Graves , a concealed-carry law that would have allowed citizens to carry concealed weapons after obtaining a state permit and passing an FBI background check . The veto left Kansas , at the time , as one of four states without any form of a conceal-carry law . On March 21 , 2006 , she vetoed Senate Bill 418 , a similar concealed-carry bill . On March 25 , her veto was overturned after the Kansas House of Representatives voted 91–33 to override it . This followed the Kansas Senates 30-10 override vote , which occurred the day after her veto . On April 21 , 2008 , Sebelius signed Senate Bill 46 into law , which repealed a 1933 state law prohibiting civilian ownership of machine guns and other firearms restricted by the National Firearms Act of 1934 , specifically permitting ownership by civilians successfully meeting the requirements of the NFA . The law was passed in part to address legal issues that could have prevented dealers from delivering firearms to law enforcement agencies in Kansas . The law took effect on July 1 , 2008 . LGBT issues . Sebelius did not support an April 2005 amendment to the Kansas Constitution that made same-sex marriage in the state unconstitutional . Sebelius said she supported the existing state law outlawing same-sex marriage , viewing it as sufficient , and therefore opposed the constitutional amendment . The amendment passed with 70% voter approval . Subsequent career . After leaving the Obama cabinet , Sebelius founded and became CEO of Sebelius Resources LLC , which provides strategic advice to private companies , non-profit organizations , higher education institutions , and financial investors . Sebelius serves as a member of the boards of directors of companies including Dermira Inc. , Grand Rounds , Inc. , Exact Sciences , and Humacyte Inc. , and of the Estee Lauder Foundation and the Kaiser Family Foundation . In 1978 , she was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board . She serves on advisory boards for the Dole Institute of Politics and Solera Health . Sebelius is a senior advisor to Out Leadership and the Aspen Institute , where she co-chairs the Aspen Health Strategy Group . Sebelius is a frequent keynote speaker for national and international organizations . Personal life . She married K . Gary Sebelius , the son of former Republican Congressman Keith Sebelius . The wedding was held in the Ohio Governors Mansion in 1974 . They have two sons : Ned ( b . 1982 ) and John ( b . 1985 ) . Her husband served as a United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Kansas for 16 years until his retirement in 2019 . Her family has a vacation home built by her grandfather located in Leland , Michigan . An avid fan of jazz music , Sebelius annually attended the Jazz Fest in New Orleans for thirty years . She also runs in her spare time .
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Which position did Kathleen Sebelius hold from 2003 to Apr 2009?
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/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius#P39#1
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Kathleen Sebelius Kathleen Sebelius ( ; née Gilligan , May 15 , 1948 ) is an American businesswoman and politician who served as the 21st United States Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2009 until 2014 . As Secretary of Health and Human Services , Sebelius was instrumental in overseeing the implementation of the Affordable Care Act . Before becoming secretary , she served as the 44th governor of Kansas from 2003 to 2009 , the second woman to hold that office . She is a member of the Democratic Party . Sebelius was the Democratic respondent to the 2008 State of the Union address and is chair-emerita of the Democratic Governors Association ( she was its first female chair ) . She is CEO of Sebelius Resources LLC . Early life and education . Sebelius was born and raised in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Mary Kathryn ( née Dixon ) and John Jack Gilligan . Sebelius was the second oldest of four children in her family . Her family ran funeral homes and her father was a city counselor in Cincinnati . Jack Gilligan ran for Congress near the end of Sebeliuss time in high school and served one term in Congress . Her father was elected governor of Ohio when Sebelius was 21 years old . Sebelius helped in her fathers campaign traveling around the state . Her family was Catholic and has Irish ancestry . She attended the Summit Country Day School in Cincinnati and graduated from Trinity Washington University in Washington , D.C . with a B.A . in political science . She later earned a Master of Public Administration degree from the University of Kansas . She moved to Kansas in 1974 . Early career . Sebelius served as executive director and chief lobbyist for the Kansas Trial Lawyers Association from 1977 to 1986 . Kansas House of Representatives ( 1987–1995 ) . Sebelius was first elected to the Kansas House of Representatives in 1986 . She won re-election in 1988 , 1990 , and 1992 . She represented Topeka , Kansas . Tenure . In the 1988 presidential election , she endorsed Gary Hart . In 1991 , she ran to become House Majority Leader but lost to State Representative Tom Sawyer of Wichita . She is strongly pro-choice . Committee assignments . - Federal and State Affairs Committee ( Chair ) Kansas Insurance Commissioner ( 1995–2003 ) . In 1994 , Sebelius left the House to run for state Insurance Commissioner and stunned political forecasters by winningthe first time a Democrat had won the position in over a century . She refused to take campaign contributions from the insurance industry and blocked the proposed merger of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas , the states largest health insurer , with an Indiana-based company . Sebeliuss decision marked the first time the corporation had been rebuffed in its acquisition attempts . When Sebelius became commissioner in 1995 , the Insurance Department had an annual budget of $11.7 million . By 2002 , the budget had been cut to $10 million . Among the cuts was spending on contracted services after Sebelius fired two contracted lawyers after an audit discovered they had overbilled the state . In 2001 Sebelius was named as one of Governing Magazines Public Officials of the Year while she was serving as Kansas Insurance Commissioner . Governor of Kansas ( 2003–2009 ) . 2002 election . In the general election , Sebeliuss platform included promises to protect school budgets from budget cuts , not to raise taxes , and to review the entire state message . Throughout the campaign . Sebelius raised $4 million for the campaign , a Kansas state fundraising record . Sebelius defeated Republican Kansas State Treasurer Tim Shallenburger 53%-45% . Sebelius election made her and her father the first father/daughter governor duo in the United States after her election . First term . Throughout her first term , Sebelius built upon her popularity and in January 2006 was tied for 20th most popular governor in the country . During the 2004 election , CNN speculated Sebelius could be a potential running mate for John Kerry . In November 2005 , Time named Sebelius as one of the five best governors in America , praising her for eliminating a $1.1 billion debt she inherited , ferreting out waste in state government , and strongly supporting public educationall without raising taxes , although she proposed raising sales , property , and income taxes . The article also praised her bipartisan approach to governing , a useful trait in a state where Republicans have usually controlled the Legislature . In February 2006 , the White House Project named Sebelius one of its 8 in 08 , a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008 . She was also cited by The New York Times to be among the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States . In October 2006 , the Cato Institute gave Sebelius the grade of D on their biennial fiscal policy report card , which measures the fiscal performance of U.S . governors based on spending and taxes . Her grade was influenced by the combination of proposed tax increases and expanded spending growth beyond population plus inflation . 2006 re-election . On May 26 , 2006 , Sebelius formally announced her candidacy for re-election . Four days later , Mark Parkinson , former chair of the Kansas Republican Party , switched his party affiliation to Democrat ; the following day Sebelius announced that Parkinson would be her running mate for lieutenant governor . Parkinson had previously served in the state House during 1991–1992 and the Senate during 1993–1997 . Parkinson was viewed as a pro-business moderate who strongly supported public education . This was somewhat reminiscent of the fact that John Moore had also been a Republican , before switching just days prior to joining Sebelius as her running mate . She was challenged by Republican Kansas State Senator Jim Barnett . A September 1 Rasmussen poll showed Sebelius with an 11% lead over Barnett . Other polls gave Sebelius as much as a 20% lead . , 50% of Kansas voters were registered Republicans , compared to 27% as registered Democrats . Sebelius nevertheless won re-election , defeating Barnett 57%-41% . Because of Kansass term limits law , her second term as Governor was her last . Second term . In February 2008 , during Sebeliuss second term in office , there was a report in the Wichita Eagle that the State of Kansas was suspending tax refunds and that , because of a lack of tax revenue , may not have been able to meet payroll for state employees . Sebelius called for issuing certificates of indebtedness , moving funds from various state agency accounts into the general fund to alleviate the crisis . However , Republican leaders in the legislature did not agree with her certificate of indebtedness plan , saying the state would be unable to repay the certificates unless Sebelius issued allotments or signed a budget rescission bill that had been passed by the legislature but had not yet been delivered to her desk . The standoff ended when the budget arrived , and Sebelius agreed to sign it , although she line-item vetoed several cuts she felt were too large . The rescission bill reduced the budget by about $300 million . $7 million of the cuts came in the form of reduced educational funding . After Barack Obamas clinching of the nomination in June 2008 , speculation that she would be a contender for the vice-presidential slot on the Democratic ticket continued . The Washington Post listed her as the top prospect for the 2008 nomination . James Carville and Bob Novak also mentioned Sebelius name , and Wesley Clark , also considered a potential running mate , publicly endorsed Sebelius , referring to her as the next vice-president of the United States . Speculation that the Vice Presidential nomination lay in her future was heightened by the fact that she was chosen by the Democratic Partys congressional leaders to give their partys official response to Republican President George W . Bushs 2008 State of the Union Address . The next day , she endorsed Obamas campaign , one week before the Kansas caucus on Super Tuesday . Obama won the caucus easily , with 74% support . Speculation on her vice presidential selection intensified when a report from political ad agency insider , Tribble Ad Agency , reported on its website that the Obama Campaign owned the domain name ObamaSebelius.com through the GoDaddy.com registration service . However , just after midnight on August 23 , it was reported by the Associated Press that Obama ultimately selected Joe Biden , the senior senator from Delaware , as his running mate . Sebelius is a former chair of the Democratic Governors Association . She was the first female chair of the association ( elected as such in 2006 ) . U.S . Secretary of Health and Human Services ( 2009–2014 ) . Nomination . Sebelius was an early supporter of Barack Obamas presidential campaign , endorsing him in January 2008 . After he was elected the President of the United States , Sebelius early support for Obama and her ability to govern as a Democrat in a heavily Republican state made Sebelius look like a likely nominee for Obamas Cabinet . Sebelius asked to be removed from consideration on December 6 , 2008 . Following Bill Richardsons withdrawal as Obamas nomination for Secretary of Commerce , there was media speculation that Sebelius would be chosen as the new nominee . Through a spokesperson , Sebelius reiterated her earlier statement that she would not consider accepting a nomination to the Cabinet position . On February 28 , 2009 , it was reported that Sebelius had accepted Obamas nomination for the position of Secretary of Health and Human Services . On March 2 , 2009 , Obama officially announced Governor Sebelius as his nominee . At Obamas announcement , Sebelius was accompanied by two Kansas Republicans , former U.S . Senators Bob Dole and Pat Roberts . Sebelius was Obamas second choice for Secretary of Health and Human Services . Obamas first pick , former Senator Tom Daschle , withdrew from consideration on February 3 after it was revealed he had over $140,000 in tax errors . In a March 2009 letter to the Senate Finance Committee , Sebelius admitted to unintentional errors in tax returns and paid nearly $8,000 in back taxes to rectify the errors . A letter to Sebelius from Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus and ranking member Chuck Grassley acknowledged their review of Sebelius found no other items needing to be addressed and Baucus , a democrat , publicly expressed his continued support for Sebelius nomination . Anti-abortion activists and senators were the primary opponents of Sebeliuss nomination . In answer to questions from the Senate Finance Committee during her April 2009 confirmation hearing , Sebelius stated she received $12,450 between 1994 and 2001 from physician George Tiller , one of only three late term abortion providers nationwide , who was later assassinated . The Associated Press , however , reported that from 2000 to 2002 Tiller gave at least $23,000 more to a political action committee Sebelius established to raise money for Democrats while she was serving as state insurance commissioner . The Senate Finance Committee approved Sebelius nomination with a vote of 15 to 8 . The full United States Senate voted to confirm Sebelius by a vote of 65 to 31 . She was sworn in on April 28 , 2009 , amidst an outbreak of swine flu in the United States . Lieutenant Governor Parkinson was sworn in as Governor of Kansas and served the remainder of Sebeliuss term . As Secretary of Health and Human Services , Sebelius led an agency with 6,500 employees and a $700 billion annual budget . Affordable Care Act . Sebelius is a staunch advocate for the Affordable Care Act , also known as Obamacare . In response to website glitches and failures , she said in October 2013 , You deserve better . I apologize . Im accountable to you for fixing these problems and Im committed to earning your confidence back by fixing the site . Republicans called for her resignation in response to the website problems . Fifty-five members of the House of Representatives called for her resignation , while U.S . Senators Ted Cruz , Lamar Alexander and Pat Roberts all called for her resignation . In response to the calls to resign , Sebelius said : The majority of people calling for me to resign I would say are people who I dont work for , and who do not want this program to work in the first place . In 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 , Forbes named Sebelius the 57th , 23rd , and 13th most powerful woman in the world , respectively . Hatch Act concern . On September 13 , 2012 , the Office of Special Counsel charged Sebelius with violating the Hatch Act by making a political remark during an official government event . Sebeliuss office reclassified the event from official to political and reimbursed the governments expenses . Resignation . On April 11 , 2014 , Sebelius announced her resignation from her position as Secretary of Health and Human Services . That same day , President Obama nominated Sylvia Mathews Burwell as Sebelius successor . Burwell was sworn in on June 9 , 2014 . Political positions . Abortion . Sebelius is staunchly pro-choice . Her office stated that abortions declined 8.5% during her tenure as governor . According to the Kansas Department of Health and Environment statistics , the number of induced abortions in Kansas declined by 1,568 , or 12.6% , from 2001 to 2007 , the year of the most recently available statistics . Her administration attributes the decline to health care reforms that Sebelius initiated , including adoption incentives , extended health services for pregnant women... , sex education and .. . a variety of support services for families . Nationally , the number of abortions declined approximately 7.6% from 2000 to 2005 , the year of the most recently available and reliable U.S . statistics . Sebelius has been endorsed by Planned Parenthood , which has raised funds on her behalf . In 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , and again in 2008 , Sebelius vetoed legislation that would have limited abortions in Kansas . On April 21 , 2008 , Sebelius vetoed House Substitute for Senate Bill 389 , titled the Comprehensive Abortion Reform Act by its sponsors . Proponents of the bill argued the legislation would strengthen late-term abortion laws and prevent so-called coerced abortions , particularly with respect to minors . The Kansas City Star reported that HS SB 389 would have required the State of Kansas to collect patient diagnostic information providing detailed medical justification for late-term abortions , and would have also permitted litigants to sue abortion providers if they thought that a relative of theirs was planning a late-term abortion in violation of Kansas law . Sebelius objected to the constitutionality , efficacy and morality of the proposed legislation . She wrote , The United States Supreme Court decisions make clear that any law regulating abortion must contain exceptions for pregnancies which endanger the womans life or health . However , SB 389 allows a variety of individuals to seek a court order preventing a woman from obtaining an abortion , even where it may be necessary to save her life . I am concerned that the bill is unconstitutional or even worse , endangers the lives of women . In addition , she expressed concern that the bill would likely encourage extensive litigation and that it unnecessarily jeopardizes the privacy of Kansas womens confidential medical records . Sebelius is a member of the Catholic Church ; however , in early March 2009 , then-Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke , prefect for the Apostolic Signatura , the Holy Sees highest court , declared that Sebelius should not approach the altar for Communion in the United States , saying that , after pastoral admonition , she obstinately persists in serious sin . Kansas City Archbishop Joseph Fred Naumann also asked that Sebelius no longer receive Holy Communion because of her position on abortion . Naumann criticized Sebelius for vetoing HS SB 389 . The action received mixed reviews in the Catholic press . Anti-abortion activists criticized Sebeliuss HHS nomination because she had received donations to her campaign from George Tiller , the medical director of an abortion clinic in Wichita . Not long after Sebelius was sworn in as HHS Secretary , on May 31 , 2009 , Tiller was shot through the eye and killed by Scott Roeder . Morning-after pill . Despite her pro-choice view , in December 2011 , Sebelius overruled the FDAs recommendation on making the morning-after pill ( Plan B One-Step ) available over the counter for females under the age of 17 . President Obama said that the decision was Sebeliuss , not his . Judge Edward R . Korman of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York struck down this restriction , calling it frivolous and silly , and alleging that pure politics — not scientific evidence — was behind efforts by Sebelius to block easier distribution to young girls . The Obama administration , in response , lowered the age limit from 17 to 15 but decided to appeal this ruling to maintain the loosened restrictions , in a move that was widely criticized by advocates of reproductive rights . Capital punishment . Sebelius is an opponent of capital punishment . During her first term , the Kansas capital punishment laws were declared unconstitutional by the Kansas Supreme Court . However , on appeal by Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline , the ruling was again overturned and the current law reinstated by the United States Supreme Court . Drug importation . As governor of Kansas , Sebelius adopted a state drug importation program in 2004 to help her constituents afford prescription medication . The program , called I-saveRx , connected individuals with and helped them buy medication from licensed pharmacies in Canada , Ireland and the United Kingdom . The program later went on to include Australia and New Zealand . Due to federal laws prohibiting personal drug importation under most circumstances , the FDA intercepted some prescription orders en route to Americans who participated in I-SaveRx ; while in most cases prescription imports for personal use are not seized . Education . Early in the term , Sebelius made education funding her top priority . Education funding reached a breaking point in the summer of 2005 when the Kansas Supreme Court ordered the Legislature to increase K–12 funding . Sebelius offered one education funding plan early in her first term , which consisted of property , sales , and income tax increases , resulting in 2006 in the largest K–12 education funding increase in the history of the state . The three-year plan aimed to increase education funding by nearly $1 billion over three years , but did not give a funding source for the second and third years . Environment . Sebelius chaired the Governors Ethanol Coalition . In 2006 , she requested that $200 million be allotted from the U.S . government to support the Department of Energy Biomass and Biorefinery Systems Research and Development Program . She pushed for more widespread recycling efforts across the state . In addition , she vetoed bills authorizing the construction of coal-fired power plants on three separate occasions saying in March 2008 , We know that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change . As an agricultural state , Kansas is particularly vulnerable . Therefore , reducing pollutants benefits our state not only in the short term — but also for generations of Kansans to come . On June 2 , 2008 , Sebelius spoke at the American Wind Energy Association Conference , calling for greater federal support for wind energy and other renewable energy resources . Firearms . Sebelius has said she supports Kansans right to own firearms , but does not believe a broad concealed carry law would make them safer : I dont believe allowing people to carry concealed handguns into sporting events , shopping malls , grocery stores , or the workplace would be good public policy . And to me the likelihood of exposing children to loaded handguns in their parents purses , pockets and automobiles is simply unacceptable . Sebelius vetoed , like her Republican predecessor Bill Graves , a concealed-carry law that would have allowed citizens to carry concealed weapons after obtaining a state permit and passing an FBI background check . The veto left Kansas , at the time , as one of four states without any form of a conceal-carry law . On March 21 , 2006 , she vetoed Senate Bill 418 , a similar concealed-carry bill . On March 25 , her veto was overturned after the Kansas House of Representatives voted 91–33 to override it . This followed the Kansas Senates 30-10 override vote , which occurred the day after her veto . On April 21 , 2008 , Sebelius signed Senate Bill 46 into law , which repealed a 1933 state law prohibiting civilian ownership of machine guns and other firearms restricted by the National Firearms Act of 1934 , specifically permitting ownership by civilians successfully meeting the requirements of the NFA . The law was passed in part to address legal issues that could have prevented dealers from delivering firearms to law enforcement agencies in Kansas . The law took effect on July 1 , 2008 . LGBT issues . Sebelius did not support an April 2005 amendment to the Kansas Constitution that made same-sex marriage in the state unconstitutional . Sebelius said she supported the existing state law outlawing same-sex marriage , viewing it as sufficient , and therefore opposed the constitutional amendment . The amendment passed with 70% voter approval . Subsequent career . After leaving the Obama cabinet , Sebelius founded and became CEO of Sebelius Resources LLC , which provides strategic advice to private companies , non-profit organizations , higher education institutions , and financial investors . Sebelius serves as a member of the boards of directors of companies including Dermira Inc. , Grand Rounds , Inc. , Exact Sciences , and Humacyte Inc. , and of the Estee Lauder Foundation and the Kaiser Family Foundation . In 1978 , she was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board . She serves on advisory boards for the Dole Institute of Politics and Solera Health . Sebelius is a senior advisor to Out Leadership and the Aspen Institute , where she co-chairs the Aspen Health Strategy Group . Sebelius is a frequent keynote speaker for national and international organizations . Personal life . She married K . Gary Sebelius , the son of former Republican Congressman Keith Sebelius . The wedding was held in the Ohio Governors Mansion in 1974 . They have two sons : Ned ( b . 1982 ) and John ( b . 1985 ) . Her husband served as a United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Kansas for 16 years until his retirement in 2019 . Her family has a vacation home built by her grandfather located in Leland , Michigan . An avid fan of jazz music , Sebelius annually attended the Jazz Fest in New Orleans for thirty years . She also runs in her spare time .
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What was the position of Kathleen Sebelius from Apr 2009 to Jun 2014?
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/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius#P39#2
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Kathleen Sebelius Kathleen Sebelius ( ; née Gilligan , May 15 , 1948 ) is an American businesswoman and politician who served as the 21st United States Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2009 until 2014 . As Secretary of Health and Human Services , Sebelius was instrumental in overseeing the implementation of the Affordable Care Act . Before becoming secretary , she served as the 44th governor of Kansas from 2003 to 2009 , the second woman to hold that office . She is a member of the Democratic Party . Sebelius was the Democratic respondent to the 2008 State of the Union address and is chair-emerita of the Democratic Governors Association ( she was its first female chair ) . She is CEO of Sebelius Resources LLC . Early life and education . Sebelius was born and raised in Cincinnati , Ohio , the daughter of Mary Kathryn ( née Dixon ) and John Jack Gilligan . Sebelius was the second oldest of four children in her family . Her family ran funeral homes and her father was a city counselor in Cincinnati . Jack Gilligan ran for Congress near the end of Sebeliuss time in high school and served one term in Congress . Her father was elected governor of Ohio when Sebelius was 21 years old . Sebelius helped in her fathers campaign traveling around the state . Her family was Catholic and has Irish ancestry . She attended the Summit Country Day School in Cincinnati and graduated from Trinity Washington University in Washington , D.C . with a B.A . in political science . She later earned a Master of Public Administration degree from the University of Kansas . She moved to Kansas in 1974 . Early career . Sebelius served as executive director and chief lobbyist for the Kansas Trial Lawyers Association from 1977 to 1986 . Kansas House of Representatives ( 1987–1995 ) . Sebelius was first elected to the Kansas House of Representatives in 1986 . She won re-election in 1988 , 1990 , and 1992 . She represented Topeka , Kansas . Tenure . In the 1988 presidential election , she endorsed Gary Hart . In 1991 , she ran to become House Majority Leader but lost to State Representative Tom Sawyer of Wichita . She is strongly pro-choice . Committee assignments . - Federal and State Affairs Committee ( Chair ) Kansas Insurance Commissioner ( 1995–2003 ) . In 1994 , Sebelius left the House to run for state Insurance Commissioner and stunned political forecasters by winningthe first time a Democrat had won the position in over a century . She refused to take campaign contributions from the insurance industry and blocked the proposed merger of Blue Cross Blue Shield of Kansas , the states largest health insurer , with an Indiana-based company . Sebeliuss decision marked the first time the corporation had been rebuffed in its acquisition attempts . When Sebelius became commissioner in 1995 , the Insurance Department had an annual budget of $11.7 million . By 2002 , the budget had been cut to $10 million . Among the cuts was spending on contracted services after Sebelius fired two contracted lawyers after an audit discovered they had overbilled the state . In 2001 Sebelius was named as one of Governing Magazines Public Officials of the Year while she was serving as Kansas Insurance Commissioner . Governor of Kansas ( 2003–2009 ) . 2002 election . In the general election , Sebeliuss platform included promises to protect school budgets from budget cuts , not to raise taxes , and to review the entire state message . Throughout the campaign . Sebelius raised $4 million for the campaign , a Kansas state fundraising record . Sebelius defeated Republican Kansas State Treasurer Tim Shallenburger 53%-45% . Sebelius election made her and her father the first father/daughter governor duo in the United States after her election . First term . Throughout her first term , Sebelius built upon her popularity and in January 2006 was tied for 20th most popular governor in the country . During the 2004 election , CNN speculated Sebelius could be a potential running mate for John Kerry . In November 2005 , Time named Sebelius as one of the five best governors in America , praising her for eliminating a $1.1 billion debt she inherited , ferreting out waste in state government , and strongly supporting public educationall without raising taxes , although she proposed raising sales , property , and income taxes . The article also praised her bipartisan approach to governing , a useful trait in a state where Republicans have usually controlled the Legislature . In February 2006 , the White House Project named Sebelius one of its 8 in 08 , a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008 . She was also cited by The New York Times to be among the women most likely to become the first female President of the United States . In October 2006 , the Cato Institute gave Sebelius the grade of D on their biennial fiscal policy report card , which measures the fiscal performance of U.S . governors based on spending and taxes . Her grade was influenced by the combination of proposed tax increases and expanded spending growth beyond population plus inflation . 2006 re-election . On May 26 , 2006 , Sebelius formally announced her candidacy for re-election . Four days later , Mark Parkinson , former chair of the Kansas Republican Party , switched his party affiliation to Democrat ; the following day Sebelius announced that Parkinson would be her running mate for lieutenant governor . Parkinson had previously served in the state House during 1991–1992 and the Senate during 1993–1997 . Parkinson was viewed as a pro-business moderate who strongly supported public education . This was somewhat reminiscent of the fact that John Moore had also been a Republican , before switching just days prior to joining Sebelius as her running mate . She was challenged by Republican Kansas State Senator Jim Barnett . A September 1 Rasmussen poll showed Sebelius with an 11% lead over Barnett . Other polls gave Sebelius as much as a 20% lead . , 50% of Kansas voters were registered Republicans , compared to 27% as registered Democrats . Sebelius nevertheless won re-election , defeating Barnett 57%-41% . Because of Kansass term limits law , her second term as Governor was her last . Second term . In February 2008 , during Sebeliuss second term in office , there was a report in the Wichita Eagle that the State of Kansas was suspending tax refunds and that , because of a lack of tax revenue , may not have been able to meet payroll for state employees . Sebelius called for issuing certificates of indebtedness , moving funds from various state agency accounts into the general fund to alleviate the crisis . However , Republican leaders in the legislature did not agree with her certificate of indebtedness plan , saying the state would be unable to repay the certificates unless Sebelius issued allotments or signed a budget rescission bill that had been passed by the legislature but had not yet been delivered to her desk . The standoff ended when the budget arrived , and Sebelius agreed to sign it , although she line-item vetoed several cuts she felt were too large . The rescission bill reduced the budget by about $300 million . $7 million of the cuts came in the form of reduced educational funding . After Barack Obamas clinching of the nomination in June 2008 , speculation that she would be a contender for the vice-presidential slot on the Democratic ticket continued . The Washington Post listed her as the top prospect for the 2008 nomination . James Carville and Bob Novak also mentioned Sebelius name , and Wesley Clark , also considered a potential running mate , publicly endorsed Sebelius , referring to her as the next vice-president of the United States . Speculation that the Vice Presidential nomination lay in her future was heightened by the fact that she was chosen by the Democratic Partys congressional leaders to give their partys official response to Republican President George W . Bushs 2008 State of the Union Address . The next day , she endorsed Obamas campaign , one week before the Kansas caucus on Super Tuesday . Obama won the caucus easily , with 74% support . Speculation on her vice presidential selection intensified when a report from political ad agency insider , Tribble Ad Agency , reported on its website that the Obama Campaign owned the domain name ObamaSebelius.com through the GoDaddy.com registration service . However , just after midnight on August 23 , it was reported by the Associated Press that Obama ultimately selected Joe Biden , the senior senator from Delaware , as his running mate . Sebelius is a former chair of the Democratic Governors Association . She was the first female chair of the association ( elected as such in 2006 ) . U.S . Secretary of Health and Human Services ( 2009–2014 ) . Nomination . Sebelius was an early supporter of Barack Obamas presidential campaign , endorsing him in January 2008 . After he was elected the President of the United States , Sebelius early support for Obama and her ability to govern as a Democrat in a heavily Republican state made Sebelius look like a likely nominee for Obamas Cabinet . Sebelius asked to be removed from consideration on December 6 , 2008 . Following Bill Richardsons withdrawal as Obamas nomination for Secretary of Commerce , there was media speculation that Sebelius would be chosen as the new nominee . Through a spokesperson , Sebelius reiterated her earlier statement that she would not consider accepting a nomination to the Cabinet position . On February 28 , 2009 , it was reported that Sebelius had accepted Obamas nomination for the position of Secretary of Health and Human Services . On March 2 , 2009 , Obama officially announced Governor Sebelius as his nominee . At Obamas announcement , Sebelius was accompanied by two Kansas Republicans , former U.S . Senators Bob Dole and Pat Roberts . Sebelius was Obamas second choice for Secretary of Health and Human Services . Obamas first pick , former Senator Tom Daschle , withdrew from consideration on February 3 after it was revealed he had over $140,000 in tax errors . In a March 2009 letter to the Senate Finance Committee , Sebelius admitted to unintentional errors in tax returns and paid nearly $8,000 in back taxes to rectify the errors . A letter to Sebelius from Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus and ranking member Chuck Grassley acknowledged their review of Sebelius found no other items needing to be addressed and Baucus , a democrat , publicly expressed his continued support for Sebelius nomination . Anti-abortion activists and senators were the primary opponents of Sebeliuss nomination . In answer to questions from the Senate Finance Committee during her April 2009 confirmation hearing , Sebelius stated she received $12,450 between 1994 and 2001 from physician George Tiller , one of only three late term abortion providers nationwide , who was later assassinated . The Associated Press , however , reported that from 2000 to 2002 Tiller gave at least $23,000 more to a political action committee Sebelius established to raise money for Democrats while she was serving as state insurance commissioner . The Senate Finance Committee approved Sebelius nomination with a vote of 15 to 8 . The full United States Senate voted to confirm Sebelius by a vote of 65 to 31 . She was sworn in on April 28 , 2009 , amidst an outbreak of swine flu in the United States . Lieutenant Governor Parkinson was sworn in as Governor of Kansas and served the remainder of Sebeliuss term . As Secretary of Health and Human Services , Sebelius led an agency with 6,500 employees and a $700 billion annual budget . Affordable Care Act . Sebelius is a staunch advocate for the Affordable Care Act , also known as Obamacare . In response to website glitches and failures , she said in October 2013 , You deserve better . I apologize . Im accountable to you for fixing these problems and Im committed to earning your confidence back by fixing the site . Republicans called for her resignation in response to the website problems . Fifty-five members of the House of Representatives called for her resignation , while U.S . Senators Ted Cruz , Lamar Alexander and Pat Roberts all called for her resignation . In response to the calls to resign , Sebelius said : The majority of people calling for me to resign I would say are people who I dont work for , and who do not want this program to work in the first place . In 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 , Forbes named Sebelius the 57th , 23rd , and 13th most powerful woman in the world , respectively . Hatch Act concern . On September 13 , 2012 , the Office of Special Counsel charged Sebelius with violating the Hatch Act by making a political remark during an official government event . Sebeliuss office reclassified the event from official to political and reimbursed the governments expenses . Resignation . On April 11 , 2014 , Sebelius announced her resignation from her position as Secretary of Health and Human Services . That same day , President Obama nominated Sylvia Mathews Burwell as Sebelius successor . Burwell was sworn in on June 9 , 2014 . Political positions . Abortion . Sebelius is staunchly pro-choice . Her office stated that abortions declined 8.5% during her tenure as governor . According to the Kansas Department of Health and Environment statistics , the number of induced abortions in Kansas declined by 1,568 , or 12.6% , from 2001 to 2007 , the year of the most recently available statistics . Her administration attributes the decline to health care reforms that Sebelius initiated , including adoption incentives , extended health services for pregnant women... , sex education and .. . a variety of support services for families . Nationally , the number of abortions declined approximately 7.6% from 2000 to 2005 , the year of the most recently available and reliable U.S . statistics . Sebelius has been endorsed by Planned Parenthood , which has raised funds on her behalf . In 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , and again in 2008 , Sebelius vetoed legislation that would have limited abortions in Kansas . On April 21 , 2008 , Sebelius vetoed House Substitute for Senate Bill 389 , titled the Comprehensive Abortion Reform Act by its sponsors . Proponents of the bill argued the legislation would strengthen late-term abortion laws and prevent so-called coerced abortions , particularly with respect to minors . The Kansas City Star reported that HS SB 389 would have required the State of Kansas to collect patient diagnostic information providing detailed medical justification for late-term abortions , and would have also permitted litigants to sue abortion providers if they thought that a relative of theirs was planning a late-term abortion in violation of Kansas law . Sebelius objected to the constitutionality , efficacy and morality of the proposed legislation . She wrote , The United States Supreme Court decisions make clear that any law regulating abortion must contain exceptions for pregnancies which endanger the womans life or health . However , SB 389 allows a variety of individuals to seek a court order preventing a woman from obtaining an abortion , even where it may be necessary to save her life . I am concerned that the bill is unconstitutional or even worse , endangers the lives of women . In addition , she expressed concern that the bill would likely encourage extensive litigation and that it unnecessarily jeopardizes the privacy of Kansas womens confidential medical records . Sebelius is a member of the Catholic Church ; however , in early March 2009 , then-Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke , prefect for the Apostolic Signatura , the Holy Sees highest court , declared that Sebelius should not approach the altar for Communion in the United States , saying that , after pastoral admonition , she obstinately persists in serious sin . Kansas City Archbishop Joseph Fred Naumann also asked that Sebelius no longer receive Holy Communion because of her position on abortion . Naumann criticized Sebelius for vetoing HS SB 389 . The action received mixed reviews in the Catholic press . Anti-abortion activists criticized Sebeliuss HHS nomination because she had received donations to her campaign from George Tiller , the medical director of an abortion clinic in Wichita . Not long after Sebelius was sworn in as HHS Secretary , on May 31 , 2009 , Tiller was shot through the eye and killed by Scott Roeder . Morning-after pill . Despite her pro-choice view , in December 2011 , Sebelius overruled the FDAs recommendation on making the morning-after pill ( Plan B One-Step ) available over the counter for females under the age of 17 . President Obama said that the decision was Sebeliuss , not his . Judge Edward R . Korman of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York struck down this restriction , calling it frivolous and silly , and alleging that pure politics — not scientific evidence — was behind efforts by Sebelius to block easier distribution to young girls . The Obama administration , in response , lowered the age limit from 17 to 15 but decided to appeal this ruling to maintain the loosened restrictions , in a move that was widely criticized by advocates of reproductive rights . Capital punishment . Sebelius is an opponent of capital punishment . During her first term , the Kansas capital punishment laws were declared unconstitutional by the Kansas Supreme Court . However , on appeal by Kansas Attorney General Phill Kline , the ruling was again overturned and the current law reinstated by the United States Supreme Court . Drug importation . As governor of Kansas , Sebelius adopted a state drug importation program in 2004 to help her constituents afford prescription medication . The program , called I-saveRx , connected individuals with and helped them buy medication from licensed pharmacies in Canada , Ireland and the United Kingdom . The program later went on to include Australia and New Zealand . Due to federal laws prohibiting personal drug importation under most circumstances , the FDA intercepted some prescription orders en route to Americans who participated in I-SaveRx ; while in most cases prescription imports for personal use are not seized . Education . Early in the term , Sebelius made education funding her top priority . Education funding reached a breaking point in the summer of 2005 when the Kansas Supreme Court ordered the Legislature to increase K–12 funding . Sebelius offered one education funding plan early in her first term , which consisted of property , sales , and income tax increases , resulting in 2006 in the largest K–12 education funding increase in the history of the state . The three-year plan aimed to increase education funding by nearly $1 billion over three years , but did not give a funding source for the second and third years . Environment . Sebelius chaired the Governors Ethanol Coalition . In 2006 , she requested that $200 million be allotted from the U.S . government to support the Department of Energy Biomass and Biorefinery Systems Research and Development Program . She pushed for more widespread recycling efforts across the state . In addition , she vetoed bills authorizing the construction of coal-fired power plants on three separate occasions saying in March 2008 , We know that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change . As an agricultural state , Kansas is particularly vulnerable . Therefore , reducing pollutants benefits our state not only in the short term — but also for generations of Kansans to come . On June 2 , 2008 , Sebelius spoke at the American Wind Energy Association Conference , calling for greater federal support for wind energy and other renewable energy resources . Firearms . Sebelius has said she supports Kansans right to own firearms , but does not believe a broad concealed carry law would make them safer : I dont believe allowing people to carry concealed handguns into sporting events , shopping malls , grocery stores , or the workplace would be good public policy . And to me the likelihood of exposing children to loaded handguns in their parents purses , pockets and automobiles is simply unacceptable . Sebelius vetoed , like her Republican predecessor Bill Graves , a concealed-carry law that would have allowed citizens to carry concealed weapons after obtaining a state permit and passing an FBI background check . The veto left Kansas , at the time , as one of four states without any form of a conceal-carry law . On March 21 , 2006 , she vetoed Senate Bill 418 , a similar concealed-carry bill . On March 25 , her veto was overturned after the Kansas House of Representatives voted 91–33 to override it . This followed the Kansas Senates 30-10 override vote , which occurred the day after her veto . On April 21 , 2008 , Sebelius signed Senate Bill 46 into law , which repealed a 1933 state law prohibiting civilian ownership of machine guns and other firearms restricted by the National Firearms Act of 1934 , specifically permitting ownership by civilians successfully meeting the requirements of the NFA . The law was passed in part to address legal issues that could have prevented dealers from delivering firearms to law enforcement agencies in Kansas . The law took effect on July 1 , 2008 . LGBT issues . Sebelius did not support an April 2005 amendment to the Kansas Constitution that made same-sex marriage in the state unconstitutional . Sebelius said she supported the existing state law outlawing same-sex marriage , viewing it as sufficient , and therefore opposed the constitutional amendment . The amendment passed with 70% voter approval . Subsequent career . After leaving the Obama cabinet , Sebelius founded and became CEO of Sebelius Resources LLC , which provides strategic advice to private companies , non-profit organizations , higher education institutions , and financial investors . Sebelius serves as a member of the boards of directors of companies including Dermira Inc. , Grand Rounds , Inc. , Exact Sciences , and Humacyte Inc. , and of the Estee Lauder Foundation and the Kaiser Family Foundation . In 1978 , she was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board . She serves on advisory boards for the Dole Institute of Politics and Solera Health . Sebelius is a senior advisor to Out Leadership and the Aspen Institute , where she co-chairs the Aspen Health Strategy Group . Sebelius is a frequent keynote speaker for national and international organizations . Personal life . She married K . Gary Sebelius , the son of former Republican Congressman Keith Sebelius . The wedding was held in the Ohio Governors Mansion in 1974 . They have two sons : Ned ( b . 1982 ) and John ( b . 1985 ) . Her husband served as a United States Magistrate Judge for the District of Kansas for 16 years until his retirement in 2019 . Her family has a vacation home built by her grandfather located in Leland , Michigan . An avid fan of jazz music , Sebelius annually attended the Jazz Fest in New Orleans for thirty years . She also runs in her spare time .
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"St . Pauls College"
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Which school did Chung Sze-yuen go to from 1933 to 1936?
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/wiki/Chung_Sze-yuen#P69#0
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Chung Sze-yuen Sir Sze-yuen Chung , ( ; 3 November 1917 – 14 November 2018 ) was a Hong Kong politician who served as a Senior Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils during the 1970s and 1980s in the colonial period and the first Non-official Convenor of the Executive Council in the SAR period . For his seniority in the Hong Kong political arena , he was nicknamed the Great Sir and Godfather of Hong Kong politics . An-engineer-turned-politician , Chung was appointed to various public positions by the colonial government including the chairman of the Federation of Hong Kong Industries ( FHKI ) in the 1960s before he was an Unofficial Member of the Legislative and Executive Councils . As a Senior Member of the Executive Council , Chung was involved heavily in the Sino-British negotiations on the Hong Kong sovereignty in the early 1980s , in which he sought to voice the concerns on the behalf of the Hong Kong people between the Chinese and British governments . After his retirement from the colonial positions in 1988 , he began to take Beijing appointments of pre-handover posts . In 1997 , he was invited by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa to become the first Convenor of the Non-official Members of the SAR Executive Council until his second retirement in 1999 . Early life and education . Chung was born in Hong Kong on 3 November 1917 with a family root of Fatshan , Kwangtung Province . He was the eldest son of his fathers third wife and the fifth of his eight sons . His father was an importing metal merchant . He attended the Anglo-Chinese schools including St . Pauls College and was a member of the St . Johns Ambulance and lifesaver of the Royal Life Saving Society as a youth . After he graduated from the St . Pauls College in 1936 , he went to study Engineering at the St . Johns University in Shanghai . However , he was cut off from Shanghai when it was invaded by Japan in 1937 during his summer vacation . He went on obtained admission to the University of Hong Kong . In May 1941 , he was graduated with first class honours in bachelor of science degree in Engineering in 1941 . He was soon hired by the Kowloon Whampoa Shipyard as an assistant engineer working in the machine shops at a monthly salary of 200 Hong Kong dollars . During the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941 , he joined the Auxiliary Transport Services ( a unit under Hong Kong Police ) and was dispatched to the Wanchai Vocation School to take charge of the motor car repair section . Wartime and business career . After the fall of Hong Kong , he left to the neutral Macau and later on to the Jiangxi Province to work with his university lecturer Tsang Wah-shing in the Taihe machine factory in early 1942 , where he married his fiancée , Cheung Yung-hing . He was asked to set up another machine factory and became its general manager and also lectured as a part-time associate professor at the Chiang Kai-shek University . He was also in charge of designing a tea factory for the National Tea Corporation for export to Russia . In 1944 , when Jiangxi fell under the Japanese hand , he joined the exodus to a small town near Xingquo and worked in a machine factory for making textile equipment . After the liberation , he was appointed plant manager of the electric power plant cum water works in Nanchang but soon resigned and returned to Hong Kong . He worked as a chief engineer for his friends family business of World Light Manufactory before he further his study in the United Kingdom in the late summer of 1948 . He received a doctoral degree in Engineering Science from the University of Sheffield in 1951 . He published an article on deep drawing of sheet metal which won the Whitworth Prize of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in London in 1952 . He worked as a research officer for the GKN after graduation but he decided to return to Hong Kong at the end of 1951 . Chung reassumed his position at the World Light Manufactory as its chief engineer and later deputy general manager . After the closedown of the factory , he started his own engineering consulting business in 1953 before he became the general manager of the V . K . Song Limited which produced flashlights and later renamed into Sonca Industries Limited in which he was the executive chairman of the board . Early public career . Chung was appointed to be the working party of establishing an industrial association by Governor Robert Black in 1958 , which later became the Federation of Hong Kong Industries ( FHKI ) in 1960 . In 1966 when Sir Chau Sik-nin became chairman of the newly founded Hong Kong Trade Development Council ( TDC ) , Chung succeeded Chau to be the chairman of the Federation . He was also appointed to be a provisional member of the Legislative Council by Governor Sir David Trench in April 1965 , as well as member of the Trade and Industry Advisory Board , Hong Kong Telephone Advisory Committee , Hong Kong Aviation Advisory Board , Hong Kong Government Radiation Board , Working Committee on Productivity and a Justice of the Peace . In 1968 , Chung became the permanent member of the Legislative Council and was appointed to the Executive Council by Governor Sir Murray MacLehose in 1972 . In 1974 Chung became the Senior Member of the Legislative Council . In order to explore the Hong Kongs prospects after the expiry of the New Territories Land Lease in 1997 , an Advisory Committee headed by Financial Secretary Sir Philip Haddon-Cave was set up in 1977 in which Chung was also a member . In 1980 , the Advisory Committee submitted a four-page letter to the Governor to ask for the government to begin preliminary negotiations on the subject of sovereignty . Executive Council Senior Member . In 1978 , Chung resigned from the Legislative Council to devote more time in the Executive Council . After Senior Member of the Executive Council Sir Yuet-keung Kan and Sir Sidney Gordon both retired in August 1980 , Chung became the Senior Member , the highest representative position in the government and the leader of the Hong Kong community . Question of Hong Kong prospects . During his service as the Senior Member of the Executive Council , he witnessed the negotiations of the British and Chinese governments over the sovereignty of Hong Kong . Before the beginning of the negotiations , he was invited to sit in the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) in which he declined the offer as he saw it would be a betrayal to the British government . In September 1982 , the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils ( UMELCO ) headed by Chung sent a five-member delegation to London with Roger Lobo , Li Fook-wo , Lydia Dunn and Chan Kam-chuen to meet with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher over the 1997 issue to suggest the status quo of British administration in Hong Kong . He met with Thatcher and urged the British government to trust the Executive Council after The Observer revealed the Beijing position on Hong Kong in which the Executive Council was not notified after her Beijing visit in December 1982 . However , the three-legged stool proposal of the Hong Kong representatives besides the British and Chinese sides on the negotiation table was not realised as the UMELCO were excluded from Sino-British talks in 1983 . The Unofficial Members of the Executive Council ( UMEXCO ) sent two missions to London to voice their opinions to the British government in July and October 1983 , in which in the second mission Chung was told by Thatcher that a compromise had to be reached . In December , Governor Edward Youde told the UMELCO that Britain had decided to return the sovereignty and administration of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997 but was not known to the public until 20 April 1984 . In response , the UMELCO met on 24 February 1984 which came up with a strategy to mobilise public opinion on the Sino-British agreement and make known Hong Kongs views to the British and Hong Kong governments . Senior Member of the Legislative Council Roger Lobo proposed a motion on 14 March to request any proposal for the future of Hong Kong should be debated in this council before any final agreement is reached . Sino-British Joint Declaration . After Foreign Secretary Sir Geoffrey Howe announced that Britain would withdraw from Hong Kong on 1 July 1997 , UMELCO believed it was vital that a Sino-British agreement acceptable to the majority of Hong Kong people be reached so as to ensure the prosperity , stability and liberty of Hong Kong as set out in UMELCOs position paper of May 1984 . Armed with the position papers six concerns , two questions and four requests on the agreement , UMELCOs members flew to London but were snubbed by Members of Parliament , former Prime Minister Edward Heath and former Hong Kong Governor Sir Murray MacLehose . Howe said the UMELCO delegation did not represent the Hong Kong people as its members were not elected . Heath even said these unofficial members , appointed by the governor , do not represent the people of Hong Kong . They never have done and they never will . Stung by this humiliation , Chun urged the Hong Kong people to submit their opinions on the agreement as the delegation exited the parliament surrounded by reporters . The UMELCO office subsequently received close to 10,000 messages of support , while a survey showed that about 70 to 90 per cent of Hong Kong residents supported UMELCOs position paper . In June 1984 , Chung headed a three-member delegation , including Lydia Dunn and Lee Quo-wei , to meet with Deng Xiaoping in Beijing . At the meeting , Deng dismissed the idea of a three-legged stool negotiation with Hong Kong representatives and insisted on Chinas sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 . Chung voiced the concerns of the Hong Kong people regarding Hong Kongs future and the potential exodus of professionals , talent and capital , which would result in an economic recession . He also expressed concerns over Chinas policy on Hong Kong after 1997 . In response , Deng said there would be a Joint Liaison Group set up in the transition period and assured him that Hong Kong people would run Hong Kong after 1997 . After returning from Beijing , Chung said in a press conference that Chairman Deng did not believe there was a crisis of confidence in Hong Kong . The remarks attracted scorn from the Director of the New China News Agency ( NCNA ) Xu Jiatun , who described them as ministers falling from grace of the British . After the fifth and final UMEXCO mission to London in September 1984 , during which its members were briefed on the details of the agreement , UMEXCO publicly endorsed the proposed Sino-British Joint Declaration , believing that it fulfilled the demands set out in UMELCOs position paper . In December , Chung was invited to witness the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration . For his contributions during the negotiations , he was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) after his retirement in 1989 . Post-agreement period . Chung and Dunn turned down an invitation from Beijing to sit on the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee ( BLCC ) to draft the Basic Law of Hong Kong as it would undermine their positions as the Senior Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils . However , Chung maintained close ties with Xu Jiatun in the ensuing years on the issues of the implementation of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and democratic development in Hong Kong . On 1 September 1988 , Chung stepped down from the Executive Council and retired from politics . Chung was also chairman of the Hong Kong Japan Business Cooperation Committee from 1983 to 1988 and the Hong Kong US Economic Cooperation Committee from 1984 1988 . He was involved in the establishment of three local universities , as the founding chairman of the Council of the Hong Kong Polytechnic in 1972 and was responsible for the establishment of the City Polytechnic in 1984 . He oversaw the establishment of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ( HKUST ) in 1991 as the chairman of the planning committee and became its pro-chancellor . Post-Exco career . Chung remained influential after his retirement . During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Chung urged Governor Sir David Wilson not to abandon the governments long-held policy of neutrality towards China . In 1990 , he became a member of the Advisory Council of the Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong ( BPF ) , a pro-business conservative political group that grew out of the Group of 89 . Chung also advised his protege , Senior Member of the Legislative Council Allen Lee , and Steven Poon , to abandon any pretense of being above politics and form a proper political party with its belief , vision , discipline and platform to counter the emergence of the populist United Democrats of Hong Kong ( UDHK ) following the first Legislative Council election in 1991 . Lee later transformed the think tank Co-operative Resources Centre ( CRC ) , consisting of appointed Legislative Council members , into the Liberal Party in 1993 . Chung was also appointed chairman of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and was closely involved with its establishment in 1991 . In 1992 , Chung accepted the Beijing governments invitation to be a Hong Kong Affairs Advisor to give advice to the Beijing government on various matters in Hong Kong . In 1993 , he was appointed to the Preliminary Working Committee ( PWC ) to prepare for the transfer of Hong Kongs sovereignty . In the committee , he was the convenor of the Economics sub-group on the new airport which became a contentious issue between the British and Chinese governments . In 1995 , he was appointed to the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . He went on become one of the 400-member Selection Committee that was responsible for electing the Provisional Legislative Council and the first Chief Executive . On 24 January 1997 , Chief Executive-elect Tung Chee-hwa announced the membership of the first SAR Executive Council , in which Chung became the convenor of the non-official members of the Executive Council . He received the Grand Bauhinia Medal on 1 July 1997 , the first day of the new Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . He served in the council for two more years and retired from all official capacities on 30 June 1999 . In 2001 , he published a memoir , Hong Kongs Journey to Reunification : Memoirs of Sze-yuen Chung which covered his life , career and extensive involvement in the Sino-British negotiations in the 1980s . Personal life . Chung was a keen volleyball player and played for his school , the St . Pauls College . He was also the vice-captain of the Hong Kong team in the Shanghai national volleyball tournament in 1948 . He married Cheung Yung-hing in 1942 and had two daughters and one son . He died on 14 November 2018 , shortly after his 101st birthday . Honours . - Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) ( 1968 ) - Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) ( 1975 ) - Order of the Sacred Treasure ( Japan ) ( 1977 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 1978 ) - Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering ( FREng ) ( 1983 ) - Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) ( 1989 ) - Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal ( GBM ) ( 1997 )
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"St . Johns University"
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Chung Sze-yuen went to which school from 1936 to 1937?
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/wiki/Chung_Sze-yuen#P69#1
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Chung Sze-yuen Sir Sze-yuen Chung , ( ; 3 November 1917 – 14 November 2018 ) was a Hong Kong politician who served as a Senior Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils during the 1970s and 1980s in the colonial period and the first Non-official Convenor of the Executive Council in the SAR period . For his seniority in the Hong Kong political arena , he was nicknamed the Great Sir and Godfather of Hong Kong politics . An-engineer-turned-politician , Chung was appointed to various public positions by the colonial government including the chairman of the Federation of Hong Kong Industries ( FHKI ) in the 1960s before he was an Unofficial Member of the Legislative and Executive Councils . As a Senior Member of the Executive Council , Chung was involved heavily in the Sino-British negotiations on the Hong Kong sovereignty in the early 1980s , in which he sought to voice the concerns on the behalf of the Hong Kong people between the Chinese and British governments . After his retirement from the colonial positions in 1988 , he began to take Beijing appointments of pre-handover posts . In 1997 , he was invited by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa to become the first Convenor of the Non-official Members of the SAR Executive Council until his second retirement in 1999 . Early life and education . Chung was born in Hong Kong on 3 November 1917 with a family root of Fatshan , Kwangtung Province . He was the eldest son of his fathers third wife and the fifth of his eight sons . His father was an importing metal merchant . He attended the Anglo-Chinese schools including St . Pauls College and was a member of the St . Johns Ambulance and lifesaver of the Royal Life Saving Society as a youth . After he graduated from the St . Pauls College in 1936 , he went to study Engineering at the St . Johns University in Shanghai . However , he was cut off from Shanghai when it was invaded by Japan in 1937 during his summer vacation . He went on obtained admission to the University of Hong Kong . In May 1941 , he was graduated with first class honours in bachelor of science degree in Engineering in 1941 . He was soon hired by the Kowloon Whampoa Shipyard as an assistant engineer working in the machine shops at a monthly salary of 200 Hong Kong dollars . During the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941 , he joined the Auxiliary Transport Services ( a unit under Hong Kong Police ) and was dispatched to the Wanchai Vocation School to take charge of the motor car repair section . Wartime and business career . After the fall of Hong Kong , he left to the neutral Macau and later on to the Jiangxi Province to work with his university lecturer Tsang Wah-shing in the Taihe machine factory in early 1942 , where he married his fiancée , Cheung Yung-hing . He was asked to set up another machine factory and became its general manager and also lectured as a part-time associate professor at the Chiang Kai-shek University . He was also in charge of designing a tea factory for the National Tea Corporation for export to Russia . In 1944 , when Jiangxi fell under the Japanese hand , he joined the exodus to a small town near Xingquo and worked in a machine factory for making textile equipment . After the liberation , he was appointed plant manager of the electric power plant cum water works in Nanchang but soon resigned and returned to Hong Kong . He worked as a chief engineer for his friends family business of World Light Manufactory before he further his study in the United Kingdom in the late summer of 1948 . He received a doctoral degree in Engineering Science from the University of Sheffield in 1951 . He published an article on deep drawing of sheet metal which won the Whitworth Prize of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in London in 1952 . He worked as a research officer for the GKN after graduation but he decided to return to Hong Kong at the end of 1951 . Chung reassumed his position at the World Light Manufactory as its chief engineer and later deputy general manager . After the closedown of the factory , he started his own engineering consulting business in 1953 before he became the general manager of the V . K . Song Limited which produced flashlights and later renamed into Sonca Industries Limited in which he was the executive chairman of the board . Early public career . Chung was appointed to be the working party of establishing an industrial association by Governor Robert Black in 1958 , which later became the Federation of Hong Kong Industries ( FHKI ) in 1960 . In 1966 when Sir Chau Sik-nin became chairman of the newly founded Hong Kong Trade Development Council ( TDC ) , Chung succeeded Chau to be the chairman of the Federation . He was also appointed to be a provisional member of the Legislative Council by Governor Sir David Trench in April 1965 , as well as member of the Trade and Industry Advisory Board , Hong Kong Telephone Advisory Committee , Hong Kong Aviation Advisory Board , Hong Kong Government Radiation Board , Working Committee on Productivity and a Justice of the Peace . In 1968 , Chung became the permanent member of the Legislative Council and was appointed to the Executive Council by Governor Sir Murray MacLehose in 1972 . In 1974 Chung became the Senior Member of the Legislative Council . In order to explore the Hong Kongs prospects after the expiry of the New Territories Land Lease in 1997 , an Advisory Committee headed by Financial Secretary Sir Philip Haddon-Cave was set up in 1977 in which Chung was also a member . In 1980 , the Advisory Committee submitted a four-page letter to the Governor to ask for the government to begin preliminary negotiations on the subject of sovereignty . Executive Council Senior Member . In 1978 , Chung resigned from the Legislative Council to devote more time in the Executive Council . After Senior Member of the Executive Council Sir Yuet-keung Kan and Sir Sidney Gordon both retired in August 1980 , Chung became the Senior Member , the highest representative position in the government and the leader of the Hong Kong community . Question of Hong Kong prospects . During his service as the Senior Member of the Executive Council , he witnessed the negotiations of the British and Chinese governments over the sovereignty of Hong Kong . Before the beginning of the negotiations , he was invited to sit in the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) in which he declined the offer as he saw it would be a betrayal to the British government . In September 1982 , the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils ( UMELCO ) headed by Chung sent a five-member delegation to London with Roger Lobo , Li Fook-wo , Lydia Dunn and Chan Kam-chuen to meet with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher over the 1997 issue to suggest the status quo of British administration in Hong Kong . He met with Thatcher and urged the British government to trust the Executive Council after The Observer revealed the Beijing position on Hong Kong in which the Executive Council was not notified after her Beijing visit in December 1982 . However , the three-legged stool proposal of the Hong Kong representatives besides the British and Chinese sides on the negotiation table was not realised as the UMELCO were excluded from Sino-British talks in 1983 . The Unofficial Members of the Executive Council ( UMEXCO ) sent two missions to London to voice their opinions to the British government in July and October 1983 , in which in the second mission Chung was told by Thatcher that a compromise had to be reached . In December , Governor Edward Youde told the UMELCO that Britain had decided to return the sovereignty and administration of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997 but was not known to the public until 20 April 1984 . In response , the UMELCO met on 24 February 1984 which came up with a strategy to mobilise public opinion on the Sino-British agreement and make known Hong Kongs views to the British and Hong Kong governments . Senior Member of the Legislative Council Roger Lobo proposed a motion on 14 March to request any proposal for the future of Hong Kong should be debated in this council before any final agreement is reached . Sino-British Joint Declaration . After Foreign Secretary Sir Geoffrey Howe announced that Britain would withdraw from Hong Kong on 1 July 1997 , UMELCO believed it was vital that a Sino-British agreement acceptable to the majority of Hong Kong people be reached so as to ensure the prosperity , stability and liberty of Hong Kong as set out in UMELCOs position paper of May 1984 . Armed with the position papers six concerns , two questions and four requests on the agreement , UMELCOs members flew to London but were snubbed by Members of Parliament , former Prime Minister Edward Heath and former Hong Kong Governor Sir Murray MacLehose . Howe said the UMELCO delegation did not represent the Hong Kong people as its members were not elected . Heath even said these unofficial members , appointed by the governor , do not represent the people of Hong Kong . They never have done and they never will . Stung by this humiliation , Chun urged the Hong Kong people to submit their opinions on the agreement as the delegation exited the parliament surrounded by reporters . The UMELCO office subsequently received close to 10,000 messages of support , while a survey showed that about 70 to 90 per cent of Hong Kong residents supported UMELCOs position paper . In June 1984 , Chung headed a three-member delegation , including Lydia Dunn and Lee Quo-wei , to meet with Deng Xiaoping in Beijing . At the meeting , Deng dismissed the idea of a three-legged stool negotiation with Hong Kong representatives and insisted on Chinas sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 . Chung voiced the concerns of the Hong Kong people regarding Hong Kongs future and the potential exodus of professionals , talent and capital , which would result in an economic recession . He also expressed concerns over Chinas policy on Hong Kong after 1997 . In response , Deng said there would be a Joint Liaison Group set up in the transition period and assured him that Hong Kong people would run Hong Kong after 1997 . After returning from Beijing , Chung said in a press conference that Chairman Deng did not believe there was a crisis of confidence in Hong Kong . The remarks attracted scorn from the Director of the New China News Agency ( NCNA ) Xu Jiatun , who described them as ministers falling from grace of the British . After the fifth and final UMEXCO mission to London in September 1984 , during which its members were briefed on the details of the agreement , UMEXCO publicly endorsed the proposed Sino-British Joint Declaration , believing that it fulfilled the demands set out in UMELCOs position paper . In December , Chung was invited to witness the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration . For his contributions during the negotiations , he was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) after his retirement in 1989 . Post-agreement period . Chung and Dunn turned down an invitation from Beijing to sit on the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee ( BLCC ) to draft the Basic Law of Hong Kong as it would undermine their positions as the Senior Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils . However , Chung maintained close ties with Xu Jiatun in the ensuing years on the issues of the implementation of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and democratic development in Hong Kong . On 1 September 1988 , Chung stepped down from the Executive Council and retired from politics . Chung was also chairman of the Hong Kong Japan Business Cooperation Committee from 1983 to 1988 and the Hong Kong US Economic Cooperation Committee from 1984 1988 . He was involved in the establishment of three local universities , as the founding chairman of the Council of the Hong Kong Polytechnic in 1972 and was responsible for the establishment of the City Polytechnic in 1984 . He oversaw the establishment of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ( HKUST ) in 1991 as the chairman of the planning committee and became its pro-chancellor . Post-Exco career . Chung remained influential after his retirement . During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Chung urged Governor Sir David Wilson not to abandon the governments long-held policy of neutrality towards China . In 1990 , he became a member of the Advisory Council of the Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong ( BPF ) , a pro-business conservative political group that grew out of the Group of 89 . Chung also advised his protege , Senior Member of the Legislative Council Allen Lee , and Steven Poon , to abandon any pretense of being above politics and form a proper political party with its belief , vision , discipline and platform to counter the emergence of the populist United Democrats of Hong Kong ( UDHK ) following the first Legislative Council election in 1991 . Lee later transformed the think tank Co-operative Resources Centre ( CRC ) , consisting of appointed Legislative Council members , into the Liberal Party in 1993 . Chung was also appointed chairman of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and was closely involved with its establishment in 1991 . In 1992 , Chung accepted the Beijing governments invitation to be a Hong Kong Affairs Advisor to give advice to the Beijing government on various matters in Hong Kong . In 1993 , he was appointed to the Preliminary Working Committee ( PWC ) to prepare for the transfer of Hong Kongs sovereignty . In the committee , he was the convenor of the Economics sub-group on the new airport which became a contentious issue between the British and Chinese governments . In 1995 , he was appointed to the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . He went on become one of the 400-member Selection Committee that was responsible for electing the Provisional Legislative Council and the first Chief Executive . On 24 January 1997 , Chief Executive-elect Tung Chee-hwa announced the membership of the first SAR Executive Council , in which Chung became the convenor of the non-official members of the Executive Council . He received the Grand Bauhinia Medal on 1 July 1997 , the first day of the new Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . He served in the council for two more years and retired from all official capacities on 30 June 1999 . In 2001 , he published a memoir , Hong Kongs Journey to Reunification : Memoirs of Sze-yuen Chung which covered his life , career and extensive involvement in the Sino-British negotiations in the 1980s . Personal life . Chung was a keen volleyball player and played for his school , the St . Pauls College . He was also the vice-captain of the Hong Kong team in the Shanghai national volleyball tournament in 1948 . He married Cheung Yung-hing in 1942 and had two daughters and one son . He died on 14 November 2018 , shortly after his 101st birthday . Honours . - Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) ( 1968 ) - Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) ( 1975 ) - Order of the Sacred Treasure ( Japan ) ( 1977 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 1978 ) - Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering ( FREng ) ( 1983 ) - Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) ( 1989 ) - Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal ( GBM ) ( 1997 )
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Chung Sze-yuen went to which school from 1937 to 1941?
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/wiki/Chung_Sze-yuen#P69#2
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Chung Sze-yuen Sir Sze-yuen Chung , ( ; 3 November 1917 – 14 November 2018 ) was a Hong Kong politician who served as a Senior Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils during the 1970s and 1980s in the colonial period and the first Non-official Convenor of the Executive Council in the SAR period . For his seniority in the Hong Kong political arena , he was nicknamed the Great Sir and Godfather of Hong Kong politics . An-engineer-turned-politician , Chung was appointed to various public positions by the colonial government including the chairman of the Federation of Hong Kong Industries ( FHKI ) in the 1960s before he was an Unofficial Member of the Legislative and Executive Councils . As a Senior Member of the Executive Council , Chung was involved heavily in the Sino-British negotiations on the Hong Kong sovereignty in the early 1980s , in which he sought to voice the concerns on the behalf of the Hong Kong people between the Chinese and British governments . After his retirement from the colonial positions in 1988 , he began to take Beijing appointments of pre-handover posts . In 1997 , he was invited by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa to become the first Convenor of the Non-official Members of the SAR Executive Council until his second retirement in 1999 . Early life and education . Chung was born in Hong Kong on 3 November 1917 with a family root of Fatshan , Kwangtung Province . He was the eldest son of his fathers third wife and the fifth of his eight sons . His father was an importing metal merchant . He attended the Anglo-Chinese schools including St . Pauls College and was a member of the St . Johns Ambulance and lifesaver of the Royal Life Saving Society as a youth . After he graduated from the St . Pauls College in 1936 , he went to study Engineering at the St . Johns University in Shanghai . However , he was cut off from Shanghai when it was invaded by Japan in 1937 during his summer vacation . He went on obtained admission to the University of Hong Kong . In May 1941 , he was graduated with first class honours in bachelor of science degree in Engineering in 1941 . He was soon hired by the Kowloon Whampoa Shipyard as an assistant engineer working in the machine shops at a monthly salary of 200 Hong Kong dollars . During the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941 , he joined the Auxiliary Transport Services ( a unit under Hong Kong Police ) and was dispatched to the Wanchai Vocation School to take charge of the motor car repair section . Wartime and business career . After the fall of Hong Kong , he left to the neutral Macau and later on to the Jiangxi Province to work with his university lecturer Tsang Wah-shing in the Taihe machine factory in early 1942 , where he married his fiancée , Cheung Yung-hing . He was asked to set up another machine factory and became its general manager and also lectured as a part-time associate professor at the Chiang Kai-shek University . He was also in charge of designing a tea factory for the National Tea Corporation for export to Russia . In 1944 , when Jiangxi fell under the Japanese hand , he joined the exodus to a small town near Xingquo and worked in a machine factory for making textile equipment . After the liberation , he was appointed plant manager of the electric power plant cum water works in Nanchang but soon resigned and returned to Hong Kong . He worked as a chief engineer for his friends family business of World Light Manufactory before he further his study in the United Kingdom in the late summer of 1948 . He received a doctoral degree in Engineering Science from the University of Sheffield in 1951 . He published an article on deep drawing of sheet metal which won the Whitworth Prize of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in London in 1952 . He worked as a research officer for the GKN after graduation but he decided to return to Hong Kong at the end of 1951 . Chung reassumed his position at the World Light Manufactory as its chief engineer and later deputy general manager . After the closedown of the factory , he started his own engineering consulting business in 1953 before he became the general manager of the V . K . Song Limited which produced flashlights and later renamed into Sonca Industries Limited in which he was the executive chairman of the board . Early public career . Chung was appointed to be the working party of establishing an industrial association by Governor Robert Black in 1958 , which later became the Federation of Hong Kong Industries ( FHKI ) in 1960 . In 1966 when Sir Chau Sik-nin became chairman of the newly founded Hong Kong Trade Development Council ( TDC ) , Chung succeeded Chau to be the chairman of the Federation . He was also appointed to be a provisional member of the Legislative Council by Governor Sir David Trench in April 1965 , as well as member of the Trade and Industry Advisory Board , Hong Kong Telephone Advisory Committee , Hong Kong Aviation Advisory Board , Hong Kong Government Radiation Board , Working Committee on Productivity and a Justice of the Peace . In 1968 , Chung became the permanent member of the Legislative Council and was appointed to the Executive Council by Governor Sir Murray MacLehose in 1972 . In 1974 Chung became the Senior Member of the Legislative Council . In order to explore the Hong Kongs prospects after the expiry of the New Territories Land Lease in 1997 , an Advisory Committee headed by Financial Secretary Sir Philip Haddon-Cave was set up in 1977 in which Chung was also a member . In 1980 , the Advisory Committee submitted a four-page letter to the Governor to ask for the government to begin preliminary negotiations on the subject of sovereignty . Executive Council Senior Member . In 1978 , Chung resigned from the Legislative Council to devote more time in the Executive Council . After Senior Member of the Executive Council Sir Yuet-keung Kan and Sir Sidney Gordon both retired in August 1980 , Chung became the Senior Member , the highest representative position in the government and the leader of the Hong Kong community . Question of Hong Kong prospects . During his service as the Senior Member of the Executive Council , he witnessed the negotiations of the British and Chinese governments over the sovereignty of Hong Kong . Before the beginning of the negotiations , he was invited to sit in the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) in which he declined the offer as he saw it would be a betrayal to the British government . In September 1982 , the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils ( UMELCO ) headed by Chung sent a five-member delegation to London with Roger Lobo , Li Fook-wo , Lydia Dunn and Chan Kam-chuen to meet with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher over the 1997 issue to suggest the status quo of British administration in Hong Kong . He met with Thatcher and urged the British government to trust the Executive Council after The Observer revealed the Beijing position on Hong Kong in which the Executive Council was not notified after her Beijing visit in December 1982 . However , the three-legged stool proposal of the Hong Kong representatives besides the British and Chinese sides on the negotiation table was not realised as the UMELCO were excluded from Sino-British talks in 1983 . The Unofficial Members of the Executive Council ( UMEXCO ) sent two missions to London to voice their opinions to the British government in July and October 1983 , in which in the second mission Chung was told by Thatcher that a compromise had to be reached . In December , Governor Edward Youde told the UMELCO that Britain had decided to return the sovereignty and administration of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997 but was not known to the public until 20 April 1984 . In response , the UMELCO met on 24 February 1984 which came up with a strategy to mobilise public opinion on the Sino-British agreement and make known Hong Kongs views to the British and Hong Kong governments . Senior Member of the Legislative Council Roger Lobo proposed a motion on 14 March to request any proposal for the future of Hong Kong should be debated in this council before any final agreement is reached . Sino-British Joint Declaration . After Foreign Secretary Sir Geoffrey Howe announced that Britain would withdraw from Hong Kong on 1 July 1997 , UMELCO believed it was vital that a Sino-British agreement acceptable to the majority of Hong Kong people be reached so as to ensure the prosperity , stability and liberty of Hong Kong as set out in UMELCOs position paper of May 1984 . Armed with the position papers six concerns , two questions and four requests on the agreement , UMELCOs members flew to London but were snubbed by Members of Parliament , former Prime Minister Edward Heath and former Hong Kong Governor Sir Murray MacLehose . Howe said the UMELCO delegation did not represent the Hong Kong people as its members were not elected . Heath even said these unofficial members , appointed by the governor , do not represent the people of Hong Kong . They never have done and they never will . Stung by this humiliation , Chun urged the Hong Kong people to submit their opinions on the agreement as the delegation exited the parliament surrounded by reporters . The UMELCO office subsequently received close to 10,000 messages of support , while a survey showed that about 70 to 90 per cent of Hong Kong residents supported UMELCOs position paper . In June 1984 , Chung headed a three-member delegation , including Lydia Dunn and Lee Quo-wei , to meet with Deng Xiaoping in Beijing . At the meeting , Deng dismissed the idea of a three-legged stool negotiation with Hong Kong representatives and insisted on Chinas sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 . Chung voiced the concerns of the Hong Kong people regarding Hong Kongs future and the potential exodus of professionals , talent and capital , which would result in an economic recession . He also expressed concerns over Chinas policy on Hong Kong after 1997 . In response , Deng said there would be a Joint Liaison Group set up in the transition period and assured him that Hong Kong people would run Hong Kong after 1997 . After returning from Beijing , Chung said in a press conference that Chairman Deng did not believe there was a crisis of confidence in Hong Kong . The remarks attracted scorn from the Director of the New China News Agency ( NCNA ) Xu Jiatun , who described them as ministers falling from grace of the British . After the fifth and final UMEXCO mission to London in September 1984 , during which its members were briefed on the details of the agreement , UMEXCO publicly endorsed the proposed Sino-British Joint Declaration , believing that it fulfilled the demands set out in UMELCOs position paper . In December , Chung was invited to witness the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration . For his contributions during the negotiations , he was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) after his retirement in 1989 . Post-agreement period . Chung and Dunn turned down an invitation from Beijing to sit on the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee ( BLCC ) to draft the Basic Law of Hong Kong as it would undermine their positions as the Senior Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils . However , Chung maintained close ties with Xu Jiatun in the ensuing years on the issues of the implementation of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and democratic development in Hong Kong . On 1 September 1988 , Chung stepped down from the Executive Council and retired from politics . Chung was also chairman of the Hong Kong Japan Business Cooperation Committee from 1983 to 1988 and the Hong Kong US Economic Cooperation Committee from 1984 1988 . He was involved in the establishment of three local universities , as the founding chairman of the Council of the Hong Kong Polytechnic in 1972 and was responsible for the establishment of the City Polytechnic in 1984 . He oversaw the establishment of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ( HKUST ) in 1991 as the chairman of the planning committee and became its pro-chancellor . Post-Exco career . Chung remained influential after his retirement . During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Chung urged Governor Sir David Wilson not to abandon the governments long-held policy of neutrality towards China . In 1990 , he became a member of the Advisory Council of the Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong ( BPF ) , a pro-business conservative political group that grew out of the Group of 89 . Chung also advised his protege , Senior Member of the Legislative Council Allen Lee , and Steven Poon , to abandon any pretense of being above politics and form a proper political party with its belief , vision , discipline and platform to counter the emergence of the populist United Democrats of Hong Kong ( UDHK ) following the first Legislative Council election in 1991 . Lee later transformed the think tank Co-operative Resources Centre ( CRC ) , consisting of appointed Legislative Council members , into the Liberal Party in 1993 . Chung was also appointed chairman of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and was closely involved with its establishment in 1991 . In 1992 , Chung accepted the Beijing governments invitation to be a Hong Kong Affairs Advisor to give advice to the Beijing government on various matters in Hong Kong . In 1993 , he was appointed to the Preliminary Working Committee ( PWC ) to prepare for the transfer of Hong Kongs sovereignty . In the committee , he was the convenor of the Economics sub-group on the new airport which became a contentious issue between the British and Chinese governments . In 1995 , he was appointed to the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . He went on become one of the 400-member Selection Committee that was responsible for electing the Provisional Legislative Council and the first Chief Executive . On 24 January 1997 , Chief Executive-elect Tung Chee-hwa announced the membership of the first SAR Executive Council , in which Chung became the convenor of the non-official members of the Executive Council . He received the Grand Bauhinia Medal on 1 July 1997 , the first day of the new Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . He served in the council for two more years and retired from all official capacities on 30 June 1999 . In 2001 , he published a memoir , Hong Kongs Journey to Reunification : Memoirs of Sze-yuen Chung which covered his life , career and extensive involvement in the Sino-British negotiations in the 1980s . Personal life . Chung was a keen volleyball player and played for his school , the St . Pauls College . He was also the vice-captain of the Hong Kong team in the Shanghai national volleyball tournament in 1948 . He married Cheung Yung-hing in 1942 and had two daughters and one son . He died on 14 November 2018 , shortly after his 101st birthday . Honours . - Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) ( 1968 ) - Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) ( 1975 ) - Order of the Sacred Treasure ( Japan ) ( 1977 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 1978 ) - Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering ( FREng ) ( 1983 ) - Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) ( 1989 ) - Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal ( GBM ) ( 1997 )
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Which school did Chung Sze-yuen go to from 1948 to 1950?
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Chung Sze-yuen Sir Sze-yuen Chung , ( ; 3 November 1917 – 14 November 2018 ) was a Hong Kong politician who served as a Senior Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils during the 1970s and 1980s in the colonial period and the first Non-official Convenor of the Executive Council in the SAR period . For his seniority in the Hong Kong political arena , he was nicknamed the Great Sir and Godfather of Hong Kong politics . An-engineer-turned-politician , Chung was appointed to various public positions by the colonial government including the chairman of the Federation of Hong Kong Industries ( FHKI ) in the 1960s before he was an Unofficial Member of the Legislative and Executive Councils . As a Senior Member of the Executive Council , Chung was involved heavily in the Sino-British negotiations on the Hong Kong sovereignty in the early 1980s , in which he sought to voice the concerns on the behalf of the Hong Kong people between the Chinese and British governments . After his retirement from the colonial positions in 1988 , he began to take Beijing appointments of pre-handover posts . In 1997 , he was invited by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa to become the first Convenor of the Non-official Members of the SAR Executive Council until his second retirement in 1999 . Early life and education . Chung was born in Hong Kong on 3 November 1917 with a family root of Fatshan , Kwangtung Province . He was the eldest son of his fathers third wife and the fifth of his eight sons . His father was an importing metal merchant . He attended the Anglo-Chinese schools including St . Pauls College and was a member of the St . Johns Ambulance and lifesaver of the Royal Life Saving Society as a youth . After he graduated from the St . Pauls College in 1936 , he went to study Engineering at the St . Johns University in Shanghai . However , he was cut off from Shanghai when it was invaded by Japan in 1937 during his summer vacation . He went on obtained admission to the University of Hong Kong . In May 1941 , he was graduated with first class honours in bachelor of science degree in Engineering in 1941 . He was soon hired by the Kowloon Whampoa Shipyard as an assistant engineer working in the machine shops at a monthly salary of 200 Hong Kong dollars . During the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941 , he joined the Auxiliary Transport Services ( a unit under Hong Kong Police ) and was dispatched to the Wanchai Vocation School to take charge of the motor car repair section . Wartime and business career . After the fall of Hong Kong , he left to the neutral Macau and later on to the Jiangxi Province to work with his university lecturer Tsang Wah-shing in the Taihe machine factory in early 1942 , where he married his fiancée , Cheung Yung-hing . He was asked to set up another machine factory and became its general manager and also lectured as a part-time associate professor at the Chiang Kai-shek University . He was also in charge of designing a tea factory for the National Tea Corporation for export to Russia . In 1944 , when Jiangxi fell under the Japanese hand , he joined the exodus to a small town near Xingquo and worked in a machine factory for making textile equipment . After the liberation , he was appointed plant manager of the electric power plant cum water works in Nanchang but soon resigned and returned to Hong Kong . He worked as a chief engineer for his friends family business of World Light Manufactory before he further his study in the United Kingdom in the late summer of 1948 . He received a doctoral degree in Engineering Science from the University of Sheffield in 1951 . He published an article on deep drawing of sheet metal which won the Whitworth Prize of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in London in 1952 . He worked as a research officer for the GKN after graduation but he decided to return to Hong Kong at the end of 1951 . Chung reassumed his position at the World Light Manufactory as its chief engineer and later deputy general manager . After the closedown of the factory , he started his own engineering consulting business in 1953 before he became the general manager of the V . K . Song Limited which produced flashlights and later renamed into Sonca Industries Limited in which he was the executive chairman of the board . Early public career . Chung was appointed to be the working party of establishing an industrial association by Governor Robert Black in 1958 , which later became the Federation of Hong Kong Industries ( FHKI ) in 1960 . In 1966 when Sir Chau Sik-nin became chairman of the newly founded Hong Kong Trade Development Council ( TDC ) , Chung succeeded Chau to be the chairman of the Federation . He was also appointed to be a provisional member of the Legislative Council by Governor Sir David Trench in April 1965 , as well as member of the Trade and Industry Advisory Board , Hong Kong Telephone Advisory Committee , Hong Kong Aviation Advisory Board , Hong Kong Government Radiation Board , Working Committee on Productivity and a Justice of the Peace . In 1968 , Chung became the permanent member of the Legislative Council and was appointed to the Executive Council by Governor Sir Murray MacLehose in 1972 . In 1974 Chung became the Senior Member of the Legislative Council . In order to explore the Hong Kongs prospects after the expiry of the New Territories Land Lease in 1997 , an Advisory Committee headed by Financial Secretary Sir Philip Haddon-Cave was set up in 1977 in which Chung was also a member . In 1980 , the Advisory Committee submitted a four-page letter to the Governor to ask for the government to begin preliminary negotiations on the subject of sovereignty . Executive Council Senior Member . In 1978 , Chung resigned from the Legislative Council to devote more time in the Executive Council . After Senior Member of the Executive Council Sir Yuet-keung Kan and Sir Sidney Gordon both retired in August 1980 , Chung became the Senior Member , the highest representative position in the government and the leader of the Hong Kong community . Question of Hong Kong prospects . During his service as the Senior Member of the Executive Council , he witnessed the negotiations of the British and Chinese governments over the sovereignty of Hong Kong . Before the beginning of the negotiations , he was invited to sit in the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference ( CPPCC ) in which he declined the offer as he saw it would be a betrayal to the British government . In September 1982 , the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils ( UMELCO ) headed by Chung sent a five-member delegation to London with Roger Lobo , Li Fook-wo , Lydia Dunn and Chan Kam-chuen to meet with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher over the 1997 issue to suggest the status quo of British administration in Hong Kong . He met with Thatcher and urged the British government to trust the Executive Council after The Observer revealed the Beijing position on Hong Kong in which the Executive Council was not notified after her Beijing visit in December 1982 . However , the three-legged stool proposal of the Hong Kong representatives besides the British and Chinese sides on the negotiation table was not realised as the UMELCO were excluded from Sino-British talks in 1983 . The Unofficial Members of the Executive Council ( UMEXCO ) sent two missions to London to voice their opinions to the British government in July and October 1983 , in which in the second mission Chung was told by Thatcher that a compromise had to be reached . In December , Governor Edward Youde told the UMELCO that Britain had decided to return the sovereignty and administration of Hong Kong to China on 1 July 1997 but was not known to the public until 20 April 1984 . In response , the UMELCO met on 24 February 1984 which came up with a strategy to mobilise public opinion on the Sino-British agreement and make known Hong Kongs views to the British and Hong Kong governments . Senior Member of the Legislative Council Roger Lobo proposed a motion on 14 March to request any proposal for the future of Hong Kong should be debated in this council before any final agreement is reached . Sino-British Joint Declaration . After Foreign Secretary Sir Geoffrey Howe announced that Britain would withdraw from Hong Kong on 1 July 1997 , UMELCO believed it was vital that a Sino-British agreement acceptable to the majority of Hong Kong people be reached so as to ensure the prosperity , stability and liberty of Hong Kong as set out in UMELCOs position paper of May 1984 . Armed with the position papers six concerns , two questions and four requests on the agreement , UMELCOs members flew to London but were snubbed by Members of Parliament , former Prime Minister Edward Heath and former Hong Kong Governor Sir Murray MacLehose . Howe said the UMELCO delegation did not represent the Hong Kong people as its members were not elected . Heath even said these unofficial members , appointed by the governor , do not represent the people of Hong Kong . They never have done and they never will . Stung by this humiliation , Chun urged the Hong Kong people to submit their opinions on the agreement as the delegation exited the parliament surrounded by reporters . The UMELCO office subsequently received close to 10,000 messages of support , while a survey showed that about 70 to 90 per cent of Hong Kong residents supported UMELCOs position paper . In June 1984 , Chung headed a three-member delegation , including Lydia Dunn and Lee Quo-wei , to meet with Deng Xiaoping in Beijing . At the meeting , Deng dismissed the idea of a three-legged stool negotiation with Hong Kong representatives and insisted on Chinas sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 . Chung voiced the concerns of the Hong Kong people regarding Hong Kongs future and the potential exodus of professionals , talent and capital , which would result in an economic recession . He also expressed concerns over Chinas policy on Hong Kong after 1997 . In response , Deng said there would be a Joint Liaison Group set up in the transition period and assured him that Hong Kong people would run Hong Kong after 1997 . After returning from Beijing , Chung said in a press conference that Chairman Deng did not believe there was a crisis of confidence in Hong Kong . The remarks attracted scorn from the Director of the New China News Agency ( NCNA ) Xu Jiatun , who described them as ministers falling from grace of the British . After the fifth and final UMEXCO mission to London in September 1984 , during which its members were briefed on the details of the agreement , UMEXCO publicly endorsed the proposed Sino-British Joint Declaration , believing that it fulfilled the demands set out in UMELCOs position paper . In December , Chung was invited to witness the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration . For his contributions during the negotiations , he was awarded Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) after his retirement in 1989 . Post-agreement period . Chung and Dunn turned down an invitation from Beijing to sit on the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee ( BLCC ) to draft the Basic Law of Hong Kong as it would undermine their positions as the Senior Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils . However , Chung maintained close ties with Xu Jiatun in the ensuing years on the issues of the implementation of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and democratic development in Hong Kong . On 1 September 1988 , Chung stepped down from the Executive Council and retired from politics . Chung was also chairman of the Hong Kong Japan Business Cooperation Committee from 1983 to 1988 and the Hong Kong US Economic Cooperation Committee from 1984 1988 . He was involved in the establishment of three local universities , as the founding chairman of the Council of the Hong Kong Polytechnic in 1972 and was responsible for the establishment of the City Polytechnic in 1984 . He oversaw the establishment of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology ( HKUST ) in 1991 as the chairman of the planning committee and became its pro-chancellor . Post-Exco career . Chung remained influential after his retirement . During the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , Chung urged Governor Sir David Wilson not to abandon the governments long-held policy of neutrality towards China . In 1990 , he became a member of the Advisory Council of the Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong ( BPF ) , a pro-business conservative political group that grew out of the Group of 89 . Chung also advised his protege , Senior Member of the Legislative Council Allen Lee , and Steven Poon , to abandon any pretense of being above politics and form a proper political party with its belief , vision , discipline and platform to counter the emergence of the populist United Democrats of Hong Kong ( UDHK ) following the first Legislative Council election in 1991 . Lee later transformed the think tank Co-operative Resources Centre ( CRC ) , consisting of appointed Legislative Council members , into the Liberal Party in 1993 . Chung was also appointed chairman of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority and was closely involved with its establishment in 1991 . In 1992 , Chung accepted the Beijing governments invitation to be a Hong Kong Affairs Advisor to give advice to the Beijing government on various matters in Hong Kong . In 1993 , he was appointed to the Preliminary Working Committee ( PWC ) to prepare for the transfer of Hong Kongs sovereignty . In the committee , he was the convenor of the Economics sub-group on the new airport which became a contentious issue between the British and Chinese governments . In 1995 , he was appointed to the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . He went on become one of the 400-member Selection Committee that was responsible for electing the Provisional Legislative Council and the first Chief Executive . On 24 January 1997 , Chief Executive-elect Tung Chee-hwa announced the membership of the first SAR Executive Council , in which Chung became the convenor of the non-official members of the Executive Council . He received the Grand Bauhinia Medal on 1 July 1997 , the first day of the new Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . He served in the council for two more years and retired from all official capacities on 30 June 1999 . In 2001 , he published a memoir , Hong Kongs Journey to Reunification : Memoirs of Sze-yuen Chung which covered his life , career and extensive involvement in the Sino-British negotiations in the 1980s . Personal life . Chung was a keen volleyball player and played for his school , the St . Pauls College . He was also the vice-captain of the Hong Kong team in the Shanghai national volleyball tournament in 1948 . He married Cheung Yung-hing in 1942 and had two daughters and one son . He died on 14 November 2018 , shortly after his 101st birthday . Honours . - Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) ( 1968 ) - Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) ( 1975 ) - Order of the Sacred Treasure ( Japan ) ( 1977 ) - Knight Bachelor ( 1978 ) - Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering ( FREng ) ( 1983 ) - Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire ( GBE ) ( 1989 ) - Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal ( GBM ) ( 1997 )
|
[
"Aston Villa"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Alan Little (footballer) belong to from 1973 to 1974?
|
/wiki/Alan_Little_(footballer)#P54#0
|
Alan Little ( footballer ) Alan Little ( born 5 February 1955 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager . He played as a midfielder . Little made over 400 appearances in his senior career , with the most caps coming with Southend United and Barnsley . Little then went on to manage from 1993 to 2002 , with seven seasons coming with York City . Playing career . Alan Little was born in Horden , County Durham . He served his apprenticeship at Aston Villa and , alongside his brother , Brian , was in the youth side which beat Liverpool to win the FA Youth Cup in 1972 . He turned professional in January 1973 and on 5 October 1974 , made his full league debut , a 2–1 win away to Oldham Athletic . This was the first of just three league appearances for Villa . In December 1974 he was sold to Southend United for £10,000 . The following season , he was a regular in the side that reached the fifth round of the FA Cup . He made 102 full appearances ( + 1 as a substitute ) and scored 12 goals for the Shrimpers . In August 1977 , Barnsley paid £6,000 to take him to Oakwell , where he played 91 times , scoring 14 goals . December 1979 saw Little on the move again , this time to Doncaster Rovers , who paid a club record £25,000 for his services . He provided the experience that Billy Bremners young side needed , and became a great favourite with the Doncaster fans , winning the supporters Player of the Year award , before moving to Torquay United in October 1982 in a deal that saw Clive Wigginton move in the opposite direction . He scored four times in 51 games for Torquay , leaving to join Halifax Town in November 1983 , playing 68 times ( and scoring 6 goals ) for the Shaymen before joining Hartlepool United as player-coach in July 1985 . Throughout his playing career Little earned a reputation as a fiercely competitive , tough tackling midfielder , which made him highly respected by supporters and fellow players alike . Coaching and managerial career . Little was forced to retire due to injury in May 1986 and stayed at Hartlepool , where he was given the opportunity of coaching the juniors . He was later appointed assistant to manager John Bird , and when Bird became the manager at York City in September 1988 , Little went with him as assistant manager . In October 1991 , after an unsuccessful three years , Bird was sacked . The new manager , John Ward , retained Little as his assistant . Under Ward , York became a stronger side and in the 1992–93 season made a push for promotion . However , in March 1993 , Ward left to manage Bristol Rovers , leaving Little in charge . His first game as York manager was a 5–1 win away to promotion rivals Barnet . York eventually finished fourth in the Third Division and had to settle for a play-off place . After a 1–0 aggregate win over Bury in the semi-finals , York gained a place in Second Division by beating Crewe Alexandra on a penalty shoot-out at Wembley Stadium . The following season , York almost repeated the feat , but were beaten in the Second Division play-off semi-finals by Stockport County . There were other highlights during Littles time at York , most notably the League Cup wins over Manchester United in 1995 , and Everton in 1996 . However , Yorks overall form under Little deteriorated and after a run of 10 games without victory he was sacked on 15 March 1999 . York were relegated that season having only dropped into the relegation zone on the last day of the season . In April 1999 , Little returned to his old club , Southend United , after the resignation of Alvin Martin , helping them to avoid the drop into the Football Conference at the end of the season . He also helped them survive a serious financial crisis by slashing the wage bill and rebuilding a much cheaper side . His dismissal on 28 September 2000 came as a surprise as , despite a poor start to the season , it came after a five-game unbeaten run that saw the Shrimpers rise to 10th in the Third Division . He was replaced by David Webb on 2 October 2000 . In June 2001 , he was appointed Chief Scout at Hull City , managed by his older brother Brian . On 12 October 2001 , Little was appointed as manager of former club Halifax Town . With only three league wins before falling ill with appendicitis in March 2002 , Little was sacked . Halifax were relegated to the Conference at the end of the season and went out of business six years later .
|
[
"Southend United"
] |
easy
|
Alan Little (footballer) played for which team from 1974 to 1977?
|
/wiki/Alan_Little_(footballer)#P54#1
|
Alan Little ( footballer ) Alan Little ( born 5 February 1955 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager . He played as a midfielder . Little made over 400 appearances in his senior career , with the most caps coming with Southend United and Barnsley . Little then went on to manage from 1993 to 2002 , with seven seasons coming with York City . Playing career . Alan Little was born in Horden , County Durham . He served his apprenticeship at Aston Villa and , alongside his brother , Brian , was in the youth side which beat Liverpool to win the FA Youth Cup in 1972 . He turned professional in January 1973 and on 5 October 1974 , made his full league debut , a 2–1 win away to Oldham Athletic . This was the first of just three league appearances for Villa . In December 1974 he was sold to Southend United for £10,000 . The following season , he was a regular in the side that reached the fifth round of the FA Cup . He made 102 full appearances ( + 1 as a substitute ) and scored 12 goals for the Shrimpers . In August 1977 , Barnsley paid £6,000 to take him to Oakwell , where he played 91 times , scoring 14 goals . December 1979 saw Little on the move again , this time to Doncaster Rovers , who paid a club record £25,000 for his services . He provided the experience that Billy Bremners young side needed , and became a great favourite with the Doncaster fans , winning the supporters Player of the Year award , before moving to Torquay United in October 1982 in a deal that saw Clive Wigginton move in the opposite direction . He scored four times in 51 games for Torquay , leaving to join Halifax Town in November 1983 , playing 68 times ( and scoring 6 goals ) for the Shaymen before joining Hartlepool United as player-coach in July 1985 . Throughout his playing career Little earned a reputation as a fiercely competitive , tough tackling midfielder , which made him highly respected by supporters and fellow players alike . Coaching and managerial career . Little was forced to retire due to injury in May 1986 and stayed at Hartlepool , where he was given the opportunity of coaching the juniors . He was later appointed assistant to manager John Bird , and when Bird became the manager at York City in September 1988 , Little went with him as assistant manager . In October 1991 , after an unsuccessful three years , Bird was sacked . The new manager , John Ward , retained Little as his assistant . Under Ward , York became a stronger side and in the 1992–93 season made a push for promotion . However , in March 1993 , Ward left to manage Bristol Rovers , leaving Little in charge . His first game as York manager was a 5–1 win away to promotion rivals Barnet . York eventually finished fourth in the Third Division and had to settle for a play-off place . After a 1–0 aggregate win over Bury in the semi-finals , York gained a place in Second Division by beating Crewe Alexandra on a penalty shoot-out at Wembley Stadium . The following season , York almost repeated the feat , but were beaten in the Second Division play-off semi-finals by Stockport County . There were other highlights during Littles time at York , most notably the League Cup wins over Manchester United in 1995 , and Everton in 1996 . However , Yorks overall form under Little deteriorated and after a run of 10 games without victory he was sacked on 15 March 1999 . York were relegated that season having only dropped into the relegation zone on the last day of the season . In April 1999 , Little returned to his old club , Southend United , after the resignation of Alvin Martin , helping them to avoid the drop into the Football Conference at the end of the season . He also helped them survive a serious financial crisis by slashing the wage bill and rebuilding a much cheaper side . His dismissal on 28 September 2000 came as a surprise as , despite a poor start to the season , it came after a five-game unbeaten run that saw the Shrimpers rise to 10th in the Third Division . He was replaced by David Webb on 2 October 2000 . In June 2001 , he was appointed Chief Scout at Hull City , managed by his older brother Brian . On 12 October 2001 , Little was appointed as manager of former club Halifax Town . With only three league wins before falling ill with appendicitis in March 2002 , Little was sacked . Halifax were relegated to the Conference at the end of the season and went out of business six years later .
|
[
"Barnsley"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Alan Little (footballer) belong to from 1977 to 1979?
|
/wiki/Alan_Little_(footballer)#P54#2
|
Alan Little ( footballer ) Alan Little ( born 5 February 1955 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager . He played as a midfielder . Little made over 400 appearances in his senior career , with the most caps coming with Southend United and Barnsley . Little then went on to manage from 1993 to 2002 , with seven seasons coming with York City . Playing career . Alan Little was born in Horden , County Durham . He served his apprenticeship at Aston Villa and , alongside his brother , Brian , was in the youth side which beat Liverpool to win the FA Youth Cup in 1972 . He turned professional in January 1973 and on 5 October 1974 , made his full league debut , a 2–1 win away to Oldham Athletic . This was the first of just three league appearances for Villa . In December 1974 he was sold to Southend United for £10,000 . The following season , he was a regular in the side that reached the fifth round of the FA Cup . He made 102 full appearances ( + 1 as a substitute ) and scored 12 goals for the Shrimpers . In August 1977 , Barnsley paid £6,000 to take him to Oakwell , where he played 91 times , scoring 14 goals . December 1979 saw Little on the move again , this time to Doncaster Rovers , who paid a club record £25,000 for his services . He provided the experience that Billy Bremners young side needed , and became a great favourite with the Doncaster fans , winning the supporters Player of the Year award , before moving to Torquay United in October 1982 in a deal that saw Clive Wigginton move in the opposite direction . He scored four times in 51 games for Torquay , leaving to join Halifax Town in November 1983 , playing 68 times ( and scoring 6 goals ) for the Shaymen before joining Hartlepool United as player-coach in July 1985 . Throughout his playing career Little earned a reputation as a fiercely competitive , tough tackling midfielder , which made him highly respected by supporters and fellow players alike . Coaching and managerial career . Little was forced to retire due to injury in May 1986 and stayed at Hartlepool , where he was given the opportunity of coaching the juniors . He was later appointed assistant to manager John Bird , and when Bird became the manager at York City in September 1988 , Little went with him as assistant manager . In October 1991 , after an unsuccessful three years , Bird was sacked . The new manager , John Ward , retained Little as his assistant . Under Ward , York became a stronger side and in the 1992–93 season made a push for promotion . However , in March 1993 , Ward left to manage Bristol Rovers , leaving Little in charge . His first game as York manager was a 5–1 win away to promotion rivals Barnet . York eventually finished fourth in the Third Division and had to settle for a play-off place . After a 1–0 aggregate win over Bury in the semi-finals , York gained a place in Second Division by beating Crewe Alexandra on a penalty shoot-out at Wembley Stadium . The following season , York almost repeated the feat , but were beaten in the Second Division play-off semi-finals by Stockport County . There were other highlights during Littles time at York , most notably the League Cup wins over Manchester United in 1995 , and Everton in 1996 . However , Yorks overall form under Little deteriorated and after a run of 10 games without victory he was sacked on 15 March 1999 . York were relegated that season having only dropped into the relegation zone on the last day of the season . In April 1999 , Little returned to his old club , Southend United , after the resignation of Alvin Martin , helping them to avoid the drop into the Football Conference at the end of the season . He also helped them survive a serious financial crisis by slashing the wage bill and rebuilding a much cheaper side . His dismissal on 28 September 2000 came as a surprise as , despite a poor start to the season , it came after a five-game unbeaten run that saw the Shrimpers rise to 10th in the Third Division . He was replaced by David Webb on 2 October 2000 . In June 2001 , he was appointed Chief Scout at Hull City , managed by his older brother Brian . On 12 October 2001 , Little was appointed as manager of former club Halifax Town . With only three league wins before falling ill with appendicitis in March 2002 , Little was sacked . Halifax were relegated to the Conference at the end of the season and went out of business six years later .
|
[
"Doncaster Rovers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Alan Little (footballer) belong to from 1979 to 1982?
|
/wiki/Alan_Little_(footballer)#P54#3
|
Alan Little ( footballer ) Alan Little ( born 5 February 1955 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager . He played as a midfielder . Little made over 400 appearances in his senior career , with the most caps coming with Southend United and Barnsley . Little then went on to manage from 1993 to 2002 , with seven seasons coming with York City . Playing career . Alan Little was born in Horden , County Durham . He served his apprenticeship at Aston Villa and , alongside his brother , Brian , was in the youth side which beat Liverpool to win the FA Youth Cup in 1972 . He turned professional in January 1973 and on 5 October 1974 , made his full league debut , a 2–1 win away to Oldham Athletic . This was the first of just three league appearances for Villa . In December 1974 he was sold to Southend United for £10,000 . The following season , he was a regular in the side that reached the fifth round of the FA Cup . He made 102 full appearances ( + 1 as a substitute ) and scored 12 goals for the Shrimpers . In August 1977 , Barnsley paid £6,000 to take him to Oakwell , where he played 91 times , scoring 14 goals . December 1979 saw Little on the move again , this time to Doncaster Rovers , who paid a club record £25,000 for his services . He provided the experience that Billy Bremners young side needed , and became a great favourite with the Doncaster fans , winning the supporters Player of the Year award , before moving to Torquay United in October 1982 in a deal that saw Clive Wigginton move in the opposite direction . He scored four times in 51 games for Torquay , leaving to join Halifax Town in November 1983 , playing 68 times ( and scoring 6 goals ) for the Shaymen before joining Hartlepool United as player-coach in July 1985 . Throughout his playing career Little earned a reputation as a fiercely competitive , tough tackling midfielder , which made him highly respected by supporters and fellow players alike . Coaching and managerial career . Little was forced to retire due to injury in May 1986 and stayed at Hartlepool , where he was given the opportunity of coaching the juniors . He was later appointed assistant to manager John Bird , and when Bird became the manager at York City in September 1988 , Little went with him as assistant manager . In October 1991 , after an unsuccessful three years , Bird was sacked . The new manager , John Ward , retained Little as his assistant . Under Ward , York became a stronger side and in the 1992–93 season made a push for promotion . However , in March 1993 , Ward left to manage Bristol Rovers , leaving Little in charge . His first game as York manager was a 5–1 win away to promotion rivals Barnet . York eventually finished fourth in the Third Division and had to settle for a play-off place . After a 1–0 aggregate win over Bury in the semi-finals , York gained a place in Second Division by beating Crewe Alexandra on a penalty shoot-out at Wembley Stadium . The following season , York almost repeated the feat , but were beaten in the Second Division play-off semi-finals by Stockport County . There were other highlights during Littles time at York , most notably the League Cup wins over Manchester United in 1995 , and Everton in 1996 . However , Yorks overall form under Little deteriorated and after a run of 10 games without victory he was sacked on 15 March 1999 . York were relegated that season having only dropped into the relegation zone on the last day of the season . In April 1999 , Little returned to his old club , Southend United , after the resignation of Alvin Martin , helping them to avoid the drop into the Football Conference at the end of the season . He also helped them survive a serious financial crisis by slashing the wage bill and rebuilding a much cheaper side . His dismissal on 28 September 2000 came as a surprise as , despite a poor start to the season , it came after a five-game unbeaten run that saw the Shrimpers rise to 10th in the Third Division . He was replaced by David Webb on 2 October 2000 . In June 2001 , he was appointed Chief Scout at Hull City , managed by his older brother Brian . On 12 October 2001 , Little was appointed as manager of former club Halifax Town . With only three league wins before falling ill with appendicitis in March 2002 , Little was sacked . Halifax were relegated to the Conference at the end of the season and went out of business six years later .
|
[
"Torquay United"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Alan Little (footballer) belong to from 1982 to 1983?
|
/wiki/Alan_Little_(footballer)#P54#4
|
Alan Little ( footballer ) Alan Little ( born 5 February 1955 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager . He played as a midfielder . Little made over 400 appearances in his senior career , with the most caps coming with Southend United and Barnsley . Little then went on to manage from 1993 to 2002 , with seven seasons coming with York City . Playing career . Alan Little was born in Horden , County Durham . He served his apprenticeship at Aston Villa and , alongside his brother , Brian , was in the youth side which beat Liverpool to win the FA Youth Cup in 1972 . He turned professional in January 1973 and on 5 October 1974 , made his full league debut , a 2–1 win away to Oldham Athletic . This was the first of just three league appearances for Villa . In December 1974 he was sold to Southend United for £10,000 . The following season , he was a regular in the side that reached the fifth round of the FA Cup . He made 102 full appearances ( + 1 as a substitute ) and scored 12 goals for the Shrimpers . In August 1977 , Barnsley paid £6,000 to take him to Oakwell , where he played 91 times , scoring 14 goals . December 1979 saw Little on the move again , this time to Doncaster Rovers , who paid a club record £25,000 for his services . He provided the experience that Billy Bremners young side needed , and became a great favourite with the Doncaster fans , winning the supporters Player of the Year award , before moving to Torquay United in October 1982 in a deal that saw Clive Wigginton move in the opposite direction . He scored four times in 51 games for Torquay , leaving to join Halifax Town in November 1983 , playing 68 times ( and scoring 6 goals ) for the Shaymen before joining Hartlepool United as player-coach in July 1985 . Throughout his playing career Little earned a reputation as a fiercely competitive , tough tackling midfielder , which made him highly respected by supporters and fellow players alike . Coaching and managerial career . Little was forced to retire due to injury in May 1986 and stayed at Hartlepool , where he was given the opportunity of coaching the juniors . He was later appointed assistant to manager John Bird , and when Bird became the manager at York City in September 1988 , Little went with him as assistant manager . In October 1991 , after an unsuccessful three years , Bird was sacked . The new manager , John Ward , retained Little as his assistant . Under Ward , York became a stronger side and in the 1992–93 season made a push for promotion . However , in March 1993 , Ward left to manage Bristol Rovers , leaving Little in charge . His first game as York manager was a 5–1 win away to promotion rivals Barnet . York eventually finished fourth in the Third Division and had to settle for a play-off place . After a 1–0 aggregate win over Bury in the semi-finals , York gained a place in Second Division by beating Crewe Alexandra on a penalty shoot-out at Wembley Stadium . The following season , York almost repeated the feat , but were beaten in the Second Division play-off semi-finals by Stockport County . There were other highlights during Littles time at York , most notably the League Cup wins over Manchester United in 1995 , and Everton in 1996 . However , Yorks overall form under Little deteriorated and after a run of 10 games without victory he was sacked on 15 March 1999 . York were relegated that season having only dropped into the relegation zone on the last day of the season . In April 1999 , Little returned to his old club , Southend United , after the resignation of Alvin Martin , helping them to avoid the drop into the Football Conference at the end of the season . He also helped them survive a serious financial crisis by slashing the wage bill and rebuilding a much cheaper side . His dismissal on 28 September 2000 came as a surprise as , despite a poor start to the season , it came after a five-game unbeaten run that saw the Shrimpers rise to 10th in the Third Division . He was replaced by David Webb on 2 October 2000 . In June 2001 , he was appointed Chief Scout at Hull City , managed by his older brother Brian . On 12 October 2001 , Little was appointed as manager of former club Halifax Town . With only three league wins before falling ill with appendicitis in March 2002 , Little was sacked . Halifax were relegated to the Conference at the end of the season and went out of business six years later .
|
[
"Halifax Town"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Alan Little (footballer) belong to from 1983 to 1985?
|
/wiki/Alan_Little_(footballer)#P54#5
|
Alan Little ( footballer ) Alan Little ( born 5 February 1955 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager . He played as a midfielder . Little made over 400 appearances in his senior career , with the most caps coming with Southend United and Barnsley . Little then went on to manage from 1993 to 2002 , with seven seasons coming with York City . Playing career . Alan Little was born in Horden , County Durham . He served his apprenticeship at Aston Villa and , alongside his brother , Brian , was in the youth side which beat Liverpool to win the FA Youth Cup in 1972 . He turned professional in January 1973 and on 5 October 1974 , made his full league debut , a 2–1 win away to Oldham Athletic . This was the first of just three league appearances for Villa . In December 1974 he was sold to Southend United for £10,000 . The following season , he was a regular in the side that reached the fifth round of the FA Cup . He made 102 full appearances ( + 1 as a substitute ) and scored 12 goals for the Shrimpers . In August 1977 , Barnsley paid £6,000 to take him to Oakwell , where he played 91 times , scoring 14 goals . December 1979 saw Little on the move again , this time to Doncaster Rovers , who paid a club record £25,000 for his services . He provided the experience that Billy Bremners young side needed , and became a great favourite with the Doncaster fans , winning the supporters Player of the Year award , before moving to Torquay United in October 1982 in a deal that saw Clive Wigginton move in the opposite direction . He scored four times in 51 games for Torquay , leaving to join Halifax Town in November 1983 , playing 68 times ( and scoring 6 goals ) for the Shaymen before joining Hartlepool United as player-coach in July 1985 . Throughout his playing career Little earned a reputation as a fiercely competitive , tough tackling midfielder , which made him highly respected by supporters and fellow players alike . Coaching and managerial career . Little was forced to retire due to injury in May 1986 and stayed at Hartlepool , where he was given the opportunity of coaching the juniors . He was later appointed assistant to manager John Bird , and when Bird became the manager at York City in September 1988 , Little went with him as assistant manager . In October 1991 , after an unsuccessful three years , Bird was sacked . The new manager , John Ward , retained Little as his assistant . Under Ward , York became a stronger side and in the 1992–93 season made a push for promotion . However , in March 1993 , Ward left to manage Bristol Rovers , leaving Little in charge . His first game as York manager was a 5–1 win away to promotion rivals Barnet . York eventually finished fourth in the Third Division and had to settle for a play-off place . After a 1–0 aggregate win over Bury in the semi-finals , York gained a place in Second Division by beating Crewe Alexandra on a penalty shoot-out at Wembley Stadium . The following season , York almost repeated the feat , but were beaten in the Second Division play-off semi-finals by Stockport County . There were other highlights during Littles time at York , most notably the League Cup wins over Manchester United in 1995 , and Everton in 1996 . However , Yorks overall form under Little deteriorated and after a run of 10 games without victory he was sacked on 15 March 1999 . York were relegated that season having only dropped into the relegation zone on the last day of the season . In April 1999 , Little returned to his old club , Southend United , after the resignation of Alvin Martin , helping them to avoid the drop into the Football Conference at the end of the season . He also helped them survive a serious financial crisis by slashing the wage bill and rebuilding a much cheaper side . His dismissal on 28 September 2000 came as a surprise as , despite a poor start to the season , it came after a five-game unbeaten run that saw the Shrimpers rise to 10th in the Third Division . He was replaced by David Webb on 2 October 2000 . In June 2001 , he was appointed Chief Scout at Hull City , managed by his older brother Brian . On 12 October 2001 , Little was appointed as manager of former club Halifax Town . With only three league wins before falling ill with appendicitis in March 2002 , Little was sacked . Halifax were relegated to the Conference at the end of the season and went out of business six years later .
|
[
"Hartlepool United"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Alan Little (footballer) play for from 1985 to 1986?
|
/wiki/Alan_Little_(footballer)#P54#6
|
Alan Little ( footballer ) Alan Little ( born 5 February 1955 ) is an English former professional footballer and manager . He played as a midfielder . Little made over 400 appearances in his senior career , with the most caps coming with Southend United and Barnsley . Little then went on to manage from 1993 to 2002 , with seven seasons coming with York City . Playing career . Alan Little was born in Horden , County Durham . He served his apprenticeship at Aston Villa and , alongside his brother , Brian , was in the youth side which beat Liverpool to win the FA Youth Cup in 1972 . He turned professional in January 1973 and on 5 October 1974 , made his full league debut , a 2–1 win away to Oldham Athletic . This was the first of just three league appearances for Villa . In December 1974 he was sold to Southend United for £10,000 . The following season , he was a regular in the side that reached the fifth round of the FA Cup . He made 102 full appearances ( + 1 as a substitute ) and scored 12 goals for the Shrimpers . In August 1977 , Barnsley paid £6,000 to take him to Oakwell , where he played 91 times , scoring 14 goals . December 1979 saw Little on the move again , this time to Doncaster Rovers , who paid a club record £25,000 for his services . He provided the experience that Billy Bremners young side needed , and became a great favourite with the Doncaster fans , winning the supporters Player of the Year award , before moving to Torquay United in October 1982 in a deal that saw Clive Wigginton move in the opposite direction . He scored four times in 51 games for Torquay , leaving to join Halifax Town in November 1983 , playing 68 times ( and scoring 6 goals ) for the Shaymen before joining Hartlepool United as player-coach in July 1985 . Throughout his playing career Little earned a reputation as a fiercely competitive , tough tackling midfielder , which made him highly respected by supporters and fellow players alike . Coaching and managerial career . Little was forced to retire due to injury in May 1986 and stayed at Hartlepool , where he was given the opportunity of coaching the juniors . He was later appointed assistant to manager John Bird , and when Bird became the manager at York City in September 1988 , Little went with him as assistant manager . In October 1991 , after an unsuccessful three years , Bird was sacked . The new manager , John Ward , retained Little as his assistant . Under Ward , York became a stronger side and in the 1992–93 season made a push for promotion . However , in March 1993 , Ward left to manage Bristol Rovers , leaving Little in charge . His first game as York manager was a 5–1 win away to promotion rivals Barnet . York eventually finished fourth in the Third Division and had to settle for a play-off place . After a 1–0 aggregate win over Bury in the semi-finals , York gained a place in Second Division by beating Crewe Alexandra on a penalty shoot-out at Wembley Stadium . The following season , York almost repeated the feat , but were beaten in the Second Division play-off semi-finals by Stockport County . There were other highlights during Littles time at York , most notably the League Cup wins over Manchester United in 1995 , and Everton in 1996 . However , Yorks overall form under Little deteriorated and after a run of 10 games without victory he was sacked on 15 March 1999 . York were relegated that season having only dropped into the relegation zone on the last day of the season . In April 1999 , Little returned to his old club , Southend United , after the resignation of Alvin Martin , helping them to avoid the drop into the Football Conference at the end of the season . He also helped them survive a serious financial crisis by slashing the wage bill and rebuilding a much cheaper side . His dismissal on 28 September 2000 came as a surprise as , despite a poor start to the season , it came after a five-game unbeaten run that saw the Shrimpers rise to 10th in the Third Division . He was replaced by David Webb on 2 October 2000 . In June 2001 , he was appointed Chief Scout at Hull City , managed by his older brother Brian . On 12 October 2001 , Little was appointed as manager of former club Halifax Town . With only three league wins before falling ill with appendicitis in March 2002 , Little was sacked . Halifax were relegated to the Conference at the end of the season and went out of business six years later .
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[
"Kansas City Comets"
] |
easy
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Which team did David Doyle (soccer) play for from 1987 to 1991?
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/wiki/David_Doyle_(soccer)#P54#0
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David Doyle ( soccer ) David Doyle ( born August 8 , 1965 ) is an Irish soccer forward who spent seventeen seasons playing indoor soccer in the United States . He was the 1987–1988 Major Indoor Soccer League Rookie of the Year , was the 1996 and 1999 indoor soccer scoring champion and a six time first team All Star . College . Doyle attended Campbell University where he played on the mens soccer team from 1983 to 1986 . He led the country in scoring , with 34 goals , as a senior . He finished his career 72 goals and 19 assists for a school record 286 points . He was a 1986 second team All American and was inducted into the Campbell Hall of Fame in 2006 . Professional . The Kansas City Comets of Major Indoor Soccer League drafted Doyle in the first round ( third overall ) in the 1987 MISL College Draft . He was the 1987–1988 MISL Rookie of the Year . When the Comets folded in 1991 , Doyle signed as a free agent with the Dallas Sidekicks . He went on to play twelve seasons with the Sidekicks . Following the 1991–1992 season , the league collapsed and the Sidekicks moved to the Continental Indoor Soccer League ( CISL ) , a summer indoor league . The Sidekicks won the first CISL championship but finished runner-up in 1992 . That fall , Doyle signed with the St . Louis Ambush which played winter soccer in the National Professional Soccer League . He alternated between the Sidekicks and the Ambush for the next two years . In 1996 , he was the leading U.S . indoor soccer player with 47 goals . He repeated as scoring champion in 1999 with 29 goals . Doyle also spent the 1997–1998 NPSL season with the Wichita Wings . In 1998 , the Sidekicks spent the season in the Premier Soccer Alliance then moved to the World Indoor Soccer League for three seasons ( 1999–2001 ) . In 2002 , they moved to the newly established Major Indoor Soccer League . The team folded two seasons later and Doyle retired from playing professionally . Doyle is one of a select 4 players to have won 3 or more championships with the Dallas Sidekicks . Doyle currently serves as the head soccer coach of the Flower Mound High School boys soccer team in Flower Mound , Texas . He is also a coach with the Renegades Soccer Club . Awards and honors . Doyle was inducted into the Campbell University Hall of Fame in 2005 for his time as an All-American varsity soccer player . In April 2015 , the Big South Conference announced that Doyle would be among the Class of 2015 inducted into the Big South Conference Hall of Fame in recognition of his collegiate soccer career . Personal life . His son Conor plays professional soccer in England for Derby County as a forward and is currently on loan at D.C . United in Major League Soccer . External links . - Dallas Sidekicks Player Profile - MISL stats
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[
"Dallas Sidekicks"
] |
easy
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Which team did David Doyle (soccer) play for from 1991 to 1992?
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/wiki/David_Doyle_(soccer)#P54#1
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David Doyle ( soccer ) David Doyle ( born August 8 , 1965 ) is an Irish soccer forward who spent seventeen seasons playing indoor soccer in the United States . He was the 1987–1988 Major Indoor Soccer League Rookie of the Year , was the 1996 and 1999 indoor soccer scoring champion and a six time first team All Star . College . Doyle attended Campbell University where he played on the mens soccer team from 1983 to 1986 . He led the country in scoring , with 34 goals , as a senior . He finished his career 72 goals and 19 assists for a school record 286 points . He was a 1986 second team All American and was inducted into the Campbell Hall of Fame in 2006 . Professional . The Kansas City Comets of Major Indoor Soccer League drafted Doyle in the first round ( third overall ) in the 1987 MISL College Draft . He was the 1987–1988 MISL Rookie of the Year . When the Comets folded in 1991 , Doyle signed as a free agent with the Dallas Sidekicks . He went on to play twelve seasons with the Sidekicks . Following the 1991–1992 season , the league collapsed and the Sidekicks moved to the Continental Indoor Soccer League ( CISL ) , a summer indoor league . The Sidekicks won the first CISL championship but finished runner-up in 1992 . That fall , Doyle signed with the St . Louis Ambush which played winter soccer in the National Professional Soccer League . He alternated between the Sidekicks and the Ambush for the next two years . In 1996 , he was the leading U.S . indoor soccer player with 47 goals . He repeated as scoring champion in 1999 with 29 goals . Doyle also spent the 1997–1998 NPSL season with the Wichita Wings . In 1998 , the Sidekicks spent the season in the Premier Soccer Alliance then moved to the World Indoor Soccer League for three seasons ( 1999–2001 ) . In 2002 , they moved to the newly established Major Indoor Soccer League . The team folded two seasons later and Doyle retired from playing professionally . Doyle is one of a select 4 players to have won 3 or more championships with the Dallas Sidekicks . Doyle currently serves as the head soccer coach of the Flower Mound High School boys soccer team in Flower Mound , Texas . He is also a coach with the Renegades Soccer Club . Awards and honors . Doyle was inducted into the Campbell University Hall of Fame in 2005 for his time as an All-American varsity soccer player . In April 2015 , the Big South Conference announced that Doyle would be among the Class of 2015 inducted into the Big South Conference Hall of Fame in recognition of his collegiate soccer career . Personal life . His son Conor plays professional soccer in England for Derby County as a forward and is currently on loan at D.C . United in Major League Soccer . External links . - Dallas Sidekicks Player Profile - MISL stats
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[
"St . Louis Ambush"
] |
easy
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David Doyle (soccer) played for which team from 1992 to 1994?
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/wiki/David_Doyle_(soccer)#P54#2
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David Doyle ( soccer ) David Doyle ( born August 8 , 1965 ) is an Irish soccer forward who spent seventeen seasons playing indoor soccer in the United States . He was the 1987–1988 Major Indoor Soccer League Rookie of the Year , was the 1996 and 1999 indoor soccer scoring champion and a six time first team All Star . College . Doyle attended Campbell University where he played on the mens soccer team from 1983 to 1986 . He led the country in scoring , with 34 goals , as a senior . He finished his career 72 goals and 19 assists for a school record 286 points . He was a 1986 second team All American and was inducted into the Campbell Hall of Fame in 2006 . Professional . The Kansas City Comets of Major Indoor Soccer League drafted Doyle in the first round ( third overall ) in the 1987 MISL College Draft . He was the 1987–1988 MISL Rookie of the Year . When the Comets folded in 1991 , Doyle signed as a free agent with the Dallas Sidekicks . He went on to play twelve seasons with the Sidekicks . Following the 1991–1992 season , the league collapsed and the Sidekicks moved to the Continental Indoor Soccer League ( CISL ) , a summer indoor league . The Sidekicks won the first CISL championship but finished runner-up in 1992 . That fall , Doyle signed with the St . Louis Ambush which played winter soccer in the National Professional Soccer League . He alternated between the Sidekicks and the Ambush for the next two years . In 1996 , he was the leading U.S . indoor soccer player with 47 goals . He repeated as scoring champion in 1999 with 29 goals . Doyle also spent the 1997–1998 NPSL season with the Wichita Wings . In 1998 , the Sidekicks spent the season in the Premier Soccer Alliance then moved to the World Indoor Soccer League for three seasons ( 1999–2001 ) . In 2002 , they moved to the newly established Major Indoor Soccer League . The team folded two seasons later and Doyle retired from playing professionally . Doyle is one of a select 4 players to have won 3 or more championships with the Dallas Sidekicks . Doyle currently serves as the head soccer coach of the Flower Mound High School boys soccer team in Flower Mound , Texas . He is also a coach with the Renegades Soccer Club . Awards and honors . Doyle was inducted into the Campbell University Hall of Fame in 2005 for his time as an All-American varsity soccer player . In April 2015 , the Big South Conference announced that Doyle would be among the Class of 2015 inducted into the Big South Conference Hall of Fame in recognition of his collegiate soccer career . Personal life . His son Conor plays professional soccer in England for Derby County as a forward and is currently on loan at D.C . United in Major League Soccer . External links . - Dallas Sidekicks Player Profile - MISL stats
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[
"Wichita Wings"
] |
easy
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David Doyle (soccer) played for which team from 1997 to 1998?
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/wiki/David_Doyle_(soccer)#P54#3
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David Doyle ( soccer ) David Doyle ( born August 8 , 1965 ) is an Irish soccer forward who spent seventeen seasons playing indoor soccer in the United States . He was the 1987–1988 Major Indoor Soccer League Rookie of the Year , was the 1996 and 1999 indoor soccer scoring champion and a six time first team All Star . College . Doyle attended Campbell University where he played on the mens soccer team from 1983 to 1986 . He led the country in scoring , with 34 goals , as a senior . He finished his career 72 goals and 19 assists for a school record 286 points . He was a 1986 second team All American and was inducted into the Campbell Hall of Fame in 2006 . Professional . The Kansas City Comets of Major Indoor Soccer League drafted Doyle in the first round ( third overall ) in the 1987 MISL College Draft . He was the 1987–1988 MISL Rookie of the Year . When the Comets folded in 1991 , Doyle signed as a free agent with the Dallas Sidekicks . He went on to play twelve seasons with the Sidekicks . Following the 1991–1992 season , the league collapsed and the Sidekicks moved to the Continental Indoor Soccer League ( CISL ) , a summer indoor league . The Sidekicks won the first CISL championship but finished runner-up in 1992 . That fall , Doyle signed with the St . Louis Ambush which played winter soccer in the National Professional Soccer League . He alternated between the Sidekicks and the Ambush for the next two years . In 1996 , he was the leading U.S . indoor soccer player with 47 goals . He repeated as scoring champion in 1999 with 29 goals . Doyle also spent the 1997–1998 NPSL season with the Wichita Wings . In 1998 , the Sidekicks spent the season in the Premier Soccer Alliance then moved to the World Indoor Soccer League for three seasons ( 1999–2001 ) . In 2002 , they moved to the newly established Major Indoor Soccer League . The team folded two seasons later and Doyle retired from playing professionally . Doyle is one of a select 4 players to have won 3 or more championships with the Dallas Sidekicks . Doyle currently serves as the head soccer coach of the Flower Mound High School boys soccer team in Flower Mound , Texas . He is also a coach with the Renegades Soccer Club . Awards and honors . Doyle was inducted into the Campbell University Hall of Fame in 2005 for his time as an All-American varsity soccer player . In April 2015 , the Big South Conference announced that Doyle would be among the Class of 2015 inducted into the Big South Conference Hall of Fame in recognition of his collegiate soccer career . Personal life . His son Conor plays professional soccer in England for Derby County as a forward and is currently on loan at D.C . United in Major League Soccer . External links . - Dallas Sidekicks Player Profile - MISL stats
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[
"Ballyhale minor team",
"Ballyhale intermediate team"
] |
easy
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Which team did Henry Shefflin play for from 1997 to 1999?
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/wiki/Henry_Shefflin#P54#0
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Henry Shefflin Henry Shefflin ( born 11 January 1979 ) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a centre-forward for the Kilkenny senior team . A native of Ballyhale , County Kilkenny , Shefflin first played competitive hurling whilst at school in St . Kierans College . He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team , before later lining out with the under-21 and intermediate sides . He made his senior debut during the 1999 league . Shefflin has since gone on to play a key role in the forwards for Kilkenny , and won a record ten All-Ireland medals as well as thirteen Leinster medals and six National Hurling League medals . The All-Ireland-winning captain in 2007 , he has been an All-Ireland runner-up on three occasions . As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team at various times , Shefflin has won three Railway Cup medals . At club level he is a three-time All-Ireland medallist with Ballyhale Shamrocks . He has also won four Leinster medals and six championship medals with the club . Shefflins career tally of 28 goals and 485 points ranks him as the top championship scorer of all-time . Throughout his career Shefflin has made 71 championship appearances , setting him apart as the third most capped player of all-time . He announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 25 March 2015 . Shefflin is still widely regarded as one of the greatest hurlers in the history of the game , with many commentators ranking him as the greatest player of all-time . During his playing days he won a record-breaking eleven All-Star awards , as well as being the only player ever to be named Hurler of the Year on three occasions . He has been repeatedly voted onto teams made up of the sports greats , including in 2009 when he was picked on a special Leinster team of the past twenty-five years as well as being named in the top spot on a special list of the 125 greatest hurlers of all-time . Biography . Early years . Shefflin was born at the Regional Hospital Waterford to Henry and Mae Shefflin ( née Fitzgerald ) . One of a family of four boys and three girls , he was born into a household that had a strong sporting background , particularly in the game of hurling . Shefflin was educated at St . Patricks national school in Ballyhale where his hurling skills were first noted and honed by the local headmaster , Joe Dunphy . As a child he saw his two older brothers line out with the Kilkenny hurlers at various grades . John Shefflin won an All-Ireland winners medal in the minor grade in 1990 , while Tommy Shefflin won an All-Ireland winners medal in the under-21 grade that same year . A younger brother , Paul Shefflin , also won Leinster minor medals in the late 1990s . Shefflin later attended St . Kierans College in Kilkenny , before studying electronics at the Waterford Institute of Technology ( WIT ) . Shefflin later changed course and decided to study both business studies and financial services . Personal life . Shefflin currently works with New Holland Finance , a subsidiary of Bank of Ireland . His main area of responsibility is in the agri-business side of matters , handling the finance for all the New Holland tractor sales in the locality . His region of responsibility takes in the south-east of the country , including Tipperary , Kilkenny , Wexford , Carlow and Kildare . On 30 March 2007 Shefflin married Deirdre OSullivan , a native of Callan , County Kilkenny and a camogie player of note in her own right . Just over a year later in April 2008 the Shefflins celebrated the birth of their first child , a daughter named Sadhbh . On 30 October 2009 Henry Michael Shefflin , the couples second child and first son , was born . A third child , Siún , was born in March 2011 , while the Shefflins youngest boy , Freddie , was born in April 2014 . Playing career . Colleges . During his schooling at St . Kierans College in Kilkenny , Shefflin established himself as a key member of the senior hurling team . In 1996 he won his sole Leinster medal as Good Counsel College were narrowly defeated by 1-7 to 1-6 . St . Colmans College provided the opposition in the subsequent All-Ireland decider . A 1-14 to 2-6 victory gave Shefflin an All-Ireland medal . University . During his studies at the Waterford Institute of Technology , Shefflin was an automatic inclusion on the college hurling team . In 1999 he was at full-forward as WIT faced University College Cork in the final of the Fitzgibbon Cup . Two goals from Declan Browne in a six-minute spell before half-time gave WIT a commanding lead . Neil Ronan bagged a fourth goal straight after the interval which helped WIT to a 4-15 to 3-12 victory . Shefflin lined out in a second successive Fitzgibbon Cup decider in 2000 . University College Dublin were the opponents on that occasion , however , a 2-10 to 1-6 victory gave WIT the victory . It was Shefflins second Fitzgibbon Cup medal . Club . Shefflin plays his club hurling with Ballyhale Shamrocks and has had much success with the club . When he was fourteen years-old he failed to make the clubs under-16 team , however , Shefflin later became a key member of the Ballyhale minor team . He won a championship medal in that grade in 1997 following a 2-18 to 2-5 defeat of James Stephens . That same year Shefflin was a key member of the Ballyhale intermediate team . A 4-12 to 3-7 defeat of Graiguenamangh , with Shefflin top scoring with 1-6 , secured promotion to the senior grade and gave Shefflin a championship medal . Success at senior level was slow in coming for Shefflin and Ballyhale . In 2004 it was even rumoured that he was moving clubs to play in Cork with Blackrock , however , this rumour proved to be unfounded . Two years later he was deployed at centre-forward as Ballyhale faced OLoughlin Gaels in the senior decider . An impressive 1-22 to 2-11 victory gave Shefflin his first championship medal . He later added a Leinster medal to his collection when Ballyhale secured a comprehensive 1-20 to 1-8 defeat of Birr to take the provincial title for the first time in seventeen years . On 17 March 2007 Ballyhale Shamrocks faced Loughrea in the All-Ireland decider . On a day when Shefflin and James Cha Fitzpatrick were held scoreless , the three Reid brothers contributed 3-7 from play . A 3-12 to 2-8 victory gave Shefflin an All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship medal . Injury resulted in Shefflin missing Ballyhales second successive championship victory in 2007 , however , he was back on the starting fifteen as Ballyhale Shamrocks made it three-in-a-row in 2008 . A 2-11 to 0-12 defeat of James Stephens gave Shefflin a second championship medal on the field of play . He later won a second Leinster medal as the Shamrocks defeated reigning champions Birr by 2-13 to 1-11 . Shefflin won a third championship medal in 2009 , as Ballyhale claimed a record-equaling four-in-a-row following a 1-14 to 1-11 defeat of James Stephens once again . The subsequent provincial decider saw Ballyhale hit fifteen wides , however , Shefflin still collected a third Leinster medal following a 1-16 to 1-8 defeat of Tullamore . On 17 March 2010 Ballyhale faced three-in-a-row hopefuls Portumna in a dream All-Ireland decider . The game failed to live up to the billing , however , 1-19 to 0-17 victory gave Shefflin a second All-Ireland medal . Five-in-a-row proved beyond Ballyhale Shamrocks , however , the team bounced back in 2012 having lost the championship decider the previous year . A far from vintage 0-16 to 0-12 defeat of Dicksboro gave Shefflin a fourth championship medal . Shefflin won a fifth championship medal in 2014 as the Shamrocks claimed a 1-20 to 1-13 defeat of reigning champions Clara . He later collected a fourth Leinster medal and proved the difference in a 0-21 to 1-14 defeat of Kilcormac/Killoughey . On 17 March 2015 Ballyhale faced Kilmallock in the All-Ireland decider . A complete mismatch saw Shamrocks win the game by 1-18 to 1-6 , with Shefflin collecting a third All-Ireland medal . Shefflins final championship appearance was in the 2016 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship final on 30 October 2016 in Nowlan Park in the county final . However victory went to the OLoughlin Gaels GAA club in a closely fought final on a scoreline of 0-19 to 1-12 . Minor , under-21 & intermediate . Shefflin first played for Kilkenny in 1996 when he joined the minor side . He won his first Leinster medal that year following a 1-16 to 1-11 defeat of Dublin . The All-Ireland campaign came to an end at the semi-final stage . Shefflin was eligible for the minor grade again in 1997 . A 3-16 to 1-10 defeat of Offaly gave him a second successive Leinster medal , however , his quest for an All-Ireland medal came to an end at the semi-final stage . He also played minor football with Kilkenny . While just out of the minor grade Shefflin was drafted onto the Kilkenny intermediate hurling team in 1998 . That year he captured a Leinster medal following a 3–13 to 0–11 defeat of Wexford . Shefflin later lined out in the All-Ireland decider with Limerick providing the opposition . An interesting game developed between these two sides , however , at the final whistle victory went to Limerick by 4–16 to 2–17 . That same year Shefflin was added to the Kilkenny under-21 team . A 2-10 to 0-12 defeat of Dublin in the provincial decider gave him his first Leinster medal in that grade . Shefflin won a second Leinster medal in 1999 , following a 1-17 to 1-6 trouncing of Offaly . The subsequent All-Ireland decider was a thrilling affair , with Kilkenny securing a narrow 1-13 to 0-14 defeat of Galway to give Shefflin his sole All-Ireland medal . Senior . Unsuccessful beginning . Shefflin made his senior competitive debut for Kilkenny on 21 February 1999 in a 0-14 to 1-9 league defeat by Cork . That campaign ended at the semi-final stage , however , Shefflin retained his place on the starting fifteen for the subsequent championship , making his provincial debut in a 6-21 to 1-14 semi-final trouncing of Laois . Kilkenny later faced Offaly in the provincial final . A huge 5–14 to 1–16 victory over their near rivals and reigning All-Ireland champions gave Kilkenny the win and gave Shefflin a first Leinster medal . The subsequent All-Ireland decider saw Kilkenny face Cork on 12 September 1999 . In a dour contest played on a wet day , Cork trailed by 0-5 to 0-4 after a low-scoring first half . Kilkenny increased the pace after the interval , pulling into a four-point lead . Cork moved up a gear and through Joe Deane , Ben OConnor and Seánie McGrath Cork scored five unanswered points . Kilkenny could only manage one more score – a point from a Shefflin free – and Cork held out to win by 0-13 to 0-12 . Early successes . In 2000 Shefflin won a second successive Leinster medal following another comfortable 2–21 to 1–13 victory over Offaly . As a result of the so-called back-door system both sides later faced off against each other again in the All-Ireland final on 10 September 2000 . D.J . Carey capitalised on an Offaly mistake after just six minutes to start a goal-fest for the Cats . Carey scored 2–4 in all , sharing his second goal with Shefflin who also scored a goal in the second-half . At the full-time whistle Kilkenny were the champions by 5–15 to 1–14 and Shefflin collected his first All-Ireland medal . He was subsequently honoured with his first All-Star award . Tipperaryss provincial dominance continued in 2001 and a powerful 2-19 to 0-12 defeat of Wexford gave Shefflin a third Leinster medal . Kilkenny bounced back in 2002 . Shefflin won his first National Hurling League medal , as a late Brian Dowling free secured a narrow 2-15 to 2-14 victory over Cork . He later collected a fourth Leinster medal as Kilkenny recorded a narrow 0-19 to 0-17 defeat of fourteen-man Wexford . On 8 September 2002 Shefflin lined out in his third All-Ireland decider as Kilkenny faced first-round losers Clare . Shefflin and fellow forward D . J . Carey combined to score 2-13 between them , as Kilkenny secured a 2-20 to 0-19 victory . It was a second All-Ireland medal for Shefflin while he was later honoured with his second All-Star award . He also ended the year by being named Hurler of the Year by Texaco , Vodafone and by his peers at the Gaelic Players’ Association . In 2003 Shefflin won a second league medal as Kilkenny came back from eight points down to secure a stunning 5-14 to 5-13 extra-time defeat of Tipperary . He later won a fifth successive Leinster medal , as Kilkenny defeated Wexford by 2-23 to 2-12 . The subsequent All-Ireland final on 14 September 2003 saw Kilkenny face Cork for the first time in four years . Both teams remained level for much of the game , exchanging tit-for-tat scores . A Setanta Ó hAilpín goal gave Cork the advantage , however , a Martin Comerford goal five minutes from the end settled the game as Kilkenny went on to win by 1-14 to 1-11 . It was Shefflins third All-Ireland medal . He was later honoured with his third All-Star . After facing a shock , last-minute 2-15 to 1-16 defeat by Wexford in the Leinster semi-final in 2004 , Kilkenny worked their way through the qualifiers and lined out against Cork in the All-Ireland decider on 12 September 2004 . The game was expected to be a classic , however , a rain-soaked day made conditions difficult as Kilkenny aimed to secure a third successive championship . The first half was a low-scoring affair and provided little excitement for fans , however , the second half saw Cork completely take over . For the last twenty-three minutes Cork scored nine unanswered points and went on to win the game by 0-17 to 0-9 . In spite of ending the year without silverware , Shefflin later collected a fourth All-Star . Kilkenny were back in form in 2005 , with Shefflin winning a third league medal following a 3–20 to 0–15 victory over Clare . The Cats later struggled against a wasteful Wexford side , however , a 0-22 to 1-16 victory gave Shefflin a sixth Leinster medal . While a third successive All-Ireland showdown with Cork seemed likely , Galway defeated Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final in one of the games of the decade . In spite of failing to reach the championship decider a fifth All-Star award was quickly added to Shefflins collection . Four-in-a-row . In 2006 Shefflin added a third league medal to his collection following a 9:16 to 0:01 Shefflin collected an eighth Leinster medal in 2007 , as Kilkenny asserted their provincial dominance and defeated Wexford by 2-24 to 1-12 . On 2 September 2007 Kilkenny faced defeated Munster finalists and surprise All-Ireland semi-final winners Limerick in the championship decider . Kilkenny got off to a flying start with Eddie Brennan Shefflin scoring two goals within the first ten minutes to set the tone . Shefflin later sustained an injury during the game and had to retire at half-time . In spite of losing their captain and star player , Kilkenny still went on to win the game by 2–19 to 1–15 and Shefflin had the honour of collecting a fifth All-Ireland medal and receiving the Liam MacCarthy Cup . It was later revealed that he ruptured a cruciate knee ligament which kept him out of action for his club until the following summer . Shefflin later captured a seventh All-Star award , a record-breaking sixth in succession . After sitting out the league campaign in 2008 , Shefflin later collected a ninth Leinster medal following a 5-21 to 0-17 defeat of Wexford . On 8 September 2008 Kilkenny faced Waterford in the All-Ireland decider for the first time in forty-five years . In a disappointingly one-sided final , Kilkenny produced a near perfect seventy minutes as Waterford endured a nightmare afternoon . A 23-point winning margin , 3-24 from play , only two wides in the entire match and eight scorers in all with Eddie Brennan and Shefflin leading the way in a 3-30 to 1-13 victory . It was Shefflins sixth All-Ireland medal , while an eighth All-Star quickly followed . Shefflin collected a fifth league medal in 2009 , as Kilkenny beat Tipperary by 2-26 to 4-17 after a thrilling extra-time victory . He later won a tenth Leinster medal as new challengers Dublin were bested by 2-18 to 0-18 . On 6 September Kilkenny were poised to become the second team ever in the history of hurling to win four successive All-Ireland championships when they faced Tipperary in the decider . For long periods Tipp looked the likely winners , however , late goals from Shefflin ( penalty ) and substitute Martin Comerford finally killed off their efforts to secure a 2-22 to 0-23 victory . Shefflin had collected his seventh All-Ireland medal . He later collected a ninth All-Star award . Continued dominance . In 2010 Kilkenny defeated Galway in an eagerly-anticipated but ultimately disappointing provincial decider . A 1-19 to 1-12 victory gave Shefflin an eleventh Leinster medal . In the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final defeat of Cork , Shefflin had to be substituted after he severed his cruciate ligament . While it was feared that this would rule him out of the All-Ireland decider against Tipperary on 5 September , he made a remarkable recovery and was deemed to fit to start that game . After scoring an early free in the final , his knee again gave out and he was replaced after twelve minutes . Tipperarys Lar Corbett subsequently ran riot and scored a hat-trick of goals as Kilkenny fell to a 4-17 to 1-18 defeat . Kilkennys stranglehold in Leinster continued in 2011 . A 4-17 to 1-15 defeat of Dublin gave the Cats a record-breaking seventh successive championship . It was Shefflins twelfth winners medal overall . Kilkenny subsequently faced Tipperary in a record-breaking seventh successive All-Ireland decider on 4 September 2011 . Goals by Michael Fennelly and Richie Hogan in either half gave Kilkenny , who many viewed as the underdogs going into the game , a 2-17 to 1-16 victory . Shefflin , who collected a record-equaling eighth All-Ireland medal , later collected a tenth All-Star award . Kilkenny were shocked by Galway in the 2012 Leinster decider , losing by 2-21 to 2-11 , however , both sides subsequently met in the All-Ireland decider on 9 September 2012 . Kilkenny had led going into the final stretch , however , Joe Canning struck a stoppage time equaliser to level the game at 2-13 to 0-19 and send the final to a replay for the first time since 1959 . The replay took place three weeks later on 30 September 2012 . Galway stunned the reigning champions with two first-half goals , however , Kilkennys championship debutant Walter Walsh gave a man of the match performance , claiming a 1-3 haul . The 3-22 to 3-11 Kilkenny victory gave Shefflin a record-breaking ninth All-Ireland medal on the field of play . He was later presented with an eleventh All-Star award , as well as becoming the first player to be named Hurler of the Year for a third time . On 1 December 2012 Shefflin went off injured in Ballyhale Shamrocks defeat by Oulart the Ballagh in the provincial club championship . While the problem was initially thought to be just a badly sprained ankle it was later revealed to be ligament damage and a break in his left mid-foot . This injury ruled him out of Kilkennys successful 2013 National league campaign . A damaged metatarsal delayed his recovery resulting in him missing Kilkennys opening championship games . Shefflin made his return to hurling when he was introduced for the last five minutes of Kilkennys 0-20 to 1-14 qualifier defeat of Tipperary . He was included on the starting fifteen for Kilkennys subsequent All-Ireland quarter-final against Cork . Just before half time Shefflin received a second yellow card and was red carded for the first time in his championship career . Kilkenny went on to lose the game by 0-19 to 0-14 . After an appeal to the Central Hearings Committee Shefflins red card was subsequently rescinded . Tenth All-Ireland medal . In 2014 Shefflin collected his sixth league medal , as Kilkenny secured a narrow one-point 2-25 to 1-27 extra-time victory over Tipperary . Shefflin subsequently secured a thirteenth Leinster medal , as a dominant Kilkenny display gave the Cats a 0-14 to 1-9 defeat of Dublin . On 7 September 2014 , Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider , however , Shefflin started the game on the bench before making a brief cameo . In what some consider to be the greatest game of all-time , the sides were level when Tipperary were awarded a controversial free . John ODwyer had the chance to win the game , however , his late free drifted wide resulting in a draw . The replay on 27 September 2014 was also a close affair . Goals from brothers Richie and John Power inspired Kilkenny to a 2-17 to 2-14 victory . It was Shefflins tenth All-Ireland medal . Retirement . Following Shefflins tenth All-Ireland success , speculation began to grow about his possible retirement . After stating in November 2014 that he intended to make a decision after the conclusion of the All-Ireland series of the club championship , Shefflin called a press conference on 25 March 2015 and announced that he was retiring from inter-county hurling . In a statement he said , When I reflect back over the past 16 years playing the game that I love , at the highest level with Kilkenny , it is impossible to quantify the endless hours of happiness , satisfaction and fulfilment I have enjoyed . In 2015 , Shefflin joined the Sunday Game as an analyst for their coverage of the 2015 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship and he will also feature on RTÉ Radio 1 . Inter-provincial . Shefflin has also lined out with Leinster in the inter-provincial hurling championship . He first played for his province in 1999 , however , he had to wait another few years before success in that competition . In 2002 Leinster faced arch rivals Munster in the decider at Nowlan Park . The game ended in somewhat controversial circumstances when the referee awarded a free when Munsters Peter Queally was deemed to have fouled Jimmy Coogan . Shefflin pointed the free to give Leinster a narrow 4-15 to 3-17 victory . It was Shefflins first Railway Cup medal . Leinster were back in the decider again in 2003 . Rome was the venue with Connacht providing the opposition . Leinster were nine points in arrears early in the second half , however , the team fought back to secure a 4-9 to 2-12 victory . It was Shefflins second Railway Cup medal . In 2009 Shefflin was back on the Leinster team once again . His kicked goal five minutes after the restart set up a 3-18 to 1-17 defeat of Connacht once again . Recognition . Shefflin has come to be regarded as one of the greatest , if not the greatest player of all-time and has received much praise from Irish sportspeople in all fields . Fellow nine-time All-Ireland medallist and former Kilkenny goalkeeper Noel Skehan said of him in the build-up to the 2012 All-Ireland final : Oh , as it stands , you’re talking about the greatest hurler ever even if he didn’t win on Sunday . He’ll still be the greatest hurler . He’s a fantastic sportsman . What he has achieved up until now , even forgetting the result on Sunday , you’d have to put him well up on top of the ladder . To do it all on the pitch is a great achievement . To start every championship match since he came on the scene , it goes without saying how good that is and I hope to God that he achieves it . Six-time All-Ireland dual medallist and All-Ireland-winning manager Jimmy Barry-Murphy wrote : He is most certainly the greatest hurler that I have ever seen , and I even saw Christy Ring towards the end of his days . But this guy outshines everything that I have ever seen on a hurling field . His work ethic is amazing , and one that others must aspire to if they are to reach the stars . Writing in the Kilkenny GAA Yearbook 2012 , contemporary Cork hurler , Donal Óg Cusack , wrote : If there is better to come than Henry , I for one would hope to be around to see him . He is the perfect example for every young player . He doesn’t practice and live his life the way he does because he is Henry Shefflin . He is Henry Shefflin BECAUSE he does those things , and doesn’t stop . He drives on . Five-time All-Ireland medallist D . J . Carey regards Shefflin as the greatest forward of all time . In the build-up to Shefflins bid for a ninth All-Ireland medal , former Tipperary hurler and manager Babs Keating wrote : If he can do that he can go down as the greatest hurler in every way . If he can do that it is a record that I cant see ever being surpassed . Joe Canning , the player Shefflin pipped to the Hurler of the Year award in 2012 , stated : Henry is the best player that has every played and his nine All-Ireland medals speaks for itself . Everybody models themselves on him because he is the ultimate team player and everyone wants to be like him...There is no doubt about it - everybody wants to have him on their team . He is probably the best hurler that has ever played . Eddie Keher , a six-time All-Ireland medallist and the man who Shefflin surpassed as the top scorer of all-time , stated : Henry Shefflin is the greatest hurler of all time . Hes a most sporting player and hes competitive . Contemporary Waterford hurler John Mullane wrote : I cant speak highly enough of Shefflin either . Henry is simply irreplaceable and the measure of the man is his ability to bounce back from serious injuries in recent years to get himself fully fit for the championship . When asked who he considers to be Ireland’s greatest ever athlete , former Ireland rugby captain Brian ODriscoll said : That would be the hurler Henry Shefflin , this guy has been an absolute phenomenon for the last 12,13 years . He’s won nine All-Ireland championships with his county and they’re not easy to come by . In 2016 , Gerry Davis won the Hennesy Portrait Prize and was commissioned by the National Gallery of Ireland in 2017 to paint a portrait of Shefflin , which is now displayed in the portrait gallery . Managerial career . Ballyhale Shamrocks . On 12 December 2017 it was announced that Shefflin would act as co-manager of the Ballyhale Shamrocks senior team alongside his brother Tommy . The Shamrocks won Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship and Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship in 2018 before winning the 2019 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final . On 23 January 2020 , it was reported that Shefflin had stepped down as manager of the Ballyhale Shamrocks senior team . Honours . Player . - St . Kierans College - All-Ireland Colleges Senior Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1996 - Leinster Colleges Senior Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1996 - Waterford Institute of Technology - Fitzgibbon Cup ( 2 ) : 1998–99 , 1999–00 - Ballyhale Shamrocks - All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 3 ) : 2007 , 2010 , 2015 - Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 4 ) : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2014 - Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship ( 5 ) : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 - Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1997 - Kilkenny - All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship ( 10 ) : 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 - Leinster Senior Hurling Championship ( 13 ) : 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2014 - National Hurling League ( 6 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2014 - Walsh Cup ( 6 ) : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 - Oireachtas Tournament ( 1 ) : 1999 - All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 - Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 1998 , 1999 - Leinster Minor Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 - Leinster Intermediate Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1998 - Leinster - Railway Cup ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2009 Individual . - Awards - Texaco Hurler of the Year ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - All Stars Hurler of the Year ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - GPA Hurler of the Year ( 2 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - RTÉ Sports Person of the Year ( 1 ) : 2006 - RTÉ Sports Hall of Fame Award ( 1 ) : 2015 - All-Stars ( 11 ) : 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - In May 2020 , a public poll conducted by RTÉ.ie named Shefflin in the half-forward line alongside Joe Canning and D . J . Carey in a team of hurlers who had won All Stars during the era of The Sunday Game . - Also in May 2020 , the Irish Independent named Shefflin at number one in its Top 20 hurlers in Ireland over the past 50 years . Manager . - Ballyhale Shamrocks - All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2019 , 2020 - Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2018 , 2019 - Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2018 , 2019 Records . - Only male athlete in the history of Gaelic games to have won ten All-Ireland senior winners medals on the field of play . - Only player to score a goal in fourteen consecutive championship seasons ( 1999–2012 ) . - Joint most Leinster Championship titles ( 13 ) alongside Michael Kavanagh . - Most Leinster Championship titles ( 13 ) on the field of play . - Highest scorer in the history of the All-Ireland championship ( 2010–present ) . - Highest scoring average in the history of the All-Ireland championship ( 9 points per game ) . - Most All-Star awards ( 11 ) . - Most Player of the Year awards ( 3 ) - 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - Highest scorer from play ( 24 - 136 = 208 points ) in the history of the All Ireland championship including All Ireland Final replay 27/09/2014 - Highest scorer in All-Ireland finals 5-81 ( 96 pts ) - 2nd highest scorer from play in All-Ireland finals - Eddie Keher has 7-74 ( 95 pts ) in total Sources . - Corry , Eoghan , The GAA Book of Lists ( Hodder Headline Ireland , 2005 ) . - Donegan , Des , The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games ( DBA Publications Limited , 2005 ) . External links . - Profile of Henry Shefflin at Kilkenny - Kilkenny GAA on Hogan Stand - Official Kilkenny Website - Kilkenny Supporters Website - HurlingStats.com - A Career in Pictures at
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Henry Shefflin Henry Shefflin ( born 11 January 1979 ) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a centre-forward for the Kilkenny senior team . A native of Ballyhale , County Kilkenny , Shefflin first played competitive hurling whilst at school in St . Kierans College . He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team , before later lining out with the under-21 and intermediate sides . He made his senior debut during the 1999 league . Shefflin has since gone on to play a key role in the forwards for Kilkenny , and won a record ten All-Ireland medals as well as thirteen Leinster medals and six National Hurling League medals . The All-Ireland-winning captain in 2007 , he has been an All-Ireland runner-up on three occasions . As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team at various times , Shefflin has won three Railway Cup medals . At club level he is a three-time All-Ireland medallist with Ballyhale Shamrocks . He has also won four Leinster medals and six championship medals with the club . Shefflins career tally of 28 goals and 485 points ranks him as the top championship scorer of all-time . Throughout his career Shefflin has made 71 championship appearances , setting him apart as the third most capped player of all-time . He announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 25 March 2015 . Shefflin is still widely regarded as one of the greatest hurlers in the history of the game , with many commentators ranking him as the greatest player of all-time . During his playing days he won a record-breaking eleven All-Star awards , as well as being the only player ever to be named Hurler of the Year on three occasions . He has been repeatedly voted onto teams made up of the sports greats , including in 2009 when he was picked on a special Leinster team of the past twenty-five years as well as being named in the top spot on a special list of the 125 greatest hurlers of all-time . Biography . Early years . Shefflin was born at the Regional Hospital Waterford to Henry and Mae Shefflin ( née Fitzgerald ) . One of a family of four boys and three girls , he was born into a household that had a strong sporting background , particularly in the game of hurling . Shefflin was educated at St . Patricks national school in Ballyhale where his hurling skills were first noted and honed by the local headmaster , Joe Dunphy . As a child he saw his two older brothers line out with the Kilkenny hurlers at various grades . John Shefflin won an All-Ireland winners medal in the minor grade in 1990 , while Tommy Shefflin won an All-Ireland winners medal in the under-21 grade that same year . A younger brother , Paul Shefflin , also won Leinster minor medals in the late 1990s . Shefflin later attended St . Kierans College in Kilkenny , before studying electronics at the Waterford Institute of Technology ( WIT ) . Shefflin later changed course and decided to study both business studies and financial services . Personal life . Shefflin currently works with New Holland Finance , a subsidiary of Bank of Ireland . His main area of responsibility is in the agri-business side of matters , handling the finance for all the New Holland tractor sales in the locality . His region of responsibility takes in the south-east of the country , including Tipperary , Kilkenny , Wexford , Carlow and Kildare . On 30 March 2007 Shefflin married Deirdre OSullivan , a native of Callan , County Kilkenny and a camogie player of note in her own right . Just over a year later in April 2008 the Shefflins celebrated the birth of their first child , a daughter named Sadhbh . On 30 October 2009 Henry Michael Shefflin , the couples second child and first son , was born . A third child , Siún , was born in March 2011 , while the Shefflins youngest boy , Freddie , was born in April 2014 . Playing career . Colleges . During his schooling at St . Kierans College in Kilkenny , Shefflin established himself as a key member of the senior hurling team . In 1996 he won his sole Leinster medal as Good Counsel College were narrowly defeated by 1-7 to 1-6 . St . Colmans College provided the opposition in the subsequent All-Ireland decider . A 1-14 to 2-6 victory gave Shefflin an All-Ireland medal . University . During his studies at the Waterford Institute of Technology , Shefflin was an automatic inclusion on the college hurling team . In 1999 he was at full-forward as WIT faced University College Cork in the final of the Fitzgibbon Cup . Two goals from Declan Browne in a six-minute spell before half-time gave WIT a commanding lead . Neil Ronan bagged a fourth goal straight after the interval which helped WIT to a 4-15 to 3-12 victory . Shefflin lined out in a second successive Fitzgibbon Cup decider in 2000 . University College Dublin were the opponents on that occasion , however , a 2-10 to 1-6 victory gave WIT the victory . It was Shefflins second Fitzgibbon Cup medal . Club . Shefflin plays his club hurling with Ballyhale Shamrocks and has had much success with the club . When he was fourteen years-old he failed to make the clubs under-16 team , however , Shefflin later became a key member of the Ballyhale minor team . He won a championship medal in that grade in 1997 following a 2-18 to 2-5 defeat of James Stephens . That same year Shefflin was a key member of the Ballyhale intermediate team . A 4-12 to 3-7 defeat of Graiguenamangh , with Shefflin top scoring with 1-6 , secured promotion to the senior grade and gave Shefflin a championship medal . Success at senior level was slow in coming for Shefflin and Ballyhale . In 2004 it was even rumoured that he was moving clubs to play in Cork with Blackrock , however , this rumour proved to be unfounded . Two years later he was deployed at centre-forward as Ballyhale faced OLoughlin Gaels in the senior decider . An impressive 1-22 to 2-11 victory gave Shefflin his first championship medal . He later added a Leinster medal to his collection when Ballyhale secured a comprehensive 1-20 to 1-8 defeat of Birr to take the provincial title for the first time in seventeen years . On 17 March 2007 Ballyhale Shamrocks faced Loughrea in the All-Ireland decider . On a day when Shefflin and James Cha Fitzpatrick were held scoreless , the three Reid brothers contributed 3-7 from play . A 3-12 to 2-8 victory gave Shefflin an All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship medal . Injury resulted in Shefflin missing Ballyhales second successive championship victory in 2007 , however , he was back on the starting fifteen as Ballyhale Shamrocks made it three-in-a-row in 2008 . A 2-11 to 0-12 defeat of James Stephens gave Shefflin a second championship medal on the field of play . He later won a second Leinster medal as the Shamrocks defeated reigning champions Birr by 2-13 to 1-11 . Shefflin won a third championship medal in 2009 , as Ballyhale claimed a record-equaling four-in-a-row following a 1-14 to 1-11 defeat of James Stephens once again . The subsequent provincial decider saw Ballyhale hit fifteen wides , however , Shefflin still collected a third Leinster medal following a 1-16 to 1-8 defeat of Tullamore . On 17 March 2010 Ballyhale faced three-in-a-row hopefuls Portumna in a dream All-Ireland decider . The game failed to live up to the billing , however , 1-19 to 0-17 victory gave Shefflin a second All-Ireland medal . Five-in-a-row proved beyond Ballyhale Shamrocks , however , the team bounced back in 2012 having lost the championship decider the previous year . A far from vintage 0-16 to 0-12 defeat of Dicksboro gave Shefflin a fourth championship medal . Shefflin won a fifth championship medal in 2014 as the Shamrocks claimed a 1-20 to 1-13 defeat of reigning champions Clara . He later collected a fourth Leinster medal and proved the difference in a 0-21 to 1-14 defeat of Kilcormac/Killoughey . On 17 March 2015 Ballyhale faced Kilmallock in the All-Ireland decider . A complete mismatch saw Shamrocks win the game by 1-18 to 1-6 , with Shefflin collecting a third All-Ireland medal . Shefflins final championship appearance was in the 2016 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship final on 30 October 2016 in Nowlan Park in the county final . However victory went to the OLoughlin Gaels GAA club in a closely fought final on a scoreline of 0-19 to 1-12 . Minor , under-21 & intermediate . Shefflin first played for Kilkenny in 1996 when he joined the minor side . He won his first Leinster medal that year following a 1-16 to 1-11 defeat of Dublin . The All-Ireland campaign came to an end at the semi-final stage . Shefflin was eligible for the minor grade again in 1997 . A 3-16 to 1-10 defeat of Offaly gave him a second successive Leinster medal , however , his quest for an All-Ireland medal came to an end at the semi-final stage . He also played minor football with Kilkenny . While just out of the minor grade Shefflin was drafted onto the Kilkenny intermediate hurling team in 1998 . That year he captured a Leinster medal following a 3–13 to 0–11 defeat of Wexford . Shefflin later lined out in the All-Ireland decider with Limerick providing the opposition . An interesting game developed between these two sides , however , at the final whistle victory went to Limerick by 4–16 to 2–17 . That same year Shefflin was added to the Kilkenny under-21 team . A 2-10 to 0-12 defeat of Dublin in the provincial decider gave him his first Leinster medal in that grade . Shefflin won a second Leinster medal in 1999 , following a 1-17 to 1-6 trouncing of Offaly . The subsequent All-Ireland decider was a thrilling affair , with Kilkenny securing a narrow 1-13 to 0-14 defeat of Galway to give Shefflin his sole All-Ireland medal . Senior . Unsuccessful beginning . Shefflin made his senior competitive debut for Kilkenny on 21 February 1999 in a 0-14 to 1-9 league defeat by Cork . That campaign ended at the semi-final stage , however , Shefflin retained his place on the starting fifteen for the subsequent championship , making his provincial debut in a 6-21 to 1-14 semi-final trouncing of Laois . Kilkenny later faced Offaly in the provincial final . A huge 5–14 to 1–16 victory over their near rivals and reigning All-Ireland champions gave Kilkenny the win and gave Shefflin a first Leinster medal . The subsequent All-Ireland decider saw Kilkenny face Cork on 12 September 1999 . In a dour contest played on a wet day , Cork trailed by 0-5 to 0-4 after a low-scoring first half . Kilkenny increased the pace after the interval , pulling into a four-point lead . Cork moved up a gear and through Joe Deane , Ben OConnor and Seánie McGrath Cork scored five unanswered points . Kilkenny could only manage one more score – a point from a Shefflin free – and Cork held out to win by 0-13 to 0-12 . Early successes . In 2000 Shefflin won a second successive Leinster medal following another comfortable 2–21 to 1–13 victory over Offaly . As a result of the so-called back-door system both sides later faced off against each other again in the All-Ireland final on 10 September 2000 . D.J . Carey capitalised on an Offaly mistake after just six minutes to start a goal-fest for the Cats . Carey scored 2–4 in all , sharing his second goal with Shefflin who also scored a goal in the second-half . At the full-time whistle Kilkenny were the champions by 5–15 to 1–14 and Shefflin collected his first All-Ireland medal . He was subsequently honoured with his first All-Star award . Tipperaryss provincial dominance continued in 2001 and a powerful 2-19 to 0-12 defeat of Wexford gave Shefflin a third Leinster medal . Kilkenny bounced back in 2002 . Shefflin won his first National Hurling League medal , as a late Brian Dowling free secured a narrow 2-15 to 2-14 victory over Cork . He later collected a fourth Leinster medal as Kilkenny recorded a narrow 0-19 to 0-17 defeat of fourteen-man Wexford . On 8 September 2002 Shefflin lined out in his third All-Ireland decider as Kilkenny faced first-round losers Clare . Shefflin and fellow forward D . J . Carey combined to score 2-13 between them , as Kilkenny secured a 2-20 to 0-19 victory . It was a second All-Ireland medal for Shefflin while he was later honoured with his second All-Star award . He also ended the year by being named Hurler of the Year by Texaco , Vodafone and by his peers at the Gaelic Players’ Association . In 2003 Shefflin won a second league medal as Kilkenny came back from eight points down to secure a stunning 5-14 to 5-13 extra-time defeat of Tipperary . He later won a fifth successive Leinster medal , as Kilkenny defeated Wexford by 2-23 to 2-12 . The subsequent All-Ireland final on 14 September 2003 saw Kilkenny face Cork for the first time in four years . Both teams remained level for much of the game , exchanging tit-for-tat scores . A Setanta Ó hAilpín goal gave Cork the advantage , however , a Martin Comerford goal five minutes from the end settled the game as Kilkenny went on to win by 1-14 to 1-11 . It was Shefflins third All-Ireland medal . He was later honoured with his third All-Star . After facing a shock , last-minute 2-15 to 1-16 defeat by Wexford in the Leinster semi-final in 2004 , Kilkenny worked their way through the qualifiers and lined out against Cork in the All-Ireland decider on 12 September 2004 . The game was expected to be a classic , however , a rain-soaked day made conditions difficult as Kilkenny aimed to secure a third successive championship . The first half was a low-scoring affair and provided little excitement for fans , however , the second half saw Cork completely take over . For the last twenty-three minutes Cork scored nine unanswered points and went on to win the game by 0-17 to 0-9 . In spite of ending the year without silverware , Shefflin later collected a fourth All-Star . Kilkenny were back in form in 2005 , with Shefflin winning a third league medal following a 3–20 to 0–15 victory over Clare . The Cats later struggled against a wasteful Wexford side , however , a 0-22 to 1-16 victory gave Shefflin a sixth Leinster medal . While a third successive All-Ireland showdown with Cork seemed likely , Galway defeated Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final in one of the games of the decade . In spite of failing to reach the championship decider a fifth All-Star award was quickly added to Shefflins collection . Four-in-a-row . In 2006 Shefflin added a third league medal to his collection following a 9:16 to 0:01 Shefflin collected an eighth Leinster medal in 2007 , as Kilkenny asserted their provincial dominance and defeated Wexford by 2-24 to 1-12 . On 2 September 2007 Kilkenny faced defeated Munster finalists and surprise All-Ireland semi-final winners Limerick in the championship decider . Kilkenny got off to a flying start with Eddie Brennan Shefflin scoring two goals within the first ten minutes to set the tone . Shefflin later sustained an injury during the game and had to retire at half-time . In spite of losing their captain and star player , Kilkenny still went on to win the game by 2–19 to 1–15 and Shefflin had the honour of collecting a fifth All-Ireland medal and receiving the Liam MacCarthy Cup . It was later revealed that he ruptured a cruciate knee ligament which kept him out of action for his club until the following summer . Shefflin later captured a seventh All-Star award , a record-breaking sixth in succession . After sitting out the league campaign in 2008 , Shefflin later collected a ninth Leinster medal following a 5-21 to 0-17 defeat of Wexford . On 8 September 2008 Kilkenny faced Waterford in the All-Ireland decider for the first time in forty-five years . In a disappointingly one-sided final , Kilkenny produced a near perfect seventy minutes as Waterford endured a nightmare afternoon . A 23-point winning margin , 3-24 from play , only two wides in the entire match and eight scorers in all with Eddie Brennan and Shefflin leading the way in a 3-30 to 1-13 victory . It was Shefflins sixth All-Ireland medal , while an eighth All-Star quickly followed . Shefflin collected a fifth league medal in 2009 , as Kilkenny beat Tipperary by 2-26 to 4-17 after a thrilling extra-time victory . He later won a tenth Leinster medal as new challengers Dublin were bested by 2-18 to 0-18 . On 6 September Kilkenny were poised to become the second team ever in the history of hurling to win four successive All-Ireland championships when they faced Tipperary in the decider . For long periods Tipp looked the likely winners , however , late goals from Shefflin ( penalty ) and substitute Martin Comerford finally killed off their efforts to secure a 2-22 to 0-23 victory . Shefflin had collected his seventh All-Ireland medal . He later collected a ninth All-Star award . Continued dominance . In 2010 Kilkenny defeated Galway in an eagerly-anticipated but ultimately disappointing provincial decider . A 1-19 to 1-12 victory gave Shefflin an eleventh Leinster medal . In the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final defeat of Cork , Shefflin had to be substituted after he severed his cruciate ligament . While it was feared that this would rule him out of the All-Ireland decider against Tipperary on 5 September , he made a remarkable recovery and was deemed to fit to start that game . After scoring an early free in the final , his knee again gave out and he was replaced after twelve minutes . Tipperarys Lar Corbett subsequently ran riot and scored a hat-trick of goals as Kilkenny fell to a 4-17 to 1-18 defeat . Kilkennys stranglehold in Leinster continued in 2011 . A 4-17 to 1-15 defeat of Dublin gave the Cats a record-breaking seventh successive championship . It was Shefflins twelfth winners medal overall . Kilkenny subsequently faced Tipperary in a record-breaking seventh successive All-Ireland decider on 4 September 2011 . Goals by Michael Fennelly and Richie Hogan in either half gave Kilkenny , who many viewed as the underdogs going into the game , a 2-17 to 1-16 victory . Shefflin , who collected a record-equaling eighth All-Ireland medal , later collected a tenth All-Star award . Kilkenny were shocked by Galway in the 2012 Leinster decider , losing by 2-21 to 2-11 , however , both sides subsequently met in the All-Ireland decider on 9 September 2012 . Kilkenny had led going into the final stretch , however , Joe Canning struck a stoppage time equaliser to level the game at 2-13 to 0-19 and send the final to a replay for the first time since 1959 . The replay took place three weeks later on 30 September 2012 . Galway stunned the reigning champions with two first-half goals , however , Kilkennys championship debutant Walter Walsh gave a man of the match performance , claiming a 1-3 haul . The 3-22 to 3-11 Kilkenny victory gave Shefflin a record-breaking ninth All-Ireland medal on the field of play . He was later presented with an eleventh All-Star award , as well as becoming the first player to be named Hurler of the Year for a third time . On 1 December 2012 Shefflin went off injured in Ballyhale Shamrocks defeat by Oulart the Ballagh in the provincial club championship . While the problem was initially thought to be just a badly sprained ankle it was later revealed to be ligament damage and a break in his left mid-foot . This injury ruled him out of Kilkennys successful 2013 National league campaign . A damaged metatarsal delayed his recovery resulting in him missing Kilkennys opening championship games . Shefflin made his return to hurling when he was introduced for the last five minutes of Kilkennys 0-20 to 1-14 qualifier defeat of Tipperary . He was included on the starting fifteen for Kilkennys subsequent All-Ireland quarter-final against Cork . Just before half time Shefflin received a second yellow card and was red carded for the first time in his championship career . Kilkenny went on to lose the game by 0-19 to 0-14 . After an appeal to the Central Hearings Committee Shefflins red card was subsequently rescinded . Tenth All-Ireland medal . In 2014 Shefflin collected his sixth league medal , as Kilkenny secured a narrow one-point 2-25 to 1-27 extra-time victory over Tipperary . Shefflin subsequently secured a thirteenth Leinster medal , as a dominant Kilkenny display gave the Cats a 0-14 to 1-9 defeat of Dublin . On 7 September 2014 , Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider , however , Shefflin started the game on the bench before making a brief cameo . In what some consider to be the greatest game of all-time , the sides were level when Tipperary were awarded a controversial free . John ODwyer had the chance to win the game , however , his late free drifted wide resulting in a draw . The replay on 27 September 2014 was also a close affair . Goals from brothers Richie and John Power inspired Kilkenny to a 2-17 to 2-14 victory . It was Shefflins tenth All-Ireland medal . Retirement . Following Shefflins tenth All-Ireland success , speculation began to grow about his possible retirement . After stating in November 2014 that he intended to make a decision after the conclusion of the All-Ireland series of the club championship , Shefflin called a press conference on 25 March 2015 and announced that he was retiring from inter-county hurling . In a statement he said , When I reflect back over the past 16 years playing the game that I love , at the highest level with Kilkenny , it is impossible to quantify the endless hours of happiness , satisfaction and fulfilment I have enjoyed . In 2015 , Shefflin joined the Sunday Game as an analyst for their coverage of the 2015 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship and he will also feature on RTÉ Radio 1 . Inter-provincial . Shefflin has also lined out with Leinster in the inter-provincial hurling championship . He first played for his province in 1999 , however , he had to wait another few years before success in that competition . In 2002 Leinster faced arch rivals Munster in the decider at Nowlan Park . The game ended in somewhat controversial circumstances when the referee awarded a free when Munsters Peter Queally was deemed to have fouled Jimmy Coogan . Shefflin pointed the free to give Leinster a narrow 4-15 to 3-17 victory . It was Shefflins first Railway Cup medal . Leinster were back in the decider again in 2003 . Rome was the venue with Connacht providing the opposition . Leinster were nine points in arrears early in the second half , however , the team fought back to secure a 4-9 to 2-12 victory . It was Shefflins second Railway Cup medal . In 2009 Shefflin was back on the Leinster team once again . His kicked goal five minutes after the restart set up a 3-18 to 1-17 defeat of Connacht once again . Recognition . Shefflin has come to be regarded as one of the greatest , if not the greatest player of all-time and has received much praise from Irish sportspeople in all fields . Fellow nine-time All-Ireland medallist and former Kilkenny goalkeeper Noel Skehan said of him in the build-up to the 2012 All-Ireland final : Oh , as it stands , you’re talking about the greatest hurler ever even if he didn’t win on Sunday . He’ll still be the greatest hurler . He’s a fantastic sportsman . What he has achieved up until now , even forgetting the result on Sunday , you’d have to put him well up on top of the ladder . To do it all on the pitch is a great achievement . To start every championship match since he came on the scene , it goes without saying how good that is and I hope to God that he achieves it . Six-time All-Ireland dual medallist and All-Ireland-winning manager Jimmy Barry-Murphy wrote : He is most certainly the greatest hurler that I have ever seen , and I even saw Christy Ring towards the end of his days . But this guy outshines everything that I have ever seen on a hurling field . His work ethic is amazing , and one that others must aspire to if they are to reach the stars . Writing in the Kilkenny GAA Yearbook 2012 , contemporary Cork hurler , Donal Óg Cusack , wrote : If there is better to come than Henry , I for one would hope to be around to see him . He is the perfect example for every young player . He doesn’t practice and live his life the way he does because he is Henry Shefflin . He is Henry Shefflin BECAUSE he does those things , and doesn’t stop . He drives on . Five-time All-Ireland medallist D . J . Carey regards Shefflin as the greatest forward of all time . In the build-up to Shefflins bid for a ninth All-Ireland medal , former Tipperary hurler and manager Babs Keating wrote : If he can do that he can go down as the greatest hurler in every way . If he can do that it is a record that I cant see ever being surpassed . Joe Canning , the player Shefflin pipped to the Hurler of the Year award in 2012 , stated : Henry is the best player that has every played and his nine All-Ireland medals speaks for itself . Everybody models themselves on him because he is the ultimate team player and everyone wants to be like him...There is no doubt about it - everybody wants to have him on their team . He is probably the best hurler that has ever played . Eddie Keher , a six-time All-Ireland medallist and the man who Shefflin surpassed as the top scorer of all-time , stated : Henry Shefflin is the greatest hurler of all time . Hes a most sporting player and hes competitive . Contemporary Waterford hurler John Mullane wrote : I cant speak highly enough of Shefflin either . Henry is simply irreplaceable and the measure of the man is his ability to bounce back from serious injuries in recent years to get himself fully fit for the championship . When asked who he considers to be Ireland’s greatest ever athlete , former Ireland rugby captain Brian ODriscoll said : That would be the hurler Henry Shefflin , this guy has been an absolute phenomenon for the last 12,13 years . He’s won nine All-Ireland championships with his county and they’re not easy to come by . In 2016 , Gerry Davis won the Hennesy Portrait Prize and was commissioned by the National Gallery of Ireland in 2017 to paint a portrait of Shefflin , which is now displayed in the portrait gallery . Managerial career . Ballyhale Shamrocks . On 12 December 2017 it was announced that Shefflin would act as co-manager of the Ballyhale Shamrocks senior team alongside his brother Tommy . The Shamrocks won Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship and Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship in 2018 before winning the 2019 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final . On 23 January 2020 , it was reported that Shefflin had stepped down as manager of the Ballyhale Shamrocks senior team . Honours . Player . - St . Kierans College - All-Ireland Colleges Senior Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1996 - Leinster Colleges Senior Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1996 - Waterford Institute of Technology - Fitzgibbon Cup ( 2 ) : 1998–99 , 1999–00 - Ballyhale Shamrocks - All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 3 ) : 2007 , 2010 , 2015 - Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 4 ) : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2014 - Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship ( 5 ) : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 - Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1997 - Kilkenny - All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship ( 10 ) : 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 - Leinster Senior Hurling Championship ( 13 ) : 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2014 - National Hurling League ( 6 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2014 - Walsh Cup ( 6 ) : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 - Oireachtas Tournament ( 1 ) : 1999 - All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 - Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 1998 , 1999 - Leinster Minor Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 - Leinster Intermediate Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1998 - Leinster - Railway Cup ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2009 Individual . - Awards - Texaco Hurler of the Year ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - All Stars Hurler of the Year ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - GPA Hurler of the Year ( 2 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - RTÉ Sports Person of the Year ( 1 ) : 2006 - RTÉ Sports Hall of Fame Award ( 1 ) : 2015 - All-Stars ( 11 ) : 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - In May 2020 , a public poll conducted by RTÉ.ie named Shefflin in the half-forward line alongside Joe Canning and D . J . Carey in a team of hurlers who had won All Stars during the era of The Sunday Game . - Also in May 2020 , the Irish Independent named Shefflin at number one in its Top 20 hurlers in Ireland over the past 50 years . Manager . - Ballyhale Shamrocks - All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2019 , 2020 - Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2018 , 2019 - Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2018 , 2019 Records . - Only male athlete in the history of Gaelic games to have won ten All-Ireland senior winners medals on the field of play . - Only player to score a goal in fourteen consecutive championship seasons ( 1999–2012 ) . - Joint most Leinster Championship titles ( 13 ) alongside Michael Kavanagh . - Most Leinster Championship titles ( 13 ) on the field of play . - Highest scorer in the history of the All-Ireland championship ( 2010–present ) . - Highest scoring average in the history of the All-Ireland championship ( 9 points per game ) . - Most All-Star awards ( 11 ) . - Most Player of the Year awards ( 3 ) - 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - Highest scorer from play ( 24 - 136 = 208 points ) in the history of the All Ireland championship including All Ireland Final replay 27/09/2014 - Highest scorer in All-Ireland finals 5-81 ( 96 pts ) - 2nd highest scorer from play in All-Ireland finals - Eddie Keher has 7-74 ( 95 pts ) in total Sources . - Corry , Eoghan , The GAA Book of Lists ( Hodder Headline Ireland , 2005 ) . - Donegan , Des , The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games ( DBA Publications Limited , 2005 ) . External links . - Profile of Henry Shefflin at Kilkenny - Kilkenny GAA on Hogan Stand - Official Kilkenny Website - Kilkenny Supporters Website - HurlingStats.com - A Career in Pictures at
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Henry Shefflin Henry Shefflin ( born 11 January 1979 ) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a centre-forward for the Kilkenny senior team . A native of Ballyhale , County Kilkenny , Shefflin first played competitive hurling whilst at school in St . Kierans College . He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team , before later lining out with the under-21 and intermediate sides . He made his senior debut during the 1999 league . Shefflin has since gone on to play a key role in the forwards for Kilkenny , and won a record ten All-Ireland medals as well as thirteen Leinster medals and six National Hurling League medals . The All-Ireland-winning captain in 2007 , he has been an All-Ireland runner-up on three occasions . As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team at various times , Shefflin has won three Railway Cup medals . At club level he is a three-time All-Ireland medallist with Ballyhale Shamrocks . He has also won four Leinster medals and six championship medals with the club . Shefflins career tally of 28 goals and 485 points ranks him as the top championship scorer of all-time . Throughout his career Shefflin has made 71 championship appearances , setting him apart as the third most capped player of all-time . He announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 25 March 2015 . Shefflin is still widely regarded as one of the greatest hurlers in the history of the game , with many commentators ranking him as the greatest player of all-time . During his playing days he won a record-breaking eleven All-Star awards , as well as being the only player ever to be named Hurler of the Year on three occasions . He has been repeatedly voted onto teams made up of the sports greats , including in 2009 when he was picked on a special Leinster team of the past twenty-five years as well as being named in the top spot on a special list of the 125 greatest hurlers of all-time . Biography . Early years . Shefflin was born at the Regional Hospital Waterford to Henry and Mae Shefflin ( née Fitzgerald ) . One of a family of four boys and three girls , he was born into a household that had a strong sporting background , particularly in the game of hurling . Shefflin was educated at St . Patricks national school in Ballyhale where his hurling skills were first noted and honed by the local headmaster , Joe Dunphy . As a child he saw his two older brothers line out with the Kilkenny hurlers at various grades . John Shefflin won an All-Ireland winners medal in the minor grade in 1990 , while Tommy Shefflin won an All-Ireland winners medal in the under-21 grade that same year . A younger brother , Paul Shefflin , also won Leinster minor medals in the late 1990s . Shefflin later attended St . Kierans College in Kilkenny , before studying electronics at the Waterford Institute of Technology ( WIT ) . Shefflin later changed course and decided to study both business studies and financial services . Personal life . Shefflin currently works with New Holland Finance , a subsidiary of Bank of Ireland . His main area of responsibility is in the agri-business side of matters , handling the finance for all the New Holland tractor sales in the locality . His region of responsibility takes in the south-east of the country , including Tipperary , Kilkenny , Wexford , Carlow and Kildare . On 30 March 2007 Shefflin married Deirdre OSullivan , a native of Callan , County Kilkenny and a camogie player of note in her own right . Just over a year later in April 2008 the Shefflins celebrated the birth of their first child , a daughter named Sadhbh . On 30 October 2009 Henry Michael Shefflin , the couples second child and first son , was born . A third child , Siún , was born in March 2011 , while the Shefflins youngest boy , Freddie , was born in April 2014 . Playing career . Colleges . During his schooling at St . Kierans College in Kilkenny , Shefflin established himself as a key member of the senior hurling team . In 1996 he won his sole Leinster medal as Good Counsel College were narrowly defeated by 1-7 to 1-6 . St . Colmans College provided the opposition in the subsequent All-Ireland decider . A 1-14 to 2-6 victory gave Shefflin an All-Ireland medal . University . During his studies at the Waterford Institute of Technology , Shefflin was an automatic inclusion on the college hurling team . In 1999 he was at full-forward as WIT faced University College Cork in the final of the Fitzgibbon Cup . Two goals from Declan Browne in a six-minute spell before half-time gave WIT a commanding lead . Neil Ronan bagged a fourth goal straight after the interval which helped WIT to a 4-15 to 3-12 victory . Shefflin lined out in a second successive Fitzgibbon Cup decider in 2000 . University College Dublin were the opponents on that occasion , however , a 2-10 to 1-6 victory gave WIT the victory . It was Shefflins second Fitzgibbon Cup medal . Club . Shefflin plays his club hurling with Ballyhale Shamrocks and has had much success with the club . When he was fourteen years-old he failed to make the clubs under-16 team , however , Shefflin later became a key member of the Ballyhale minor team . He won a championship medal in that grade in 1997 following a 2-18 to 2-5 defeat of James Stephens . That same year Shefflin was a key member of the Ballyhale intermediate team . A 4-12 to 3-7 defeat of Graiguenamangh , with Shefflin top scoring with 1-6 , secured promotion to the senior grade and gave Shefflin a championship medal . Success at senior level was slow in coming for Shefflin and Ballyhale . In 2004 it was even rumoured that he was moving clubs to play in Cork with Blackrock , however , this rumour proved to be unfounded . Two years later he was deployed at centre-forward as Ballyhale faced OLoughlin Gaels in the senior decider . An impressive 1-22 to 2-11 victory gave Shefflin his first championship medal . He later added a Leinster medal to his collection when Ballyhale secured a comprehensive 1-20 to 1-8 defeat of Birr to take the provincial title for the first time in seventeen years . On 17 March 2007 Ballyhale Shamrocks faced Loughrea in the All-Ireland decider . On a day when Shefflin and James Cha Fitzpatrick were held scoreless , the three Reid brothers contributed 3-7 from play . A 3-12 to 2-8 victory gave Shefflin an All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship medal . Injury resulted in Shefflin missing Ballyhales second successive championship victory in 2007 , however , he was back on the starting fifteen as Ballyhale Shamrocks made it three-in-a-row in 2008 . A 2-11 to 0-12 defeat of James Stephens gave Shefflin a second championship medal on the field of play . He later won a second Leinster medal as the Shamrocks defeated reigning champions Birr by 2-13 to 1-11 . Shefflin won a third championship medal in 2009 , as Ballyhale claimed a record-equaling four-in-a-row following a 1-14 to 1-11 defeat of James Stephens once again . The subsequent provincial decider saw Ballyhale hit fifteen wides , however , Shefflin still collected a third Leinster medal following a 1-16 to 1-8 defeat of Tullamore . On 17 March 2010 Ballyhale faced three-in-a-row hopefuls Portumna in a dream All-Ireland decider . The game failed to live up to the billing , however , 1-19 to 0-17 victory gave Shefflin a second All-Ireland medal . Five-in-a-row proved beyond Ballyhale Shamrocks , however , the team bounced back in 2012 having lost the championship decider the previous year . A far from vintage 0-16 to 0-12 defeat of Dicksboro gave Shefflin a fourth championship medal . Shefflin won a fifth championship medal in 2014 as the Shamrocks claimed a 1-20 to 1-13 defeat of reigning champions Clara . He later collected a fourth Leinster medal and proved the difference in a 0-21 to 1-14 defeat of Kilcormac/Killoughey . On 17 March 2015 Ballyhale faced Kilmallock in the All-Ireland decider . A complete mismatch saw Shamrocks win the game by 1-18 to 1-6 , with Shefflin collecting a third All-Ireland medal . Shefflins final championship appearance was in the 2016 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship final on 30 October 2016 in Nowlan Park in the county final . However victory went to the OLoughlin Gaels GAA club in a closely fought final on a scoreline of 0-19 to 1-12 . Minor , under-21 & intermediate . Shefflin first played for Kilkenny in 1996 when he joined the minor side . He won his first Leinster medal that year following a 1-16 to 1-11 defeat of Dublin . The All-Ireland campaign came to an end at the semi-final stage . Shefflin was eligible for the minor grade again in 1997 . A 3-16 to 1-10 defeat of Offaly gave him a second successive Leinster medal , however , his quest for an All-Ireland medal came to an end at the semi-final stage . He also played minor football with Kilkenny . While just out of the minor grade Shefflin was drafted onto the Kilkenny intermediate hurling team in 1998 . That year he captured a Leinster medal following a 3–13 to 0–11 defeat of Wexford . Shefflin later lined out in the All-Ireland decider with Limerick providing the opposition . An interesting game developed between these two sides , however , at the final whistle victory went to Limerick by 4–16 to 2–17 . That same year Shefflin was added to the Kilkenny under-21 team . A 2-10 to 0-12 defeat of Dublin in the provincial decider gave him his first Leinster medal in that grade . Shefflin won a second Leinster medal in 1999 , following a 1-17 to 1-6 trouncing of Offaly . The subsequent All-Ireland decider was a thrilling affair , with Kilkenny securing a narrow 1-13 to 0-14 defeat of Galway to give Shefflin his sole All-Ireland medal . Senior . Unsuccessful beginning . Shefflin made his senior competitive debut for Kilkenny on 21 February 1999 in a 0-14 to 1-9 league defeat by Cork . That campaign ended at the semi-final stage , however , Shefflin retained his place on the starting fifteen for the subsequent championship , making his provincial debut in a 6-21 to 1-14 semi-final trouncing of Laois . Kilkenny later faced Offaly in the provincial final . A huge 5–14 to 1–16 victory over their near rivals and reigning All-Ireland champions gave Kilkenny the win and gave Shefflin a first Leinster medal . The subsequent All-Ireland decider saw Kilkenny face Cork on 12 September 1999 . In a dour contest played on a wet day , Cork trailed by 0-5 to 0-4 after a low-scoring first half . Kilkenny increased the pace after the interval , pulling into a four-point lead . Cork moved up a gear and through Joe Deane , Ben OConnor and Seánie McGrath Cork scored five unanswered points . Kilkenny could only manage one more score – a point from a Shefflin free – and Cork held out to win by 0-13 to 0-12 . Early successes . In 2000 Shefflin won a second successive Leinster medal following another comfortable 2–21 to 1–13 victory over Offaly . As a result of the so-called back-door system both sides later faced off against each other again in the All-Ireland final on 10 September 2000 . D.J . Carey capitalised on an Offaly mistake after just six minutes to start a goal-fest for the Cats . Carey scored 2–4 in all , sharing his second goal with Shefflin who also scored a goal in the second-half . At the full-time whistle Kilkenny were the champions by 5–15 to 1–14 and Shefflin collected his first All-Ireland medal . He was subsequently honoured with his first All-Star award . Tipperaryss provincial dominance continued in 2001 and a powerful 2-19 to 0-12 defeat of Wexford gave Shefflin a third Leinster medal . Kilkenny bounced back in 2002 . Shefflin won his first National Hurling League medal , as a late Brian Dowling free secured a narrow 2-15 to 2-14 victory over Cork . He later collected a fourth Leinster medal as Kilkenny recorded a narrow 0-19 to 0-17 defeat of fourteen-man Wexford . On 8 September 2002 Shefflin lined out in his third All-Ireland decider as Kilkenny faced first-round losers Clare . Shefflin and fellow forward D . J . Carey combined to score 2-13 between them , as Kilkenny secured a 2-20 to 0-19 victory . It was a second All-Ireland medal for Shefflin while he was later honoured with his second All-Star award . He also ended the year by being named Hurler of the Year by Texaco , Vodafone and by his peers at the Gaelic Players’ Association . In 2003 Shefflin won a second league medal as Kilkenny came back from eight points down to secure a stunning 5-14 to 5-13 extra-time defeat of Tipperary . He later won a fifth successive Leinster medal , as Kilkenny defeated Wexford by 2-23 to 2-12 . The subsequent All-Ireland final on 14 September 2003 saw Kilkenny face Cork for the first time in four years . Both teams remained level for much of the game , exchanging tit-for-tat scores . A Setanta Ó hAilpín goal gave Cork the advantage , however , a Martin Comerford goal five minutes from the end settled the game as Kilkenny went on to win by 1-14 to 1-11 . It was Shefflins third All-Ireland medal . He was later honoured with his third All-Star . After facing a shock , last-minute 2-15 to 1-16 defeat by Wexford in the Leinster semi-final in 2004 , Kilkenny worked their way through the qualifiers and lined out against Cork in the All-Ireland decider on 12 September 2004 . The game was expected to be a classic , however , a rain-soaked day made conditions difficult as Kilkenny aimed to secure a third successive championship . The first half was a low-scoring affair and provided little excitement for fans , however , the second half saw Cork completely take over . For the last twenty-three minutes Cork scored nine unanswered points and went on to win the game by 0-17 to 0-9 . In spite of ending the year without silverware , Shefflin later collected a fourth All-Star . Kilkenny were back in form in 2005 , with Shefflin winning a third league medal following a 3–20 to 0–15 victory over Clare . The Cats later struggled against a wasteful Wexford side , however , a 0-22 to 1-16 victory gave Shefflin a sixth Leinster medal . While a third successive All-Ireland showdown with Cork seemed likely , Galway defeated Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final in one of the games of the decade . In spite of failing to reach the championship decider a fifth All-Star award was quickly added to Shefflins collection . Four-in-a-row . In 2006 Shefflin added a third league medal to his collection following a 9:16 to 0:01 Shefflin collected an eighth Leinster medal in 2007 , as Kilkenny asserted their provincial dominance and defeated Wexford by 2-24 to 1-12 . On 2 September 2007 Kilkenny faced defeated Munster finalists and surprise All-Ireland semi-final winners Limerick in the championship decider . Kilkenny got off to a flying start with Eddie Brennan Shefflin scoring two goals within the first ten minutes to set the tone . Shefflin later sustained an injury during the game and had to retire at half-time . In spite of losing their captain and star player , Kilkenny still went on to win the game by 2–19 to 1–15 and Shefflin had the honour of collecting a fifth All-Ireland medal and receiving the Liam MacCarthy Cup . It was later revealed that he ruptured a cruciate knee ligament which kept him out of action for his club until the following summer . Shefflin later captured a seventh All-Star award , a record-breaking sixth in succession . After sitting out the league campaign in 2008 , Shefflin later collected a ninth Leinster medal following a 5-21 to 0-17 defeat of Wexford . On 8 September 2008 Kilkenny faced Waterford in the All-Ireland decider for the first time in forty-five years . In a disappointingly one-sided final , Kilkenny produced a near perfect seventy minutes as Waterford endured a nightmare afternoon . A 23-point winning margin , 3-24 from play , only two wides in the entire match and eight scorers in all with Eddie Brennan and Shefflin leading the way in a 3-30 to 1-13 victory . It was Shefflins sixth All-Ireland medal , while an eighth All-Star quickly followed . Shefflin collected a fifth league medal in 2009 , as Kilkenny beat Tipperary by 2-26 to 4-17 after a thrilling extra-time victory . He later won a tenth Leinster medal as new challengers Dublin were bested by 2-18 to 0-18 . On 6 September Kilkenny were poised to become the second team ever in the history of hurling to win four successive All-Ireland championships when they faced Tipperary in the decider . For long periods Tipp looked the likely winners , however , late goals from Shefflin ( penalty ) and substitute Martin Comerford finally killed off their efforts to secure a 2-22 to 0-23 victory . Shefflin had collected his seventh All-Ireland medal . He later collected a ninth All-Star award . Continued dominance . In 2010 Kilkenny defeated Galway in an eagerly-anticipated but ultimately disappointing provincial decider . A 1-19 to 1-12 victory gave Shefflin an eleventh Leinster medal . In the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final defeat of Cork , Shefflin had to be substituted after he severed his cruciate ligament . While it was feared that this would rule him out of the All-Ireland decider against Tipperary on 5 September , he made a remarkable recovery and was deemed to fit to start that game . After scoring an early free in the final , his knee again gave out and he was replaced after twelve minutes . Tipperarys Lar Corbett subsequently ran riot and scored a hat-trick of goals as Kilkenny fell to a 4-17 to 1-18 defeat . Kilkennys stranglehold in Leinster continued in 2011 . A 4-17 to 1-15 defeat of Dublin gave the Cats a record-breaking seventh successive championship . It was Shefflins twelfth winners medal overall . Kilkenny subsequently faced Tipperary in a record-breaking seventh successive All-Ireland decider on 4 September 2011 . Goals by Michael Fennelly and Richie Hogan in either half gave Kilkenny , who many viewed as the underdogs going into the game , a 2-17 to 1-16 victory . Shefflin , who collected a record-equaling eighth All-Ireland medal , later collected a tenth All-Star award . Kilkenny were shocked by Galway in the 2012 Leinster decider , losing by 2-21 to 2-11 , however , both sides subsequently met in the All-Ireland decider on 9 September 2012 . Kilkenny had led going into the final stretch , however , Joe Canning struck a stoppage time equaliser to level the game at 2-13 to 0-19 and send the final to a replay for the first time since 1959 . The replay took place three weeks later on 30 September 2012 . Galway stunned the reigning champions with two first-half goals , however , Kilkennys championship debutant Walter Walsh gave a man of the match performance , claiming a 1-3 haul . The 3-22 to 3-11 Kilkenny victory gave Shefflin a record-breaking ninth All-Ireland medal on the field of play . He was later presented with an eleventh All-Star award , as well as becoming the first player to be named Hurler of the Year for a third time . On 1 December 2012 Shefflin went off injured in Ballyhale Shamrocks defeat by Oulart the Ballagh in the provincial club championship . While the problem was initially thought to be just a badly sprained ankle it was later revealed to be ligament damage and a break in his left mid-foot . This injury ruled him out of Kilkennys successful 2013 National league campaign . A damaged metatarsal delayed his recovery resulting in him missing Kilkennys opening championship games . Shefflin made his return to hurling when he was introduced for the last five minutes of Kilkennys 0-20 to 1-14 qualifier defeat of Tipperary . He was included on the starting fifteen for Kilkennys subsequent All-Ireland quarter-final against Cork . Just before half time Shefflin received a second yellow card and was red carded for the first time in his championship career . Kilkenny went on to lose the game by 0-19 to 0-14 . After an appeal to the Central Hearings Committee Shefflins red card was subsequently rescinded . Tenth All-Ireland medal . In 2014 Shefflin collected his sixth league medal , as Kilkenny secured a narrow one-point 2-25 to 1-27 extra-time victory over Tipperary . Shefflin subsequently secured a thirteenth Leinster medal , as a dominant Kilkenny display gave the Cats a 0-14 to 1-9 defeat of Dublin . On 7 September 2014 , Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider , however , Shefflin started the game on the bench before making a brief cameo . In what some consider to be the greatest game of all-time , the sides were level when Tipperary were awarded a controversial free . John ODwyer had the chance to win the game , however , his late free drifted wide resulting in a draw . The replay on 27 September 2014 was also a close affair . Goals from brothers Richie and John Power inspired Kilkenny to a 2-17 to 2-14 victory . It was Shefflins tenth All-Ireland medal . Retirement . Following Shefflins tenth All-Ireland success , speculation began to grow about his possible retirement . After stating in November 2014 that he intended to make a decision after the conclusion of the All-Ireland series of the club championship , Shefflin called a press conference on 25 March 2015 and announced that he was retiring from inter-county hurling . In a statement he said , When I reflect back over the past 16 years playing the game that I love , at the highest level with Kilkenny , it is impossible to quantify the endless hours of happiness , satisfaction and fulfilment I have enjoyed . In 2015 , Shefflin joined the Sunday Game as an analyst for their coverage of the 2015 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship and he will also feature on RTÉ Radio 1 . Inter-provincial . Shefflin has also lined out with Leinster in the inter-provincial hurling championship . He first played for his province in 1999 , however , he had to wait another few years before success in that competition . In 2002 Leinster faced arch rivals Munster in the decider at Nowlan Park . The game ended in somewhat controversial circumstances when the referee awarded a free when Munsters Peter Queally was deemed to have fouled Jimmy Coogan . Shefflin pointed the free to give Leinster a narrow 4-15 to 3-17 victory . It was Shefflins first Railway Cup medal . Leinster were back in the decider again in 2003 . Rome was the venue with Connacht providing the opposition . Leinster were nine points in arrears early in the second half , however , the team fought back to secure a 4-9 to 2-12 victory . It was Shefflins second Railway Cup medal . In 2009 Shefflin was back on the Leinster team once again . His kicked goal five minutes after the restart set up a 3-18 to 1-17 defeat of Connacht once again . Recognition . Shefflin has come to be regarded as one of the greatest , if not the greatest player of all-time and has received much praise from Irish sportspeople in all fields . Fellow nine-time All-Ireland medallist and former Kilkenny goalkeeper Noel Skehan said of him in the build-up to the 2012 All-Ireland final : Oh , as it stands , you’re talking about the greatest hurler ever even if he didn’t win on Sunday . He’ll still be the greatest hurler . He’s a fantastic sportsman . What he has achieved up until now , even forgetting the result on Sunday , you’d have to put him well up on top of the ladder . To do it all on the pitch is a great achievement . To start every championship match since he came on the scene , it goes without saying how good that is and I hope to God that he achieves it . Six-time All-Ireland dual medallist and All-Ireland-winning manager Jimmy Barry-Murphy wrote : He is most certainly the greatest hurler that I have ever seen , and I even saw Christy Ring towards the end of his days . But this guy outshines everything that I have ever seen on a hurling field . His work ethic is amazing , and one that others must aspire to if they are to reach the stars . Writing in the Kilkenny GAA Yearbook 2012 , contemporary Cork hurler , Donal Óg Cusack , wrote : If there is better to come than Henry , I for one would hope to be around to see him . He is the perfect example for every young player . He doesn’t practice and live his life the way he does because he is Henry Shefflin . He is Henry Shefflin BECAUSE he does those things , and doesn’t stop . He drives on . Five-time All-Ireland medallist D . J . Carey regards Shefflin as the greatest forward of all time . In the build-up to Shefflins bid for a ninth All-Ireland medal , former Tipperary hurler and manager Babs Keating wrote : If he can do that he can go down as the greatest hurler in every way . If he can do that it is a record that I cant see ever being surpassed . Joe Canning , the player Shefflin pipped to the Hurler of the Year award in 2012 , stated : Henry is the best player that has every played and his nine All-Ireland medals speaks for itself . Everybody models themselves on him because he is the ultimate team player and everyone wants to be like him...There is no doubt about it - everybody wants to have him on their team . He is probably the best hurler that has ever played . Eddie Keher , a six-time All-Ireland medallist and the man who Shefflin surpassed as the top scorer of all-time , stated : Henry Shefflin is the greatest hurler of all time . Hes a most sporting player and hes competitive . Contemporary Waterford hurler John Mullane wrote : I cant speak highly enough of Shefflin either . Henry is simply irreplaceable and the measure of the man is his ability to bounce back from serious injuries in recent years to get himself fully fit for the championship . When asked who he considers to be Ireland’s greatest ever athlete , former Ireland rugby captain Brian ODriscoll said : That would be the hurler Henry Shefflin , this guy has been an absolute phenomenon for the last 12,13 years . He’s won nine All-Ireland championships with his county and they’re not easy to come by . In 2016 , Gerry Davis won the Hennesy Portrait Prize and was commissioned by the National Gallery of Ireland in 2017 to paint a portrait of Shefflin , which is now displayed in the portrait gallery . Managerial career . Ballyhale Shamrocks . On 12 December 2017 it was announced that Shefflin would act as co-manager of the Ballyhale Shamrocks senior team alongside his brother Tommy . The Shamrocks won Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship and Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship in 2018 before winning the 2019 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final . On 23 January 2020 , it was reported that Shefflin had stepped down as manager of the Ballyhale Shamrocks senior team . Honours . Player . - St . Kierans College - All-Ireland Colleges Senior Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1996 - Leinster Colleges Senior Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1996 - Waterford Institute of Technology - Fitzgibbon Cup ( 2 ) : 1998–99 , 1999–00 - Ballyhale Shamrocks - All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 3 ) : 2007 , 2010 , 2015 - Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 4 ) : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2014 - Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship ( 5 ) : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 - Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1997 - Kilkenny - All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship ( 10 ) : 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 - Leinster Senior Hurling Championship ( 13 ) : 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2014 - National Hurling League ( 6 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2014 - Walsh Cup ( 6 ) : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 - Oireachtas Tournament ( 1 ) : 1999 - All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 - Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 1998 , 1999 - Leinster Minor Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 - Leinster Intermediate Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1998 - Leinster - Railway Cup ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2009 Individual . - Awards - Texaco Hurler of the Year ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - All Stars Hurler of the Year ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - GPA Hurler of the Year ( 2 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - RTÉ Sports Person of the Year ( 1 ) : 2006 - RTÉ Sports Hall of Fame Award ( 1 ) : 2015 - All-Stars ( 11 ) : 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - In May 2020 , a public poll conducted by RTÉ.ie named Shefflin in the half-forward line alongside Joe Canning and D . J . Carey in a team of hurlers who had won All Stars during the era of The Sunday Game . - Also in May 2020 , the Irish Independent named Shefflin at number one in its Top 20 hurlers in Ireland over the past 50 years . Manager . - Ballyhale Shamrocks - All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2019 , 2020 - Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2018 , 2019 - Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2018 , 2019 Records . - Only male athlete in the history of Gaelic games to have won ten All-Ireland senior winners medals on the field of play . - Only player to score a goal in fourteen consecutive championship seasons ( 1999–2012 ) . - Joint most Leinster Championship titles ( 13 ) alongside Michael Kavanagh . - Most Leinster Championship titles ( 13 ) on the field of play . - Highest scorer in the history of the All-Ireland championship ( 2010–present ) . - Highest scoring average in the history of the All-Ireland championship ( 9 points per game ) . - Most All-Star awards ( 11 ) . - Most Player of the Year awards ( 3 ) - 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - Highest scorer from play ( 24 - 136 = 208 points ) in the history of the All Ireland championship including All Ireland Final replay 27/09/2014 - Highest scorer in All-Ireland finals 5-81 ( 96 pts ) - 2nd highest scorer from play in All-Ireland finals - Eddie Keher has 7-74 ( 95 pts ) in total Sources . - Corry , Eoghan , The GAA Book of Lists ( Hodder Headline Ireland , 2005 ) . - Donegan , Des , The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games ( DBA Publications Limited , 2005 ) . External links . - Profile of Henry Shefflin at Kilkenny - Kilkenny GAA on Hogan Stand - Official Kilkenny Website - Kilkenny Supporters Website - HurlingStats.com - A Career in Pictures at
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Henry Shefflin Henry Shefflin ( born 11 January 1979 ) is an Irish retired hurler who played as a centre-forward for the Kilkenny senior team . A native of Ballyhale , County Kilkenny , Shefflin first played competitive hurling whilst at school in St . Kierans College . He arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Kilkenny minor team , before later lining out with the under-21 and intermediate sides . He made his senior debut during the 1999 league . Shefflin has since gone on to play a key role in the forwards for Kilkenny , and won a record ten All-Ireland medals as well as thirteen Leinster medals and six National Hurling League medals . The All-Ireland-winning captain in 2007 , he has been an All-Ireland runner-up on three occasions . As a member of the Leinster inter-provincial team at various times , Shefflin has won three Railway Cup medals . At club level he is a three-time All-Ireland medallist with Ballyhale Shamrocks . He has also won four Leinster medals and six championship medals with the club . Shefflins career tally of 28 goals and 485 points ranks him as the top championship scorer of all-time . Throughout his career Shefflin has made 71 championship appearances , setting him apart as the third most capped player of all-time . He announced his retirement from inter-county hurling on 25 March 2015 . Shefflin is still widely regarded as one of the greatest hurlers in the history of the game , with many commentators ranking him as the greatest player of all-time . During his playing days he won a record-breaking eleven All-Star awards , as well as being the only player ever to be named Hurler of the Year on three occasions . He has been repeatedly voted onto teams made up of the sports greats , including in 2009 when he was picked on a special Leinster team of the past twenty-five years as well as being named in the top spot on a special list of the 125 greatest hurlers of all-time . Biography . Early years . Shefflin was born at the Regional Hospital Waterford to Henry and Mae Shefflin ( née Fitzgerald ) . One of a family of four boys and three girls , he was born into a household that had a strong sporting background , particularly in the game of hurling . Shefflin was educated at St . Patricks national school in Ballyhale where his hurling skills were first noted and honed by the local headmaster , Joe Dunphy . As a child he saw his two older brothers line out with the Kilkenny hurlers at various grades . John Shefflin won an All-Ireland winners medal in the minor grade in 1990 , while Tommy Shefflin won an All-Ireland winners medal in the under-21 grade that same year . A younger brother , Paul Shefflin , also won Leinster minor medals in the late 1990s . Shefflin later attended St . Kierans College in Kilkenny , before studying electronics at the Waterford Institute of Technology ( WIT ) . Shefflin later changed course and decided to study both business studies and financial services . Personal life . Shefflin currently works with New Holland Finance , a subsidiary of Bank of Ireland . His main area of responsibility is in the agri-business side of matters , handling the finance for all the New Holland tractor sales in the locality . His region of responsibility takes in the south-east of the country , including Tipperary , Kilkenny , Wexford , Carlow and Kildare . On 30 March 2007 Shefflin married Deirdre OSullivan , a native of Callan , County Kilkenny and a camogie player of note in her own right . Just over a year later in April 2008 the Shefflins celebrated the birth of their first child , a daughter named Sadhbh . On 30 October 2009 Henry Michael Shefflin , the couples second child and first son , was born . A third child , Siún , was born in March 2011 , while the Shefflins youngest boy , Freddie , was born in April 2014 . Playing career . Colleges . During his schooling at St . Kierans College in Kilkenny , Shefflin established himself as a key member of the senior hurling team . In 1996 he won his sole Leinster medal as Good Counsel College were narrowly defeated by 1-7 to 1-6 . St . Colmans College provided the opposition in the subsequent All-Ireland decider . A 1-14 to 2-6 victory gave Shefflin an All-Ireland medal . University . During his studies at the Waterford Institute of Technology , Shefflin was an automatic inclusion on the college hurling team . In 1999 he was at full-forward as WIT faced University College Cork in the final of the Fitzgibbon Cup . Two goals from Declan Browne in a six-minute spell before half-time gave WIT a commanding lead . Neil Ronan bagged a fourth goal straight after the interval which helped WIT to a 4-15 to 3-12 victory . Shefflin lined out in a second successive Fitzgibbon Cup decider in 2000 . University College Dublin were the opponents on that occasion , however , a 2-10 to 1-6 victory gave WIT the victory . It was Shefflins second Fitzgibbon Cup medal . Club . Shefflin plays his club hurling with Ballyhale Shamrocks and has had much success with the club . When he was fourteen years-old he failed to make the clubs under-16 team , however , Shefflin later became a key member of the Ballyhale minor team . He won a championship medal in that grade in 1997 following a 2-18 to 2-5 defeat of James Stephens . That same year Shefflin was a key member of the Ballyhale intermediate team . A 4-12 to 3-7 defeat of Graiguenamangh , with Shefflin top scoring with 1-6 , secured promotion to the senior grade and gave Shefflin a championship medal . Success at senior level was slow in coming for Shefflin and Ballyhale . In 2004 it was even rumoured that he was moving clubs to play in Cork with Blackrock , however , this rumour proved to be unfounded . Two years later he was deployed at centre-forward as Ballyhale faced OLoughlin Gaels in the senior decider . An impressive 1-22 to 2-11 victory gave Shefflin his first championship medal . He later added a Leinster medal to his collection when Ballyhale secured a comprehensive 1-20 to 1-8 defeat of Birr to take the provincial title for the first time in seventeen years . On 17 March 2007 Ballyhale Shamrocks faced Loughrea in the All-Ireland decider . On a day when Shefflin and James Cha Fitzpatrick were held scoreless , the three Reid brothers contributed 3-7 from play . A 3-12 to 2-8 victory gave Shefflin an All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship medal . Injury resulted in Shefflin missing Ballyhales second successive championship victory in 2007 , however , he was back on the starting fifteen as Ballyhale Shamrocks made it three-in-a-row in 2008 . A 2-11 to 0-12 defeat of James Stephens gave Shefflin a second championship medal on the field of play . He later won a second Leinster medal as the Shamrocks defeated reigning champions Birr by 2-13 to 1-11 . Shefflin won a third championship medal in 2009 , as Ballyhale claimed a record-equaling four-in-a-row following a 1-14 to 1-11 defeat of James Stephens once again . The subsequent provincial decider saw Ballyhale hit fifteen wides , however , Shefflin still collected a third Leinster medal following a 1-16 to 1-8 defeat of Tullamore . On 17 March 2010 Ballyhale faced three-in-a-row hopefuls Portumna in a dream All-Ireland decider . The game failed to live up to the billing , however , 1-19 to 0-17 victory gave Shefflin a second All-Ireland medal . Five-in-a-row proved beyond Ballyhale Shamrocks , however , the team bounced back in 2012 having lost the championship decider the previous year . A far from vintage 0-16 to 0-12 defeat of Dicksboro gave Shefflin a fourth championship medal . Shefflin won a fifth championship medal in 2014 as the Shamrocks claimed a 1-20 to 1-13 defeat of reigning champions Clara . He later collected a fourth Leinster medal and proved the difference in a 0-21 to 1-14 defeat of Kilcormac/Killoughey . On 17 March 2015 Ballyhale faced Kilmallock in the All-Ireland decider . A complete mismatch saw Shamrocks win the game by 1-18 to 1-6 , with Shefflin collecting a third All-Ireland medal . Shefflins final championship appearance was in the 2016 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship final on 30 October 2016 in Nowlan Park in the county final . However victory went to the OLoughlin Gaels GAA club in a closely fought final on a scoreline of 0-19 to 1-12 . Minor , under-21 & intermediate . Shefflin first played for Kilkenny in 1996 when he joined the minor side . He won his first Leinster medal that year following a 1-16 to 1-11 defeat of Dublin . The All-Ireland campaign came to an end at the semi-final stage . Shefflin was eligible for the minor grade again in 1997 . A 3-16 to 1-10 defeat of Offaly gave him a second successive Leinster medal , however , his quest for an All-Ireland medal came to an end at the semi-final stage . He also played minor football with Kilkenny . While just out of the minor grade Shefflin was drafted onto the Kilkenny intermediate hurling team in 1998 . That year he captured a Leinster medal following a 3–13 to 0–11 defeat of Wexford . Shefflin later lined out in the All-Ireland decider with Limerick providing the opposition . An interesting game developed between these two sides , however , at the final whistle victory went to Limerick by 4–16 to 2–17 . That same year Shefflin was added to the Kilkenny under-21 team . A 2-10 to 0-12 defeat of Dublin in the provincial decider gave him his first Leinster medal in that grade . Shefflin won a second Leinster medal in 1999 , following a 1-17 to 1-6 trouncing of Offaly . The subsequent All-Ireland decider was a thrilling affair , with Kilkenny securing a narrow 1-13 to 0-14 defeat of Galway to give Shefflin his sole All-Ireland medal . Senior . Unsuccessful beginning . Shefflin made his senior competitive debut for Kilkenny on 21 February 1999 in a 0-14 to 1-9 league defeat by Cork . That campaign ended at the semi-final stage , however , Shefflin retained his place on the starting fifteen for the subsequent championship , making his provincial debut in a 6-21 to 1-14 semi-final trouncing of Laois . Kilkenny later faced Offaly in the provincial final . A huge 5–14 to 1–16 victory over their near rivals and reigning All-Ireland champions gave Kilkenny the win and gave Shefflin a first Leinster medal . The subsequent All-Ireland decider saw Kilkenny face Cork on 12 September 1999 . In a dour contest played on a wet day , Cork trailed by 0-5 to 0-4 after a low-scoring first half . Kilkenny increased the pace after the interval , pulling into a four-point lead . Cork moved up a gear and through Joe Deane , Ben OConnor and Seánie McGrath Cork scored five unanswered points . Kilkenny could only manage one more score – a point from a Shefflin free – and Cork held out to win by 0-13 to 0-12 . Early successes . In 2000 Shefflin won a second successive Leinster medal following another comfortable 2–21 to 1–13 victory over Offaly . As a result of the so-called back-door system both sides later faced off against each other again in the All-Ireland final on 10 September 2000 . D.J . Carey capitalised on an Offaly mistake after just six minutes to start a goal-fest for the Cats . Carey scored 2–4 in all , sharing his second goal with Shefflin who also scored a goal in the second-half . At the full-time whistle Kilkenny were the champions by 5–15 to 1–14 and Shefflin collected his first All-Ireland medal . He was subsequently honoured with his first All-Star award . Tipperaryss provincial dominance continued in 2001 and a powerful 2-19 to 0-12 defeat of Wexford gave Shefflin a third Leinster medal . Kilkenny bounced back in 2002 . Shefflin won his first National Hurling League medal , as a late Brian Dowling free secured a narrow 2-15 to 2-14 victory over Cork . He later collected a fourth Leinster medal as Kilkenny recorded a narrow 0-19 to 0-17 defeat of fourteen-man Wexford . On 8 September 2002 Shefflin lined out in his third All-Ireland decider as Kilkenny faced first-round losers Clare . Shefflin and fellow forward D . J . Carey combined to score 2-13 between them , as Kilkenny secured a 2-20 to 0-19 victory . It was a second All-Ireland medal for Shefflin while he was later honoured with his second All-Star award . He also ended the year by being named Hurler of the Year by Texaco , Vodafone and by his peers at the Gaelic Players’ Association . In 2003 Shefflin won a second league medal as Kilkenny came back from eight points down to secure a stunning 5-14 to 5-13 extra-time defeat of Tipperary . He later won a fifth successive Leinster medal , as Kilkenny defeated Wexford by 2-23 to 2-12 . The subsequent All-Ireland final on 14 September 2003 saw Kilkenny face Cork for the first time in four years . Both teams remained level for much of the game , exchanging tit-for-tat scores . A Setanta Ó hAilpín goal gave Cork the advantage , however , a Martin Comerford goal five minutes from the end settled the game as Kilkenny went on to win by 1-14 to 1-11 . It was Shefflins third All-Ireland medal . He was later honoured with his third All-Star . After facing a shock , last-minute 2-15 to 1-16 defeat by Wexford in the Leinster semi-final in 2004 , Kilkenny worked their way through the qualifiers and lined out against Cork in the All-Ireland decider on 12 September 2004 . The game was expected to be a classic , however , a rain-soaked day made conditions difficult as Kilkenny aimed to secure a third successive championship . The first half was a low-scoring affair and provided little excitement for fans , however , the second half saw Cork completely take over . For the last twenty-three minutes Cork scored nine unanswered points and went on to win the game by 0-17 to 0-9 . In spite of ending the year without silverware , Shefflin later collected a fourth All-Star . Kilkenny were back in form in 2005 , with Shefflin winning a third league medal following a 3–20 to 0–15 victory over Clare . The Cats later struggled against a wasteful Wexford side , however , a 0-22 to 1-16 victory gave Shefflin a sixth Leinster medal . While a third successive All-Ireland showdown with Cork seemed likely , Galway defeated Kilkenny in the All-Ireland semi-final in one of the games of the decade . In spite of failing to reach the championship decider a fifth All-Star award was quickly added to Shefflins collection . Four-in-a-row . In 2006 Shefflin added a third league medal to his collection following a 9:16 to 0:01 Shefflin collected an eighth Leinster medal in 2007 , as Kilkenny asserted their provincial dominance and defeated Wexford by 2-24 to 1-12 . On 2 September 2007 Kilkenny faced defeated Munster finalists and surprise All-Ireland semi-final winners Limerick in the championship decider . Kilkenny got off to a flying start with Eddie Brennan Shefflin scoring two goals within the first ten minutes to set the tone . Shefflin later sustained an injury during the game and had to retire at half-time . In spite of losing their captain and star player , Kilkenny still went on to win the game by 2–19 to 1–15 and Shefflin had the honour of collecting a fifth All-Ireland medal and receiving the Liam MacCarthy Cup . It was later revealed that he ruptured a cruciate knee ligament which kept him out of action for his club until the following summer . Shefflin later captured a seventh All-Star award , a record-breaking sixth in succession . After sitting out the league campaign in 2008 , Shefflin later collected a ninth Leinster medal following a 5-21 to 0-17 defeat of Wexford . On 8 September 2008 Kilkenny faced Waterford in the All-Ireland decider for the first time in forty-five years . In a disappointingly one-sided final , Kilkenny produced a near perfect seventy minutes as Waterford endured a nightmare afternoon . A 23-point winning margin , 3-24 from play , only two wides in the entire match and eight scorers in all with Eddie Brennan and Shefflin leading the way in a 3-30 to 1-13 victory . It was Shefflins sixth All-Ireland medal , while an eighth All-Star quickly followed . Shefflin collected a fifth league medal in 2009 , as Kilkenny beat Tipperary by 2-26 to 4-17 after a thrilling extra-time victory . He later won a tenth Leinster medal as new challengers Dublin were bested by 2-18 to 0-18 . On 6 September Kilkenny were poised to become the second team ever in the history of hurling to win four successive All-Ireland championships when they faced Tipperary in the decider . For long periods Tipp looked the likely winners , however , late goals from Shefflin ( penalty ) and substitute Martin Comerford finally killed off their efforts to secure a 2-22 to 0-23 victory . Shefflin had collected his seventh All-Ireland medal . He later collected a ninth All-Star award . Continued dominance . In 2010 Kilkenny defeated Galway in an eagerly-anticipated but ultimately disappointing provincial decider . A 1-19 to 1-12 victory gave Shefflin an eleventh Leinster medal . In the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final defeat of Cork , Shefflin had to be substituted after he severed his cruciate ligament . While it was feared that this would rule him out of the All-Ireland decider against Tipperary on 5 September , he made a remarkable recovery and was deemed to fit to start that game . After scoring an early free in the final , his knee again gave out and he was replaced after twelve minutes . Tipperarys Lar Corbett subsequently ran riot and scored a hat-trick of goals as Kilkenny fell to a 4-17 to 1-18 defeat . Kilkennys stranglehold in Leinster continued in 2011 . A 4-17 to 1-15 defeat of Dublin gave the Cats a record-breaking seventh successive championship . It was Shefflins twelfth winners medal overall . Kilkenny subsequently faced Tipperary in a record-breaking seventh successive All-Ireland decider on 4 September 2011 . Goals by Michael Fennelly and Richie Hogan in either half gave Kilkenny , who many viewed as the underdogs going into the game , a 2-17 to 1-16 victory . Shefflin , who collected a record-equaling eighth All-Ireland medal , later collected a tenth All-Star award . Kilkenny were shocked by Galway in the 2012 Leinster decider , losing by 2-21 to 2-11 , however , both sides subsequently met in the All-Ireland decider on 9 September 2012 . Kilkenny had led going into the final stretch , however , Joe Canning struck a stoppage time equaliser to level the game at 2-13 to 0-19 and send the final to a replay for the first time since 1959 . The replay took place three weeks later on 30 September 2012 . Galway stunned the reigning champions with two first-half goals , however , Kilkennys championship debutant Walter Walsh gave a man of the match performance , claiming a 1-3 haul . The 3-22 to 3-11 Kilkenny victory gave Shefflin a record-breaking ninth All-Ireland medal on the field of play . He was later presented with an eleventh All-Star award , as well as becoming the first player to be named Hurler of the Year for a third time . On 1 December 2012 Shefflin went off injured in Ballyhale Shamrocks defeat by Oulart the Ballagh in the provincial club championship . While the problem was initially thought to be just a badly sprained ankle it was later revealed to be ligament damage and a break in his left mid-foot . This injury ruled him out of Kilkennys successful 2013 National league campaign . A damaged metatarsal delayed his recovery resulting in him missing Kilkennys opening championship games . Shefflin made his return to hurling when he was introduced for the last five minutes of Kilkennys 0-20 to 1-14 qualifier defeat of Tipperary . He was included on the starting fifteen for Kilkennys subsequent All-Ireland quarter-final against Cork . Just before half time Shefflin received a second yellow card and was red carded for the first time in his championship career . Kilkenny went on to lose the game by 0-19 to 0-14 . After an appeal to the Central Hearings Committee Shefflins red card was subsequently rescinded . Tenth All-Ireland medal . In 2014 Shefflin collected his sixth league medal , as Kilkenny secured a narrow one-point 2-25 to 1-27 extra-time victory over Tipperary . Shefflin subsequently secured a thirteenth Leinster medal , as a dominant Kilkenny display gave the Cats a 0-14 to 1-9 defeat of Dublin . On 7 September 2014 , Kilkenny faced Tipperary in the All-Ireland decider , however , Shefflin started the game on the bench before making a brief cameo . In what some consider to be the greatest game of all-time , the sides were level when Tipperary were awarded a controversial free . John ODwyer had the chance to win the game , however , his late free drifted wide resulting in a draw . The replay on 27 September 2014 was also a close affair . Goals from brothers Richie and John Power inspired Kilkenny to a 2-17 to 2-14 victory . It was Shefflins tenth All-Ireland medal . Retirement . Following Shefflins tenth All-Ireland success , speculation began to grow about his possible retirement . After stating in November 2014 that he intended to make a decision after the conclusion of the All-Ireland series of the club championship , Shefflin called a press conference on 25 March 2015 and announced that he was retiring from inter-county hurling . In a statement he said , When I reflect back over the past 16 years playing the game that I love , at the highest level with Kilkenny , it is impossible to quantify the endless hours of happiness , satisfaction and fulfilment I have enjoyed . In 2015 , Shefflin joined the Sunday Game as an analyst for their coverage of the 2015 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship and he will also feature on RTÉ Radio 1 . Inter-provincial . Shefflin has also lined out with Leinster in the inter-provincial hurling championship . He first played for his province in 1999 , however , he had to wait another few years before success in that competition . In 2002 Leinster faced arch rivals Munster in the decider at Nowlan Park . The game ended in somewhat controversial circumstances when the referee awarded a free when Munsters Peter Queally was deemed to have fouled Jimmy Coogan . Shefflin pointed the free to give Leinster a narrow 4-15 to 3-17 victory . It was Shefflins first Railway Cup medal . Leinster were back in the decider again in 2003 . Rome was the venue with Connacht providing the opposition . Leinster were nine points in arrears early in the second half , however , the team fought back to secure a 4-9 to 2-12 victory . It was Shefflins second Railway Cup medal . In 2009 Shefflin was back on the Leinster team once again . His kicked goal five minutes after the restart set up a 3-18 to 1-17 defeat of Connacht once again . Recognition . Shefflin has come to be regarded as one of the greatest , if not the greatest player of all-time and has received much praise from Irish sportspeople in all fields . Fellow nine-time All-Ireland medallist and former Kilkenny goalkeeper Noel Skehan said of him in the build-up to the 2012 All-Ireland final : Oh , as it stands , you’re talking about the greatest hurler ever even if he didn’t win on Sunday . He’ll still be the greatest hurler . He’s a fantastic sportsman . What he has achieved up until now , even forgetting the result on Sunday , you’d have to put him well up on top of the ladder . To do it all on the pitch is a great achievement . To start every championship match since he came on the scene , it goes without saying how good that is and I hope to God that he achieves it . Six-time All-Ireland dual medallist and All-Ireland-winning manager Jimmy Barry-Murphy wrote : He is most certainly the greatest hurler that I have ever seen , and I even saw Christy Ring towards the end of his days . But this guy outshines everything that I have ever seen on a hurling field . His work ethic is amazing , and one that others must aspire to if they are to reach the stars . Writing in the Kilkenny GAA Yearbook 2012 , contemporary Cork hurler , Donal Óg Cusack , wrote : If there is better to come than Henry , I for one would hope to be around to see him . He is the perfect example for every young player . He doesn’t practice and live his life the way he does because he is Henry Shefflin . He is Henry Shefflin BECAUSE he does those things , and doesn’t stop . He drives on . Five-time All-Ireland medallist D . J . Carey regards Shefflin as the greatest forward of all time . In the build-up to Shefflins bid for a ninth All-Ireland medal , former Tipperary hurler and manager Babs Keating wrote : If he can do that he can go down as the greatest hurler in every way . If he can do that it is a record that I cant see ever being surpassed . Joe Canning , the player Shefflin pipped to the Hurler of the Year award in 2012 , stated : Henry is the best player that has every played and his nine All-Ireland medals speaks for itself . Everybody models themselves on him because he is the ultimate team player and everyone wants to be like him...There is no doubt about it - everybody wants to have him on their team . He is probably the best hurler that has ever played . Eddie Keher , a six-time All-Ireland medallist and the man who Shefflin surpassed as the top scorer of all-time , stated : Henry Shefflin is the greatest hurler of all time . Hes a most sporting player and hes competitive . Contemporary Waterford hurler John Mullane wrote : I cant speak highly enough of Shefflin either . Henry is simply irreplaceable and the measure of the man is his ability to bounce back from serious injuries in recent years to get himself fully fit for the championship . When asked who he considers to be Ireland’s greatest ever athlete , former Ireland rugby captain Brian ODriscoll said : That would be the hurler Henry Shefflin , this guy has been an absolute phenomenon for the last 12,13 years . He’s won nine All-Ireland championships with his county and they’re not easy to come by . In 2016 , Gerry Davis won the Hennesy Portrait Prize and was commissioned by the National Gallery of Ireland in 2017 to paint a portrait of Shefflin , which is now displayed in the portrait gallery . Managerial career . Ballyhale Shamrocks . On 12 December 2017 it was announced that Shefflin would act as co-manager of the Ballyhale Shamrocks senior team alongside his brother Tommy . The Shamrocks won Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship and Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship in 2018 before winning the 2019 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship Final . On 23 January 2020 , it was reported that Shefflin had stepped down as manager of the Ballyhale Shamrocks senior team . Honours . Player . - St . Kierans College - All-Ireland Colleges Senior Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1996 - Leinster Colleges Senior Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1996 - Waterford Institute of Technology - Fitzgibbon Cup ( 2 ) : 1998–99 , 1999–00 - Ballyhale Shamrocks - All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 3 ) : 2007 , 2010 , 2015 - Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 4 ) : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2014 - Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship ( 5 ) : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 - Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1997 - Kilkenny - All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship ( 10 ) : 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 - Leinster Senior Hurling Championship ( 13 ) : 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2014 - National Hurling League ( 6 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2014 - Walsh Cup ( 6 ) : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 - Oireachtas Tournament ( 1 ) : 1999 - All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1999 - Leinster Under-21 Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 1998 , 1999 - Leinster Minor Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 - Leinster Intermediate Hurling Championship ( 1 ) : 1998 - Leinster - Railway Cup ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2003 , 2009 Individual . - Awards - Texaco Hurler of the Year ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - All Stars Hurler of the Year ( 3 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - GPA Hurler of the Year ( 2 ) : 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - RTÉ Sports Person of the Year ( 1 ) : 2006 - RTÉ Sports Hall of Fame Award ( 1 ) : 2015 - All-Stars ( 11 ) : 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 - In May 2020 , a public poll conducted by RTÉ.ie named Shefflin in the half-forward line alongside Joe Canning and D . J . Carey in a team of hurlers who had won All Stars during the era of The Sunday Game . - Also in May 2020 , the Irish Independent named Shefflin at number one in its Top 20 hurlers in Ireland over the past 50 years . Manager . - Ballyhale Shamrocks - All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2019 , 2020 - Leinster Senior Club Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2018 , 2019 - Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship ( 2 ) : 2018 , 2019 Records . - Only male athlete in the history of Gaelic games to have won ten All-Ireland senior winners medals on the field of play . - Only player to score a goal in fourteen consecutive championship seasons ( 1999–2012 ) . - Joint most Leinster Championship titles ( 13 ) alongside Michael Kavanagh . - Most Leinster Championship titles ( 13 ) on the field of play . - Highest scorer in the history of the All-Ireland championship ( 2010–present ) . - Highest scoring average in the history of the All-Ireland championship ( 9 points per game ) . - Most All-Star awards ( 11 ) . - Most Player of the Year awards ( 3 ) - 2002 , 2006 , 2012 - Highest scorer from play ( 24 - 136 = 208 points ) in the history of the All Ireland championship including All Ireland Final replay 27/09/2014 - Highest scorer in All-Ireland finals 5-81 ( 96 pts ) - 2nd highest scorer from play in All-Ireland finals - Eddie Keher has 7-74 ( 95 pts ) in total Sources . - Corry , Eoghan , The GAA Book of Lists ( Hodder Headline Ireland , 2005 ) . - Donegan , Des , The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games ( DBA Publications Limited , 2005 ) . External links . - Profile of Henry Shefflin at Kilkenny - Kilkenny GAA on Hogan Stand - Official Kilkenny Website - Kilkenny Supporters Website - HurlingStats.com - A Career in Pictures at
|
[
"Warren Fisher"
] |
easy
|
Who was the office holder of Permanent Secretary to the Treasury from 1919 to 1939?
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/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury#P1308#0
|
Permanent Secretary to the Treasury The UK Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is the most senior civil servant at HM Treasury . The post originated as that of Assistant Secretary to the Treasury in 1805 ; that office was given new duties and renamed in 1867 as a Permanent Secretaryship . The position is generally regarded as the second most influential in Her Majestys Civil Service ; Andrew Turnbull ( Permanent Secretary from 1998 to 2002 ) and Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) were Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury who then became Cabinet Secretary , the most influential post . Previous incumbents have not always maintained the political neutrality expected of civil servants ; in 1909 Sir George Murray was involved in lobbying various Crossbench peers in the House of Lords to reject the Chancellor of the Exchequers proposed budget . In 2014 , during the Scottish Independence referendum campaign , Sir Nicholas Macpherson broke with convention by publishing private advice to Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne . The decision to publish was later criticised for compromising the impartiality of the Civil Service . Assistant Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Harrison ( 1805–1826 ) - William Hill ( 1826–1828 ) - James Henry Keith Stewart ( 1828–1836 ) - Alexander Spearman ( 1836–1840 ) - Sir Charles Trevelyan ( 1840–1859 ) - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1859–1867 ) Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1867–1870 ) - Sir Ralph Lingen ( 1870–1885 ) - Sir Reginald Welby ( 1885–1894 ) - Sir Francis Mowatt ( 1894–1903 ) ( joint ) - Sir Edward Hamilton ( 1902–1907 ) ( joint ) - Sir George Murray ( 1903–1911 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1911–1913 ) - Sir John Bradbury ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir T . L . Heath ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1916–1919 ) - Sir Warren Fisher ( 1919–1939 ) - Sir Horace Wilson ( 1939–1942 ) - Sir Richard Hopkins ( 1942–1945 ) - Sir Edward Bridges ( 1945–1956 ) - Sir Norman Brook ( 1956–1963 ) ( joint ) - Sir Roger Makins ( 1956–1959 ) ( joint ) - Sir Frank Lee ( 1960–1962 ) ( joint ) - Sir William Armstrong ( 1962–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Laurence Helsby ( 1963–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Douglas Allen ( 1968–1974 ) - Sir Douglas Wass ( 1974–1983 ) - Sir Peter Middleton ( 1983–1991 ) - Sir Terence Burns ( 1991–1998 ) - Sir Andrew Turnbull ( 1998–2002 ) - Sir Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) - Sir Nicholas Macpherson ( 2005–2016 ) - Sir Tom Scholar ( 2016–present ) Since March 2009 , Sir Tom Scholar had served as the Treasurys Second Permanent Secretary . The post of Head of the Government Economic Service had been held by Sir Nicholas Stern ( now Lord Stern of Brentford ) until June 2007 , since when it has been jointly held by Vicky Pryce , Chief Economic Adviser and Director General of Economics at BIS ( until 2010 ) , and Dave Ramsden , Managing Director , Macroeconomic and Fiscal Policy Directorate .
|
[
"Sir Horace Wilson"
] |
easy
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Who was the office holder of Permanent Secretary to the Treasury from 1939 to 1942?
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/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury#P1308#1
|
Permanent Secretary to the Treasury The UK Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is the most senior civil servant at HM Treasury . The post originated as that of Assistant Secretary to the Treasury in 1805 ; that office was given new duties and renamed in 1867 as a Permanent Secretaryship . The position is generally regarded as the second most influential in Her Majestys Civil Service ; Andrew Turnbull ( Permanent Secretary from 1998 to 2002 ) and Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) were Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury who then became Cabinet Secretary , the most influential post . Previous incumbents have not always maintained the political neutrality expected of civil servants ; in 1909 Sir George Murray was involved in lobbying various Crossbench peers in the House of Lords to reject the Chancellor of the Exchequers proposed budget . In 2014 , during the Scottish Independence referendum campaign , Sir Nicholas Macpherson broke with convention by publishing private advice to Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne . The decision to publish was later criticised for compromising the impartiality of the Civil Service . Assistant Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Harrison ( 1805–1826 ) - William Hill ( 1826–1828 ) - James Henry Keith Stewart ( 1828–1836 ) - Alexander Spearman ( 1836–1840 ) - Sir Charles Trevelyan ( 1840–1859 ) - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1859–1867 ) Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1867–1870 ) - Sir Ralph Lingen ( 1870–1885 ) - Sir Reginald Welby ( 1885–1894 ) - Sir Francis Mowatt ( 1894–1903 ) ( joint ) - Sir Edward Hamilton ( 1902–1907 ) ( joint ) - Sir George Murray ( 1903–1911 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1911–1913 ) - Sir John Bradbury ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir T . L . Heath ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1916–1919 ) - Sir Warren Fisher ( 1919–1939 ) - Sir Horace Wilson ( 1939–1942 ) - Sir Richard Hopkins ( 1942–1945 ) - Sir Edward Bridges ( 1945–1956 ) - Sir Norman Brook ( 1956–1963 ) ( joint ) - Sir Roger Makins ( 1956–1959 ) ( joint ) - Sir Frank Lee ( 1960–1962 ) ( joint ) - Sir William Armstrong ( 1962–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Laurence Helsby ( 1963–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Douglas Allen ( 1968–1974 ) - Sir Douglas Wass ( 1974–1983 ) - Sir Peter Middleton ( 1983–1991 ) - Sir Terence Burns ( 1991–1998 ) - Sir Andrew Turnbull ( 1998–2002 ) - Sir Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) - Sir Nicholas Macpherson ( 2005–2016 ) - Sir Tom Scholar ( 2016–present ) Since March 2009 , Sir Tom Scholar had served as the Treasurys Second Permanent Secretary . The post of Head of the Government Economic Service had been held by Sir Nicholas Stern ( now Lord Stern of Brentford ) until June 2007 , since when it has been jointly held by Vicky Pryce , Chief Economic Adviser and Director General of Economics at BIS ( until 2010 ) , and Dave Ramsden , Managing Director , Macroeconomic and Fiscal Policy Directorate .
|
[
"Sir Richard Hopkins"
] |
easy
|
Who was the office holder of Permanent Secretary to the Treasury from 1942 to 1945?
|
/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury#P1308#2
|
Permanent Secretary to the Treasury The UK Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is the most senior civil servant at HM Treasury . The post originated as that of Assistant Secretary to the Treasury in 1805 ; that office was given new duties and renamed in 1867 as a Permanent Secretaryship . The position is generally regarded as the second most influential in Her Majestys Civil Service ; Andrew Turnbull ( Permanent Secretary from 1998 to 2002 ) and Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) were Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury who then became Cabinet Secretary , the most influential post . Previous incumbents have not always maintained the political neutrality expected of civil servants ; in 1909 Sir George Murray was involved in lobbying various Crossbench peers in the House of Lords to reject the Chancellor of the Exchequers proposed budget . In 2014 , during the Scottish Independence referendum campaign , Sir Nicholas Macpherson broke with convention by publishing private advice to Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne . The decision to publish was later criticised for compromising the impartiality of the Civil Service . Assistant Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Harrison ( 1805–1826 ) - William Hill ( 1826–1828 ) - James Henry Keith Stewart ( 1828–1836 ) - Alexander Spearman ( 1836–1840 ) - Sir Charles Trevelyan ( 1840–1859 ) - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1859–1867 ) Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1867–1870 ) - Sir Ralph Lingen ( 1870–1885 ) - Sir Reginald Welby ( 1885–1894 ) - Sir Francis Mowatt ( 1894–1903 ) ( joint ) - Sir Edward Hamilton ( 1902–1907 ) ( joint ) - Sir George Murray ( 1903–1911 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1911–1913 ) - Sir John Bradbury ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir T . L . Heath ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1916–1919 ) - Sir Warren Fisher ( 1919–1939 ) - Sir Horace Wilson ( 1939–1942 ) - Sir Richard Hopkins ( 1942–1945 ) - Sir Edward Bridges ( 1945–1956 ) - Sir Norman Brook ( 1956–1963 ) ( joint ) - Sir Roger Makins ( 1956–1959 ) ( joint ) - Sir Frank Lee ( 1960–1962 ) ( joint ) - Sir William Armstrong ( 1962–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Laurence Helsby ( 1963–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Douglas Allen ( 1968–1974 ) - Sir Douglas Wass ( 1974–1983 ) - Sir Peter Middleton ( 1983–1991 ) - Sir Terence Burns ( 1991–1998 ) - Sir Andrew Turnbull ( 1998–2002 ) - Sir Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) - Sir Nicholas Macpherson ( 2005–2016 ) - Sir Tom Scholar ( 2016–present ) Since March 2009 , Sir Tom Scholar had served as the Treasurys Second Permanent Secretary . The post of Head of the Government Economic Service had been held by Sir Nicholas Stern ( now Lord Stern of Brentford ) until June 2007 , since when it has been jointly held by Vicky Pryce , Chief Economic Adviser and Director General of Economics at BIS ( until 2010 ) , and Dave Ramsden , Managing Director , Macroeconomic and Fiscal Policy Directorate .
|
[
"Sir Edward Bridges"
] |
easy
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Who was the office holder of Permanent Secretary to the Treasury from 1945 to 1956?
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/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury#P1308#3
|
Permanent Secretary to the Treasury The UK Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is the most senior civil servant at HM Treasury . The post originated as that of Assistant Secretary to the Treasury in 1805 ; that office was given new duties and renamed in 1867 as a Permanent Secretaryship . The position is generally regarded as the second most influential in Her Majestys Civil Service ; Andrew Turnbull ( Permanent Secretary from 1998 to 2002 ) and Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) were Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury who then became Cabinet Secretary , the most influential post . Previous incumbents have not always maintained the political neutrality expected of civil servants ; in 1909 Sir George Murray was involved in lobbying various Crossbench peers in the House of Lords to reject the Chancellor of the Exchequers proposed budget . In 2014 , during the Scottish Independence referendum campaign , Sir Nicholas Macpherson broke with convention by publishing private advice to Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne . The decision to publish was later criticised for compromising the impartiality of the Civil Service . Assistant Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Harrison ( 1805–1826 ) - William Hill ( 1826–1828 ) - James Henry Keith Stewart ( 1828–1836 ) - Alexander Spearman ( 1836–1840 ) - Sir Charles Trevelyan ( 1840–1859 ) - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1859–1867 ) Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1867–1870 ) - Sir Ralph Lingen ( 1870–1885 ) - Sir Reginald Welby ( 1885–1894 ) - Sir Francis Mowatt ( 1894–1903 ) ( joint ) - Sir Edward Hamilton ( 1902–1907 ) ( joint ) - Sir George Murray ( 1903–1911 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1911–1913 ) - Sir John Bradbury ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir T . L . Heath ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1916–1919 ) - Sir Warren Fisher ( 1919–1939 ) - Sir Horace Wilson ( 1939–1942 ) - Sir Richard Hopkins ( 1942–1945 ) - Sir Edward Bridges ( 1945–1956 ) - Sir Norman Brook ( 1956–1963 ) ( joint ) - Sir Roger Makins ( 1956–1959 ) ( joint ) - Sir Frank Lee ( 1960–1962 ) ( joint ) - Sir William Armstrong ( 1962–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Laurence Helsby ( 1963–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Douglas Allen ( 1968–1974 ) - Sir Douglas Wass ( 1974–1983 ) - Sir Peter Middleton ( 1983–1991 ) - Sir Terence Burns ( 1991–1998 ) - Sir Andrew Turnbull ( 1998–2002 ) - Sir Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) - Sir Nicholas Macpherson ( 2005–2016 ) - Sir Tom Scholar ( 2016–present ) Since March 2009 , Sir Tom Scholar had served as the Treasurys Second Permanent Secretary . The post of Head of the Government Economic Service had been held by Sir Nicholas Stern ( now Lord Stern of Brentford ) until June 2007 , since when it has been jointly held by Vicky Pryce , Chief Economic Adviser and Director General of Economics at BIS ( until 2010 ) , and Dave Ramsden , Managing Director , Macroeconomic and Fiscal Policy Directorate .
|
[
"Sir Norman Brook",
"Sir Roger Makins"
] |
easy
|
Who was the office holder of Permanent Secretary to the Treasury from 1956 to 1959?
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/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury#P1308#4
|
Permanent Secretary to the Treasury The UK Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is the most senior civil servant at HM Treasury . The post originated as that of Assistant Secretary to the Treasury in 1805 ; that office was given new duties and renamed in 1867 as a Permanent Secretaryship . The position is generally regarded as the second most influential in Her Majestys Civil Service ; Andrew Turnbull ( Permanent Secretary from 1998 to 2002 ) and Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) were Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury who then became Cabinet Secretary , the most influential post . Previous incumbents have not always maintained the political neutrality expected of civil servants ; in 1909 Sir George Murray was involved in lobbying various Crossbench peers in the House of Lords to reject the Chancellor of the Exchequers proposed budget . In 2014 , during the Scottish Independence referendum campaign , Sir Nicholas Macpherson broke with convention by publishing private advice to Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne . The decision to publish was later criticised for compromising the impartiality of the Civil Service . Assistant Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Harrison ( 1805–1826 ) - William Hill ( 1826–1828 ) - James Henry Keith Stewart ( 1828–1836 ) - Alexander Spearman ( 1836–1840 ) - Sir Charles Trevelyan ( 1840–1859 ) - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1859–1867 ) Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1867–1870 ) - Sir Ralph Lingen ( 1870–1885 ) - Sir Reginald Welby ( 1885–1894 ) - Sir Francis Mowatt ( 1894–1903 ) ( joint ) - Sir Edward Hamilton ( 1902–1907 ) ( joint ) - Sir George Murray ( 1903–1911 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1911–1913 ) - Sir John Bradbury ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir T . L . Heath ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1916–1919 ) - Sir Warren Fisher ( 1919–1939 ) - Sir Horace Wilson ( 1939–1942 ) - Sir Richard Hopkins ( 1942–1945 ) - Sir Edward Bridges ( 1945–1956 ) - Sir Norman Brook ( 1956–1963 ) ( joint ) - Sir Roger Makins ( 1956–1959 ) ( joint ) - Sir Frank Lee ( 1960–1962 ) ( joint ) - Sir William Armstrong ( 1962–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Laurence Helsby ( 1963–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Douglas Allen ( 1968–1974 ) - Sir Douglas Wass ( 1974–1983 ) - Sir Peter Middleton ( 1983–1991 ) - Sir Terence Burns ( 1991–1998 ) - Sir Andrew Turnbull ( 1998–2002 ) - Sir Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) - Sir Nicholas Macpherson ( 2005–2016 ) - Sir Tom Scholar ( 2016–present ) Since March 2009 , Sir Tom Scholar had served as the Treasurys Second Permanent Secretary . The post of Head of the Government Economic Service had been held by Sir Nicholas Stern ( now Lord Stern of Brentford ) until June 2007 , since when it has been jointly held by Vicky Pryce , Chief Economic Adviser and Director General of Economics at BIS ( until 2010 ) , and Dave Ramsden , Managing Director , Macroeconomic and Fiscal Policy Directorate .
|
[
"Sir Frank Lee"
] |
easy
|
Who was the office holder of Permanent Secretary to the Treasury from 1960 to 1962?
|
/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury#P1308#5
|
Permanent Secretary to the Treasury The UK Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is the most senior civil servant at HM Treasury . The post originated as that of Assistant Secretary to the Treasury in 1805 ; that office was given new duties and renamed in 1867 as a Permanent Secretaryship . The position is generally regarded as the second most influential in Her Majestys Civil Service ; Andrew Turnbull ( Permanent Secretary from 1998 to 2002 ) and Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) were Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury who then became Cabinet Secretary , the most influential post . Previous incumbents have not always maintained the political neutrality expected of civil servants ; in 1909 Sir George Murray was involved in lobbying various Crossbench peers in the House of Lords to reject the Chancellor of the Exchequers proposed budget . In 2014 , during the Scottish Independence referendum campaign , Sir Nicholas Macpherson broke with convention by publishing private advice to Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne . The decision to publish was later criticised for compromising the impartiality of the Civil Service . Assistant Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Harrison ( 1805–1826 ) - William Hill ( 1826–1828 ) - James Henry Keith Stewart ( 1828–1836 ) - Alexander Spearman ( 1836–1840 ) - Sir Charles Trevelyan ( 1840–1859 ) - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1859–1867 ) Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1867–1870 ) - Sir Ralph Lingen ( 1870–1885 ) - Sir Reginald Welby ( 1885–1894 ) - Sir Francis Mowatt ( 1894–1903 ) ( joint ) - Sir Edward Hamilton ( 1902–1907 ) ( joint ) - Sir George Murray ( 1903–1911 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1911–1913 ) - Sir John Bradbury ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir T . L . Heath ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1916–1919 ) - Sir Warren Fisher ( 1919–1939 ) - Sir Horace Wilson ( 1939–1942 ) - Sir Richard Hopkins ( 1942–1945 ) - Sir Edward Bridges ( 1945–1956 ) - Sir Norman Brook ( 1956–1963 ) ( joint ) - Sir Roger Makins ( 1956–1959 ) ( joint ) - Sir Frank Lee ( 1960–1962 ) ( joint ) - Sir William Armstrong ( 1962–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Laurence Helsby ( 1963–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Douglas Allen ( 1968–1974 ) - Sir Douglas Wass ( 1974–1983 ) - Sir Peter Middleton ( 1983–1991 ) - Sir Terence Burns ( 1991–1998 ) - Sir Andrew Turnbull ( 1998–2002 ) - Sir Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) - Sir Nicholas Macpherson ( 2005–2016 ) - Sir Tom Scholar ( 2016–present ) Since March 2009 , Sir Tom Scholar had served as the Treasurys Second Permanent Secretary . The post of Head of the Government Economic Service had been held by Sir Nicholas Stern ( now Lord Stern of Brentford ) until June 2007 , since when it has been jointly held by Vicky Pryce , Chief Economic Adviser and Director General of Economics at BIS ( until 2010 ) , and Dave Ramsden , Managing Director , Macroeconomic and Fiscal Policy Directorate .
|
[
"Sir William Armstrong",
"Sir Laurence Helsby"
] |
easy
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Who was the office holder of Permanent Secretary to the Treasury from 1962 to 1963?
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/wiki/Permanent_Secretary_to_the_Treasury#P1308#6
|
Permanent Secretary to the Treasury The UK Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is the most senior civil servant at HM Treasury . The post originated as that of Assistant Secretary to the Treasury in 1805 ; that office was given new duties and renamed in 1867 as a Permanent Secretaryship . The position is generally regarded as the second most influential in Her Majestys Civil Service ; Andrew Turnbull ( Permanent Secretary from 1998 to 2002 ) and Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) were Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury who then became Cabinet Secretary , the most influential post . Previous incumbents have not always maintained the political neutrality expected of civil servants ; in 1909 Sir George Murray was involved in lobbying various Crossbench peers in the House of Lords to reject the Chancellor of the Exchequers proposed budget . In 2014 , during the Scottish Independence referendum campaign , Sir Nicholas Macpherson broke with convention by publishing private advice to Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne . The decision to publish was later criticised for compromising the impartiality of the Civil Service . Assistant Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Harrison ( 1805–1826 ) - William Hill ( 1826–1828 ) - James Henry Keith Stewart ( 1828–1836 ) - Alexander Spearman ( 1836–1840 ) - Sir Charles Trevelyan ( 1840–1859 ) - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1859–1867 ) Permanent Secretaries to the Treasury . - George Alexander Hamilton ( 1867–1870 ) - Sir Ralph Lingen ( 1870–1885 ) - Sir Reginald Welby ( 1885–1894 ) - Sir Francis Mowatt ( 1894–1903 ) ( joint ) - Sir Edward Hamilton ( 1902–1907 ) ( joint ) - Sir George Murray ( 1903–1911 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1911–1913 ) - Sir John Bradbury ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir T . L . Heath ( 1913–1919 ) ( joint ) - Sir Robert Chalmers ( 1916–1919 ) - Sir Warren Fisher ( 1919–1939 ) - Sir Horace Wilson ( 1939–1942 ) - Sir Richard Hopkins ( 1942–1945 ) - Sir Edward Bridges ( 1945–1956 ) - Sir Norman Brook ( 1956–1963 ) ( joint ) - Sir Roger Makins ( 1956–1959 ) ( joint ) - Sir Frank Lee ( 1960–1962 ) ( joint ) - Sir William Armstrong ( 1962–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Laurence Helsby ( 1963–1968 ) ( joint ) - Sir Douglas Allen ( 1968–1974 ) - Sir Douglas Wass ( 1974–1983 ) - Sir Peter Middleton ( 1983–1991 ) - Sir Terence Burns ( 1991–1998 ) - Sir Andrew Turnbull ( 1998–2002 ) - Sir Gus ODonnell ( 2002–2005 ) - Sir Nicholas Macpherson ( 2005–2016 ) - Sir Tom Scholar ( 2016–present ) Since March 2009 , Sir Tom Scholar had served as the Treasurys Second Permanent Secretary . The post of Head of the Government Economic Service had been held by Sir Nicholas Stern ( now Lord Stern of Brentford ) until June 2007 , since when it has been jointly held by Vicky Pryce , Chief Economic Adviser and Director General of Economics at BIS ( until 2010 ) , and Dave Ramsden , Managing Director , Macroeconomic and Fiscal Policy Directorate .
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[
""
] |
easy
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Bart van der Leck worked in which location from 1904 to 1909?
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/wiki/Bart_van_der_Leck#P937#0
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Bart van der Leck Bart van der Leck ( 26 November 1876 , Utrecht – 13 November 1958 , Blaricum ) was a Dutch painter , designer , and ceramicist . With Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian he founded the De Stijl art movement . Son of a house painter , he started his career learning how to make stained glass in a shop in Utrecht . An example of his later stained glass work is in the Kröller-Müller Museum in Hoge Veluwe , Netherlands . After having met Mondrian and van Doesburg and having founded the Stijl movement with them , his style became completely abstract , as did Mondrians . But after disagreements with Mondrian his abstract style became based on representational images . His painting Triptych is an example , in which he transformed sketches of a mine in Spain into seemingly abstract shapes . In 1919-1920 he created the interior design for , in the Hoge Veluwe estate . The hunting lodge was designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage . In 1930 , he was commissioned by Jo de Leeuw , owner of the prestigious Dutch department store Metz & Co . to design interiors , window packaging , branding and advertising . For these print materials van der Leck developed a rectilinear , geometrically constructed alphabet . In 1941 , he designed a typeface based on this alphabet for the avant garde magazine Flax . Architype van der Leck , a digital revival of that face by David Quary and Freda Sack of The Foundry , was released in 1994 . Bart van der Leck claimed to be the father of the avant-garde movement . In his own words he said : Mondrian came to my place one day with Doesburg , whom I had never seen before . When Doesburg noticed an abstract painting right on the easel , he exclaimed : If that is to be the painting of the future , may I be hanged right now ! Well , a few months later , he was painting in precisely that manner . Thats the sort of person Doesburg was . No ideas of his own . And a cheat in bargain.. . Public collections . Among the public collections holding works by the artist are : - Museum de Fundatie , Zwolle , The Netherlands - Kröller-Müller Museum References . - Haley , Allen . Type : Hot Designers Make Cool Fonts . Rockport Publishers Inc , Gloucester ; 1998 . - Hoek , Els , Marleen Blokhuis , Ingrid Goovaerts , Natalie Kamphuys , et al . Theo van Doesburg : Oeuvre Catalogus . Centraal Museum : 2000 . . - Toos van Kooten ( ed. ) . Bart van der Leck . Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller , Otterlo , 1994 ( in Dutch ) . External links . - Short biography at Codart - Longer biography at Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis - Works in the Kroller-Muller Museum , Otterlo .
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[
""
] |
easy
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Bart van der Leck worked in which location from 1916 to 1919?
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/wiki/Bart_van_der_Leck#P937#1
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Bart van der Leck Bart van der Leck ( 26 November 1876 , Utrecht – 13 November 1958 , Blaricum ) was a Dutch painter , designer , and ceramicist . With Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian he founded the De Stijl art movement . Son of a house painter , he started his career learning how to make stained glass in a shop in Utrecht . An example of his later stained glass work is in the Kröller-Müller Museum in Hoge Veluwe , Netherlands . After having met Mondrian and van Doesburg and having founded the Stijl movement with them , his style became completely abstract , as did Mondrians . But after disagreements with Mondrian his abstract style became based on representational images . His painting Triptych is an example , in which he transformed sketches of a mine in Spain into seemingly abstract shapes . In 1919-1920 he created the interior design for , in the Hoge Veluwe estate . The hunting lodge was designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage . In 1930 , he was commissioned by Jo de Leeuw , owner of the prestigious Dutch department store Metz & Co . to design interiors , window packaging , branding and advertising . For these print materials van der Leck developed a rectilinear , geometrically constructed alphabet . In 1941 , he designed a typeface based on this alphabet for the avant garde magazine Flax . Architype van der Leck , a digital revival of that face by David Quary and Freda Sack of The Foundry , was released in 1994 . Bart van der Leck claimed to be the father of the avant-garde movement . In his own words he said : Mondrian came to my place one day with Doesburg , whom I had never seen before . When Doesburg noticed an abstract painting right on the easel , he exclaimed : If that is to be the painting of the future , may I be hanged right now ! Well , a few months later , he was painting in precisely that manner . Thats the sort of person Doesburg was . No ideas of his own . And a cheat in bargain.. . Public collections . Among the public collections holding works by the artist are : - Museum de Fundatie , Zwolle , The Netherlands - Kröller-Müller Museum References . - Haley , Allen . Type : Hot Designers Make Cool Fonts . Rockport Publishers Inc , Gloucester ; 1998 . - Hoek , Els , Marleen Blokhuis , Ingrid Goovaerts , Natalie Kamphuys , et al . Theo van Doesburg : Oeuvre Catalogus . Centraal Museum : 2000 . . - Toos van Kooten ( ed. ) . Bart van der Leck . Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller , Otterlo , 1994 ( in Dutch ) . External links . - Short biography at Codart - Longer biography at Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis - Works in the Kroller-Muller Museum , Otterlo .
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[
"Auckland Warriors"
] |
easy
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Which team did Stacey Jones play for from 1995 to 2005?
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/wiki/Stacey_Jones#P54#0
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Stacey Jones Stacey William Jones , ONZM ( born 7 May 1976 ) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer , who has been named amongst the greatest New Zealand has ever produced . He played as a , but he has also briefly played at during his distinguished career , which includes 46 Tests for New Zealand ( 1995–2006 ) . Stacey Jones is the first and only life member of the New Zealand Warriors club whose records for most appearances , tries and points he held at the time of his retirement . Jones vision and ability to control the game when his team was on attack earned him the sobriquet the little general , a reference also to his small stature in comparison to that of most rugby league players . Jones was often able to find players with a high bombing kick at either sides of the field or place a sneaky through ball for oncoming players to pounce on . Early years . Of Māori descent , Stacey Jones was born in Auckland , New Zealand on 7 May 1976 , a grandchild to New Zealand rugby league great Maunga Emery . He played junior grades for the Ponsonby Ponies and Mt Albert Lions before moving to the City-Pt Chev Pirates when he was 9 . Jones attended St . Pauls College , Auckland . In 1994 he played for the Auckland City Vulcans side in the Lion Red Cup . In July 1994 he captained the Junior Kiwis as they toured Australia . Here he played against Darren Lockyer , who was playing for the Junior Kangaroos at the time . Playing career . Auckland Warriors . Jones was spotted by the new Auckland Warriors franchise and made his first grade debut in 1995 against the Parramatta Eels in their inaugural year in what is now the National Rugby League ( NRL ) . On 23 April 1995 Jones made his first-grade début in Sydney , coming off bench to score a try in the Warriors 40–4 win over the Parramatta Eels . The Warriors halfback Greg Alexander missed Rounds 10 and 11 through injury which resulted in Jones taking over at halfback . Jones played well enough to retain the position and force Alexander to move to fullback upon his return . He also quickly established his place in the international scene , replacing Gary Freeman as the New Zealand national rugby league team halfback during the 1995 World Cup . Over the next several years Jones cemented his spot in both the Warriors and Kiwis , sticking with the Warriors despite the lack of success on and off the field . Between 1995 and 1999 he played over 100 consecutive first grade games for the Warriors . In 1999 he broke his arm playing for the Kiwis against Tonga , and as a result missed the first half of the 2000 NRL season , breaking his consecutive streak . At the end of 2000 the Warriors were bankrupt and were sold for the second time in their short history . Jones was the first signing by the new franchise , with owner Eric Watson , and it was his signing that convinced many other players to re-sign with the club . It was under the new management where he first became club captain – in 2001 co-captaining with Kevin Campion – and although already considered in the top reaches of halfbacks in the NRL , he started to show he was on an equal par with the games best halfbacks at the time . In the 3-year period 2001-03 he led the Warriors to 3 successive finals appearances . In 2002 the club not only won the Minor Premiership , but also reached the 2002 NRL grand final against the Sydney Roosters . Playing at scrum half back , Jones captained the losing side that evening but scored a great try in which he beat 3 Roosters defenders from 30 metres out to go over from dummy half . He was then selected to go on the 2002 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain and France and won the George Smith Medal as player of the series against Great Britain . Also in 2002 , Jones became only the second New Zealand player to win the Golden Boot Award for the best international rugby league player . In his career , he has also represented New Zealand at two World Cups ( 1995 and 2000 ) , three Tri Nations series ( 1999 , 2005 , 2006 ) , and has played 41 games for the New Zealand Kiwis . He retired from the national team in 2004 while having a disappointing year at club level . However , on 15 October 2005 Stacey ended 2 years of international retirement , answering an SOS from Kiwis coach Brian McClennan intending only to play the Australasian section of the Tri Nations series . He then went on to play the rest of their round robin matches against Great Britain in England . Stacey Jones was an integral part of the New Zealand Tri Nations campaign . In the first match , he guided the Kiwis to their first win in Sydney in 50 years before being part of their narrow loss to Australia in Auckland . He set up 4 tries in the first match in England which the Kiwis won by 42–26 . He then missed the fourth Kiwi game , instead returning to New Zealand to be with his wife for the birth of their son . In the 2005 Rugby League Tri-Nations Final , he continually kicked Bombs aimed at the Australian wingers that set up three tries in the Kiwis 24–0 victory over Australia . Until then Australia had not lost a series in 27 years . Jones is widely regarded as the best New Zealand player of his generation . In New Zealand he had a video game named after him , Stacey Jones Rugby League . He currently still holds the record for most appearances ( 238 NRL games ) and is the second highest try scorer ( 77 ) behind Manu Vatuvei ( 99 ) . Les Catalans . In April 2005 Stacey Jones announced he was leaving the Warriors , then his only professional club to join the new French addition to the Super League for the 2006 season Catalans Dragons . In doing so he became the last foundation member of the Warriors to leave the club . After the 2006 Rugby League Tri-Nations Final it was announced that Jones was retiring from international football however he returned for a final time against a Northern Union side for New Zealand All Golds to celebrate the centenary of New Zealands national rugby league team who first toured England in 1907 . Jones kicked five goals as the All Golds won 25–18 at Warringtons Halliwell Jones stadium . Jones helped Catalans reach the 2007 Challenge Cup Final . In September 2007 he announced his retirement from the game and left the Dragons . Return to New Zealand . Stacey Jones returned home and rejoined the New Zealand Warriors as their kicking coach for the 2008 season . As part of his release from the Dragons he was not allowed to play for any other club during the 2008 season . During the New Zealand 2008 election Jones publicly appeared with then Prime Minister Helen Clark and offered his support to the Labour Party campaign . In November 2008 he played for the All Golds again in New Plymouth against the New Zealand Māori . The game served as both a testimonial to Ruben Wiki and a warm up for the 2008 World Cup . Participating in this game made Jones realise he still wanted to play rugby league . Warriors comeback . On 7 November 2008 it was announced that Stacey Jones had re-signed as a player with the New Zealand Warriors on a one-year contract for 2009 . He reportedly signed a contract worth over $220,000 . In his March 2009 return game to the NRL , Jones set up two tries and guided his team to a 26–24 victory over Manly , reaffirming his nickname as The Little General . Despite being predicted to play mostly off the bench in 2009 , the early release of incumbent halfback Nathan Fien in June saw Jones thrust into the familiar role of starting playmaker for the Warriors once again . Unfortunately , Jones early good form did not continue and the Warriors struggled to a disappointing 14th placing on the ladder . In early September Jones announced that his comeback was over and he would not be returning for the 2010 NRL season . Coaching career . Following his retirement from professional rugby league , Jones took up a role as player-coach for the Pt Chev Pirates , alongside Awen Guttenbeil . He later worked as the Auckland Rugby Leagues Development officer . Jones was appointed as the New Zealand Warriors Junior Recruitment and Pathways Coach for the 2013 season . He became the Junior Warriors head coach in the Holden Cup for the 2014 season and in his inaugural season the Warriors won the Cup , defeating the Brisbane Broncos 34–32 in the Grand Final . In 2015 Jones coached the Warriors side in the NSW Cup . He is currently an assistant coach for the Warriors and , along with Andrew McFadden , manages the attack under Stephen Kearney . Awards and achievements . Awards and Honours - New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame member - Rugby League Golden Boot Award – Worlds Best Rugby League Player of the Year ( 2002 ) - Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to rugby league ( 2006 New Year Honours ) - Rugby League Players Association – Best Back Award ( 2005 ) - New Zealand Warriors Life Membership ( 2005 ) - New Zealand Warriors Special Award for 100 NRL games ( 1999 ) - New Zealand Warriors Special Award for 200 NRL games ( 2004 ) - Halberg Awards Sportsman of the Year runner-up - Prime TV Viewers Choice Award ( 2001 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Player of the Year ( 2002 , 2001 , 1999 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Promising Player of the Year ( 1995 ) - New Zealand Warriors Player of the Year ( 1997 ) - New Zealand Warriors Back of the Year ( 1999 ) - New Zealand Warriors Development Player of the Year ( 1995 ) - New Zealand Warriors Supporters Player of the Year ( 1999 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Personality of the Year ( 2002 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Annual Player of the Year ( 2002 , 1999 , 1997 ) - Auckland Rugby League Immortal Captaincy - New Zealand Warriors Captain 2001–2005 - Catalans Dragons Captain 2006 - New Zealand Captain 2002–2006 Achievements - 1995 Rugby League World Cup Semi-finalist - 1996 Great Britain Tour of New Zealand Series Winner - 1997 Rugby League World Club Challenge Semi-finalist - 1998 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Series Winner - 1998 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Player of the Series - 1999 Rugby League Tri-Nations - 2000 Rugby League World Cup Finalist ( Silver ) - 2002 National Rugby League Minor Premier - 2002 National Rugby League Grand Finalist - 2002 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Series Draw - 2002 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Player of the Series - 2003 National Rugby League Semi-finalist - 2005 Rugby League Tri-Nations Champion - 2007 Rugby League Challenge Cup Finalist External links . - Official Player Profile ( Warriors.co.nz ) - Stacey Jones Scoring Record
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[
"World Cups"
] |
easy
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Stacey Jones played for which team from 2005 to 2006?
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/wiki/Stacey_Jones#P54#1
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Stacey Jones Stacey William Jones , ONZM ( born 7 May 1976 ) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer , who has been named amongst the greatest New Zealand has ever produced . He played as a , but he has also briefly played at during his distinguished career , which includes 46 Tests for New Zealand ( 1995–2006 ) . Stacey Jones is the first and only life member of the New Zealand Warriors club whose records for most appearances , tries and points he held at the time of his retirement . Jones vision and ability to control the game when his team was on attack earned him the sobriquet the little general , a reference also to his small stature in comparison to that of most rugby league players . Jones was often able to find players with a high bombing kick at either sides of the field or place a sneaky through ball for oncoming players to pounce on . Early years . Of Māori descent , Stacey Jones was born in Auckland , New Zealand on 7 May 1976 , a grandchild to New Zealand rugby league great Maunga Emery . He played junior grades for the Ponsonby Ponies and Mt Albert Lions before moving to the City-Pt Chev Pirates when he was 9 . Jones attended St . Pauls College , Auckland . In 1994 he played for the Auckland City Vulcans side in the Lion Red Cup . In July 1994 he captained the Junior Kiwis as they toured Australia . Here he played against Darren Lockyer , who was playing for the Junior Kangaroos at the time . Playing career . Auckland Warriors . Jones was spotted by the new Auckland Warriors franchise and made his first grade debut in 1995 against the Parramatta Eels in their inaugural year in what is now the National Rugby League ( NRL ) . On 23 April 1995 Jones made his first-grade début in Sydney , coming off bench to score a try in the Warriors 40–4 win over the Parramatta Eels . The Warriors halfback Greg Alexander missed Rounds 10 and 11 through injury which resulted in Jones taking over at halfback . Jones played well enough to retain the position and force Alexander to move to fullback upon his return . He also quickly established his place in the international scene , replacing Gary Freeman as the New Zealand national rugby league team halfback during the 1995 World Cup . Over the next several years Jones cemented his spot in both the Warriors and Kiwis , sticking with the Warriors despite the lack of success on and off the field . Between 1995 and 1999 he played over 100 consecutive first grade games for the Warriors . In 1999 he broke his arm playing for the Kiwis against Tonga , and as a result missed the first half of the 2000 NRL season , breaking his consecutive streak . At the end of 2000 the Warriors were bankrupt and were sold for the second time in their short history . Jones was the first signing by the new franchise , with owner Eric Watson , and it was his signing that convinced many other players to re-sign with the club . It was under the new management where he first became club captain – in 2001 co-captaining with Kevin Campion – and although already considered in the top reaches of halfbacks in the NRL , he started to show he was on an equal par with the games best halfbacks at the time . In the 3-year period 2001-03 he led the Warriors to 3 successive finals appearances . In 2002 the club not only won the Minor Premiership , but also reached the 2002 NRL grand final against the Sydney Roosters . Playing at scrum half back , Jones captained the losing side that evening but scored a great try in which he beat 3 Roosters defenders from 30 metres out to go over from dummy half . He was then selected to go on the 2002 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain and France and won the George Smith Medal as player of the series against Great Britain . Also in 2002 , Jones became only the second New Zealand player to win the Golden Boot Award for the best international rugby league player . In his career , he has also represented New Zealand at two World Cups ( 1995 and 2000 ) , three Tri Nations series ( 1999 , 2005 , 2006 ) , and has played 41 games for the New Zealand Kiwis . He retired from the national team in 2004 while having a disappointing year at club level . However , on 15 October 2005 Stacey ended 2 years of international retirement , answering an SOS from Kiwis coach Brian McClennan intending only to play the Australasian section of the Tri Nations series . He then went on to play the rest of their round robin matches against Great Britain in England . Stacey Jones was an integral part of the New Zealand Tri Nations campaign . In the first match , he guided the Kiwis to their first win in Sydney in 50 years before being part of their narrow loss to Australia in Auckland . He set up 4 tries in the first match in England which the Kiwis won by 42–26 . He then missed the fourth Kiwi game , instead returning to New Zealand to be with his wife for the birth of their son . In the 2005 Rugby League Tri-Nations Final , he continually kicked Bombs aimed at the Australian wingers that set up three tries in the Kiwis 24–0 victory over Australia . Until then Australia had not lost a series in 27 years . Jones is widely regarded as the best New Zealand player of his generation . In New Zealand he had a video game named after him , Stacey Jones Rugby League . He currently still holds the record for most appearances ( 238 NRL games ) and is the second highest try scorer ( 77 ) behind Manu Vatuvei ( 99 ) . Les Catalans . In April 2005 Stacey Jones announced he was leaving the Warriors , then his only professional club to join the new French addition to the Super League for the 2006 season Catalans Dragons . In doing so he became the last foundation member of the Warriors to leave the club . After the 2006 Rugby League Tri-Nations Final it was announced that Jones was retiring from international football however he returned for a final time against a Northern Union side for New Zealand All Golds to celebrate the centenary of New Zealands national rugby league team who first toured England in 1907 . Jones kicked five goals as the All Golds won 25–18 at Warringtons Halliwell Jones stadium . Jones helped Catalans reach the 2007 Challenge Cup Final . In September 2007 he announced his retirement from the game and left the Dragons . Return to New Zealand . Stacey Jones returned home and rejoined the New Zealand Warriors as their kicking coach for the 2008 season . As part of his release from the Dragons he was not allowed to play for any other club during the 2008 season . During the New Zealand 2008 election Jones publicly appeared with then Prime Minister Helen Clark and offered his support to the Labour Party campaign . In November 2008 he played for the All Golds again in New Plymouth against the New Zealand Māori . The game served as both a testimonial to Ruben Wiki and a warm up for the 2008 World Cup . Participating in this game made Jones realise he still wanted to play rugby league . Warriors comeback . On 7 November 2008 it was announced that Stacey Jones had re-signed as a player with the New Zealand Warriors on a one-year contract for 2009 . He reportedly signed a contract worth over $220,000 . In his March 2009 return game to the NRL , Jones set up two tries and guided his team to a 26–24 victory over Manly , reaffirming his nickname as The Little General . Despite being predicted to play mostly off the bench in 2009 , the early release of incumbent halfback Nathan Fien in June saw Jones thrust into the familiar role of starting playmaker for the Warriors once again . Unfortunately , Jones early good form did not continue and the Warriors struggled to a disappointing 14th placing on the ladder . In early September Jones announced that his comeback was over and he would not be returning for the 2010 NRL season . Coaching career . Following his retirement from professional rugby league , Jones took up a role as player-coach for the Pt Chev Pirates , alongside Awen Guttenbeil . He later worked as the Auckland Rugby Leagues Development officer . Jones was appointed as the New Zealand Warriors Junior Recruitment and Pathways Coach for the 2013 season . He became the Junior Warriors head coach in the Holden Cup for the 2014 season and in his inaugural season the Warriors won the Cup , defeating the Brisbane Broncos 34–32 in the Grand Final . In 2015 Jones coached the Warriors side in the NSW Cup . He is currently an assistant coach for the Warriors and , along with Andrew McFadden , manages the attack under Stephen Kearney . Awards and achievements . Awards and Honours - New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame member - Rugby League Golden Boot Award – Worlds Best Rugby League Player of the Year ( 2002 ) - Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to rugby league ( 2006 New Year Honours ) - Rugby League Players Association – Best Back Award ( 2005 ) - New Zealand Warriors Life Membership ( 2005 ) - New Zealand Warriors Special Award for 100 NRL games ( 1999 ) - New Zealand Warriors Special Award for 200 NRL games ( 2004 ) - Halberg Awards Sportsman of the Year runner-up - Prime TV Viewers Choice Award ( 2001 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Player of the Year ( 2002 , 2001 , 1999 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Promising Player of the Year ( 1995 ) - New Zealand Warriors Player of the Year ( 1997 ) - New Zealand Warriors Back of the Year ( 1999 ) - New Zealand Warriors Development Player of the Year ( 1995 ) - New Zealand Warriors Supporters Player of the Year ( 1999 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Personality of the Year ( 2002 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Annual Player of the Year ( 2002 , 1999 , 1997 ) - Auckland Rugby League Immortal Captaincy - New Zealand Warriors Captain 2001–2005 - Catalans Dragons Captain 2006 - New Zealand Captain 2002–2006 Achievements - 1995 Rugby League World Cup Semi-finalist - 1996 Great Britain Tour of New Zealand Series Winner - 1997 Rugby League World Club Challenge Semi-finalist - 1998 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Series Winner - 1998 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Player of the Series - 1999 Rugby League Tri-Nations - 2000 Rugby League World Cup Finalist ( Silver ) - 2002 National Rugby League Minor Premier - 2002 National Rugby League Grand Finalist - 2002 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Series Draw - 2002 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Player of the Series - 2003 National Rugby League Semi-finalist - 2005 Rugby League Tri-Nations Champion - 2007 Rugby League Challenge Cup Finalist External links . - Official Player Profile ( Warriors.co.nz ) - Stacey Jones Scoring Record
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[
"Catalans"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Stacey Jones belong to from 2006 to 2007?
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/wiki/Stacey_Jones#P54#2
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Stacey Jones Stacey William Jones , ONZM ( born 7 May 1976 ) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer , who has been named amongst the greatest New Zealand has ever produced . He played as a , but he has also briefly played at during his distinguished career , which includes 46 Tests for New Zealand ( 1995–2006 ) . Stacey Jones is the first and only life member of the New Zealand Warriors club whose records for most appearances , tries and points he held at the time of his retirement . Jones vision and ability to control the game when his team was on attack earned him the sobriquet the little general , a reference also to his small stature in comparison to that of most rugby league players . Jones was often able to find players with a high bombing kick at either sides of the field or place a sneaky through ball for oncoming players to pounce on . Early years . Of Māori descent , Stacey Jones was born in Auckland , New Zealand on 7 May 1976 , a grandchild to New Zealand rugby league great Maunga Emery . He played junior grades for the Ponsonby Ponies and Mt Albert Lions before moving to the City-Pt Chev Pirates when he was 9 . Jones attended St . Pauls College , Auckland . In 1994 he played for the Auckland City Vulcans side in the Lion Red Cup . In July 1994 he captained the Junior Kiwis as they toured Australia . Here he played against Darren Lockyer , who was playing for the Junior Kangaroos at the time . Playing career . Auckland Warriors . Jones was spotted by the new Auckland Warriors franchise and made his first grade debut in 1995 against the Parramatta Eels in their inaugural year in what is now the National Rugby League ( NRL ) . On 23 April 1995 Jones made his first-grade début in Sydney , coming off bench to score a try in the Warriors 40–4 win over the Parramatta Eels . The Warriors halfback Greg Alexander missed Rounds 10 and 11 through injury which resulted in Jones taking over at halfback . Jones played well enough to retain the position and force Alexander to move to fullback upon his return . He also quickly established his place in the international scene , replacing Gary Freeman as the New Zealand national rugby league team halfback during the 1995 World Cup . Over the next several years Jones cemented his spot in both the Warriors and Kiwis , sticking with the Warriors despite the lack of success on and off the field . Between 1995 and 1999 he played over 100 consecutive first grade games for the Warriors . In 1999 he broke his arm playing for the Kiwis against Tonga , and as a result missed the first half of the 2000 NRL season , breaking his consecutive streak . At the end of 2000 the Warriors were bankrupt and were sold for the second time in their short history . Jones was the first signing by the new franchise , with owner Eric Watson , and it was his signing that convinced many other players to re-sign with the club . It was under the new management where he first became club captain – in 2001 co-captaining with Kevin Campion – and although already considered in the top reaches of halfbacks in the NRL , he started to show he was on an equal par with the games best halfbacks at the time . In the 3-year period 2001-03 he led the Warriors to 3 successive finals appearances . In 2002 the club not only won the Minor Premiership , but also reached the 2002 NRL grand final against the Sydney Roosters . Playing at scrum half back , Jones captained the losing side that evening but scored a great try in which he beat 3 Roosters defenders from 30 metres out to go over from dummy half . He was then selected to go on the 2002 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain and France and won the George Smith Medal as player of the series against Great Britain . Also in 2002 , Jones became only the second New Zealand player to win the Golden Boot Award for the best international rugby league player . In his career , he has also represented New Zealand at two World Cups ( 1995 and 2000 ) , three Tri Nations series ( 1999 , 2005 , 2006 ) , and has played 41 games for the New Zealand Kiwis . He retired from the national team in 2004 while having a disappointing year at club level . However , on 15 October 2005 Stacey ended 2 years of international retirement , answering an SOS from Kiwis coach Brian McClennan intending only to play the Australasian section of the Tri Nations series . He then went on to play the rest of their round robin matches against Great Britain in England . Stacey Jones was an integral part of the New Zealand Tri Nations campaign . In the first match , he guided the Kiwis to their first win in Sydney in 50 years before being part of their narrow loss to Australia in Auckland . He set up 4 tries in the first match in England which the Kiwis won by 42–26 . He then missed the fourth Kiwi game , instead returning to New Zealand to be with his wife for the birth of their son . In the 2005 Rugby League Tri-Nations Final , he continually kicked Bombs aimed at the Australian wingers that set up three tries in the Kiwis 24–0 victory over Australia . Until then Australia had not lost a series in 27 years . Jones is widely regarded as the best New Zealand player of his generation . In New Zealand he had a video game named after him , Stacey Jones Rugby League . He currently still holds the record for most appearances ( 238 NRL games ) and is the second highest try scorer ( 77 ) behind Manu Vatuvei ( 99 ) . Les Catalans . In April 2005 Stacey Jones announced he was leaving the Warriors , then his only professional club to join the new French addition to the Super League for the 2006 season Catalans Dragons . In doing so he became the last foundation member of the Warriors to leave the club . After the 2006 Rugby League Tri-Nations Final it was announced that Jones was retiring from international football however he returned for a final time against a Northern Union side for New Zealand All Golds to celebrate the centenary of New Zealands national rugby league team who first toured England in 1907 . Jones kicked five goals as the All Golds won 25–18 at Warringtons Halliwell Jones stadium . Jones helped Catalans reach the 2007 Challenge Cup Final . In September 2007 he announced his retirement from the game and left the Dragons . Return to New Zealand . Stacey Jones returned home and rejoined the New Zealand Warriors as their kicking coach for the 2008 season . As part of his release from the Dragons he was not allowed to play for any other club during the 2008 season . During the New Zealand 2008 election Jones publicly appeared with then Prime Minister Helen Clark and offered his support to the Labour Party campaign . In November 2008 he played for the All Golds again in New Plymouth against the New Zealand Māori . The game served as both a testimonial to Ruben Wiki and a warm up for the 2008 World Cup . Participating in this game made Jones realise he still wanted to play rugby league . Warriors comeback . On 7 November 2008 it was announced that Stacey Jones had re-signed as a player with the New Zealand Warriors on a one-year contract for 2009 . He reportedly signed a contract worth over $220,000 . In his March 2009 return game to the NRL , Jones set up two tries and guided his team to a 26–24 victory over Manly , reaffirming his nickname as The Little General . Despite being predicted to play mostly off the bench in 2009 , the early release of incumbent halfback Nathan Fien in June saw Jones thrust into the familiar role of starting playmaker for the Warriors once again . Unfortunately , Jones early good form did not continue and the Warriors struggled to a disappointing 14th placing on the ladder . In early September Jones announced that his comeback was over and he would not be returning for the 2010 NRL season . Coaching career . Following his retirement from professional rugby league , Jones took up a role as player-coach for the Pt Chev Pirates , alongside Awen Guttenbeil . He later worked as the Auckland Rugby Leagues Development officer . Jones was appointed as the New Zealand Warriors Junior Recruitment and Pathways Coach for the 2013 season . He became the Junior Warriors head coach in the Holden Cup for the 2014 season and in his inaugural season the Warriors won the Cup , defeating the Brisbane Broncos 34–32 in the Grand Final . In 2015 Jones coached the Warriors side in the NSW Cup . He is currently an assistant coach for the Warriors and , along with Andrew McFadden , manages the attack under Stephen Kearney . Awards and achievements . Awards and Honours - New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame member - Rugby League Golden Boot Award – Worlds Best Rugby League Player of the Year ( 2002 ) - Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to rugby league ( 2006 New Year Honours ) - Rugby League Players Association – Best Back Award ( 2005 ) - New Zealand Warriors Life Membership ( 2005 ) - New Zealand Warriors Special Award for 100 NRL games ( 1999 ) - New Zealand Warriors Special Award for 200 NRL games ( 2004 ) - Halberg Awards Sportsman of the Year runner-up - Prime TV Viewers Choice Award ( 2001 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Player of the Year ( 2002 , 2001 , 1999 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Promising Player of the Year ( 1995 ) - New Zealand Warriors Player of the Year ( 1997 ) - New Zealand Warriors Back of the Year ( 1999 ) - New Zealand Warriors Development Player of the Year ( 1995 ) - New Zealand Warriors Supporters Player of the Year ( 1999 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Personality of the Year ( 2002 ) - New Zealand Rugby League Annual Player of the Year ( 2002 , 1999 , 1997 ) - Auckland Rugby League Immortal Captaincy - New Zealand Warriors Captain 2001–2005 - Catalans Dragons Captain 2006 - New Zealand Captain 2002–2006 Achievements - 1995 Rugby League World Cup Semi-finalist - 1996 Great Britain Tour of New Zealand Series Winner - 1997 Rugby League World Club Challenge Semi-finalist - 1998 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Series Winner - 1998 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Player of the Series - 1999 Rugby League Tri-Nations - 2000 Rugby League World Cup Finalist ( Silver ) - 2002 National Rugby League Minor Premier - 2002 National Rugby League Grand Finalist - 2002 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Series Draw - 2002 New Zealand Tour of Great Britain Player of the Series - 2003 National Rugby League Semi-finalist - 2005 Rugby League Tri-Nations Champion - 2007 Rugby League Challenge Cup Finalist External links . - Official Player Profile ( Warriors.co.nz ) - Stacey Jones Scoring Record
|
[
"Columbia University"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer David Cannadine work for from 1975 to 1988?
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/wiki/David_Cannadine#P108#0
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David Cannadine Sir David Cannadine ( born 1950 ) is a British author and historian who specialises in modern history , Britain and the history of business and philanthropy . He is currently the Dodge Professor of History at Princeton University , a Visiting Professor of History at Oxford University , and the editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . He has been the President of the British Academy since 2017 , the UKs national academy for the humanities and social sciences . He also serves as the Chairman of the Trustees of the National Portrait Gallery in London and Vice-Chair of the Editorial Board of Past & Present . Cannadine is married to fellow historian Linda Colley . Education and early career . David Cannadine was born in Birmingham on 7 September 1950 and attended King Edward VI Five Ways School . He was educated at Clare College , Cambridge , where he took a double first in history , at St Johns College , Oxford , where he completed his DPhil , and at Princeton University where he was a Jane Eliza Procter Visiting Fellow . After completing his graduate work , he returned to Cambridge , where he was a research fellow at St Johns College , and was then elected a Fellow of Christs College and appointed to a university lectureship in history . Subsequent career . Cannadine was appointed to the professorial chair of history at Columbia University in 1988 , returning to Britain ten years later as director of the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London and , subsequently , as Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Professor of British History . In 2008 he joined the History Department of Princeton University and in 2014 he was appointed Editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and also to a visiting professorship at the University of Oxford . Cannadine has held many other visitorial appointments : at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton ( twice ) , at Birkbeck College , London , at the Whitney Humanities Center , Yale , at ANU Canberra , at the NHC North Carolina , at the Huntington Library and at New York University Stern School of Business . He is the General Editor of the Penguin History of Britain and the Penguin History of Europe . He is currently completing a volume on the history of the Ford Foundation . Works . Cannadines books include The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy ( 1990 ) ; G . M . Trevelyan : A Life in History ( 1992 ) ; Class in Britain ( 1998 ) ; Ornamentalism : How the British Saw Their Empire ( 2001 ) ; ( 2006 ) ; The Thirty Year Rule ( jointly , 2009 ) ; The Right Kind of History ( jointly , 2011 ) ; and The Undivided Past : Humanity Beyond our Differences ( 2013 ) . His most recent publications are Victorious Century : The United Kingdom , 1800–1906 ( 2018 ) , published for the Penguin History of Britain series , as well as two edited volumes on Westminster Abbey and on Anthony Blunt . Cannadine has delivered many public lectures including the Raleigh Lecture at the British Academy ( 1997 ) , the Carnochan Lecture at Stanford University ( 2001 ) , the Linbury Lecture at the National Gallery ( 2002 ) , the T . S . Eliot Lecture at Washington University , St Louis ( 2003 ) , the George Macaulay Trevelyan Lectures at the University of Cambridge ( 2007 ) , the Inaugural Lecture for the Centre for British Studies at Humboldt University , Berlin ( 2010 ) , the Crosby Kemper Lecture at Westminster College , Fulton , Missouri , the Jon Sigurosson Lecture at the University of Iceland ( 2012 ) , the Haaga Lecture at the Huntington Library ( 2012 ) , the Creighton Lecture at the University of Toronto ( 2013 ) , the Robb Lectures at the University of Auckland , New Zealand ( 2015 ) , the Wolfson Anniversary Lecture at the University of Glasgow ( 2015 ) , the Oxford University Press Centenary Lecture ( 2017 ) and the Founders Lecture at St John’s College , Oxford ( 2019 ) . Public work . Cannadine has served as a Vice-President of the Royal Historical Society ( 1998–2002 ) and as a member of the Advisory Council , Public Record Office , subsequently National Archives ( 1999–2004 ) ; as a Trustee and Vice-Chairman of the Kennedy Memorial Trust ( 1999–2010 ) ; as a Trustee , Vice-Chair and Chair of the National Portrait Gallery ( 2000–12 ) ; as a Commissioner of English Heritage ( 2001–09 ) and as Chairman of its Blue Plaques Panel ( 2006–13 ) ; as a member of the Royal Mint Advisory Committee ( 2004–14 ) ; and as Chair of Churchill 2015 ( 2013–15 ) . Cannadine is also widely known as a commentator on current events , in newspapers , on the radio and on television ; he has been a long-standing contributor to A Point of View , broadcast on BBC Radio 4 , as the successor to Alastair Cookes Letter from America ; and he has also written and presented a series of programmes on Churchills Other Lives . He has been active in attempts to reform and improve the history curriculum in the United Kingdom . He also often contributes to contemporary discussions on the present-day British monarchy . Currently , Cannadine serves as a member of the Bank of England Banknote Character Advisory Committee ; he is a Trustee of the Rothschild Archive , the Gordon Brown Archive and Gladstones Library ; and of the Library of Birmingham Development Trust , the Royal Academy Trust , Historic Royal Palaces and the Wolfson Foundation . He is also 168th President of The Birmingham & Midland Institute , a Vice-President of the Victorian Society , Vice-Chairman of the Westminster Abbey Fabric Commission , and of the editorial board of Past & Present and President of the Friends of the Imperial War Museum . Honours and distinctions . Cannadine has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society ( 1981 ) , a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( 1998 ) , a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature ( 1999 ) , a Fellow of the British Academy ( 1999 ) , and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries ( 2005 ) . He has been awarded the Lionel Trilling Prize ( 1991 ) and the Deans Distinguished Award in the Humanities ( 1996 ) by Columbia University , the Dickinson Medal by the Newcomen Society ( 2003 ) , the Minerva Medal of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow ( 2013 ) , the Norton Medlicott Medal of the Historical Association ( 2013 ) , and the Blenheim Award of the International Churchill Society ( 2016 ) . Cannadine holds honorary degrees from the London South Bank University ( 2001 ) , the University of East Anglia ( 2001 ) , the University of Birmingham ( 2002 ) , the University of Worcester ( 2011 ) , Open University ( 2016 ) , the University of London ( 2017 ) , the University of Leicester ( 2019 ) and Queens University , Belfast ( 2020 ) . He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Historical Research ( 2005 ) , Christs College , Cambridge ( 2005 ) , the Historical Association ( 2011 ) , and Clare College , Cambridge ( 2012 ) and an Honorary Churchill Fellow of Westminster College , Fulton , Missouri ( 2012 ) . He was knighted for services to scholarship in 2009 . More recently , in April 2018 Cannadine was elected an international honorary member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences . He was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019 . Publications . - Lords and Landlords : The Aristocracy and the Towns , 1774–1967 ( 1980 ) - Patricians , Power and Politics in Nineteenth-century Towns ( 1982 ) ( editor ) - Blood , Toil , Tears and Sweat : Winston Churchill’s Famous Speeches ( 1989 ) ( editor ) - The Pleasures of the Past ( 1989 ) - The First Modern Society : Essays in English History in Honour of Lawrence Stone ( 1989 ) ( editor ) ( with A.L . Beier and James Rosenheim ) - The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy ( 1990 ) - G.M . Trevelyan : A Life in History ( 1992 ) - Aspects of Aristocracy : Grandeur and Decline in Modern Britain ( 1994 ) - The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain ( 1998 ) - History in Our Time ( 1998 ) - Ornamentalism : How the British Saw Their Empire ( 2001 ) - In Churchills Shadow : Confronting the Past in Modern Britain ( 2002 ) - What Is History Now ? ( 2002 ) ( editor ) - History and the Media ( 2004 ) ( editor ) - Churchill in the Twenty-First Century ( 2004 ) ( editor ) ( with Roland Quinault ) - Admiral Lord Nelson : Context and Legacy ( 2005 ) ( editor ) - Gunpowder Plots : A Celebration of 400 Years of Bonfire Night ( jointly 2005 ) - Trafalgar : A Battle and its Afterlife ( 2006 ) ( editor ) - ( 2006 ) - Empire , the Sea and Global History : Britains Maritime World 1763–1833 ( 2007 ) ( editor ) - National Portrait Gallery : A Brief History ( 2007 ) - Empire , the Sea and Global History : Britain’s Maritime World , c.1763–1840 ( 2007 ) ( editor ) - Making History Now and Then : Discoveries , Controversies and Explorations ( 2008 ) - History and Philanthropy : Past , Present and Future ( 2008 ) ( editor ) ( with Jill Pellew ) - The Thirty Year Rule ( jointly , 2009 ) - The Right Kind of History : Teaching the Past in Twentieth-Century England ( 2011 ) ( with Jenny Keating and Nicola Sheldon ) - The Undivided Past : History Beyond Our Differences ( 2013 ) - George V ( Penguin Monarchs series ) ( 2014 ) - Heroic Chancellor : Winston Churchill and Bristol University ( 2015 ) - Margaret Thatcher : A Life and Legacy ( 2017 ) - Victorious Century : The United Kingdom , 1800–1906 ( Penguin History of Britain ) ( 2018 ) - The Country House : Past , Present and Future ( 2018 ) ( editor ) ( with Jeremy Musson ) - Why Collect Now ? A Report on the State of Museums and of Collecting ( 2019 ) - Westminster Abbey : A Church in History ( 2019 ) ( editor ) - A Question of Retribution? : The British Academy and the Matter of Anthony Blunt ( 2020 ) ( editor ) External links . - Official webpage - Short biography - Interview - Directory of Fellows of the British Academy - Debretts People of Today - Embracing Complexity - A Conversation with David Cannadine , Ideas Roadshow , 2015 - David Cannadine : interview , The Telegraph , 2005
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[
"University of London"
] |
easy
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Which employer did David Cannadine work for from 1988 to 1999?
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/wiki/David_Cannadine#P108#1
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David Cannadine Sir David Cannadine ( born 1950 ) is a British author and historian who specialises in modern history , Britain and the history of business and philanthropy . He is currently the Dodge Professor of History at Princeton University , a Visiting Professor of History at Oxford University , and the editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . He has been the President of the British Academy since 2017 , the UKs national academy for the humanities and social sciences . He also serves as the Chairman of the Trustees of the National Portrait Gallery in London and Vice-Chair of the Editorial Board of Past & Present . Cannadine is married to fellow historian Linda Colley . Education and early career . David Cannadine was born in Birmingham on 7 September 1950 and attended King Edward VI Five Ways School . He was educated at Clare College , Cambridge , where he took a double first in history , at St Johns College , Oxford , where he completed his DPhil , and at Princeton University where he was a Jane Eliza Procter Visiting Fellow . After completing his graduate work , he returned to Cambridge , where he was a research fellow at St Johns College , and was then elected a Fellow of Christs College and appointed to a university lectureship in history . Subsequent career . Cannadine was appointed to the professorial chair of history at Columbia University in 1988 , returning to Britain ten years later as director of the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London and , subsequently , as Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Professor of British History . In 2008 he joined the History Department of Princeton University and in 2014 he was appointed Editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and also to a visiting professorship at the University of Oxford . Cannadine has held many other visitorial appointments : at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton ( twice ) , at Birkbeck College , London , at the Whitney Humanities Center , Yale , at ANU Canberra , at the NHC North Carolina , at the Huntington Library and at New York University Stern School of Business . He is the General Editor of the Penguin History of Britain and the Penguin History of Europe . He is currently completing a volume on the history of the Ford Foundation . Works . Cannadines books include The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy ( 1990 ) ; G . M . Trevelyan : A Life in History ( 1992 ) ; Class in Britain ( 1998 ) ; Ornamentalism : How the British Saw Their Empire ( 2001 ) ; ( 2006 ) ; The Thirty Year Rule ( jointly , 2009 ) ; The Right Kind of History ( jointly , 2011 ) ; and The Undivided Past : Humanity Beyond our Differences ( 2013 ) . His most recent publications are Victorious Century : The United Kingdom , 1800–1906 ( 2018 ) , published for the Penguin History of Britain series , as well as two edited volumes on Westminster Abbey and on Anthony Blunt . Cannadine has delivered many public lectures including the Raleigh Lecture at the British Academy ( 1997 ) , the Carnochan Lecture at Stanford University ( 2001 ) , the Linbury Lecture at the National Gallery ( 2002 ) , the T . S . Eliot Lecture at Washington University , St Louis ( 2003 ) , the George Macaulay Trevelyan Lectures at the University of Cambridge ( 2007 ) , the Inaugural Lecture for the Centre for British Studies at Humboldt University , Berlin ( 2010 ) , the Crosby Kemper Lecture at Westminster College , Fulton , Missouri , the Jon Sigurosson Lecture at the University of Iceland ( 2012 ) , the Haaga Lecture at the Huntington Library ( 2012 ) , the Creighton Lecture at the University of Toronto ( 2013 ) , the Robb Lectures at the University of Auckland , New Zealand ( 2015 ) , the Wolfson Anniversary Lecture at the University of Glasgow ( 2015 ) , the Oxford University Press Centenary Lecture ( 2017 ) and the Founders Lecture at St John’s College , Oxford ( 2019 ) . Public work . Cannadine has served as a Vice-President of the Royal Historical Society ( 1998–2002 ) and as a member of the Advisory Council , Public Record Office , subsequently National Archives ( 1999–2004 ) ; as a Trustee and Vice-Chairman of the Kennedy Memorial Trust ( 1999–2010 ) ; as a Trustee , Vice-Chair and Chair of the National Portrait Gallery ( 2000–12 ) ; as a Commissioner of English Heritage ( 2001–09 ) and as Chairman of its Blue Plaques Panel ( 2006–13 ) ; as a member of the Royal Mint Advisory Committee ( 2004–14 ) ; and as Chair of Churchill 2015 ( 2013–15 ) . Cannadine is also widely known as a commentator on current events , in newspapers , on the radio and on television ; he has been a long-standing contributor to A Point of View , broadcast on BBC Radio 4 , as the successor to Alastair Cookes Letter from America ; and he has also written and presented a series of programmes on Churchills Other Lives . He has been active in attempts to reform and improve the history curriculum in the United Kingdom . He also often contributes to contemporary discussions on the present-day British monarchy . Currently , Cannadine serves as a member of the Bank of England Banknote Character Advisory Committee ; he is a Trustee of the Rothschild Archive , the Gordon Brown Archive and Gladstones Library ; and of the Library of Birmingham Development Trust , the Royal Academy Trust , Historic Royal Palaces and the Wolfson Foundation . He is also 168th President of The Birmingham & Midland Institute , a Vice-President of the Victorian Society , Vice-Chairman of the Westminster Abbey Fabric Commission , and of the editorial board of Past & Present and President of the Friends of the Imperial War Museum . Honours and distinctions . Cannadine has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society ( 1981 ) , a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( 1998 ) , a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature ( 1999 ) , a Fellow of the British Academy ( 1999 ) , and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries ( 2005 ) . He has been awarded the Lionel Trilling Prize ( 1991 ) and the Deans Distinguished Award in the Humanities ( 1996 ) by Columbia University , the Dickinson Medal by the Newcomen Society ( 2003 ) , the Minerva Medal of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow ( 2013 ) , the Norton Medlicott Medal of the Historical Association ( 2013 ) , and the Blenheim Award of the International Churchill Society ( 2016 ) . Cannadine holds honorary degrees from the London South Bank University ( 2001 ) , the University of East Anglia ( 2001 ) , the University of Birmingham ( 2002 ) , the University of Worcester ( 2011 ) , Open University ( 2016 ) , the University of London ( 2017 ) , the University of Leicester ( 2019 ) and Queens University , Belfast ( 2020 ) . He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Historical Research ( 2005 ) , Christs College , Cambridge ( 2005 ) , the Historical Association ( 2011 ) , and Clare College , Cambridge ( 2012 ) and an Honorary Churchill Fellow of Westminster College , Fulton , Missouri ( 2012 ) . He was knighted for services to scholarship in 2009 . More recently , in April 2018 Cannadine was elected an international honorary member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences . He was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019 . Publications . - Lords and Landlords : The Aristocracy and the Towns , 1774–1967 ( 1980 ) - Patricians , Power and Politics in Nineteenth-century Towns ( 1982 ) ( editor ) - Blood , Toil , Tears and Sweat : Winston Churchill’s Famous Speeches ( 1989 ) ( editor ) - The Pleasures of the Past ( 1989 ) - The First Modern Society : Essays in English History in Honour of Lawrence Stone ( 1989 ) ( editor ) ( with A.L . Beier and James Rosenheim ) - The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy ( 1990 ) - G.M . Trevelyan : A Life in History ( 1992 ) - Aspects of Aristocracy : Grandeur and Decline in Modern Britain ( 1994 ) - The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain ( 1998 ) - History in Our Time ( 1998 ) - Ornamentalism : How the British Saw Their Empire ( 2001 ) - In Churchills Shadow : Confronting the Past in Modern Britain ( 2002 ) - What Is History Now ? ( 2002 ) ( editor ) - History and the Media ( 2004 ) ( editor ) - Churchill in the Twenty-First Century ( 2004 ) ( editor ) ( with Roland Quinault ) - Admiral Lord Nelson : Context and Legacy ( 2005 ) ( editor ) - Gunpowder Plots : A Celebration of 400 Years of Bonfire Night ( jointly 2005 ) - Trafalgar : A Battle and its Afterlife ( 2006 ) ( editor ) - ( 2006 ) - Empire , the Sea and Global History : Britains Maritime World 1763–1833 ( 2007 ) ( editor ) - National Portrait Gallery : A Brief History ( 2007 ) - Empire , the Sea and Global History : Britain’s Maritime World , c.1763–1840 ( 2007 ) ( editor ) - Making History Now and Then : Discoveries , Controversies and Explorations ( 2008 ) - History and Philanthropy : Past , Present and Future ( 2008 ) ( editor ) ( with Jill Pellew ) - The Thirty Year Rule ( jointly , 2009 ) - The Right Kind of History : Teaching the Past in Twentieth-Century England ( 2011 ) ( with Jenny Keating and Nicola Sheldon ) - The Undivided Past : History Beyond Our Differences ( 2013 ) - George V ( Penguin Monarchs series ) ( 2014 ) - Heroic Chancellor : Winston Churchill and Bristol University ( 2015 ) - Margaret Thatcher : A Life and Legacy ( 2017 ) - Victorious Century : The United Kingdom , 1800–1906 ( Penguin History of Britain ) ( 2018 ) - The Country House : Past , Present and Future ( 2018 ) ( editor ) ( with Jeremy Musson ) - Why Collect Now ? A Report on the State of Museums and of Collecting ( 2019 ) - Westminster Abbey : A Church in History ( 2019 ) ( editor ) - A Question of Retribution? : The British Academy and the Matter of Anthony Blunt ( 2020 ) ( editor ) External links . - Official webpage - Short biography - Interview - Directory of Fellows of the British Academy - Debretts People of Today - Embracing Complexity - A Conversation with David Cannadine , Ideas Roadshow , 2015 - David Cannadine : interview , The Telegraph , 2005
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[
"Member of Parliament",
"Parliamentary Private Secretary",
"international monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections"
] |
easy
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What position did Shahid Malik take from May 2005 to Jun 2007?
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/wiki/Shahid_Malik#P39#0
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Shahid Malik Shahid Rafique Malik ( ; born 24 November 1967 ) is a British Labour Party politician , a technology and media industry chairman , a visiting professor , and chairman and adviser to a number of non-profit organisations . His political career began when he became the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dewsbury in 2005 which made him the country’s first British-born Muslim ( alongside the current Mayor of London Sadiq Khan ) to be elected to the British Parliament . In 2007 he became Britains first Muslim Minister of International Development , and subsequently served as a Justice Minister and Home Office Minister . In his last Ministerial role at the Department for Communities and Local Government he led the British governments efforts in fighting extremism ; overseeing race , faith , and community cohesion ; developing The Tames Gateway ( the largest development area in Europe ) ; and managing the Fire and Rescue Service Department for Communities and Local Government . He lost his seat in the House of Commons to Simon Reevell in the 2010 general election following significant ( 60% ) boundary changes . Early life . Malik was born in Burnley , Lancashire , in 1967 . His father Rafique Malik was a district councillor between 1976 and 2006 and a mayor of Burnley , having emigrated from Pakistan in the 1960s . His mother was a Justice of the Peace . He attended Barden High School and Burnley Sixth Form Centre before studying Business Studies at the South Bank Polytechnic in London and later attending Durham University . Malik is one of seven siblings . Pre-parliamentary career . Prior to Parliament , his three main areas of work were in the urban regeneration and development field ; the voluntary and community sector ; and domestic and international anti-poverty , education , human rights and equalities sector . In local/regional regeneration terms , after graduating , Malik initially worked with the East Lancashire Training and Enterprise Council in a business development capacity . This was followed by roles as General Manager of Kashmir Youth Project Rochdale , Group Chief Executive of the Pakistan Muslim Centre and incorporating the Pakistan Enterprise Centre , Sheffield ; Head of Policy and Development at the Greater Nottingham Training and Enterprise Council ; and then as Chief Executive of Haringey Regeneration Agency , managing a £150 million development programme . He also served for three years as Chair of the Board of Directors of VONEF ( voluntary organisations network for European funding in Yorkshire and the Humber ) ; and served as National Chair of the voluntary sector body Urban Forum ( 1999–2002 ) elected annually by the 400 plus member organisations . The Forum was a respected national regeneration policy network made up of residents and community organisations , with the aim of pushing power to local people in deprived neighbourhoods . Following the Good Friday Peace Agreement of 1998 he was appointed by then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Rt Hon Mo Mowlam MP , as an Equality Commissioner for Northern Ireland ( 1999–2002 ) . The Equality Commission for Northern Ireland was born out of the Good Friday peace agreement and was charged with dealing with equalities issues between Catholics & Protestants , Unionists & Nationalists , and discrimination by race , gender , disability , sexuality and age . Malik served as the only ever person from England , Scotland or Wales ( Great Britain ) to have been appointed a Commissioner in Northern Ireland . From 1998 to 2002 he was appointed as a Commissioner to the Commission for Racial Equality . The organisation was a law enforcement agency under the Race Relations Act 1976 and worked to eliminate racial discrimination across Great Britain . It has subsequently been subsumed into the Equality and Human Rights Commission EHRC He served for six years as an Independent Governor of Sheffield Hallam University ; and for several years as a member , Queen Mary University Policy Advisory Board and as an Adviser to Middlesex University . Internationally , Malik served Vice-Chair of United Nations body , UNESCO UK , working to engage UK civic society in UNESCOs work in contributing to world peace , security , justice and human rights , by promoting collaboration between nations on educational , scientific , cultural and communications projects . Malik also served as an international election monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 ( and subsequently , as an MP helped monitor the Palestinian Parliamentary elections in January 2006 ) . Between 2001 and 2005 he also worked as an adviser to Government on Community Cohesion and Neighbourhood Renewal . He has also been a Fellow of the Institute of Management ( FIMgt ) and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) . Early politics and Burnley riots . In June 2001 , Malik was arrested and allegedly beaten by police during racially motivated riots in Burnley . He said he had been trying to stop the violence and told the BBC he had been arrested by very hyped-up police . The riot shields were smashed in my face , causing four to five stitches above the eye , a black eye , lacerations to the arm , bruises on the back of the head , on the body and on the legs . On leaving Burnley General Hospital Malik said : No recriminations . This incident should not stereotype all police officers . No charges were brought by Lancashire Police and Malik was offered an apology . In April 2003 , Malik won a public apology and substantial libel damages after being wrongly accused of throwing bricks during the riots in the Lancashire Evening Telegraph on 17 January 2002 . Maliks lawyer told the High Court in London : At the time referred to in the article , he was in fact acting as a mediator and peacemaker in a volatile situation following disturbances in Burnley . In 2000 , Malik was elected as the first non-white member to the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party . He was re-elected each year until 2005 when he stood down after being elected as an MP . Malik sought selection in a number of seats including Leeds Central and Tottenham . In 2002 he had hoped to be selected in his home town of Burnley where Peter Pike had indicated he was standing down . However , the National Executive Committee decided that the Constituency Labour Party should have an all-women shortlist . He then stood for selection in Brent East after Labour lost the 2003 by-election but was left off the shortlist despite having gained the most nominations in the selection process . Parliamentary career . In 2004 Malik was selected as the Labour candidate in Dewsbury for the 2005 general election . Labour saw a 6% drop in its vote nationally in 2005 , and despite a 4.2% swing to the Conservatives in Dewsbury , Malik comfortably retained the seat for Labour with a majority of 4,615 ahead of Sayeeda Warsi . Upon his election , Malik was one of the first British-born Muslims to become an MP . At the 2005 House Magazine Awards , his was awarded the best Maiden Speech among the one hundred plus new MPs elected in 2005 . In February 2006 , he was runner-up in the Channel Four News awards in the Rising Star category . Upon election , Malik was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . He also served on the Environmental Audit Select Committee until the cabinet reshuffle of May 2006 when he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the then Minister of State for Schools Jim Knight . He served as an international monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 and Parliamentary elections in January 2006 . In June 2007 , Malik became Britains first Muslim Minister after Gordon Brown appointed him as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for International Development . In October 2008 , Malik was appointed as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Justice and in March 2009 was subsequently appointed into a dual role as a Home Office Minister . In June 2009 , he was appointed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Communities and Local Government . At the 2010 general election Malik lost his seat . There had been significant boundary changes in his constituency which he felt had counted against him . Malik commented that the changes brought in 26,000 extra Tories from rural areas , including Denby Dale and Kirkburton . In his speech on election night Malik also drew attention to the role played by an independent candidate , Khizar Iqbal . He said Iqbal had been brought forward not to win but to make sure that I lost . Iqbal had been supported by anti-sleaze campaigner Martin Bell . Iqbals election agent , Jonathan Scott , was also a former Conservative Councillor and had been the election agent for Baroness Warsi in her unsuccessful bid to become the Dewsbury MP in 2005 . Councillor Khizar Iqbal was allowed to re-join the Conservative party in May 2011 . Race and community cohesion issues . Soon after his election to the House of Commons in 2005 , Malik became one of the public faces of Muslim leadership in the UK and a leading voice in the battle with Islamic extremism in Britain . In the government reshuffle of 9 June 2009 , Malik was given ministerial responsibility for issues of race , faith and community cohesion . In 2008 , he was made an honorary Doctor of the University of Bradford for his contributions as Member of Parliament and , in particular , in recognition of the distinctive role he has played in working towards community cohesion and in striving for racial harmony . He served as an Adviser to the government on Community Cohesion following race riots in Bradford , Burnley and Oldham in 2001 . Terrorism and extremism . Just two months after Malik was elected to the House of Commons , it was revealed that the leader of the 7 July 2005 London bombings , Mohammad Sidique Khan , came from his Dewsbury constituency . Malik described the bombings as the most profound challenge yet faced by the British Muslim community . He said : Condemnation is not enough and British Muslims must , and I believe are prepared to , confront the voices of evil head on . Later Malik confronted the issue in an article for The Times newspaper . He wrote : Yes , foreign policy causes anger among many British Muslims but this does not in itself cause terrorism . Unquestionably , the lethal ingredient is a twisted , perverted interpretation of Islam whereby you can legitimately kill yourself and other innocent people , and you will go to Heaven . He concluded that : For British Muslims the fight against extremism is not just for the very soul of Islam but for the freedoms we enjoy as Britons . Malik found controversy in February 2007 when he wrote , again in The Times , that the Muslim Council of Britain should stop whingeing and show leadership . Referring to their decision not to play a part in Holocaust Memorial Day , Malik wrote : Its flawed moral leadership places the MCB alongside the likes of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , as nonattendees . Muslim veil row . In October 2006 Malik garnered national attention when he spoke out in support of the decision to suspend , and later sack , a Muslim teaching assistant from Dewsbury for refusing to remove her veil in the classroom . Aishah Azmi , 24 , was asked to remove her niqab veil after pupils found it hard to understand her during English language lessons . The school said she could wear the veil outside the classroom . Malik said : In schools the top priority has got to be the education of our children.. . I believe the education authority has bent over backwards to be accommodating and has been extremely reasonable and sensible in the decision it has come to.” There is no religious obligation whatsoever for Muslim women to cover themselves up in front of primary school children . In June 2009 Malik spoke out against comments made by Nicolas Sarkozy after the French President declared the burqa was not welcome in France . Sarkozy said : The burqa is not a sign of religion , it is a sign of subservience . Malik responded publicly by saying : It is not the job of government to dictate what people should or should not wear in our society – that is a matter of personal choice . There are no laws stating what clothes or attire are acceptable and so whether one chooses to wear a veil or burqa , a miniskirt or goth outfit is entirely at the individuals discretion . Fight for parliamentary cleaners rights . Malik placed an early day motion ( EDM 434 , 2005 ) , which attracted 178 MPs signatures and led to the first picket and strike in the Houses of Parliament and eventually to improved pay and conditions for the cleaners of Parliament . EDM 434 stated : That this House values the cleaners who maintain high standards of service to Parliament ; believes the parliamentary cleaners should be treated with respect and that it is wrong that , despite the widespread concern over their pay and conditions of employment , their pay has only increased from the national minimum wage of £4.85 per hour to £5 per hour ; is concerned that the parliamentary cleaners only enjoy 12 days paid holiday and have no company sick pay or pension ; believes the time has come to end this sorry state of affairs ; and urges the parliamentary authorities to reach agreement with the two contractors on making available the necessary resources to ensure that cleaners earn the London living wage . Ministerial career ( 2007–2010 ) . International Development Minister . Maliks first and longest Ministerial role was as International Development Minister where his roles included : • Conflict , Humanitarian and Security Minister • All DFID Country Programmes globally apart from Sub-Saharan Africa • UK Civil Society ( British Red Cross , Oxfam , Islamic Relief etc. ) • Governor , Asian & Inter-American Development Banks • Chair Board of Governors Caribbean Development Bank • Asia , MENA , South America and Europe Development Minister • Aid Effectiveness Minister Malik was responsible for the UKs largest global aid programmes including in India , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as the Middle East and North Africa , the rest of Asia , South America and Europe . He was also the UKs Aid Effectiveness Minister working to ensure that the impact of aid was maximised , and gave evidence to the Parliaments International Development Committee on the issue . In his role as the UK Minister responsible for Humanitarian Affairs , Conflict and Security Operations he had responsibility for overseeing the response to humanitarian emergencies both natural and man-made . For example , it covered disasters such as cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh cyclone Nargis in Burma ; and the Pakistan earthquake , as well as man-made challenges , which meant supporting the work in Afghanistan , Iraq as well as for example UNRWA , UNDP , UNICEF , WHO etc . Some of the individual initiatives in countries were in partnership with other countries and were relatively sizeable for example he signed a £90m maternal and new born health programme in Pakistan which was designed to save the lives of an estimated 30,000 women and some 350,000 children . Malik was involved in the transition of Nepal out of civil war into an inclusive democracy . In this role he acted as an honest broker engaging with the Maoists leader Chairman Prachanda and the seven party alliance including PM Koirala . Other troubled areas that Malik engaged with as Humanitarian Minister included Darfur . In addition , Maliks focused his efforts on the Far East with visits and support to Vietnam , Indonesia Myanmar and Thailand . He signed the UKs first ten-year partnership agreement in the Middle East with the government of Yemen . and developed a MOU with the Islamic Development Bank . He also served as an observer to both Palestinian Parliamentary and Presidential elections . He was responsible for the UKs work with the Asian Development Bank , Inter- American Development Bank and Caribbean Development Bank – serving as Governor on each ( Chairman of the latter ) . In terms of UK civil society he was responsible for the distribution of £120 million per year to small NGOs as well as large ones such as the CAFOD , Red Cross , Oxfam , Action Aid , Christian Aid and Islamic Relief etc . He launched the UKs Youth volunteering schemes and others that linked the UK with the developing world and Co-Chaired the DFID/Trade Union Congress International Development Forum . Communities and Local Government Minister . As Communities & Local Government Minister Maliks role included : • Preventing Extremism Minister • Community Cohesion & Faith Minister • Race and Migration Minister • Thames Gateway Minister • Olympics Legacy Minister • Fire & Rescue Minister He served as Minister for the Fire and Rescue Service , Minister for Community Cohesion and Faith , Minister for Race and Migration , Minister for Preventing Violent Extremism and the Olympic Legacy and Thames Gateway Minister . As the Thames Gateway and Olympic Legacy Minister he was responsible for Europes largest regeneration area covering East London , South Essex and North Kent . In addition , he was responsible for ensuring the £9 billion Olympics investment had a beneficial impact on the regeneration of East London for the next twenty years . He also oversaw work with major businesses such as Land Securities PLC and helped initiate the dredging of the Dubai Ports Worlds £1.8 billion UK investment , which will eventually create 36,000 jobs in the UK . Malik dealt at the most senior level with all local authorities in East London and throughout the Thames Gateway , private sector organisations and development agencies . He was for example responsible for the appointments of Board members on the Olympic Park Legacy Company and for the restructuring of the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation and the Thurrock Thames Gateway Development Corporation following their quinquennial review . He also Chaired the Thames Gateway Strategic Partnership with Bob Kerslake , the then CEO of the Homes and Communities Agency , as his co-chair . The partnership was made up of all the council leaders/CEOs and other agencies across the Gateway . As Fire and Rescue Minister he worked with local fire and rescue authorities to help prevent deaths , injuries and damage to property . He also worked in partnership with the Fire and Rescue Service and other agencies to build the resilience and capability to deal with major emergencies , including terrorism and natural disasters . This involved management of a £400m plus technology and change management programme . In his final Ministerial role , he also had responsibility for Faith , Cohesion and fighting extremism and hatred , he founded an award which was to be presented by the Prime Minister of the day known as the Heroes of the Holocaust Award . The award was given ( sometimes posthumously ) to British non-Jews who had risked their lives and , in some cases , given their lives to save Jews and other persecuted groups from the Nazis . Gordon Brown was the first Prime Minister to present the Award which consists of a silver medallion inscribed with the words In the Service of Humanity . Libel claim . On 6 October 2006 Malik launched a libel case against both The Dewsbury Press editor Danny Lockwood and former Conservative councillor Jonathan Scott over a letter by Mr Scott criticising the Labour partys tactics following Scotts defeat at the Kirklees council elections in May 2006 . Malik believing the material amounted to an accusation of racism . The defending newspaper suggested the case was attack on freedom of speech and a petition was presented to the Prime Minister protesting against Maliks legal action . The petition was dimissed . In a trial at the High Court , despite the countrys most senior Libel Judge , Lord Justice Eady , ruling in favour of Mr Malik giving him victory on three of the four defences that the Press newspaper , Lockwood and Scott had put forward against Mr Maliks defamation claim , the case ended in a mistrial due to the jurys inability to arrive at a majority of at least 10 out of 12 on the fourth defence . A retrial was averted after an agreed statement was published vindicating Malik . In the statement , Scott stated I am happy to make clear that my letter was never intended to accuse Malik of orchestrating gangs of thugs or playing the race card . This was an interpretation some people placed upon my letter and subsequent article , an interpretation with which I disagreed . Lockwood said , We want to make it clear that we never accused Shahid of any impropriety whatsoever during the elections . Malik said , I am very pleased that after a discussion with Danny Lockwood , he has been able to give me the assurances I required . Problems at US airports . On 25 October 2007 , while on Government business , Malik was stopped and searched by United States airport security staff at Dulles Airport in Washington D.C . Malik said of the incident : The abusive attitude I endured last November I forgot about and I forgave , but I really do believe that British ministers and parliamentarians should be afforded the same respect and dignity at USA airports that we would bestow upon our colleagues in the Senate and Congress . Obviously , there was no malice involved but it has to be said that the USA system does not inspire confidence . Cleared of breaching the Ministerial Code . On 15 May 2009 , Malik stepped down as Justice Minister and Home Office Minister in order to allow the Prime Ministers independent adviser on Ministerial interests , Sir Philip Mawer , to investigate accusations in The Daily Telegraph that he had breached the Ministerial Code by accepting preferential rent on his office and home . However , the inquiry concluded that he was in fact paying the market rent and Sir Philip cleared him of any breach . On 9 June , Malik rejoined the government as Communities and Local Government Minister . Cleared of breaching rules on expenses . Malik was accused of irregularities in relation to his expenses . This came almost immediately after he was cleared of breaching the ministerial code . After a thorough 10-month inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards Malik was cleared . On receiving the news Malik said : I have now been cleared of breaching the ministerial code of conduct by the ministerial standards adviser Sir Philip Mawer , cleared of any abuse of expenses by a parliamentary review conducted by the Department of Resources , and now finally cleared of abusing office expenses by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards John Lyon . Todays outcome represents the end of a 12-month nightmare and I would like to thank all those family , friends and constituents who have stood by me and kept the faith – we have today all been vindicated . BBC Gaza War Appeal . Malik criticised the BBCs decision not to broadcast an appeal by the Disaster and Emergencies Committee to help raise millions of pounds for people in need of food , medicines and shelter following Israels three-week assault on the Palestinian territory . Malik warned that the Corporations decision would be seen around the world as one which inflicts still further misery on the beleaguered and suffering people of Gaza . Tackling extremism . As Cohesion Minister , Malik said the £45million-a-year Prevent strategy would also work in deprived white areas rather than concentrating on Muslim youths . Former Government adviser Paul Richards criticised the move , saying : There is a real danger that if ministers relax the focus on Muslim youth , then it dilutes efforts to tackle terrorism . Former Shadow Home Secretary David Davis also criticised Malik , accusing him of having watered down the policy . Malik said that Prevent , which includes measures like helping mosques to spot the early signs of extremism in vulnerable youngsters , was too focused on the Muslim community . He added : You speak to any Muslim on the street anywhere in this country and they will say they are as opposed as you and I are to extremism , to terrorism .. . But the frustration is that they are constantly linked with terrorism as a community as a whole . He went on : It is not just about the Muslim , it is actually about everybody in our society having a role to play and we cannot dismiss or underestimate the threat from the far right . MPs expenses . Malik claimed £185,421 in parliamentary expenses for 2006 , the highest amount claimed by any MP . Some £163,000 of this was used for staff and office etc . while the rest some £22,110 was claimed for personal use as part of his staying away from main house allowance ( ACA ) . 183 other MPs claimed exactly the same amount and in 2007/08 he again claimed the maximum personal ACA allowance as did 142 other MPs . Following Sir Thomas Leggs audit of MPs expenses spending limits on eligible items were retrospectively lowered thus meaning that 468 MPs being were forced to make repayments . Malik ( 239th out of 468 ) repaid £1,300 due to these retrospective spending limit reductions . The investigation further ordered that Malik apologise in writing to the House for breaching the rules of the House when he was a Member of Parliament and for his failure while still a member to respond sufficiently promptly to the Commissioners investigation . It noted Malik had failed to recognise his personal responsibility to respond thus making the situation more serious . A spokesman for Malik said the claim had previously been approved twice by the parliamentary authorities and subsequently audited as eligible . Racist hate material . Malik and his staff regularly had to intercept abusive and racist communications sent to his offices in Westminster and Dewsbury . In June 2008 Malik acted against YouTube after supporters of the far-right posted a 39-second video clip warning him not to mess with the big boys , cutting from a still of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , to a shot of Malik covered in blood . The video was removed from the site following a further complaint from the Equality and Human Rights Commission . In December 2009 , a 55-year-old man from Woodley , Berkshire pleaded guilty under the Malicious Communications Act of 1988 , of sending an indecent or grossly offensive email to Malik for the purpose of causing distress or anxiety . He was fined £200 . Anthrax terror alert . In December 2009 an envelope containing suspicious white powder was sent to Maliks office at the House of Commons , triggering an anti-terrorist investigation . Comments written on the envelope suggested it had been sent by a supporter of the far-right . The substance was later found to be harmless . Personal life and family . Although over a hundred MPs employed family members in their offices , Malik was found to be the only MP to have employed his father , who was paid between £13,566 to £25,195 per year from the taxpayer-funded MPs Staffing Allowance fund . Failure to initially disclose this information was later referenced in Maliks use of expenses investigation . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Shahid Malik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Shahid Malik MP - Transcript of maiden speech to the House of Commons
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Shahid Malik Shahid Rafique Malik ( ; born 24 November 1967 ) is a British Labour Party politician , a technology and media industry chairman , a visiting professor , and chairman and adviser to a number of non-profit organisations . His political career began when he became the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dewsbury in 2005 which made him the country’s first British-born Muslim ( alongside the current Mayor of London Sadiq Khan ) to be elected to the British Parliament . In 2007 he became Britains first Muslim Minister of International Development , and subsequently served as a Justice Minister and Home Office Minister . In his last Ministerial role at the Department for Communities and Local Government he led the British governments efforts in fighting extremism ; overseeing race , faith , and community cohesion ; developing The Tames Gateway ( the largest development area in Europe ) ; and managing the Fire and Rescue Service Department for Communities and Local Government . He lost his seat in the House of Commons to Simon Reevell in the 2010 general election following significant ( 60% ) boundary changes . Early life . Malik was born in Burnley , Lancashire , in 1967 . His father Rafique Malik was a district councillor between 1976 and 2006 and a mayor of Burnley , having emigrated from Pakistan in the 1960s . His mother was a Justice of the Peace . He attended Barden High School and Burnley Sixth Form Centre before studying Business Studies at the South Bank Polytechnic in London and later attending Durham University . Malik is one of seven siblings . Pre-parliamentary career . Prior to Parliament , his three main areas of work were in the urban regeneration and development field ; the voluntary and community sector ; and domestic and international anti-poverty , education , human rights and equalities sector . In local/regional regeneration terms , after graduating , Malik initially worked with the East Lancashire Training and Enterprise Council in a business development capacity . This was followed by roles as General Manager of Kashmir Youth Project Rochdale , Group Chief Executive of the Pakistan Muslim Centre and incorporating the Pakistan Enterprise Centre , Sheffield ; Head of Policy and Development at the Greater Nottingham Training and Enterprise Council ; and then as Chief Executive of Haringey Regeneration Agency , managing a £150 million development programme . He also served for three years as Chair of the Board of Directors of VONEF ( voluntary organisations network for European funding in Yorkshire and the Humber ) ; and served as National Chair of the voluntary sector body Urban Forum ( 1999–2002 ) elected annually by the 400 plus member organisations . The Forum was a respected national regeneration policy network made up of residents and community organisations , with the aim of pushing power to local people in deprived neighbourhoods . Following the Good Friday Peace Agreement of 1998 he was appointed by then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Rt Hon Mo Mowlam MP , as an Equality Commissioner for Northern Ireland ( 1999–2002 ) . The Equality Commission for Northern Ireland was born out of the Good Friday peace agreement and was charged with dealing with equalities issues between Catholics & Protestants , Unionists & Nationalists , and discrimination by race , gender , disability , sexuality and age . Malik served as the only ever person from England , Scotland or Wales ( Great Britain ) to have been appointed a Commissioner in Northern Ireland . From 1998 to 2002 he was appointed as a Commissioner to the Commission for Racial Equality . The organisation was a law enforcement agency under the Race Relations Act 1976 and worked to eliminate racial discrimination across Great Britain . It has subsequently been subsumed into the Equality and Human Rights Commission EHRC He served for six years as an Independent Governor of Sheffield Hallam University ; and for several years as a member , Queen Mary University Policy Advisory Board and as an Adviser to Middlesex University . Internationally , Malik served Vice-Chair of United Nations body , UNESCO UK , working to engage UK civic society in UNESCOs work in contributing to world peace , security , justice and human rights , by promoting collaboration between nations on educational , scientific , cultural and communications projects . Malik also served as an international election monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 ( and subsequently , as an MP helped monitor the Palestinian Parliamentary elections in January 2006 ) . Between 2001 and 2005 he also worked as an adviser to Government on Community Cohesion and Neighbourhood Renewal . He has also been a Fellow of the Institute of Management ( FIMgt ) and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) . Early politics and Burnley riots . In June 2001 , Malik was arrested and allegedly beaten by police during racially motivated riots in Burnley . He said he had been trying to stop the violence and told the BBC he had been arrested by very hyped-up police . The riot shields were smashed in my face , causing four to five stitches above the eye , a black eye , lacerations to the arm , bruises on the back of the head , on the body and on the legs . On leaving Burnley General Hospital Malik said : No recriminations . This incident should not stereotype all police officers . No charges were brought by Lancashire Police and Malik was offered an apology . In April 2003 , Malik won a public apology and substantial libel damages after being wrongly accused of throwing bricks during the riots in the Lancashire Evening Telegraph on 17 January 2002 . Maliks lawyer told the High Court in London : At the time referred to in the article , he was in fact acting as a mediator and peacemaker in a volatile situation following disturbances in Burnley . In 2000 , Malik was elected as the first non-white member to the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party . He was re-elected each year until 2005 when he stood down after being elected as an MP . Malik sought selection in a number of seats including Leeds Central and Tottenham . In 2002 he had hoped to be selected in his home town of Burnley where Peter Pike had indicated he was standing down . However , the National Executive Committee decided that the Constituency Labour Party should have an all-women shortlist . He then stood for selection in Brent East after Labour lost the 2003 by-election but was left off the shortlist despite having gained the most nominations in the selection process . Parliamentary career . In 2004 Malik was selected as the Labour candidate in Dewsbury for the 2005 general election . Labour saw a 6% drop in its vote nationally in 2005 , and despite a 4.2% swing to the Conservatives in Dewsbury , Malik comfortably retained the seat for Labour with a majority of 4,615 ahead of Sayeeda Warsi . Upon his election , Malik was one of the first British-born Muslims to become an MP . At the 2005 House Magazine Awards , his was awarded the best Maiden Speech among the one hundred plus new MPs elected in 2005 . In February 2006 , he was runner-up in the Channel Four News awards in the Rising Star category . Upon election , Malik was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . He also served on the Environmental Audit Select Committee until the cabinet reshuffle of May 2006 when he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the then Minister of State for Schools Jim Knight . He served as an international monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 and Parliamentary elections in January 2006 . In June 2007 , Malik became Britains first Muslim Minister after Gordon Brown appointed him as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for International Development . In October 2008 , Malik was appointed as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Justice and in March 2009 was subsequently appointed into a dual role as a Home Office Minister . In June 2009 , he was appointed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Communities and Local Government . At the 2010 general election Malik lost his seat . There had been significant boundary changes in his constituency which he felt had counted against him . Malik commented that the changes brought in 26,000 extra Tories from rural areas , including Denby Dale and Kirkburton . In his speech on election night Malik also drew attention to the role played by an independent candidate , Khizar Iqbal . He said Iqbal had been brought forward not to win but to make sure that I lost . Iqbal had been supported by anti-sleaze campaigner Martin Bell . Iqbals election agent , Jonathan Scott , was also a former Conservative Councillor and had been the election agent for Baroness Warsi in her unsuccessful bid to become the Dewsbury MP in 2005 . Councillor Khizar Iqbal was allowed to re-join the Conservative party in May 2011 . Race and community cohesion issues . Soon after his election to the House of Commons in 2005 , Malik became one of the public faces of Muslim leadership in the UK and a leading voice in the battle with Islamic extremism in Britain . In the government reshuffle of 9 June 2009 , Malik was given ministerial responsibility for issues of race , faith and community cohesion . In 2008 , he was made an honorary Doctor of the University of Bradford for his contributions as Member of Parliament and , in particular , in recognition of the distinctive role he has played in working towards community cohesion and in striving for racial harmony . He served as an Adviser to the government on Community Cohesion following race riots in Bradford , Burnley and Oldham in 2001 . Terrorism and extremism . Just two months after Malik was elected to the House of Commons , it was revealed that the leader of the 7 July 2005 London bombings , Mohammad Sidique Khan , came from his Dewsbury constituency . Malik described the bombings as the most profound challenge yet faced by the British Muslim community . He said : Condemnation is not enough and British Muslims must , and I believe are prepared to , confront the voices of evil head on . Later Malik confronted the issue in an article for The Times newspaper . He wrote : Yes , foreign policy causes anger among many British Muslims but this does not in itself cause terrorism . Unquestionably , the lethal ingredient is a twisted , perverted interpretation of Islam whereby you can legitimately kill yourself and other innocent people , and you will go to Heaven . He concluded that : For British Muslims the fight against extremism is not just for the very soul of Islam but for the freedoms we enjoy as Britons . Malik found controversy in February 2007 when he wrote , again in The Times , that the Muslim Council of Britain should stop whingeing and show leadership . Referring to their decision not to play a part in Holocaust Memorial Day , Malik wrote : Its flawed moral leadership places the MCB alongside the likes of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , as nonattendees . Muslim veil row . In October 2006 Malik garnered national attention when he spoke out in support of the decision to suspend , and later sack , a Muslim teaching assistant from Dewsbury for refusing to remove her veil in the classroom . Aishah Azmi , 24 , was asked to remove her niqab veil after pupils found it hard to understand her during English language lessons . The school said she could wear the veil outside the classroom . Malik said : In schools the top priority has got to be the education of our children.. . I believe the education authority has bent over backwards to be accommodating and has been extremely reasonable and sensible in the decision it has come to.” There is no religious obligation whatsoever for Muslim women to cover themselves up in front of primary school children . In June 2009 Malik spoke out against comments made by Nicolas Sarkozy after the French President declared the burqa was not welcome in France . Sarkozy said : The burqa is not a sign of religion , it is a sign of subservience . Malik responded publicly by saying : It is not the job of government to dictate what people should or should not wear in our society – that is a matter of personal choice . There are no laws stating what clothes or attire are acceptable and so whether one chooses to wear a veil or burqa , a miniskirt or goth outfit is entirely at the individuals discretion . Fight for parliamentary cleaners rights . Malik placed an early day motion ( EDM 434 , 2005 ) , which attracted 178 MPs signatures and led to the first picket and strike in the Houses of Parliament and eventually to improved pay and conditions for the cleaners of Parliament . EDM 434 stated : That this House values the cleaners who maintain high standards of service to Parliament ; believes the parliamentary cleaners should be treated with respect and that it is wrong that , despite the widespread concern over their pay and conditions of employment , their pay has only increased from the national minimum wage of £4.85 per hour to £5 per hour ; is concerned that the parliamentary cleaners only enjoy 12 days paid holiday and have no company sick pay or pension ; believes the time has come to end this sorry state of affairs ; and urges the parliamentary authorities to reach agreement with the two contractors on making available the necessary resources to ensure that cleaners earn the London living wage . Ministerial career ( 2007–2010 ) . International Development Minister . Maliks first and longest Ministerial role was as International Development Minister where his roles included : • Conflict , Humanitarian and Security Minister • All DFID Country Programmes globally apart from Sub-Saharan Africa • UK Civil Society ( British Red Cross , Oxfam , Islamic Relief etc. ) • Governor , Asian & Inter-American Development Banks • Chair Board of Governors Caribbean Development Bank • Asia , MENA , South America and Europe Development Minister • Aid Effectiveness Minister Malik was responsible for the UKs largest global aid programmes including in India , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as the Middle East and North Africa , the rest of Asia , South America and Europe . He was also the UKs Aid Effectiveness Minister working to ensure that the impact of aid was maximised , and gave evidence to the Parliaments International Development Committee on the issue . In his role as the UK Minister responsible for Humanitarian Affairs , Conflict and Security Operations he had responsibility for overseeing the response to humanitarian emergencies both natural and man-made . For example , it covered disasters such as cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh cyclone Nargis in Burma ; and the Pakistan earthquake , as well as man-made challenges , which meant supporting the work in Afghanistan , Iraq as well as for example UNRWA , UNDP , UNICEF , WHO etc . Some of the individual initiatives in countries were in partnership with other countries and were relatively sizeable for example he signed a £90m maternal and new born health programme in Pakistan which was designed to save the lives of an estimated 30,000 women and some 350,000 children . Malik was involved in the transition of Nepal out of civil war into an inclusive democracy . In this role he acted as an honest broker engaging with the Maoists leader Chairman Prachanda and the seven party alliance including PM Koirala . Other troubled areas that Malik engaged with as Humanitarian Minister included Darfur . In addition , Maliks focused his efforts on the Far East with visits and support to Vietnam , Indonesia Myanmar and Thailand . He signed the UKs first ten-year partnership agreement in the Middle East with the government of Yemen . and developed a MOU with the Islamic Development Bank . He also served as an observer to both Palestinian Parliamentary and Presidential elections . He was responsible for the UKs work with the Asian Development Bank , Inter- American Development Bank and Caribbean Development Bank – serving as Governor on each ( Chairman of the latter ) . In terms of UK civil society he was responsible for the distribution of £120 million per year to small NGOs as well as large ones such as the CAFOD , Red Cross , Oxfam , Action Aid , Christian Aid and Islamic Relief etc . He launched the UKs Youth volunteering schemes and others that linked the UK with the developing world and Co-Chaired the DFID/Trade Union Congress International Development Forum . Communities and Local Government Minister . As Communities & Local Government Minister Maliks role included : • Preventing Extremism Minister • Community Cohesion & Faith Minister • Race and Migration Minister • Thames Gateway Minister • Olympics Legacy Minister • Fire & Rescue Minister He served as Minister for the Fire and Rescue Service , Minister for Community Cohesion and Faith , Minister for Race and Migration , Minister for Preventing Violent Extremism and the Olympic Legacy and Thames Gateway Minister . As the Thames Gateway and Olympic Legacy Minister he was responsible for Europes largest regeneration area covering East London , South Essex and North Kent . In addition , he was responsible for ensuring the £9 billion Olympics investment had a beneficial impact on the regeneration of East London for the next twenty years . He also oversaw work with major businesses such as Land Securities PLC and helped initiate the dredging of the Dubai Ports Worlds £1.8 billion UK investment , which will eventually create 36,000 jobs in the UK . Malik dealt at the most senior level with all local authorities in East London and throughout the Thames Gateway , private sector organisations and development agencies . He was for example responsible for the appointments of Board members on the Olympic Park Legacy Company and for the restructuring of the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation and the Thurrock Thames Gateway Development Corporation following their quinquennial review . He also Chaired the Thames Gateway Strategic Partnership with Bob Kerslake , the then CEO of the Homes and Communities Agency , as his co-chair . The partnership was made up of all the council leaders/CEOs and other agencies across the Gateway . As Fire and Rescue Minister he worked with local fire and rescue authorities to help prevent deaths , injuries and damage to property . He also worked in partnership with the Fire and Rescue Service and other agencies to build the resilience and capability to deal with major emergencies , including terrorism and natural disasters . This involved management of a £400m plus technology and change management programme . In his final Ministerial role , he also had responsibility for Faith , Cohesion and fighting extremism and hatred , he founded an award which was to be presented by the Prime Minister of the day known as the Heroes of the Holocaust Award . The award was given ( sometimes posthumously ) to British non-Jews who had risked their lives and , in some cases , given their lives to save Jews and other persecuted groups from the Nazis . Gordon Brown was the first Prime Minister to present the Award which consists of a silver medallion inscribed with the words In the Service of Humanity . Libel claim . On 6 October 2006 Malik launched a libel case against both The Dewsbury Press editor Danny Lockwood and former Conservative councillor Jonathan Scott over a letter by Mr Scott criticising the Labour partys tactics following Scotts defeat at the Kirklees council elections in May 2006 . Malik believing the material amounted to an accusation of racism . The defending newspaper suggested the case was attack on freedom of speech and a petition was presented to the Prime Minister protesting against Maliks legal action . The petition was dimissed . In a trial at the High Court , despite the countrys most senior Libel Judge , Lord Justice Eady , ruling in favour of Mr Malik giving him victory on three of the four defences that the Press newspaper , Lockwood and Scott had put forward against Mr Maliks defamation claim , the case ended in a mistrial due to the jurys inability to arrive at a majority of at least 10 out of 12 on the fourth defence . A retrial was averted after an agreed statement was published vindicating Malik . In the statement , Scott stated I am happy to make clear that my letter was never intended to accuse Malik of orchestrating gangs of thugs or playing the race card . This was an interpretation some people placed upon my letter and subsequent article , an interpretation with which I disagreed . Lockwood said , We want to make it clear that we never accused Shahid of any impropriety whatsoever during the elections . Malik said , I am very pleased that after a discussion with Danny Lockwood , he has been able to give me the assurances I required . Problems at US airports . On 25 October 2007 , while on Government business , Malik was stopped and searched by United States airport security staff at Dulles Airport in Washington D.C . Malik said of the incident : The abusive attitude I endured last November I forgot about and I forgave , but I really do believe that British ministers and parliamentarians should be afforded the same respect and dignity at USA airports that we would bestow upon our colleagues in the Senate and Congress . Obviously , there was no malice involved but it has to be said that the USA system does not inspire confidence . Cleared of breaching the Ministerial Code . On 15 May 2009 , Malik stepped down as Justice Minister and Home Office Minister in order to allow the Prime Ministers independent adviser on Ministerial interests , Sir Philip Mawer , to investigate accusations in The Daily Telegraph that he had breached the Ministerial Code by accepting preferential rent on his office and home . However , the inquiry concluded that he was in fact paying the market rent and Sir Philip cleared him of any breach . On 9 June , Malik rejoined the government as Communities and Local Government Minister . Cleared of breaching rules on expenses . Malik was accused of irregularities in relation to his expenses . This came almost immediately after he was cleared of breaching the ministerial code . After a thorough 10-month inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards Malik was cleared . On receiving the news Malik said : I have now been cleared of breaching the ministerial code of conduct by the ministerial standards adviser Sir Philip Mawer , cleared of any abuse of expenses by a parliamentary review conducted by the Department of Resources , and now finally cleared of abusing office expenses by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards John Lyon . Todays outcome represents the end of a 12-month nightmare and I would like to thank all those family , friends and constituents who have stood by me and kept the faith – we have today all been vindicated . BBC Gaza War Appeal . Malik criticised the BBCs decision not to broadcast an appeal by the Disaster and Emergencies Committee to help raise millions of pounds for people in need of food , medicines and shelter following Israels three-week assault on the Palestinian territory . Malik warned that the Corporations decision would be seen around the world as one which inflicts still further misery on the beleaguered and suffering people of Gaza . Tackling extremism . As Cohesion Minister , Malik said the £45million-a-year Prevent strategy would also work in deprived white areas rather than concentrating on Muslim youths . Former Government adviser Paul Richards criticised the move , saying : There is a real danger that if ministers relax the focus on Muslim youth , then it dilutes efforts to tackle terrorism . Former Shadow Home Secretary David Davis also criticised Malik , accusing him of having watered down the policy . Malik said that Prevent , which includes measures like helping mosques to spot the early signs of extremism in vulnerable youngsters , was too focused on the Muslim community . He added : You speak to any Muslim on the street anywhere in this country and they will say they are as opposed as you and I are to extremism , to terrorism .. . But the frustration is that they are constantly linked with terrorism as a community as a whole . He went on : It is not just about the Muslim , it is actually about everybody in our society having a role to play and we cannot dismiss or underestimate the threat from the far right . MPs expenses . Malik claimed £185,421 in parliamentary expenses for 2006 , the highest amount claimed by any MP . Some £163,000 of this was used for staff and office etc . while the rest some £22,110 was claimed for personal use as part of his staying away from main house allowance ( ACA ) . 183 other MPs claimed exactly the same amount and in 2007/08 he again claimed the maximum personal ACA allowance as did 142 other MPs . Following Sir Thomas Leggs audit of MPs expenses spending limits on eligible items were retrospectively lowered thus meaning that 468 MPs being were forced to make repayments . Malik ( 239th out of 468 ) repaid £1,300 due to these retrospective spending limit reductions . The investigation further ordered that Malik apologise in writing to the House for breaching the rules of the House when he was a Member of Parliament and for his failure while still a member to respond sufficiently promptly to the Commissioners investigation . It noted Malik had failed to recognise his personal responsibility to respond thus making the situation more serious . A spokesman for Malik said the claim had previously been approved twice by the parliamentary authorities and subsequently audited as eligible . Racist hate material . Malik and his staff regularly had to intercept abusive and racist communications sent to his offices in Westminster and Dewsbury . In June 2008 Malik acted against YouTube after supporters of the far-right posted a 39-second video clip warning him not to mess with the big boys , cutting from a still of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , to a shot of Malik covered in blood . The video was removed from the site following a further complaint from the Equality and Human Rights Commission . In December 2009 , a 55-year-old man from Woodley , Berkshire pleaded guilty under the Malicious Communications Act of 1988 , of sending an indecent or grossly offensive email to Malik for the purpose of causing distress or anxiety . He was fined £200 . Anthrax terror alert . In December 2009 an envelope containing suspicious white powder was sent to Maliks office at the House of Commons , triggering an anti-terrorist investigation . Comments written on the envelope suggested it had been sent by a supporter of the far-right . The substance was later found to be harmless . Personal life and family . Although over a hundred MPs employed family members in their offices , Malik was found to be the only MP to have employed his father , who was paid between £13,566 to £25,195 per year from the taxpayer-funded MPs Staffing Allowance fund . Failure to initially disclose this information was later referenced in Maliks use of expenses investigation . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Shahid Malik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Shahid Malik MP - Transcript of maiden speech to the House of Commons
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"Under Secretary of State",
"International Development Minister"
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easy
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Which position did Shahid Malik hold from Oct 2008 to May 2009?
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/wiki/Shahid_Malik#P39#2
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Shahid Malik Shahid Rafique Malik ( ; born 24 November 1967 ) is a British Labour Party politician , a technology and media industry chairman , a visiting professor , and chairman and adviser to a number of non-profit organisations . His political career began when he became the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dewsbury in 2005 which made him the country’s first British-born Muslim ( alongside the current Mayor of London Sadiq Khan ) to be elected to the British Parliament . In 2007 he became Britains first Muslim Minister of International Development , and subsequently served as a Justice Minister and Home Office Minister . In his last Ministerial role at the Department for Communities and Local Government he led the British governments efforts in fighting extremism ; overseeing race , faith , and community cohesion ; developing The Tames Gateway ( the largest development area in Europe ) ; and managing the Fire and Rescue Service Department for Communities and Local Government . He lost his seat in the House of Commons to Simon Reevell in the 2010 general election following significant ( 60% ) boundary changes . Early life . Malik was born in Burnley , Lancashire , in 1967 . His father Rafique Malik was a district councillor between 1976 and 2006 and a mayor of Burnley , having emigrated from Pakistan in the 1960s . His mother was a Justice of the Peace . He attended Barden High School and Burnley Sixth Form Centre before studying Business Studies at the South Bank Polytechnic in London and later attending Durham University . Malik is one of seven siblings . Pre-parliamentary career . Prior to Parliament , his three main areas of work were in the urban regeneration and development field ; the voluntary and community sector ; and domestic and international anti-poverty , education , human rights and equalities sector . In local/regional regeneration terms , after graduating , Malik initially worked with the East Lancashire Training and Enterprise Council in a business development capacity . This was followed by roles as General Manager of Kashmir Youth Project Rochdale , Group Chief Executive of the Pakistan Muslim Centre and incorporating the Pakistan Enterprise Centre , Sheffield ; Head of Policy and Development at the Greater Nottingham Training and Enterprise Council ; and then as Chief Executive of Haringey Regeneration Agency , managing a £150 million development programme . He also served for three years as Chair of the Board of Directors of VONEF ( voluntary organisations network for European funding in Yorkshire and the Humber ) ; and served as National Chair of the voluntary sector body Urban Forum ( 1999–2002 ) elected annually by the 400 plus member organisations . The Forum was a respected national regeneration policy network made up of residents and community organisations , with the aim of pushing power to local people in deprived neighbourhoods . Following the Good Friday Peace Agreement of 1998 he was appointed by then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Rt Hon Mo Mowlam MP , as an Equality Commissioner for Northern Ireland ( 1999–2002 ) . The Equality Commission for Northern Ireland was born out of the Good Friday peace agreement and was charged with dealing with equalities issues between Catholics & Protestants , Unionists & Nationalists , and discrimination by race , gender , disability , sexuality and age . Malik served as the only ever person from England , Scotland or Wales ( Great Britain ) to have been appointed a Commissioner in Northern Ireland . From 1998 to 2002 he was appointed as a Commissioner to the Commission for Racial Equality . The organisation was a law enforcement agency under the Race Relations Act 1976 and worked to eliminate racial discrimination across Great Britain . It has subsequently been subsumed into the Equality and Human Rights Commission EHRC He served for six years as an Independent Governor of Sheffield Hallam University ; and for several years as a member , Queen Mary University Policy Advisory Board and as an Adviser to Middlesex University . Internationally , Malik served Vice-Chair of United Nations body , UNESCO UK , working to engage UK civic society in UNESCOs work in contributing to world peace , security , justice and human rights , by promoting collaboration between nations on educational , scientific , cultural and communications projects . Malik also served as an international election monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 ( and subsequently , as an MP helped monitor the Palestinian Parliamentary elections in January 2006 ) . Between 2001 and 2005 he also worked as an adviser to Government on Community Cohesion and Neighbourhood Renewal . He has also been a Fellow of the Institute of Management ( FIMgt ) and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) . Early politics and Burnley riots . In June 2001 , Malik was arrested and allegedly beaten by police during racially motivated riots in Burnley . He said he had been trying to stop the violence and told the BBC he had been arrested by very hyped-up police . The riot shields were smashed in my face , causing four to five stitches above the eye , a black eye , lacerations to the arm , bruises on the back of the head , on the body and on the legs . On leaving Burnley General Hospital Malik said : No recriminations . This incident should not stereotype all police officers . No charges were brought by Lancashire Police and Malik was offered an apology . In April 2003 , Malik won a public apology and substantial libel damages after being wrongly accused of throwing bricks during the riots in the Lancashire Evening Telegraph on 17 January 2002 . Maliks lawyer told the High Court in London : At the time referred to in the article , he was in fact acting as a mediator and peacemaker in a volatile situation following disturbances in Burnley . In 2000 , Malik was elected as the first non-white member to the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party . He was re-elected each year until 2005 when he stood down after being elected as an MP . Malik sought selection in a number of seats including Leeds Central and Tottenham . In 2002 he had hoped to be selected in his home town of Burnley where Peter Pike had indicated he was standing down . However , the National Executive Committee decided that the Constituency Labour Party should have an all-women shortlist . He then stood for selection in Brent East after Labour lost the 2003 by-election but was left off the shortlist despite having gained the most nominations in the selection process . Parliamentary career . In 2004 Malik was selected as the Labour candidate in Dewsbury for the 2005 general election . Labour saw a 6% drop in its vote nationally in 2005 , and despite a 4.2% swing to the Conservatives in Dewsbury , Malik comfortably retained the seat for Labour with a majority of 4,615 ahead of Sayeeda Warsi . Upon his election , Malik was one of the first British-born Muslims to become an MP . At the 2005 House Magazine Awards , his was awarded the best Maiden Speech among the one hundred plus new MPs elected in 2005 . In February 2006 , he was runner-up in the Channel Four News awards in the Rising Star category . Upon election , Malik was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . He also served on the Environmental Audit Select Committee until the cabinet reshuffle of May 2006 when he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the then Minister of State for Schools Jim Knight . He served as an international monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 and Parliamentary elections in January 2006 . In June 2007 , Malik became Britains first Muslim Minister after Gordon Brown appointed him as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for International Development . In October 2008 , Malik was appointed as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Justice and in March 2009 was subsequently appointed into a dual role as a Home Office Minister . In June 2009 , he was appointed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Communities and Local Government . At the 2010 general election Malik lost his seat . There had been significant boundary changes in his constituency which he felt had counted against him . Malik commented that the changes brought in 26,000 extra Tories from rural areas , including Denby Dale and Kirkburton . In his speech on election night Malik also drew attention to the role played by an independent candidate , Khizar Iqbal . He said Iqbal had been brought forward not to win but to make sure that I lost . Iqbal had been supported by anti-sleaze campaigner Martin Bell . Iqbals election agent , Jonathan Scott , was also a former Conservative Councillor and had been the election agent for Baroness Warsi in her unsuccessful bid to become the Dewsbury MP in 2005 . Councillor Khizar Iqbal was allowed to re-join the Conservative party in May 2011 . Race and community cohesion issues . Soon after his election to the House of Commons in 2005 , Malik became one of the public faces of Muslim leadership in the UK and a leading voice in the battle with Islamic extremism in Britain . In the government reshuffle of 9 June 2009 , Malik was given ministerial responsibility for issues of race , faith and community cohesion . In 2008 , he was made an honorary Doctor of the University of Bradford for his contributions as Member of Parliament and , in particular , in recognition of the distinctive role he has played in working towards community cohesion and in striving for racial harmony . He served as an Adviser to the government on Community Cohesion following race riots in Bradford , Burnley and Oldham in 2001 . Terrorism and extremism . Just two months after Malik was elected to the House of Commons , it was revealed that the leader of the 7 July 2005 London bombings , Mohammad Sidique Khan , came from his Dewsbury constituency . Malik described the bombings as the most profound challenge yet faced by the British Muslim community . He said : Condemnation is not enough and British Muslims must , and I believe are prepared to , confront the voices of evil head on . Later Malik confronted the issue in an article for The Times newspaper . He wrote : Yes , foreign policy causes anger among many British Muslims but this does not in itself cause terrorism . Unquestionably , the lethal ingredient is a twisted , perverted interpretation of Islam whereby you can legitimately kill yourself and other innocent people , and you will go to Heaven . He concluded that : For British Muslims the fight against extremism is not just for the very soul of Islam but for the freedoms we enjoy as Britons . Malik found controversy in February 2007 when he wrote , again in The Times , that the Muslim Council of Britain should stop whingeing and show leadership . Referring to their decision not to play a part in Holocaust Memorial Day , Malik wrote : Its flawed moral leadership places the MCB alongside the likes of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , as nonattendees . Muslim veil row . In October 2006 Malik garnered national attention when he spoke out in support of the decision to suspend , and later sack , a Muslim teaching assistant from Dewsbury for refusing to remove her veil in the classroom . Aishah Azmi , 24 , was asked to remove her niqab veil after pupils found it hard to understand her during English language lessons . The school said she could wear the veil outside the classroom . Malik said : In schools the top priority has got to be the education of our children.. . I believe the education authority has bent over backwards to be accommodating and has been extremely reasonable and sensible in the decision it has come to.” There is no religious obligation whatsoever for Muslim women to cover themselves up in front of primary school children . In June 2009 Malik spoke out against comments made by Nicolas Sarkozy after the French President declared the burqa was not welcome in France . Sarkozy said : The burqa is not a sign of religion , it is a sign of subservience . Malik responded publicly by saying : It is not the job of government to dictate what people should or should not wear in our society – that is a matter of personal choice . There are no laws stating what clothes or attire are acceptable and so whether one chooses to wear a veil or burqa , a miniskirt or goth outfit is entirely at the individuals discretion . Fight for parliamentary cleaners rights . Malik placed an early day motion ( EDM 434 , 2005 ) , which attracted 178 MPs signatures and led to the first picket and strike in the Houses of Parliament and eventually to improved pay and conditions for the cleaners of Parliament . EDM 434 stated : That this House values the cleaners who maintain high standards of service to Parliament ; believes the parliamentary cleaners should be treated with respect and that it is wrong that , despite the widespread concern over their pay and conditions of employment , their pay has only increased from the national minimum wage of £4.85 per hour to £5 per hour ; is concerned that the parliamentary cleaners only enjoy 12 days paid holiday and have no company sick pay or pension ; believes the time has come to end this sorry state of affairs ; and urges the parliamentary authorities to reach agreement with the two contractors on making available the necessary resources to ensure that cleaners earn the London living wage . Ministerial career ( 2007–2010 ) . International Development Minister . Maliks first and longest Ministerial role was as International Development Minister where his roles included : • Conflict , Humanitarian and Security Minister • All DFID Country Programmes globally apart from Sub-Saharan Africa • UK Civil Society ( British Red Cross , Oxfam , Islamic Relief etc. ) • Governor , Asian & Inter-American Development Banks • Chair Board of Governors Caribbean Development Bank • Asia , MENA , South America and Europe Development Minister • Aid Effectiveness Minister Malik was responsible for the UKs largest global aid programmes including in India , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as the Middle East and North Africa , the rest of Asia , South America and Europe . He was also the UKs Aid Effectiveness Minister working to ensure that the impact of aid was maximised , and gave evidence to the Parliaments International Development Committee on the issue . In his role as the UK Minister responsible for Humanitarian Affairs , Conflict and Security Operations he had responsibility for overseeing the response to humanitarian emergencies both natural and man-made . For example , it covered disasters such as cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh cyclone Nargis in Burma ; and the Pakistan earthquake , as well as man-made challenges , which meant supporting the work in Afghanistan , Iraq as well as for example UNRWA , UNDP , UNICEF , WHO etc . Some of the individual initiatives in countries were in partnership with other countries and were relatively sizeable for example he signed a £90m maternal and new born health programme in Pakistan which was designed to save the lives of an estimated 30,000 women and some 350,000 children . Malik was involved in the transition of Nepal out of civil war into an inclusive democracy . In this role he acted as an honest broker engaging with the Maoists leader Chairman Prachanda and the seven party alliance including PM Koirala . Other troubled areas that Malik engaged with as Humanitarian Minister included Darfur . In addition , Maliks focused his efforts on the Far East with visits and support to Vietnam , Indonesia Myanmar and Thailand . He signed the UKs first ten-year partnership agreement in the Middle East with the government of Yemen . and developed a MOU with the Islamic Development Bank . He also served as an observer to both Palestinian Parliamentary and Presidential elections . He was responsible for the UKs work with the Asian Development Bank , Inter- American Development Bank and Caribbean Development Bank – serving as Governor on each ( Chairman of the latter ) . In terms of UK civil society he was responsible for the distribution of £120 million per year to small NGOs as well as large ones such as the CAFOD , Red Cross , Oxfam , Action Aid , Christian Aid and Islamic Relief etc . He launched the UKs Youth volunteering schemes and others that linked the UK with the developing world and Co-Chaired the DFID/Trade Union Congress International Development Forum . Communities and Local Government Minister . As Communities & Local Government Minister Maliks role included : • Preventing Extremism Minister • Community Cohesion & Faith Minister • Race and Migration Minister • Thames Gateway Minister • Olympics Legacy Minister • Fire & Rescue Minister He served as Minister for the Fire and Rescue Service , Minister for Community Cohesion and Faith , Minister for Race and Migration , Minister for Preventing Violent Extremism and the Olympic Legacy and Thames Gateway Minister . As the Thames Gateway and Olympic Legacy Minister he was responsible for Europes largest regeneration area covering East London , South Essex and North Kent . In addition , he was responsible for ensuring the £9 billion Olympics investment had a beneficial impact on the regeneration of East London for the next twenty years . He also oversaw work with major businesses such as Land Securities PLC and helped initiate the dredging of the Dubai Ports Worlds £1.8 billion UK investment , which will eventually create 36,000 jobs in the UK . Malik dealt at the most senior level with all local authorities in East London and throughout the Thames Gateway , private sector organisations and development agencies . He was for example responsible for the appointments of Board members on the Olympic Park Legacy Company and for the restructuring of the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation and the Thurrock Thames Gateway Development Corporation following their quinquennial review . He also Chaired the Thames Gateway Strategic Partnership with Bob Kerslake , the then CEO of the Homes and Communities Agency , as his co-chair . The partnership was made up of all the council leaders/CEOs and other agencies across the Gateway . As Fire and Rescue Minister he worked with local fire and rescue authorities to help prevent deaths , injuries and damage to property . He also worked in partnership with the Fire and Rescue Service and other agencies to build the resilience and capability to deal with major emergencies , including terrorism and natural disasters . This involved management of a £400m plus technology and change management programme . In his final Ministerial role , he also had responsibility for Faith , Cohesion and fighting extremism and hatred , he founded an award which was to be presented by the Prime Minister of the day known as the Heroes of the Holocaust Award . The award was given ( sometimes posthumously ) to British non-Jews who had risked their lives and , in some cases , given their lives to save Jews and other persecuted groups from the Nazis . Gordon Brown was the first Prime Minister to present the Award which consists of a silver medallion inscribed with the words In the Service of Humanity . Libel claim . On 6 October 2006 Malik launched a libel case against both The Dewsbury Press editor Danny Lockwood and former Conservative councillor Jonathan Scott over a letter by Mr Scott criticising the Labour partys tactics following Scotts defeat at the Kirklees council elections in May 2006 . Malik believing the material amounted to an accusation of racism . The defending newspaper suggested the case was attack on freedom of speech and a petition was presented to the Prime Minister protesting against Maliks legal action . The petition was dimissed . In a trial at the High Court , despite the countrys most senior Libel Judge , Lord Justice Eady , ruling in favour of Mr Malik giving him victory on three of the four defences that the Press newspaper , Lockwood and Scott had put forward against Mr Maliks defamation claim , the case ended in a mistrial due to the jurys inability to arrive at a majority of at least 10 out of 12 on the fourth defence . A retrial was averted after an agreed statement was published vindicating Malik . In the statement , Scott stated I am happy to make clear that my letter was never intended to accuse Malik of orchestrating gangs of thugs or playing the race card . This was an interpretation some people placed upon my letter and subsequent article , an interpretation with which I disagreed . Lockwood said , We want to make it clear that we never accused Shahid of any impropriety whatsoever during the elections . Malik said , I am very pleased that after a discussion with Danny Lockwood , he has been able to give me the assurances I required . Problems at US airports . On 25 October 2007 , while on Government business , Malik was stopped and searched by United States airport security staff at Dulles Airport in Washington D.C . Malik said of the incident : The abusive attitude I endured last November I forgot about and I forgave , but I really do believe that British ministers and parliamentarians should be afforded the same respect and dignity at USA airports that we would bestow upon our colleagues in the Senate and Congress . Obviously , there was no malice involved but it has to be said that the USA system does not inspire confidence . Cleared of breaching the Ministerial Code . On 15 May 2009 , Malik stepped down as Justice Minister and Home Office Minister in order to allow the Prime Ministers independent adviser on Ministerial interests , Sir Philip Mawer , to investigate accusations in The Daily Telegraph that he had breached the Ministerial Code by accepting preferential rent on his office and home . However , the inquiry concluded that he was in fact paying the market rent and Sir Philip cleared him of any breach . On 9 June , Malik rejoined the government as Communities and Local Government Minister . Cleared of breaching rules on expenses . Malik was accused of irregularities in relation to his expenses . This came almost immediately after he was cleared of breaching the ministerial code . After a thorough 10-month inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards Malik was cleared . On receiving the news Malik said : I have now been cleared of breaching the ministerial code of conduct by the ministerial standards adviser Sir Philip Mawer , cleared of any abuse of expenses by a parliamentary review conducted by the Department of Resources , and now finally cleared of abusing office expenses by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards John Lyon . Todays outcome represents the end of a 12-month nightmare and I would like to thank all those family , friends and constituents who have stood by me and kept the faith – we have today all been vindicated . BBC Gaza War Appeal . Malik criticised the BBCs decision not to broadcast an appeal by the Disaster and Emergencies Committee to help raise millions of pounds for people in need of food , medicines and shelter following Israels three-week assault on the Palestinian territory . Malik warned that the Corporations decision would be seen around the world as one which inflicts still further misery on the beleaguered and suffering people of Gaza . Tackling extremism . As Cohesion Minister , Malik said the £45million-a-year Prevent strategy would also work in deprived white areas rather than concentrating on Muslim youths . Former Government adviser Paul Richards criticised the move , saying : There is a real danger that if ministers relax the focus on Muslim youth , then it dilutes efforts to tackle terrorism . Former Shadow Home Secretary David Davis also criticised Malik , accusing him of having watered down the policy . Malik said that Prevent , which includes measures like helping mosques to spot the early signs of extremism in vulnerable youngsters , was too focused on the Muslim community . He added : You speak to any Muslim on the street anywhere in this country and they will say they are as opposed as you and I are to extremism , to terrorism .. . But the frustration is that they are constantly linked with terrorism as a community as a whole . He went on : It is not just about the Muslim , it is actually about everybody in our society having a role to play and we cannot dismiss or underestimate the threat from the far right . MPs expenses . Malik claimed £185,421 in parliamentary expenses for 2006 , the highest amount claimed by any MP . Some £163,000 of this was used for staff and office etc . while the rest some £22,110 was claimed for personal use as part of his staying away from main house allowance ( ACA ) . 183 other MPs claimed exactly the same amount and in 2007/08 he again claimed the maximum personal ACA allowance as did 142 other MPs . Following Sir Thomas Leggs audit of MPs expenses spending limits on eligible items were retrospectively lowered thus meaning that 468 MPs being were forced to make repayments . Malik ( 239th out of 468 ) repaid £1,300 due to these retrospective spending limit reductions . The investigation further ordered that Malik apologise in writing to the House for breaching the rules of the House when he was a Member of Parliament and for his failure while still a member to respond sufficiently promptly to the Commissioners investigation . It noted Malik had failed to recognise his personal responsibility to respond thus making the situation more serious . A spokesman for Malik said the claim had previously been approved twice by the parliamentary authorities and subsequently audited as eligible . Racist hate material . Malik and his staff regularly had to intercept abusive and racist communications sent to his offices in Westminster and Dewsbury . In June 2008 Malik acted against YouTube after supporters of the far-right posted a 39-second video clip warning him not to mess with the big boys , cutting from a still of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , to a shot of Malik covered in blood . The video was removed from the site following a further complaint from the Equality and Human Rights Commission . In December 2009 , a 55-year-old man from Woodley , Berkshire pleaded guilty under the Malicious Communications Act of 1988 , of sending an indecent or grossly offensive email to Malik for the purpose of causing distress or anxiety . He was fined £200 . Anthrax terror alert . In December 2009 an envelope containing suspicious white powder was sent to Maliks office at the House of Commons , triggering an anti-terrorist investigation . Comments written on the envelope suggested it had been sent by a supporter of the far-right . The substance was later found to be harmless . Personal life and family . Although over a hundred MPs employed family members in their offices , Malik was found to be the only MP to have employed his father , who was paid between £13,566 to £25,195 per year from the taxpayer-funded MPs Staffing Allowance fund . Failure to initially disclose this information was later referenced in Maliks use of expenses investigation . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Shahid Malik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Shahid Malik MP - Transcript of maiden speech to the House of Commons
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Which position did Shahid Malik hold in May 2009?
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/wiki/Shahid_Malik#P39#3
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Shahid Malik Shahid Rafique Malik ( ; born 24 November 1967 ) is a British Labour Party politician , a technology and media industry chairman , a visiting professor , and chairman and adviser to a number of non-profit organisations . His political career began when he became the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dewsbury in 2005 which made him the country’s first British-born Muslim ( alongside the current Mayor of London Sadiq Khan ) to be elected to the British Parliament . In 2007 he became Britains first Muslim Minister of International Development , and subsequently served as a Justice Minister and Home Office Minister . In his last Ministerial role at the Department for Communities and Local Government he led the British governments efforts in fighting extremism ; overseeing race , faith , and community cohesion ; developing The Tames Gateway ( the largest development area in Europe ) ; and managing the Fire and Rescue Service Department for Communities and Local Government . He lost his seat in the House of Commons to Simon Reevell in the 2010 general election following significant ( 60% ) boundary changes . Early life . Malik was born in Burnley , Lancashire , in 1967 . His father Rafique Malik was a district councillor between 1976 and 2006 and a mayor of Burnley , having emigrated from Pakistan in the 1960s . His mother was a Justice of the Peace . He attended Barden High School and Burnley Sixth Form Centre before studying Business Studies at the South Bank Polytechnic in London and later attending Durham University . Malik is one of seven siblings . Pre-parliamentary career . Prior to Parliament , his three main areas of work were in the urban regeneration and development field ; the voluntary and community sector ; and domestic and international anti-poverty , education , human rights and equalities sector . In local/regional regeneration terms , after graduating , Malik initially worked with the East Lancashire Training and Enterprise Council in a business development capacity . This was followed by roles as General Manager of Kashmir Youth Project Rochdale , Group Chief Executive of the Pakistan Muslim Centre and incorporating the Pakistan Enterprise Centre , Sheffield ; Head of Policy and Development at the Greater Nottingham Training and Enterprise Council ; and then as Chief Executive of Haringey Regeneration Agency , managing a £150 million development programme . He also served for three years as Chair of the Board of Directors of VONEF ( voluntary organisations network for European funding in Yorkshire and the Humber ) ; and served as National Chair of the voluntary sector body Urban Forum ( 1999–2002 ) elected annually by the 400 plus member organisations . The Forum was a respected national regeneration policy network made up of residents and community organisations , with the aim of pushing power to local people in deprived neighbourhoods . Following the Good Friday Peace Agreement of 1998 he was appointed by then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Rt Hon Mo Mowlam MP , as an Equality Commissioner for Northern Ireland ( 1999–2002 ) . The Equality Commission for Northern Ireland was born out of the Good Friday peace agreement and was charged with dealing with equalities issues between Catholics & Protestants , Unionists & Nationalists , and discrimination by race , gender , disability , sexuality and age . Malik served as the only ever person from England , Scotland or Wales ( Great Britain ) to have been appointed a Commissioner in Northern Ireland . From 1998 to 2002 he was appointed as a Commissioner to the Commission for Racial Equality . The organisation was a law enforcement agency under the Race Relations Act 1976 and worked to eliminate racial discrimination across Great Britain . It has subsequently been subsumed into the Equality and Human Rights Commission EHRC He served for six years as an Independent Governor of Sheffield Hallam University ; and for several years as a member , Queen Mary University Policy Advisory Board and as an Adviser to Middlesex University . Internationally , Malik served Vice-Chair of United Nations body , UNESCO UK , working to engage UK civic society in UNESCOs work in contributing to world peace , security , justice and human rights , by promoting collaboration between nations on educational , scientific , cultural and communications projects . Malik also served as an international election monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 ( and subsequently , as an MP helped monitor the Palestinian Parliamentary elections in January 2006 ) . Between 2001 and 2005 he also worked as an adviser to Government on Community Cohesion and Neighbourhood Renewal . He has also been a Fellow of the Institute of Management ( FIMgt ) and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) . Early politics and Burnley riots . In June 2001 , Malik was arrested and allegedly beaten by police during racially motivated riots in Burnley . He said he had been trying to stop the violence and told the BBC he had been arrested by very hyped-up police . The riot shields were smashed in my face , causing four to five stitches above the eye , a black eye , lacerations to the arm , bruises on the back of the head , on the body and on the legs . On leaving Burnley General Hospital Malik said : No recriminations . This incident should not stereotype all police officers . No charges were brought by Lancashire Police and Malik was offered an apology . In April 2003 , Malik won a public apology and substantial libel damages after being wrongly accused of throwing bricks during the riots in the Lancashire Evening Telegraph on 17 January 2002 . Maliks lawyer told the High Court in London : At the time referred to in the article , he was in fact acting as a mediator and peacemaker in a volatile situation following disturbances in Burnley . In 2000 , Malik was elected as the first non-white member to the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party . He was re-elected each year until 2005 when he stood down after being elected as an MP . Malik sought selection in a number of seats including Leeds Central and Tottenham . In 2002 he had hoped to be selected in his home town of Burnley where Peter Pike had indicated he was standing down . However , the National Executive Committee decided that the Constituency Labour Party should have an all-women shortlist . He then stood for selection in Brent East after Labour lost the 2003 by-election but was left off the shortlist despite having gained the most nominations in the selection process . Parliamentary career . In 2004 Malik was selected as the Labour candidate in Dewsbury for the 2005 general election . Labour saw a 6% drop in its vote nationally in 2005 , and despite a 4.2% swing to the Conservatives in Dewsbury , Malik comfortably retained the seat for Labour with a majority of 4,615 ahead of Sayeeda Warsi . Upon his election , Malik was one of the first British-born Muslims to become an MP . At the 2005 House Magazine Awards , his was awarded the best Maiden Speech among the one hundred plus new MPs elected in 2005 . In February 2006 , he was runner-up in the Channel Four News awards in the Rising Star category . Upon election , Malik was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . He also served on the Environmental Audit Select Committee until the cabinet reshuffle of May 2006 when he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the then Minister of State for Schools Jim Knight . He served as an international monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 and Parliamentary elections in January 2006 . In June 2007 , Malik became Britains first Muslim Minister after Gordon Brown appointed him as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for International Development . In October 2008 , Malik was appointed as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Justice and in March 2009 was subsequently appointed into a dual role as a Home Office Minister . In June 2009 , he was appointed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Communities and Local Government . At the 2010 general election Malik lost his seat . There had been significant boundary changes in his constituency which he felt had counted against him . Malik commented that the changes brought in 26,000 extra Tories from rural areas , including Denby Dale and Kirkburton . In his speech on election night Malik also drew attention to the role played by an independent candidate , Khizar Iqbal . He said Iqbal had been brought forward not to win but to make sure that I lost . Iqbal had been supported by anti-sleaze campaigner Martin Bell . Iqbals election agent , Jonathan Scott , was also a former Conservative Councillor and had been the election agent for Baroness Warsi in her unsuccessful bid to become the Dewsbury MP in 2005 . Councillor Khizar Iqbal was allowed to re-join the Conservative party in May 2011 . Race and community cohesion issues . Soon after his election to the House of Commons in 2005 , Malik became one of the public faces of Muslim leadership in the UK and a leading voice in the battle with Islamic extremism in Britain . In the government reshuffle of 9 June 2009 , Malik was given ministerial responsibility for issues of race , faith and community cohesion . In 2008 , he was made an honorary Doctor of the University of Bradford for his contributions as Member of Parliament and , in particular , in recognition of the distinctive role he has played in working towards community cohesion and in striving for racial harmony . He served as an Adviser to the government on Community Cohesion following race riots in Bradford , Burnley and Oldham in 2001 . Terrorism and extremism . Just two months after Malik was elected to the House of Commons , it was revealed that the leader of the 7 July 2005 London bombings , Mohammad Sidique Khan , came from his Dewsbury constituency . Malik described the bombings as the most profound challenge yet faced by the British Muslim community . He said : Condemnation is not enough and British Muslims must , and I believe are prepared to , confront the voices of evil head on . Later Malik confronted the issue in an article for The Times newspaper . He wrote : Yes , foreign policy causes anger among many British Muslims but this does not in itself cause terrorism . Unquestionably , the lethal ingredient is a twisted , perverted interpretation of Islam whereby you can legitimately kill yourself and other innocent people , and you will go to Heaven . He concluded that : For British Muslims the fight against extremism is not just for the very soul of Islam but for the freedoms we enjoy as Britons . Malik found controversy in February 2007 when he wrote , again in The Times , that the Muslim Council of Britain should stop whingeing and show leadership . Referring to their decision not to play a part in Holocaust Memorial Day , Malik wrote : Its flawed moral leadership places the MCB alongside the likes of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , as nonattendees . Muslim veil row . In October 2006 Malik garnered national attention when he spoke out in support of the decision to suspend , and later sack , a Muslim teaching assistant from Dewsbury for refusing to remove her veil in the classroom . Aishah Azmi , 24 , was asked to remove her niqab veil after pupils found it hard to understand her during English language lessons . The school said she could wear the veil outside the classroom . Malik said : In schools the top priority has got to be the education of our children.. . I believe the education authority has bent over backwards to be accommodating and has been extremely reasonable and sensible in the decision it has come to.” There is no religious obligation whatsoever for Muslim women to cover themselves up in front of primary school children . In June 2009 Malik spoke out against comments made by Nicolas Sarkozy after the French President declared the burqa was not welcome in France . Sarkozy said : The burqa is not a sign of religion , it is a sign of subservience . Malik responded publicly by saying : It is not the job of government to dictate what people should or should not wear in our society – that is a matter of personal choice . There are no laws stating what clothes or attire are acceptable and so whether one chooses to wear a veil or burqa , a miniskirt or goth outfit is entirely at the individuals discretion . Fight for parliamentary cleaners rights . Malik placed an early day motion ( EDM 434 , 2005 ) , which attracted 178 MPs signatures and led to the first picket and strike in the Houses of Parliament and eventually to improved pay and conditions for the cleaners of Parliament . EDM 434 stated : That this House values the cleaners who maintain high standards of service to Parliament ; believes the parliamentary cleaners should be treated with respect and that it is wrong that , despite the widespread concern over their pay and conditions of employment , their pay has only increased from the national minimum wage of £4.85 per hour to £5 per hour ; is concerned that the parliamentary cleaners only enjoy 12 days paid holiday and have no company sick pay or pension ; believes the time has come to end this sorry state of affairs ; and urges the parliamentary authorities to reach agreement with the two contractors on making available the necessary resources to ensure that cleaners earn the London living wage . Ministerial career ( 2007–2010 ) . International Development Minister . Maliks first and longest Ministerial role was as International Development Minister where his roles included : • Conflict , Humanitarian and Security Minister • All DFID Country Programmes globally apart from Sub-Saharan Africa • UK Civil Society ( British Red Cross , Oxfam , Islamic Relief etc. ) • Governor , Asian & Inter-American Development Banks • Chair Board of Governors Caribbean Development Bank • Asia , MENA , South America and Europe Development Minister • Aid Effectiveness Minister Malik was responsible for the UKs largest global aid programmes including in India , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as the Middle East and North Africa , the rest of Asia , South America and Europe . He was also the UKs Aid Effectiveness Minister working to ensure that the impact of aid was maximised , and gave evidence to the Parliaments International Development Committee on the issue . In his role as the UK Minister responsible for Humanitarian Affairs , Conflict and Security Operations he had responsibility for overseeing the response to humanitarian emergencies both natural and man-made . For example , it covered disasters such as cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh cyclone Nargis in Burma ; and the Pakistan earthquake , as well as man-made challenges , which meant supporting the work in Afghanistan , Iraq as well as for example UNRWA , UNDP , UNICEF , WHO etc . Some of the individual initiatives in countries were in partnership with other countries and were relatively sizeable for example he signed a £90m maternal and new born health programme in Pakistan which was designed to save the lives of an estimated 30,000 women and some 350,000 children . Malik was involved in the transition of Nepal out of civil war into an inclusive democracy . In this role he acted as an honest broker engaging with the Maoists leader Chairman Prachanda and the seven party alliance including PM Koirala . Other troubled areas that Malik engaged with as Humanitarian Minister included Darfur . In addition , Maliks focused his efforts on the Far East with visits and support to Vietnam , Indonesia Myanmar and Thailand . He signed the UKs first ten-year partnership agreement in the Middle East with the government of Yemen . and developed a MOU with the Islamic Development Bank . He also served as an observer to both Palestinian Parliamentary and Presidential elections . He was responsible for the UKs work with the Asian Development Bank , Inter- American Development Bank and Caribbean Development Bank – serving as Governor on each ( Chairman of the latter ) . In terms of UK civil society he was responsible for the distribution of £120 million per year to small NGOs as well as large ones such as the CAFOD , Red Cross , Oxfam , Action Aid , Christian Aid and Islamic Relief etc . He launched the UKs Youth volunteering schemes and others that linked the UK with the developing world and Co-Chaired the DFID/Trade Union Congress International Development Forum . Communities and Local Government Minister . As Communities & Local Government Minister Maliks role included : • Preventing Extremism Minister • Community Cohesion & Faith Minister • Race and Migration Minister • Thames Gateway Minister • Olympics Legacy Minister • Fire & Rescue Minister He served as Minister for the Fire and Rescue Service , Minister for Community Cohesion and Faith , Minister for Race and Migration , Minister for Preventing Violent Extremism and the Olympic Legacy and Thames Gateway Minister . As the Thames Gateway and Olympic Legacy Minister he was responsible for Europes largest regeneration area covering East London , South Essex and North Kent . In addition , he was responsible for ensuring the £9 billion Olympics investment had a beneficial impact on the regeneration of East London for the next twenty years . He also oversaw work with major businesses such as Land Securities PLC and helped initiate the dredging of the Dubai Ports Worlds £1.8 billion UK investment , which will eventually create 36,000 jobs in the UK . Malik dealt at the most senior level with all local authorities in East London and throughout the Thames Gateway , private sector organisations and development agencies . He was for example responsible for the appointments of Board members on the Olympic Park Legacy Company and for the restructuring of the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation and the Thurrock Thames Gateway Development Corporation following their quinquennial review . He also Chaired the Thames Gateway Strategic Partnership with Bob Kerslake , the then CEO of the Homes and Communities Agency , as his co-chair . The partnership was made up of all the council leaders/CEOs and other agencies across the Gateway . As Fire and Rescue Minister he worked with local fire and rescue authorities to help prevent deaths , injuries and damage to property . He also worked in partnership with the Fire and Rescue Service and other agencies to build the resilience and capability to deal with major emergencies , including terrorism and natural disasters . This involved management of a £400m plus technology and change management programme . In his final Ministerial role , he also had responsibility for Faith , Cohesion and fighting extremism and hatred , he founded an award which was to be presented by the Prime Minister of the day known as the Heroes of the Holocaust Award . The award was given ( sometimes posthumously ) to British non-Jews who had risked their lives and , in some cases , given their lives to save Jews and other persecuted groups from the Nazis . Gordon Brown was the first Prime Minister to present the Award which consists of a silver medallion inscribed with the words In the Service of Humanity . Libel claim . On 6 October 2006 Malik launched a libel case against both The Dewsbury Press editor Danny Lockwood and former Conservative councillor Jonathan Scott over a letter by Mr Scott criticising the Labour partys tactics following Scotts defeat at the Kirklees council elections in May 2006 . Malik believing the material amounted to an accusation of racism . The defending newspaper suggested the case was attack on freedom of speech and a petition was presented to the Prime Minister protesting against Maliks legal action . The petition was dimissed . In a trial at the High Court , despite the countrys most senior Libel Judge , Lord Justice Eady , ruling in favour of Mr Malik giving him victory on three of the four defences that the Press newspaper , Lockwood and Scott had put forward against Mr Maliks defamation claim , the case ended in a mistrial due to the jurys inability to arrive at a majority of at least 10 out of 12 on the fourth defence . A retrial was averted after an agreed statement was published vindicating Malik . In the statement , Scott stated I am happy to make clear that my letter was never intended to accuse Malik of orchestrating gangs of thugs or playing the race card . This was an interpretation some people placed upon my letter and subsequent article , an interpretation with which I disagreed . Lockwood said , We want to make it clear that we never accused Shahid of any impropriety whatsoever during the elections . Malik said , I am very pleased that after a discussion with Danny Lockwood , he has been able to give me the assurances I required . Problems at US airports . On 25 October 2007 , while on Government business , Malik was stopped and searched by United States airport security staff at Dulles Airport in Washington D.C . Malik said of the incident : The abusive attitude I endured last November I forgot about and I forgave , but I really do believe that British ministers and parliamentarians should be afforded the same respect and dignity at USA airports that we would bestow upon our colleagues in the Senate and Congress . Obviously , there was no malice involved but it has to be said that the USA system does not inspire confidence . Cleared of breaching the Ministerial Code . On 15 May 2009 , Malik stepped down as Justice Minister and Home Office Minister in order to allow the Prime Ministers independent adviser on Ministerial interests , Sir Philip Mawer , to investigate accusations in The Daily Telegraph that he had breached the Ministerial Code by accepting preferential rent on his office and home . However , the inquiry concluded that he was in fact paying the market rent and Sir Philip cleared him of any breach . On 9 June , Malik rejoined the government as Communities and Local Government Minister . Cleared of breaching rules on expenses . Malik was accused of irregularities in relation to his expenses . This came almost immediately after he was cleared of breaching the ministerial code . After a thorough 10-month inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards Malik was cleared . On receiving the news Malik said : I have now been cleared of breaching the ministerial code of conduct by the ministerial standards adviser Sir Philip Mawer , cleared of any abuse of expenses by a parliamentary review conducted by the Department of Resources , and now finally cleared of abusing office expenses by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards John Lyon . Todays outcome represents the end of a 12-month nightmare and I would like to thank all those family , friends and constituents who have stood by me and kept the faith – we have today all been vindicated . BBC Gaza War Appeal . Malik criticised the BBCs decision not to broadcast an appeal by the Disaster and Emergencies Committee to help raise millions of pounds for people in need of food , medicines and shelter following Israels three-week assault on the Palestinian territory . Malik warned that the Corporations decision would be seen around the world as one which inflicts still further misery on the beleaguered and suffering people of Gaza . Tackling extremism . As Cohesion Minister , Malik said the £45million-a-year Prevent strategy would also work in deprived white areas rather than concentrating on Muslim youths . Former Government adviser Paul Richards criticised the move , saying : There is a real danger that if ministers relax the focus on Muslim youth , then it dilutes efforts to tackle terrorism . Former Shadow Home Secretary David Davis also criticised Malik , accusing him of having watered down the policy . Malik said that Prevent , which includes measures like helping mosques to spot the early signs of extremism in vulnerable youngsters , was too focused on the Muslim community . He added : You speak to any Muslim on the street anywhere in this country and they will say they are as opposed as you and I are to extremism , to terrorism .. . But the frustration is that they are constantly linked with terrorism as a community as a whole . He went on : It is not just about the Muslim , it is actually about everybody in our society having a role to play and we cannot dismiss or underestimate the threat from the far right . MPs expenses . Malik claimed £185,421 in parliamentary expenses for 2006 , the highest amount claimed by any MP . Some £163,000 of this was used for staff and office etc . while the rest some £22,110 was claimed for personal use as part of his staying away from main house allowance ( ACA ) . 183 other MPs claimed exactly the same amount and in 2007/08 he again claimed the maximum personal ACA allowance as did 142 other MPs . Following Sir Thomas Leggs audit of MPs expenses spending limits on eligible items were retrospectively lowered thus meaning that 468 MPs being were forced to make repayments . Malik ( 239th out of 468 ) repaid £1,300 due to these retrospective spending limit reductions . The investigation further ordered that Malik apologise in writing to the House for breaching the rules of the House when he was a Member of Parliament and for his failure while still a member to respond sufficiently promptly to the Commissioners investigation . It noted Malik had failed to recognise his personal responsibility to respond thus making the situation more serious . A spokesman for Malik said the claim had previously been approved twice by the parliamentary authorities and subsequently audited as eligible . Racist hate material . Malik and his staff regularly had to intercept abusive and racist communications sent to his offices in Westminster and Dewsbury . In June 2008 Malik acted against YouTube after supporters of the far-right posted a 39-second video clip warning him not to mess with the big boys , cutting from a still of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , to a shot of Malik covered in blood . The video was removed from the site following a further complaint from the Equality and Human Rights Commission . In December 2009 , a 55-year-old man from Woodley , Berkshire pleaded guilty under the Malicious Communications Act of 1988 , of sending an indecent or grossly offensive email to Malik for the purpose of causing distress or anxiety . He was fined £200 . Anthrax terror alert . In December 2009 an envelope containing suspicious white powder was sent to Maliks office at the House of Commons , triggering an anti-terrorist investigation . Comments written on the envelope suggested it had been sent by a supporter of the far-right . The substance was later found to be harmless . Personal life and family . Although over a hundred MPs employed family members in their offices , Malik was found to be the only MP to have employed his father , who was paid between £13,566 to £25,195 per year from the taxpayer-funded MPs Staffing Allowance fund . Failure to initially disclose this information was later referenced in Maliks use of expenses investigation . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Shahid Malik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Shahid Malik MP - Transcript of maiden speech to the House of Commons
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Shahid Malik Shahid Rafique Malik ( ; born 24 November 1967 ) is a British Labour Party politician , a technology and media industry chairman , a visiting professor , and chairman and adviser to a number of non-profit organisations . His political career began when he became the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dewsbury in 2005 which made him the country’s first British-born Muslim ( alongside the current Mayor of London Sadiq Khan ) to be elected to the British Parliament . In 2007 he became Britains first Muslim Minister of International Development , and subsequently served as a Justice Minister and Home Office Minister . In his last Ministerial role at the Department for Communities and Local Government he led the British governments efforts in fighting extremism ; overseeing race , faith , and community cohesion ; developing The Tames Gateway ( the largest development area in Europe ) ; and managing the Fire and Rescue Service Department for Communities and Local Government . He lost his seat in the House of Commons to Simon Reevell in the 2010 general election following significant ( 60% ) boundary changes . Early life . Malik was born in Burnley , Lancashire , in 1967 . His father Rafique Malik was a district councillor between 1976 and 2006 and a mayor of Burnley , having emigrated from Pakistan in the 1960s . His mother was a Justice of the Peace . He attended Barden High School and Burnley Sixth Form Centre before studying Business Studies at the South Bank Polytechnic in London and later attending Durham University . Malik is one of seven siblings . Pre-parliamentary career . Prior to Parliament , his three main areas of work were in the urban regeneration and development field ; the voluntary and community sector ; and domestic and international anti-poverty , education , human rights and equalities sector . In local/regional regeneration terms , after graduating , Malik initially worked with the East Lancashire Training and Enterprise Council in a business development capacity . This was followed by roles as General Manager of Kashmir Youth Project Rochdale , Group Chief Executive of the Pakistan Muslim Centre and incorporating the Pakistan Enterprise Centre , Sheffield ; Head of Policy and Development at the Greater Nottingham Training and Enterprise Council ; and then as Chief Executive of Haringey Regeneration Agency , managing a £150 million development programme . He also served for three years as Chair of the Board of Directors of VONEF ( voluntary organisations network for European funding in Yorkshire and the Humber ) ; and served as National Chair of the voluntary sector body Urban Forum ( 1999–2002 ) elected annually by the 400 plus member organisations . The Forum was a respected national regeneration policy network made up of residents and community organisations , with the aim of pushing power to local people in deprived neighbourhoods . Following the Good Friday Peace Agreement of 1998 he was appointed by then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Rt Hon Mo Mowlam MP , as an Equality Commissioner for Northern Ireland ( 1999–2002 ) . The Equality Commission for Northern Ireland was born out of the Good Friday peace agreement and was charged with dealing with equalities issues between Catholics & Protestants , Unionists & Nationalists , and discrimination by race , gender , disability , sexuality and age . Malik served as the only ever person from England , Scotland or Wales ( Great Britain ) to have been appointed a Commissioner in Northern Ireland . From 1998 to 2002 he was appointed as a Commissioner to the Commission for Racial Equality . The organisation was a law enforcement agency under the Race Relations Act 1976 and worked to eliminate racial discrimination across Great Britain . It has subsequently been subsumed into the Equality and Human Rights Commission EHRC He served for six years as an Independent Governor of Sheffield Hallam University ; and for several years as a member , Queen Mary University Policy Advisory Board and as an Adviser to Middlesex University . Internationally , Malik served Vice-Chair of United Nations body , UNESCO UK , working to engage UK civic society in UNESCOs work in contributing to world peace , security , justice and human rights , by promoting collaboration between nations on educational , scientific , cultural and communications projects . Malik also served as an international election monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 ( and subsequently , as an MP helped monitor the Palestinian Parliamentary elections in January 2006 ) . Between 2001 and 2005 he also worked as an adviser to Government on Community Cohesion and Neighbourhood Renewal . He has also been a Fellow of the Institute of Management ( FIMgt ) and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) . Early politics and Burnley riots . In June 2001 , Malik was arrested and allegedly beaten by police during racially motivated riots in Burnley . He said he had been trying to stop the violence and told the BBC he had been arrested by very hyped-up police . The riot shields were smashed in my face , causing four to five stitches above the eye , a black eye , lacerations to the arm , bruises on the back of the head , on the body and on the legs . On leaving Burnley General Hospital Malik said : No recriminations . This incident should not stereotype all police officers . No charges were brought by Lancashire Police and Malik was offered an apology . In April 2003 , Malik won a public apology and substantial libel damages after being wrongly accused of throwing bricks during the riots in the Lancashire Evening Telegraph on 17 January 2002 . Maliks lawyer told the High Court in London : At the time referred to in the article , he was in fact acting as a mediator and peacemaker in a volatile situation following disturbances in Burnley . In 2000 , Malik was elected as the first non-white member to the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party . He was re-elected each year until 2005 when he stood down after being elected as an MP . Malik sought selection in a number of seats including Leeds Central and Tottenham . In 2002 he had hoped to be selected in his home town of Burnley where Peter Pike had indicated he was standing down . However , the National Executive Committee decided that the Constituency Labour Party should have an all-women shortlist . He then stood for selection in Brent East after Labour lost the 2003 by-election but was left off the shortlist despite having gained the most nominations in the selection process . Parliamentary career . In 2004 Malik was selected as the Labour candidate in Dewsbury for the 2005 general election . Labour saw a 6% drop in its vote nationally in 2005 , and despite a 4.2% swing to the Conservatives in Dewsbury , Malik comfortably retained the seat for Labour with a majority of 4,615 ahead of Sayeeda Warsi . Upon his election , Malik was one of the first British-born Muslims to become an MP . At the 2005 House Magazine Awards , his was awarded the best Maiden Speech among the one hundred plus new MPs elected in 2005 . In February 2006 , he was runner-up in the Channel Four News awards in the Rising Star category . Upon election , Malik was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . He also served on the Environmental Audit Select Committee until the cabinet reshuffle of May 2006 when he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the then Minister of State for Schools Jim Knight . He served as an international monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 and Parliamentary elections in January 2006 . In June 2007 , Malik became Britains first Muslim Minister after Gordon Brown appointed him as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for International Development . In October 2008 , Malik was appointed as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Justice and in March 2009 was subsequently appointed into a dual role as a Home Office Minister . In June 2009 , he was appointed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Communities and Local Government . At the 2010 general election Malik lost his seat . There had been significant boundary changes in his constituency which he felt had counted against him . Malik commented that the changes brought in 26,000 extra Tories from rural areas , including Denby Dale and Kirkburton . In his speech on election night Malik also drew attention to the role played by an independent candidate , Khizar Iqbal . He said Iqbal had been brought forward not to win but to make sure that I lost . Iqbal had been supported by anti-sleaze campaigner Martin Bell . Iqbals election agent , Jonathan Scott , was also a former Conservative Councillor and had been the election agent for Baroness Warsi in her unsuccessful bid to become the Dewsbury MP in 2005 . Councillor Khizar Iqbal was allowed to re-join the Conservative party in May 2011 . Race and community cohesion issues . Soon after his election to the House of Commons in 2005 , Malik became one of the public faces of Muslim leadership in the UK and a leading voice in the battle with Islamic extremism in Britain . In the government reshuffle of 9 June 2009 , Malik was given ministerial responsibility for issues of race , faith and community cohesion . In 2008 , he was made an honorary Doctor of the University of Bradford for his contributions as Member of Parliament and , in particular , in recognition of the distinctive role he has played in working towards community cohesion and in striving for racial harmony . He served as an Adviser to the government on Community Cohesion following race riots in Bradford , Burnley and Oldham in 2001 . Terrorism and extremism . Just two months after Malik was elected to the House of Commons , it was revealed that the leader of the 7 July 2005 London bombings , Mohammad Sidique Khan , came from his Dewsbury constituency . Malik described the bombings as the most profound challenge yet faced by the British Muslim community . He said : Condemnation is not enough and British Muslims must , and I believe are prepared to , confront the voices of evil head on . Later Malik confronted the issue in an article for The Times newspaper . He wrote : Yes , foreign policy causes anger among many British Muslims but this does not in itself cause terrorism . Unquestionably , the lethal ingredient is a twisted , perverted interpretation of Islam whereby you can legitimately kill yourself and other innocent people , and you will go to Heaven . He concluded that : For British Muslims the fight against extremism is not just for the very soul of Islam but for the freedoms we enjoy as Britons . Malik found controversy in February 2007 when he wrote , again in The Times , that the Muslim Council of Britain should stop whingeing and show leadership . Referring to their decision not to play a part in Holocaust Memorial Day , Malik wrote : Its flawed moral leadership places the MCB alongside the likes of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , as nonattendees . Muslim veil row . In October 2006 Malik garnered national attention when he spoke out in support of the decision to suspend , and later sack , a Muslim teaching assistant from Dewsbury for refusing to remove her veil in the classroom . Aishah Azmi , 24 , was asked to remove her niqab veil after pupils found it hard to understand her during English language lessons . The school said she could wear the veil outside the classroom . Malik said : In schools the top priority has got to be the education of our children.. . I believe the education authority has bent over backwards to be accommodating and has been extremely reasonable and sensible in the decision it has come to.” There is no religious obligation whatsoever for Muslim women to cover themselves up in front of primary school children . In June 2009 Malik spoke out against comments made by Nicolas Sarkozy after the French President declared the burqa was not welcome in France . Sarkozy said : The burqa is not a sign of religion , it is a sign of subservience . Malik responded publicly by saying : It is not the job of government to dictate what people should or should not wear in our society – that is a matter of personal choice . There are no laws stating what clothes or attire are acceptable and so whether one chooses to wear a veil or burqa , a miniskirt or goth outfit is entirely at the individuals discretion . Fight for parliamentary cleaners rights . Malik placed an early day motion ( EDM 434 , 2005 ) , which attracted 178 MPs signatures and led to the first picket and strike in the Houses of Parliament and eventually to improved pay and conditions for the cleaners of Parliament . EDM 434 stated : That this House values the cleaners who maintain high standards of service to Parliament ; believes the parliamentary cleaners should be treated with respect and that it is wrong that , despite the widespread concern over their pay and conditions of employment , their pay has only increased from the national minimum wage of £4.85 per hour to £5 per hour ; is concerned that the parliamentary cleaners only enjoy 12 days paid holiday and have no company sick pay or pension ; believes the time has come to end this sorry state of affairs ; and urges the parliamentary authorities to reach agreement with the two contractors on making available the necessary resources to ensure that cleaners earn the London living wage . Ministerial career ( 2007–2010 ) . International Development Minister . Maliks first and longest Ministerial role was as International Development Minister where his roles included : • Conflict , Humanitarian and Security Minister • All DFID Country Programmes globally apart from Sub-Saharan Africa • UK Civil Society ( British Red Cross , Oxfam , Islamic Relief etc. ) • Governor , Asian & Inter-American Development Banks • Chair Board of Governors Caribbean Development Bank • Asia , MENA , South America and Europe Development Minister • Aid Effectiveness Minister Malik was responsible for the UKs largest global aid programmes including in India , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as the Middle East and North Africa , the rest of Asia , South America and Europe . He was also the UKs Aid Effectiveness Minister working to ensure that the impact of aid was maximised , and gave evidence to the Parliaments International Development Committee on the issue . In his role as the UK Minister responsible for Humanitarian Affairs , Conflict and Security Operations he had responsibility for overseeing the response to humanitarian emergencies both natural and man-made . For example , it covered disasters such as cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh cyclone Nargis in Burma ; and the Pakistan earthquake , as well as man-made challenges , which meant supporting the work in Afghanistan , Iraq as well as for example UNRWA , UNDP , UNICEF , WHO etc . Some of the individual initiatives in countries were in partnership with other countries and were relatively sizeable for example he signed a £90m maternal and new born health programme in Pakistan which was designed to save the lives of an estimated 30,000 women and some 350,000 children . Malik was involved in the transition of Nepal out of civil war into an inclusive democracy . In this role he acted as an honest broker engaging with the Maoists leader Chairman Prachanda and the seven party alliance including PM Koirala . Other troubled areas that Malik engaged with as Humanitarian Minister included Darfur . In addition , Maliks focused his efforts on the Far East with visits and support to Vietnam , Indonesia Myanmar and Thailand . He signed the UKs first ten-year partnership agreement in the Middle East with the government of Yemen . and developed a MOU with the Islamic Development Bank . He also served as an observer to both Palestinian Parliamentary and Presidential elections . He was responsible for the UKs work with the Asian Development Bank , Inter- American Development Bank and Caribbean Development Bank – serving as Governor on each ( Chairman of the latter ) . In terms of UK civil society he was responsible for the distribution of £120 million per year to small NGOs as well as large ones such as the CAFOD , Red Cross , Oxfam , Action Aid , Christian Aid and Islamic Relief etc . He launched the UKs Youth volunteering schemes and others that linked the UK with the developing world and Co-Chaired the DFID/Trade Union Congress International Development Forum . Communities and Local Government Minister . As Communities & Local Government Minister Maliks role included : • Preventing Extremism Minister • Community Cohesion & Faith Minister • Race and Migration Minister • Thames Gateway Minister • Olympics Legacy Minister • Fire & Rescue Minister He served as Minister for the Fire and Rescue Service , Minister for Community Cohesion and Faith , Minister for Race and Migration , Minister for Preventing Violent Extremism and the Olympic Legacy and Thames Gateway Minister . As the Thames Gateway and Olympic Legacy Minister he was responsible for Europes largest regeneration area covering East London , South Essex and North Kent . In addition , he was responsible for ensuring the £9 billion Olympics investment had a beneficial impact on the regeneration of East London for the next twenty years . He also oversaw work with major businesses such as Land Securities PLC and helped initiate the dredging of the Dubai Ports Worlds £1.8 billion UK investment , which will eventually create 36,000 jobs in the UK . Malik dealt at the most senior level with all local authorities in East London and throughout the Thames Gateway , private sector organisations and development agencies . He was for example responsible for the appointments of Board members on the Olympic Park Legacy Company and for the restructuring of the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation and the Thurrock Thames Gateway Development Corporation following their quinquennial review . He also Chaired the Thames Gateway Strategic Partnership with Bob Kerslake , the then CEO of the Homes and Communities Agency , as his co-chair . The partnership was made up of all the council leaders/CEOs and other agencies across the Gateway . As Fire and Rescue Minister he worked with local fire and rescue authorities to help prevent deaths , injuries and damage to property . He also worked in partnership with the Fire and Rescue Service and other agencies to build the resilience and capability to deal with major emergencies , including terrorism and natural disasters . This involved management of a £400m plus technology and change management programme . In his final Ministerial role , he also had responsibility for Faith , Cohesion and fighting extremism and hatred , he founded an award which was to be presented by the Prime Minister of the day known as the Heroes of the Holocaust Award . The award was given ( sometimes posthumously ) to British non-Jews who had risked their lives and , in some cases , given their lives to save Jews and other persecuted groups from the Nazis . Gordon Brown was the first Prime Minister to present the Award which consists of a silver medallion inscribed with the words In the Service of Humanity . Libel claim . On 6 October 2006 Malik launched a libel case against both The Dewsbury Press editor Danny Lockwood and former Conservative councillor Jonathan Scott over a letter by Mr Scott criticising the Labour partys tactics following Scotts defeat at the Kirklees council elections in May 2006 . Malik believing the material amounted to an accusation of racism . The defending newspaper suggested the case was attack on freedom of speech and a petition was presented to the Prime Minister protesting against Maliks legal action . The petition was dimissed . In a trial at the High Court , despite the countrys most senior Libel Judge , Lord Justice Eady , ruling in favour of Mr Malik giving him victory on three of the four defences that the Press newspaper , Lockwood and Scott had put forward against Mr Maliks defamation claim , the case ended in a mistrial due to the jurys inability to arrive at a majority of at least 10 out of 12 on the fourth defence . A retrial was averted after an agreed statement was published vindicating Malik . In the statement , Scott stated I am happy to make clear that my letter was never intended to accuse Malik of orchestrating gangs of thugs or playing the race card . This was an interpretation some people placed upon my letter and subsequent article , an interpretation with which I disagreed . Lockwood said , We want to make it clear that we never accused Shahid of any impropriety whatsoever during the elections . Malik said , I am very pleased that after a discussion with Danny Lockwood , he has been able to give me the assurances I required . Problems at US airports . On 25 October 2007 , while on Government business , Malik was stopped and searched by United States airport security staff at Dulles Airport in Washington D.C . Malik said of the incident : The abusive attitude I endured last November I forgot about and I forgave , but I really do believe that British ministers and parliamentarians should be afforded the same respect and dignity at USA airports that we would bestow upon our colleagues in the Senate and Congress . Obviously , there was no malice involved but it has to be said that the USA system does not inspire confidence . Cleared of breaching the Ministerial Code . On 15 May 2009 , Malik stepped down as Justice Minister and Home Office Minister in order to allow the Prime Ministers independent adviser on Ministerial interests , Sir Philip Mawer , to investigate accusations in The Daily Telegraph that he had breached the Ministerial Code by accepting preferential rent on his office and home . However , the inquiry concluded that he was in fact paying the market rent and Sir Philip cleared him of any breach . On 9 June , Malik rejoined the government as Communities and Local Government Minister . Cleared of breaching rules on expenses . Malik was accused of irregularities in relation to his expenses . This came almost immediately after he was cleared of breaching the ministerial code . After a thorough 10-month inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards Malik was cleared . On receiving the news Malik said : I have now been cleared of breaching the ministerial code of conduct by the ministerial standards adviser Sir Philip Mawer , cleared of any abuse of expenses by a parliamentary review conducted by the Department of Resources , and now finally cleared of abusing office expenses by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards John Lyon . Todays outcome represents the end of a 12-month nightmare and I would like to thank all those family , friends and constituents who have stood by me and kept the faith – we have today all been vindicated . BBC Gaza War Appeal . Malik criticised the BBCs decision not to broadcast an appeal by the Disaster and Emergencies Committee to help raise millions of pounds for people in need of food , medicines and shelter following Israels three-week assault on the Palestinian territory . Malik warned that the Corporations decision would be seen around the world as one which inflicts still further misery on the beleaguered and suffering people of Gaza . Tackling extremism . As Cohesion Minister , Malik said the £45million-a-year Prevent strategy would also work in deprived white areas rather than concentrating on Muslim youths . Former Government adviser Paul Richards criticised the move , saying : There is a real danger that if ministers relax the focus on Muslim youth , then it dilutes efforts to tackle terrorism . Former Shadow Home Secretary David Davis also criticised Malik , accusing him of having watered down the policy . Malik said that Prevent , which includes measures like helping mosques to spot the early signs of extremism in vulnerable youngsters , was too focused on the Muslim community . He added : You speak to any Muslim on the street anywhere in this country and they will say they are as opposed as you and I are to extremism , to terrorism .. . But the frustration is that they are constantly linked with terrorism as a community as a whole . He went on : It is not just about the Muslim , it is actually about everybody in our society having a role to play and we cannot dismiss or underestimate the threat from the far right . MPs expenses . Malik claimed £185,421 in parliamentary expenses for 2006 , the highest amount claimed by any MP . Some £163,000 of this was used for staff and office etc . while the rest some £22,110 was claimed for personal use as part of his staying away from main house allowance ( ACA ) . 183 other MPs claimed exactly the same amount and in 2007/08 he again claimed the maximum personal ACA allowance as did 142 other MPs . Following Sir Thomas Leggs audit of MPs expenses spending limits on eligible items were retrospectively lowered thus meaning that 468 MPs being were forced to make repayments . Malik ( 239th out of 468 ) repaid £1,300 due to these retrospective spending limit reductions . The investigation further ordered that Malik apologise in writing to the House for breaching the rules of the House when he was a Member of Parliament and for his failure while still a member to respond sufficiently promptly to the Commissioners investigation . It noted Malik had failed to recognise his personal responsibility to respond thus making the situation more serious . A spokesman for Malik said the claim had previously been approved twice by the parliamentary authorities and subsequently audited as eligible . Racist hate material . Malik and his staff regularly had to intercept abusive and racist communications sent to his offices in Westminster and Dewsbury . In June 2008 Malik acted against YouTube after supporters of the far-right posted a 39-second video clip warning him not to mess with the big boys , cutting from a still of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , to a shot of Malik covered in blood . The video was removed from the site following a further complaint from the Equality and Human Rights Commission . In December 2009 , a 55-year-old man from Woodley , Berkshire pleaded guilty under the Malicious Communications Act of 1988 , of sending an indecent or grossly offensive email to Malik for the purpose of causing distress or anxiety . He was fined £200 . Anthrax terror alert . In December 2009 an envelope containing suspicious white powder was sent to Maliks office at the House of Commons , triggering an anti-terrorist investigation . Comments written on the envelope suggested it had been sent by a supporter of the far-right . The substance was later found to be harmless . Personal life and family . Although over a hundred MPs employed family members in their offices , Malik was found to be the only MP to have employed his father , who was paid between £13,566 to £25,195 per year from the taxpayer-funded MPs Staffing Allowance fund . Failure to initially disclose this information was later referenced in Maliks use of expenses investigation . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Shahid Malik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Shahid Malik MP - Transcript of maiden speech to the House of Commons
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Which position did Shahid Malik hold in Apr 2010?
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/wiki/Shahid_Malik#P39#5
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Shahid Malik Shahid Rafique Malik ( ; born 24 November 1967 ) is a British Labour Party politician , a technology and media industry chairman , a visiting professor , and chairman and adviser to a number of non-profit organisations . His political career began when he became the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Dewsbury in 2005 which made him the country’s first British-born Muslim ( alongside the current Mayor of London Sadiq Khan ) to be elected to the British Parliament . In 2007 he became Britains first Muslim Minister of International Development , and subsequently served as a Justice Minister and Home Office Minister . In his last Ministerial role at the Department for Communities and Local Government he led the British governments efforts in fighting extremism ; overseeing race , faith , and community cohesion ; developing The Tames Gateway ( the largest development area in Europe ) ; and managing the Fire and Rescue Service Department for Communities and Local Government . He lost his seat in the House of Commons to Simon Reevell in the 2010 general election following significant ( 60% ) boundary changes . Early life . Malik was born in Burnley , Lancashire , in 1967 . His father Rafique Malik was a district councillor between 1976 and 2006 and a mayor of Burnley , having emigrated from Pakistan in the 1960s . His mother was a Justice of the Peace . He attended Barden High School and Burnley Sixth Form Centre before studying Business Studies at the South Bank Polytechnic in London and later attending Durham University . Malik is one of seven siblings . Pre-parliamentary career . Prior to Parliament , his three main areas of work were in the urban regeneration and development field ; the voluntary and community sector ; and domestic and international anti-poverty , education , human rights and equalities sector . In local/regional regeneration terms , after graduating , Malik initially worked with the East Lancashire Training and Enterprise Council in a business development capacity . This was followed by roles as General Manager of Kashmir Youth Project Rochdale , Group Chief Executive of the Pakistan Muslim Centre and incorporating the Pakistan Enterprise Centre , Sheffield ; Head of Policy and Development at the Greater Nottingham Training and Enterprise Council ; and then as Chief Executive of Haringey Regeneration Agency , managing a £150 million development programme . He also served for three years as Chair of the Board of Directors of VONEF ( voluntary organisations network for European funding in Yorkshire and the Humber ) ; and served as National Chair of the voluntary sector body Urban Forum ( 1999–2002 ) elected annually by the 400 plus member organisations . The Forum was a respected national regeneration policy network made up of residents and community organisations , with the aim of pushing power to local people in deprived neighbourhoods . Following the Good Friday Peace Agreement of 1998 he was appointed by then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Rt Hon Mo Mowlam MP , as an Equality Commissioner for Northern Ireland ( 1999–2002 ) . The Equality Commission for Northern Ireland was born out of the Good Friday peace agreement and was charged with dealing with equalities issues between Catholics & Protestants , Unionists & Nationalists , and discrimination by race , gender , disability , sexuality and age . Malik served as the only ever person from England , Scotland or Wales ( Great Britain ) to have been appointed a Commissioner in Northern Ireland . From 1998 to 2002 he was appointed as a Commissioner to the Commission for Racial Equality . The organisation was a law enforcement agency under the Race Relations Act 1976 and worked to eliminate racial discrimination across Great Britain . It has subsequently been subsumed into the Equality and Human Rights Commission EHRC He served for six years as an Independent Governor of Sheffield Hallam University ; and for several years as a member , Queen Mary University Policy Advisory Board and as an Adviser to Middlesex University . Internationally , Malik served Vice-Chair of United Nations body , UNESCO UK , working to engage UK civic society in UNESCOs work in contributing to world peace , security , justice and human rights , by promoting collaboration between nations on educational , scientific , cultural and communications projects . Malik also served as an international election monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 ( and subsequently , as an MP helped monitor the Palestinian Parliamentary elections in January 2006 ) . Between 2001 and 2005 he also worked as an adviser to Government on Community Cohesion and Neighbourhood Renewal . He has also been a Fellow of the Institute of Management ( FIMgt ) and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) . Early politics and Burnley riots . In June 2001 , Malik was arrested and allegedly beaten by police during racially motivated riots in Burnley . He said he had been trying to stop the violence and told the BBC he had been arrested by very hyped-up police . The riot shields were smashed in my face , causing four to five stitches above the eye , a black eye , lacerations to the arm , bruises on the back of the head , on the body and on the legs . On leaving Burnley General Hospital Malik said : No recriminations . This incident should not stereotype all police officers . No charges were brought by Lancashire Police and Malik was offered an apology . In April 2003 , Malik won a public apology and substantial libel damages after being wrongly accused of throwing bricks during the riots in the Lancashire Evening Telegraph on 17 January 2002 . Maliks lawyer told the High Court in London : At the time referred to in the article , he was in fact acting as a mediator and peacemaker in a volatile situation following disturbances in Burnley . In 2000 , Malik was elected as the first non-white member to the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party . He was re-elected each year until 2005 when he stood down after being elected as an MP . Malik sought selection in a number of seats including Leeds Central and Tottenham . In 2002 he had hoped to be selected in his home town of Burnley where Peter Pike had indicated he was standing down . However , the National Executive Committee decided that the Constituency Labour Party should have an all-women shortlist . He then stood for selection in Brent East after Labour lost the 2003 by-election but was left off the shortlist despite having gained the most nominations in the selection process . Parliamentary career . In 2004 Malik was selected as the Labour candidate in Dewsbury for the 2005 general election . Labour saw a 6% drop in its vote nationally in 2005 , and despite a 4.2% swing to the Conservatives in Dewsbury , Malik comfortably retained the seat for Labour with a majority of 4,615 ahead of Sayeeda Warsi . Upon his election , Malik was one of the first British-born Muslims to become an MP . At the 2005 House Magazine Awards , his was awarded the best Maiden Speech among the one hundred plus new MPs elected in 2005 . In February 2006 , he was runner-up in the Channel Four News awards in the Rising Star category . Upon election , Malik was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . He also served on the Environmental Audit Select Committee until the cabinet reshuffle of May 2006 when he was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the then Minister of State for Schools Jim Knight . He served as an international monitor for the Palestinian Presidential elections in 2005 and Parliamentary elections in January 2006 . In June 2007 , Malik became Britains first Muslim Minister after Gordon Brown appointed him as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for International Development . In October 2008 , Malik was appointed as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Ministry of Justice and in March 2009 was subsequently appointed into a dual role as a Home Office Minister . In June 2009 , he was appointed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Communities and Local Government . At the 2010 general election Malik lost his seat . There had been significant boundary changes in his constituency which he felt had counted against him . Malik commented that the changes brought in 26,000 extra Tories from rural areas , including Denby Dale and Kirkburton . In his speech on election night Malik also drew attention to the role played by an independent candidate , Khizar Iqbal . He said Iqbal had been brought forward not to win but to make sure that I lost . Iqbal had been supported by anti-sleaze campaigner Martin Bell . Iqbals election agent , Jonathan Scott , was also a former Conservative Councillor and had been the election agent for Baroness Warsi in her unsuccessful bid to become the Dewsbury MP in 2005 . Councillor Khizar Iqbal was allowed to re-join the Conservative party in May 2011 . Race and community cohesion issues . Soon after his election to the House of Commons in 2005 , Malik became one of the public faces of Muslim leadership in the UK and a leading voice in the battle with Islamic extremism in Britain . In the government reshuffle of 9 June 2009 , Malik was given ministerial responsibility for issues of race , faith and community cohesion . In 2008 , he was made an honorary Doctor of the University of Bradford for his contributions as Member of Parliament and , in particular , in recognition of the distinctive role he has played in working towards community cohesion and in striving for racial harmony . He served as an Adviser to the government on Community Cohesion following race riots in Bradford , Burnley and Oldham in 2001 . Terrorism and extremism . Just two months after Malik was elected to the House of Commons , it was revealed that the leader of the 7 July 2005 London bombings , Mohammad Sidique Khan , came from his Dewsbury constituency . Malik described the bombings as the most profound challenge yet faced by the British Muslim community . He said : Condemnation is not enough and British Muslims must , and I believe are prepared to , confront the voices of evil head on . Later Malik confronted the issue in an article for The Times newspaper . He wrote : Yes , foreign policy causes anger among many British Muslims but this does not in itself cause terrorism . Unquestionably , the lethal ingredient is a twisted , perverted interpretation of Islam whereby you can legitimately kill yourself and other innocent people , and you will go to Heaven . He concluded that : For British Muslims the fight against extremism is not just for the very soul of Islam but for the freedoms we enjoy as Britons . Malik found controversy in February 2007 when he wrote , again in The Times , that the Muslim Council of Britain should stop whingeing and show leadership . Referring to their decision not to play a part in Holocaust Memorial Day , Malik wrote : Its flawed moral leadership places the MCB alongside the likes of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , as nonattendees . Muslim veil row . In October 2006 Malik garnered national attention when he spoke out in support of the decision to suspend , and later sack , a Muslim teaching assistant from Dewsbury for refusing to remove her veil in the classroom . Aishah Azmi , 24 , was asked to remove her niqab veil after pupils found it hard to understand her during English language lessons . The school said she could wear the veil outside the classroom . Malik said : In schools the top priority has got to be the education of our children.. . I believe the education authority has bent over backwards to be accommodating and has been extremely reasonable and sensible in the decision it has come to.” There is no religious obligation whatsoever for Muslim women to cover themselves up in front of primary school children . In June 2009 Malik spoke out against comments made by Nicolas Sarkozy after the French President declared the burqa was not welcome in France . Sarkozy said : The burqa is not a sign of religion , it is a sign of subservience . Malik responded publicly by saying : It is not the job of government to dictate what people should or should not wear in our society – that is a matter of personal choice . There are no laws stating what clothes or attire are acceptable and so whether one chooses to wear a veil or burqa , a miniskirt or goth outfit is entirely at the individuals discretion . Fight for parliamentary cleaners rights . Malik placed an early day motion ( EDM 434 , 2005 ) , which attracted 178 MPs signatures and led to the first picket and strike in the Houses of Parliament and eventually to improved pay and conditions for the cleaners of Parliament . EDM 434 stated : That this House values the cleaners who maintain high standards of service to Parliament ; believes the parliamentary cleaners should be treated with respect and that it is wrong that , despite the widespread concern over their pay and conditions of employment , their pay has only increased from the national minimum wage of £4.85 per hour to £5 per hour ; is concerned that the parliamentary cleaners only enjoy 12 days paid holiday and have no company sick pay or pension ; believes the time has come to end this sorry state of affairs ; and urges the parliamentary authorities to reach agreement with the two contractors on making available the necessary resources to ensure that cleaners earn the London living wage . Ministerial career ( 2007–2010 ) . International Development Minister . Maliks first and longest Ministerial role was as International Development Minister where his roles included : • Conflict , Humanitarian and Security Minister • All DFID Country Programmes globally apart from Sub-Saharan Africa • UK Civil Society ( British Red Cross , Oxfam , Islamic Relief etc. ) • Governor , Asian & Inter-American Development Banks • Chair Board of Governors Caribbean Development Bank • Asia , MENA , South America and Europe Development Minister • Aid Effectiveness Minister Malik was responsible for the UKs largest global aid programmes including in India , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as the Middle East and North Africa , the rest of Asia , South America and Europe . He was also the UKs Aid Effectiveness Minister working to ensure that the impact of aid was maximised , and gave evidence to the Parliaments International Development Committee on the issue . In his role as the UK Minister responsible for Humanitarian Affairs , Conflict and Security Operations he had responsibility for overseeing the response to humanitarian emergencies both natural and man-made . For example , it covered disasters such as cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh cyclone Nargis in Burma ; and the Pakistan earthquake , as well as man-made challenges , which meant supporting the work in Afghanistan , Iraq as well as for example UNRWA , UNDP , UNICEF , WHO etc . Some of the individual initiatives in countries were in partnership with other countries and were relatively sizeable for example he signed a £90m maternal and new born health programme in Pakistan which was designed to save the lives of an estimated 30,000 women and some 350,000 children . Malik was involved in the transition of Nepal out of civil war into an inclusive democracy . In this role he acted as an honest broker engaging with the Maoists leader Chairman Prachanda and the seven party alliance including PM Koirala . Other troubled areas that Malik engaged with as Humanitarian Minister included Darfur . In addition , Maliks focused his efforts on the Far East with visits and support to Vietnam , Indonesia Myanmar and Thailand . He signed the UKs first ten-year partnership agreement in the Middle East with the government of Yemen . and developed a MOU with the Islamic Development Bank . He also served as an observer to both Palestinian Parliamentary and Presidential elections . He was responsible for the UKs work with the Asian Development Bank , Inter- American Development Bank and Caribbean Development Bank – serving as Governor on each ( Chairman of the latter ) . In terms of UK civil society he was responsible for the distribution of £120 million per year to small NGOs as well as large ones such as the CAFOD , Red Cross , Oxfam , Action Aid , Christian Aid and Islamic Relief etc . He launched the UKs Youth volunteering schemes and others that linked the UK with the developing world and Co-Chaired the DFID/Trade Union Congress International Development Forum . Communities and Local Government Minister . As Communities & Local Government Minister Maliks role included : • Preventing Extremism Minister • Community Cohesion & Faith Minister • Race and Migration Minister • Thames Gateway Minister • Olympics Legacy Minister • Fire & Rescue Minister He served as Minister for the Fire and Rescue Service , Minister for Community Cohesion and Faith , Minister for Race and Migration , Minister for Preventing Violent Extremism and the Olympic Legacy and Thames Gateway Minister . As the Thames Gateway and Olympic Legacy Minister he was responsible for Europes largest regeneration area covering East London , South Essex and North Kent . In addition , he was responsible for ensuring the £9 billion Olympics investment had a beneficial impact on the regeneration of East London for the next twenty years . He also oversaw work with major businesses such as Land Securities PLC and helped initiate the dredging of the Dubai Ports Worlds £1.8 billion UK investment , which will eventually create 36,000 jobs in the UK . Malik dealt at the most senior level with all local authorities in East London and throughout the Thames Gateway , private sector organisations and development agencies . He was for example responsible for the appointments of Board members on the Olympic Park Legacy Company and for the restructuring of the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation and the Thurrock Thames Gateway Development Corporation following their quinquennial review . He also Chaired the Thames Gateway Strategic Partnership with Bob Kerslake , the then CEO of the Homes and Communities Agency , as his co-chair . The partnership was made up of all the council leaders/CEOs and other agencies across the Gateway . As Fire and Rescue Minister he worked with local fire and rescue authorities to help prevent deaths , injuries and damage to property . He also worked in partnership with the Fire and Rescue Service and other agencies to build the resilience and capability to deal with major emergencies , including terrorism and natural disasters . This involved management of a £400m plus technology and change management programme . In his final Ministerial role , he also had responsibility for Faith , Cohesion and fighting extremism and hatred , he founded an award which was to be presented by the Prime Minister of the day known as the Heroes of the Holocaust Award . The award was given ( sometimes posthumously ) to British non-Jews who had risked their lives and , in some cases , given their lives to save Jews and other persecuted groups from the Nazis . Gordon Brown was the first Prime Minister to present the Award which consists of a silver medallion inscribed with the words In the Service of Humanity . Libel claim . On 6 October 2006 Malik launched a libel case against both The Dewsbury Press editor Danny Lockwood and former Conservative councillor Jonathan Scott over a letter by Mr Scott criticising the Labour partys tactics following Scotts defeat at the Kirklees council elections in May 2006 . Malik believing the material amounted to an accusation of racism . The defending newspaper suggested the case was attack on freedom of speech and a petition was presented to the Prime Minister protesting against Maliks legal action . The petition was dimissed . In a trial at the High Court , despite the countrys most senior Libel Judge , Lord Justice Eady , ruling in favour of Mr Malik giving him victory on three of the four defences that the Press newspaper , Lockwood and Scott had put forward against Mr Maliks defamation claim , the case ended in a mistrial due to the jurys inability to arrive at a majority of at least 10 out of 12 on the fourth defence . A retrial was averted after an agreed statement was published vindicating Malik . In the statement , Scott stated I am happy to make clear that my letter was never intended to accuse Malik of orchestrating gangs of thugs or playing the race card . This was an interpretation some people placed upon my letter and subsequent article , an interpretation with which I disagreed . Lockwood said , We want to make it clear that we never accused Shahid of any impropriety whatsoever during the elections . Malik said , I am very pleased that after a discussion with Danny Lockwood , he has been able to give me the assurances I required . Problems at US airports . On 25 October 2007 , while on Government business , Malik was stopped and searched by United States airport security staff at Dulles Airport in Washington D.C . Malik said of the incident : The abusive attitude I endured last November I forgot about and I forgave , but I really do believe that British ministers and parliamentarians should be afforded the same respect and dignity at USA airports that we would bestow upon our colleagues in the Senate and Congress . Obviously , there was no malice involved but it has to be said that the USA system does not inspire confidence . Cleared of breaching the Ministerial Code . On 15 May 2009 , Malik stepped down as Justice Minister and Home Office Minister in order to allow the Prime Ministers independent adviser on Ministerial interests , Sir Philip Mawer , to investigate accusations in The Daily Telegraph that he had breached the Ministerial Code by accepting preferential rent on his office and home . However , the inquiry concluded that he was in fact paying the market rent and Sir Philip cleared him of any breach . On 9 June , Malik rejoined the government as Communities and Local Government Minister . Cleared of breaching rules on expenses . Malik was accused of irregularities in relation to his expenses . This came almost immediately after he was cleared of breaching the ministerial code . After a thorough 10-month inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards Malik was cleared . On receiving the news Malik said : I have now been cleared of breaching the ministerial code of conduct by the ministerial standards adviser Sir Philip Mawer , cleared of any abuse of expenses by a parliamentary review conducted by the Department of Resources , and now finally cleared of abusing office expenses by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards John Lyon . Todays outcome represents the end of a 12-month nightmare and I would like to thank all those family , friends and constituents who have stood by me and kept the faith – we have today all been vindicated . BBC Gaza War Appeal . Malik criticised the BBCs decision not to broadcast an appeal by the Disaster and Emergencies Committee to help raise millions of pounds for people in need of food , medicines and shelter following Israels three-week assault on the Palestinian territory . Malik warned that the Corporations decision would be seen around the world as one which inflicts still further misery on the beleaguered and suffering people of Gaza . Tackling extremism . As Cohesion Minister , Malik said the £45million-a-year Prevent strategy would also work in deprived white areas rather than concentrating on Muslim youths . Former Government adviser Paul Richards criticised the move , saying : There is a real danger that if ministers relax the focus on Muslim youth , then it dilutes efforts to tackle terrorism . Former Shadow Home Secretary David Davis also criticised Malik , accusing him of having watered down the policy . Malik said that Prevent , which includes measures like helping mosques to spot the early signs of extremism in vulnerable youngsters , was too focused on the Muslim community . He added : You speak to any Muslim on the street anywhere in this country and they will say they are as opposed as you and I are to extremism , to terrorism .. . But the frustration is that they are constantly linked with terrorism as a community as a whole . He went on : It is not just about the Muslim , it is actually about everybody in our society having a role to play and we cannot dismiss or underestimate the threat from the far right . MPs expenses . Malik claimed £185,421 in parliamentary expenses for 2006 , the highest amount claimed by any MP . Some £163,000 of this was used for staff and office etc . while the rest some £22,110 was claimed for personal use as part of his staying away from main house allowance ( ACA ) . 183 other MPs claimed exactly the same amount and in 2007/08 he again claimed the maximum personal ACA allowance as did 142 other MPs . Following Sir Thomas Leggs audit of MPs expenses spending limits on eligible items were retrospectively lowered thus meaning that 468 MPs being were forced to make repayments . Malik ( 239th out of 468 ) repaid £1,300 due to these retrospective spending limit reductions . The investigation further ordered that Malik apologise in writing to the House for breaching the rules of the House when he was a Member of Parliament and for his failure while still a member to respond sufficiently promptly to the Commissioners investigation . It noted Malik had failed to recognise his personal responsibility to respond thus making the situation more serious . A spokesman for Malik said the claim had previously been approved twice by the parliamentary authorities and subsequently audited as eligible . Racist hate material . Malik and his staff regularly had to intercept abusive and racist communications sent to his offices in Westminster and Dewsbury . In June 2008 Malik acted against YouTube after supporters of the far-right posted a 39-second video clip warning him not to mess with the big boys , cutting from a still of the BNP leader , Nick Griffin , to a shot of Malik covered in blood . The video was removed from the site following a further complaint from the Equality and Human Rights Commission . In December 2009 , a 55-year-old man from Woodley , Berkshire pleaded guilty under the Malicious Communications Act of 1988 , of sending an indecent or grossly offensive email to Malik for the purpose of causing distress or anxiety . He was fined £200 . Anthrax terror alert . In December 2009 an envelope containing suspicious white powder was sent to Maliks office at the House of Commons , triggering an anti-terrorist investigation . Comments written on the envelope suggested it had been sent by a supporter of the far-right . The substance was later found to be harmless . Personal life and family . Although over a hundred MPs employed family members in their offices , Malik was found to be the only MP to have employed his father , who was paid between £13,566 to £25,195 per year from the taxpayer-funded MPs Staffing Allowance fund . Failure to initially disclose this information was later referenced in Maliks use of expenses investigation . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Shahid Malik MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Shahid Malik MP - Transcript of maiden speech to the House of Commons
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What was the position of Shirley Williams from Oct 1969 to Jun 1970?
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/wiki/Shirley_Williams#P39#0
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Shirley Williams Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams , Baroness Williams of Crosby , ( ; 27 July 1930 – 11 April 2021 ) was a British politician and academic . Originally a Labour Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , she served in the Labour cabinet from 1974 to 1979 . She was one of the Gang of Four rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) in 1981 and , at the time of her retirement from politics , was a Liberal Democrat . Williams was elected to the House of Commons for Hitchin in the 1964 general election . She served as Minister for Education and Science from 1967 to 1969 and Minister of State for Home Affairs from 1969 to 1970 . She served as Shadow Home Secretary from 1971 and 1973 . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson was succeeded by James Callaghan , she served as Secretary of State for Education and Science and Paymaster General from 1976 to 1979 . She lost her seat to the Conservative Party at the 1979 general election . In 1981 , dismayed with the Labour Partys left-ward movement under Michael Foot , she was one of the Gang of Four—centrist Labour figures who formed the SDP . Williams won the 1981 Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament , but she lost the seat in the 1983 general election . She served as President of the SDP from 1982 to 1987 and supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Between 2001 and 2004 , she served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords and , from 2007 to 2010 , as Adviser on Nuclear Proliferation to Prime Minister Gordon Brown . She remained an active member of the House of Lords until announcing her retirement in January 2016 , and was a Professor Emerita of Electoral Politics at the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University at the time of her death at age 90 . Early life and education . Born in Chelsea , London , Williams was the daughter of the political scientist and philosopher Sir George Catlin and the feminist and pacifist writer Vera Brittain . She was educated at various schools , including Mrs Spencers School in Brechin Place , South Kensington ; Christchurch Elementary School in Chelsea ; Talbot Heath School in Bournemouth ; and St Pauls Girls School in London . During the Second World War , she was evacuated to Minnesota in the United States for three years . While living in the US , she took a screen test to play Velvet Brown in the 1944 film National Velvet ; the role was eventually taken by Elizabeth Taylor . On the sea voyage returning to Britain she narrowly avoided being gang-raped by a group of sailors . While she was an undergraduate and Open Scholar at Somerville College , Oxford , Williams was a member of the Oxford University Dramatic Society ( OUDS ) and toured the United States playing the role of Cordelia in an OUDS production of Shakespeares King Lear directed by a young Tony Richardson . In 1950 , she became the first woman to chair the Oxford University Labour Club . After graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy , politics and economics , Williams was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and studied American trade unionism at Columbia University in New York City for a masters degree , awarded by Oxford in 1954 . On returning to Britain , she began her career as a journalist , working firstly for the Daily Mirror and then for the Financial Times . In 1960 , she became General Secretary of the Fabian Society , a role she held until 1964 . Parliamentary career . After unsuccessfully contesting the constituency of Harwich at the 1954 by-election and the general election the following year , as well as the constituency of Southampton Test at the 1959 general election , Williams was elected in the 1964 general election as Labour MP for the constituency of Hitchin in Hertfordshire . She retained the seat , renamed Hertford and Stevenage after boundary changes in 1974 , until 1979 . As Minister for Education and Science ( August 1967 – October 1969 ) , Williams launched the first Women in Engineering Year in 1969 . Between 1971 and 1973 , she served as Shadow Home Secretary . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson announced his resignation in 1976 and was succeeded by James Callaghan , she became Secretary of State for Education and Paymaster General , holding both cabinet positions at the same time . Williams stood for the Labour deputy leadership in October of that year but lost to Michael Foot . Comprehensive schools . While serving as education secretary between 1976 and 1979 , Williams pursued the policy introduced by Anthony Crosland in 1965 to introduce the comprehensive school system in place of grammar schools . Previously , in 1972 , as her daughter Rebecca approached secondary school age , Williams had moved into the catchment area of the voluntary aided school Godolphin and Latymer School allowing her daughter to gain a place there . However , when Godolphin and Latymer School subsequently voted to go independent in 1977 , Rebecca chose to leave that school and instead went to Camden School for Girls because it had chosen to go comprehensive . Europeanism . Always a passionately committed supporter of European integration , Williams was one of 68 Labour MPs to defy a three-line whip in the 28 October 1971 Commons vote on membership of the European Communities . Four years later , she was one of the leaders of the Britain in Europe campaign during the 1975 European Communities membership referendum . Labours anti-Europeanism during the Michael Foot years was one of the factors that drove her to abandon the party in 1981 . In her 2016 valedictory speech to the House of Lords before that years second membership referendum , she described the UKs European Union ( EU ) membership as the most central political question that this country has to answer and said it was the reason for her retirement . In closing , she called on her colleagues to think very hard before allowing the United Kingdom to withdraw from .. . its major duty to the world—the one it will encounter , and then deliver , through the European Union . Social Democratic Party . Williams lost her seat ( renamed Hertford and Stevenage ) when the Labour Party was defeated at the 1979 general election . Her defeat came two years after her appearance and arrest on the Grunwick picket lines , for which she had been harshly criticised in the press . When , soon afterward , she was interviewed by Robin Day for the BBCs Decision 79 television coverage of the election results , both Norman St John-Stevas – the Conservatives Education Spokesman who had frequently clashed with her at the despatch box – and Merlyn Rees , the outgoing Home Secretary , paid tribute to her . Following the election , she hosted the BBC1 TV series Shirley Williams in Conversation , interviewing , in turn , a number of political figures , including former West German chancellor Willy Brandt , former Conservative prime minister Edward Heath and her recently deposed colleague James Callaghan . She later appeared on many television and radio discussion programmes in Britain – in particular , the BBCs Question Time , where her 58 appearances earned her a Most Frequent Panellist award . During this period , Williams remained a member of the National Executive of the Labour Party . From 1980 to 1981 , she was Chairman of the Fabian Society . In 1981 , unhappy with the influence of the more left-wing members of the Labour Party , she resigned her membership to form – along with fellow Labour resignees Roy Jenkins , David Owen and Bill Rodgers – the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . They were joined by 28 other Labour MPs and one Conservative . Later that year , following the death of the Conservative MP Sir Graham Page , she won the Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament . Two years later , however , having become the SDPs President , she lost the seat at the 1983 general election . At the 1987 general election , Williams stood for the SDP in Cambridge , but lost to the sitting Conservative candidate Robert Rhodes James . She then supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Harvard University . In 1988 , Williams moved to the United States to serve as a professor at Harvards Kennedy School of Government , remaining until 2001 , and thereafter as Public Service Professor of Electoral Politics , Emerita . Nonetheless , she remained active in politics and public service in Britain , the United States and internationally . During these years , Williams helped draft constitutions in Russia , Ukraine , and South Africa . She also served as director of Harvards Project Liberty , an initiative designed to assist the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe ; and as a board member and acting director of Harvards Institute of Politics ( IOP ) . Upon her elevation to the House of Lords in 1993 , she returned to the United Kingdom . Life peer . Williams was created a life peer on 1 February 1993 as Baroness Williams of Crosby , of Stevenage in the County of Hertfordshire , and subsequently served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords from 2001 to 2004 . Among other non-profit boards , Williams was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations , the EUs Comité des Sages ( Reflection Group ) on Social Policy , the Twentieth Century Fund , the Ditchley Foundation , the Institute for Public Policy Research , and the Nuclear Threat Initiative . She also served as President of the Royal Institute of International Affairs , as Commissioner of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and as President of the Cambridge University Liberal Association . Williams was also an attendee of the 2013 and the 2010 Bilderberg conferences in Watford , Hertfordshire , England , and Sitges , Spain , respectively . In June 2007 , after Gordon Brown replaced Tony Blair as Prime Minister , Williams accepted a formal Government position as Advisor on Nuclear Proliferation provided she could serve as an independent advisor ; she remained a Liberal Democrat . Her interest and commitment to education continued , and she served as Chair of Judges of the British Teaching Awards . Williams was a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Williams was originally opposed to the Cameron–Clegg coalitions Health and Social Care Bill , describing it as stealth privatisation during 2011 . The government made some changes to the Bill , described by Williams as major concessions , but dismissed as minor by Guardian commentator Polly Toynbee . Williams urged Liberal Democrats to support the amended Bill during the conference in March 2012 , saying I would not have stuck with the bill , if I believed for one moment it would undermine the NHS . Williams spoke against gay marriage in the House of Lords , saying that equality is not the same as sameness . That is the fundamental mistake in this Bill and that women and men complement one another , arguing that marriage between people of the same sex should not be called marriage but should have different nomenclature . In late 2015 , she announced her intention to retire from the House of Lords . On 28 January 2016 she made her valedictory speech in the chamber , and on 11 February she officially retired , in pursuance of Section 1 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 . In the 2017 New Year Honours , Williams was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour for services to political and public life . Personal life . Williams married twice . At Oxford she met Peter Parker ( the future head of British Rail ) and they had a relationship . In her autobiography ( Climbing the Bookshelves ) Williams said that ...by the spring of 1949 I was in love with him , and he , a little , with me... . In 1955 , she married the moral philosopher Bernard Williams . Bernard left Oxford to accommodate his wifes rising political ambitions , finding a post first at University College London ( 1959–64 ) and then as Professor of Philosophy at Bedford College , London ( 1964–67 ) , while she worked as a journalist for the Financial Times and as Secretary of the Fabian Society . The marriage was dissolved in 1974 ; Bernard Williams subsequently married Patricia Skinner and had two sons with her . Shirley said of her marriage to Bernard : .. . [ T ] here was something of a strain that comes from two things . One is that we were both too caught up in what we were respectively doing — we didnt spend all that much time together ; the other , to be completely honest , is that Im fairly unjudgmental and I found Bernards capacity for pretty sharp putting-down of people he thought were stupid unacceptable . Patricia has been cleverer than me in that respect . She just rides it . He can be very painful sometimes . He can eviscerate somebody . Those who are left behind are , as it were , dead personalities . Judge not that ye be not judged . I was influenced by Christian thinking , and he would say Thats frightfully pompous and its not really the point . So we had a certain jarring over that and over Catholicism . Following the annulment of her first marriage in 1980 , she married the Harvard professor and presidential historian Richard Neustadt in 1987 . Neustadt died in 2003 . She had a daughter , Rebecca , with Bernard Williams , a stepdaughter , and two grandchildren Williams was a Roman Catholic , and from 2009 had attended church every Sunday . In Whos Who , she listed her recreations as music , poetry , hill walking . Williams died on 11 April 2021 , at the age of 90 . Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey called Williams a Liberal lion and a true trailblazer . Honours . Williams was made an Honorary Fellow of her alma mater , Somerville College , Oxford , in 1970 , and of Newnham College , Cambridge , in 1977 . Williams received a number of honorary doctorates : - Honorary DEd ( Doctor of Education ) , Council for National Academic Awards , 1969 - Honorary DLitt ( Doctor of Letters ) , Heriot-Watt University,1980 - Hon . LLD ( Doctor of Laws ) , University of Sheffield , 1980 ; University of Southampton , 1981 ; University of Liverpool , 2008 ; University of Cambridge , 2009 - Honorary Doctor of Politics and Economics , University of Leuven , 1976 ; Radcliffe College , Harvard , 1978 ; University of Leeds , 1980 ; University of Bath , 1980 - Honorary DSc ( Doctor of Science ) , Aston University , 1981 - Honorary Doctor , Monterey Institute , California , 2006 Works by and about . Shirley Williams wrote several books , including : - Climbing the Bookshelves : The Autobiography of Shirley Williams , Virago Press ( 2009 ) . . - God and Caesar : Personal Reflections on Politics and Religion , University of Notre Dame Press ( 2003 ) . . - Ambition and Beyond : Career Paths of American Politicians , with Edward L . Lascher Jr , Institute of Governmental Studies Press , University of California , Berkeley ( 1993 ) . . - New Party – The New Technology Social and Liberal Democrats by Hebden Royd , ( 1988 ) . . - Politics is for People Harvard University Press , ( 1981 ) . . For details of Williamss early life see : - Vera Brittain : A Life by Paul Berry and Mark Bostridge ( 1995 ) . - Testament of Experience by Vera Brittain ( 1957 ) . There is a substantial article on Shirley Williams by Phillip Whitehead in the Dictionary of Labour Biography , edited by Greg Rosen , Politicos Publishing , 2001 , and one by Dick Newby in the Dictionary of Liberal Biography , edited by Duncan Brack , Politicos Publishing , 1998 . See also : External links . - Baroness Williams of Crosby at the Liberal Democrats - Faculty profile at the Harvard Kennedy School - The NS Interview : Shirley Williams ( New Statesman , 12 May 2010 )
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Which position did Shirley Williams hold in Jun 1970?
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/wiki/Shirley_Williams#P39#1
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Shirley Williams Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams , Baroness Williams of Crosby , ( ; 27 July 1930 – 11 April 2021 ) was a British politician and academic . Originally a Labour Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , she served in the Labour cabinet from 1974 to 1979 . She was one of the Gang of Four rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) in 1981 and , at the time of her retirement from politics , was a Liberal Democrat . Williams was elected to the House of Commons for Hitchin in the 1964 general election . She served as Minister for Education and Science from 1967 to 1969 and Minister of State for Home Affairs from 1969 to 1970 . She served as Shadow Home Secretary from 1971 and 1973 . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson was succeeded by James Callaghan , she served as Secretary of State for Education and Science and Paymaster General from 1976 to 1979 . She lost her seat to the Conservative Party at the 1979 general election . In 1981 , dismayed with the Labour Partys left-ward movement under Michael Foot , she was one of the Gang of Four—centrist Labour figures who formed the SDP . Williams won the 1981 Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament , but she lost the seat in the 1983 general election . She served as President of the SDP from 1982 to 1987 and supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Between 2001 and 2004 , she served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords and , from 2007 to 2010 , as Adviser on Nuclear Proliferation to Prime Minister Gordon Brown . She remained an active member of the House of Lords until announcing her retirement in January 2016 , and was a Professor Emerita of Electoral Politics at the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University at the time of her death at age 90 . Early life and education . Born in Chelsea , London , Williams was the daughter of the political scientist and philosopher Sir George Catlin and the feminist and pacifist writer Vera Brittain . She was educated at various schools , including Mrs Spencers School in Brechin Place , South Kensington ; Christchurch Elementary School in Chelsea ; Talbot Heath School in Bournemouth ; and St Pauls Girls School in London . During the Second World War , she was evacuated to Minnesota in the United States for three years . While living in the US , she took a screen test to play Velvet Brown in the 1944 film National Velvet ; the role was eventually taken by Elizabeth Taylor . On the sea voyage returning to Britain she narrowly avoided being gang-raped by a group of sailors . While she was an undergraduate and Open Scholar at Somerville College , Oxford , Williams was a member of the Oxford University Dramatic Society ( OUDS ) and toured the United States playing the role of Cordelia in an OUDS production of Shakespeares King Lear directed by a young Tony Richardson . In 1950 , she became the first woman to chair the Oxford University Labour Club . After graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy , politics and economics , Williams was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and studied American trade unionism at Columbia University in New York City for a masters degree , awarded by Oxford in 1954 . On returning to Britain , she began her career as a journalist , working firstly for the Daily Mirror and then for the Financial Times . In 1960 , she became General Secretary of the Fabian Society , a role she held until 1964 . Parliamentary career . After unsuccessfully contesting the constituency of Harwich at the 1954 by-election and the general election the following year , as well as the constituency of Southampton Test at the 1959 general election , Williams was elected in the 1964 general election as Labour MP for the constituency of Hitchin in Hertfordshire . She retained the seat , renamed Hertford and Stevenage after boundary changes in 1974 , until 1979 . As Minister for Education and Science ( August 1967 – October 1969 ) , Williams launched the first Women in Engineering Year in 1969 . Between 1971 and 1973 , she served as Shadow Home Secretary . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson announced his resignation in 1976 and was succeeded by James Callaghan , she became Secretary of State for Education and Paymaster General , holding both cabinet positions at the same time . Williams stood for the Labour deputy leadership in October of that year but lost to Michael Foot . Comprehensive schools . While serving as education secretary between 1976 and 1979 , Williams pursued the policy introduced by Anthony Crosland in 1965 to introduce the comprehensive school system in place of grammar schools . Previously , in 1972 , as her daughter Rebecca approached secondary school age , Williams had moved into the catchment area of the voluntary aided school Godolphin and Latymer School allowing her daughter to gain a place there . However , when Godolphin and Latymer School subsequently voted to go independent in 1977 , Rebecca chose to leave that school and instead went to Camden School for Girls because it had chosen to go comprehensive . Europeanism . Always a passionately committed supporter of European integration , Williams was one of 68 Labour MPs to defy a three-line whip in the 28 October 1971 Commons vote on membership of the European Communities . Four years later , she was one of the leaders of the Britain in Europe campaign during the 1975 European Communities membership referendum . Labours anti-Europeanism during the Michael Foot years was one of the factors that drove her to abandon the party in 1981 . In her 2016 valedictory speech to the House of Lords before that years second membership referendum , she described the UKs European Union ( EU ) membership as the most central political question that this country has to answer and said it was the reason for her retirement . In closing , she called on her colleagues to think very hard before allowing the United Kingdom to withdraw from .. . its major duty to the world—the one it will encounter , and then deliver , through the European Union . Social Democratic Party . Williams lost her seat ( renamed Hertford and Stevenage ) when the Labour Party was defeated at the 1979 general election . Her defeat came two years after her appearance and arrest on the Grunwick picket lines , for which she had been harshly criticised in the press . When , soon afterward , she was interviewed by Robin Day for the BBCs Decision 79 television coverage of the election results , both Norman St John-Stevas – the Conservatives Education Spokesman who had frequently clashed with her at the despatch box – and Merlyn Rees , the outgoing Home Secretary , paid tribute to her . Following the election , she hosted the BBC1 TV series Shirley Williams in Conversation , interviewing , in turn , a number of political figures , including former West German chancellor Willy Brandt , former Conservative prime minister Edward Heath and her recently deposed colleague James Callaghan . She later appeared on many television and radio discussion programmes in Britain – in particular , the BBCs Question Time , where her 58 appearances earned her a Most Frequent Panellist award . During this period , Williams remained a member of the National Executive of the Labour Party . From 1980 to 1981 , she was Chairman of the Fabian Society . In 1981 , unhappy with the influence of the more left-wing members of the Labour Party , she resigned her membership to form – along with fellow Labour resignees Roy Jenkins , David Owen and Bill Rodgers – the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . They were joined by 28 other Labour MPs and one Conservative . Later that year , following the death of the Conservative MP Sir Graham Page , she won the Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament . Two years later , however , having become the SDPs President , she lost the seat at the 1983 general election . At the 1987 general election , Williams stood for the SDP in Cambridge , but lost to the sitting Conservative candidate Robert Rhodes James . She then supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Harvard University . In 1988 , Williams moved to the United States to serve as a professor at Harvards Kennedy School of Government , remaining until 2001 , and thereafter as Public Service Professor of Electoral Politics , Emerita . Nonetheless , she remained active in politics and public service in Britain , the United States and internationally . During these years , Williams helped draft constitutions in Russia , Ukraine , and South Africa . She also served as director of Harvards Project Liberty , an initiative designed to assist the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe ; and as a board member and acting director of Harvards Institute of Politics ( IOP ) . Upon her elevation to the House of Lords in 1993 , she returned to the United Kingdom . Life peer . Williams was created a life peer on 1 February 1993 as Baroness Williams of Crosby , of Stevenage in the County of Hertfordshire , and subsequently served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords from 2001 to 2004 . Among other non-profit boards , Williams was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations , the EUs Comité des Sages ( Reflection Group ) on Social Policy , the Twentieth Century Fund , the Ditchley Foundation , the Institute for Public Policy Research , and the Nuclear Threat Initiative . She also served as President of the Royal Institute of International Affairs , as Commissioner of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and as President of the Cambridge University Liberal Association . Williams was also an attendee of the 2013 and the 2010 Bilderberg conferences in Watford , Hertfordshire , England , and Sitges , Spain , respectively . In June 2007 , after Gordon Brown replaced Tony Blair as Prime Minister , Williams accepted a formal Government position as Advisor on Nuclear Proliferation provided she could serve as an independent advisor ; she remained a Liberal Democrat . Her interest and commitment to education continued , and she served as Chair of Judges of the British Teaching Awards . Williams was a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Williams was originally opposed to the Cameron–Clegg coalitions Health and Social Care Bill , describing it as stealth privatisation during 2011 . The government made some changes to the Bill , described by Williams as major concessions , but dismissed as minor by Guardian commentator Polly Toynbee . Williams urged Liberal Democrats to support the amended Bill during the conference in March 2012 , saying I would not have stuck with the bill , if I believed for one moment it would undermine the NHS . Williams spoke against gay marriage in the House of Lords , saying that equality is not the same as sameness . That is the fundamental mistake in this Bill and that women and men complement one another , arguing that marriage between people of the same sex should not be called marriage but should have different nomenclature . In late 2015 , she announced her intention to retire from the House of Lords . On 28 January 2016 she made her valedictory speech in the chamber , and on 11 February she officially retired , in pursuance of Section 1 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 . In the 2017 New Year Honours , Williams was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour for services to political and public life . Personal life . Williams married twice . At Oxford she met Peter Parker ( the future head of British Rail ) and they had a relationship . In her autobiography ( Climbing the Bookshelves ) Williams said that ...by the spring of 1949 I was in love with him , and he , a little , with me... . In 1955 , she married the moral philosopher Bernard Williams . Bernard left Oxford to accommodate his wifes rising political ambitions , finding a post first at University College London ( 1959–64 ) and then as Professor of Philosophy at Bedford College , London ( 1964–67 ) , while she worked as a journalist for the Financial Times and as Secretary of the Fabian Society . The marriage was dissolved in 1974 ; Bernard Williams subsequently married Patricia Skinner and had two sons with her . Shirley said of her marriage to Bernard : .. . [ T ] here was something of a strain that comes from two things . One is that we were both too caught up in what we were respectively doing — we didnt spend all that much time together ; the other , to be completely honest , is that Im fairly unjudgmental and I found Bernards capacity for pretty sharp putting-down of people he thought were stupid unacceptable . Patricia has been cleverer than me in that respect . She just rides it . He can be very painful sometimes . He can eviscerate somebody . Those who are left behind are , as it were , dead personalities . Judge not that ye be not judged . I was influenced by Christian thinking , and he would say Thats frightfully pompous and its not really the point . So we had a certain jarring over that and over Catholicism . Following the annulment of her first marriage in 1980 , she married the Harvard professor and presidential historian Richard Neustadt in 1987 . Neustadt died in 2003 . She had a daughter , Rebecca , with Bernard Williams , a stepdaughter , and two grandchildren Williams was a Roman Catholic , and from 2009 had attended church every Sunday . In Whos Who , she listed her recreations as music , poetry , hill walking . Williams died on 11 April 2021 , at the age of 90 . Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey called Williams a Liberal lion and a true trailblazer . Honours . Williams was made an Honorary Fellow of her alma mater , Somerville College , Oxford , in 1970 , and of Newnham College , Cambridge , in 1977 . Williams received a number of honorary doctorates : - Honorary DEd ( Doctor of Education ) , Council for National Academic Awards , 1969 - Honorary DLitt ( Doctor of Letters ) , Heriot-Watt University,1980 - Hon . LLD ( Doctor of Laws ) , University of Sheffield , 1980 ; University of Southampton , 1981 ; University of Liverpool , 2008 ; University of Cambridge , 2009 - Honorary Doctor of Politics and Economics , University of Leuven , 1976 ; Radcliffe College , Harvard , 1978 ; University of Leeds , 1980 ; University of Bath , 1980 - Honorary DSc ( Doctor of Science ) , Aston University , 1981 - Honorary Doctor , Monterey Institute , California , 2006 Works by and about . Shirley Williams wrote several books , including : - Climbing the Bookshelves : The Autobiography of Shirley Williams , Virago Press ( 2009 ) . . - God and Caesar : Personal Reflections on Politics and Religion , University of Notre Dame Press ( 2003 ) . . - Ambition and Beyond : Career Paths of American Politicians , with Edward L . Lascher Jr , Institute of Governmental Studies Press , University of California , Berkeley ( 1993 ) . . - New Party – The New Technology Social and Liberal Democrats by Hebden Royd , ( 1988 ) . . - Politics is for People Harvard University Press , ( 1981 ) . . For details of Williamss early life see : - Vera Brittain : A Life by Paul Berry and Mark Bostridge ( 1995 ) . - Testament of Experience by Vera Brittain ( 1957 ) . There is a substantial article on Shirley Williams by Phillip Whitehead in the Dictionary of Labour Biography , edited by Greg Rosen , Politicos Publishing , 2001 , and one by Dick Newby in the Dictionary of Liberal Biography , edited by Duncan Brack , Politicos Publishing , 1998 . See also : External links . - Baroness Williams of Crosby at the Liberal Democrats - Faculty profile at the Harvard Kennedy School - The NS Interview : Shirley Williams ( New Statesman , 12 May 2010 )
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"Shadow Home Secretary"
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Shirley Williams took which position from Oct 1971 to May 1973?
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/wiki/Shirley_Williams#P39#2
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Shirley Williams Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams , Baroness Williams of Crosby , ( ; 27 July 1930 – 11 April 2021 ) was a British politician and academic . Originally a Labour Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , she served in the Labour cabinet from 1974 to 1979 . She was one of the Gang of Four rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) in 1981 and , at the time of her retirement from politics , was a Liberal Democrat . Williams was elected to the House of Commons for Hitchin in the 1964 general election . She served as Minister for Education and Science from 1967 to 1969 and Minister of State for Home Affairs from 1969 to 1970 . She served as Shadow Home Secretary from 1971 and 1973 . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson was succeeded by James Callaghan , she served as Secretary of State for Education and Science and Paymaster General from 1976 to 1979 . She lost her seat to the Conservative Party at the 1979 general election . In 1981 , dismayed with the Labour Partys left-ward movement under Michael Foot , she was one of the Gang of Four—centrist Labour figures who formed the SDP . Williams won the 1981 Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament , but she lost the seat in the 1983 general election . She served as President of the SDP from 1982 to 1987 and supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Between 2001 and 2004 , she served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords and , from 2007 to 2010 , as Adviser on Nuclear Proliferation to Prime Minister Gordon Brown . She remained an active member of the House of Lords until announcing her retirement in January 2016 , and was a Professor Emerita of Electoral Politics at the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University at the time of her death at age 90 . Early life and education . Born in Chelsea , London , Williams was the daughter of the political scientist and philosopher Sir George Catlin and the feminist and pacifist writer Vera Brittain . She was educated at various schools , including Mrs Spencers School in Brechin Place , South Kensington ; Christchurch Elementary School in Chelsea ; Talbot Heath School in Bournemouth ; and St Pauls Girls School in London . During the Second World War , she was evacuated to Minnesota in the United States for three years . While living in the US , she took a screen test to play Velvet Brown in the 1944 film National Velvet ; the role was eventually taken by Elizabeth Taylor . On the sea voyage returning to Britain she narrowly avoided being gang-raped by a group of sailors . While she was an undergraduate and Open Scholar at Somerville College , Oxford , Williams was a member of the Oxford University Dramatic Society ( OUDS ) and toured the United States playing the role of Cordelia in an OUDS production of Shakespeares King Lear directed by a young Tony Richardson . In 1950 , she became the first woman to chair the Oxford University Labour Club . After graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy , politics and economics , Williams was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and studied American trade unionism at Columbia University in New York City for a masters degree , awarded by Oxford in 1954 . On returning to Britain , she began her career as a journalist , working firstly for the Daily Mirror and then for the Financial Times . In 1960 , she became General Secretary of the Fabian Society , a role she held until 1964 . Parliamentary career . After unsuccessfully contesting the constituency of Harwich at the 1954 by-election and the general election the following year , as well as the constituency of Southampton Test at the 1959 general election , Williams was elected in the 1964 general election as Labour MP for the constituency of Hitchin in Hertfordshire . She retained the seat , renamed Hertford and Stevenage after boundary changes in 1974 , until 1979 . As Minister for Education and Science ( August 1967 – October 1969 ) , Williams launched the first Women in Engineering Year in 1969 . Between 1971 and 1973 , she served as Shadow Home Secretary . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson announced his resignation in 1976 and was succeeded by James Callaghan , she became Secretary of State for Education and Paymaster General , holding both cabinet positions at the same time . Williams stood for the Labour deputy leadership in October of that year but lost to Michael Foot . Comprehensive schools . While serving as education secretary between 1976 and 1979 , Williams pursued the policy introduced by Anthony Crosland in 1965 to introduce the comprehensive school system in place of grammar schools . Previously , in 1972 , as her daughter Rebecca approached secondary school age , Williams had moved into the catchment area of the voluntary aided school Godolphin and Latymer School allowing her daughter to gain a place there . However , when Godolphin and Latymer School subsequently voted to go independent in 1977 , Rebecca chose to leave that school and instead went to Camden School for Girls because it had chosen to go comprehensive . Europeanism . Always a passionately committed supporter of European integration , Williams was one of 68 Labour MPs to defy a three-line whip in the 28 October 1971 Commons vote on membership of the European Communities . Four years later , she was one of the leaders of the Britain in Europe campaign during the 1975 European Communities membership referendum . Labours anti-Europeanism during the Michael Foot years was one of the factors that drove her to abandon the party in 1981 . In her 2016 valedictory speech to the House of Lords before that years second membership referendum , she described the UKs European Union ( EU ) membership as the most central political question that this country has to answer and said it was the reason for her retirement . In closing , she called on her colleagues to think very hard before allowing the United Kingdom to withdraw from .. . its major duty to the world—the one it will encounter , and then deliver , through the European Union . Social Democratic Party . Williams lost her seat ( renamed Hertford and Stevenage ) when the Labour Party was defeated at the 1979 general election . Her defeat came two years after her appearance and arrest on the Grunwick picket lines , for which she had been harshly criticised in the press . When , soon afterward , she was interviewed by Robin Day for the BBCs Decision 79 television coverage of the election results , both Norman St John-Stevas – the Conservatives Education Spokesman who had frequently clashed with her at the despatch box – and Merlyn Rees , the outgoing Home Secretary , paid tribute to her . Following the election , she hosted the BBC1 TV series Shirley Williams in Conversation , interviewing , in turn , a number of political figures , including former West German chancellor Willy Brandt , former Conservative prime minister Edward Heath and her recently deposed colleague James Callaghan . She later appeared on many television and radio discussion programmes in Britain – in particular , the BBCs Question Time , where her 58 appearances earned her a Most Frequent Panellist award . During this period , Williams remained a member of the National Executive of the Labour Party . From 1980 to 1981 , she was Chairman of the Fabian Society . In 1981 , unhappy with the influence of the more left-wing members of the Labour Party , she resigned her membership to form – along with fellow Labour resignees Roy Jenkins , David Owen and Bill Rodgers – the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . They were joined by 28 other Labour MPs and one Conservative . Later that year , following the death of the Conservative MP Sir Graham Page , she won the Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament . Two years later , however , having become the SDPs President , she lost the seat at the 1983 general election . At the 1987 general election , Williams stood for the SDP in Cambridge , but lost to the sitting Conservative candidate Robert Rhodes James . She then supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Harvard University . In 1988 , Williams moved to the United States to serve as a professor at Harvards Kennedy School of Government , remaining until 2001 , and thereafter as Public Service Professor of Electoral Politics , Emerita . Nonetheless , she remained active in politics and public service in Britain , the United States and internationally . During these years , Williams helped draft constitutions in Russia , Ukraine , and South Africa . She also served as director of Harvards Project Liberty , an initiative designed to assist the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe ; and as a board member and acting director of Harvards Institute of Politics ( IOP ) . Upon her elevation to the House of Lords in 1993 , she returned to the United Kingdom . Life peer . Williams was created a life peer on 1 February 1993 as Baroness Williams of Crosby , of Stevenage in the County of Hertfordshire , and subsequently served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords from 2001 to 2004 . Among other non-profit boards , Williams was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations , the EUs Comité des Sages ( Reflection Group ) on Social Policy , the Twentieth Century Fund , the Ditchley Foundation , the Institute for Public Policy Research , and the Nuclear Threat Initiative . She also served as President of the Royal Institute of International Affairs , as Commissioner of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and as President of the Cambridge University Liberal Association . Williams was also an attendee of the 2013 and the 2010 Bilderberg conferences in Watford , Hertfordshire , England , and Sitges , Spain , respectively . In June 2007 , after Gordon Brown replaced Tony Blair as Prime Minister , Williams accepted a formal Government position as Advisor on Nuclear Proliferation provided she could serve as an independent advisor ; she remained a Liberal Democrat . Her interest and commitment to education continued , and she served as Chair of Judges of the British Teaching Awards . Williams was a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Williams was originally opposed to the Cameron–Clegg coalitions Health and Social Care Bill , describing it as stealth privatisation during 2011 . The government made some changes to the Bill , described by Williams as major concessions , but dismissed as minor by Guardian commentator Polly Toynbee . Williams urged Liberal Democrats to support the amended Bill during the conference in March 2012 , saying I would not have stuck with the bill , if I believed for one moment it would undermine the NHS . Williams spoke against gay marriage in the House of Lords , saying that equality is not the same as sameness . That is the fundamental mistake in this Bill and that women and men complement one another , arguing that marriage between people of the same sex should not be called marriage but should have different nomenclature . In late 2015 , she announced her intention to retire from the House of Lords . On 28 January 2016 she made her valedictory speech in the chamber , and on 11 February she officially retired , in pursuance of Section 1 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 . In the 2017 New Year Honours , Williams was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour for services to political and public life . Personal life . Williams married twice . At Oxford she met Peter Parker ( the future head of British Rail ) and they had a relationship . In her autobiography ( Climbing the Bookshelves ) Williams said that ...by the spring of 1949 I was in love with him , and he , a little , with me... . In 1955 , she married the moral philosopher Bernard Williams . Bernard left Oxford to accommodate his wifes rising political ambitions , finding a post first at University College London ( 1959–64 ) and then as Professor of Philosophy at Bedford College , London ( 1964–67 ) , while she worked as a journalist for the Financial Times and as Secretary of the Fabian Society . The marriage was dissolved in 1974 ; Bernard Williams subsequently married Patricia Skinner and had two sons with her . Shirley said of her marriage to Bernard : .. . [ T ] here was something of a strain that comes from two things . One is that we were both too caught up in what we were respectively doing — we didnt spend all that much time together ; the other , to be completely honest , is that Im fairly unjudgmental and I found Bernards capacity for pretty sharp putting-down of people he thought were stupid unacceptable . Patricia has been cleverer than me in that respect . She just rides it . He can be very painful sometimes . He can eviscerate somebody . Those who are left behind are , as it were , dead personalities . Judge not that ye be not judged . I was influenced by Christian thinking , and he would say Thats frightfully pompous and its not really the point . So we had a certain jarring over that and over Catholicism . Following the annulment of her first marriage in 1980 , she married the Harvard professor and presidential historian Richard Neustadt in 1987 . Neustadt died in 2003 . She had a daughter , Rebecca , with Bernard Williams , a stepdaughter , and two grandchildren Williams was a Roman Catholic , and from 2009 had attended church every Sunday . In Whos Who , she listed her recreations as music , poetry , hill walking . Williams died on 11 April 2021 , at the age of 90 . Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey called Williams a Liberal lion and a true trailblazer . Honours . Williams was made an Honorary Fellow of her alma mater , Somerville College , Oxford , in 1970 , and of Newnham College , Cambridge , in 1977 . Williams received a number of honorary doctorates : - Honorary DEd ( Doctor of Education ) , Council for National Academic Awards , 1969 - Honorary DLitt ( Doctor of Letters ) , Heriot-Watt University,1980 - Hon . LLD ( Doctor of Laws ) , University of Sheffield , 1980 ; University of Southampton , 1981 ; University of Liverpool , 2008 ; University of Cambridge , 2009 - Honorary Doctor of Politics and Economics , University of Leuven , 1976 ; Radcliffe College , Harvard , 1978 ; University of Leeds , 1980 ; University of Bath , 1980 - Honorary DSc ( Doctor of Science ) , Aston University , 1981 - Honorary Doctor , Monterey Institute , California , 2006 Works by and about . Shirley Williams wrote several books , including : - Climbing the Bookshelves : The Autobiography of Shirley Williams , Virago Press ( 2009 ) . . - God and Caesar : Personal Reflections on Politics and Religion , University of Notre Dame Press ( 2003 ) . . - Ambition and Beyond : Career Paths of American Politicians , with Edward L . Lascher Jr , Institute of Governmental Studies Press , University of California , Berkeley ( 1993 ) . . - New Party – The New Technology Social and Liberal Democrats by Hebden Royd , ( 1988 ) . . - Politics is for People Harvard University Press , ( 1981 ) . . For details of Williamss early life see : - Vera Brittain : A Life by Paul Berry and Mark Bostridge ( 1995 ) . - Testament of Experience by Vera Brittain ( 1957 ) . There is a substantial article on Shirley Williams by Phillip Whitehead in the Dictionary of Labour Biography , edited by Greg Rosen , Politicos Publishing , 2001 , and one by Dick Newby in the Dictionary of Liberal Biography , edited by Duncan Brack , Politicos Publishing , 1998 . See also : External links . - Baroness Williams of Crosby at the Liberal Democrats - Faculty profile at the Harvard Kennedy School - The NS Interview : Shirley Williams ( New Statesman , 12 May 2010 )
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What was the position of Shirley Williams from Mar 1974 to Oct 1974?
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Shirley Williams Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams , Baroness Williams of Crosby , ( ; 27 July 1930 – 11 April 2021 ) was a British politician and academic . Originally a Labour Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , she served in the Labour cabinet from 1974 to 1979 . She was one of the Gang of Four rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) in 1981 and , at the time of her retirement from politics , was a Liberal Democrat . Williams was elected to the House of Commons for Hitchin in the 1964 general election . She served as Minister for Education and Science from 1967 to 1969 and Minister of State for Home Affairs from 1969 to 1970 . She served as Shadow Home Secretary from 1971 and 1973 . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson was succeeded by James Callaghan , she served as Secretary of State for Education and Science and Paymaster General from 1976 to 1979 . She lost her seat to the Conservative Party at the 1979 general election . In 1981 , dismayed with the Labour Partys left-ward movement under Michael Foot , she was one of the Gang of Four—centrist Labour figures who formed the SDP . Williams won the 1981 Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament , but she lost the seat in the 1983 general election . She served as President of the SDP from 1982 to 1987 and supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Between 2001 and 2004 , she served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords and , from 2007 to 2010 , as Adviser on Nuclear Proliferation to Prime Minister Gordon Brown . She remained an active member of the House of Lords until announcing her retirement in January 2016 , and was a Professor Emerita of Electoral Politics at the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University at the time of her death at age 90 . Early life and education . Born in Chelsea , London , Williams was the daughter of the political scientist and philosopher Sir George Catlin and the feminist and pacifist writer Vera Brittain . She was educated at various schools , including Mrs Spencers School in Brechin Place , South Kensington ; Christchurch Elementary School in Chelsea ; Talbot Heath School in Bournemouth ; and St Pauls Girls School in London . During the Second World War , she was evacuated to Minnesota in the United States for three years . While living in the US , she took a screen test to play Velvet Brown in the 1944 film National Velvet ; the role was eventually taken by Elizabeth Taylor . On the sea voyage returning to Britain she narrowly avoided being gang-raped by a group of sailors . While she was an undergraduate and Open Scholar at Somerville College , Oxford , Williams was a member of the Oxford University Dramatic Society ( OUDS ) and toured the United States playing the role of Cordelia in an OUDS production of Shakespeares King Lear directed by a young Tony Richardson . In 1950 , she became the first woman to chair the Oxford University Labour Club . After graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy , politics and economics , Williams was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and studied American trade unionism at Columbia University in New York City for a masters degree , awarded by Oxford in 1954 . On returning to Britain , she began her career as a journalist , working firstly for the Daily Mirror and then for the Financial Times . In 1960 , she became General Secretary of the Fabian Society , a role she held until 1964 . Parliamentary career . After unsuccessfully contesting the constituency of Harwich at the 1954 by-election and the general election the following year , as well as the constituency of Southampton Test at the 1959 general election , Williams was elected in the 1964 general election as Labour MP for the constituency of Hitchin in Hertfordshire . She retained the seat , renamed Hertford and Stevenage after boundary changes in 1974 , until 1979 . As Minister for Education and Science ( August 1967 – October 1969 ) , Williams launched the first Women in Engineering Year in 1969 . Between 1971 and 1973 , she served as Shadow Home Secretary . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson announced his resignation in 1976 and was succeeded by James Callaghan , she became Secretary of State for Education and Paymaster General , holding both cabinet positions at the same time . Williams stood for the Labour deputy leadership in October of that year but lost to Michael Foot . Comprehensive schools . While serving as education secretary between 1976 and 1979 , Williams pursued the policy introduced by Anthony Crosland in 1965 to introduce the comprehensive school system in place of grammar schools . Previously , in 1972 , as her daughter Rebecca approached secondary school age , Williams had moved into the catchment area of the voluntary aided school Godolphin and Latymer School allowing her daughter to gain a place there . However , when Godolphin and Latymer School subsequently voted to go independent in 1977 , Rebecca chose to leave that school and instead went to Camden School for Girls because it had chosen to go comprehensive . Europeanism . Always a passionately committed supporter of European integration , Williams was one of 68 Labour MPs to defy a three-line whip in the 28 October 1971 Commons vote on membership of the European Communities . Four years later , she was one of the leaders of the Britain in Europe campaign during the 1975 European Communities membership referendum . Labours anti-Europeanism during the Michael Foot years was one of the factors that drove her to abandon the party in 1981 . In her 2016 valedictory speech to the House of Lords before that years second membership referendum , she described the UKs European Union ( EU ) membership as the most central political question that this country has to answer and said it was the reason for her retirement . In closing , she called on her colleagues to think very hard before allowing the United Kingdom to withdraw from .. . its major duty to the world—the one it will encounter , and then deliver , through the European Union . Social Democratic Party . Williams lost her seat ( renamed Hertford and Stevenage ) when the Labour Party was defeated at the 1979 general election . Her defeat came two years after her appearance and arrest on the Grunwick picket lines , for which she had been harshly criticised in the press . When , soon afterward , she was interviewed by Robin Day for the BBCs Decision 79 television coverage of the election results , both Norman St John-Stevas – the Conservatives Education Spokesman who had frequently clashed with her at the despatch box – and Merlyn Rees , the outgoing Home Secretary , paid tribute to her . Following the election , she hosted the BBC1 TV series Shirley Williams in Conversation , interviewing , in turn , a number of political figures , including former West German chancellor Willy Brandt , former Conservative prime minister Edward Heath and her recently deposed colleague James Callaghan . She later appeared on many television and radio discussion programmes in Britain – in particular , the BBCs Question Time , where her 58 appearances earned her a Most Frequent Panellist award . During this period , Williams remained a member of the National Executive of the Labour Party . From 1980 to 1981 , she was Chairman of the Fabian Society . In 1981 , unhappy with the influence of the more left-wing members of the Labour Party , she resigned her membership to form – along with fellow Labour resignees Roy Jenkins , David Owen and Bill Rodgers – the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . They were joined by 28 other Labour MPs and one Conservative . Later that year , following the death of the Conservative MP Sir Graham Page , she won the Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament . Two years later , however , having become the SDPs President , she lost the seat at the 1983 general election . At the 1987 general election , Williams stood for the SDP in Cambridge , but lost to the sitting Conservative candidate Robert Rhodes James . She then supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Harvard University . In 1988 , Williams moved to the United States to serve as a professor at Harvards Kennedy School of Government , remaining until 2001 , and thereafter as Public Service Professor of Electoral Politics , Emerita . Nonetheless , she remained active in politics and public service in Britain , the United States and internationally . During these years , Williams helped draft constitutions in Russia , Ukraine , and South Africa . She also served as director of Harvards Project Liberty , an initiative designed to assist the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe ; and as a board member and acting director of Harvards Institute of Politics ( IOP ) . Upon her elevation to the House of Lords in 1993 , she returned to the United Kingdom . Life peer . Williams was created a life peer on 1 February 1993 as Baroness Williams of Crosby , of Stevenage in the County of Hertfordshire , and subsequently served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords from 2001 to 2004 . Among other non-profit boards , Williams was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations , the EUs Comité des Sages ( Reflection Group ) on Social Policy , the Twentieth Century Fund , the Ditchley Foundation , the Institute for Public Policy Research , and the Nuclear Threat Initiative . She also served as President of the Royal Institute of International Affairs , as Commissioner of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and as President of the Cambridge University Liberal Association . Williams was also an attendee of the 2013 and the 2010 Bilderberg conferences in Watford , Hertfordshire , England , and Sitges , Spain , respectively . In June 2007 , after Gordon Brown replaced Tony Blair as Prime Minister , Williams accepted a formal Government position as Advisor on Nuclear Proliferation provided she could serve as an independent advisor ; she remained a Liberal Democrat . Her interest and commitment to education continued , and she served as Chair of Judges of the British Teaching Awards . Williams was a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Williams was originally opposed to the Cameron–Clegg coalitions Health and Social Care Bill , describing it as stealth privatisation during 2011 . The government made some changes to the Bill , described by Williams as major concessions , but dismissed as minor by Guardian commentator Polly Toynbee . Williams urged Liberal Democrats to support the amended Bill during the conference in March 2012 , saying I would not have stuck with the bill , if I believed for one moment it would undermine the NHS . Williams spoke against gay marriage in the House of Lords , saying that equality is not the same as sameness . That is the fundamental mistake in this Bill and that women and men complement one another , arguing that marriage between people of the same sex should not be called marriage but should have different nomenclature . In late 2015 , she announced her intention to retire from the House of Lords . On 28 January 2016 she made her valedictory speech in the chamber , and on 11 February she officially retired , in pursuance of Section 1 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 . In the 2017 New Year Honours , Williams was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour for services to political and public life . Personal life . Williams married twice . At Oxford she met Peter Parker ( the future head of British Rail ) and they had a relationship . In her autobiography ( Climbing the Bookshelves ) Williams said that ...by the spring of 1949 I was in love with him , and he , a little , with me... . In 1955 , she married the moral philosopher Bernard Williams . Bernard left Oxford to accommodate his wifes rising political ambitions , finding a post first at University College London ( 1959–64 ) and then as Professor of Philosophy at Bedford College , London ( 1964–67 ) , while she worked as a journalist for the Financial Times and as Secretary of the Fabian Society . The marriage was dissolved in 1974 ; Bernard Williams subsequently married Patricia Skinner and had two sons with her . Shirley said of her marriage to Bernard : .. . [ T ] here was something of a strain that comes from two things . One is that we were both too caught up in what we were respectively doing — we didnt spend all that much time together ; the other , to be completely honest , is that Im fairly unjudgmental and I found Bernards capacity for pretty sharp putting-down of people he thought were stupid unacceptable . Patricia has been cleverer than me in that respect . She just rides it . He can be very painful sometimes . He can eviscerate somebody . Those who are left behind are , as it were , dead personalities . Judge not that ye be not judged . I was influenced by Christian thinking , and he would say Thats frightfully pompous and its not really the point . So we had a certain jarring over that and over Catholicism . Following the annulment of her first marriage in 1980 , she married the Harvard professor and presidential historian Richard Neustadt in 1987 . Neustadt died in 2003 . She had a daughter , Rebecca , with Bernard Williams , a stepdaughter , and two grandchildren Williams was a Roman Catholic , and from 2009 had attended church every Sunday . In Whos Who , she listed her recreations as music , poetry , hill walking . Williams died on 11 April 2021 , at the age of 90 . Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey called Williams a Liberal lion and a true trailblazer . Honours . Williams was made an Honorary Fellow of her alma mater , Somerville College , Oxford , in 1970 , and of Newnham College , Cambridge , in 1977 . Williams received a number of honorary doctorates : - Honorary DEd ( Doctor of Education ) , Council for National Academic Awards , 1969 - Honorary DLitt ( Doctor of Letters ) , Heriot-Watt University,1980 - Hon . LLD ( Doctor of Laws ) , University of Sheffield , 1980 ; University of Southampton , 1981 ; University of Liverpool , 2008 ; University of Cambridge , 2009 - Honorary Doctor of Politics and Economics , University of Leuven , 1976 ; Radcliffe College , Harvard , 1978 ; University of Leeds , 1980 ; University of Bath , 1980 - Honorary DSc ( Doctor of Science ) , Aston University , 1981 - Honorary Doctor , Monterey Institute , California , 2006 Works by and about . Shirley Williams wrote several books , including : - Climbing the Bookshelves : The Autobiography of Shirley Williams , Virago Press ( 2009 ) . . - God and Caesar : Personal Reflections on Politics and Religion , University of Notre Dame Press ( 2003 ) . . - Ambition and Beyond : Career Paths of American Politicians , with Edward L . Lascher Jr , Institute of Governmental Studies Press , University of California , Berkeley ( 1993 ) . . - New Party – The New Technology Social and Liberal Democrats by Hebden Royd , ( 1988 ) . . - Politics is for People Harvard University Press , ( 1981 ) . . For details of Williamss early life see : - Vera Brittain : A Life by Paul Berry and Mark Bostridge ( 1995 ) . - Testament of Experience by Vera Brittain ( 1957 ) . There is a substantial article on Shirley Williams by Phillip Whitehead in the Dictionary of Labour Biography , edited by Greg Rosen , Politicos Publishing , 2001 , and one by Dick Newby in the Dictionary of Liberal Biography , edited by Duncan Brack , Politicos Publishing , 1998 . See also : External links . - Baroness Williams of Crosby at the Liberal Democrats - Faculty profile at the Harvard Kennedy School - The NS Interview : Shirley Williams ( New Statesman , 12 May 2010 )
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What position did Shirley Williams take from Oct 1974 to Apr 1979?
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/wiki/Shirley_Williams#P39#4
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Shirley Williams Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams , Baroness Williams of Crosby , ( ; 27 July 1930 – 11 April 2021 ) was a British politician and academic . Originally a Labour Party Member of Parliament ( MP ) , she served in the Labour cabinet from 1974 to 1979 . She was one of the Gang of Four rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) in 1981 and , at the time of her retirement from politics , was a Liberal Democrat . Williams was elected to the House of Commons for Hitchin in the 1964 general election . She served as Minister for Education and Science from 1967 to 1969 and Minister of State for Home Affairs from 1969 to 1970 . She served as Shadow Home Secretary from 1971 and 1973 . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson was succeeded by James Callaghan , she served as Secretary of State for Education and Science and Paymaster General from 1976 to 1979 . She lost her seat to the Conservative Party at the 1979 general election . In 1981 , dismayed with the Labour Partys left-ward movement under Michael Foot , she was one of the Gang of Four—centrist Labour figures who formed the SDP . Williams won the 1981 Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament , but she lost the seat in the 1983 general election . She served as President of the SDP from 1982 to 1987 and supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Between 2001 and 2004 , she served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords and , from 2007 to 2010 , as Adviser on Nuclear Proliferation to Prime Minister Gordon Brown . She remained an active member of the House of Lords until announcing her retirement in January 2016 , and was a Professor Emerita of Electoral Politics at the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University at the time of her death at age 90 . Early life and education . Born in Chelsea , London , Williams was the daughter of the political scientist and philosopher Sir George Catlin and the feminist and pacifist writer Vera Brittain . She was educated at various schools , including Mrs Spencers School in Brechin Place , South Kensington ; Christchurch Elementary School in Chelsea ; Talbot Heath School in Bournemouth ; and St Pauls Girls School in London . During the Second World War , she was evacuated to Minnesota in the United States for three years . While living in the US , she took a screen test to play Velvet Brown in the 1944 film National Velvet ; the role was eventually taken by Elizabeth Taylor . On the sea voyage returning to Britain she narrowly avoided being gang-raped by a group of sailors . While she was an undergraduate and Open Scholar at Somerville College , Oxford , Williams was a member of the Oxford University Dramatic Society ( OUDS ) and toured the United States playing the role of Cordelia in an OUDS production of Shakespeares King Lear directed by a young Tony Richardson . In 1950 , she became the first woman to chair the Oxford University Labour Club . After graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy , politics and economics , Williams was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and studied American trade unionism at Columbia University in New York City for a masters degree , awarded by Oxford in 1954 . On returning to Britain , she began her career as a journalist , working firstly for the Daily Mirror and then for the Financial Times . In 1960 , she became General Secretary of the Fabian Society , a role she held until 1964 . Parliamentary career . After unsuccessfully contesting the constituency of Harwich at the 1954 by-election and the general election the following year , as well as the constituency of Southampton Test at the 1959 general election , Williams was elected in the 1964 general election as Labour MP for the constituency of Hitchin in Hertfordshire . She retained the seat , renamed Hertford and Stevenage after boundary changes in 1974 , until 1979 . As Minister for Education and Science ( August 1967 – October 1969 ) , Williams launched the first Women in Engineering Year in 1969 . Between 1971 and 1973 , she served as Shadow Home Secretary . In 1974 , she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilsons cabinet . When Wilson announced his resignation in 1976 and was succeeded by James Callaghan , she became Secretary of State for Education and Paymaster General , holding both cabinet positions at the same time . Williams stood for the Labour deputy leadership in October of that year but lost to Michael Foot . Comprehensive schools . While serving as education secretary between 1976 and 1979 , Williams pursued the policy introduced by Anthony Crosland in 1965 to introduce the comprehensive school system in place of grammar schools . Previously , in 1972 , as her daughter Rebecca approached secondary school age , Williams had moved into the catchment area of the voluntary aided school Godolphin and Latymer School allowing her daughter to gain a place there . However , when Godolphin and Latymer School subsequently voted to go independent in 1977 , Rebecca chose to leave that school and instead went to Camden School for Girls because it had chosen to go comprehensive . Europeanism . Always a passionately committed supporter of European integration , Williams was one of 68 Labour MPs to defy a three-line whip in the 28 October 1971 Commons vote on membership of the European Communities . Four years later , she was one of the leaders of the Britain in Europe campaign during the 1975 European Communities membership referendum . Labours anti-Europeanism during the Michael Foot years was one of the factors that drove her to abandon the party in 1981 . In her 2016 valedictory speech to the House of Lords before that years second membership referendum , she described the UKs European Union ( EU ) membership as the most central political question that this country has to answer and said it was the reason for her retirement . In closing , she called on her colleagues to think very hard before allowing the United Kingdom to withdraw from .. . its major duty to the world—the one it will encounter , and then deliver , through the European Union . Social Democratic Party . Williams lost her seat ( renamed Hertford and Stevenage ) when the Labour Party was defeated at the 1979 general election . Her defeat came two years after her appearance and arrest on the Grunwick picket lines , for which she had been harshly criticised in the press . When , soon afterward , she was interviewed by Robin Day for the BBCs Decision 79 television coverage of the election results , both Norman St John-Stevas – the Conservatives Education Spokesman who had frequently clashed with her at the despatch box – and Merlyn Rees , the outgoing Home Secretary , paid tribute to her . Following the election , she hosted the BBC1 TV series Shirley Williams in Conversation , interviewing , in turn , a number of political figures , including former West German chancellor Willy Brandt , former Conservative prime minister Edward Heath and her recently deposed colleague James Callaghan . She later appeared on many television and radio discussion programmes in Britain – in particular , the BBCs Question Time , where her 58 appearances earned her a Most Frequent Panellist award . During this period , Williams remained a member of the National Executive of the Labour Party . From 1980 to 1981 , she was Chairman of the Fabian Society . In 1981 , unhappy with the influence of the more left-wing members of the Labour Party , she resigned her membership to form – along with fellow Labour resignees Roy Jenkins , David Owen and Bill Rodgers – the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . They were joined by 28 other Labour MPs and one Conservative . Later that year , following the death of the Conservative MP Sir Graham Page , she won the Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament . Two years later , however , having become the SDPs President , she lost the seat at the 1983 general election . At the 1987 general election , Williams stood for the SDP in Cambridge , but lost to the sitting Conservative candidate Robert Rhodes James . She then supported the SDPs merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats . Harvard University . In 1988 , Williams moved to the United States to serve as a professor at Harvards Kennedy School of Government , remaining until 2001 , and thereafter as Public Service Professor of Electoral Politics , Emerita . Nonetheless , she remained active in politics and public service in Britain , the United States and internationally . During these years , Williams helped draft constitutions in Russia , Ukraine , and South Africa . She also served as director of Harvards Project Liberty , an initiative designed to assist the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe ; and as a board member and acting director of Harvards Institute of Politics ( IOP ) . Upon her elevation to the House of Lords in 1993 , she returned to the United Kingdom . Life peer . Williams was created a life peer on 1 February 1993 as Baroness Williams of Crosby , of Stevenage in the County of Hertfordshire , and subsequently served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords from 2001 to 2004 . Among other non-profit boards , Williams was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations , the EUs Comité des Sages ( Reflection Group ) on Social Policy , the Twentieth Century Fund , the Ditchley Foundation , the Institute for Public Policy Research , and the Nuclear Threat Initiative . She also served as President of the Royal Institute of International Affairs , as Commissioner of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and as President of the Cambridge University Liberal Association . Williams was also an attendee of the 2013 and the 2010 Bilderberg conferences in Watford , Hertfordshire , England , and Sitges , Spain , respectively . In June 2007 , after Gordon Brown replaced Tony Blair as Prime Minister , Williams accepted a formal Government position as Advisor on Nuclear Proliferation provided she could serve as an independent advisor ; she remained a Liberal Democrat . Her interest and commitment to education continued , and she served as Chair of Judges of the British Teaching Awards . Williams was a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation , established in October 2009 . Williams was originally opposed to the Cameron–Clegg coalitions Health and Social Care Bill , describing it as stealth privatisation during 2011 . The government made some changes to the Bill , described by Williams as major concessions , but dismissed as minor by Guardian commentator Polly Toynbee . Williams urged Liberal Democrats to support the amended Bill during the conference in March 2012 , saying I would not have stuck with the bill , if I believed for one moment it would undermine the NHS . Williams spoke against gay marriage in the House of Lords , saying that equality is not the same as sameness . That is the fundamental mistake in this Bill and that women and men complement one another , arguing that marriage between people of the same sex should not be called marriage but should have different nomenclature . In late 2015 , she announced her intention to retire from the House of Lords . On 28 January 2016 she made her valedictory speech in the chamber , and on 11 February she officially retired , in pursuance of Section 1 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014 . In the 2017 New Year Honours , Williams was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour for services to political and public life . Personal life . Williams married twice . At Oxford she met Peter Parker ( the future head of British Rail ) and they had a relationship . In her autobiography ( Climbing the Bookshelves ) Williams said that ...by the spring of 1949 I was in love with him , and he , a little , with me... . In 1955 , she married the moral philosopher Bernard Williams . Bernard left Oxford to accommodate his wifes rising political ambitions , finding a post first at University College London ( 1959–64 ) and then as Professor of Philosophy at Bedford College , London ( 1964–67 ) , while she worked as a journalist for the Financial Times and as Secretary of the Fabian Society . The marriage was dissolved in 1974 ; Bernard Williams subsequently married Patricia Skinner and had two sons with her . Shirley said of her marriage to Bernard : .. . [ T ] here was something of a strain that comes from two things . One is that we were both too caught up in what we were respectively doing — we didnt spend all that much time together ; the other , to be completely honest , is that Im fairly unjudgmental and I found Bernards capacity for pretty sharp putting-down of people he thought were stupid unacceptable . Patricia has been cleverer than me in that respect . She just rides it . He can be very painful sometimes . He can eviscerate somebody . Those who are left behind are , as it were , dead personalities . Judge not that ye be not judged . I was influenced by Christian thinking , and he would say Thats frightfully pompous and its not really the point . So we had a certain jarring over that and over Catholicism . Following the annulment of her first marriage in 1980 , she married the Harvard professor and presidential historian Richard Neustadt in 1987 . Neustadt died in 2003 . She had a daughter , Rebecca , with Bernard Williams , a stepdaughter , and two grandchildren Williams was a Roman Catholic , and from 2009 had attended church every Sunday . In Whos Who , she listed her recreations as music , poetry , hill walking . Williams died on 11 April 2021 , at the age of 90 . Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey called Williams a Liberal lion and a true trailblazer . Honours . Williams was made an Honorary Fellow of her alma mater , Somerville College , Oxford , in 1970 , and of Newnham College , Cambridge , in 1977 . Williams received a number of honorary doctorates : - Honorary DEd ( Doctor of Education ) , Council for National Academic Awards , 1969 - Honorary DLitt ( Doctor of Letters ) , Heriot-Watt University,1980 - Hon . LLD ( Doctor of Laws ) , University of Sheffield , 1980 ; University of Southampton , 1981 ; University of Liverpool , 2008 ; University of Cambridge , 2009 - Honorary Doctor of Politics and Economics , University of Leuven , 1976 ; Radcliffe College , Harvard , 1978 ; University of Leeds , 1980 ; University of Bath , 1980 - Honorary DSc ( Doctor of Science ) , Aston University , 1981 - Honorary Doctor , Monterey Institute , California , 2006 Works by and about . Shirley Williams wrote several books , including : - Climbing the Bookshelves : The Autobiography of Shirley Williams , Virago Press ( 2009 ) . . - God and Caesar : Personal Reflections on Politics and Religion , University of Notre Dame Press ( 2003 ) . . - Ambition and Beyond : Career Paths of American Politicians , with Edward L . Lascher Jr , Institute of Governmental Studies Press , University of California , Berkeley ( 1993 ) . . - New Party – The New Technology Social and Liberal Democrats by Hebden Royd , ( 1988 ) . . - Politics is for People Harvard University Press , ( 1981 ) . . For details of Williamss early life see : - Vera Brittain : A Life by Paul Berry and Mark Bostridge ( 1995 ) . - Testament of Experience by Vera Brittain ( 1957 ) . There is a substantial article on Shirley Williams by Phillip Whitehead in the Dictionary of Labour Biography , edited by Greg Rosen , Politicos Publishing , 2001 , and one by Dick Newby in the Dictionary of Liberal Biography , edited by Duncan Brack , Politicos Publishing , 1998 . See also : External links . - Baroness Williams of Crosby at the Liberal Democrats - Faculty profile at the Harvard Kennedy School - The NS Interview : Shirley Williams ( New Statesman , 12 May 2010 )
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"Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra"
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Who did Yannick Nézet-Séguin work for from 2008 to 2012?
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/wiki/Yannick_Nézet-Séguin#P108#0
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Yannick Nézet-Séguin Yannick Nézet-Séguin , CC ( ; born Yannick Séguin ; 6 March 1975 ) is a Canadian ( Québécois ) conductor and pianist . He is currently music director of the Orchestre Métropolitain ( Montréal ) , the Metropolitan Opera , and the Philadelphia Orchestra . He was also principal conductor of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra from 2008 to 2018 . Biography . Early years . Nézet-Séguin was born in Montreal on 6 March 1975 to two specialists in education , Serge P . Séguin , PhD , a university professor , and Claudine Nézet , M.A. , a university lecturer and coordinator . He began to study piano at age five , with Jeanne-dArc Lebrun-Lussier , and decided to become an orchestra conductor at age ten . Nézet-Séguin studied successively at St-Isaac-Jogues Primary School , at Collège Mont-Saint-Louis Secondary School and at Bois-de-Boulogne College . In the meantime , he was admitted to Anisia Camposs piano class , at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec where he earned five first prizes in piano and in four related musical subjects . He also studied choral conducting with Joseph Flummerfelt at the Westminster Choir College in Princeton , New Jersey , and did many master classes with renowned conductors ( George Benjamin , Roberto Carnevale , Daniele Gatti ) . Early career . At 19 , he met and was invited to follow Carlo Maria Giulini in rehearsals and concerts for more than a year . He became the musical director of the Chœur polyphonique de Montréal in 1994 and obtained the same post at Choeur de Laval in 1995 . In 1995 , he founded his own professional orchestral and vocal ensemble , La Chapelle de Montréal , with whom he performed two to four concerts a year until 2002 . He considers Charles Dutoit as his first inspiration as a child and Carlo Maria Giulini as his master . From 1998 to 2002 , Nézet-Séguin was chorus master , assistant conductor and music adviser of the Opéra de Montréal . Maestro Nézet-Séguin made his American conducting debut in 2002 at Sarasota Opera conducting Mozarts Così fan tutte . Orchestre Métropolitain . Nézet-Séguin became music director of the Orchestre Métropolitain ( Montréal ) in 2000 , and principal guest conductor of the Victoria Symphony ( British Columbia , Canada ) in 2003 . His most recent contract with the Orchestre Métropolitain , through 2010 , has since been extended through 2015 . In September 2015 , the orchestra announced a further extension of his contract through the 2020–21 season . In September 2019 , the orchestra announced its contract with Nézet-Séguin as a lifetime contract . He has conducted commercial recordings of symphonies of Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler with the Orchestre Métropolitain . Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra . In 2005 , Nézet-Séguin guest-conducted the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra ( RPhO ) for the first time , and returned in 2006 . In December 2006 , the RPhO announced the appointment of Nézet-Séguin as their 11th Principal Conductor , by a unanimous vote , starting with the 2008–09 concert season , with an initial contract of 4 years . In April 2010 , the RPhO announced the extension of his contract through 2015 . With the RPhO , Nézet-Séguin has recorded commercially for Virgin Classics and for EMI . In June 2013 , the RPhO further extended his contract through the summer of 2018 . In May 2015 , the RPhO announced the conclusion of Nézet-Séguins tenure as RPhO principal conductor at the end of the 2017–2018 season . He now has the title of Eredirigent ( honorary conductor ) of the RPhO . Philadelphia Orchestra . In December 2008 , Nézet-Séguin made his first appearance with the Philadelphia Orchestra , at the invitation of Charles Dutoit . He returned for a second guest-conducting engagement in December 2009 . In June 2010 , he was named the eighth Music Director of the Philadelphia Orchestra , starting with the 2012–13 season . He served as Music Director Designate from 2010 to 2012 . His initial contract as music director was for 5 seasons , with 7 weeks of scheduled concerts in the 2012–13 season , 15 weeks in the next 2 seasons , and 16 weeks in the subsequent 2 seasons of his Philadelphia contract . In January 2015 , the orchestra announced a five-year extension of Nézet-Séguins contract to the 2021–2022 season . In June 2016 , the orchestra announced a further extension of his contract , through the 2025–26 season . The Metropolitan Opera . Nézet-Séguin began annual appearances with the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 2009 , making his début on 31 December 2009 , conducting a new production of Carmen . There followed Don Carlo in 2010 and in 2015 , Faust in 2011 , La traviata in 2013 , and Rusalka in 2014 . He opened the Mets 2015–16 Season in September 2015 conducting a new production of Verdis Otello , and returned in 2017 to conduct Der fliegende Holländer . On 2 June 2016 , the Metropolitan Opera announced the appointment of Nézet-Séguin as the next music director , effective with the 2020–2021 season , with an initial contract of four years . He took the title of music director-designate as of the 2017–18 season . In February 2018 , the company announced that Nézet-Séguin would take the title of music director two years early , as of the 2018–2019 season , following the Mets termination of James Levine for sexual misconduct . Other major engagements . Nézet-Séguin made his UK conducting debut with the Northern Sinfonia in the 2005–06 season . He debuted with the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( LPO ) in March 2007 , and with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra in April 2007 . In November 2007 , the LPO appointed Nézet-Séguin as their principal guest conductor , starting with the 2008–09 season . Following a May 2010 extension of his contract as LPO principal guest conductor , he stood down from the post in 2014 . He made his Royal Opera House debut with Rusalka , the first stagings of the opera at Covent Garden , in 2012 . He is also an honorary member and guest conductor of the Chamber Orchestra of Europe . Personal life . Nézet-Séguin resides in Montreal and Philadelphia with his partner Pierre Tourville , a violist in the Orchestre Métropolitain . He has multiple pets , and has made a playlist on Spotify and Apple music for pets to listen to . Honours . - Virginia Parker Prize ( 2000 ) - Prix Opus ( 2005 ) - Royal Philharmonic Society Young artists ( 2009 ) - National Arts Centre Award , a companion award of the Governor Generals Performing Arts Awards ( 2010 ) - Doctorate honoris causa , UQAM ( 2011 ) - Prix Denise-Pelletier , Government of the Province of Quebec ( 2011 ) - Companion of the Order of Canada ( 2012 ) - Doctorate honoris causa in music , McGill University , Montreal ( 2017 ) - The Betty Webster Award , Orchestras Canada , Peterborough/Montreal ( 2020 ) Discography . Orchestral works . - Nino Rota , Concertos , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2003 ) - Glière , Saint-Saëns , Ravel , et al. , Conversations , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2003 ) - Mahler , Symphony no . 4 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2004 ) - Beethoven , Haydn , Caldara , et al. , Arianna a Naxos , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2004 ) - Arthur De Greef , Orchestral Works , Flemish Radio Orchestra , Klara ( 2004 ) - Saint-Saëns , Symphony No . 3 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2006 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 7 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2007 ) - Debussy , Britten , Pierre Mercure , La mer ( et al. ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2007 ) - Pierre Lapointe , En concert , Orchestre Métropolitain , Audiogram ( 2007 ) - Beethoven , Symphony No . 3 & Richard Strauss , Death and Transfiguration , Rotterdam Philharmonic , RPhO ( 2008 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 9 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2008 ) - Beethoven , Violin Concerto , & Korngold , Violin Concerto , Renaud Capuçon ( violin ) , Rotterdam Philharmonic , RPhO ( 2009 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 8 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2009 ) - Ravel , Orchestral works , Rotterdam Philharmonic , EMI Classics ( 2009 ) - Tchaikovsky , et al. , Fantasy : A Night at the Opera , Emmanuel Pahud ( flute ) , EMI Classics ( 2010 ) - Brahms , A German Requiem , London Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir , LPO Ltd ( 2010 ) - Berlioz , Symphonie fantastique , Rotterdam Philharmonic , BIS Records ( 2011 ) - Florent Schmitt , La tragédie de Salomé , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Debussy , et al. , Orchestre Métropolitain – 30 ans , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Richard Strauss , Ein Heldenleben & Vier letzte Lieder , with Dorothea Röschmann ( soprano ) , BIS Records ( 2011 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 4 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Mahler , Symphony No . 5 , The Philadelphia Orchestra ( 2011 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 6 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2013 ) - various , Portraits : The Clarinet Album , with Andreas Ottensamer , Rotterdam Philharmonic , Virgin Classics ( 2013 ) - Tchaikovsky , Symphony No . 6 , Pathétique , Rotterdam Philharmonic , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Stravinsky , Le Sacre du printemps , & Stokowski–Bach , Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Mahler , Das Lied von der Erde , London Philharmonic Orchestra , LPO Ltd ( 2013 ) - Joaquín Rodrigo & de Falla , Concertos , with Miloš Karadaglić ( guitar ) , London Philharmonic Orchestra , LPO Ltd ( 2014 ) - Robert Schumann , The ( Four ) Symphonies , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2014 ) - Rachmaninov , Rachmaninov Variations , Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini , Op.43 , Daniil Trifonov ( piano ) , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2015 ) - Dvorak , Dvorak : Othello Overture - Symphony Nos . 6 & 7 , London Philharmonic Orchestra ( 2017 ) - Mendelssohn , Symphonies 1–5 , Chamber Orchestra of Europe and RIAS Kammerchor , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2017 ) - Prokofiev , VISIONS OF PROKOFIEV , Romeo and Juliet , Op.64 , Violin Concerto No.1 in D Major , Op.19 , Cinderella , Op.87 , Violin Concerto No.2 in G Minor , Op.63 , The Love For Three Oranges , Op.33 , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Bernstein , Mass , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Rachmaninov , Destination Rachmaninov : Departure , Piano Concertos 2&4 , Daniil Trifonov ( piano ) , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Mozart , Piano Concerto No.20 , K.466 , Seong-Jin Cho ( piano ) , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Mahler , Symphony No . 10 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ACD2 2711 ( recorded 2014 , released 2015 ) Vocal recitals . - Kurt Weill , Lieder , Diane Dufresne ( soprano ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2005 ) - Mozart , Lieder , Suzie LeBlanc ( soprano ) , Nézet-Séguin ( piano ) , ATMA Classique ( 2006 ) - Puccini , et al. , Marc Hervieux ( tenor ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2010 ) Operas . - Gounod , Roméo et Juliette , Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg ( Salzburg Festival ) , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2008 ) - Mozart , Don Giovanni , Mahler Chamber Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2012 ) - Mozart , Così fan tutte , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Mozart , Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2015 ) - Mozart , Le nozze di Figaro , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2016 ) - Mozart , La Clemenza di Tito , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) Operas on video . - Bizet , Carmen , Metropolitan Opera , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2010 ) - Dvorák , Rusalka , Metropolitan Opera , Decca Classics ( 2014 ) - Gounod , Faust , Metropolitan Opera , Decca Classics ( 2014 ) External links . - Official website ( in English and French ) - Orchestre Métropolitain du Grand Montréal biography - Askonas Holt agency biography - Biography at the Canadian Encyclopedia - Yannick Nézet-Séguin — A Soaring Talent by Wah Keung Chan , La Scena Musicale , 1 February 2000 ( in English and French ) . - Philadelphia Orchestra page on Nézet-Séguin - Interview at Classical WETA 90.9 FM - Governor Generals Performing Arts Awards Foundation , Yannick Nézet-Séguin : 2010 National Arts Centre Award , biography
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"the Philadelphia Orchestra",
"Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra"
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Who did Yannick Nézet-Séguin work for from 2012 to 2018?
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/wiki/Yannick_Nézet-Séguin#P108#1
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Yannick Nézet-Séguin Yannick Nézet-Séguin , CC ( ; born Yannick Séguin ; 6 March 1975 ) is a Canadian ( Québécois ) conductor and pianist . He is currently music director of the Orchestre Métropolitain ( Montréal ) , the Metropolitan Opera , and the Philadelphia Orchestra . He was also principal conductor of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra from 2008 to 2018 . Biography . Early years . Nézet-Séguin was born in Montreal on 6 March 1975 to two specialists in education , Serge P . Séguin , PhD , a university professor , and Claudine Nézet , M.A. , a university lecturer and coordinator . He began to study piano at age five , with Jeanne-dArc Lebrun-Lussier , and decided to become an orchestra conductor at age ten . Nézet-Séguin studied successively at St-Isaac-Jogues Primary School , at Collège Mont-Saint-Louis Secondary School and at Bois-de-Boulogne College . In the meantime , he was admitted to Anisia Camposs piano class , at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec where he earned five first prizes in piano and in four related musical subjects . He also studied choral conducting with Joseph Flummerfelt at the Westminster Choir College in Princeton , New Jersey , and did many master classes with renowned conductors ( George Benjamin , Roberto Carnevale , Daniele Gatti ) . Early career . At 19 , he met and was invited to follow Carlo Maria Giulini in rehearsals and concerts for more than a year . He became the musical director of the Chœur polyphonique de Montréal in 1994 and obtained the same post at Choeur de Laval in 1995 . In 1995 , he founded his own professional orchestral and vocal ensemble , La Chapelle de Montréal , with whom he performed two to four concerts a year until 2002 . He considers Charles Dutoit as his first inspiration as a child and Carlo Maria Giulini as his master . From 1998 to 2002 , Nézet-Séguin was chorus master , assistant conductor and music adviser of the Opéra de Montréal . Maestro Nézet-Séguin made his American conducting debut in 2002 at Sarasota Opera conducting Mozarts Così fan tutte . Orchestre Métropolitain . Nézet-Séguin became music director of the Orchestre Métropolitain ( Montréal ) in 2000 , and principal guest conductor of the Victoria Symphony ( British Columbia , Canada ) in 2003 . His most recent contract with the Orchestre Métropolitain , through 2010 , has since been extended through 2015 . In September 2015 , the orchestra announced a further extension of his contract through the 2020–21 season . In September 2019 , the orchestra announced its contract with Nézet-Séguin as a lifetime contract . He has conducted commercial recordings of symphonies of Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler with the Orchestre Métropolitain . Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra . In 2005 , Nézet-Séguin guest-conducted the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra ( RPhO ) for the first time , and returned in 2006 . In December 2006 , the RPhO announced the appointment of Nézet-Séguin as their 11th Principal Conductor , by a unanimous vote , starting with the 2008–09 concert season , with an initial contract of 4 years . In April 2010 , the RPhO announced the extension of his contract through 2015 . With the RPhO , Nézet-Séguin has recorded commercially for Virgin Classics and for EMI . In June 2013 , the RPhO further extended his contract through the summer of 2018 . In May 2015 , the RPhO announced the conclusion of Nézet-Séguins tenure as RPhO principal conductor at the end of the 2017–2018 season . He now has the title of Eredirigent ( honorary conductor ) of the RPhO . Philadelphia Orchestra . In December 2008 , Nézet-Séguin made his first appearance with the Philadelphia Orchestra , at the invitation of Charles Dutoit . He returned for a second guest-conducting engagement in December 2009 . In June 2010 , he was named the eighth Music Director of the Philadelphia Orchestra , starting with the 2012–13 season . He served as Music Director Designate from 2010 to 2012 . His initial contract as music director was for 5 seasons , with 7 weeks of scheduled concerts in the 2012–13 season , 15 weeks in the next 2 seasons , and 16 weeks in the subsequent 2 seasons of his Philadelphia contract . In January 2015 , the orchestra announced a five-year extension of Nézet-Séguins contract to the 2021–2022 season . In June 2016 , the orchestra announced a further extension of his contract , through the 2025–26 season . The Metropolitan Opera . Nézet-Séguin began annual appearances with the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 2009 , making his début on 31 December 2009 , conducting a new production of Carmen . There followed Don Carlo in 2010 and in 2015 , Faust in 2011 , La traviata in 2013 , and Rusalka in 2014 . He opened the Mets 2015–16 Season in September 2015 conducting a new production of Verdis Otello , and returned in 2017 to conduct Der fliegende Holländer . On 2 June 2016 , the Metropolitan Opera announced the appointment of Nézet-Séguin as the next music director , effective with the 2020–2021 season , with an initial contract of four years . He took the title of music director-designate as of the 2017–18 season . In February 2018 , the company announced that Nézet-Séguin would take the title of music director two years early , as of the 2018–2019 season , following the Mets termination of James Levine for sexual misconduct . Other major engagements . Nézet-Séguin made his UK conducting debut with the Northern Sinfonia in the 2005–06 season . He debuted with the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( LPO ) in March 2007 , and with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra in April 2007 . In November 2007 , the LPO appointed Nézet-Séguin as their principal guest conductor , starting with the 2008–09 season . Following a May 2010 extension of his contract as LPO principal guest conductor , he stood down from the post in 2014 . He made his Royal Opera House debut with Rusalka , the first stagings of the opera at Covent Garden , in 2012 . He is also an honorary member and guest conductor of the Chamber Orchestra of Europe . Personal life . Nézet-Séguin resides in Montreal and Philadelphia with his partner Pierre Tourville , a violist in the Orchestre Métropolitain . He has multiple pets , and has made a playlist on Spotify and Apple music for pets to listen to . Honours . - Virginia Parker Prize ( 2000 ) - Prix Opus ( 2005 ) - Royal Philharmonic Society Young artists ( 2009 ) - National Arts Centre Award , a companion award of the Governor Generals Performing Arts Awards ( 2010 ) - Doctorate honoris causa , UQAM ( 2011 ) - Prix Denise-Pelletier , Government of the Province of Quebec ( 2011 ) - Companion of the Order of Canada ( 2012 ) - Doctorate honoris causa in music , McGill University , Montreal ( 2017 ) - The Betty Webster Award , Orchestras Canada , Peterborough/Montreal ( 2020 ) Discography . Orchestral works . - Nino Rota , Concertos , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2003 ) - Glière , Saint-Saëns , Ravel , et al. , Conversations , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2003 ) - Mahler , Symphony no . 4 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2004 ) - Beethoven , Haydn , Caldara , et al. , Arianna a Naxos , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2004 ) - Arthur De Greef , Orchestral Works , Flemish Radio Orchestra , Klara ( 2004 ) - Saint-Saëns , Symphony No . 3 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2006 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 7 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2007 ) - Debussy , Britten , Pierre Mercure , La mer ( et al. ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2007 ) - Pierre Lapointe , En concert , Orchestre Métropolitain , Audiogram ( 2007 ) - Beethoven , Symphony No . 3 & Richard Strauss , Death and Transfiguration , Rotterdam Philharmonic , RPhO ( 2008 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 9 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2008 ) - Beethoven , Violin Concerto , & Korngold , Violin Concerto , Renaud Capuçon ( violin ) , Rotterdam Philharmonic , RPhO ( 2009 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 8 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2009 ) - Ravel , Orchestral works , Rotterdam Philharmonic , EMI Classics ( 2009 ) - Tchaikovsky , et al. , Fantasy : A Night at the Opera , Emmanuel Pahud ( flute ) , EMI Classics ( 2010 ) - Brahms , A German Requiem , London Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir , LPO Ltd ( 2010 ) - Berlioz , Symphonie fantastique , Rotterdam Philharmonic , BIS Records ( 2011 ) - Florent Schmitt , La tragédie de Salomé , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Debussy , et al. , Orchestre Métropolitain – 30 ans , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Richard Strauss , Ein Heldenleben & Vier letzte Lieder , with Dorothea Röschmann ( soprano ) , BIS Records ( 2011 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 4 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Mahler , Symphony No . 5 , The Philadelphia Orchestra ( 2011 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 6 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2013 ) - various , Portraits : The Clarinet Album , with Andreas Ottensamer , Rotterdam Philharmonic , Virgin Classics ( 2013 ) - Tchaikovsky , Symphony No . 6 , Pathétique , Rotterdam Philharmonic , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Stravinsky , Le Sacre du printemps , & Stokowski–Bach , Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Mahler , Das Lied von der Erde , London Philharmonic Orchestra , LPO Ltd ( 2013 ) - Joaquín Rodrigo & de Falla , Concertos , with Miloš Karadaglić ( guitar ) , London Philharmonic Orchestra , LPO Ltd ( 2014 ) - Robert Schumann , The ( Four ) Symphonies , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2014 ) - Rachmaninov , Rachmaninov Variations , Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini , Op.43 , Daniil Trifonov ( piano ) , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2015 ) - Dvorak , Dvorak : Othello Overture - Symphony Nos . 6 & 7 , London Philharmonic Orchestra ( 2017 ) - Mendelssohn , Symphonies 1–5 , Chamber Orchestra of Europe and RIAS Kammerchor , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2017 ) - Prokofiev , VISIONS OF PROKOFIEV , Romeo and Juliet , Op.64 , Violin Concerto No.1 in D Major , Op.19 , Cinderella , Op.87 , Violin Concerto No.2 in G Minor , Op.63 , The Love For Three Oranges , Op.33 , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Bernstein , Mass , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Rachmaninov , Destination Rachmaninov : Departure , Piano Concertos 2&4 , Daniil Trifonov ( piano ) , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Mozart , Piano Concerto No.20 , K.466 , Seong-Jin Cho ( piano ) , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Mahler , Symphony No . 10 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ACD2 2711 ( recorded 2014 , released 2015 ) Vocal recitals . - Kurt Weill , Lieder , Diane Dufresne ( soprano ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2005 ) - Mozart , Lieder , Suzie LeBlanc ( soprano ) , Nézet-Séguin ( piano ) , ATMA Classique ( 2006 ) - Puccini , et al. , Marc Hervieux ( tenor ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2010 ) Operas . - Gounod , Roméo et Juliette , Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg ( Salzburg Festival ) , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2008 ) - Mozart , Don Giovanni , Mahler Chamber Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2012 ) - Mozart , Così fan tutte , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Mozart , Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2015 ) - Mozart , Le nozze di Figaro , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2016 ) - Mozart , La Clemenza di Tito , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) Operas on video . - Bizet , Carmen , Metropolitan Opera , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2010 ) - Dvorák , Rusalka , Metropolitan Opera , Decca Classics ( 2014 ) - Gounod , Faust , Metropolitan Opera , Decca Classics ( 2014 ) External links . - Official website ( in English and French ) - Orchestre Métropolitain du Grand Montréal biography - Askonas Holt agency biography - Biography at the Canadian Encyclopedia - Yannick Nézet-Séguin — A Soaring Talent by Wah Keung Chan , La Scena Musicale , 1 February 2000 ( in English and French ) . - Philadelphia Orchestra page on Nézet-Séguin - Interview at Classical WETA 90.9 FM - Governor Generals Performing Arts Awards Foundation , Yannick Nézet-Séguin : 2010 National Arts Centre Award , biography
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"the Philadelphia Orchestra"
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Yannick Nézet-Séguin was an employee for whom from 2018 to Jun 2021?
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/wiki/Yannick_Nézet-Séguin#P108#2
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Yannick Nézet-Séguin Yannick Nézet-Séguin , CC ( ; born Yannick Séguin ; 6 March 1975 ) is a Canadian ( Québécois ) conductor and pianist . He is currently music director of the Orchestre Métropolitain ( Montréal ) , the Metropolitan Opera , and the Philadelphia Orchestra . He was also principal conductor of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra from 2008 to 2018 . Biography . Early years . Nézet-Séguin was born in Montreal on 6 March 1975 to two specialists in education , Serge P . Séguin , PhD , a university professor , and Claudine Nézet , M.A. , a university lecturer and coordinator . He began to study piano at age five , with Jeanne-dArc Lebrun-Lussier , and decided to become an orchestra conductor at age ten . Nézet-Séguin studied successively at St-Isaac-Jogues Primary School , at Collège Mont-Saint-Louis Secondary School and at Bois-de-Boulogne College . In the meantime , he was admitted to Anisia Camposs piano class , at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec where he earned five first prizes in piano and in four related musical subjects . He also studied choral conducting with Joseph Flummerfelt at the Westminster Choir College in Princeton , New Jersey , and did many master classes with renowned conductors ( George Benjamin , Roberto Carnevale , Daniele Gatti ) . Early career . At 19 , he met and was invited to follow Carlo Maria Giulini in rehearsals and concerts for more than a year . He became the musical director of the Chœur polyphonique de Montréal in 1994 and obtained the same post at Choeur de Laval in 1995 . In 1995 , he founded his own professional orchestral and vocal ensemble , La Chapelle de Montréal , with whom he performed two to four concerts a year until 2002 . He considers Charles Dutoit as his first inspiration as a child and Carlo Maria Giulini as his master . From 1998 to 2002 , Nézet-Séguin was chorus master , assistant conductor and music adviser of the Opéra de Montréal . Maestro Nézet-Séguin made his American conducting debut in 2002 at Sarasota Opera conducting Mozarts Così fan tutte . Orchestre Métropolitain . Nézet-Séguin became music director of the Orchestre Métropolitain ( Montréal ) in 2000 , and principal guest conductor of the Victoria Symphony ( British Columbia , Canada ) in 2003 . His most recent contract with the Orchestre Métropolitain , through 2010 , has since been extended through 2015 . In September 2015 , the orchestra announced a further extension of his contract through the 2020–21 season . In September 2019 , the orchestra announced its contract with Nézet-Séguin as a lifetime contract . He has conducted commercial recordings of symphonies of Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler with the Orchestre Métropolitain . Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra . In 2005 , Nézet-Séguin guest-conducted the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra ( RPhO ) for the first time , and returned in 2006 . In December 2006 , the RPhO announced the appointment of Nézet-Séguin as their 11th Principal Conductor , by a unanimous vote , starting with the 2008–09 concert season , with an initial contract of 4 years . In April 2010 , the RPhO announced the extension of his contract through 2015 . With the RPhO , Nézet-Séguin has recorded commercially for Virgin Classics and for EMI . In June 2013 , the RPhO further extended his contract through the summer of 2018 . In May 2015 , the RPhO announced the conclusion of Nézet-Séguins tenure as RPhO principal conductor at the end of the 2017–2018 season . He now has the title of Eredirigent ( honorary conductor ) of the RPhO . Philadelphia Orchestra . In December 2008 , Nézet-Séguin made his first appearance with the Philadelphia Orchestra , at the invitation of Charles Dutoit . He returned for a second guest-conducting engagement in December 2009 . In June 2010 , he was named the eighth Music Director of the Philadelphia Orchestra , starting with the 2012–13 season . He served as Music Director Designate from 2010 to 2012 . His initial contract as music director was for 5 seasons , with 7 weeks of scheduled concerts in the 2012–13 season , 15 weeks in the next 2 seasons , and 16 weeks in the subsequent 2 seasons of his Philadelphia contract . In January 2015 , the orchestra announced a five-year extension of Nézet-Séguins contract to the 2021–2022 season . In June 2016 , the orchestra announced a further extension of his contract , through the 2025–26 season . The Metropolitan Opera . Nézet-Séguin began annual appearances with the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 2009 , making his début on 31 December 2009 , conducting a new production of Carmen . There followed Don Carlo in 2010 and in 2015 , Faust in 2011 , La traviata in 2013 , and Rusalka in 2014 . He opened the Mets 2015–16 Season in September 2015 conducting a new production of Verdis Otello , and returned in 2017 to conduct Der fliegende Holländer . On 2 June 2016 , the Metropolitan Opera announced the appointment of Nézet-Séguin as the next music director , effective with the 2020–2021 season , with an initial contract of four years . He took the title of music director-designate as of the 2017–18 season . In February 2018 , the company announced that Nézet-Séguin would take the title of music director two years early , as of the 2018–2019 season , following the Mets termination of James Levine for sexual misconduct . Other major engagements . Nézet-Séguin made his UK conducting debut with the Northern Sinfonia in the 2005–06 season . He debuted with the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( LPO ) in March 2007 , and with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra in April 2007 . In November 2007 , the LPO appointed Nézet-Séguin as their principal guest conductor , starting with the 2008–09 season . Following a May 2010 extension of his contract as LPO principal guest conductor , he stood down from the post in 2014 . He made his Royal Opera House debut with Rusalka , the first stagings of the opera at Covent Garden , in 2012 . He is also an honorary member and guest conductor of the Chamber Orchestra of Europe . Personal life . Nézet-Séguin resides in Montreal and Philadelphia with his partner Pierre Tourville , a violist in the Orchestre Métropolitain . He has multiple pets , and has made a playlist on Spotify and Apple music for pets to listen to . Honours . - Virginia Parker Prize ( 2000 ) - Prix Opus ( 2005 ) - Royal Philharmonic Society Young artists ( 2009 ) - National Arts Centre Award , a companion award of the Governor Generals Performing Arts Awards ( 2010 ) - Doctorate honoris causa , UQAM ( 2011 ) - Prix Denise-Pelletier , Government of the Province of Quebec ( 2011 ) - Companion of the Order of Canada ( 2012 ) - Doctorate honoris causa in music , McGill University , Montreal ( 2017 ) - The Betty Webster Award , Orchestras Canada , Peterborough/Montreal ( 2020 ) Discography . Orchestral works . - Nino Rota , Concertos , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2003 ) - Glière , Saint-Saëns , Ravel , et al. , Conversations , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2003 ) - Mahler , Symphony no . 4 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2004 ) - Beethoven , Haydn , Caldara , et al. , Arianna a Naxos , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2004 ) - Arthur De Greef , Orchestral Works , Flemish Radio Orchestra , Klara ( 2004 ) - Saint-Saëns , Symphony No . 3 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2006 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 7 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2007 ) - Debussy , Britten , Pierre Mercure , La mer ( et al. ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2007 ) - Pierre Lapointe , En concert , Orchestre Métropolitain , Audiogram ( 2007 ) - Beethoven , Symphony No . 3 & Richard Strauss , Death and Transfiguration , Rotterdam Philharmonic , RPhO ( 2008 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 9 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2008 ) - Beethoven , Violin Concerto , & Korngold , Violin Concerto , Renaud Capuçon ( violin ) , Rotterdam Philharmonic , RPhO ( 2009 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 8 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2009 ) - Ravel , Orchestral works , Rotterdam Philharmonic , EMI Classics ( 2009 ) - Tchaikovsky , et al. , Fantasy : A Night at the Opera , Emmanuel Pahud ( flute ) , EMI Classics ( 2010 ) - Brahms , A German Requiem , London Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir , LPO Ltd ( 2010 ) - Berlioz , Symphonie fantastique , Rotterdam Philharmonic , BIS Records ( 2011 ) - Florent Schmitt , La tragédie de Salomé , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Debussy , et al. , Orchestre Métropolitain – 30 ans , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Richard Strauss , Ein Heldenleben & Vier letzte Lieder , with Dorothea Röschmann ( soprano ) , BIS Records ( 2011 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 4 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Mahler , Symphony No . 5 , The Philadelphia Orchestra ( 2011 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 6 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2013 ) - various , Portraits : The Clarinet Album , with Andreas Ottensamer , Rotterdam Philharmonic , Virgin Classics ( 2013 ) - Tchaikovsky , Symphony No . 6 , Pathétique , Rotterdam Philharmonic , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Stravinsky , Le Sacre du printemps , & Stokowski–Bach , Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Mahler , Das Lied von der Erde , London Philharmonic Orchestra , LPO Ltd ( 2013 ) - Joaquín Rodrigo & de Falla , Concertos , with Miloš Karadaglić ( guitar ) , London Philharmonic Orchestra , LPO Ltd ( 2014 ) - Robert Schumann , The ( Four ) Symphonies , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2014 ) - Rachmaninov , Rachmaninov Variations , Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini , Op.43 , Daniil Trifonov ( piano ) , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2015 ) - Dvorak , Dvorak : Othello Overture - Symphony Nos . 6 & 7 , London Philharmonic Orchestra ( 2017 ) - Mendelssohn , Symphonies 1–5 , Chamber Orchestra of Europe and RIAS Kammerchor , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2017 ) - Prokofiev , VISIONS OF PROKOFIEV , Romeo and Juliet , Op.64 , Violin Concerto No.1 in D Major , Op.19 , Cinderella , Op.87 , Violin Concerto No.2 in G Minor , Op.63 , The Love For Three Oranges , Op.33 , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Bernstein , Mass , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Rachmaninov , Destination Rachmaninov : Departure , Piano Concertos 2&4 , Daniil Trifonov ( piano ) , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Mozart , Piano Concerto No.20 , K.466 , Seong-Jin Cho ( piano ) , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Mahler , Symphony No . 10 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ACD2 2711 ( recorded 2014 , released 2015 ) Vocal recitals . - Kurt Weill , Lieder , Diane Dufresne ( soprano ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2005 ) - Mozart , Lieder , Suzie LeBlanc ( soprano ) , Nézet-Séguin ( piano ) , ATMA Classique ( 2006 ) - Puccini , et al. , Marc Hervieux ( tenor ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2010 ) Operas . - Gounod , Roméo et Juliette , Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg ( Salzburg Festival ) , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2008 ) - Mozart , Don Giovanni , Mahler Chamber Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2012 ) - Mozart , Così fan tutte , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Mozart , Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2015 ) - Mozart , Le nozze di Figaro , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2016 ) - Mozart , La Clemenza di Tito , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) Operas on video . - Bizet , Carmen , Metropolitan Opera , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2010 ) - Dvorák , Rusalka , Metropolitan Opera , Decca Classics ( 2014 ) - Gounod , Faust , Metropolitan Opera , Decca Classics ( 2014 ) External links . - Official website ( in English and French ) - Orchestre Métropolitain du Grand Montréal biography - Askonas Holt agency biography - Biography at the Canadian Encyclopedia - Yannick Nézet-Séguin — A Soaring Talent by Wah Keung Chan , La Scena Musicale , 1 February 2000 ( in English and French ) . - Philadelphia Orchestra page on Nézet-Séguin - Interview at Classical WETA 90.9 FM - Governor Generals Performing Arts Awards Foundation , Yannick Nézet-Séguin : 2010 National Arts Centre Award , biography
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"the Philadelphia Orchestra"
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easy
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Who did Yannick Nézet-Séguin work for from Jun 2021 to 2026?
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/wiki/Yannick_Nézet-Séguin#P108#3
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Yannick Nézet-Séguin Yannick Nézet-Séguin , CC ( ; born Yannick Séguin ; 6 March 1975 ) is a Canadian ( Québécois ) conductor and pianist . He is currently music director of the Orchestre Métropolitain ( Montréal ) , the Metropolitan Opera , and the Philadelphia Orchestra . He was also principal conductor of the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra from 2008 to 2018 . Biography . Early years . Nézet-Séguin was born in Montreal on 6 March 1975 to two specialists in education , Serge P . Séguin , PhD , a university professor , and Claudine Nézet , M.A. , a university lecturer and coordinator . He began to study piano at age five , with Jeanne-dArc Lebrun-Lussier , and decided to become an orchestra conductor at age ten . Nézet-Séguin studied successively at St-Isaac-Jogues Primary School , at Collège Mont-Saint-Louis Secondary School and at Bois-de-Boulogne College . In the meantime , he was admitted to Anisia Camposs piano class , at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec where he earned five first prizes in piano and in four related musical subjects . He also studied choral conducting with Joseph Flummerfelt at the Westminster Choir College in Princeton , New Jersey , and did many master classes with renowned conductors ( George Benjamin , Roberto Carnevale , Daniele Gatti ) . Early career . At 19 , he met and was invited to follow Carlo Maria Giulini in rehearsals and concerts for more than a year . He became the musical director of the Chœur polyphonique de Montréal in 1994 and obtained the same post at Choeur de Laval in 1995 . In 1995 , he founded his own professional orchestral and vocal ensemble , La Chapelle de Montréal , with whom he performed two to four concerts a year until 2002 . He considers Charles Dutoit as his first inspiration as a child and Carlo Maria Giulini as his master . From 1998 to 2002 , Nézet-Séguin was chorus master , assistant conductor and music adviser of the Opéra de Montréal . Maestro Nézet-Séguin made his American conducting debut in 2002 at Sarasota Opera conducting Mozarts Così fan tutte . Orchestre Métropolitain . Nézet-Séguin became music director of the Orchestre Métropolitain ( Montréal ) in 2000 , and principal guest conductor of the Victoria Symphony ( British Columbia , Canada ) in 2003 . His most recent contract with the Orchestre Métropolitain , through 2010 , has since been extended through 2015 . In September 2015 , the orchestra announced a further extension of his contract through the 2020–21 season . In September 2019 , the orchestra announced its contract with Nézet-Séguin as a lifetime contract . He has conducted commercial recordings of symphonies of Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler with the Orchestre Métropolitain . Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra . In 2005 , Nézet-Séguin guest-conducted the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra ( RPhO ) for the first time , and returned in 2006 . In December 2006 , the RPhO announced the appointment of Nézet-Séguin as their 11th Principal Conductor , by a unanimous vote , starting with the 2008–09 concert season , with an initial contract of 4 years . In April 2010 , the RPhO announced the extension of his contract through 2015 . With the RPhO , Nézet-Séguin has recorded commercially for Virgin Classics and for EMI . In June 2013 , the RPhO further extended his contract through the summer of 2018 . In May 2015 , the RPhO announced the conclusion of Nézet-Séguins tenure as RPhO principal conductor at the end of the 2017–2018 season . He now has the title of Eredirigent ( honorary conductor ) of the RPhO . Philadelphia Orchestra . In December 2008 , Nézet-Séguin made his first appearance with the Philadelphia Orchestra , at the invitation of Charles Dutoit . He returned for a second guest-conducting engagement in December 2009 . In June 2010 , he was named the eighth Music Director of the Philadelphia Orchestra , starting with the 2012–13 season . He served as Music Director Designate from 2010 to 2012 . His initial contract as music director was for 5 seasons , with 7 weeks of scheduled concerts in the 2012–13 season , 15 weeks in the next 2 seasons , and 16 weeks in the subsequent 2 seasons of his Philadelphia contract . In January 2015 , the orchestra announced a five-year extension of Nézet-Séguins contract to the 2021–2022 season . In June 2016 , the orchestra announced a further extension of his contract , through the 2025–26 season . The Metropolitan Opera . Nézet-Séguin began annual appearances with the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 2009 , making his début on 31 December 2009 , conducting a new production of Carmen . There followed Don Carlo in 2010 and in 2015 , Faust in 2011 , La traviata in 2013 , and Rusalka in 2014 . He opened the Mets 2015–16 Season in September 2015 conducting a new production of Verdis Otello , and returned in 2017 to conduct Der fliegende Holländer . On 2 June 2016 , the Metropolitan Opera announced the appointment of Nézet-Séguin as the next music director , effective with the 2020–2021 season , with an initial contract of four years . He took the title of music director-designate as of the 2017–18 season . In February 2018 , the company announced that Nézet-Séguin would take the title of music director two years early , as of the 2018–2019 season , following the Mets termination of James Levine for sexual misconduct . Other major engagements . Nézet-Séguin made his UK conducting debut with the Northern Sinfonia in the 2005–06 season . He debuted with the London Philharmonic Orchestra ( LPO ) in March 2007 , and with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra in April 2007 . In November 2007 , the LPO appointed Nézet-Séguin as their principal guest conductor , starting with the 2008–09 season . Following a May 2010 extension of his contract as LPO principal guest conductor , he stood down from the post in 2014 . He made his Royal Opera House debut with Rusalka , the first stagings of the opera at Covent Garden , in 2012 . He is also an honorary member and guest conductor of the Chamber Orchestra of Europe . Personal life . Nézet-Séguin resides in Montreal and Philadelphia with his partner Pierre Tourville , a violist in the Orchestre Métropolitain . He has multiple pets , and has made a playlist on Spotify and Apple music for pets to listen to . Honours . - Virginia Parker Prize ( 2000 ) - Prix Opus ( 2005 ) - Royal Philharmonic Society Young artists ( 2009 ) - National Arts Centre Award , a companion award of the Governor Generals Performing Arts Awards ( 2010 ) - Doctorate honoris causa , UQAM ( 2011 ) - Prix Denise-Pelletier , Government of the Province of Quebec ( 2011 ) - Companion of the Order of Canada ( 2012 ) - Doctorate honoris causa in music , McGill University , Montreal ( 2017 ) - The Betty Webster Award , Orchestras Canada , Peterborough/Montreal ( 2020 ) Discography . Orchestral works . - Nino Rota , Concertos , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2003 ) - Glière , Saint-Saëns , Ravel , et al. , Conversations , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2003 ) - Mahler , Symphony no . 4 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2004 ) - Beethoven , Haydn , Caldara , et al. , Arianna a Naxos , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2004 ) - Arthur De Greef , Orchestral Works , Flemish Radio Orchestra , Klara ( 2004 ) - Saint-Saëns , Symphony No . 3 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2006 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 7 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2007 ) - Debussy , Britten , Pierre Mercure , La mer ( et al. ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2007 ) - Pierre Lapointe , En concert , Orchestre Métropolitain , Audiogram ( 2007 ) - Beethoven , Symphony No . 3 & Richard Strauss , Death and Transfiguration , Rotterdam Philharmonic , RPhO ( 2008 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 9 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2008 ) - Beethoven , Violin Concerto , & Korngold , Violin Concerto , Renaud Capuçon ( violin ) , Rotterdam Philharmonic , RPhO ( 2009 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 8 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2009 ) - Ravel , Orchestral works , Rotterdam Philharmonic , EMI Classics ( 2009 ) - Tchaikovsky , et al. , Fantasy : A Night at the Opera , Emmanuel Pahud ( flute ) , EMI Classics ( 2010 ) - Brahms , A German Requiem , London Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir , LPO Ltd ( 2010 ) - Berlioz , Symphonie fantastique , Rotterdam Philharmonic , BIS Records ( 2011 ) - Florent Schmitt , La tragédie de Salomé , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Debussy , et al. , Orchestre Métropolitain – 30 ans , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Richard Strauss , Ein Heldenleben & Vier letzte Lieder , with Dorothea Röschmann ( soprano ) , BIS Records ( 2011 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 4 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2011 ) - Mahler , Symphony No . 5 , The Philadelphia Orchestra ( 2011 ) - Bruckner , Symphony No . 6 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2013 ) - various , Portraits : The Clarinet Album , with Andreas Ottensamer , Rotterdam Philharmonic , Virgin Classics ( 2013 ) - Tchaikovsky , Symphony No . 6 , Pathétique , Rotterdam Philharmonic , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Stravinsky , Le Sacre du printemps , & Stokowski–Bach , Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Mahler , Das Lied von der Erde , London Philharmonic Orchestra , LPO Ltd ( 2013 ) - Joaquín Rodrigo & de Falla , Concertos , with Miloš Karadaglić ( guitar ) , London Philharmonic Orchestra , LPO Ltd ( 2014 ) - Robert Schumann , The ( Four ) Symphonies , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2014 ) - Rachmaninov , Rachmaninov Variations , Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini , Op.43 , Daniil Trifonov ( piano ) , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2015 ) - Dvorak , Dvorak : Othello Overture - Symphony Nos . 6 & 7 , London Philharmonic Orchestra ( 2017 ) - Mendelssohn , Symphonies 1–5 , Chamber Orchestra of Europe and RIAS Kammerchor , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2017 ) - Prokofiev , VISIONS OF PROKOFIEV , Romeo and Juliet , Op.64 , Violin Concerto No.1 in D Major , Op.19 , Cinderella , Op.87 , Violin Concerto No.2 in G Minor , Op.63 , The Love For Three Oranges , Op.33 , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Bernstein , Mass , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Rachmaninov , Destination Rachmaninov : Departure , Piano Concertos 2&4 , Daniil Trifonov ( piano ) , The Philadelphia Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Mozart , Piano Concerto No.20 , K.466 , Seong-Jin Cho ( piano ) , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) - Mahler , Symphony No . 10 , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ACD2 2711 ( recorded 2014 , released 2015 ) Vocal recitals . - Kurt Weill , Lieder , Diane Dufresne ( soprano ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2005 ) - Mozart , Lieder , Suzie LeBlanc ( soprano ) , Nézet-Séguin ( piano ) , ATMA Classique ( 2006 ) - Puccini , et al. , Marc Hervieux ( tenor ) , Orchestre Métropolitain , ATMA Classique ( 2010 ) Operas . - Gounod , Roméo et Juliette , Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg ( Salzburg Festival ) , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2008 ) - Mozart , Don Giovanni , Mahler Chamber Orchestra , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2012 ) - Mozart , Così fan tutte , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2013 ) - Mozart , Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2015 ) - Mozart , Le nozze di Figaro , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2016 ) - Mozart , La Clemenza di Tito , Chamber Orchestra of Europe , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2018 ) Operas on video . - Bizet , Carmen , Metropolitan Opera , Deutsche Grammophon ( 2010 ) - Dvorák , Rusalka , Metropolitan Opera , Decca Classics ( 2014 ) - Gounod , Faust , Metropolitan Opera , Decca Classics ( 2014 ) External links . - Official website ( in English and French ) - Orchestre Métropolitain du Grand Montréal biography - Askonas Holt agency biography - Biography at the Canadian Encyclopedia - Yannick Nézet-Séguin — A Soaring Talent by Wah Keung Chan , La Scena Musicale , 1 February 2000 ( in English and French ) . - Philadelphia Orchestra page on Nézet-Séguin - Interview at Classical WETA 90.9 FM - Governor Generals Performing Arts Awards Foundation , Yannick Nézet-Séguin : 2010 National Arts Centre Award , biography
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"SC Veendam"
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easy
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Which team did Norair Aslanyan play for from 2009 to 2010?
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/wiki/Norair_Aslanyan#P54#0
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Norair Aslanyan Norair Aslanyan ( ; né Norair Mamedov ; born 25 March 1991 ) is an Armenian footballer who plays as a winger for OFC Oostzaan in the Dutch Derde Divisie . Early life . Aslanyan was born on 25 March 1991 in the village of Karahunj in the Armenian SSR , to Armenian parents . Prior to his birth , the family had adopted the Azerbaijani surname of Mamedov in order to move to Europe easily and get the status of Azeri refugees during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War . The family later moved to the Netherlands . Aslanyan grew up speaking both Dutch and Armenian . Club career . Aslanyan started playing football in the Netherlands at the age of 13 with the youth team of FC Groningen . At 17 , Aslanyan was part of the FC Groningen team that became the junior champions of the Netherlands ; he also participated in a youth tournament held in the United States , where the team took 2nd place . While playing with the youth team , he was noticed by coaches from the first team . In 2009 , he was loaned to SC Veendam , scoring two goals in his debut game for their youth team . In October 2010 , Aslanyan was loaned to SC Cambuur . He played for the clubs senior team in the Eerste Divisie , while also training with FC Groningen . As part of Cambuur , he made his senior , professional debut on 15 October 2010 in a match against RKC Waalwijk ; the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Aslanyan made a total of 7 league appearances during his loan spell , as well as one appearance in the KNVB Cup . Following the end of his loan , Aslanyan made his senior debut for Groningen on 3 March 2011 in the Eredivisie league , losing 1–4 at home to Heracles Almelo . He made four further league appearances for the club . Aslanyan was loaned to FC Zwolle later in the season . At the end of the season , he moved to FC Emmen on a free transfer . He signed for Willem II in July 2013 . After one season , he was sent on loan to Almere City . After a spell in Armenia with Alashkert , he returned to Dutch club FC Emmen in January 2018 . On 27 May 2019 it was confirmed , that Aslanyan had joined OFC Oostzaan . International career . On 20 February 2012 , Armenian national manager Vardan Minasyan called Aslanyan up to the senior national team squad for forthcoming friendly matches against Serbia and Canada . However , he was forced to withdraw from the squad due to an injury he had picked up playing club football . Aslanyan received a further call-up in May 2012 . In January 2013 , he received yet another call-up for the Armenian national team . He made his national team debut against Luxembourg national team on 5 February 2013 . Style of play . Aslanyan plays as an attacker , and is known for his speed and acceleration . Personal life . Norair is married to Anna Aslanyan . They both met at an Armenian party in the Netherlands and began dating afterwards . He changed his surname to hers before he joined the Armenian national squad . After changing his name to Norair Aslanyan , he briefly played under the name Aslanyan-Mamedov before a final decision on his documents was made . Aslanyan has a number of tattoos – a drawing of some roses are depicted , and the first letters are the names of his family , written in the Armenian language , on his hands .
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"Groningen"
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Which team did Norair Aslanyan play for from 2011 to 2012?
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/wiki/Norair_Aslanyan#P54#1
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Norair Aslanyan Norair Aslanyan ( ; né Norair Mamedov ; born 25 March 1991 ) is an Armenian footballer who plays as a winger for OFC Oostzaan in the Dutch Derde Divisie . Early life . Aslanyan was born on 25 March 1991 in the village of Karahunj in the Armenian SSR , to Armenian parents . Prior to his birth , the family had adopted the Azerbaijani surname of Mamedov in order to move to Europe easily and get the status of Azeri refugees during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War . The family later moved to the Netherlands . Aslanyan grew up speaking both Dutch and Armenian . Club career . Aslanyan started playing football in the Netherlands at the age of 13 with the youth team of FC Groningen . At 17 , Aslanyan was part of the FC Groningen team that became the junior champions of the Netherlands ; he also participated in a youth tournament held in the United States , where the team took 2nd place . While playing with the youth team , he was noticed by coaches from the first team . In 2009 , he was loaned to SC Veendam , scoring two goals in his debut game for their youth team . In October 2010 , Aslanyan was loaned to SC Cambuur . He played for the clubs senior team in the Eerste Divisie , while also training with FC Groningen . As part of Cambuur , he made his senior , professional debut on 15 October 2010 in a match against RKC Waalwijk ; the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Aslanyan made a total of 7 league appearances during his loan spell , as well as one appearance in the KNVB Cup . Following the end of his loan , Aslanyan made his senior debut for Groningen on 3 March 2011 in the Eredivisie league , losing 1–4 at home to Heracles Almelo . He made four further league appearances for the club . Aslanyan was loaned to FC Zwolle later in the season . At the end of the season , he moved to FC Emmen on a free transfer . He signed for Willem II in July 2013 . After one season , he was sent on loan to Almere City . After a spell in Armenia with Alashkert , he returned to Dutch club FC Emmen in January 2018 . On 27 May 2019 it was confirmed , that Aslanyan had joined OFC Oostzaan . International career . On 20 February 2012 , Armenian national manager Vardan Minasyan called Aslanyan up to the senior national team squad for forthcoming friendly matches against Serbia and Canada . However , he was forced to withdraw from the squad due to an injury he had picked up playing club football . Aslanyan received a further call-up in May 2012 . In January 2013 , he received yet another call-up for the Armenian national team . He made his national team debut against Luxembourg national team on 5 February 2013 . Style of play . Aslanyan plays as an attacker , and is known for his speed and acceleration . Personal life . Norair is married to Anna Aslanyan . They both met at an Armenian party in the Netherlands and began dating afterwards . He changed his surname to hers before he joined the Armenian national squad . After changing his name to Norair Aslanyan , he briefly played under the name Aslanyan-Mamedov before a final decision on his documents was made . Aslanyan has a number of tattoos – a drawing of some roses are depicted , and the first letters are the names of his family , written in the Armenian language , on his hands .
|
[
"FC Zwolle"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Norair Aslanyan play for from 2012 to 2013?
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/wiki/Norair_Aslanyan#P54#2
|
Norair Aslanyan Norair Aslanyan ( ; né Norair Mamedov ; born 25 March 1991 ) is an Armenian footballer who plays as a winger for OFC Oostzaan in the Dutch Derde Divisie . Early life . Aslanyan was born on 25 March 1991 in the village of Karahunj in the Armenian SSR , to Armenian parents . Prior to his birth , the family had adopted the Azerbaijani surname of Mamedov in order to move to Europe easily and get the status of Azeri refugees during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War . The family later moved to the Netherlands . Aslanyan grew up speaking both Dutch and Armenian . Club career . Aslanyan started playing football in the Netherlands at the age of 13 with the youth team of FC Groningen . At 17 , Aslanyan was part of the FC Groningen team that became the junior champions of the Netherlands ; he also participated in a youth tournament held in the United States , where the team took 2nd place . While playing with the youth team , he was noticed by coaches from the first team . In 2009 , he was loaned to SC Veendam , scoring two goals in his debut game for their youth team . In October 2010 , Aslanyan was loaned to SC Cambuur . He played for the clubs senior team in the Eerste Divisie , while also training with FC Groningen . As part of Cambuur , he made his senior , professional debut on 15 October 2010 in a match against RKC Waalwijk ; the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Aslanyan made a total of 7 league appearances during his loan spell , as well as one appearance in the KNVB Cup . Following the end of his loan , Aslanyan made his senior debut for Groningen on 3 March 2011 in the Eredivisie league , losing 1–4 at home to Heracles Almelo . He made four further league appearances for the club . Aslanyan was loaned to FC Zwolle later in the season . At the end of the season , he moved to FC Emmen on a free transfer . He signed for Willem II in July 2013 . After one season , he was sent on loan to Almere City . After a spell in Armenia with Alashkert , he returned to Dutch club FC Emmen in January 2018 . On 27 May 2019 it was confirmed , that Aslanyan had joined OFC Oostzaan . International career . On 20 February 2012 , Armenian national manager Vardan Minasyan called Aslanyan up to the senior national team squad for forthcoming friendly matches against Serbia and Canada . However , he was forced to withdraw from the squad due to an injury he had picked up playing club football . Aslanyan received a further call-up in May 2012 . In January 2013 , he received yet another call-up for the Armenian national team . He made his national team debut against Luxembourg national team on 5 February 2013 . Style of play . Aslanyan plays as an attacker , and is known for his speed and acceleration . Personal life . Norair is married to Anna Aslanyan . They both met at an Armenian party in the Netherlands and began dating afterwards . He changed his surname to hers before he joined the Armenian national squad . After changing his name to Norair Aslanyan , he briefly played under the name Aslanyan-Mamedov before a final decision on his documents was made . Aslanyan has a number of tattoos – a drawing of some roses are depicted , and the first letters are the names of his family , written in the Armenian language , on his hands .
|
[
"FC Emmen"
] |
easy
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Norair Aslanyan played for which team from 2013 to 2014?
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/wiki/Norair_Aslanyan#P54#3
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Norair Aslanyan Norair Aslanyan ( ; né Norair Mamedov ; born 25 March 1991 ) is an Armenian footballer who plays as a winger for OFC Oostzaan in the Dutch Derde Divisie . Early life . Aslanyan was born on 25 March 1991 in the village of Karahunj in the Armenian SSR , to Armenian parents . Prior to his birth , the family had adopted the Azerbaijani surname of Mamedov in order to move to Europe easily and get the status of Azeri refugees during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War . The family later moved to the Netherlands . Aslanyan grew up speaking both Dutch and Armenian . Club career . Aslanyan started playing football in the Netherlands at the age of 13 with the youth team of FC Groningen . At 17 , Aslanyan was part of the FC Groningen team that became the junior champions of the Netherlands ; he also participated in a youth tournament held in the United States , where the team took 2nd place . While playing with the youth team , he was noticed by coaches from the first team . In 2009 , he was loaned to SC Veendam , scoring two goals in his debut game for their youth team . In October 2010 , Aslanyan was loaned to SC Cambuur . He played for the clubs senior team in the Eerste Divisie , while also training with FC Groningen . As part of Cambuur , he made his senior , professional debut on 15 October 2010 in a match against RKC Waalwijk ; the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Aslanyan made a total of 7 league appearances during his loan spell , as well as one appearance in the KNVB Cup . Following the end of his loan , Aslanyan made his senior debut for Groningen on 3 March 2011 in the Eredivisie league , losing 1–4 at home to Heracles Almelo . He made four further league appearances for the club . Aslanyan was loaned to FC Zwolle later in the season . At the end of the season , he moved to FC Emmen on a free transfer . He signed for Willem II in July 2013 . After one season , he was sent on loan to Almere City . After a spell in Armenia with Alashkert , he returned to Dutch club FC Emmen in January 2018 . On 27 May 2019 it was confirmed , that Aslanyan had joined OFC Oostzaan . International career . On 20 February 2012 , Armenian national manager Vardan Minasyan called Aslanyan up to the senior national team squad for forthcoming friendly matches against Serbia and Canada . However , he was forced to withdraw from the squad due to an injury he had picked up playing club football . Aslanyan received a further call-up in May 2012 . In January 2013 , he received yet another call-up for the Armenian national team . He made his national team debut against Luxembourg national team on 5 February 2013 . Style of play . Aslanyan plays as an attacker , and is known for his speed and acceleration . Personal life . Norair is married to Anna Aslanyan . They both met at an Armenian party in the Netherlands and began dating afterwards . He changed his surname to hers before he joined the Armenian national squad . After changing his name to Norair Aslanyan , he briefly played under the name Aslanyan-Mamedov before a final decision on his documents was made . Aslanyan has a number of tattoos – a drawing of some roses are depicted , and the first letters are the names of his family , written in the Armenian language , on his hands .
|
[
"Almere City"
] |
easy
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Which team did Norair Aslanyan play for from 2014 to 2016?
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/wiki/Norair_Aslanyan#P54#4
|
Norair Aslanyan Norair Aslanyan ( ; né Norair Mamedov ; born 25 March 1991 ) is an Armenian footballer who plays as a winger for OFC Oostzaan in the Dutch Derde Divisie . Early life . Aslanyan was born on 25 March 1991 in the village of Karahunj in the Armenian SSR , to Armenian parents . Prior to his birth , the family had adopted the Azerbaijani surname of Mamedov in order to move to Europe easily and get the status of Azeri refugees during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War . The family later moved to the Netherlands . Aslanyan grew up speaking both Dutch and Armenian . Club career . Aslanyan started playing football in the Netherlands at the age of 13 with the youth team of FC Groningen . At 17 , Aslanyan was part of the FC Groningen team that became the junior champions of the Netherlands ; he also participated in a youth tournament held in the United States , where the team took 2nd place . While playing with the youth team , he was noticed by coaches from the first team . In 2009 , he was loaned to SC Veendam , scoring two goals in his debut game for their youth team . In October 2010 , Aslanyan was loaned to SC Cambuur . He played for the clubs senior team in the Eerste Divisie , while also training with FC Groningen . As part of Cambuur , he made his senior , professional debut on 15 October 2010 in a match against RKC Waalwijk ; the match ended in a 1–1 draw . Aslanyan made a total of 7 league appearances during his loan spell , as well as one appearance in the KNVB Cup . Following the end of his loan , Aslanyan made his senior debut for Groningen on 3 March 2011 in the Eredivisie league , losing 1–4 at home to Heracles Almelo . He made four further league appearances for the club . Aslanyan was loaned to FC Zwolle later in the season . At the end of the season , he moved to FC Emmen on a free transfer . He signed for Willem II in July 2013 . After one season , he was sent on loan to Almere City . After a spell in Armenia with Alashkert , he returned to Dutch club FC Emmen in January 2018 . On 27 May 2019 it was confirmed , that Aslanyan had joined OFC Oostzaan . International career . On 20 February 2012 , Armenian national manager Vardan Minasyan called Aslanyan up to the senior national team squad for forthcoming friendly matches against Serbia and Canada . However , he was forced to withdraw from the squad due to an injury he had picked up playing club football . Aslanyan received a further call-up in May 2012 . In January 2013 , he received yet another call-up for the Armenian national team . He made his national team debut against Luxembourg national team on 5 February 2013 . Style of play . Aslanyan plays as an attacker , and is known for his speed and acceleration . Personal life . Norair is married to Anna Aslanyan . They both met at an Armenian party in the Netherlands and began dating afterwards . He changed his surname to hers before he joined the Armenian national squad . After changing his name to Norair Aslanyan , he briefly played under the name Aslanyan-Mamedov before a final decision on his documents was made . Aslanyan has a number of tattoos – a drawing of some roses are depicted , and the first letters are the names of his family , written in the Armenian language , on his hands .
|
[
"Desert Vista"
] |
easy
|
Brandon Clarke went to which school from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Brandon_Clarke#P69#0
|
Brandon Clarke Brandon Clarke ( born September 19 , 1996 ) is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Gonzaga Bulldogs and San Jose State University Spartans men’s basketball team . He was drafted 21st overall by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the 2019 NBA draft and then immediately traded to the Grizzlies . He was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team in 2020 . Sister : Aliyah Eline Clarke ( 12 ) Early life and high school career . Clarke was born in Vancouver , British Columbia to a Canadian mother and Jamaican father . At age three , Clarke moved with his family to the U.S . city of Phoenix , Arizona ; he is now a dual citizen of Canada and the U.S . He attended Desert Vista High School in Phoenix . He was named All-Arizona Division 1 honoree by the Arizona Republic after leading Desert Vista to the championship game in 2015 . College career . He played two seasons for the San Jose State Spartans . As a freshman he was named Mountain West Six Man of the Year by the leagues head coaches after putting up 10.1 points and 7.3 rebounds in conference play . As a sophomore , he averaged 17.3 points , 8.7 rebounds , 2.6 blocks , and 2.3 assists on route to being named All-Mountain West First Team and Mountain West All-Defensive Team . After the season he decided to transfer to Gonzaga , where he redshirted the 2017-18 season . In his junior season at Gonzaga , Clarke continued onward with his improvements to be named the West Coast Conferences Newcomer of the Year , Defensive Player of the Year , and be named a member of the All-WCC First Team . Clarke was the first player in WCC history to win both their Newcomer of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year honors in the same season . He was also named to the All-American Third Team by the Sporting News . On March 23 , 2019 , Clarke recorded a career-high 36 points alongside 8 rebounds , 5 blocks , and 3 assists in a 83–71 win over #9 seeded Baylor . He became the third player in NCAA Tournament history to record a game of 35+ points alongside 5 blocks , joining Shaquille ONeal and David Robinson as the only players to do so . Clarke also broke a team record in points scored in an NCAA Tournament game , breaking a record previously set by Adam Morrison . Professional career . Memphis Grizzlies ( 2019–present ) . Clarke was selected in the first round of the 2019 NBA draft with the 21st overall pick . On July 7 , 2019 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that they had officially acquired the right to Clarke from the Oklahoma City Thunder for draft right to Darius Bazley and a future second round draft pick and signed Clarke to a two-year contract worth $5,081,760 . With four double-doubles , he was named the most valuable player ( MVP ) of the 2019 NBA Summer League . He had 15 points , 16 rebounds , 4 assists , and 3 blocks in the championship game to lead Memphis to the league championship , and earned game MVP honors as well , becoming the first player in Summer League history to win both honors . On October 23 , 2019 , Clarke made his debut in NBA , coming off from bench in a 101–120 loss to the Miami Heat with eight points , seven rebounds , an assist and a block . He had 27 points on 13-of-19 shooting and seven rebounds in a loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder on December 19 . On February 25 , 2020 , it was announced that Clarke will be sidelined because of a right quadricep injury . On September 15 , 2020 , Clarke was named 2019–20 NBA All-Rookie First Team by the NBA . On December 16 , 2020 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that they had exercised option on Clarke . External links . - Gonzaga Bulldogs bio - San Jose State Spartans bio
|
[
"San Jose State"
] |
easy
|
Which school did Brandon Clarke go to from 2015 to 2017?
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/wiki/Brandon_Clarke#P69#1
|
Brandon Clarke Brandon Clarke ( born September 19 , 1996 ) is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Gonzaga Bulldogs and San Jose State University Spartans men’s basketball team . He was drafted 21st overall by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the 2019 NBA draft and then immediately traded to the Grizzlies . He was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team in 2020 . Sister : Aliyah Eline Clarke ( 12 ) Early life and high school career . Clarke was born in Vancouver , British Columbia to a Canadian mother and Jamaican father . At age three , Clarke moved with his family to the U.S . city of Phoenix , Arizona ; he is now a dual citizen of Canada and the U.S . He attended Desert Vista High School in Phoenix . He was named All-Arizona Division 1 honoree by the Arizona Republic after leading Desert Vista to the championship game in 2015 . College career . He played two seasons for the San Jose State Spartans . As a freshman he was named Mountain West Six Man of the Year by the leagues head coaches after putting up 10.1 points and 7.3 rebounds in conference play . As a sophomore , he averaged 17.3 points , 8.7 rebounds , 2.6 blocks , and 2.3 assists on route to being named All-Mountain West First Team and Mountain West All-Defensive Team . After the season he decided to transfer to Gonzaga , where he redshirted the 2017-18 season . In his junior season at Gonzaga , Clarke continued onward with his improvements to be named the West Coast Conferences Newcomer of the Year , Defensive Player of the Year , and be named a member of the All-WCC First Team . Clarke was the first player in WCC history to win both their Newcomer of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year honors in the same season . He was also named to the All-American Third Team by the Sporting News . On March 23 , 2019 , Clarke recorded a career-high 36 points alongside 8 rebounds , 5 blocks , and 3 assists in a 83–71 win over #9 seeded Baylor . He became the third player in NCAA Tournament history to record a game of 35+ points alongside 5 blocks , joining Shaquille ONeal and David Robinson as the only players to do so . Clarke also broke a team record in points scored in an NCAA Tournament game , breaking a record previously set by Adam Morrison . Professional career . Memphis Grizzlies ( 2019–present ) . Clarke was selected in the first round of the 2019 NBA draft with the 21st overall pick . On July 7 , 2019 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that they had officially acquired the right to Clarke from the Oklahoma City Thunder for draft right to Darius Bazley and a future second round draft pick and signed Clarke to a two-year contract worth $5,081,760 . With four double-doubles , he was named the most valuable player ( MVP ) of the 2019 NBA Summer League . He had 15 points , 16 rebounds , 4 assists , and 3 blocks in the championship game to lead Memphis to the league championship , and earned game MVP honors as well , becoming the first player in Summer League history to win both honors . On October 23 , 2019 , Clarke made his debut in NBA , coming off from bench in a 101–120 loss to the Miami Heat with eight points , seven rebounds , an assist and a block . He had 27 points on 13-of-19 shooting and seven rebounds in a loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder on December 19 . On February 25 , 2020 , it was announced that Clarke will be sidelined because of a right quadricep injury . On September 15 , 2020 , Clarke was named 2019–20 NBA All-Rookie First Team by the NBA . On December 16 , 2020 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that they had exercised option on Clarke . External links . - Gonzaga Bulldogs bio - San Jose State Spartans bio
|
[
"Gonzaga"
] |
easy
|
Brandon Clarke went to which school from 2017 to 2018?
|
/wiki/Brandon_Clarke#P69#2
|
Brandon Clarke Brandon Clarke ( born September 19 , 1996 ) is a Canadian professional basketball player for the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Gonzaga Bulldogs and San Jose State University Spartans men’s basketball team . He was drafted 21st overall by the Oklahoma City Thunder in the 2019 NBA draft and then immediately traded to the Grizzlies . He was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team in 2020 . Sister : Aliyah Eline Clarke ( 12 ) Early life and high school career . Clarke was born in Vancouver , British Columbia to a Canadian mother and Jamaican father . At age three , Clarke moved with his family to the U.S . city of Phoenix , Arizona ; he is now a dual citizen of Canada and the U.S . He attended Desert Vista High School in Phoenix . He was named All-Arizona Division 1 honoree by the Arizona Republic after leading Desert Vista to the championship game in 2015 . College career . He played two seasons for the San Jose State Spartans . As a freshman he was named Mountain West Six Man of the Year by the leagues head coaches after putting up 10.1 points and 7.3 rebounds in conference play . As a sophomore , he averaged 17.3 points , 8.7 rebounds , 2.6 blocks , and 2.3 assists on route to being named All-Mountain West First Team and Mountain West All-Defensive Team . After the season he decided to transfer to Gonzaga , where he redshirted the 2017-18 season . In his junior season at Gonzaga , Clarke continued onward with his improvements to be named the West Coast Conferences Newcomer of the Year , Defensive Player of the Year , and be named a member of the All-WCC First Team . Clarke was the first player in WCC history to win both their Newcomer of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year honors in the same season . He was also named to the All-American Third Team by the Sporting News . On March 23 , 2019 , Clarke recorded a career-high 36 points alongside 8 rebounds , 5 blocks , and 3 assists in a 83–71 win over #9 seeded Baylor . He became the third player in NCAA Tournament history to record a game of 35+ points alongside 5 blocks , joining Shaquille ONeal and David Robinson as the only players to do so . Clarke also broke a team record in points scored in an NCAA Tournament game , breaking a record previously set by Adam Morrison . Professional career . Memphis Grizzlies ( 2019–present ) . Clarke was selected in the first round of the 2019 NBA draft with the 21st overall pick . On July 7 , 2019 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that they had officially acquired the right to Clarke from the Oklahoma City Thunder for draft right to Darius Bazley and a future second round draft pick and signed Clarke to a two-year contract worth $5,081,760 . With four double-doubles , he was named the most valuable player ( MVP ) of the 2019 NBA Summer League . He had 15 points , 16 rebounds , 4 assists , and 3 blocks in the championship game to lead Memphis to the league championship , and earned game MVP honors as well , becoming the first player in Summer League history to win both honors . On October 23 , 2019 , Clarke made his debut in NBA , coming off from bench in a 101–120 loss to the Miami Heat with eight points , seven rebounds , an assist and a block . He had 27 points on 13-of-19 shooting and seven rebounds in a loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder on December 19 . On February 25 , 2020 , it was announced that Clarke will be sidelined because of a right quadricep injury . On September 15 , 2020 , Clarke was named 2019–20 NBA All-Rookie First Team by the NBA . On December 16 , 2020 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that they had exercised option on Clarke . External links . - Gonzaga Bulldogs bio - San Jose State Spartans bio
|
[
"André Parizeau"
] |
easy
|
Who was the chair of Parti communiste du Québec (sovereigntist) from 1998 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Parti_communiste_du_Québec_(sovereigntist)#P488#0
|
Parti communiste du Québec ( sovereigntist ) The Parti communiste du Québec ( PCQ ) is a communist and sovereigntist political party registered with Élections Québec from 2005 to 2012 . It split from the Communist Party of Canada-aligned Communist Party of Quebec ( PCQ-PCC ) in 2005 at a national convention on the question of Quebec independence . From 2006 to 30 July 2012 , the Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec authorized a provincial political party led by André Parizeau to use the name Parti communiste du Québec . However , this authorization was withdrawn because the party no longer had one hundred card-carrying members . In 2014 the party left Québec solidaire and now supports the Parti Québécois . The split in the PCQ . The Union des forces progressistes ( UFP ) agreed to place the question of Quebec independence as intertwined with social or class issues . This was hotly debated as the party transformed into Québec solidaire . The debate moved over into the PCQ as well . These positions were questioned by the provincial leader of the party , André Parizeau , who formulated a series of amendments in support of immediate independence in 2004 which were rejected by both the provincial National Executive Committee ( NEC ) ( by a vote of 4–2 ) and the federal Central Executive Committee ( by a vote of 7–1 ) . In January 2005 , Parizeau wrote a letter to PCQ members declaring that the party was in crisis and , describing the four NEC members who opposed his amendments as a federalist Gang of Four , he summarily dismissed them . Although his Quebec nationalist point of view held a majority at the PCQs convention of April 2005 , who was granted voting rights was highly disputed . Parizeau was subsequently expelled by the party . Around the same time , his group announced their withdrawal from the CPC . However , after a dispute where both groups presented documentation under the same name , the official Directeur général des élections du Québec on 3 April 2006 , recognized the Parti communiste du Québec led by André Parizeau . The Central Committee of the party , however , affirmed the authority of the previous Quebec National Executive Committee in 18–19 June 2005 . The non-registered CPC-aligned PCQ held a new convention which restarted a communist French-language periodical , Clarté , and later opened an office and small reading room , launched an active website , and re-affiliated with Quebec Solidaire as an organized group . They work closely with the youth and student organization , the Ligue de la jeunesse communiste du Quebec . 2007 provincial election . In 2007 the Parti communiste du Québec decided not to run candidates in the provincial election and rather to support those of Quebec Solidaire . It should be specified that , before the split , the PCQ was one of the party-founders of the UFP , interdependent ancestor of Quebec Solidaire . The nationalist PCQ decided to remain active only in order to prevent another new political formation taking its name . Parizeau , executive committee member Francis Gagnon-Bergmann and Jocelyn Parent were candidates for Quebec Solidaire in the districts of Acadie , Blainville and Mirabel . The original PCQ-PCC also participated in the 2007 elections , running three candidates under the banner of Quebec Solidaire , as well as offering its own independent perspective on the election . 2008 provincial election . Four members of the nationalist PCQ were presented as candidates in the election under the banner of Quebec solidaire ; Gagnon-Bergmann in Blainville , Parizeau in Acadie , executive member Sabrina Perreault in Terrebonne and Jean Nicolas Denis in Bellechasse . 2012 provincial election . The nationalist PCQ lost its certification as the PCQ with the Director of Elections Quebec , and failed to nominate any candidates . It advocated for a united coalition of Quebec Solidaire with the PQ and Option nationale . The original PCQ-PCC again participated in the 2007 election under the banner of Quebec Solidaire , focusing on the campaign of one candidate in Acadie ( bumping out the leader of the nationalist PCQ ) . The PCQ-PCC also presented its own independent perspective on the election and the question of voting and the student struggle . 2014 provincial election . No members of the PCQ presented themselves in the provincial election under the banner of Quebec Solidaire . The nationalist PCQ broke with Quebec Solidaire shortly after the defeat of the Parti Quebecois in the Quebec provincial election . It advocated for a broad-tent coalition of all nationalist groups moving towards independence . Moreover , it expressed support of Pierre Karl Péladeau in the Parti Quebecois leadership race . Current status . On 17 July 2012 , the Chief Electoral Officer of Québec stated he wished to remove the authorization given to the provincial party led by Parizeau , in agreement with the Election Act , because of its failure to maintain at least 100 qualified electors . The authorization was withdrawn on 30 July 2012 . At a congress in September , the nationalist PCQ led by Parizeau indicated it wished to regain the authorization and was actively recruiting to fulfill the requirements . In 2019 , Parizeau disavowed the PCQ in order to be accepted as a candidate for the Bloc Québécois in the 2019 federal election . Spokespersons . - André Parizeau ( 2004–2008 ) - Francis Gagnon-Bergmann ( 2008–2011 ) - André Parizeau ( 2011–2012 ) - Guy Roy and Gabriel Proulx ( 2012–present ) External links . - Regarding the other PCQ — statement by Parizeau on the split - Nationalist attempt to control PCQ defeated — CPC statement on the split - La Voix du Peuple — the PCQs former newspape
|
[
"Francis Gagnon-Bergmann"
] |
easy
|
Who was the chair of Parti communiste du Québec (sovereigntist) from Oct 2008 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Parti_communiste_du_Québec_(sovereigntist)#P488#1
|
Parti communiste du Québec ( sovereigntist ) The Parti communiste du Québec ( PCQ ) is a communist and sovereigntist political party registered with Élections Québec from 2005 to 2012 . It split from the Communist Party of Canada-aligned Communist Party of Quebec ( PCQ-PCC ) in 2005 at a national convention on the question of Quebec independence . From 2006 to 30 July 2012 , the Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec authorized a provincial political party led by André Parizeau to use the name Parti communiste du Québec . However , this authorization was withdrawn because the party no longer had one hundred card-carrying members . In 2014 the party left Québec solidaire and now supports the Parti Québécois . The split in the PCQ . The Union des forces progressistes ( UFP ) agreed to place the question of Quebec independence as intertwined with social or class issues . This was hotly debated as the party transformed into Québec solidaire . The debate moved over into the PCQ as well . These positions were questioned by the provincial leader of the party , André Parizeau , who formulated a series of amendments in support of immediate independence in 2004 which were rejected by both the provincial National Executive Committee ( NEC ) ( by a vote of 4–2 ) and the federal Central Executive Committee ( by a vote of 7–1 ) . In January 2005 , Parizeau wrote a letter to PCQ members declaring that the party was in crisis and , describing the four NEC members who opposed his amendments as a federalist Gang of Four , he summarily dismissed them . Although his Quebec nationalist point of view held a majority at the PCQs convention of April 2005 , who was granted voting rights was highly disputed . Parizeau was subsequently expelled by the party . Around the same time , his group announced their withdrawal from the CPC . However , after a dispute where both groups presented documentation under the same name , the official Directeur général des élections du Québec on 3 April 2006 , recognized the Parti communiste du Québec led by André Parizeau . The Central Committee of the party , however , affirmed the authority of the previous Quebec National Executive Committee in 18–19 June 2005 . The non-registered CPC-aligned PCQ held a new convention which restarted a communist French-language periodical , Clarté , and later opened an office and small reading room , launched an active website , and re-affiliated with Quebec Solidaire as an organized group . They work closely with the youth and student organization , the Ligue de la jeunesse communiste du Quebec . 2007 provincial election . In 2007 the Parti communiste du Québec decided not to run candidates in the provincial election and rather to support those of Quebec Solidaire . It should be specified that , before the split , the PCQ was one of the party-founders of the UFP , interdependent ancestor of Quebec Solidaire . The nationalist PCQ decided to remain active only in order to prevent another new political formation taking its name . Parizeau , executive committee member Francis Gagnon-Bergmann and Jocelyn Parent were candidates for Quebec Solidaire in the districts of Acadie , Blainville and Mirabel . The original PCQ-PCC also participated in the 2007 elections , running three candidates under the banner of Quebec Solidaire , as well as offering its own independent perspective on the election . 2008 provincial election . Four members of the nationalist PCQ were presented as candidates in the election under the banner of Quebec solidaire ; Gagnon-Bergmann in Blainville , Parizeau in Acadie , executive member Sabrina Perreault in Terrebonne and Jean Nicolas Denis in Bellechasse . 2012 provincial election . The nationalist PCQ lost its certification as the PCQ with the Director of Elections Quebec , and failed to nominate any candidates . It advocated for a united coalition of Quebec Solidaire with the PQ and Option nationale . The original PCQ-PCC again participated in the 2007 election under the banner of Quebec Solidaire , focusing on the campaign of one candidate in Acadie ( bumping out the leader of the nationalist PCQ ) . The PCQ-PCC also presented its own independent perspective on the election and the question of voting and the student struggle . 2014 provincial election . No members of the PCQ presented themselves in the provincial election under the banner of Quebec Solidaire . The nationalist PCQ broke with Quebec Solidaire shortly after the defeat of the Parti Quebecois in the Quebec provincial election . It advocated for a broad-tent coalition of all nationalist groups moving towards independence . Moreover , it expressed support of Pierre Karl Péladeau in the Parti Quebecois leadership race . Current status . On 17 July 2012 , the Chief Electoral Officer of Québec stated he wished to remove the authorization given to the provincial party led by Parizeau , in agreement with the Election Act , because of its failure to maintain at least 100 qualified electors . The authorization was withdrawn on 30 July 2012 . At a congress in September , the nationalist PCQ led by Parizeau indicated it wished to regain the authorization and was actively recruiting to fulfill the requirements . In 2019 , Parizeau disavowed the PCQ in order to be accepted as a candidate for the Bloc Québécois in the 2019 federal election . Spokespersons . - André Parizeau ( 2004–2008 ) - Francis Gagnon-Bergmann ( 2008–2011 ) - André Parizeau ( 2011–2012 ) - Guy Roy and Gabriel Proulx ( 2012–present ) External links . - Regarding the other PCQ — statement by Parizeau on the split - Nationalist attempt to control PCQ defeated — CPC statement on the split - La Voix du Peuple — the PCQs former newspape
|
[
"André Parizeau"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Parti communiste du Québec (sovereigntist) from 2011 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Parti_communiste_du_Québec_(sovereigntist)#P488#2
|
Parti communiste du Québec ( sovereigntist ) The Parti communiste du Québec ( PCQ ) is a communist and sovereigntist political party registered with Élections Québec from 2005 to 2012 . It split from the Communist Party of Canada-aligned Communist Party of Quebec ( PCQ-PCC ) in 2005 at a national convention on the question of Quebec independence . From 2006 to 30 July 2012 , the Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec authorized a provincial political party led by André Parizeau to use the name Parti communiste du Québec . However , this authorization was withdrawn because the party no longer had one hundred card-carrying members . In 2014 the party left Québec solidaire and now supports the Parti Québécois . The split in the PCQ . The Union des forces progressistes ( UFP ) agreed to place the question of Quebec independence as intertwined with social or class issues . This was hotly debated as the party transformed into Québec solidaire . The debate moved over into the PCQ as well . These positions were questioned by the provincial leader of the party , André Parizeau , who formulated a series of amendments in support of immediate independence in 2004 which were rejected by both the provincial National Executive Committee ( NEC ) ( by a vote of 4–2 ) and the federal Central Executive Committee ( by a vote of 7–1 ) . In January 2005 , Parizeau wrote a letter to PCQ members declaring that the party was in crisis and , describing the four NEC members who opposed his amendments as a federalist Gang of Four , he summarily dismissed them . Although his Quebec nationalist point of view held a majority at the PCQs convention of April 2005 , who was granted voting rights was highly disputed . Parizeau was subsequently expelled by the party . Around the same time , his group announced their withdrawal from the CPC . However , after a dispute where both groups presented documentation under the same name , the official Directeur général des élections du Québec on 3 April 2006 , recognized the Parti communiste du Québec led by André Parizeau . The Central Committee of the party , however , affirmed the authority of the previous Quebec National Executive Committee in 18–19 June 2005 . The non-registered CPC-aligned PCQ held a new convention which restarted a communist French-language periodical , Clarté , and later opened an office and small reading room , launched an active website , and re-affiliated with Quebec Solidaire as an organized group . They work closely with the youth and student organization , the Ligue de la jeunesse communiste du Quebec . 2007 provincial election . In 2007 the Parti communiste du Québec decided not to run candidates in the provincial election and rather to support those of Quebec Solidaire . It should be specified that , before the split , the PCQ was one of the party-founders of the UFP , interdependent ancestor of Quebec Solidaire . The nationalist PCQ decided to remain active only in order to prevent another new political formation taking its name . Parizeau , executive committee member Francis Gagnon-Bergmann and Jocelyn Parent were candidates for Quebec Solidaire in the districts of Acadie , Blainville and Mirabel . The original PCQ-PCC also participated in the 2007 elections , running three candidates under the banner of Quebec Solidaire , as well as offering its own independent perspective on the election . 2008 provincial election . Four members of the nationalist PCQ were presented as candidates in the election under the banner of Quebec solidaire ; Gagnon-Bergmann in Blainville , Parizeau in Acadie , executive member Sabrina Perreault in Terrebonne and Jean Nicolas Denis in Bellechasse . 2012 provincial election . The nationalist PCQ lost its certification as the PCQ with the Director of Elections Quebec , and failed to nominate any candidates . It advocated for a united coalition of Quebec Solidaire with the PQ and Option nationale . The original PCQ-PCC again participated in the 2007 election under the banner of Quebec Solidaire , focusing on the campaign of one candidate in Acadie ( bumping out the leader of the nationalist PCQ ) . The PCQ-PCC also presented its own independent perspective on the election and the question of voting and the student struggle . 2014 provincial election . No members of the PCQ presented themselves in the provincial election under the banner of Quebec Solidaire . The nationalist PCQ broke with Quebec Solidaire shortly after the defeat of the Parti Quebecois in the Quebec provincial election . It advocated for a broad-tent coalition of all nationalist groups moving towards independence . Moreover , it expressed support of Pierre Karl Péladeau in the Parti Quebecois leadership race . Current status . On 17 July 2012 , the Chief Electoral Officer of Québec stated he wished to remove the authorization given to the provincial party led by Parizeau , in agreement with the Election Act , because of its failure to maintain at least 100 qualified electors . The authorization was withdrawn on 30 July 2012 . At a congress in September , the nationalist PCQ led by Parizeau indicated it wished to regain the authorization and was actively recruiting to fulfill the requirements . In 2019 , Parizeau disavowed the PCQ in order to be accepted as a candidate for the Bloc Québécois in the 2019 federal election . Spokespersons . - André Parizeau ( 2004–2008 ) - Francis Gagnon-Bergmann ( 2008–2011 ) - André Parizeau ( 2011–2012 ) - Guy Roy and Gabriel Proulx ( 2012–present ) External links . - Regarding the other PCQ — statement by Parizeau on the split - Nationalist attempt to control PCQ defeated — CPC statement on the split - La Voix du Peuple — the PCQs former newspape
|
[
"Ottmar Hitzfeld"
] |
easy
|
Who coached the team FC Aarau from 1984 to 1988?
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/wiki/FC_Aarau#P286#0
|
FC Aarau FC Aarau is a Swiss football club , based in Aarau . They play in the Swiss Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football after being relegated from Swiss Super League . History . FC Aarau was formed on 26 May 1902 by workers from a local brewery . The early days of the club were a success and they won the Swiss championship in 1911–12 and then again in 1913–14 . The club spent 25 years , from 1907 to 1933 , in the top league but were relegated to the lower league and were unable to return to the top flight for a number of decades . In the 1980–81 season the club were able to return to the top league in the Swiss football pyramid after a 3–1 victory over Vevey-Sports . They have stayed there ever since and in the 1992–93 season they won the Swiss National League A managed by Austrian Rolf Fringer . The club have also had success in the Swiss Cup finishing as runners up in 1930 , 1989 . In 1985 Aarau tasted their only victory in the Swiss Cup , coached by Ottmar Hitzfeld . At the end of 2002 the club was almost in financial ruin . They were saved when the then Club President Michael Hunziker made 15,100 shares available to purchase . This succeeded in staving off the threat of liquidation . FC Aarau is also known as a lucky team as they have been in the top flight since 1981 and barely escaped relegation on numerous occasions earning the club the nickname Die Unabsteigbaren which translates into those that cannot be relegated . Club Structure . On 7 January 2003 , with the club on the brink of financial ruin , a total of 15,100 shares were issued for a total of 1,510,000 Swiss francs . A new holding company , FC Aarau Ltd , was set up to administer the club . FC Aarau Ltd are responsible for the implementation , organization and management of professional football games of the 1st XI and the performance of teams in the junior area . Since 2006 the old club FC Aarau 1902 has only been in charge of childrens and womens teams . The current President of FC Aarau Ltd is local entrepreneur Philipp Bonorand , who has been in charge since 26 May 2020 . FC Aarau 1902 is looked after by Marcel Meier and Philipp Bonorand . Former manager Urs Schönenberger stood down in 2006 and the role was assumed by his assistant manager Ruedi Zahner . Ruedi was born in Aarau and spent nine years at the club as a player in two separate spells . However his appointment only lasted a few months . During the winter break in the 2006/07 season Zahner was replaced by FC Baden coach Ryszard Komornicki on a temporary basis . However , with relegation looming Gilbert Gress was brought in with three games to go . The move was a success and the club gained 5 points from the remaining games and so escaped relegation by one point . Gilbert Gress decided not to renew his contract with the club and so former Polish international Ryszard Komornicki returned . He has signed a contract until Summer 2010 but was replaced in June 2009 by Jeff Saibene who didnt last long as he was sacked on 12 October after Aarau achieved only 5 points in 12 games . Honours . Leagues . National League A/Top League - Champions : 1911–12 , 1913–14 , 1992–93 Swiss Challenge League - Champions : 2012–13 - Promoted : 1980–81 Cups . Swiss Cup - Champions : 1984–85 - Runners-up : 1929–30 , 1988–89 Swiss League Cup - Champions : 1981–82 Stadium . Aarau play their home games in Stadion Brügglifeld . The current capacity is 8000 seats . The away supporters are housed behind one goal , to the right of where the players run out . The stadium was opened on 12 October 1924 with a friendly game against local side FC Zürich . A new main stand was added in 1982 and in the 1990s the addition of a smaller grandstand and a complete renovation of the standing areas . The stadium is on the municipality of Suhr . In 2008 the latest proposals were put forward for a new urban development to include a new home for FC Aarau . The Mittelland Arena , in the heart of Central Park in Aarau , should be used to cover 12,500 seats . On 25 September 2005 the proposal for the new development , including the football stadium and a shopping centre , were rejected by the people of Aarau in a referendum . FC Aarau Ltd and the city council are currently working on a new solution for the club as the current stadium is considered to be not good enough for top-flight football . The Swiss Football Association is unhappy at its use in the top flight . Supporters . FC Aarau supporters are known as a very passionate group , despite their relatively small numbers in comparison to many other teams in Switzerland . There are many fan groups but the most popular is known as Szene Aarau . Rivalries . Despite their close proximity to Zürich , Aarau fans have no dislike of either FC Zürich or Grasshopper Club Zürich . Their rivalries are with FC St . Gallen , FC Schaffhausen and FC Luzern . These are due to a number of historical reasons . External links . - FC Aarau Unofficial Forum - Szene Aarau - FC Aarau Ladies Team - Soccerway profile - Just Cant Beat That profile
|
[
"Rolf Fringer"
] |
easy
|
Who coached the team FC Aarau from 1992 to 1995?
|
/wiki/FC_Aarau#P286#1
|
FC Aarau FC Aarau is a Swiss football club , based in Aarau . They play in the Swiss Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football after being relegated from Swiss Super League . History . FC Aarau was formed on 26 May 1902 by workers from a local brewery . The early days of the club were a success and they won the Swiss championship in 1911–12 and then again in 1913–14 . The club spent 25 years , from 1907 to 1933 , in the top league but were relegated to the lower league and were unable to return to the top flight for a number of decades . In the 1980–81 season the club were able to return to the top league in the Swiss football pyramid after a 3–1 victory over Vevey-Sports . They have stayed there ever since and in the 1992–93 season they won the Swiss National League A managed by Austrian Rolf Fringer . The club have also had success in the Swiss Cup finishing as runners up in 1930 , 1989 . In 1985 Aarau tasted their only victory in the Swiss Cup , coached by Ottmar Hitzfeld . At the end of 2002 the club was almost in financial ruin . They were saved when the then Club President Michael Hunziker made 15,100 shares available to purchase . This succeeded in staving off the threat of liquidation . FC Aarau is also known as a lucky team as they have been in the top flight since 1981 and barely escaped relegation on numerous occasions earning the club the nickname Die Unabsteigbaren which translates into those that cannot be relegated . Club Structure . On 7 January 2003 , with the club on the brink of financial ruin , a total of 15,100 shares were issued for a total of 1,510,000 Swiss francs . A new holding company , FC Aarau Ltd , was set up to administer the club . FC Aarau Ltd are responsible for the implementation , organization and management of professional football games of the 1st XI and the performance of teams in the junior area . Since 2006 the old club FC Aarau 1902 has only been in charge of childrens and womens teams . The current President of FC Aarau Ltd is local entrepreneur Philipp Bonorand , who has been in charge since 26 May 2020 . FC Aarau 1902 is looked after by Marcel Meier and Philipp Bonorand . Former manager Urs Schönenberger stood down in 2006 and the role was assumed by his assistant manager Ruedi Zahner . Ruedi was born in Aarau and spent nine years at the club as a player in two separate spells . However his appointment only lasted a few months . During the winter break in the 2006/07 season Zahner was replaced by FC Baden coach Ryszard Komornicki on a temporary basis . However , with relegation looming Gilbert Gress was brought in with three games to go . The move was a success and the club gained 5 points from the remaining games and so escaped relegation by one point . Gilbert Gress decided not to renew his contract with the club and so former Polish international Ryszard Komornicki returned . He has signed a contract until Summer 2010 but was replaced in June 2009 by Jeff Saibene who didnt last long as he was sacked on 12 October after Aarau achieved only 5 points in 12 games . Honours . Leagues . National League A/Top League - Champions : 1911–12 , 1913–14 , 1992–93 Swiss Challenge League - Champions : 2012–13 - Promoted : 1980–81 Cups . Swiss Cup - Champions : 1984–85 - Runners-up : 1929–30 , 1988–89 Swiss League Cup - Champions : 1981–82 Stadium . Aarau play their home games in Stadion Brügglifeld . The current capacity is 8000 seats . The away supporters are housed behind one goal , to the right of where the players run out . The stadium was opened on 12 October 1924 with a friendly game against local side FC Zürich . A new main stand was added in 1982 and in the 1990s the addition of a smaller grandstand and a complete renovation of the standing areas . The stadium is on the municipality of Suhr . In 2008 the latest proposals were put forward for a new urban development to include a new home for FC Aarau . The Mittelland Arena , in the heart of Central Park in Aarau , should be used to cover 12,500 seats . On 25 September 2005 the proposal for the new development , including the football stadium and a shopping centre , were rejected by the people of Aarau in a referendum . FC Aarau Ltd and the city council are currently working on a new solution for the club as the current stadium is considered to be not good enough for top-flight football . The Swiss Football Association is unhappy at its use in the top flight . Supporters . FC Aarau supporters are known as a very passionate group , despite their relatively small numbers in comparison to many other teams in Switzerland . There are many fan groups but the most popular is known as Szene Aarau . Rivalries . Despite their close proximity to Zürich , Aarau fans have no dislike of either FC Zürich or Grasshopper Club Zürich . Their rivalries are with FC St . Gallen , FC Schaffhausen and FC Luzern . These are due to a number of historical reasons . External links . - FC Aarau Unofficial Forum - Szene Aarau - FC Aarau Ladies Team - Soccerway profile - Just Cant Beat That profile
|
[
"Philipp Bonorand"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Aarau from May 2000 to May 2002?
|
/wiki/FC_Aarau#P286#2
|
FC Aarau FC Aarau is a Swiss football club , based in Aarau . They play in the Swiss Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football after being relegated from Swiss Super League . History . FC Aarau was formed on 26 May 1902 by workers from a local brewery . The early days of the club were a success and they won the Swiss championship in 1911–12 and then again in 1913–14 . The club spent 25 years , from 1907 to 1933 , in the top league but were relegated to the lower league and were unable to return to the top flight for a number of decades . In the 1980–81 season the club were able to return to the top league in the Swiss football pyramid after a 3–1 victory over Vevey-Sports . They have stayed there ever since and in the 1992–93 season they won the Swiss National League A managed by Austrian Rolf Fringer . The club have also had success in the Swiss Cup finishing as runners up in 1930 , 1989 . In 1985 Aarau tasted their only victory in the Swiss Cup , coached by Ottmar Hitzfeld . At the end of 2002 the club was almost in financial ruin . They were saved when the then Club President Michael Hunziker made 15,100 shares available to purchase . This succeeded in staving off the threat of liquidation . FC Aarau is also known as a lucky team as they have been in the top flight since 1981 and barely escaped relegation on numerous occasions earning the club the nickname Die Unabsteigbaren which translates into those that cannot be relegated . Club Structure . On 7 January 2003 , with the club on the brink of financial ruin , a total of 15,100 shares were issued for a total of 1,510,000 Swiss francs . A new holding company , FC Aarau Ltd , was set up to administer the club . FC Aarau Ltd are responsible for the implementation , organization and management of professional football games of the 1st XI and the performance of teams in the junior area . Since 2006 the old club FC Aarau 1902 has only been in charge of childrens and womens teams . The current President of FC Aarau Ltd is local entrepreneur Philipp Bonorand , who has been in charge since 26 May 2020 . FC Aarau 1902 is looked after by Marcel Meier and Philipp Bonorand . Former manager Urs Schönenberger stood down in 2006 and the role was assumed by his assistant manager Ruedi Zahner . Ruedi was born in Aarau and spent nine years at the club as a player in two separate spells . However his appointment only lasted a few months . During the winter break in the 2006/07 season Zahner was replaced by FC Baden coach Ryszard Komornicki on a temporary basis . However , with relegation looming Gilbert Gress was brought in with three games to go . The move was a success and the club gained 5 points from the remaining games and so escaped relegation by one point . Gilbert Gress decided not to renew his contract with the club and so former Polish international Ryszard Komornicki returned . He has signed a contract until Summer 2010 but was replaced in June 2009 by Jeff Saibene who didnt last long as he was sacked on 12 October after Aarau achieved only 5 points in 12 games . Honours . Leagues . National League A/Top League - Champions : 1911–12 , 1913–14 , 1992–93 Swiss Challenge League - Champions : 2012–13 - Promoted : 1980–81 Cups . Swiss Cup - Champions : 1984–85 - Runners-up : 1929–30 , 1988–89 Swiss League Cup - Champions : 1981–82 Stadium . Aarau play their home games in Stadion Brügglifeld . The current capacity is 8000 seats . The away supporters are housed behind one goal , to the right of where the players run out . The stadium was opened on 12 October 1924 with a friendly game against local side FC Zürich . A new main stand was added in 1982 and in the 1990s the addition of a smaller grandstand and a complete renovation of the standing areas . The stadium is on the municipality of Suhr . In 2008 the latest proposals were put forward for a new urban development to include a new home for FC Aarau . The Mittelland Arena , in the heart of Central Park in Aarau , should be used to cover 12,500 seats . On 25 September 2005 the proposal for the new development , including the football stadium and a shopping centre , were rejected by the people of Aarau in a referendum . FC Aarau Ltd and the city council are currently working on a new solution for the club as the current stadium is considered to be not good enough for top-flight football . The Swiss Football Association is unhappy at its use in the top flight . Supporters . FC Aarau supporters are known as a very passionate group , despite their relatively small numbers in comparison to many other teams in Switzerland . There are many fan groups but the most popular is known as Szene Aarau . Rivalries . Despite their close proximity to Zürich , Aarau fans have no dislike of either FC Zürich or Grasshopper Club Zürich . Their rivalries are with FC St . Gallen , FC Schaffhausen and FC Luzern . These are due to a number of historical reasons . External links . - FC Aarau Unofficial Forum - Szene Aarau - FC Aarau Ladies Team - Soccerway profile - Just Cant Beat That profile
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Who was the head coach of the team FC Aarau from Apr 2011 to May 2015?
|
/wiki/FC_Aarau#P286#3
|
FC Aarau FC Aarau is a Swiss football club , based in Aarau . They play in the Swiss Challenge League , the second tier of Swiss football after being relegated from Swiss Super League . History . FC Aarau was formed on 26 May 1902 by workers from a local brewery . The early days of the club were a success and they won the Swiss championship in 1911–12 and then again in 1913–14 . The club spent 25 years , from 1907 to 1933 , in the top league but were relegated to the lower league and were unable to return to the top flight for a number of decades . In the 1980–81 season the club were able to return to the top league in the Swiss football pyramid after a 3–1 victory over Vevey-Sports . They have stayed there ever since and in the 1992–93 season they won the Swiss National League A managed by Austrian Rolf Fringer . The club have also had success in the Swiss Cup finishing as runners up in 1930 , 1989 . In 1985 Aarau tasted their only victory in the Swiss Cup , coached by Ottmar Hitzfeld . At the end of 2002 the club was almost in financial ruin . They were saved when the then Club President Michael Hunziker made 15,100 shares available to purchase . This succeeded in staving off the threat of liquidation . FC Aarau is also known as a lucky team as they have been in the top flight since 1981 and barely escaped relegation on numerous occasions earning the club the nickname Die Unabsteigbaren which translates into those that cannot be relegated . Club Structure . On 7 January 2003 , with the club on the brink of financial ruin , a total of 15,100 shares were issued for a total of 1,510,000 Swiss francs . A new holding company , FC Aarau Ltd , was set up to administer the club . FC Aarau Ltd are responsible for the implementation , organization and management of professional football games of the 1st XI and the performance of teams in the junior area . Since 2006 the old club FC Aarau 1902 has only been in charge of childrens and womens teams . The current President of FC Aarau Ltd is local entrepreneur Philipp Bonorand , who has been in charge since 26 May 2020 . FC Aarau 1902 is looked after by Marcel Meier and Philipp Bonorand . Former manager Urs Schönenberger stood down in 2006 and the role was assumed by his assistant manager Ruedi Zahner . Ruedi was born in Aarau and spent nine years at the club as a player in two separate spells . However his appointment only lasted a few months . During the winter break in the 2006/07 season Zahner was replaced by FC Baden coach Ryszard Komornicki on a temporary basis . However , with relegation looming Gilbert Gress was brought in with three games to go . The move was a success and the club gained 5 points from the remaining games and so escaped relegation by one point . Gilbert Gress decided not to renew his contract with the club and so former Polish international Ryszard Komornicki returned . He has signed a contract until Summer 2010 but was replaced in June 2009 by Jeff Saibene who didnt last long as he was sacked on 12 October after Aarau achieved only 5 points in 12 games . Honours . Leagues . National League A/Top League - Champions : 1911–12 , 1913–14 , 1992–93 Swiss Challenge League - Champions : 2012–13 - Promoted : 1980–81 Cups . Swiss Cup - Champions : 1984–85 - Runners-up : 1929–30 , 1988–89 Swiss League Cup - Champions : 1981–82 Stadium . Aarau play their home games in Stadion Brügglifeld . The current capacity is 8000 seats . The away supporters are housed behind one goal , to the right of where the players run out . The stadium was opened on 12 October 1924 with a friendly game against local side FC Zürich . A new main stand was added in 1982 and in the 1990s the addition of a smaller grandstand and a complete renovation of the standing areas . The stadium is on the municipality of Suhr . In 2008 the latest proposals were put forward for a new urban development to include a new home for FC Aarau . The Mittelland Arena , in the heart of Central Park in Aarau , should be used to cover 12,500 seats . On 25 September 2005 the proposal for the new development , including the football stadium and a shopping centre , were rejected by the people of Aarau in a referendum . FC Aarau Ltd and the city council are currently working on a new solution for the club as the current stadium is considered to be not good enough for top-flight football . The Swiss Football Association is unhappy at its use in the top flight . Supporters . FC Aarau supporters are known as a very passionate group , despite their relatively small numbers in comparison to many other teams in Switzerland . There are many fan groups but the most popular is known as Szene Aarau . Rivalries . Despite their close proximity to Zürich , Aarau fans have no dislike of either FC Zürich or Grasshopper Club Zürich . Their rivalries are with FC St . Gallen , FC Schaffhausen and FC Luzern . These are due to a number of historical reasons . External links . - FC Aarau Unofficial Forum - Szene Aarau - FC Aarau Ladies Team - Soccerway profile - Just Cant Beat That profile
|
[
"University of Kent"
] |
easy
|
Euclid Tsakalotos was an employee for whom from 1989 to 1993?
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/wiki/Euclid_Tsakalotos#P108#0
|
Euclid Tsakalotos Euclid Stefanou Tsakalotos ( , ; born 1960 ) is a Greek economist and politician who was Minister of Finance of Greece from 2015 to 2019 . He is also a member of the Central Committee of Syriza and has represented Athens B in the Hellenic Parliament since May 2012 . Tsakalotos was born in Rotterdam , the Netherlands , but moved to the United Kingdom at a young age . He went to St Pauls School in London before studying Philosophy , Politics and Economics at The Queens College , University of Oxford . He went on to complete a masters degree at the Institute of Development Studies , which is attached to the University of Sussex , and returned to Oxford to complete a doctorate in economics under the supervision of Włodzimierz Brus , which he did in 1989 . From 1989 to 1993 , Tsakalotos worked at the University of Kent , where he met his partner , Heather D . Gibson . He moved to Greece , and taught at the Athens University of Economics and Business from 1994 to 2010 , becoming a professor of economics . Since 2010 , he has been a professor of economics at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens . He has written a number of books in both Greek and English and has been published in a range of different academic journals . Due to his upbringing in the UK , he speaks English with a British accent . A student member of the Communist Party of Greece , Tsakalotos joined Synaspismos in the early 1990s and was elected to the Central Committee of Syriza in 2004 shortly after their formation . He was first elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament for Athens B in the May 2012 legislative election and has been re-elected in every election since . In opposition from 2012 to 2015 , he was Syrizas shadow finance minister . When Syriza entered government in January 2015 , Tsakalotos was appointed as an Alternate Minister within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In April , he took over as head of Greeces negotiating team on the third bailout package . On 6 July 2015 , following Yanis Varoufakiss resignation , Tsakalotos was appointed as Minister of Finance . He was re-appointed in September 2015 following the snap legislative election . Early life and education . Tsakalotos was born in Rotterdam , the Netherlands , in 1960 . He is the son of Stefanos Tsakalotos , a civil engineer who worked in the shipping industry , and the family relocated to the United Kingdom in 1965 when the younger Tsakolotos was five years old . He attended St Pauls School , London from 1973 to 1978 . In St Pauls Schools alumni magazine , he praised his former schoolmaster Keith Perry , saying that the teacher did much to bolster [ his ] self-confidence . During his time at the school , he co-founded its Economics and Politics Society ( known as Polecon ) with his close friend Owen Tudor , who now works for the Trades Union Congress . Tsakalotos went on to read Philosophy , Politics and Economics at The Queens College , Oxford . Whilst at the Queens College , Tsakalotos was an admirer of both G . A . Cohen and Andrew Glyn , a Marxist political philosopher and Marxian economist respectively , who both taught at the university . He also took part in student protests against Margaret Thatchers Conservative government . During his time at university , he became a supporter of Irish republicanism , a view he expressed in his visit to the Sinn Féin ardfheis in March 2015 . One of his university friends at this time , Yannis Stournaras , later became a Greek finance minister and served as Governor of the Bank of Greece . Following graduation , he completed a masters degree ( MPhil ) at the Institute of Development Studies , attached to the University of Sussex . He then returned to Oxford to complete a doctorate ( DPhil ) in economics , studying at Mansfield College . He completed this doctorate in 1989 under the supervision of Włodzimierz Brus , with his thesis , , later being published as a book . Academic career . After the completion of his doctorate , Tsakalotos entered into an academic career . His first role was as a research associate at the University of Kent , from 1989 to 1990 . From October 1990 to June 1993 , he taught at the university as a lecturer . In 1993 , Tsakalotos and his wife moved to Greece , and in October 1994 he began teaching at the Athens University of Economics and Business . In September 2010 , he became a full professor of economics at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , more commonly referred to simply as the University of Athens . In his capacity as an academic , Tsakalotos served as a member of the executive committee of the Hellenic Federation of University Teachers Associations ( POSDEP ) . In the mid-2000s , Tsakalotos led his students in a several months-long protest against proposed reforms to the Greek education system . Thanos Tsouknidas , an accountant that knew Tsakalotos at the time , said : He was there , involved in the struggle . We were fighting together . His active role in the teachers union brought him popularity , and according to a former student , his classes were often packed . Tsakalotos has written a number of books and articles on Greek and international economic policies , alone and in cooperation with other academics and writers . He has co-authored a number of works with his wife , who has also served as editor for some of the works that he has written alone . Early political career . As a student at the University of Oxford , Tsakalotos joined the Communist Party of Greece ( Interior ) , a eurocommunist party that had split from the main Communist Party of Greece , a Marxist–Leninist party , in 1968 . In the early 1990s , shortly after moving to Greece , Tsakalotos became a member of Synaspismos , a radical left-wing political party , which was to become the largest constituent party of Syriza . Syriza itself was formed in 2004 , ahead of that years legislative election , as a coalition of 13 left-wing political parties in Greece . Tsakalotos was elected to their Central Committee in December 2004 . However , he also remained a prominent member of Synaspismos and served on both their Central Political Committee and their Political Secretariat until a July 2013 party congress , during which Syriza voted to become an independent political party and for all component parties to disband , including Synaspismos . Shortly after Syriza was formed , Tsakalotos stood as their candidate for the prefecture of Preveza in the 2004 legislative election . The Greek government-debt crisis effectively began in 2009 and was a backdrop for Tsakalotos involvement in the creation of Syrizas economic policy . Tsakalotos has been credited as the brains behind the policy , and as a member of Syrizas economics quartet , alongside John Milios , Giorgos Stathakis and Yannis Dragasakis . He has also been credited as one author of Syrizas Thessaloniki Programme , a manifesto which proposed a set of policies oriented towards reversing austerity measures while maintaining a balanced budget . In opposition ( 2012–2015 ) . In the May 2012 legislative election , Tsakalotos was elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) representing Athens B , the largest electoral district in Greece . The election saw Syriza win 16.8% of the vote , placing second behind New Democracy , who won 18.8% of the vote , and ahead of PASOK , with 13% . Alexis Tsipras , the party leader , was unable to form a coalition , but also refused to enter into one with PASOK , forcing the country to new elections in June 2012 , where Tsakalotos won re-election as an MP . Tsakalotos said that Syriza had a focus on the European Union , and told The New York Times that a Europe imposing austerity on its citizens for the actions of banks isnt the Europe that the original inspirators of Europe imagined . New Democracy won a plurality of seats in June 2012 and formed a coalition government with PASOK and Democratic Left , making Syriza the largest opposition party with 78 seats . Tsakalotos role in opposition was as the spokesperson for economic affairs in Tsipras shadow cabinet . In opposition from 2012 to 2015 , Tsakalotos was a key proponent of Syrizas economic policy . He argued that Greece needed something similar to the Marshall Plan , with a payment scheme that took into account the strength of the economy . He told Bloomberg News that People say that we are responsible for the situation we find ourselves in . OK , sure . But I think that Germany will find it hard to argue that in 1953 [ at the time of the London Agreement on German External Debts ] they were completely blameless . He appeared in various international media as a spokesperson for Syriza and making the case for their policies : among others , he was interviewed on Lateline , an Australian news programme on ABC , by SBS , another Australian news channel , was quoted by the BBC and Bloomberg , and also appeared in an Intelligence Squared debate arguing for the motion Angela Merkel is Destroying Europe . September 2013 saw his book , co-authored with Christos Laskos , published by Pluto Press . Crucible of Resistance was described as offering badly needed correctives to the prevalent ideas on the Greek situation . The book addressed why the European debt crisis began , with a particular focus on Greece . It argued that the idea Greece was exceptional was a myth and that the crisis had revealed the inadequacies of neoliberalism and social democracy . Tsakalotos was criticised by elements of the Greek media in 2013 when he was accused of living a wealthy lifestyle while criticising austerity in public . He was dubbed the aristocrat of the left , and one newspaper published front-page criticism arguing that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from investments made by companies such as JPMorgan Chase and BlackRock . In December 2014 , the Hellenic Parliament did not approve the new President with the supermajority required , and so a snap election was called for the end of January 2015 . A few days before the 2015 election took place , Tsakalotos was quizzed on Syrizas economic policies by a number of economists , debt campaigners and investment analysts at the London School of Economics . Tsakalotos said there was a need for fiscal space , meaning 6–7 billion Euros a year to spend on an expansionary fiscal policy . He also said that they would cancel the austerity budgets already agreed with the European Union ( EU ) and International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , pay back the loans from the IMF and focus on rescheduling and writing off the loans from the EU . First term in government ( 2015 ) . Alternate Minister and bailout negotiator . In the legislative election on 25 January 2015 , Syriza won a near-majority of seats , with 149 out of 300 , and so formed a coalition with the right-wing anti-austerity party Independent Greeks . Tsipras became prime minister and formed his cabinet on 27 January , appointing Tsakalotos as Alternate Minister for International Economic Relations , subordinate to the Minister for Foreign Affairs , Nikos Kotzias . Tsakalotos described his role as follows : [ It ] means coordinating our approach to promoting exports and attracting investment . It also means upgrading our economic diplomacy which needs to go beyond traditional sectors , for instance exporting olive oil and importing capital goods . Tsakalotos represented Syriza at the Sinn Féin ardfheis on 7 March 2015 and gave a speech on the conference floor , during which he said that both Sinn Féin and Syriza are part of a great realignment in European politics towards left-wing anti-austerity parties . The leader of Sinn Féin , Gerry Adams , embraced Tsakalotos on the stage following the speech . Tsakalotos then spent several hours afterwards in talks with senior members of Sinn Féin . The Financial Times later commented on this , saying it was a moment of bonding between Syriza and Sinn Féin . Tsakalotos began to gain a more prominent role in the renegotiations with Greeces creditors over a new bailout plan , which at the time were being led by Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance . On 27 April , Tsakalotos was the made the coordinator of the Greek team negotiating with the creditors representatives over this new bailout plan . This move was largely seen as sidelining Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance , but the markets reacted positively . In June 2015 , lenders warned that time was running out for a deal to be agreed on a new bailout plan . On 17 June , Tsakalotos warned that Greece would not be able to repay its €1.6bn loan from the IMF at the end of the month unless a new bailout plan was agreed . The deadline for the renewal of Greeces bailout package was also looming at the end of June . On 26 June , an emergency cabinet meeting led to the calling of a referendum on the bailout deal proposed by the creditors . Capital controls and a bank holiday were announced on 28 June , with the Eurozone refusing an extension of the bailout plan and Greece defaulting on its loan to the IMF on 30 June . Minister of Finance . The bailout referendum on 5 July resulted in a No vote to the adoption of the bailout package . The following day,when Alexi Tsipras refused to honor the referendum result , Varoufakis resigned as finance minister . As he left the finance ministry , he suggested that Tsakalotos was likely to succeed him , and Tsakalotos was subsequently sworn-in later that day . In the process of this , Tsakalotos relinquished his previous ministerial position of Alternate Minister for International Economic Relations . Tsakalotos was noted for his differences with Varoufakis , for example , the Financial Times noted that he could hardly be more different from his flamboyant predecessor . At a press conference shortly following his appointment , Tsakalotos said : I cannot hide from you that I am quite nervous . I am not taking on this job at the easiest point in Greek history . Tsakalotos first official meeting as Minister of Finance was on 7 July and was an emergency meeting of the Eurogroup following the vote in the referendum . Tsakalotos brought a note with him that reminded him to display no triumphalism after the No vote in the Greek bailout referendum . Following the talks , he was described as Much better than Varoufakis who was a much tougher and less compromising negotiator . Greece was given 48 hours to agree to a new bailout plan or it would face being forced to leave the eurozone on 8 July , leading to a plan being submitted by the Greek government on 10 July . In a nine-hour Eurogroup meetings on 11 July , Tsakalotos was noted for his calmness in the tough , even violent atmosphere of the talks by observers . The government backed the tenth austerity package which went before Parliament on 16 July . The package was the first in a series of prior actions necessary for negotiations to open up over bailout funding worth 86 billion euros . The package came in two parts , with the first being approved on 16 July , and the second on 23 July . The legislation included a rise in VAT across several goods and services , the abolition of the VAT discount for Greek islands , a corporation tax rise from 26% to 29% , a luxury tax on cars , boats and swimming pools , an end to early retirement by 2022 , and an increase in the retirement age to 67 . Tsakalotos said on 16 July debate , I dont know if we did the right thing , however , I do know that we felt like we had no other choice but do what we did . The contentious vote was opposed by 109 out of 201 members of the Central Committee of Syriza , and 32 Syriza MPs voted against the proposals on 16 July . It also led to a cabinet reshuffle on 17 July , but Tsakalotos retained his role as Minister of Finance . The second set of measures were debated and voted on 23 July , with Tsakalotos beginning the debate , and urging a vote in favour of the measures . Tsakalotos was criticised for his speech , with Ovenden writing that [ his ] argument made him sound little different from the kind of kindergarten exchanges which had characterised Pasok and New Democracy over the years . However , the proposals passed parliament , clearing the way for a new bailout deal to be negotiated with Greeces creditors . A new bailout deal , the Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece , was agreed in August 2015 , and the first set of measures went to vote on 14 August , in the form of the eleventh austerity package . Tsakalotos opened the debate , calling the deal a very tough agreement with many thorns . During the debate , he engaged heavily with the acting President of New Democracy , Vangelis Meimarakis , who criticised Tsakalotos for being provocative . Towards the end of the debate , Zoi Konstantopoulou , the Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament , raised so many procedural questions and objections that Tsakalotos missed the 9:30 am vote to catch a flight to Brussels . More than 40 Syriza MPs voted against the plans , and it was suggested that Tsipras may resign , bringing the prospect of another snap election in September . In Brussels later that day , final negotiations were concluded for the Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece . On 20 August , Tsipras announced the resignation of the Syriza-ANEL government , and that a legislative election was scheduled for 20 September . Tsakalotos and the rest of the cabinet remained as lame duck ministers whilst opposition parties attempted to form their own government . However , the opposition parties failed to form a government and Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou was appointed as an interim Prime Minister on 27 August . On 28 August , Thanou-Christophilous caretaker cabinet was sworn in , with George Chouliarakis being sworn in as the interim Minister of Finance . Second term in government ( 2015–present ) . Reappointment as Minister of Finance . Reuters reported that Tsakalotos was considering not running in the September 2015 legislative election , as he did not want to have to implement the bailout agreement . However , these fears were assuaged by Alexis Tsipras when he said there was no doubt that Tsakalotos would stand in the election . He also claimed that , during the election campaign , without Tsakalotos involvement , there would have been no bailout package . In recognition of that , Tsakalotos was made to head the list for Syriza in Athens B . In an interview during the campaign , Tsakalotos admitted that the Greek government had suffered defeat during negotiations with creditors , implying that some responsibility for this lay with his predecessor , Varoufakis . Following the re-election of the Syriza-ANEL coalition , Tsakalotos was tipped to resume the role of Minister of Finance , however the state media reported that he was reluctant to do so . Nonetheless , he was reappointed as Minister of Finance on 23 September , as part of the Tsipras second cabinet . Chouliarakis , the interim Minister of Finance , was retained in the finance ministry as an Alternate Minister of Finance . Later in September , in an interview with the Financial Times , Tsakalotos said that it was absolutely critical that we get something on debt relief . He added : By the second quarter of 2016 , if we get a positive review , bank recapitalisation and debt relief , I don’t see any reason why there shouldn’t be a return to growth . He also said that the new government would make serious attempts to crack down on tax evasion : It will be a central aspect of our policies , which will determine the success of the government , because it’s the only way the Greek people will accept difficult measures that show we’re all in the same boat . At the annual meetings of the IMF and the World Bank between 9 and 11 October 2015 , Tsakalotos had a number of meetings with high-level attendees . On 8 January 2016 , Tsakalotos began a tour of European cities , including Rome , Lisbon , Paris , Helsinki and Berlin , meeting with finance ministers , prior to a Eurogroup meeting on 14 January . In February 2016 , Spyros Economides , Director of the Hellenic Observatory,in order to divert blame and relieve the pressure on Tsakalotos and following a relentless smear campaign against Varoufakis , commented on Tsakalotos performance as Minister of Finance : In some ways , he has done an extremely good job because the mess left by his predecessor both in substantive and presentational terms was horrific . Tsakalotos visited the European Parliament in March 2016 and told MEPs of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs that he welcomed their role in monitoring the reforms . Bailout review and calls for IMF involvement . The first review of the bailout programme carried out by Greeces lenders stalled in February 2016 over pension reforms . Speaking to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Tsakalotos urged the lenders to complete the review by 1 May as This question of time is important if we want to move from a vicious to a virtuous circle . He wrote to other members of the Eurogroup on 6 May to appeal for their support against extra demands for austerity that , he argued , were beyond the mandate of the Greek government . Speaking in October 2016 , Tsakalotos said that he wanted the IMF to join the bailout programme and that Wolfgang Schäubles position on debt relief for Greece was untenable . Schäuble said that the bailout programme will work , the IMF will be on board and there wont be much debt relief . However , Tsakalotos said that Something has to give there , and I think deep down in his heart he understands that . Hes a wily politician . Hes been around for a long time . I cant believe he doesnt understand you cant have all those three things . Political views . Ideology . Tsakalotos has been described as a Marxist , and Ovenden has written that While Keynes is the main economic reference point for Varoufakis , who opposed the Brussels deal , for Tsakalotos , who signed it , Marx is more that guide to economic and political analysis . Paul Mason described Tsakalotos as a classic Marxist of the New Left , continuing that Tsakalotos comes from that school of Marxism which learned from the 1970s onwards to make compromises with capitalist reality . In an interview with the Financial Times in September 2015 following his re-appointment , he said : I’m one of the government’s most left-wing ministers , politically speaking . However , I want to do things like the recapitalisation of the banks . I can do things that aren’t particularly left-wing . Tsakalotos is also a leading member of the Group of 53 , a prominent faction within Syriza . One report names him as the leader of the Group . The Group was founded in mid-2014 and stands ideologically between the Left Platform and Alexis Tsiprass core backers . After the Left Platform split from Syriza to Popular Unity , the Group of 53 became the most left-wing faction within Syriza . Europe . Tsakalotos has been described as a Revolutionary Europeanist , as he supports European Union integration but not its capitalist principles . In one article , he wrote : [ the ] European Monetary Union has created a split between [ the ] core and periphery , and relations between the two are hierarchical and discriminatory . Tsakalotos has also advocated for a change in [ the ] architecture of the Eurozone . He has also suggested that the EU should have a focus on the development of member countries , which is what requires this change in architecture . In a May 2012 interview on Lateline , Tsakalotos said : At the moment the Eurozone is at risk , not because of the Greek radical left – its at risk because it has an architecture , a financial and economic architecture that is evidently unable to deal with the crisis in the Eurozone , and we think part of the solution is a change in that architecture . In 2011 , he cited a move towards fiscal federalism as a potential solution to the EUs economic architecture . Personal life . Tsakalotos is married to Heather D . Gibson , a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece and his ofttimes research and writing partner . They met when Tsakalotos was teaching at the University of Kent and they later married in Canterbury . The couple has three children and maintains two homes in Kifisia , along with an office in Athens and a holiday home in Preveza , all courtesy of a large estate belonging to Tsakalotos father . Through his father , Euclid Tsakalotos is a distant relative of Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos , who served as Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff from 1951 to 1952 . Tsakalotos has been quoted as saying that his great-granduncle fought on the other side , the wrong side in the Greek Civil War , and was worried that his great-grandnephew would become a liberal , [ but ] certainly not anything further to the left . Tsakalotos is a fan of PAOK FC and was given a shirt with Dimitar Berbatovs name on the back by Alexis Tsipras . When he lived in the UK , he was a supporter of Leeds United . Works . Books . - Crucible of Resistance : Greece , the Eurozone and the World Economic Crisis ( with Christos Laskos , Pluto Press , London , Chicago : 2013 ) , - 22 Πράγματα που μας λένε για την ελληνική κρίση και δεν είναι έτσι ( 22 Things they tell you about the Greek Crisis which are not so ; with Christos Laskos , KPSM Publications : 2012 ) , - Χωρίς επιστροφή ( No Return ; with Christos Laskos , KPSM Publications : 2011 ) , - Corporatism and Economic Performance : A Comparative Analysis of Market Economies ( with Andrew Henley , Edward Elgar Publishing : 1993 ) - ( Avebury Publishers , Aldershot : 1991 ) , Articles and papers . Tsakalotos has published a number of articles and papers , including several co-authored with his wife , Heather Gibson , and others . He has been published in a range of Academic journals , such as the Cambridge Journal of Economics , the Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics and the Oxford Review of Economic Policy . For a full list , see the link to his page on Academia.edu in the External links .
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Euclid Tsakalotos Euclid Stefanou Tsakalotos ( , ; born 1960 ) is a Greek economist and politician who was Minister of Finance of Greece from 2015 to 2019 . He is also a member of the Central Committee of Syriza and has represented Athens B in the Hellenic Parliament since May 2012 . Tsakalotos was born in Rotterdam , the Netherlands , but moved to the United Kingdom at a young age . He went to St Pauls School in London before studying Philosophy , Politics and Economics at The Queens College , University of Oxford . He went on to complete a masters degree at the Institute of Development Studies , which is attached to the University of Sussex , and returned to Oxford to complete a doctorate in economics under the supervision of Włodzimierz Brus , which he did in 1989 . From 1989 to 1993 , Tsakalotos worked at the University of Kent , where he met his partner , Heather D . Gibson . He moved to Greece , and taught at the Athens University of Economics and Business from 1994 to 2010 , becoming a professor of economics . Since 2010 , he has been a professor of economics at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens . He has written a number of books in both Greek and English and has been published in a range of different academic journals . Due to his upbringing in the UK , he speaks English with a British accent . A student member of the Communist Party of Greece , Tsakalotos joined Synaspismos in the early 1990s and was elected to the Central Committee of Syriza in 2004 shortly after their formation . He was first elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament for Athens B in the May 2012 legislative election and has been re-elected in every election since . In opposition from 2012 to 2015 , he was Syrizas shadow finance minister . When Syriza entered government in January 2015 , Tsakalotos was appointed as an Alternate Minister within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In April , he took over as head of Greeces negotiating team on the third bailout package . On 6 July 2015 , following Yanis Varoufakiss resignation , Tsakalotos was appointed as Minister of Finance . He was re-appointed in September 2015 following the snap legislative election . Early life and education . Tsakalotos was born in Rotterdam , the Netherlands , in 1960 . He is the son of Stefanos Tsakalotos , a civil engineer who worked in the shipping industry , and the family relocated to the United Kingdom in 1965 when the younger Tsakolotos was five years old . He attended St Pauls School , London from 1973 to 1978 . In St Pauls Schools alumni magazine , he praised his former schoolmaster Keith Perry , saying that the teacher did much to bolster [ his ] self-confidence . During his time at the school , he co-founded its Economics and Politics Society ( known as Polecon ) with his close friend Owen Tudor , who now works for the Trades Union Congress . Tsakalotos went on to read Philosophy , Politics and Economics at The Queens College , Oxford . Whilst at the Queens College , Tsakalotos was an admirer of both G . A . Cohen and Andrew Glyn , a Marxist political philosopher and Marxian economist respectively , who both taught at the university . He also took part in student protests against Margaret Thatchers Conservative government . During his time at university , he became a supporter of Irish republicanism , a view he expressed in his visit to the Sinn Féin ardfheis in March 2015 . One of his university friends at this time , Yannis Stournaras , later became a Greek finance minister and served as Governor of the Bank of Greece . Following graduation , he completed a masters degree ( MPhil ) at the Institute of Development Studies , attached to the University of Sussex . He then returned to Oxford to complete a doctorate ( DPhil ) in economics , studying at Mansfield College . He completed this doctorate in 1989 under the supervision of Włodzimierz Brus , with his thesis , , later being published as a book . Academic career . After the completion of his doctorate , Tsakalotos entered into an academic career . His first role was as a research associate at the University of Kent , from 1989 to 1990 . From October 1990 to June 1993 , he taught at the university as a lecturer . In 1993 , Tsakalotos and his wife moved to Greece , and in October 1994 he began teaching at the Athens University of Economics and Business . In September 2010 , he became a full professor of economics at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , more commonly referred to simply as the University of Athens . In his capacity as an academic , Tsakalotos served as a member of the executive committee of the Hellenic Federation of University Teachers Associations ( POSDEP ) . In the mid-2000s , Tsakalotos led his students in a several months-long protest against proposed reforms to the Greek education system . Thanos Tsouknidas , an accountant that knew Tsakalotos at the time , said : He was there , involved in the struggle . We were fighting together . His active role in the teachers union brought him popularity , and according to a former student , his classes were often packed . Tsakalotos has written a number of books and articles on Greek and international economic policies , alone and in cooperation with other academics and writers . He has co-authored a number of works with his wife , who has also served as editor for some of the works that he has written alone . Early political career . As a student at the University of Oxford , Tsakalotos joined the Communist Party of Greece ( Interior ) , a eurocommunist party that had split from the main Communist Party of Greece , a Marxist–Leninist party , in 1968 . In the early 1990s , shortly after moving to Greece , Tsakalotos became a member of Synaspismos , a radical left-wing political party , which was to become the largest constituent party of Syriza . Syriza itself was formed in 2004 , ahead of that years legislative election , as a coalition of 13 left-wing political parties in Greece . Tsakalotos was elected to their Central Committee in December 2004 . However , he also remained a prominent member of Synaspismos and served on both their Central Political Committee and their Political Secretariat until a July 2013 party congress , during which Syriza voted to become an independent political party and for all component parties to disband , including Synaspismos . Shortly after Syriza was formed , Tsakalotos stood as their candidate for the prefecture of Preveza in the 2004 legislative election . The Greek government-debt crisis effectively began in 2009 and was a backdrop for Tsakalotos involvement in the creation of Syrizas economic policy . Tsakalotos has been credited as the brains behind the policy , and as a member of Syrizas economics quartet , alongside John Milios , Giorgos Stathakis and Yannis Dragasakis . He has also been credited as one author of Syrizas Thessaloniki Programme , a manifesto which proposed a set of policies oriented towards reversing austerity measures while maintaining a balanced budget . In opposition ( 2012–2015 ) . In the May 2012 legislative election , Tsakalotos was elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) representing Athens B , the largest electoral district in Greece . The election saw Syriza win 16.8% of the vote , placing second behind New Democracy , who won 18.8% of the vote , and ahead of PASOK , with 13% . Alexis Tsipras , the party leader , was unable to form a coalition , but also refused to enter into one with PASOK , forcing the country to new elections in June 2012 , where Tsakalotos won re-election as an MP . Tsakalotos said that Syriza had a focus on the European Union , and told The New York Times that a Europe imposing austerity on its citizens for the actions of banks isnt the Europe that the original inspirators of Europe imagined . New Democracy won a plurality of seats in June 2012 and formed a coalition government with PASOK and Democratic Left , making Syriza the largest opposition party with 78 seats . Tsakalotos role in opposition was as the spokesperson for economic affairs in Tsipras shadow cabinet . In opposition from 2012 to 2015 , Tsakalotos was a key proponent of Syrizas economic policy . He argued that Greece needed something similar to the Marshall Plan , with a payment scheme that took into account the strength of the economy . He told Bloomberg News that People say that we are responsible for the situation we find ourselves in . OK , sure . But I think that Germany will find it hard to argue that in 1953 [ at the time of the London Agreement on German External Debts ] they were completely blameless . He appeared in various international media as a spokesperson for Syriza and making the case for their policies : among others , he was interviewed on Lateline , an Australian news programme on ABC , by SBS , another Australian news channel , was quoted by the BBC and Bloomberg , and also appeared in an Intelligence Squared debate arguing for the motion Angela Merkel is Destroying Europe . September 2013 saw his book , co-authored with Christos Laskos , published by Pluto Press . Crucible of Resistance was described as offering badly needed correctives to the prevalent ideas on the Greek situation . The book addressed why the European debt crisis began , with a particular focus on Greece . It argued that the idea Greece was exceptional was a myth and that the crisis had revealed the inadequacies of neoliberalism and social democracy . Tsakalotos was criticised by elements of the Greek media in 2013 when he was accused of living a wealthy lifestyle while criticising austerity in public . He was dubbed the aristocrat of the left , and one newspaper published front-page criticism arguing that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from investments made by companies such as JPMorgan Chase and BlackRock . In December 2014 , the Hellenic Parliament did not approve the new President with the supermajority required , and so a snap election was called for the end of January 2015 . A few days before the 2015 election took place , Tsakalotos was quizzed on Syrizas economic policies by a number of economists , debt campaigners and investment analysts at the London School of Economics . Tsakalotos said there was a need for fiscal space , meaning 6–7 billion Euros a year to spend on an expansionary fiscal policy . He also said that they would cancel the austerity budgets already agreed with the European Union ( EU ) and International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , pay back the loans from the IMF and focus on rescheduling and writing off the loans from the EU . First term in government ( 2015 ) . Alternate Minister and bailout negotiator . In the legislative election on 25 January 2015 , Syriza won a near-majority of seats , with 149 out of 300 , and so formed a coalition with the right-wing anti-austerity party Independent Greeks . Tsipras became prime minister and formed his cabinet on 27 January , appointing Tsakalotos as Alternate Minister for International Economic Relations , subordinate to the Minister for Foreign Affairs , Nikos Kotzias . Tsakalotos described his role as follows : [ It ] means coordinating our approach to promoting exports and attracting investment . It also means upgrading our economic diplomacy which needs to go beyond traditional sectors , for instance exporting olive oil and importing capital goods . Tsakalotos represented Syriza at the Sinn Féin ardfheis on 7 March 2015 and gave a speech on the conference floor , during which he said that both Sinn Féin and Syriza are part of a great realignment in European politics towards left-wing anti-austerity parties . The leader of Sinn Féin , Gerry Adams , embraced Tsakalotos on the stage following the speech . Tsakalotos then spent several hours afterwards in talks with senior members of Sinn Féin . The Financial Times later commented on this , saying it was a moment of bonding between Syriza and Sinn Féin . Tsakalotos began to gain a more prominent role in the renegotiations with Greeces creditors over a new bailout plan , which at the time were being led by Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance . On 27 April , Tsakalotos was the made the coordinator of the Greek team negotiating with the creditors representatives over this new bailout plan . This move was largely seen as sidelining Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance , but the markets reacted positively . In June 2015 , lenders warned that time was running out for a deal to be agreed on a new bailout plan . On 17 June , Tsakalotos warned that Greece would not be able to repay its €1.6bn loan from the IMF at the end of the month unless a new bailout plan was agreed . The deadline for the renewal of Greeces bailout package was also looming at the end of June . On 26 June , an emergency cabinet meeting led to the calling of a referendum on the bailout deal proposed by the creditors . Capital controls and a bank holiday were announced on 28 June , with the Eurozone refusing an extension of the bailout plan and Greece defaulting on its loan to the IMF on 30 June . Minister of Finance . The bailout referendum on 5 July resulted in a No vote to the adoption of the bailout package . The following day,when Alexi Tsipras refused to honor the referendum result , Varoufakis resigned as finance minister . As he left the finance ministry , he suggested that Tsakalotos was likely to succeed him , and Tsakalotos was subsequently sworn-in later that day . In the process of this , Tsakalotos relinquished his previous ministerial position of Alternate Minister for International Economic Relations . Tsakalotos was noted for his differences with Varoufakis , for example , the Financial Times noted that he could hardly be more different from his flamboyant predecessor . At a press conference shortly following his appointment , Tsakalotos said : I cannot hide from you that I am quite nervous . I am not taking on this job at the easiest point in Greek history . Tsakalotos first official meeting as Minister of Finance was on 7 July and was an emergency meeting of the Eurogroup following the vote in the referendum . Tsakalotos brought a note with him that reminded him to display no triumphalism after the No vote in the Greek bailout referendum . Following the talks , he was described as Much better than Varoufakis who was a much tougher and less compromising negotiator . Greece was given 48 hours to agree to a new bailout plan or it would face being forced to leave the eurozone on 8 July , leading to a plan being submitted by the Greek government on 10 July . In a nine-hour Eurogroup meetings on 11 July , Tsakalotos was noted for his calmness in the tough , even violent atmosphere of the talks by observers . The government backed the tenth austerity package which went before Parliament on 16 July . The package was the first in a series of prior actions necessary for negotiations to open up over bailout funding worth 86 billion euros . The package came in two parts , with the first being approved on 16 July , and the second on 23 July . The legislation included a rise in VAT across several goods and services , the abolition of the VAT discount for Greek islands , a corporation tax rise from 26% to 29% , a luxury tax on cars , boats and swimming pools , an end to early retirement by 2022 , and an increase in the retirement age to 67 . Tsakalotos said on 16 July debate , I dont know if we did the right thing , however , I do know that we felt like we had no other choice but do what we did . The contentious vote was opposed by 109 out of 201 members of the Central Committee of Syriza , and 32 Syriza MPs voted against the proposals on 16 July . It also led to a cabinet reshuffle on 17 July , but Tsakalotos retained his role as Minister of Finance . The second set of measures were debated and voted on 23 July , with Tsakalotos beginning the debate , and urging a vote in favour of the measures . Tsakalotos was criticised for his speech , with Ovenden writing that [ his ] argument made him sound little different from the kind of kindergarten exchanges which had characterised Pasok and New Democracy over the years . However , the proposals passed parliament , clearing the way for a new bailout deal to be negotiated with Greeces creditors . A new bailout deal , the Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece , was agreed in August 2015 , and the first set of measures went to vote on 14 August , in the form of the eleventh austerity package . Tsakalotos opened the debate , calling the deal a very tough agreement with many thorns . During the debate , he engaged heavily with the acting President of New Democracy , Vangelis Meimarakis , who criticised Tsakalotos for being provocative . Towards the end of the debate , Zoi Konstantopoulou , the Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament , raised so many procedural questions and objections that Tsakalotos missed the 9:30 am vote to catch a flight to Brussels . More than 40 Syriza MPs voted against the plans , and it was suggested that Tsipras may resign , bringing the prospect of another snap election in September . In Brussels later that day , final negotiations were concluded for the Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece . On 20 August , Tsipras announced the resignation of the Syriza-ANEL government , and that a legislative election was scheduled for 20 September . Tsakalotos and the rest of the cabinet remained as lame duck ministers whilst opposition parties attempted to form their own government . However , the opposition parties failed to form a government and Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou was appointed as an interim Prime Minister on 27 August . On 28 August , Thanou-Christophilous caretaker cabinet was sworn in , with George Chouliarakis being sworn in as the interim Minister of Finance . Second term in government ( 2015–present ) . Reappointment as Minister of Finance . Reuters reported that Tsakalotos was considering not running in the September 2015 legislative election , as he did not want to have to implement the bailout agreement . However , these fears were assuaged by Alexis Tsipras when he said there was no doubt that Tsakalotos would stand in the election . He also claimed that , during the election campaign , without Tsakalotos involvement , there would have been no bailout package . In recognition of that , Tsakalotos was made to head the list for Syriza in Athens B . In an interview during the campaign , Tsakalotos admitted that the Greek government had suffered defeat during negotiations with creditors , implying that some responsibility for this lay with his predecessor , Varoufakis . Following the re-election of the Syriza-ANEL coalition , Tsakalotos was tipped to resume the role of Minister of Finance , however the state media reported that he was reluctant to do so . Nonetheless , he was reappointed as Minister of Finance on 23 September , as part of the Tsipras second cabinet . Chouliarakis , the interim Minister of Finance , was retained in the finance ministry as an Alternate Minister of Finance . Later in September , in an interview with the Financial Times , Tsakalotos said that it was absolutely critical that we get something on debt relief . He added : By the second quarter of 2016 , if we get a positive review , bank recapitalisation and debt relief , I don’t see any reason why there shouldn’t be a return to growth . He also said that the new government would make serious attempts to crack down on tax evasion : It will be a central aspect of our policies , which will determine the success of the government , because it’s the only way the Greek people will accept difficult measures that show we’re all in the same boat . At the annual meetings of the IMF and the World Bank between 9 and 11 October 2015 , Tsakalotos had a number of meetings with high-level attendees . On 8 January 2016 , Tsakalotos began a tour of European cities , including Rome , Lisbon , Paris , Helsinki and Berlin , meeting with finance ministers , prior to a Eurogroup meeting on 14 January . In February 2016 , Spyros Economides , Director of the Hellenic Observatory,in order to divert blame and relieve the pressure on Tsakalotos and following a relentless smear campaign against Varoufakis , commented on Tsakalotos performance as Minister of Finance : In some ways , he has done an extremely good job because the mess left by his predecessor both in substantive and presentational terms was horrific . Tsakalotos visited the European Parliament in March 2016 and told MEPs of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs that he welcomed their role in monitoring the reforms . Bailout review and calls for IMF involvement . The first review of the bailout programme carried out by Greeces lenders stalled in February 2016 over pension reforms . Speaking to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Tsakalotos urged the lenders to complete the review by 1 May as This question of time is important if we want to move from a vicious to a virtuous circle . He wrote to other members of the Eurogroup on 6 May to appeal for their support against extra demands for austerity that , he argued , were beyond the mandate of the Greek government . Speaking in October 2016 , Tsakalotos said that he wanted the IMF to join the bailout programme and that Wolfgang Schäubles position on debt relief for Greece was untenable . Schäuble said that the bailout programme will work , the IMF will be on board and there wont be much debt relief . However , Tsakalotos said that Something has to give there , and I think deep down in his heart he understands that . Hes a wily politician . Hes been around for a long time . I cant believe he doesnt understand you cant have all those three things . Political views . Ideology . Tsakalotos has been described as a Marxist , and Ovenden has written that While Keynes is the main economic reference point for Varoufakis , who opposed the Brussels deal , for Tsakalotos , who signed it , Marx is more that guide to economic and political analysis . Paul Mason described Tsakalotos as a classic Marxist of the New Left , continuing that Tsakalotos comes from that school of Marxism which learned from the 1970s onwards to make compromises with capitalist reality . In an interview with the Financial Times in September 2015 following his re-appointment , he said : I’m one of the government’s most left-wing ministers , politically speaking . However , I want to do things like the recapitalisation of the banks . I can do things that aren’t particularly left-wing . Tsakalotos is also a leading member of the Group of 53 , a prominent faction within Syriza . One report names him as the leader of the Group . The Group was founded in mid-2014 and stands ideologically between the Left Platform and Alexis Tsiprass core backers . After the Left Platform split from Syriza to Popular Unity , the Group of 53 became the most left-wing faction within Syriza . Europe . Tsakalotos has been described as a Revolutionary Europeanist , as he supports European Union integration but not its capitalist principles . In one article , he wrote : [ the ] European Monetary Union has created a split between [ the ] core and periphery , and relations between the two are hierarchical and discriminatory . Tsakalotos has also advocated for a change in [ the ] architecture of the Eurozone . He has also suggested that the EU should have a focus on the development of member countries , which is what requires this change in architecture . In a May 2012 interview on Lateline , Tsakalotos said : At the moment the Eurozone is at risk , not because of the Greek radical left – its at risk because it has an architecture , a financial and economic architecture that is evidently unable to deal with the crisis in the Eurozone , and we think part of the solution is a change in that architecture . In 2011 , he cited a move towards fiscal federalism as a potential solution to the EUs economic architecture . Personal life . Tsakalotos is married to Heather D . Gibson , a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece and his ofttimes research and writing partner . They met when Tsakalotos was teaching at the University of Kent and they later married in Canterbury . The couple has three children and maintains two homes in Kifisia , along with an office in Athens and a holiday home in Preveza , all courtesy of a large estate belonging to Tsakalotos father . Through his father , Euclid Tsakalotos is a distant relative of Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos , who served as Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff from 1951 to 1952 . Tsakalotos has been quoted as saying that his great-granduncle fought on the other side , the wrong side in the Greek Civil War , and was worried that his great-grandnephew would become a liberal , [ but ] certainly not anything further to the left . Tsakalotos is a fan of PAOK FC and was given a shirt with Dimitar Berbatovs name on the back by Alexis Tsipras . When he lived in the UK , he was a supporter of Leeds United . Works . Books . - Crucible of Resistance : Greece , the Eurozone and the World Economic Crisis ( with Christos Laskos , Pluto Press , London , Chicago : 2013 ) , - 22 Πράγματα που μας λένε για την ελληνική κρίση και δεν είναι έτσι ( 22 Things they tell you about the Greek Crisis which are not so ; with Christos Laskos , KPSM Publications : 2012 ) , - Χωρίς επιστροφή ( No Return ; with Christos Laskos , KPSM Publications : 2011 ) , - Corporatism and Economic Performance : A Comparative Analysis of Market Economies ( with Andrew Henley , Edward Elgar Publishing : 1993 ) - ( Avebury Publishers , Aldershot : 1991 ) , Articles and papers . Tsakalotos has published a number of articles and papers , including several co-authored with his wife , Heather Gibson , and others . He has been published in a range of Academic journals , such as the Cambridge Journal of Economics , the Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics and the Oxford Review of Economic Policy . For a full list , see the link to his page on Academia.edu in the External links .
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Euclid Tsakalotos Euclid Stefanou Tsakalotos ( , ; born 1960 ) is a Greek economist and politician who was Minister of Finance of Greece from 2015 to 2019 . He is also a member of the Central Committee of Syriza and has represented Athens B in the Hellenic Parliament since May 2012 . Tsakalotos was born in Rotterdam , the Netherlands , but moved to the United Kingdom at a young age . He went to St Pauls School in London before studying Philosophy , Politics and Economics at The Queens College , University of Oxford . He went on to complete a masters degree at the Institute of Development Studies , which is attached to the University of Sussex , and returned to Oxford to complete a doctorate in economics under the supervision of Włodzimierz Brus , which he did in 1989 . From 1989 to 1993 , Tsakalotos worked at the University of Kent , where he met his partner , Heather D . Gibson . He moved to Greece , and taught at the Athens University of Economics and Business from 1994 to 2010 , becoming a professor of economics . Since 2010 , he has been a professor of economics at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens . He has written a number of books in both Greek and English and has been published in a range of different academic journals . Due to his upbringing in the UK , he speaks English with a British accent . A student member of the Communist Party of Greece , Tsakalotos joined Synaspismos in the early 1990s and was elected to the Central Committee of Syriza in 2004 shortly after their formation . He was first elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament for Athens B in the May 2012 legislative election and has been re-elected in every election since . In opposition from 2012 to 2015 , he was Syrizas shadow finance minister . When Syriza entered government in January 2015 , Tsakalotos was appointed as an Alternate Minister within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In April , he took over as head of Greeces negotiating team on the third bailout package . On 6 July 2015 , following Yanis Varoufakiss resignation , Tsakalotos was appointed as Minister of Finance . He was re-appointed in September 2015 following the snap legislative election . Early life and education . Tsakalotos was born in Rotterdam , the Netherlands , in 1960 . He is the son of Stefanos Tsakalotos , a civil engineer who worked in the shipping industry , and the family relocated to the United Kingdom in 1965 when the younger Tsakolotos was five years old . He attended St Pauls School , London from 1973 to 1978 . In St Pauls Schools alumni magazine , he praised his former schoolmaster Keith Perry , saying that the teacher did much to bolster [ his ] self-confidence . During his time at the school , he co-founded its Economics and Politics Society ( known as Polecon ) with his close friend Owen Tudor , who now works for the Trades Union Congress . Tsakalotos went on to read Philosophy , Politics and Economics at The Queens College , Oxford . Whilst at the Queens College , Tsakalotos was an admirer of both G . A . Cohen and Andrew Glyn , a Marxist political philosopher and Marxian economist respectively , who both taught at the university . He also took part in student protests against Margaret Thatchers Conservative government . During his time at university , he became a supporter of Irish republicanism , a view he expressed in his visit to the Sinn Féin ardfheis in March 2015 . One of his university friends at this time , Yannis Stournaras , later became a Greek finance minister and served as Governor of the Bank of Greece . Following graduation , he completed a masters degree ( MPhil ) at the Institute of Development Studies , attached to the University of Sussex . He then returned to Oxford to complete a doctorate ( DPhil ) in economics , studying at Mansfield College . He completed this doctorate in 1989 under the supervision of Włodzimierz Brus , with his thesis , , later being published as a book . Academic career . After the completion of his doctorate , Tsakalotos entered into an academic career . His first role was as a research associate at the University of Kent , from 1989 to 1990 . From October 1990 to June 1993 , he taught at the university as a lecturer . In 1993 , Tsakalotos and his wife moved to Greece , and in October 1994 he began teaching at the Athens University of Economics and Business . In September 2010 , he became a full professor of economics at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , more commonly referred to simply as the University of Athens . In his capacity as an academic , Tsakalotos served as a member of the executive committee of the Hellenic Federation of University Teachers Associations ( POSDEP ) . In the mid-2000s , Tsakalotos led his students in a several months-long protest against proposed reforms to the Greek education system . Thanos Tsouknidas , an accountant that knew Tsakalotos at the time , said : He was there , involved in the struggle . We were fighting together . His active role in the teachers union brought him popularity , and according to a former student , his classes were often packed . Tsakalotos has written a number of books and articles on Greek and international economic policies , alone and in cooperation with other academics and writers . He has co-authored a number of works with his wife , who has also served as editor for some of the works that he has written alone . Early political career . As a student at the University of Oxford , Tsakalotos joined the Communist Party of Greece ( Interior ) , a eurocommunist party that had split from the main Communist Party of Greece , a Marxist–Leninist party , in 1968 . In the early 1990s , shortly after moving to Greece , Tsakalotos became a member of Synaspismos , a radical left-wing political party , which was to become the largest constituent party of Syriza . Syriza itself was formed in 2004 , ahead of that years legislative election , as a coalition of 13 left-wing political parties in Greece . Tsakalotos was elected to their Central Committee in December 2004 . However , he also remained a prominent member of Synaspismos and served on both their Central Political Committee and their Political Secretariat until a July 2013 party congress , during which Syriza voted to become an independent political party and for all component parties to disband , including Synaspismos . Shortly after Syriza was formed , Tsakalotos stood as their candidate for the prefecture of Preveza in the 2004 legislative election . The Greek government-debt crisis effectively began in 2009 and was a backdrop for Tsakalotos involvement in the creation of Syrizas economic policy . Tsakalotos has been credited as the brains behind the policy , and as a member of Syrizas economics quartet , alongside John Milios , Giorgos Stathakis and Yannis Dragasakis . He has also been credited as one author of Syrizas Thessaloniki Programme , a manifesto which proposed a set of policies oriented towards reversing austerity measures while maintaining a balanced budget . In opposition ( 2012–2015 ) . In the May 2012 legislative election , Tsakalotos was elected as a Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) representing Athens B , the largest electoral district in Greece . The election saw Syriza win 16.8% of the vote , placing second behind New Democracy , who won 18.8% of the vote , and ahead of PASOK , with 13% . Alexis Tsipras , the party leader , was unable to form a coalition , but also refused to enter into one with PASOK , forcing the country to new elections in June 2012 , where Tsakalotos won re-election as an MP . Tsakalotos said that Syriza had a focus on the European Union , and told The New York Times that a Europe imposing austerity on its citizens for the actions of banks isnt the Europe that the original inspirators of Europe imagined . New Democracy won a plurality of seats in June 2012 and formed a coalition government with PASOK and Democratic Left , making Syriza the largest opposition party with 78 seats . Tsakalotos role in opposition was as the spokesperson for economic affairs in Tsipras shadow cabinet . In opposition from 2012 to 2015 , Tsakalotos was a key proponent of Syrizas economic policy . He argued that Greece needed something similar to the Marshall Plan , with a payment scheme that took into account the strength of the economy . He told Bloomberg News that People say that we are responsible for the situation we find ourselves in . OK , sure . But I think that Germany will find it hard to argue that in 1953 [ at the time of the London Agreement on German External Debts ] they were completely blameless . He appeared in various international media as a spokesperson for Syriza and making the case for their policies : among others , he was interviewed on Lateline , an Australian news programme on ABC , by SBS , another Australian news channel , was quoted by the BBC and Bloomberg , and also appeared in an Intelligence Squared debate arguing for the motion Angela Merkel is Destroying Europe . September 2013 saw his book , co-authored with Christos Laskos , published by Pluto Press . Crucible of Resistance was described as offering badly needed correctives to the prevalent ideas on the Greek situation . The book addressed why the European debt crisis began , with a particular focus on Greece . It argued that the idea Greece was exceptional was a myth and that the crisis had revealed the inadequacies of neoliberalism and social democracy . Tsakalotos was criticised by elements of the Greek media in 2013 when he was accused of living a wealthy lifestyle while criticising austerity in public . He was dubbed the aristocrat of the left , and one newspaper published front-page criticism arguing that Tsakalotos own family wealth came from investments made by companies such as JPMorgan Chase and BlackRock . In December 2014 , the Hellenic Parliament did not approve the new President with the supermajority required , and so a snap election was called for the end of January 2015 . A few days before the 2015 election took place , Tsakalotos was quizzed on Syrizas economic policies by a number of economists , debt campaigners and investment analysts at the London School of Economics . Tsakalotos said there was a need for fiscal space , meaning 6–7 billion Euros a year to spend on an expansionary fiscal policy . He also said that they would cancel the austerity budgets already agreed with the European Union ( EU ) and International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , pay back the loans from the IMF and focus on rescheduling and writing off the loans from the EU . First term in government ( 2015 ) . Alternate Minister and bailout negotiator . In the legislative election on 25 January 2015 , Syriza won a near-majority of seats , with 149 out of 300 , and so formed a coalition with the right-wing anti-austerity party Independent Greeks . Tsipras became prime minister and formed his cabinet on 27 January , appointing Tsakalotos as Alternate Minister for International Economic Relations , subordinate to the Minister for Foreign Affairs , Nikos Kotzias . Tsakalotos described his role as follows : [ It ] means coordinating our approach to promoting exports and attracting investment . It also means upgrading our economic diplomacy which needs to go beyond traditional sectors , for instance exporting olive oil and importing capital goods . Tsakalotos represented Syriza at the Sinn Féin ardfheis on 7 March 2015 and gave a speech on the conference floor , during which he said that both Sinn Féin and Syriza are part of a great realignment in European politics towards left-wing anti-austerity parties . The leader of Sinn Féin , Gerry Adams , embraced Tsakalotos on the stage following the speech . Tsakalotos then spent several hours afterwards in talks with senior members of Sinn Féin . The Financial Times later commented on this , saying it was a moment of bonding between Syriza and Sinn Féin . Tsakalotos began to gain a more prominent role in the renegotiations with Greeces creditors over a new bailout plan , which at the time were being led by Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance . On 27 April , Tsakalotos was the made the coordinator of the Greek team negotiating with the creditors representatives over this new bailout plan . This move was largely seen as sidelining Yanis Varoufakis , the Minister of Finance , but the markets reacted positively . In June 2015 , lenders warned that time was running out for a deal to be agreed on a new bailout plan . On 17 June , Tsakalotos warned that Greece would not be able to repay its €1.6bn loan from the IMF at the end of the month unless a new bailout plan was agreed . The deadline for the renewal of Greeces bailout package was also looming at the end of June . On 26 June , an emergency cabinet meeting led to the calling of a referendum on the bailout deal proposed by the creditors . Capital controls and a bank holiday were announced on 28 June , with the Eurozone refusing an extension of the bailout plan and Greece defaulting on its loan to the IMF on 30 June . Minister of Finance . The bailout referendum on 5 July resulted in a No vote to the adoption of the bailout package . The following day,when Alexi Tsipras refused to honor the referendum result , Varoufakis resigned as finance minister . As he left the finance ministry , he suggested that Tsakalotos was likely to succeed him , and Tsakalotos was subsequently sworn-in later that day . In the process of this , Tsakalotos relinquished his previous ministerial position of Alternate Minister for International Economic Relations . Tsakalotos was noted for his differences with Varoufakis , for example , the Financial Times noted that he could hardly be more different from his flamboyant predecessor . At a press conference shortly following his appointment , Tsakalotos said : I cannot hide from you that I am quite nervous . I am not taking on this job at the easiest point in Greek history . Tsakalotos first official meeting as Minister of Finance was on 7 July and was an emergency meeting of the Eurogroup following the vote in the referendum . Tsakalotos brought a note with him that reminded him to display no triumphalism after the No vote in the Greek bailout referendum . Following the talks , he was described as Much better than Varoufakis who was a much tougher and less compromising negotiator . Greece was given 48 hours to agree to a new bailout plan or it would face being forced to leave the eurozone on 8 July , leading to a plan being submitted by the Greek government on 10 July . In a nine-hour Eurogroup meetings on 11 July , Tsakalotos was noted for his calmness in the tough , even violent atmosphere of the talks by observers . The government backed the tenth austerity package which went before Parliament on 16 July . The package was the first in a series of prior actions necessary for negotiations to open up over bailout funding worth 86 billion euros . The package came in two parts , with the first being approved on 16 July , and the second on 23 July . The legislation included a rise in VAT across several goods and services , the abolition of the VAT discount for Greek islands , a corporation tax rise from 26% to 29% , a luxury tax on cars , boats and swimming pools , an end to early retirement by 2022 , and an increase in the retirement age to 67 . Tsakalotos said on 16 July debate , I dont know if we did the right thing , however , I do know that we felt like we had no other choice but do what we did . The contentious vote was opposed by 109 out of 201 members of the Central Committee of Syriza , and 32 Syriza MPs voted against the proposals on 16 July . It also led to a cabinet reshuffle on 17 July , but Tsakalotos retained his role as Minister of Finance . The second set of measures were debated and voted on 23 July , with Tsakalotos beginning the debate , and urging a vote in favour of the measures . Tsakalotos was criticised for his speech , with Ovenden writing that [ his ] argument made him sound little different from the kind of kindergarten exchanges which had characterised Pasok and New Democracy over the years . However , the proposals passed parliament , clearing the way for a new bailout deal to be negotiated with Greeces creditors . A new bailout deal , the Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece , was agreed in August 2015 , and the first set of measures went to vote on 14 August , in the form of the eleventh austerity package . Tsakalotos opened the debate , calling the deal a very tough agreement with many thorns . During the debate , he engaged heavily with the acting President of New Democracy , Vangelis Meimarakis , who criticised Tsakalotos for being provocative . Towards the end of the debate , Zoi Konstantopoulou , the Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament , raised so many procedural questions and objections that Tsakalotos missed the 9:30 am vote to catch a flight to Brussels . More than 40 Syriza MPs voted against the plans , and it was suggested that Tsipras may resign , bringing the prospect of another snap election in September . In Brussels later that day , final negotiations were concluded for the Third Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece . On 20 August , Tsipras announced the resignation of the Syriza-ANEL government , and that a legislative election was scheduled for 20 September . Tsakalotos and the rest of the cabinet remained as lame duck ministers whilst opposition parties attempted to form their own government . However , the opposition parties failed to form a government and Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilou was appointed as an interim Prime Minister on 27 August . On 28 August , Thanou-Christophilous caretaker cabinet was sworn in , with George Chouliarakis being sworn in as the interim Minister of Finance . Second term in government ( 2015–present ) . Reappointment as Minister of Finance . Reuters reported that Tsakalotos was considering not running in the September 2015 legislative election , as he did not want to have to implement the bailout agreement . However , these fears were assuaged by Alexis Tsipras when he said there was no doubt that Tsakalotos would stand in the election . He also claimed that , during the election campaign , without Tsakalotos involvement , there would have been no bailout package . In recognition of that , Tsakalotos was made to head the list for Syriza in Athens B . In an interview during the campaign , Tsakalotos admitted that the Greek government had suffered defeat during negotiations with creditors , implying that some responsibility for this lay with his predecessor , Varoufakis . Following the re-election of the Syriza-ANEL coalition , Tsakalotos was tipped to resume the role of Minister of Finance , however the state media reported that he was reluctant to do so . Nonetheless , he was reappointed as Minister of Finance on 23 September , as part of the Tsipras second cabinet . Chouliarakis , the interim Minister of Finance , was retained in the finance ministry as an Alternate Minister of Finance . Later in September , in an interview with the Financial Times , Tsakalotos said that it was absolutely critical that we get something on debt relief . He added : By the second quarter of 2016 , if we get a positive review , bank recapitalisation and debt relief , I don’t see any reason why there shouldn’t be a return to growth . He also said that the new government would make serious attempts to crack down on tax evasion : It will be a central aspect of our policies , which will determine the success of the government , because it’s the only way the Greek people will accept difficult measures that show we’re all in the same boat . At the annual meetings of the IMF and the World Bank between 9 and 11 October 2015 , Tsakalotos had a number of meetings with high-level attendees . On 8 January 2016 , Tsakalotos began a tour of European cities , including Rome , Lisbon , Paris , Helsinki and Berlin , meeting with finance ministers , prior to a Eurogroup meeting on 14 January . In February 2016 , Spyros Economides , Director of the Hellenic Observatory,in order to divert blame and relieve the pressure on Tsakalotos and following a relentless smear campaign against Varoufakis , commented on Tsakalotos performance as Minister of Finance : In some ways , he has done an extremely good job because the mess left by his predecessor both in substantive and presentational terms was horrific . Tsakalotos visited the European Parliament in March 2016 and told MEPs of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs that he welcomed their role in monitoring the reforms . Bailout review and calls for IMF involvement . The first review of the bailout programme carried out by Greeces lenders stalled in February 2016 over pension reforms . Speaking to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Tsakalotos urged the lenders to complete the review by 1 May as This question of time is important if we want to move from a vicious to a virtuous circle . He wrote to other members of the Eurogroup on 6 May to appeal for their support against extra demands for austerity that , he argued , were beyond the mandate of the Greek government . Speaking in October 2016 , Tsakalotos said that he wanted the IMF to join the bailout programme and that Wolfgang Schäubles position on debt relief for Greece was untenable . Schäuble said that the bailout programme will work , the IMF will be on board and there wont be much debt relief . However , Tsakalotos said that Something has to give there , and I think deep down in his heart he understands that . Hes a wily politician . Hes been around for a long time . I cant believe he doesnt understand you cant have all those three things . Political views . Ideology . Tsakalotos has been described as a Marxist , and Ovenden has written that While Keynes is the main economic reference point for Varoufakis , who opposed the Brussels deal , for Tsakalotos , who signed it , Marx is more that guide to economic and political analysis . Paul Mason described Tsakalotos as a classic Marxist of the New Left , continuing that Tsakalotos comes from that school of Marxism which learned from the 1970s onwards to make compromises with capitalist reality . In an interview with the Financial Times in September 2015 following his re-appointment , he said : I’m one of the government’s most left-wing ministers , politically speaking . However , I want to do things like the recapitalisation of the banks . I can do things that aren’t particularly left-wing . Tsakalotos is also a leading member of the Group of 53 , a prominent faction within Syriza . One report names him as the leader of the Group . The Group was founded in mid-2014 and stands ideologically between the Left Platform and Alexis Tsiprass core backers . After the Left Platform split from Syriza to Popular Unity , the Group of 53 became the most left-wing faction within Syriza . Europe . Tsakalotos has been described as a Revolutionary Europeanist , as he supports European Union integration but not its capitalist principles . In one article , he wrote : [ the ] European Monetary Union has created a split between [ the ] core and periphery , and relations between the two are hierarchical and discriminatory . Tsakalotos has also advocated for a change in [ the ] architecture of the Eurozone . He has also suggested that the EU should have a focus on the development of member countries , which is what requires this change in architecture . In a May 2012 interview on Lateline , Tsakalotos said : At the moment the Eurozone is at risk , not because of the Greek radical left – its at risk because it has an architecture , a financial and economic architecture that is evidently unable to deal with the crisis in the Eurozone , and we think part of the solution is a change in that architecture . In 2011 , he cited a move towards fiscal federalism as a potential solution to the EUs economic architecture . Personal life . Tsakalotos is married to Heather D . Gibson , a Scottish economist currently serving as Director-Advisor to the Bank of Greece and his ofttimes research and writing partner . They met when Tsakalotos was teaching at the University of Kent and they later married in Canterbury . The couple has three children and maintains two homes in Kifisia , along with an office in Athens and a holiday home in Preveza , all courtesy of a large estate belonging to Tsakalotos father . Through his father , Euclid Tsakalotos is a distant relative of Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos , who served as Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff from 1951 to 1952 . Tsakalotos has been quoted as saying that his great-granduncle fought on the other side , the wrong side in the Greek Civil War , and was worried that his great-grandnephew would become a liberal , [ but ] certainly not anything further to the left . Tsakalotos is a fan of PAOK FC and was given a shirt with Dimitar Berbatovs name on the back by Alexis Tsipras . When he lived in the UK , he was a supporter of Leeds United . Works . Books . - Crucible of Resistance : Greece , the Eurozone and the World Economic Crisis ( with Christos Laskos , Pluto Press , London , Chicago : 2013 ) , - 22 Πράγματα που μας λένε για την ελληνική κρίση και δεν είναι έτσι ( 22 Things they tell you about the Greek Crisis which are not so ; with Christos Laskos , KPSM Publications : 2012 ) , - Χωρίς επιστροφή ( No Return ; with Christos Laskos , KPSM Publications : 2011 ) , - Corporatism and Economic Performance : A Comparative Analysis of Market Economies ( with Andrew Henley , Edward Elgar Publishing : 1993 ) - ( Avebury Publishers , Aldershot : 1991 ) , Articles and papers . Tsakalotos has published a number of articles and papers , including several co-authored with his wife , Heather Gibson , and others . He has been published in a range of Academic journals , such as the Cambridge Journal of Economics , the Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics and the Oxford Review of Economic Policy . For a full list , see the link to his page on Academia.edu in the External links .
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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What position did Justin Tomlinson take from May 2010 to Mar 2015?
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/wiki/Justin_Tomlinson#P39#0
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Justin Tomlinson Justin Paul Tomlinson ( born 5 November 1976 ) is a Conservative Party politician and former marketing executive serving as Minister of State for Disabled People , Work and Health since 2019 . He has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Swindon since 2010 . A former Conservative Councillor on Swindon Borough Council , he previously served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ed Vaizey . He served in David Cameron’s government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2015 to 2016 . He was a junior minister under Theresa May at the Department for Work and Pensions as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance from 2018 to 2019 . Early life and career . Tomlinson was born in Blackburn , Lancashire on 5 November 1976 . His mother Vera represents St . Andrews ward on Swindon Borough Council . He studied at Harry Cheshire High School , a state comprehensive in Kidderminster , Worcestershire , and Oxford Brookes University , where he was Chairman of its Conservative Student Branch from 1995 to 1999 . He was National Chairman of Conservative Future , the youth-wing of the Conservative Party , between 2002 and 2003 . Tomlinson used to work on the coaches for a nightclub called Eros in Swindon , Wiltshire . He also operated a small marketing business . Tomlinson stood as the Conservative Party candidate for Abbey Meads ward on Swindon Borough Council and was elected in 2000 , before being re-elected in the same ward in 2002 and 2006 . Parliamentary career . Tomlinson unsuccessfully stood in North Swindon at the 2005 general election , losing to the defending Labour MP Michael Wills by 2,571 votes . However , he won the seat from Labour at the 2010 general election , defeating the new Labour candidate Victor Agarwall by 7,060 votes . In total , Tomlinson received 22,408 votes ( 44.6% of the vote ) , with a swing of 10.1% from Labour to the Conservatives . Along with fellow Conservative MP Chris Kelly , Tomlinson placed a bet while at university that he would be Prime Minister before the year 2038 . He stands to win £500,000 should this happen . Kelly stood down at the 2015 general election after having served a single term . He reported the Labour MP Sadiq Khan to the police in 2014 after Khan was photographed apparently driving whilst using a mobile phone . Tomlinson said those who make the laws should certainly not be above them . Khan was not prosecuted and went on to become elected as Mayor of London in 2016 . He was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Disabled People following the 2015 General Election victory of the Conservative Party , serving until the new Prime Minister , Theresa May , reshuffled the government in 2016 . Prior to that he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ed Vaizey . On 9 July 2018 , Tomlinson was appointed as a junior minister in the Department for Work and Pensions as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance . In May 2015 , it was reported by The Huffington Post that his appointment as Minister for Disabled People was controversial as he had previously voted against protecting the benefits of disabled children and those undergoing cancer treatment . Tomlinson faced calls for his resignation in October 2015 after it was reported that he had leaked information from the Public Accounts committee regarding regulation of short term high cost credit payday lenders to Wonga.com back in 2013 . Tomlinson accepted he had broken the rules and apologised , stating that his strongly-held belief that action needed to be taken on payday lenders had caused his judgement to be clouded . Tomlinson arranged £30,000 of sponsorship for Swindon Supermarine F.C. , a local football team by the same payday lender wonga.com . The football clubs chairman , Jez Webb , has made donations of £30,218 to both Tomlinsons and local Conservative Party funds since 2014 . Webb stated that he donated in a personal capacity and that the very similar amounts were coincindental . Tomlinson was subsequently accused of trying to remove references to previous links to Wonga from his website , including the arrangement of a sponsorship deal with Swindon Supermarine F.C . in 2011 . Tomlinson voted for the UK to leave the European Union in the 2016 referendum . In the House of Commons he sits on the Work and Pensions Committee . He has sat on the Public Accounts Committee and Consolidation Bills ( Joint Committee ) . Tomlinson employs his partner as Office Manager on a salary up to £40,000 . The practice of MPs employing family members , has been criticised by some sections of the media on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Tomlinsons employment of his partner is lawful . In September 2016 , Tomlinson apologised for leaking a draft of a public accounts committee report on the credit industry to someone he knew who worked for payday lender Wonga . In November 2018 , Tomlinson was criticised by Labour MP Ruth George after appearing to suggest that families facing a cap under the Universal Credit scheme could take in a lodger . A Department for Work and Pensions spokesperson later said that Tomlinson was giving illustrative examples of how some households subject to the cap may have supplemented income and denied that Tomlinson said households under the cap could or should consider taking a lodger . Tomlinson is Parliamentary Under-Secretary ( junior government minister ) for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance within the Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) . Personal life . Tomlinson announced his engagement to Jo Wheeler in August 2011 , having proposed on The Peak , the highest point on Hong Kong Island . The couple married at the House of Commons on 2 June 2012 . In July 2016 , Tomlinson confirmed that he had divorced his wife and was in a relationship with his office manager , Kate Bennett . They married in October 2018 and have one daughter born in August 2019 . External links . - Official website
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[
"Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People",
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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What position did Justin Tomlinson take from May 2015 to May 2017?
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/wiki/Justin_Tomlinson#P39#1
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Justin Tomlinson Justin Paul Tomlinson ( born 5 November 1976 ) is a Conservative Party politician and former marketing executive serving as Minister of State for Disabled People , Work and Health since 2019 . He has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Swindon since 2010 . A former Conservative Councillor on Swindon Borough Council , he previously served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ed Vaizey . He served in David Cameron’s government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2015 to 2016 . He was a junior minister under Theresa May at the Department for Work and Pensions as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance from 2018 to 2019 . Early life and career . Tomlinson was born in Blackburn , Lancashire on 5 November 1976 . His mother Vera represents St . Andrews ward on Swindon Borough Council . He studied at Harry Cheshire High School , a state comprehensive in Kidderminster , Worcestershire , and Oxford Brookes University , where he was Chairman of its Conservative Student Branch from 1995 to 1999 . He was National Chairman of Conservative Future , the youth-wing of the Conservative Party , between 2002 and 2003 . Tomlinson used to work on the coaches for a nightclub called Eros in Swindon , Wiltshire . He also operated a small marketing business . Tomlinson stood as the Conservative Party candidate for Abbey Meads ward on Swindon Borough Council and was elected in 2000 , before being re-elected in the same ward in 2002 and 2006 . Parliamentary career . Tomlinson unsuccessfully stood in North Swindon at the 2005 general election , losing to the defending Labour MP Michael Wills by 2,571 votes . However , he won the seat from Labour at the 2010 general election , defeating the new Labour candidate Victor Agarwall by 7,060 votes . In total , Tomlinson received 22,408 votes ( 44.6% of the vote ) , with a swing of 10.1% from Labour to the Conservatives . Along with fellow Conservative MP Chris Kelly , Tomlinson placed a bet while at university that he would be Prime Minister before the year 2038 . He stands to win £500,000 should this happen . Kelly stood down at the 2015 general election after having served a single term . He reported the Labour MP Sadiq Khan to the police in 2014 after Khan was photographed apparently driving whilst using a mobile phone . Tomlinson said those who make the laws should certainly not be above them . Khan was not prosecuted and went on to become elected as Mayor of London in 2016 . He was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Disabled People following the 2015 General Election victory of the Conservative Party , serving until the new Prime Minister , Theresa May , reshuffled the government in 2016 . Prior to that he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ed Vaizey . On 9 July 2018 , Tomlinson was appointed as a junior minister in the Department for Work and Pensions as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance . In May 2015 , it was reported by The Huffington Post that his appointment as Minister for Disabled People was controversial as he had previously voted against protecting the benefits of disabled children and those undergoing cancer treatment . Tomlinson faced calls for his resignation in October 2015 after it was reported that he had leaked information from the Public Accounts committee regarding regulation of short term high cost credit payday lenders to Wonga.com back in 2013 . Tomlinson accepted he had broken the rules and apologised , stating that his strongly-held belief that action needed to be taken on payday lenders had caused his judgement to be clouded . Tomlinson arranged £30,000 of sponsorship for Swindon Supermarine F.C. , a local football team by the same payday lender wonga.com . The football clubs chairman , Jez Webb , has made donations of £30,218 to both Tomlinsons and local Conservative Party funds since 2014 . Webb stated that he donated in a personal capacity and that the very similar amounts were coincindental . Tomlinson was subsequently accused of trying to remove references to previous links to Wonga from his website , including the arrangement of a sponsorship deal with Swindon Supermarine F.C . in 2011 . Tomlinson voted for the UK to leave the European Union in the 2016 referendum . In the House of Commons he sits on the Work and Pensions Committee . He has sat on the Public Accounts Committee and Consolidation Bills ( Joint Committee ) . Tomlinson employs his partner as Office Manager on a salary up to £40,000 . The practice of MPs employing family members , has been criticised by some sections of the media on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Tomlinsons employment of his partner is lawful . In September 2016 , Tomlinson apologised for leaking a draft of a public accounts committee report on the credit industry to someone he knew who worked for payday lender Wonga . In November 2018 , Tomlinson was criticised by Labour MP Ruth George after appearing to suggest that families facing a cap under the Universal Credit scheme could take in a lodger . A Department for Work and Pensions spokesperson later said that Tomlinson was giving illustrative examples of how some households subject to the cap may have supplemented income and denied that Tomlinson said households under the cap could or should consider taking a lodger . Tomlinson is Parliamentary Under-Secretary ( junior government minister ) for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance within the Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) . Personal life . Tomlinson announced his engagement to Jo Wheeler in August 2011 , having proposed on The Peak , the highest point on Hong Kong Island . The couple married at the House of Commons on 2 June 2012 . In July 2016 , Tomlinson confirmed that he had divorced his wife and was in a relationship with his office manager , Kate Bennett . They married in October 2018 and have one daughter born in August 2019 . External links . - Official website
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[
"Department for Work and Pensions as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support",
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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Justin Tomlinson took which position from Jun 2017 to Nov 2019?
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/wiki/Justin_Tomlinson#P39#2
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Justin Tomlinson Justin Paul Tomlinson ( born 5 November 1976 ) is a Conservative Party politician and former marketing executive serving as Minister of State for Disabled People , Work and Health since 2019 . He has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Swindon since 2010 . A former Conservative Councillor on Swindon Borough Council , he previously served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ed Vaizey . He served in David Cameron’s government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2015 to 2016 . He was a junior minister under Theresa May at the Department for Work and Pensions as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance from 2018 to 2019 . Early life and career . Tomlinson was born in Blackburn , Lancashire on 5 November 1976 . His mother Vera represents St . Andrews ward on Swindon Borough Council . He studied at Harry Cheshire High School , a state comprehensive in Kidderminster , Worcestershire , and Oxford Brookes University , where he was Chairman of its Conservative Student Branch from 1995 to 1999 . He was National Chairman of Conservative Future , the youth-wing of the Conservative Party , between 2002 and 2003 . Tomlinson used to work on the coaches for a nightclub called Eros in Swindon , Wiltshire . He also operated a small marketing business . Tomlinson stood as the Conservative Party candidate for Abbey Meads ward on Swindon Borough Council and was elected in 2000 , before being re-elected in the same ward in 2002 and 2006 . Parliamentary career . Tomlinson unsuccessfully stood in North Swindon at the 2005 general election , losing to the defending Labour MP Michael Wills by 2,571 votes . However , he won the seat from Labour at the 2010 general election , defeating the new Labour candidate Victor Agarwall by 7,060 votes . In total , Tomlinson received 22,408 votes ( 44.6% of the vote ) , with a swing of 10.1% from Labour to the Conservatives . Along with fellow Conservative MP Chris Kelly , Tomlinson placed a bet while at university that he would be Prime Minister before the year 2038 . He stands to win £500,000 should this happen . Kelly stood down at the 2015 general election after having served a single term . He reported the Labour MP Sadiq Khan to the police in 2014 after Khan was photographed apparently driving whilst using a mobile phone . Tomlinson said those who make the laws should certainly not be above them . Khan was not prosecuted and went on to become elected as Mayor of London in 2016 . He was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Disabled People following the 2015 General Election victory of the Conservative Party , serving until the new Prime Minister , Theresa May , reshuffled the government in 2016 . Prior to that he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ed Vaizey . On 9 July 2018 , Tomlinson was appointed as a junior minister in the Department for Work and Pensions as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance . In May 2015 , it was reported by The Huffington Post that his appointment as Minister for Disabled People was controversial as he had previously voted against protecting the benefits of disabled children and those undergoing cancer treatment . Tomlinson faced calls for his resignation in October 2015 after it was reported that he had leaked information from the Public Accounts committee regarding regulation of short term high cost credit payday lenders to Wonga.com back in 2013 . Tomlinson accepted he had broken the rules and apologised , stating that his strongly-held belief that action needed to be taken on payday lenders had caused his judgement to be clouded . Tomlinson arranged £30,000 of sponsorship for Swindon Supermarine F.C. , a local football team by the same payday lender wonga.com . The football clubs chairman , Jez Webb , has made donations of £30,218 to both Tomlinsons and local Conservative Party funds since 2014 . Webb stated that he donated in a personal capacity and that the very similar amounts were coincindental . Tomlinson was subsequently accused of trying to remove references to previous links to Wonga from his website , including the arrangement of a sponsorship deal with Swindon Supermarine F.C . in 2011 . Tomlinson voted for the UK to leave the European Union in the 2016 referendum . In the House of Commons he sits on the Work and Pensions Committee . He has sat on the Public Accounts Committee and Consolidation Bills ( Joint Committee ) . Tomlinson employs his partner as Office Manager on a salary up to £40,000 . The practice of MPs employing family members , has been criticised by some sections of the media on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Tomlinsons employment of his partner is lawful . In September 2016 , Tomlinson apologised for leaking a draft of a public accounts committee report on the credit industry to someone he knew who worked for payday lender Wonga . In November 2018 , Tomlinson was criticised by Labour MP Ruth George after appearing to suggest that families facing a cap under the Universal Credit scheme could take in a lodger . A Department for Work and Pensions spokesperson later said that Tomlinson was giving illustrative examples of how some households subject to the cap may have supplemented income and denied that Tomlinson said households under the cap could or should consider taking a lodger . Tomlinson is Parliamentary Under-Secretary ( junior government minister ) for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance within the Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) . Personal life . Tomlinson announced his engagement to Jo Wheeler in August 2011 , having proposed on The Peak , the highest point on Hong Kong Island . The couple married at the House of Commons on 2 June 2012 . In July 2016 , Tomlinson confirmed that he had divorced his wife and was in a relationship with his office manager , Kate Bennett . They married in October 2018 and have one daughter born in August 2019 . External links . - Official website
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[
"Member of Parliament",
"Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance from"
] |
easy
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Which position did Justin Tomlinson hold from Dec 2019 to Dec 2020?
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/wiki/Justin_Tomlinson#P39#3
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Justin Tomlinson Justin Paul Tomlinson ( born 5 November 1976 ) is a Conservative Party politician and former marketing executive serving as Minister of State for Disabled People , Work and Health since 2019 . He has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Swindon since 2010 . A former Conservative Councillor on Swindon Borough Council , he previously served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ed Vaizey . He served in David Cameron’s government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Disabled People from 2015 to 2016 . He was a junior minister under Theresa May at the Department for Work and Pensions as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance from 2018 to 2019 . Early life and career . Tomlinson was born in Blackburn , Lancashire on 5 November 1976 . His mother Vera represents St . Andrews ward on Swindon Borough Council . He studied at Harry Cheshire High School , a state comprehensive in Kidderminster , Worcestershire , and Oxford Brookes University , where he was Chairman of its Conservative Student Branch from 1995 to 1999 . He was National Chairman of Conservative Future , the youth-wing of the Conservative Party , between 2002 and 2003 . Tomlinson used to work on the coaches for a nightclub called Eros in Swindon , Wiltshire . He also operated a small marketing business . Tomlinson stood as the Conservative Party candidate for Abbey Meads ward on Swindon Borough Council and was elected in 2000 , before being re-elected in the same ward in 2002 and 2006 . Parliamentary career . Tomlinson unsuccessfully stood in North Swindon at the 2005 general election , losing to the defending Labour MP Michael Wills by 2,571 votes . However , he won the seat from Labour at the 2010 general election , defeating the new Labour candidate Victor Agarwall by 7,060 votes . In total , Tomlinson received 22,408 votes ( 44.6% of the vote ) , with a swing of 10.1% from Labour to the Conservatives . Along with fellow Conservative MP Chris Kelly , Tomlinson placed a bet while at university that he would be Prime Minister before the year 2038 . He stands to win £500,000 should this happen . Kelly stood down at the 2015 general election after having served a single term . He reported the Labour MP Sadiq Khan to the police in 2014 after Khan was photographed apparently driving whilst using a mobile phone . Tomlinson said those who make the laws should certainly not be above them . Khan was not prosecuted and went on to become elected as Mayor of London in 2016 . He was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Disabled People following the 2015 General Election victory of the Conservative Party , serving until the new Prime Minister , Theresa May , reshuffled the government in 2016 . Prior to that he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ed Vaizey . On 9 July 2018 , Tomlinson was appointed as a junior minister in the Department for Work and Pensions as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance . In May 2015 , it was reported by The Huffington Post that his appointment as Minister for Disabled People was controversial as he had previously voted against protecting the benefits of disabled children and those undergoing cancer treatment . Tomlinson faced calls for his resignation in October 2015 after it was reported that he had leaked information from the Public Accounts committee regarding regulation of short term high cost credit payday lenders to Wonga.com back in 2013 . Tomlinson accepted he had broken the rules and apologised , stating that his strongly-held belief that action needed to be taken on payday lenders had caused his judgement to be clouded . Tomlinson arranged £30,000 of sponsorship for Swindon Supermarine F.C. , a local football team by the same payday lender wonga.com . The football clubs chairman , Jez Webb , has made donations of £30,218 to both Tomlinsons and local Conservative Party funds since 2014 . Webb stated that he donated in a personal capacity and that the very similar amounts were coincindental . Tomlinson was subsequently accused of trying to remove references to previous links to Wonga from his website , including the arrangement of a sponsorship deal with Swindon Supermarine F.C . in 2011 . Tomlinson voted for the UK to leave the European Union in the 2016 referendum . In the House of Commons he sits on the Work and Pensions Committee . He has sat on the Public Accounts Committee and Consolidation Bills ( Joint Committee ) . Tomlinson employs his partner as Office Manager on a salary up to £40,000 . The practice of MPs employing family members , has been criticised by some sections of the media on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Tomlinsons employment of his partner is lawful . In September 2016 , Tomlinson apologised for leaking a draft of a public accounts committee report on the credit industry to someone he knew who worked for payday lender Wonga . In November 2018 , Tomlinson was criticised by Labour MP Ruth George after appearing to suggest that families facing a cap under the Universal Credit scheme could take in a lodger . A Department for Work and Pensions spokesperson later said that Tomlinson was giving illustrative examples of how some households subject to the cap may have supplemented income and denied that Tomlinson said households under the cap could or should consider taking a lodger . Tomlinson is Parliamentary Under-Secretary ( junior government minister ) for Family Support , Housing and Child Maintenance within the Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) . Personal life . Tomlinson announced his engagement to Jo Wheeler in August 2011 , having proposed on The Peak , the highest point on Hong Kong Island . The couple married at the House of Commons on 2 June 2012 . In July 2016 , Tomlinson confirmed that he had divorced his wife and was in a relationship with his office manager , Kate Bennett . They married in October 2018 and have one daughter born in August 2019 . External links . - Official website
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[
"Henri Faraud"
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan from May 1863 to Sep 1890?
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/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Grouard–McLennan#P488#0
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan ( ) is a Latin archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada and the metropolitan see of an ecclesiastical province for the Roman Catholic Church in northwestern Canada . The archbishop is the Most Reverend Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R. . As archbishop , Pettipas also serves as pastor of the Cathedral of St . John the Baptist , the mother church and episcopal see of the archdiocese . Ecclesiastical province . The Metropolitan has two suffragans : - Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith - Roman Catholic Diocese of Whitehorse . History . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan was erected on April 8 , 1862 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska Mackenzie , on territory split off from the Diocese of Saint-Boniface . A month later on May 8 , 1862 , Henri Faraud , O.M.I . was appointed as Apostolic Vicar . Bishop Faraud served until March 20 , 1890 when he resigned . He was succeeded by Émile Grouard , O.M.I . who was appointed Apostolic Vicar on October 18 , 1890 . Bishop Faraud and later Bishop Grouard were assisted by Isidore Clut , O.M.I . who was appointed Auxiliary Bishop on August 3 , 1864 and who served until his death on July 9 , 1903 . On July 3 , 1901 , the territory of the Vicariate was split , remaining as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska , which comprised what is today the northwestern area of the Province of Alberta , but losing the then Apostolic Vicariate of Mackenzie , which comprised what today is the Northwest Territories as well as northeastern area of the Province of Alberta . Bishop Grouard remained as the Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and Gabriel Breynat , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Mackenzie . A few years after the death of Bishop Clut , Celestin_Henri Joussard , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar on May 11 , 1909 . On March 15 , 1927 , the name of the Vicariate was changed from the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska to the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard . Bishop Joussard never ended up succeeding Bishop Grouard as Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and both Bishop Grouard and Bishop Joussard retired on April 18 , 1929 . Following the retirement of Bishop Grouard , Joseph Guy , O.M.I . was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Grouard on December 19 , 1929 . Bishop Guy served until June 2 , 1937 when he was appointed the Bishop of Gravelbourg . The following year on March 30 , 1938 , Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On June 15 , 1945 , Henri Routhier , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar . In 1946 Bishop Langlois transferred the seat of the Vicariate from Grouard to McLennan . The Town of Grouard , taking its name from Bishop Grouard when it was incorporated as a town on September 27 , 1909 , was a thriving community of approximately 1,200 people . This changed when the Edmonton , Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway built its new line south of Lesser Slave Lake instead of going through Grouard which was on the north shore of Lesser Slave Lake . The majority of Grouard’s population moved to High Prairie , the newly established town on the railway . Bishop Grouard had originally established a mission at the Lesser Slave Lake settlement , the original name of Grouard , under the patronage of Saint Bernard , in 1872 . Shortly after the Seat of the Vicariate was transferred to McLennan , work began on a new Cathedral dedicated to Saint John the Baptist . Bishop Langlois served as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard until his death on September 18 , 1953 . Upon Bishop Langlois death , Bishop Routhier immediately succeeded him as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On July 13 , 1967 , the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard was elevated to the Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan and made the Metropolitan See of northwestern Canada with the newly elevated Dioceses of Prince George , Mackenzie-Fort Smith and Whitehorse as suffragans , but the Diocese of Prince George was later transferred to the Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia . On this date all the Apostolic Vicariates in northern Canada were elevated to dioceses . Archbishop Routhier served until his resignation on November 21 , 1972 , he was succeeded by Henri Légaré , O.M.I. , who had been Bishop of Labrador-Schefferville . Archbishop Légaré served until his retirement on July 16 , 1996 . On the same day Henri Goudreault , O.M.I. , who had also served as Bishop of Labrador City-Schefferville , was appointed to succeed him . Archbishop Goudreault died suddenly of a heart attack on July 23 , 1998 . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan remained vacant until the appointment of Arthé Guimond , who had served as Archdiocesan Administrator , on June 9 , 2000 . Archbishop Guimond retired on November 30 , 2006 and Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R . was appointed to succeed him on the same day . Bishops . Episcopal ordinaries . - Apostolic Vicars of Athabaska Mackenzie - Henri Faraud , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( 8 May 1862 – death 20 March 1890 ) , Titular Bishop of Anemurium ( 1863.05.16 – 1890.09.26 ) - Auxiliary Bishop Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864.08.03 – death 1903.07.09 ) , Titular Bishop of Arindela ( 1864.08.03 – 1903.07.09 ) - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( 18 October 1890 – 3 July 1901 see below ) , Titular Bishop of Ibora ( 18 October 1890 – 28 February 1930 ) . - Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 3 July 1901 – 15 March 1927 see below ) - Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909.05.11 – retired 1929.04.18 ) , Titular Bishop of Arcadiopolis ( 1909.05.11 – death 1932.09.20 ) . - Apostolic Vicars of Grouard - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 15 March 1927 – retired 18 April 1929 ) , emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Ægina ( 1930.02.28 – death 1931.03.07 ) - Joseph Guy , O.M.I . ( 19 December 1929 – 2 June 1937 ) , Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1929.12.19 – 1937.06.02 ) ; later Bishop of Gravelbourg ( 1937.06.02 – retired 1942.11.07 ) , emeritate again as Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1942.11.07 – death 1951.12.08 ) - Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . ( 30 March 1938 – death 18 September 1953 ) , Titular Bishop of Risinium ( 1938.03.30 – 1953.09.18 ) - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 18 September 1953 – see elevated 13 July 1967 see below ) , succeeding as previous Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Grouard ( 1945.06.15 – 1953.09.18 ) and Titular Bishop of Naissus ( 1945.06.15 – 1967.07.13 ) . - Metropolitan archbishops of Grouard–McLennan : - Henri Routhier , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( see above 13 July 1967 – retired 21 November 1972 ) , died 1989 - Henri Légaré , O.M.I . ( 21 November 1972 – retired 16 July 1996 ) , also President of Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops ( 1981 – 1983 ) ; previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1967.07.13 – 1972.11.21 ) ; died 2004 - Henri Goudreault , O.M.I . ( 16 July 1996 – death 23 July 1998 ) , previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1987.04.27 – 1996.07.16 ) - Arthé Guimond ( 9 June 2000 – retired 30 November 2006 ) , died 2013 - Gérard Pettipas , Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer ( C.Ss.R. ) ( 30 November 2006 – ... ) . Coadjutor bishops . - Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909-1929 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic ; did not succeed to see - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 1945-1953 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Auxiliary bishop . - Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864-1890 ) Extent and statistics . Its ecclesiastic territory includes the northwest section of the Province of Alberta , the boundaries of which are , on the north the 60th parallel north , separating it from the Northwest Territories and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith . To the south the 55th parallel north , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul . On the east the 113th meridian west , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul ( to the 58th parallel north ) and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith ( to the 60th parallel north ) . To the west the 120th meridian west , separating it from the Province of British Columbia , and the Diocese of Prince George . As per 2014 , the archdiocese pastorally served 59,927 Catholics ( 37.7% of 159,081 total ) on 224,596 km² in 33 parishes with 26 priests ( 17 diocesan , 9 religious ) , 2 deacons , 20 lay religious ( 9 brothers , 11 sisters ) and 3 seminarians .
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"Émile Grouard"
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Who was the chair of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan from Oct 1890 to Apr 1929?
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan ( ) is a Latin archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada and the metropolitan see of an ecclesiastical province for the Roman Catholic Church in northwestern Canada . The archbishop is the Most Reverend Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R. . As archbishop , Pettipas also serves as pastor of the Cathedral of St . John the Baptist , the mother church and episcopal see of the archdiocese . Ecclesiastical province . The Metropolitan has two suffragans : - Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith - Roman Catholic Diocese of Whitehorse . History . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan was erected on April 8 , 1862 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska Mackenzie , on territory split off from the Diocese of Saint-Boniface . A month later on May 8 , 1862 , Henri Faraud , O.M.I . was appointed as Apostolic Vicar . Bishop Faraud served until March 20 , 1890 when he resigned . He was succeeded by Émile Grouard , O.M.I . who was appointed Apostolic Vicar on October 18 , 1890 . Bishop Faraud and later Bishop Grouard were assisted by Isidore Clut , O.M.I . who was appointed Auxiliary Bishop on August 3 , 1864 and who served until his death on July 9 , 1903 . On July 3 , 1901 , the territory of the Vicariate was split , remaining as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska , which comprised what is today the northwestern area of the Province of Alberta , but losing the then Apostolic Vicariate of Mackenzie , which comprised what today is the Northwest Territories as well as northeastern area of the Province of Alberta . Bishop Grouard remained as the Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and Gabriel Breynat , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Mackenzie . A few years after the death of Bishop Clut , Celestin_Henri Joussard , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar on May 11 , 1909 . On March 15 , 1927 , the name of the Vicariate was changed from the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska to the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard . Bishop Joussard never ended up succeeding Bishop Grouard as Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and both Bishop Grouard and Bishop Joussard retired on April 18 , 1929 . Following the retirement of Bishop Grouard , Joseph Guy , O.M.I . was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Grouard on December 19 , 1929 . Bishop Guy served until June 2 , 1937 when he was appointed the Bishop of Gravelbourg . The following year on March 30 , 1938 , Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On June 15 , 1945 , Henri Routhier , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar . In 1946 Bishop Langlois transferred the seat of the Vicariate from Grouard to McLennan . The Town of Grouard , taking its name from Bishop Grouard when it was incorporated as a town on September 27 , 1909 , was a thriving community of approximately 1,200 people . This changed when the Edmonton , Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway built its new line south of Lesser Slave Lake instead of going through Grouard which was on the north shore of Lesser Slave Lake . The majority of Grouard’s population moved to High Prairie , the newly established town on the railway . Bishop Grouard had originally established a mission at the Lesser Slave Lake settlement , the original name of Grouard , under the patronage of Saint Bernard , in 1872 . Shortly after the Seat of the Vicariate was transferred to McLennan , work began on a new Cathedral dedicated to Saint John the Baptist . Bishop Langlois served as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard until his death on September 18 , 1953 . Upon Bishop Langlois death , Bishop Routhier immediately succeeded him as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On July 13 , 1967 , the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard was elevated to the Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan and made the Metropolitan See of northwestern Canada with the newly elevated Dioceses of Prince George , Mackenzie-Fort Smith and Whitehorse as suffragans , but the Diocese of Prince George was later transferred to the Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia . On this date all the Apostolic Vicariates in northern Canada were elevated to dioceses . Archbishop Routhier served until his resignation on November 21 , 1972 , he was succeeded by Henri Légaré , O.M.I. , who had been Bishop of Labrador-Schefferville . Archbishop Légaré served until his retirement on July 16 , 1996 . On the same day Henri Goudreault , O.M.I. , who had also served as Bishop of Labrador City-Schefferville , was appointed to succeed him . Archbishop Goudreault died suddenly of a heart attack on July 23 , 1998 . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan remained vacant until the appointment of Arthé Guimond , who had served as Archdiocesan Administrator , on June 9 , 2000 . Archbishop Guimond retired on November 30 , 2006 and Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R . was appointed to succeed him on the same day . Bishops . Episcopal ordinaries . - Apostolic Vicars of Athabaska Mackenzie - Henri Faraud , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( 8 May 1862 – death 20 March 1890 ) , Titular Bishop of Anemurium ( 1863.05.16 – 1890.09.26 ) - Auxiliary Bishop Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864.08.03 – death 1903.07.09 ) , Titular Bishop of Arindela ( 1864.08.03 – 1903.07.09 ) - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( 18 October 1890 – 3 July 1901 see below ) , Titular Bishop of Ibora ( 18 October 1890 – 28 February 1930 ) . - Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 3 July 1901 – 15 March 1927 see below ) - Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909.05.11 – retired 1929.04.18 ) , Titular Bishop of Arcadiopolis ( 1909.05.11 – death 1932.09.20 ) . - Apostolic Vicars of Grouard - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 15 March 1927 – retired 18 April 1929 ) , emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Ægina ( 1930.02.28 – death 1931.03.07 ) - Joseph Guy , O.M.I . ( 19 December 1929 – 2 June 1937 ) , Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1929.12.19 – 1937.06.02 ) ; later Bishop of Gravelbourg ( 1937.06.02 – retired 1942.11.07 ) , emeritate again as Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1942.11.07 – death 1951.12.08 ) - Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . ( 30 March 1938 – death 18 September 1953 ) , Titular Bishop of Risinium ( 1938.03.30 – 1953.09.18 ) - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 18 September 1953 – see elevated 13 July 1967 see below ) , succeeding as previous Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Grouard ( 1945.06.15 – 1953.09.18 ) and Titular Bishop of Naissus ( 1945.06.15 – 1967.07.13 ) . - Metropolitan archbishops of Grouard–McLennan : - Henri Routhier , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( see above 13 July 1967 – retired 21 November 1972 ) , died 1989 - Henri Légaré , O.M.I . ( 21 November 1972 – retired 16 July 1996 ) , also President of Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops ( 1981 – 1983 ) ; previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1967.07.13 – 1972.11.21 ) ; died 2004 - Henri Goudreault , O.M.I . ( 16 July 1996 – death 23 July 1998 ) , previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1987.04.27 – 1996.07.16 ) - Arthé Guimond ( 9 June 2000 – retired 30 November 2006 ) , died 2013 - Gérard Pettipas , Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer ( C.Ss.R. ) ( 30 November 2006 – ... ) . Coadjutor bishops . - Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909-1929 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic ; did not succeed to see - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 1945-1953 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Auxiliary bishop . - Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864-1890 ) Extent and statistics . Its ecclesiastic territory includes the northwest section of the Province of Alberta , the boundaries of which are , on the north the 60th parallel north , separating it from the Northwest Territories and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith . To the south the 55th parallel north , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul . On the east the 113th meridian west , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul ( to the 58th parallel north ) and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith ( to the 60th parallel north ) . To the west the 120th meridian west , separating it from the Province of British Columbia , and the Diocese of Prince George . As per 2014 , the archdiocese pastorally served 59,927 Catholics ( 37.7% of 159,081 total ) on 224,596 km² in 33 parishes with 26 priests ( 17 diocesan , 9 religious ) , 2 deacons , 20 lay religious ( 9 brothers , 11 sisters ) and 3 seminarians .
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Who was the chair of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan from Mar 1938 to Sep 1953?
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan ( ) is a Latin archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada and the metropolitan see of an ecclesiastical province for the Roman Catholic Church in northwestern Canada . The archbishop is the Most Reverend Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R. . As archbishop , Pettipas also serves as pastor of the Cathedral of St . John the Baptist , the mother church and episcopal see of the archdiocese . Ecclesiastical province . The Metropolitan has two suffragans : - Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith - Roman Catholic Diocese of Whitehorse . History . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan was erected on April 8 , 1862 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska Mackenzie , on territory split off from the Diocese of Saint-Boniface . A month later on May 8 , 1862 , Henri Faraud , O.M.I . was appointed as Apostolic Vicar . Bishop Faraud served until March 20 , 1890 when he resigned . He was succeeded by Émile Grouard , O.M.I . who was appointed Apostolic Vicar on October 18 , 1890 . Bishop Faraud and later Bishop Grouard were assisted by Isidore Clut , O.M.I . who was appointed Auxiliary Bishop on August 3 , 1864 and who served until his death on July 9 , 1903 . On July 3 , 1901 , the territory of the Vicariate was split , remaining as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska , which comprised what is today the northwestern area of the Province of Alberta , but losing the then Apostolic Vicariate of Mackenzie , which comprised what today is the Northwest Territories as well as northeastern area of the Province of Alberta . Bishop Grouard remained as the Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and Gabriel Breynat , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Mackenzie . A few years after the death of Bishop Clut , Celestin_Henri Joussard , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar on May 11 , 1909 . On March 15 , 1927 , the name of the Vicariate was changed from the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska to the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard . Bishop Joussard never ended up succeeding Bishop Grouard as Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and both Bishop Grouard and Bishop Joussard retired on April 18 , 1929 . Following the retirement of Bishop Grouard , Joseph Guy , O.M.I . was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Grouard on December 19 , 1929 . Bishop Guy served until June 2 , 1937 when he was appointed the Bishop of Gravelbourg . The following year on March 30 , 1938 , Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On June 15 , 1945 , Henri Routhier , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar . In 1946 Bishop Langlois transferred the seat of the Vicariate from Grouard to McLennan . The Town of Grouard , taking its name from Bishop Grouard when it was incorporated as a town on September 27 , 1909 , was a thriving community of approximately 1,200 people . This changed when the Edmonton , Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway built its new line south of Lesser Slave Lake instead of going through Grouard which was on the north shore of Lesser Slave Lake . The majority of Grouard’s population moved to High Prairie , the newly established town on the railway . Bishop Grouard had originally established a mission at the Lesser Slave Lake settlement , the original name of Grouard , under the patronage of Saint Bernard , in 1872 . Shortly after the Seat of the Vicariate was transferred to McLennan , work began on a new Cathedral dedicated to Saint John the Baptist . Bishop Langlois served as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard until his death on September 18 , 1953 . Upon Bishop Langlois death , Bishop Routhier immediately succeeded him as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On July 13 , 1967 , the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard was elevated to the Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan and made the Metropolitan See of northwestern Canada with the newly elevated Dioceses of Prince George , Mackenzie-Fort Smith and Whitehorse as suffragans , but the Diocese of Prince George was later transferred to the Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia . On this date all the Apostolic Vicariates in northern Canada were elevated to dioceses . Archbishop Routhier served until his resignation on November 21 , 1972 , he was succeeded by Henri Légaré , O.M.I. , who had been Bishop of Labrador-Schefferville . Archbishop Légaré served until his retirement on July 16 , 1996 . On the same day Henri Goudreault , O.M.I. , who had also served as Bishop of Labrador City-Schefferville , was appointed to succeed him . Archbishop Goudreault died suddenly of a heart attack on July 23 , 1998 . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan remained vacant until the appointment of Arthé Guimond , who had served as Archdiocesan Administrator , on June 9 , 2000 . Archbishop Guimond retired on November 30 , 2006 and Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R . was appointed to succeed him on the same day . Bishops . Episcopal ordinaries . - Apostolic Vicars of Athabaska Mackenzie - Henri Faraud , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( 8 May 1862 – death 20 March 1890 ) , Titular Bishop of Anemurium ( 1863.05.16 – 1890.09.26 ) - Auxiliary Bishop Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864.08.03 – death 1903.07.09 ) , Titular Bishop of Arindela ( 1864.08.03 – 1903.07.09 ) - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( 18 October 1890 – 3 July 1901 see below ) , Titular Bishop of Ibora ( 18 October 1890 – 28 February 1930 ) . - Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 3 July 1901 – 15 March 1927 see below ) - Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909.05.11 – retired 1929.04.18 ) , Titular Bishop of Arcadiopolis ( 1909.05.11 – death 1932.09.20 ) . - Apostolic Vicars of Grouard - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 15 March 1927 – retired 18 April 1929 ) , emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Ægina ( 1930.02.28 – death 1931.03.07 ) - Joseph Guy , O.M.I . ( 19 December 1929 – 2 June 1937 ) , Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1929.12.19 – 1937.06.02 ) ; later Bishop of Gravelbourg ( 1937.06.02 – retired 1942.11.07 ) , emeritate again as Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1942.11.07 – death 1951.12.08 ) - Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . ( 30 March 1938 – death 18 September 1953 ) , Titular Bishop of Risinium ( 1938.03.30 – 1953.09.18 ) - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 18 September 1953 – see elevated 13 July 1967 see below ) , succeeding as previous Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Grouard ( 1945.06.15 – 1953.09.18 ) and Titular Bishop of Naissus ( 1945.06.15 – 1967.07.13 ) . - Metropolitan archbishops of Grouard–McLennan : - Henri Routhier , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( see above 13 July 1967 – retired 21 November 1972 ) , died 1989 - Henri Légaré , O.M.I . ( 21 November 1972 – retired 16 July 1996 ) , also President of Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops ( 1981 – 1983 ) ; previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1967.07.13 – 1972.11.21 ) ; died 2004 - Henri Goudreault , O.M.I . ( 16 July 1996 – death 23 July 1998 ) , previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1987.04.27 – 1996.07.16 ) - Arthé Guimond ( 9 June 2000 – retired 30 November 2006 ) , died 2013 - Gérard Pettipas , Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer ( C.Ss.R. ) ( 30 November 2006 – ... ) . Coadjutor bishops . - Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909-1929 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic ; did not succeed to see - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 1945-1953 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Auxiliary bishop . - Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864-1890 ) Extent and statistics . Its ecclesiastic territory includes the northwest section of the Province of Alberta , the boundaries of which are , on the north the 60th parallel north , separating it from the Northwest Territories and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith . To the south the 55th parallel north , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul . On the east the 113th meridian west , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul ( to the 58th parallel north ) and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith ( to the 60th parallel north ) . To the west the 120th meridian west , separating it from the Province of British Columbia , and the Diocese of Prince George . As per 2014 , the archdiocese pastorally served 59,927 Catholics ( 37.7% of 159,081 total ) on 224,596 km² in 33 parishes with 26 priests ( 17 diocesan , 9 religious ) , 2 deacons , 20 lay religious ( 9 brothers , 11 sisters ) and 3 seminarians .
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"Henri Routhier"
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Who was the chair of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan from Sep 1953 to Nov 1972?
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan ( ) is a Latin archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada and the metropolitan see of an ecclesiastical province for the Roman Catholic Church in northwestern Canada . The archbishop is the Most Reverend Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R. . As archbishop , Pettipas also serves as pastor of the Cathedral of St . John the Baptist , the mother church and episcopal see of the archdiocese . Ecclesiastical province . The Metropolitan has two suffragans : - Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith - Roman Catholic Diocese of Whitehorse . History . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan was erected on April 8 , 1862 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska Mackenzie , on territory split off from the Diocese of Saint-Boniface . A month later on May 8 , 1862 , Henri Faraud , O.M.I . was appointed as Apostolic Vicar . Bishop Faraud served until March 20 , 1890 when he resigned . He was succeeded by Émile Grouard , O.M.I . who was appointed Apostolic Vicar on October 18 , 1890 . Bishop Faraud and later Bishop Grouard were assisted by Isidore Clut , O.M.I . who was appointed Auxiliary Bishop on August 3 , 1864 and who served until his death on July 9 , 1903 . On July 3 , 1901 , the territory of the Vicariate was split , remaining as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska , which comprised what is today the northwestern area of the Province of Alberta , but losing the then Apostolic Vicariate of Mackenzie , which comprised what today is the Northwest Territories as well as northeastern area of the Province of Alberta . Bishop Grouard remained as the Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and Gabriel Breynat , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Mackenzie . A few years after the death of Bishop Clut , Celestin_Henri Joussard , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar on May 11 , 1909 . On March 15 , 1927 , the name of the Vicariate was changed from the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska to the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard . Bishop Joussard never ended up succeeding Bishop Grouard as Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and both Bishop Grouard and Bishop Joussard retired on April 18 , 1929 . Following the retirement of Bishop Grouard , Joseph Guy , O.M.I . was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Grouard on December 19 , 1929 . Bishop Guy served until June 2 , 1937 when he was appointed the Bishop of Gravelbourg . The following year on March 30 , 1938 , Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On June 15 , 1945 , Henri Routhier , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar . In 1946 Bishop Langlois transferred the seat of the Vicariate from Grouard to McLennan . The Town of Grouard , taking its name from Bishop Grouard when it was incorporated as a town on September 27 , 1909 , was a thriving community of approximately 1,200 people . This changed when the Edmonton , Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway built its new line south of Lesser Slave Lake instead of going through Grouard which was on the north shore of Lesser Slave Lake . The majority of Grouard’s population moved to High Prairie , the newly established town on the railway . Bishop Grouard had originally established a mission at the Lesser Slave Lake settlement , the original name of Grouard , under the patronage of Saint Bernard , in 1872 . Shortly after the Seat of the Vicariate was transferred to McLennan , work began on a new Cathedral dedicated to Saint John the Baptist . Bishop Langlois served as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard until his death on September 18 , 1953 . Upon Bishop Langlois death , Bishop Routhier immediately succeeded him as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On July 13 , 1967 , the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard was elevated to the Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan and made the Metropolitan See of northwestern Canada with the newly elevated Dioceses of Prince George , Mackenzie-Fort Smith and Whitehorse as suffragans , but the Diocese of Prince George was later transferred to the Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia . On this date all the Apostolic Vicariates in northern Canada were elevated to dioceses . Archbishop Routhier served until his resignation on November 21 , 1972 , he was succeeded by Henri Légaré , O.M.I. , who had been Bishop of Labrador-Schefferville . Archbishop Légaré served until his retirement on July 16 , 1996 . On the same day Henri Goudreault , O.M.I. , who had also served as Bishop of Labrador City-Schefferville , was appointed to succeed him . Archbishop Goudreault died suddenly of a heart attack on July 23 , 1998 . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan remained vacant until the appointment of Arthé Guimond , who had served as Archdiocesan Administrator , on June 9 , 2000 . Archbishop Guimond retired on November 30 , 2006 and Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R . was appointed to succeed him on the same day . Bishops . Episcopal ordinaries . - Apostolic Vicars of Athabaska Mackenzie - Henri Faraud , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( 8 May 1862 – death 20 March 1890 ) , Titular Bishop of Anemurium ( 1863.05.16 – 1890.09.26 ) - Auxiliary Bishop Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864.08.03 – death 1903.07.09 ) , Titular Bishop of Arindela ( 1864.08.03 – 1903.07.09 ) - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( 18 October 1890 – 3 July 1901 see below ) , Titular Bishop of Ibora ( 18 October 1890 – 28 February 1930 ) . - Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 3 July 1901 – 15 March 1927 see below ) - Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909.05.11 – retired 1929.04.18 ) , Titular Bishop of Arcadiopolis ( 1909.05.11 – death 1932.09.20 ) . - Apostolic Vicars of Grouard - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 15 March 1927 – retired 18 April 1929 ) , emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Ægina ( 1930.02.28 – death 1931.03.07 ) - Joseph Guy , O.M.I . ( 19 December 1929 – 2 June 1937 ) , Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1929.12.19 – 1937.06.02 ) ; later Bishop of Gravelbourg ( 1937.06.02 – retired 1942.11.07 ) , emeritate again as Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1942.11.07 – death 1951.12.08 ) - Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . ( 30 March 1938 – death 18 September 1953 ) , Titular Bishop of Risinium ( 1938.03.30 – 1953.09.18 ) - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 18 September 1953 – see elevated 13 July 1967 see below ) , succeeding as previous Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Grouard ( 1945.06.15 – 1953.09.18 ) and Titular Bishop of Naissus ( 1945.06.15 – 1967.07.13 ) . - Metropolitan archbishops of Grouard–McLennan : - Henri Routhier , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( see above 13 July 1967 – retired 21 November 1972 ) , died 1989 - Henri Légaré , O.M.I . ( 21 November 1972 – retired 16 July 1996 ) , also President of Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops ( 1981 – 1983 ) ; previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1967.07.13 – 1972.11.21 ) ; died 2004 - Henri Goudreault , O.M.I . ( 16 July 1996 – death 23 July 1998 ) , previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1987.04.27 – 1996.07.16 ) - Arthé Guimond ( 9 June 2000 – retired 30 November 2006 ) , died 2013 - Gérard Pettipas , Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer ( C.Ss.R. ) ( 30 November 2006 – ... ) . Coadjutor bishops . - Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909-1929 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic ; did not succeed to see - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 1945-1953 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Auxiliary bishop . - Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864-1890 ) Extent and statistics . Its ecclesiastic territory includes the northwest section of the Province of Alberta , the boundaries of which are , on the north the 60th parallel north , separating it from the Northwest Territories and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith . To the south the 55th parallel north , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul . On the east the 113th meridian west , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul ( to the 58th parallel north ) and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith ( to the 60th parallel north ) . To the west the 120th meridian west , separating it from the Province of British Columbia , and the Diocese of Prince George . As per 2014 , the archdiocese pastorally served 59,927 Catholics ( 37.7% of 159,081 total ) on 224,596 km² in 33 parishes with 26 priests ( 17 diocesan , 9 religious ) , 2 deacons , 20 lay religious ( 9 brothers , 11 sisters ) and 3 seminarians .
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Who was the chair of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan from Nov 1972 to Jul 1996?
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan ( ) is a Latin archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada and the metropolitan see of an ecclesiastical province for the Roman Catholic Church in northwestern Canada . The archbishop is the Most Reverend Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R. . As archbishop , Pettipas also serves as pastor of the Cathedral of St . John the Baptist , the mother church and episcopal see of the archdiocese . Ecclesiastical province . The Metropolitan has two suffragans : - Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith - Roman Catholic Diocese of Whitehorse . History . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan was erected on April 8 , 1862 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska Mackenzie , on territory split off from the Diocese of Saint-Boniface . A month later on May 8 , 1862 , Henri Faraud , O.M.I . was appointed as Apostolic Vicar . Bishop Faraud served until March 20 , 1890 when he resigned . He was succeeded by Émile Grouard , O.M.I . who was appointed Apostolic Vicar on October 18 , 1890 . Bishop Faraud and later Bishop Grouard were assisted by Isidore Clut , O.M.I . who was appointed Auxiliary Bishop on August 3 , 1864 and who served until his death on July 9 , 1903 . On July 3 , 1901 , the territory of the Vicariate was split , remaining as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska , which comprised what is today the northwestern area of the Province of Alberta , but losing the then Apostolic Vicariate of Mackenzie , which comprised what today is the Northwest Territories as well as northeastern area of the Province of Alberta . Bishop Grouard remained as the Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and Gabriel Breynat , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Mackenzie . A few years after the death of Bishop Clut , Celestin_Henri Joussard , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar on May 11 , 1909 . On March 15 , 1927 , the name of the Vicariate was changed from the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska to the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard . Bishop Joussard never ended up succeeding Bishop Grouard as Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and both Bishop Grouard and Bishop Joussard retired on April 18 , 1929 . Following the retirement of Bishop Grouard , Joseph Guy , O.M.I . was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Grouard on December 19 , 1929 . Bishop Guy served until June 2 , 1937 when he was appointed the Bishop of Gravelbourg . The following year on March 30 , 1938 , Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On June 15 , 1945 , Henri Routhier , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar . In 1946 Bishop Langlois transferred the seat of the Vicariate from Grouard to McLennan . The Town of Grouard , taking its name from Bishop Grouard when it was incorporated as a town on September 27 , 1909 , was a thriving community of approximately 1,200 people . This changed when the Edmonton , Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway built its new line south of Lesser Slave Lake instead of going through Grouard which was on the north shore of Lesser Slave Lake . The majority of Grouard’s population moved to High Prairie , the newly established town on the railway . Bishop Grouard had originally established a mission at the Lesser Slave Lake settlement , the original name of Grouard , under the patronage of Saint Bernard , in 1872 . Shortly after the Seat of the Vicariate was transferred to McLennan , work began on a new Cathedral dedicated to Saint John the Baptist . Bishop Langlois served as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard until his death on September 18 , 1953 . Upon Bishop Langlois death , Bishop Routhier immediately succeeded him as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On July 13 , 1967 , the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard was elevated to the Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan and made the Metropolitan See of northwestern Canada with the newly elevated Dioceses of Prince George , Mackenzie-Fort Smith and Whitehorse as suffragans , but the Diocese of Prince George was later transferred to the Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia . On this date all the Apostolic Vicariates in northern Canada were elevated to dioceses . Archbishop Routhier served until his resignation on November 21 , 1972 , he was succeeded by Henri Légaré , O.M.I. , who had been Bishop of Labrador-Schefferville . Archbishop Légaré served until his retirement on July 16 , 1996 . On the same day Henri Goudreault , O.M.I. , who had also served as Bishop of Labrador City-Schefferville , was appointed to succeed him . Archbishop Goudreault died suddenly of a heart attack on July 23 , 1998 . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan remained vacant until the appointment of Arthé Guimond , who had served as Archdiocesan Administrator , on June 9 , 2000 . Archbishop Guimond retired on November 30 , 2006 and Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R . was appointed to succeed him on the same day . Bishops . Episcopal ordinaries . - Apostolic Vicars of Athabaska Mackenzie - Henri Faraud , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( 8 May 1862 – death 20 March 1890 ) , Titular Bishop of Anemurium ( 1863.05.16 – 1890.09.26 ) - Auxiliary Bishop Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864.08.03 – death 1903.07.09 ) , Titular Bishop of Arindela ( 1864.08.03 – 1903.07.09 ) - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( 18 October 1890 – 3 July 1901 see below ) , Titular Bishop of Ibora ( 18 October 1890 – 28 February 1930 ) . - Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 3 July 1901 – 15 March 1927 see below ) - Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909.05.11 – retired 1929.04.18 ) , Titular Bishop of Arcadiopolis ( 1909.05.11 – death 1932.09.20 ) . - Apostolic Vicars of Grouard - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 15 March 1927 – retired 18 April 1929 ) , emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Ægina ( 1930.02.28 – death 1931.03.07 ) - Joseph Guy , O.M.I . ( 19 December 1929 – 2 June 1937 ) , Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1929.12.19 – 1937.06.02 ) ; later Bishop of Gravelbourg ( 1937.06.02 – retired 1942.11.07 ) , emeritate again as Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1942.11.07 – death 1951.12.08 ) - Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . ( 30 March 1938 – death 18 September 1953 ) , Titular Bishop of Risinium ( 1938.03.30 – 1953.09.18 ) - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 18 September 1953 – see elevated 13 July 1967 see below ) , succeeding as previous Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Grouard ( 1945.06.15 – 1953.09.18 ) and Titular Bishop of Naissus ( 1945.06.15 – 1967.07.13 ) . - Metropolitan archbishops of Grouard–McLennan : - Henri Routhier , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( see above 13 July 1967 – retired 21 November 1972 ) , died 1989 - Henri Légaré , O.M.I . ( 21 November 1972 – retired 16 July 1996 ) , also President of Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops ( 1981 – 1983 ) ; previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1967.07.13 – 1972.11.21 ) ; died 2004 - Henri Goudreault , O.M.I . ( 16 July 1996 – death 23 July 1998 ) , previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1987.04.27 – 1996.07.16 ) - Arthé Guimond ( 9 June 2000 – retired 30 November 2006 ) , died 2013 - Gérard Pettipas , Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer ( C.Ss.R. ) ( 30 November 2006 – ... ) . Coadjutor bishops . - Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909-1929 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic ; did not succeed to see - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 1945-1953 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Auxiliary bishop . - Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864-1890 ) Extent and statistics . Its ecclesiastic territory includes the northwest section of the Province of Alberta , the boundaries of which are , on the north the 60th parallel north , separating it from the Northwest Territories and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith . To the south the 55th parallel north , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul . On the east the 113th meridian west , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul ( to the 58th parallel north ) and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith ( to the 60th parallel north ) . To the west the 120th meridian west , separating it from the Province of British Columbia , and the Diocese of Prince George . As per 2014 , the archdiocese pastorally served 59,927 Catholics ( 37.7% of 159,081 total ) on 224,596 km² in 33 parishes with 26 priests ( 17 diocesan , 9 religious ) , 2 deacons , 20 lay religious ( 9 brothers , 11 sisters ) and 3 seminarians .
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Who was the head of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan from Jul 1996 to Jul 1998?
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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan ( ) is a Latin archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada and the metropolitan see of an ecclesiastical province for the Roman Catholic Church in northwestern Canada . The archbishop is the Most Reverend Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R. . As archbishop , Pettipas also serves as pastor of the Cathedral of St . John the Baptist , the mother church and episcopal see of the archdiocese . Ecclesiastical province . The Metropolitan has two suffragans : - Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith - Roman Catholic Diocese of Whitehorse . History . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan was erected on April 8 , 1862 as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska Mackenzie , on territory split off from the Diocese of Saint-Boniface . A month later on May 8 , 1862 , Henri Faraud , O.M.I . was appointed as Apostolic Vicar . Bishop Faraud served until March 20 , 1890 when he resigned . He was succeeded by Émile Grouard , O.M.I . who was appointed Apostolic Vicar on October 18 , 1890 . Bishop Faraud and later Bishop Grouard were assisted by Isidore Clut , O.M.I . who was appointed Auxiliary Bishop on August 3 , 1864 and who served until his death on July 9 , 1903 . On July 3 , 1901 , the territory of the Vicariate was split , remaining as the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska , which comprised what is today the northwestern area of the Province of Alberta , but losing the then Apostolic Vicariate of Mackenzie , which comprised what today is the Northwest Territories as well as northeastern area of the Province of Alberta . Bishop Grouard remained as the Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and Gabriel Breynat , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Mackenzie . A few years after the death of Bishop Clut , Celestin_Henri Joussard , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar on May 11 , 1909 . On March 15 , 1927 , the name of the Vicariate was changed from the Apostolic Vicariate of Athabaska to the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard . Bishop Joussard never ended up succeeding Bishop Grouard as Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska and both Bishop Grouard and Bishop Joussard retired on April 18 , 1929 . Following the retirement of Bishop Grouard , Joseph Guy , O.M.I . was appointed Vicar Apostolic of Grouard on December 19 , 1929 . Bishop Guy served until June 2 , 1937 when he was appointed the Bishop of Gravelbourg . The following year on March 30 , 1938 , Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . was appointed Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On June 15 , 1945 , Henri Routhier , O.M.I . was appointed Coadjutor Apostolic Vicar . In 1946 Bishop Langlois transferred the seat of the Vicariate from Grouard to McLennan . The Town of Grouard , taking its name from Bishop Grouard when it was incorporated as a town on September 27 , 1909 , was a thriving community of approximately 1,200 people . This changed when the Edmonton , Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway built its new line south of Lesser Slave Lake instead of going through Grouard which was on the north shore of Lesser Slave Lake . The majority of Grouard’s population moved to High Prairie , the newly established town on the railway . Bishop Grouard had originally established a mission at the Lesser Slave Lake settlement , the original name of Grouard , under the patronage of Saint Bernard , in 1872 . Shortly after the Seat of the Vicariate was transferred to McLennan , work began on a new Cathedral dedicated to Saint John the Baptist . Bishop Langlois served as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard until his death on September 18 , 1953 . Upon Bishop Langlois death , Bishop Routhier immediately succeeded him as Apostolic Vicar of Grouard . On July 13 , 1967 , the Apostolic Vicariate of Grouard was elevated to the Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan and made the Metropolitan See of northwestern Canada with the newly elevated Dioceses of Prince George , Mackenzie-Fort Smith and Whitehorse as suffragans , but the Diocese of Prince George was later transferred to the Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia . On this date all the Apostolic Vicariates in northern Canada were elevated to dioceses . Archbishop Routhier served until his resignation on November 21 , 1972 , he was succeeded by Henri Légaré , O.M.I. , who had been Bishop of Labrador-Schefferville . Archbishop Légaré served until his retirement on July 16 , 1996 . On the same day Henri Goudreault , O.M.I. , who had also served as Bishop of Labrador City-Schefferville , was appointed to succeed him . Archbishop Goudreault died suddenly of a heart attack on July 23 , 1998 . The Archdiocese of Grouard–McLennan remained vacant until the appointment of Arthé Guimond , who had served as Archdiocesan Administrator , on June 9 , 2000 . Archbishop Guimond retired on November 30 , 2006 and Gérard Pettipas , C.Ss.R . was appointed to succeed him on the same day . Bishops . Episcopal ordinaries . - Apostolic Vicars of Athabaska Mackenzie - Henri Faraud , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( 8 May 1862 – death 20 March 1890 ) , Titular Bishop of Anemurium ( 1863.05.16 – 1890.09.26 ) - Auxiliary Bishop Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864.08.03 – death 1903.07.09 ) , Titular Bishop of Arindela ( 1864.08.03 – 1903.07.09 ) - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( 18 October 1890 – 3 July 1901 see below ) , Titular Bishop of Ibora ( 18 October 1890 – 28 February 1930 ) . - Apostolic Vicar of Athabaska - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 3 July 1901 – 15 March 1927 see below ) - Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909.05.11 – retired 1929.04.18 ) , Titular Bishop of Arcadiopolis ( 1909.05.11 – death 1932.09.20 ) . - Apostolic Vicars of Grouard - Émile Grouard , O.M.I . ( see above 15 March 1927 – retired 18 April 1929 ) , emeritate as Titular Archbishop of Ægina ( 1930.02.28 – death 1931.03.07 ) - Joseph Guy , O.M.I . ( 19 December 1929 – 2 June 1937 ) , Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1929.12.19 – 1937.06.02 ) ; later Bishop of Gravelbourg ( 1937.06.02 – retired 1942.11.07 ) , emeritate again as Titular Bishop of Photice ( 1942.11.07 – death 1951.12.08 ) - Ubald Langlois , O.M.I . ( 30 March 1938 – death 18 September 1953 ) , Titular Bishop of Risinium ( 1938.03.30 – 1953.09.18 ) - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 18 September 1953 – see elevated 13 July 1967 see below ) , succeeding as previous Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Grouard ( 1945.06.15 – 1953.09.18 ) and Titular Bishop of Naissus ( 1945.06.15 – 1967.07.13 ) . - Metropolitan archbishops of Grouard–McLennan : - Henri Routhier , Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate ( O.M.I. ) ( see above 13 July 1967 – retired 21 November 1972 ) , died 1989 - Henri Légaré , O.M.I . ( 21 November 1972 – retired 16 July 1996 ) , also President of Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops ( 1981 – 1983 ) ; previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1967.07.13 – 1972.11.21 ) ; died 2004 - Henri Goudreault , O.M.I . ( 16 July 1996 – death 23 July 1998 ) , previously Bishop of Labrador–Schefferville ( Canada ) ( 1987.04.27 – 1996.07.16 ) - Arthé Guimond ( 9 June 2000 – retired 30 November 2006 ) , died 2013 - Gérard Pettipas , Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer ( C.Ss.R. ) ( 30 November 2006 – ... ) . Coadjutor bishops . - Célestin-Henri Joussard , O.M.I . ( 1909-1929 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic ; did not succeed to see - Henri Routhier , O.M.I . ( 1945-1953 ) , as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic Auxiliary bishop . - Isidore Clut , O.M.I . ( 1864-1890 ) Extent and statistics . Its ecclesiastic territory includes the northwest section of the Province of Alberta , the boundaries of which are , on the north the 60th parallel north , separating it from the Northwest Territories and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith . To the south the 55th parallel north , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul . On the east the 113th meridian west , separating it from the Diocese of Saint Paul ( to the 58th parallel north ) and the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith ( to the 60th parallel north ) . To the west the 120th meridian west , separating it from the Province of British Columbia , and the Diocese of Prince George . As per 2014 , the archdiocese pastorally served 59,927 Catholics ( 37.7% of 159,081 total ) on 224,596 km² in 33 parishes with 26 priests ( 17 diocesan , 9 religious ) , 2 deacons , 20 lay religious ( 9 brothers , 11 sisters ) and 3 seminarians .
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Which party was Tomislav Nikolić a member of from 1970 to 1990?
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Tomislav Nikolić Tomislav Nikolić ( , ; born 15 February 1952 ) is a Serbian politician who served as the president of Serbia from 2012 to 2017 . He is also the founder of the Serbian Progressive Party , and he led the party until his election as president . In the 2012 presidential election , he was elected to a five-year term as president in a second round of voting . Born in village Bajčetina in Kragujevac , Nikolić was a long-time member and MP of the Serbian Radical Party ( SRS ) . He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia from 1998 to 1999 and Deputy Prime Minister of FR Yugoslavia in the coalition government from 1999 to 2000 . Nikolić was the Radical Partys deputy leader from 2003 , and he briefly served as the President of the National Assembly of Serbia in 2007 . In 2008 he resigned following a disagreement with party leader Vojislav Šešelj regarding Serbias relations with the European Union , as Nikolić became in favor of Serbias accession to the EU , a move that was staunchly opposed by Šešelj and his faction . Nikolić formed the Serbian Progressive Party , which several SRS members joined . Nikolić ran for President of Yugoslavia in the 2000 elections and placed third . He also ran four times for President of Serbia ( in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 elections ) . In 2003 he garnered the most votes , but the election was cancelled due to low turnout , while in 2004 and 2008 he was placed second behind Boris Tadić . In 2012 , he won the run-off against Tadić to become President of Serbia . Early life . Tomislav Nikolić was born in Kragujevac . His father , Radomir , was a labourer , and his mother , Živadinka ( née Đoković ) , was a housewife . In his youth , he trained in athletics . He completed secondary technical school in Kragujevac . His first employment was as a cemetery supervisor . In 1971 he began working with the building construction company Žegrap , and in 1978 he worked for the company 22 December in Kragujevac as head of the Investment and Maintenance Department . He was also Technical Director of the Utility Services company in Kragujevac . He and his wife Dragica ( née Ninković ) have two sons . Political career . Radical Party . Nikolić began his political career as vice-president of the Peoples Radical Party . Under his initiative , a fraction of the Peoples Radical Party merged with Vojislav Šešeljs Serbian National Renewal to form the Serbian Radical Party . Šešelj was elected president of the new party and Nikolić as vice-president . The party had been described by some as a Chetnik party oriented towards neo-fascism and striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia . The Chetniks was a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović , who was accused of collaboration with the occupying forces and war crimes . In 1993 , during the Bosnian War , Nikolić was proclaimed as Chetnik voivode ( vojvoda , duke ) by Šešelj in a ceremony at Romanija mountain . Nikolić has been a deputy in the National Assembly of Serbia since 1991 , the only one elected continuously since that year . Under Slobodan Milošević and the Socialist Party of Serbia , he and Šešelj were sentenced to three months in prison which he served in Gnjilane . However , in March 1998 the Serbian Radical Party formed a coalition with the Socialist Party and he then became the vice-president of the Government of Serbia and , by the end of 1999 , the vice-president of the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . In 2000 , he began the first of several runs for the presidency of Serbia . In the FR Yugoslavia presidential election of 2000 , he finished in third place behind Vojislav Koštunica and Slobodan Milošević . He then ran in the 2003 Serbian presidential election , in which garnered the most votes in the first round ( 46.23% ) , ahead of Dragoljub Mićunović , but the results were invalidated due to a low turnout of only 38.8% . Nikolić made yet another bid for the presidency in the 2004 presidential election . In the first round , he received 30.1% of the vote and Boris Tadić received 27.3% . In the second round held on 27 June , Nikolić lost to Tadić by 53.7% to 45.4% . On 23 February 2003 he became the deputy leader of the party after Vojislav Šešelj went voluntarily to the ICTY . During his leadership of the party , Nikolić favoured pushing the party towards focusing on more economic and social issues such as poverty and unemployment , rather than militant nationalism . In a remark about Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđićs injured leg , Nikolić said on 28 February 2003 : If anyone of you , in the following month or two , sees Zoran Đinđić somewhere , tell him that Tito also had a problem with a leg before his death . Less than two weeks later Đinđić was assassinated in Belgrade . Nikolić later apologized for his statement by saying that he would have never said that had he known what would happen . In contrast to Đinđić , Nikolić repeatedly refused to apologize for stating I dont regret that Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered . ( The journalist Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered on 11 April 1999 in front of the door of his building. ) Nikolić was elected Speaker of Parliament on 8 May 2007 , defeating Milena Milošević of the Democratic Party by 142 to 99 votes out of 244 members of Parliament . The Democratic Party of Serbia endorsed him . Hajredin Kuci of the Democratic Party of Kosovo , Ylli Hoxha of the Reformist Party ORA , and the Prime Minister of Kosovo Agim Çeku condemned the election of Nikolić as counterproductive and dangerous for Kosovo . On 9 May , Nikolić met with Russian Ambassador Aleksandr Alekseyev and gave a speech to Parliament in which he advocated making Serbia part of a Belarus-Russia superstate , saying that together they would stand up against the hegemony of America and the European Union . He resigned from his position as speaker on 13 May after the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party of Serbia formed a preliminary alliance in preparation for a coalition government . Nikolić told the Democratic parties that if they peacefully accept the independence of Kosovo the Radical Party will not sit calmly and wait . In 2008 , he ran again for the presidency in the 2008 presidential election . His slogan was With All Heart ( , ) . On 20 January 2008 , Nikolić again won the first round with 39.99% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 35.39% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 3 February . Nikolić lost , receiving 2,197,155 or 47.97% of the vote . Nikolić abruptly resigned from the Radical Party leadership on 6 September 2008 . Serb media cited differences between Nikolić and other members of the Radical Party hierarchy , especially party leader Vojislav Šešelj , about how the party should react to the proposed European Union membership for Serbia . In the following days Nikolić formed a parliamentary group with a number of other Radical Party representatives called Napred Srbijo ( Forward , Serbia ) . Nikolić told the press that the old Serbian Radical Party no longer exists . On 11 September 2008 , Šešelj addressed all Radical Party members in a letter . He named Nikolić and his group as traitors , Western puppets and agents . He also called upon all SRS members to remain loyal to the ideology of Serbian nationalism , anti-globalism and pro-Russian politics . On 12 September 2008 , Nikolić and his group were officially ejected from the Radical Party . Nikolić announced that he would form his own party . Progressive Party . On 24 September 2008 , Nikolić announced that his new partys name would be the Serbian Progressive Party and that the first convention would be held on 21 October . The founding congress of the new party was held on 21 October 2008 . On 5 February 2011 , in front of the National Assembly , Nikolić and his political supporters – Milanka Karić ( Strength of Serbia Movement , Velimir Ilić ( New Serbia ) , Aleksandar Vulin ( Movement of Socialists ) and Aleksandar Vučić organized a protest demanding early parliamentary elections . According to an official Serbian police report there were around 55,000 people present . On 16 April 2011 Nikolić organized a larger protest with the same request . He also started a thirst and hunger strike that morning and later moved to the national parliament . He stated that his goal was to force the then-Serbian government ( led by Boris Tadić ) to hold early parliamentary elections . On 17 April Tadić came to visit Nikolić in the latters parliamentary chambers . Tadić advised Nikolić to stop striking . Nikolićs condition worsened , and he was taken to a private hospital . Serbias media regularly reported on his condition . That same night his arterial tension was high ( 150/100 mmHg ) but he refused to seek intravenous therapy or medication . When he realized that his hunger strike would not bring about the desired outcome , Nikolić stepped down , citing Easter . Nikolić led the party in the 2012 parliamentary election , and he ran for president in the 2012 presidential election . His slogan was Lets Get Serbia Moving ( , ) . During the campaign , the issue of his education was raised , as the opposition claimed that Nikolić obtained his masters degree under dubious circumstances in a private school . Nikolić responded by suing the daily newspapers Blic and Kurir , demanding 4 million euros as compensation . On 6 May 2012 , Nikolić lost the first round with 25.05% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 25.31% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 20 May . Nikolić won , receiving 49.4% of the vote in a tally of 70% of the polling stations . Boris Tadić , his rival in the elections , congratulated him on the victory , and stated that he hoped that Serbia would continue its progress under Nikolić . Nikolić resigned as leader of the Serbian Progressive Party on 24 May 2012 , and simultaneously quit his membership in the party , citing desire to be a president of all citizens of Serbia . In a May 2012 interview , Nikolić was quoted by Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to have said that ″Vukovar was a Serb city and Croats have nothing to go back to there″ . Croatian President Ivo Josipović criticized Nikolić for this statement and conditioned future cooperation on Nikolićs withdrawal of the statement . The following day Nikolićs office issued a statement saying that Nikolić never made any such statement and called it a ″treacherous lie″ . However , Michael Martens , a journalist at Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung subsequently published the audio recording showing that Nikolić had indeed made that statement . In late September 2013 , the Belgrade gay pride parade was banned by the Serbian police for the third consecutive year following violent threats issued by right-wing groups and requests by the Serbian Orthodox Church . Prior to the parade , Dačić released a statement in which he said that homosexual behaviour was abnormal and that homosexuals in Serbia needed to respect the wishes of the majority of the population if the majoritys wish was for the parade to not take place . Nikolić subsequently issued a statement calling for work on the organisation of next years parade to begin immediately . President of Serbia . Nikolić was inaugurated as the President of Serbia on 11 June 2012 . Stefan Fuelle , the EUs enlargement commissioner , was the highest-ranking official to attend and many ambassadors from other countries were also present . The leaders of Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia and Macedonia , boycotted the inauguration due to his denial of the genocide in Srebrenica and claims about Vukovar . On 2 June 2012 , Nikolić stated on Montenegrin television that there was no genocide in Srebrenica . In Srebrenica , grave war crimes were committed by some Serbs who should be found , prosecuted and punished . [ ... ] It is very difficult to indict someone and prove before a court that an event qualifies as genocide . Nikolić stated that he would not attend the annual commemoration of the Srebrenica massacre : Dont always ask the Serbian president if he is going to Srebrenica , my predecessor was there and paid tribute . Why should every president do the same ? His predecessor , Tadić , had previously acknowledged the massacre as a genocide . Bakir Izetbegović , a member of Bosnia and Herzegovinas presidency , said Nikolićs comments insulted the survivors . He elaborated the denial of genocide in Srebrenica will not pave the way for co-operation and reconciliation in the region , but on the contrary , may cause fresh misunderstandings and tensions . Catherine Ashton , foreign policy chief of the European Union , condemned his comments and stated that the EU strongly rejects any intention to rewrite history . The United States State Department deplored Nikolićs statement and considered them unfounded and counterproductive . On 25 April 2013 , Nikolić apologised for crimes committed by any individual in the name of Serbia , and , in particular , for crimes committed in Srebrenica . The apology was not well received by some media and politicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina who were disappointed that Nikolić did not recognize the massacre as a genocide . As President , Nikolić has decorated a large number of domestic and foreign individuals and institutions on the occasion of Statehood Day . In 2016 , he honoured Omar al-Bashir , President of Sudan , because that country refused to recognise Kosovos independence . The New York-based Coalition for the International Criminal Court called on Nikolić to revoke the medal he gave to Sudans president because Bashir is wanted by the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) and is suspected of five counts of crimes against humanity , two counts of war crimes and three counts of genocide allegedly committed in the Darfur . In February 2017 , Nikolić announced that he would not seek re-election in Serbias forthcoming elections and extended his support to Aleksandar Vučić . Controversies . Greater Serbia . During the 1990s and until 2008 , Nikolić repeatedly called for the creation of a Greater Serbia . Nikolić told a Zagreb paper in 2004 that the boundaries of Greater Serbia along the Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag line were not part of any imperialistic politics , but would always remain a dream for him and other Radical leaders . He also said that he would not have diplomatic relations with Croatia because they are occupying Serbian land . In 2007 , Nikolić stated that the basis of political action in the Serbian Radical Party was the unification of Republika Srpska , Montenegro , and the Republic of Serbian Krajina with Serbia in a single Balkan state . But a few days before the 2012 elections , Nikolić told the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in an interview that the territorial integrity of neighbouring countries cannot be questioned and that his former opinions were no longer valid . When asked about this change of position , he quoted a French philosopher that said only a fool does not change his opinion . In 2018 , Nikolić stated that he has supported the independence of Republika Srpska and unification with Serbia . Education . In 2012 , Nikolić was accused of buying a masters degree from the Faculty of Management in Novi Sad without attending a single class or exam . The allegation was based on the fact that his diploma had no stamp and that no other students recalled having seen him attend classes or exams . Comments about protection of Serbian genes . On 25 January 2016 , Nikolić laid the cornerstone for the Centre of Excellence of the University of Kragujevac , his hometown ; the institution will include a stem cell research unit . Nikolić said The Stem Cell Bank will preserve whats most important , and the most beautiful characteristics of the Serb people and also : Children should be born here , with the Serb genetic material , with the Serb code , Serb past and Serb future . That has guided me to support this . Ombudsman of Serbia , Saša Janković , reacted to this on Twitter by saying he regretted this statement , and adding that the first article of the Constitution states the Republic of Serbia is the state of the Serb people and all citizens who live in it . The League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) also reacted , saying that the president made a Nazi statement that violated the Constitution , and urged him to resign . Comments about gynaecology and women . In September 2016 , At the opening ceremony of Symposium of Association of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians Serbia , Montenegro and Republika Srpska , Nikolić said : Gynecology is knowledge about women , if anyone should dare to say that they have that knowledge . Maja Sedlarević , member of League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) , said Nikolić had offended women and also he is ignorant , uneducated and superficial . Bibliography . Nikolić has published thirteen books : - Ни победа ни пораз – Neither victory nor defeat - Све за Косово и Метохију – Everything for Kosovo and Metohija - Отета победа – Abducted victory - Шешеља за председника – Šešelj for President - Кроз медијски мрак – Through the darkness of the media - Писмо са адресом – The letter with an address - У канџама мржње – In the grip of hatred - Говорио сам – I spoke - Скупштински ход по мукама – The parliamentary walk on torture - Неокомунистички парламент – Neo-communist parliament - Од почетка – Since the beginning - Кад падне влада Милошевић пада – When the government falls , Milošević falls - Ровови у Народној скупштини – The Trenches in the National Assembly External links . - Biography by B92/BETA , 8 May 2007 - Tomislav Nikolic : New President of Serbia by Balkan Insight - Statement by Tomislav Nikolić , President of Serbia to the Sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly , 25 September 2012
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"Peoples Radical Party"
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easy
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Which political party did Tomislav Nikolić belong to from 1990 to 1991?
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/wiki/Tomislav_Nikolić#P102#1
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Tomislav Nikolić Tomislav Nikolić ( , ; born 15 February 1952 ) is a Serbian politician who served as the president of Serbia from 2012 to 2017 . He is also the founder of the Serbian Progressive Party , and he led the party until his election as president . In the 2012 presidential election , he was elected to a five-year term as president in a second round of voting . Born in village Bajčetina in Kragujevac , Nikolić was a long-time member and MP of the Serbian Radical Party ( SRS ) . He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia from 1998 to 1999 and Deputy Prime Minister of FR Yugoslavia in the coalition government from 1999 to 2000 . Nikolić was the Radical Partys deputy leader from 2003 , and he briefly served as the President of the National Assembly of Serbia in 2007 . In 2008 he resigned following a disagreement with party leader Vojislav Šešelj regarding Serbias relations with the European Union , as Nikolić became in favor of Serbias accession to the EU , a move that was staunchly opposed by Šešelj and his faction . Nikolić formed the Serbian Progressive Party , which several SRS members joined . Nikolić ran for President of Yugoslavia in the 2000 elections and placed third . He also ran four times for President of Serbia ( in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 elections ) . In 2003 he garnered the most votes , but the election was cancelled due to low turnout , while in 2004 and 2008 he was placed second behind Boris Tadić . In 2012 , he won the run-off against Tadić to become President of Serbia . Early life . Tomislav Nikolić was born in Kragujevac . His father , Radomir , was a labourer , and his mother , Živadinka ( née Đoković ) , was a housewife . In his youth , he trained in athletics . He completed secondary technical school in Kragujevac . His first employment was as a cemetery supervisor . In 1971 he began working with the building construction company Žegrap , and in 1978 he worked for the company 22 December in Kragujevac as head of the Investment and Maintenance Department . He was also Technical Director of the Utility Services company in Kragujevac . He and his wife Dragica ( née Ninković ) have two sons . Political career . Radical Party . Nikolić began his political career as vice-president of the Peoples Radical Party . Under his initiative , a fraction of the Peoples Radical Party merged with Vojislav Šešeljs Serbian National Renewal to form the Serbian Radical Party . Šešelj was elected president of the new party and Nikolić as vice-president . The party had been described by some as a Chetnik party oriented towards neo-fascism and striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia . The Chetniks was a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović , who was accused of collaboration with the occupying forces and war crimes . In 1993 , during the Bosnian War , Nikolić was proclaimed as Chetnik voivode ( vojvoda , duke ) by Šešelj in a ceremony at Romanija mountain . Nikolić has been a deputy in the National Assembly of Serbia since 1991 , the only one elected continuously since that year . Under Slobodan Milošević and the Socialist Party of Serbia , he and Šešelj were sentenced to three months in prison which he served in Gnjilane . However , in March 1998 the Serbian Radical Party formed a coalition with the Socialist Party and he then became the vice-president of the Government of Serbia and , by the end of 1999 , the vice-president of the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . In 2000 , he began the first of several runs for the presidency of Serbia . In the FR Yugoslavia presidential election of 2000 , he finished in third place behind Vojislav Koštunica and Slobodan Milošević . He then ran in the 2003 Serbian presidential election , in which garnered the most votes in the first round ( 46.23% ) , ahead of Dragoljub Mićunović , but the results were invalidated due to a low turnout of only 38.8% . Nikolić made yet another bid for the presidency in the 2004 presidential election . In the first round , he received 30.1% of the vote and Boris Tadić received 27.3% . In the second round held on 27 June , Nikolić lost to Tadić by 53.7% to 45.4% . On 23 February 2003 he became the deputy leader of the party after Vojislav Šešelj went voluntarily to the ICTY . During his leadership of the party , Nikolić favoured pushing the party towards focusing on more economic and social issues such as poverty and unemployment , rather than militant nationalism . In a remark about Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđićs injured leg , Nikolić said on 28 February 2003 : If anyone of you , in the following month or two , sees Zoran Đinđić somewhere , tell him that Tito also had a problem with a leg before his death . Less than two weeks later Đinđić was assassinated in Belgrade . Nikolić later apologized for his statement by saying that he would have never said that had he known what would happen . In contrast to Đinđić , Nikolić repeatedly refused to apologize for stating I dont regret that Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered . ( The journalist Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered on 11 April 1999 in front of the door of his building. ) Nikolić was elected Speaker of Parliament on 8 May 2007 , defeating Milena Milošević of the Democratic Party by 142 to 99 votes out of 244 members of Parliament . The Democratic Party of Serbia endorsed him . Hajredin Kuci of the Democratic Party of Kosovo , Ylli Hoxha of the Reformist Party ORA , and the Prime Minister of Kosovo Agim Çeku condemned the election of Nikolić as counterproductive and dangerous for Kosovo . On 9 May , Nikolić met with Russian Ambassador Aleksandr Alekseyev and gave a speech to Parliament in which he advocated making Serbia part of a Belarus-Russia superstate , saying that together they would stand up against the hegemony of America and the European Union . He resigned from his position as speaker on 13 May after the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party of Serbia formed a preliminary alliance in preparation for a coalition government . Nikolić told the Democratic parties that if they peacefully accept the independence of Kosovo the Radical Party will not sit calmly and wait . In 2008 , he ran again for the presidency in the 2008 presidential election . His slogan was With All Heart ( , ) . On 20 January 2008 , Nikolić again won the first round with 39.99% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 35.39% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 3 February . Nikolić lost , receiving 2,197,155 or 47.97% of the vote . Nikolić abruptly resigned from the Radical Party leadership on 6 September 2008 . Serb media cited differences between Nikolić and other members of the Radical Party hierarchy , especially party leader Vojislav Šešelj , about how the party should react to the proposed European Union membership for Serbia . In the following days Nikolić formed a parliamentary group with a number of other Radical Party representatives called Napred Srbijo ( Forward , Serbia ) . Nikolić told the press that the old Serbian Radical Party no longer exists . On 11 September 2008 , Šešelj addressed all Radical Party members in a letter . He named Nikolić and his group as traitors , Western puppets and agents . He also called upon all SRS members to remain loyal to the ideology of Serbian nationalism , anti-globalism and pro-Russian politics . On 12 September 2008 , Nikolić and his group were officially ejected from the Radical Party . Nikolić announced that he would form his own party . Progressive Party . On 24 September 2008 , Nikolić announced that his new partys name would be the Serbian Progressive Party and that the first convention would be held on 21 October . The founding congress of the new party was held on 21 October 2008 . On 5 February 2011 , in front of the National Assembly , Nikolić and his political supporters – Milanka Karić ( Strength of Serbia Movement , Velimir Ilić ( New Serbia ) , Aleksandar Vulin ( Movement of Socialists ) and Aleksandar Vučić organized a protest demanding early parliamentary elections . According to an official Serbian police report there were around 55,000 people present . On 16 April 2011 Nikolić organized a larger protest with the same request . He also started a thirst and hunger strike that morning and later moved to the national parliament . He stated that his goal was to force the then-Serbian government ( led by Boris Tadić ) to hold early parliamentary elections . On 17 April Tadić came to visit Nikolić in the latters parliamentary chambers . Tadić advised Nikolić to stop striking . Nikolićs condition worsened , and he was taken to a private hospital . Serbias media regularly reported on his condition . That same night his arterial tension was high ( 150/100 mmHg ) but he refused to seek intravenous therapy or medication . When he realized that his hunger strike would not bring about the desired outcome , Nikolić stepped down , citing Easter . Nikolić led the party in the 2012 parliamentary election , and he ran for president in the 2012 presidential election . His slogan was Lets Get Serbia Moving ( , ) . During the campaign , the issue of his education was raised , as the opposition claimed that Nikolić obtained his masters degree under dubious circumstances in a private school . Nikolić responded by suing the daily newspapers Blic and Kurir , demanding 4 million euros as compensation . On 6 May 2012 , Nikolić lost the first round with 25.05% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 25.31% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 20 May . Nikolić won , receiving 49.4% of the vote in a tally of 70% of the polling stations . Boris Tadić , his rival in the elections , congratulated him on the victory , and stated that he hoped that Serbia would continue its progress under Nikolić . Nikolić resigned as leader of the Serbian Progressive Party on 24 May 2012 , and simultaneously quit his membership in the party , citing desire to be a president of all citizens of Serbia . In a May 2012 interview , Nikolić was quoted by Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to have said that ″Vukovar was a Serb city and Croats have nothing to go back to there″ . Croatian President Ivo Josipović criticized Nikolić for this statement and conditioned future cooperation on Nikolićs withdrawal of the statement . The following day Nikolićs office issued a statement saying that Nikolić never made any such statement and called it a ″treacherous lie″ . However , Michael Martens , a journalist at Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung subsequently published the audio recording showing that Nikolić had indeed made that statement . In late September 2013 , the Belgrade gay pride parade was banned by the Serbian police for the third consecutive year following violent threats issued by right-wing groups and requests by the Serbian Orthodox Church . Prior to the parade , Dačić released a statement in which he said that homosexual behaviour was abnormal and that homosexuals in Serbia needed to respect the wishes of the majority of the population if the majoritys wish was for the parade to not take place . Nikolić subsequently issued a statement calling for work on the organisation of next years parade to begin immediately . President of Serbia . Nikolić was inaugurated as the President of Serbia on 11 June 2012 . Stefan Fuelle , the EUs enlargement commissioner , was the highest-ranking official to attend and many ambassadors from other countries were also present . The leaders of Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia and Macedonia , boycotted the inauguration due to his denial of the genocide in Srebrenica and claims about Vukovar . On 2 June 2012 , Nikolić stated on Montenegrin television that there was no genocide in Srebrenica . In Srebrenica , grave war crimes were committed by some Serbs who should be found , prosecuted and punished . [ ... ] It is very difficult to indict someone and prove before a court that an event qualifies as genocide . Nikolić stated that he would not attend the annual commemoration of the Srebrenica massacre : Dont always ask the Serbian president if he is going to Srebrenica , my predecessor was there and paid tribute . Why should every president do the same ? His predecessor , Tadić , had previously acknowledged the massacre as a genocide . Bakir Izetbegović , a member of Bosnia and Herzegovinas presidency , said Nikolićs comments insulted the survivors . He elaborated the denial of genocide in Srebrenica will not pave the way for co-operation and reconciliation in the region , but on the contrary , may cause fresh misunderstandings and tensions . Catherine Ashton , foreign policy chief of the European Union , condemned his comments and stated that the EU strongly rejects any intention to rewrite history . The United States State Department deplored Nikolićs statement and considered them unfounded and counterproductive . On 25 April 2013 , Nikolić apologised for crimes committed by any individual in the name of Serbia , and , in particular , for crimes committed in Srebrenica . The apology was not well received by some media and politicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina who were disappointed that Nikolić did not recognize the massacre as a genocide . As President , Nikolić has decorated a large number of domestic and foreign individuals and institutions on the occasion of Statehood Day . In 2016 , he honoured Omar al-Bashir , President of Sudan , because that country refused to recognise Kosovos independence . The New York-based Coalition for the International Criminal Court called on Nikolić to revoke the medal he gave to Sudans president because Bashir is wanted by the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) and is suspected of five counts of crimes against humanity , two counts of war crimes and three counts of genocide allegedly committed in the Darfur . In February 2017 , Nikolić announced that he would not seek re-election in Serbias forthcoming elections and extended his support to Aleksandar Vučić . Controversies . Greater Serbia . During the 1990s and until 2008 , Nikolić repeatedly called for the creation of a Greater Serbia . Nikolić told a Zagreb paper in 2004 that the boundaries of Greater Serbia along the Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag line were not part of any imperialistic politics , but would always remain a dream for him and other Radical leaders . He also said that he would not have diplomatic relations with Croatia because they are occupying Serbian land . In 2007 , Nikolić stated that the basis of political action in the Serbian Radical Party was the unification of Republika Srpska , Montenegro , and the Republic of Serbian Krajina with Serbia in a single Balkan state . But a few days before the 2012 elections , Nikolić told the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in an interview that the territorial integrity of neighbouring countries cannot be questioned and that his former opinions were no longer valid . When asked about this change of position , he quoted a French philosopher that said only a fool does not change his opinion . In 2018 , Nikolić stated that he has supported the independence of Republika Srpska and unification with Serbia . Education . In 2012 , Nikolić was accused of buying a masters degree from the Faculty of Management in Novi Sad without attending a single class or exam . The allegation was based on the fact that his diploma had no stamp and that no other students recalled having seen him attend classes or exams . Comments about protection of Serbian genes . On 25 January 2016 , Nikolić laid the cornerstone for the Centre of Excellence of the University of Kragujevac , his hometown ; the institution will include a stem cell research unit . Nikolić said The Stem Cell Bank will preserve whats most important , and the most beautiful characteristics of the Serb people and also : Children should be born here , with the Serb genetic material , with the Serb code , Serb past and Serb future . That has guided me to support this . Ombudsman of Serbia , Saša Janković , reacted to this on Twitter by saying he regretted this statement , and adding that the first article of the Constitution states the Republic of Serbia is the state of the Serb people and all citizens who live in it . The League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) also reacted , saying that the president made a Nazi statement that violated the Constitution , and urged him to resign . Comments about gynaecology and women . In September 2016 , At the opening ceremony of Symposium of Association of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians Serbia , Montenegro and Republika Srpska , Nikolić said : Gynecology is knowledge about women , if anyone should dare to say that they have that knowledge . Maja Sedlarević , member of League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) , said Nikolić had offended women and also he is ignorant , uneducated and superficial . Bibliography . Nikolić has published thirteen books : - Ни победа ни пораз – Neither victory nor defeat - Све за Косово и Метохију – Everything for Kosovo and Metohija - Отета победа – Abducted victory - Шешеља за председника – Šešelj for President - Кроз медијски мрак – Through the darkness of the media - Писмо са адресом – The letter with an address - У канџама мржње – In the grip of hatred - Говорио сам – I spoke - Скупштински ход по мукама – The parliamentary walk on torture - Неокомунистички парламент – Neo-communist parliament - Од почетка – Since the beginning - Кад падне влада Милошевић пада – When the government falls , Milošević falls - Ровови у Народној скупштини – The Trenches in the National Assembly External links . - Biography by B92/BETA , 8 May 2007 - Tomislav Nikolic : New President of Serbia by Balkan Insight - Statement by Tomislav Nikolić , President of Serbia to the Sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly , 25 September 2012
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"Serbian Radical Party"
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easy
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Which political party did Tomislav Nikolić belong to from 1991 to 2008?
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/wiki/Tomislav_Nikolić#P102#2
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Tomislav Nikolić Tomislav Nikolić ( , ; born 15 February 1952 ) is a Serbian politician who served as the president of Serbia from 2012 to 2017 . He is also the founder of the Serbian Progressive Party , and he led the party until his election as president . In the 2012 presidential election , he was elected to a five-year term as president in a second round of voting . Born in village Bajčetina in Kragujevac , Nikolić was a long-time member and MP of the Serbian Radical Party ( SRS ) . He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia from 1998 to 1999 and Deputy Prime Minister of FR Yugoslavia in the coalition government from 1999 to 2000 . Nikolić was the Radical Partys deputy leader from 2003 , and he briefly served as the President of the National Assembly of Serbia in 2007 . In 2008 he resigned following a disagreement with party leader Vojislav Šešelj regarding Serbias relations with the European Union , as Nikolić became in favor of Serbias accession to the EU , a move that was staunchly opposed by Šešelj and his faction . Nikolić formed the Serbian Progressive Party , which several SRS members joined . Nikolić ran for President of Yugoslavia in the 2000 elections and placed third . He also ran four times for President of Serbia ( in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 elections ) . In 2003 he garnered the most votes , but the election was cancelled due to low turnout , while in 2004 and 2008 he was placed second behind Boris Tadić . In 2012 , he won the run-off against Tadić to become President of Serbia . Early life . Tomislav Nikolić was born in Kragujevac . His father , Radomir , was a labourer , and his mother , Živadinka ( née Đoković ) , was a housewife . In his youth , he trained in athletics . He completed secondary technical school in Kragujevac . His first employment was as a cemetery supervisor . In 1971 he began working with the building construction company Žegrap , and in 1978 he worked for the company 22 December in Kragujevac as head of the Investment and Maintenance Department . He was also Technical Director of the Utility Services company in Kragujevac . He and his wife Dragica ( née Ninković ) have two sons . Political career . Radical Party . Nikolić began his political career as vice-president of the Peoples Radical Party . Under his initiative , a fraction of the Peoples Radical Party merged with Vojislav Šešeljs Serbian National Renewal to form the Serbian Radical Party . Šešelj was elected president of the new party and Nikolić as vice-president . The party had been described by some as a Chetnik party oriented towards neo-fascism and striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia . The Chetniks was a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović , who was accused of collaboration with the occupying forces and war crimes . In 1993 , during the Bosnian War , Nikolić was proclaimed as Chetnik voivode ( vojvoda , duke ) by Šešelj in a ceremony at Romanija mountain . Nikolić has been a deputy in the National Assembly of Serbia since 1991 , the only one elected continuously since that year . Under Slobodan Milošević and the Socialist Party of Serbia , he and Šešelj were sentenced to three months in prison which he served in Gnjilane . However , in March 1998 the Serbian Radical Party formed a coalition with the Socialist Party and he then became the vice-president of the Government of Serbia and , by the end of 1999 , the vice-president of the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . In 2000 , he began the first of several runs for the presidency of Serbia . In the FR Yugoslavia presidential election of 2000 , he finished in third place behind Vojislav Koštunica and Slobodan Milošević . He then ran in the 2003 Serbian presidential election , in which garnered the most votes in the first round ( 46.23% ) , ahead of Dragoljub Mićunović , but the results were invalidated due to a low turnout of only 38.8% . Nikolić made yet another bid for the presidency in the 2004 presidential election . In the first round , he received 30.1% of the vote and Boris Tadić received 27.3% . In the second round held on 27 June , Nikolić lost to Tadić by 53.7% to 45.4% . On 23 February 2003 he became the deputy leader of the party after Vojislav Šešelj went voluntarily to the ICTY . During his leadership of the party , Nikolić favoured pushing the party towards focusing on more economic and social issues such as poverty and unemployment , rather than militant nationalism . In a remark about Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđićs injured leg , Nikolić said on 28 February 2003 : If anyone of you , in the following month or two , sees Zoran Đinđić somewhere , tell him that Tito also had a problem with a leg before his death . Less than two weeks later Đinđić was assassinated in Belgrade . Nikolić later apologized for his statement by saying that he would have never said that had he known what would happen . In contrast to Đinđić , Nikolić repeatedly refused to apologize for stating I dont regret that Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered . ( The journalist Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered on 11 April 1999 in front of the door of his building. ) Nikolić was elected Speaker of Parliament on 8 May 2007 , defeating Milena Milošević of the Democratic Party by 142 to 99 votes out of 244 members of Parliament . The Democratic Party of Serbia endorsed him . Hajredin Kuci of the Democratic Party of Kosovo , Ylli Hoxha of the Reformist Party ORA , and the Prime Minister of Kosovo Agim Çeku condemned the election of Nikolić as counterproductive and dangerous for Kosovo . On 9 May , Nikolić met with Russian Ambassador Aleksandr Alekseyev and gave a speech to Parliament in which he advocated making Serbia part of a Belarus-Russia superstate , saying that together they would stand up against the hegemony of America and the European Union . He resigned from his position as speaker on 13 May after the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party of Serbia formed a preliminary alliance in preparation for a coalition government . Nikolić told the Democratic parties that if they peacefully accept the independence of Kosovo the Radical Party will not sit calmly and wait . In 2008 , he ran again for the presidency in the 2008 presidential election . His slogan was With All Heart ( , ) . On 20 January 2008 , Nikolić again won the first round with 39.99% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 35.39% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 3 February . Nikolić lost , receiving 2,197,155 or 47.97% of the vote . Nikolić abruptly resigned from the Radical Party leadership on 6 September 2008 . Serb media cited differences between Nikolić and other members of the Radical Party hierarchy , especially party leader Vojislav Šešelj , about how the party should react to the proposed European Union membership for Serbia . In the following days Nikolić formed a parliamentary group with a number of other Radical Party representatives called Napred Srbijo ( Forward , Serbia ) . Nikolić told the press that the old Serbian Radical Party no longer exists . On 11 September 2008 , Šešelj addressed all Radical Party members in a letter . He named Nikolić and his group as traitors , Western puppets and agents . He also called upon all SRS members to remain loyal to the ideology of Serbian nationalism , anti-globalism and pro-Russian politics . On 12 September 2008 , Nikolić and his group were officially ejected from the Radical Party . Nikolić announced that he would form his own party . Progressive Party . On 24 September 2008 , Nikolić announced that his new partys name would be the Serbian Progressive Party and that the first convention would be held on 21 October . The founding congress of the new party was held on 21 October 2008 . On 5 February 2011 , in front of the National Assembly , Nikolić and his political supporters – Milanka Karić ( Strength of Serbia Movement , Velimir Ilić ( New Serbia ) , Aleksandar Vulin ( Movement of Socialists ) and Aleksandar Vučić organized a protest demanding early parliamentary elections . According to an official Serbian police report there were around 55,000 people present . On 16 April 2011 Nikolić organized a larger protest with the same request . He also started a thirst and hunger strike that morning and later moved to the national parliament . He stated that his goal was to force the then-Serbian government ( led by Boris Tadić ) to hold early parliamentary elections . On 17 April Tadić came to visit Nikolić in the latters parliamentary chambers . Tadić advised Nikolić to stop striking . Nikolićs condition worsened , and he was taken to a private hospital . Serbias media regularly reported on his condition . That same night his arterial tension was high ( 150/100 mmHg ) but he refused to seek intravenous therapy or medication . When he realized that his hunger strike would not bring about the desired outcome , Nikolić stepped down , citing Easter . Nikolić led the party in the 2012 parliamentary election , and he ran for president in the 2012 presidential election . His slogan was Lets Get Serbia Moving ( , ) . During the campaign , the issue of his education was raised , as the opposition claimed that Nikolić obtained his masters degree under dubious circumstances in a private school . Nikolić responded by suing the daily newspapers Blic and Kurir , demanding 4 million euros as compensation . On 6 May 2012 , Nikolić lost the first round with 25.05% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 25.31% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 20 May . Nikolić won , receiving 49.4% of the vote in a tally of 70% of the polling stations . Boris Tadić , his rival in the elections , congratulated him on the victory , and stated that he hoped that Serbia would continue its progress under Nikolić . Nikolić resigned as leader of the Serbian Progressive Party on 24 May 2012 , and simultaneously quit his membership in the party , citing desire to be a president of all citizens of Serbia . In a May 2012 interview , Nikolić was quoted by Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to have said that ″Vukovar was a Serb city and Croats have nothing to go back to there″ . Croatian President Ivo Josipović criticized Nikolić for this statement and conditioned future cooperation on Nikolićs withdrawal of the statement . The following day Nikolićs office issued a statement saying that Nikolić never made any such statement and called it a ″treacherous lie″ . However , Michael Martens , a journalist at Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung subsequently published the audio recording showing that Nikolić had indeed made that statement . In late September 2013 , the Belgrade gay pride parade was banned by the Serbian police for the third consecutive year following violent threats issued by right-wing groups and requests by the Serbian Orthodox Church . Prior to the parade , Dačić released a statement in which he said that homosexual behaviour was abnormal and that homosexuals in Serbia needed to respect the wishes of the majority of the population if the majoritys wish was for the parade to not take place . Nikolić subsequently issued a statement calling for work on the organisation of next years parade to begin immediately . President of Serbia . Nikolić was inaugurated as the President of Serbia on 11 June 2012 . Stefan Fuelle , the EUs enlargement commissioner , was the highest-ranking official to attend and many ambassadors from other countries were also present . The leaders of Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia and Macedonia , boycotted the inauguration due to his denial of the genocide in Srebrenica and claims about Vukovar . On 2 June 2012 , Nikolić stated on Montenegrin television that there was no genocide in Srebrenica . In Srebrenica , grave war crimes were committed by some Serbs who should be found , prosecuted and punished . [ ... ] It is very difficult to indict someone and prove before a court that an event qualifies as genocide . Nikolić stated that he would not attend the annual commemoration of the Srebrenica massacre : Dont always ask the Serbian president if he is going to Srebrenica , my predecessor was there and paid tribute . Why should every president do the same ? His predecessor , Tadić , had previously acknowledged the massacre as a genocide . Bakir Izetbegović , a member of Bosnia and Herzegovinas presidency , said Nikolićs comments insulted the survivors . He elaborated the denial of genocide in Srebrenica will not pave the way for co-operation and reconciliation in the region , but on the contrary , may cause fresh misunderstandings and tensions . Catherine Ashton , foreign policy chief of the European Union , condemned his comments and stated that the EU strongly rejects any intention to rewrite history . The United States State Department deplored Nikolićs statement and considered them unfounded and counterproductive . On 25 April 2013 , Nikolić apologised for crimes committed by any individual in the name of Serbia , and , in particular , for crimes committed in Srebrenica . The apology was not well received by some media and politicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina who were disappointed that Nikolić did not recognize the massacre as a genocide . As President , Nikolić has decorated a large number of domestic and foreign individuals and institutions on the occasion of Statehood Day . In 2016 , he honoured Omar al-Bashir , President of Sudan , because that country refused to recognise Kosovos independence . The New York-based Coalition for the International Criminal Court called on Nikolić to revoke the medal he gave to Sudans president because Bashir is wanted by the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) and is suspected of five counts of crimes against humanity , two counts of war crimes and three counts of genocide allegedly committed in the Darfur . In February 2017 , Nikolić announced that he would not seek re-election in Serbias forthcoming elections and extended his support to Aleksandar Vučić . Controversies . Greater Serbia . During the 1990s and until 2008 , Nikolić repeatedly called for the creation of a Greater Serbia . Nikolić told a Zagreb paper in 2004 that the boundaries of Greater Serbia along the Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag line were not part of any imperialistic politics , but would always remain a dream for him and other Radical leaders . He also said that he would not have diplomatic relations with Croatia because they are occupying Serbian land . In 2007 , Nikolić stated that the basis of political action in the Serbian Radical Party was the unification of Republika Srpska , Montenegro , and the Republic of Serbian Krajina with Serbia in a single Balkan state . But a few days before the 2012 elections , Nikolić told the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in an interview that the territorial integrity of neighbouring countries cannot be questioned and that his former opinions were no longer valid . When asked about this change of position , he quoted a French philosopher that said only a fool does not change his opinion . In 2018 , Nikolić stated that he has supported the independence of Republika Srpska and unification with Serbia . Education . In 2012 , Nikolić was accused of buying a masters degree from the Faculty of Management in Novi Sad without attending a single class or exam . The allegation was based on the fact that his diploma had no stamp and that no other students recalled having seen him attend classes or exams . Comments about protection of Serbian genes . On 25 January 2016 , Nikolić laid the cornerstone for the Centre of Excellence of the University of Kragujevac , his hometown ; the institution will include a stem cell research unit . Nikolić said The Stem Cell Bank will preserve whats most important , and the most beautiful characteristics of the Serb people and also : Children should be born here , with the Serb genetic material , with the Serb code , Serb past and Serb future . That has guided me to support this . Ombudsman of Serbia , Saša Janković , reacted to this on Twitter by saying he regretted this statement , and adding that the first article of the Constitution states the Republic of Serbia is the state of the Serb people and all citizens who live in it . The League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) also reacted , saying that the president made a Nazi statement that violated the Constitution , and urged him to resign . Comments about gynaecology and women . In September 2016 , At the opening ceremony of Symposium of Association of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians Serbia , Montenegro and Republika Srpska , Nikolić said : Gynecology is knowledge about women , if anyone should dare to say that they have that knowledge . Maja Sedlarević , member of League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) , said Nikolić had offended women and also he is ignorant , uneducated and superficial . Bibliography . Nikolić has published thirteen books : - Ни победа ни пораз – Neither victory nor defeat - Све за Косово и Метохију – Everything for Kosovo and Metohija - Отета победа – Abducted victory - Шешеља за председника – Šešelj for President - Кроз медијски мрак – Through the darkness of the media - Писмо са адресом – The letter with an address - У канџама мржње – In the grip of hatred - Говорио сам – I spoke - Скупштински ход по мукама – The parliamentary walk on torture - Неокомунистички парламент – Neo-communist parliament - Од почетка – Since the beginning - Кад падне влада Милошевић пада – When the government falls , Milošević falls - Ровови у Народној скупштини – The Trenches in the National Assembly External links . - Biography by B92/BETA , 8 May 2007 - Tomislav Nikolic : New President of Serbia by Balkan Insight - Statement by Tomislav Nikolić , President of Serbia to the Sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly , 25 September 2012
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"Serbian Progressive Party"
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Which party was Tomislav Nikolić a member of from 2008 to 2012?
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/wiki/Tomislav_Nikolić#P102#3
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Tomislav Nikolić Tomislav Nikolić ( , ; born 15 February 1952 ) is a Serbian politician who served as the president of Serbia from 2012 to 2017 . He is also the founder of the Serbian Progressive Party , and he led the party until his election as president . In the 2012 presidential election , he was elected to a five-year term as president in a second round of voting . Born in village Bajčetina in Kragujevac , Nikolić was a long-time member and MP of the Serbian Radical Party ( SRS ) . He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia from 1998 to 1999 and Deputy Prime Minister of FR Yugoslavia in the coalition government from 1999 to 2000 . Nikolić was the Radical Partys deputy leader from 2003 , and he briefly served as the President of the National Assembly of Serbia in 2007 . In 2008 he resigned following a disagreement with party leader Vojislav Šešelj regarding Serbias relations with the European Union , as Nikolić became in favor of Serbias accession to the EU , a move that was staunchly opposed by Šešelj and his faction . Nikolić formed the Serbian Progressive Party , which several SRS members joined . Nikolić ran for President of Yugoslavia in the 2000 elections and placed third . He also ran four times for President of Serbia ( in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 elections ) . In 2003 he garnered the most votes , but the election was cancelled due to low turnout , while in 2004 and 2008 he was placed second behind Boris Tadić . In 2012 , he won the run-off against Tadić to become President of Serbia . Early life . Tomislav Nikolić was born in Kragujevac . His father , Radomir , was a labourer , and his mother , Živadinka ( née Đoković ) , was a housewife . In his youth , he trained in athletics . He completed secondary technical school in Kragujevac . His first employment was as a cemetery supervisor . In 1971 he began working with the building construction company Žegrap , and in 1978 he worked for the company 22 December in Kragujevac as head of the Investment and Maintenance Department . He was also Technical Director of the Utility Services company in Kragujevac . He and his wife Dragica ( née Ninković ) have two sons . Political career . Radical Party . Nikolić began his political career as vice-president of the Peoples Radical Party . Under his initiative , a fraction of the Peoples Radical Party merged with Vojislav Šešeljs Serbian National Renewal to form the Serbian Radical Party . Šešelj was elected president of the new party and Nikolić as vice-president . The party had been described by some as a Chetnik party oriented towards neo-fascism and striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia . The Chetniks was a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović , who was accused of collaboration with the occupying forces and war crimes . In 1993 , during the Bosnian War , Nikolić was proclaimed as Chetnik voivode ( vojvoda , duke ) by Šešelj in a ceremony at Romanija mountain . Nikolić has been a deputy in the National Assembly of Serbia since 1991 , the only one elected continuously since that year . Under Slobodan Milošević and the Socialist Party of Serbia , he and Šešelj were sentenced to three months in prison which he served in Gnjilane . However , in March 1998 the Serbian Radical Party formed a coalition with the Socialist Party and he then became the vice-president of the Government of Serbia and , by the end of 1999 , the vice-president of the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . In 2000 , he began the first of several runs for the presidency of Serbia . In the FR Yugoslavia presidential election of 2000 , he finished in third place behind Vojislav Koštunica and Slobodan Milošević . He then ran in the 2003 Serbian presidential election , in which garnered the most votes in the first round ( 46.23% ) , ahead of Dragoljub Mićunović , but the results were invalidated due to a low turnout of only 38.8% . Nikolić made yet another bid for the presidency in the 2004 presidential election . In the first round , he received 30.1% of the vote and Boris Tadić received 27.3% . In the second round held on 27 June , Nikolić lost to Tadić by 53.7% to 45.4% . On 23 February 2003 he became the deputy leader of the party after Vojislav Šešelj went voluntarily to the ICTY . During his leadership of the party , Nikolić favoured pushing the party towards focusing on more economic and social issues such as poverty and unemployment , rather than militant nationalism . In a remark about Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđićs injured leg , Nikolić said on 28 February 2003 : If anyone of you , in the following month or two , sees Zoran Đinđić somewhere , tell him that Tito also had a problem with a leg before his death . Less than two weeks later Đinđić was assassinated in Belgrade . Nikolić later apologized for his statement by saying that he would have never said that had he known what would happen . In contrast to Đinđić , Nikolić repeatedly refused to apologize for stating I dont regret that Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered . ( The journalist Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered on 11 April 1999 in front of the door of his building. ) Nikolić was elected Speaker of Parliament on 8 May 2007 , defeating Milena Milošević of the Democratic Party by 142 to 99 votes out of 244 members of Parliament . The Democratic Party of Serbia endorsed him . Hajredin Kuci of the Democratic Party of Kosovo , Ylli Hoxha of the Reformist Party ORA , and the Prime Minister of Kosovo Agim Çeku condemned the election of Nikolić as counterproductive and dangerous for Kosovo . On 9 May , Nikolić met with Russian Ambassador Aleksandr Alekseyev and gave a speech to Parliament in which he advocated making Serbia part of a Belarus-Russia superstate , saying that together they would stand up against the hegemony of America and the European Union . He resigned from his position as speaker on 13 May after the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party of Serbia formed a preliminary alliance in preparation for a coalition government . Nikolić told the Democratic parties that if they peacefully accept the independence of Kosovo the Radical Party will not sit calmly and wait . In 2008 , he ran again for the presidency in the 2008 presidential election . His slogan was With All Heart ( , ) . On 20 January 2008 , Nikolić again won the first round with 39.99% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 35.39% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 3 February . Nikolić lost , receiving 2,197,155 or 47.97% of the vote . Nikolić abruptly resigned from the Radical Party leadership on 6 September 2008 . Serb media cited differences between Nikolić and other members of the Radical Party hierarchy , especially party leader Vojislav Šešelj , about how the party should react to the proposed European Union membership for Serbia . In the following days Nikolić formed a parliamentary group with a number of other Radical Party representatives called Napred Srbijo ( Forward , Serbia ) . Nikolić told the press that the old Serbian Radical Party no longer exists . On 11 September 2008 , Šešelj addressed all Radical Party members in a letter . He named Nikolić and his group as traitors , Western puppets and agents . He also called upon all SRS members to remain loyal to the ideology of Serbian nationalism , anti-globalism and pro-Russian politics . On 12 September 2008 , Nikolić and his group were officially ejected from the Radical Party . Nikolić announced that he would form his own party . Progressive Party . On 24 September 2008 , Nikolić announced that his new partys name would be the Serbian Progressive Party and that the first convention would be held on 21 October . The founding congress of the new party was held on 21 October 2008 . On 5 February 2011 , in front of the National Assembly , Nikolić and his political supporters – Milanka Karić ( Strength of Serbia Movement , Velimir Ilić ( New Serbia ) , Aleksandar Vulin ( Movement of Socialists ) and Aleksandar Vučić organized a protest demanding early parliamentary elections . According to an official Serbian police report there were around 55,000 people present . On 16 April 2011 Nikolić organized a larger protest with the same request . He also started a thirst and hunger strike that morning and later moved to the national parliament . He stated that his goal was to force the then-Serbian government ( led by Boris Tadić ) to hold early parliamentary elections . On 17 April Tadić came to visit Nikolić in the latters parliamentary chambers . Tadić advised Nikolić to stop striking . Nikolićs condition worsened , and he was taken to a private hospital . Serbias media regularly reported on his condition . That same night his arterial tension was high ( 150/100 mmHg ) but he refused to seek intravenous therapy or medication . When he realized that his hunger strike would not bring about the desired outcome , Nikolić stepped down , citing Easter . Nikolić led the party in the 2012 parliamentary election , and he ran for president in the 2012 presidential election . His slogan was Lets Get Serbia Moving ( , ) . During the campaign , the issue of his education was raised , as the opposition claimed that Nikolić obtained his masters degree under dubious circumstances in a private school . Nikolić responded by suing the daily newspapers Blic and Kurir , demanding 4 million euros as compensation . On 6 May 2012 , Nikolić lost the first round with 25.05% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 25.31% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 20 May . Nikolić won , receiving 49.4% of the vote in a tally of 70% of the polling stations . Boris Tadić , his rival in the elections , congratulated him on the victory , and stated that he hoped that Serbia would continue its progress under Nikolić . Nikolić resigned as leader of the Serbian Progressive Party on 24 May 2012 , and simultaneously quit his membership in the party , citing desire to be a president of all citizens of Serbia . In a May 2012 interview , Nikolić was quoted by Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to have said that ″Vukovar was a Serb city and Croats have nothing to go back to there″ . Croatian President Ivo Josipović criticized Nikolić for this statement and conditioned future cooperation on Nikolićs withdrawal of the statement . The following day Nikolićs office issued a statement saying that Nikolić never made any such statement and called it a ″treacherous lie″ . However , Michael Martens , a journalist at Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung subsequently published the audio recording showing that Nikolić had indeed made that statement . In late September 2013 , the Belgrade gay pride parade was banned by the Serbian police for the third consecutive year following violent threats issued by right-wing groups and requests by the Serbian Orthodox Church . Prior to the parade , Dačić released a statement in which he said that homosexual behaviour was abnormal and that homosexuals in Serbia needed to respect the wishes of the majority of the population if the majoritys wish was for the parade to not take place . Nikolić subsequently issued a statement calling for work on the organisation of next years parade to begin immediately . President of Serbia . Nikolić was inaugurated as the President of Serbia on 11 June 2012 . Stefan Fuelle , the EUs enlargement commissioner , was the highest-ranking official to attend and many ambassadors from other countries were also present . The leaders of Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia and Macedonia , boycotted the inauguration due to his denial of the genocide in Srebrenica and claims about Vukovar . On 2 June 2012 , Nikolić stated on Montenegrin television that there was no genocide in Srebrenica . In Srebrenica , grave war crimes were committed by some Serbs who should be found , prosecuted and punished . [ ... ] It is very difficult to indict someone and prove before a court that an event qualifies as genocide . Nikolić stated that he would not attend the annual commemoration of the Srebrenica massacre : Dont always ask the Serbian president if he is going to Srebrenica , my predecessor was there and paid tribute . Why should every president do the same ? His predecessor , Tadić , had previously acknowledged the massacre as a genocide . Bakir Izetbegović , a member of Bosnia and Herzegovinas presidency , said Nikolićs comments insulted the survivors . He elaborated the denial of genocide in Srebrenica will not pave the way for co-operation and reconciliation in the region , but on the contrary , may cause fresh misunderstandings and tensions . Catherine Ashton , foreign policy chief of the European Union , condemned his comments and stated that the EU strongly rejects any intention to rewrite history . The United States State Department deplored Nikolićs statement and considered them unfounded and counterproductive . On 25 April 2013 , Nikolić apologised for crimes committed by any individual in the name of Serbia , and , in particular , for crimes committed in Srebrenica . The apology was not well received by some media and politicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina who were disappointed that Nikolić did not recognize the massacre as a genocide . As President , Nikolić has decorated a large number of domestic and foreign individuals and institutions on the occasion of Statehood Day . In 2016 , he honoured Omar al-Bashir , President of Sudan , because that country refused to recognise Kosovos independence . The New York-based Coalition for the International Criminal Court called on Nikolić to revoke the medal he gave to Sudans president because Bashir is wanted by the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) and is suspected of five counts of crimes against humanity , two counts of war crimes and three counts of genocide allegedly committed in the Darfur . In February 2017 , Nikolić announced that he would not seek re-election in Serbias forthcoming elections and extended his support to Aleksandar Vučić . Controversies . Greater Serbia . During the 1990s and until 2008 , Nikolić repeatedly called for the creation of a Greater Serbia . Nikolić told a Zagreb paper in 2004 that the boundaries of Greater Serbia along the Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag line were not part of any imperialistic politics , but would always remain a dream for him and other Radical leaders . He also said that he would not have diplomatic relations with Croatia because they are occupying Serbian land . In 2007 , Nikolić stated that the basis of political action in the Serbian Radical Party was the unification of Republika Srpska , Montenegro , and the Republic of Serbian Krajina with Serbia in a single Balkan state . But a few days before the 2012 elections , Nikolić told the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in an interview that the territorial integrity of neighbouring countries cannot be questioned and that his former opinions were no longer valid . When asked about this change of position , he quoted a French philosopher that said only a fool does not change his opinion . In 2018 , Nikolić stated that he has supported the independence of Republika Srpska and unification with Serbia . Education . In 2012 , Nikolić was accused of buying a masters degree from the Faculty of Management in Novi Sad without attending a single class or exam . The allegation was based on the fact that his diploma had no stamp and that no other students recalled having seen him attend classes or exams . Comments about protection of Serbian genes . On 25 January 2016 , Nikolić laid the cornerstone for the Centre of Excellence of the University of Kragujevac , his hometown ; the institution will include a stem cell research unit . Nikolić said The Stem Cell Bank will preserve whats most important , and the most beautiful characteristics of the Serb people and also : Children should be born here , with the Serb genetic material , with the Serb code , Serb past and Serb future . That has guided me to support this . Ombudsman of Serbia , Saša Janković , reacted to this on Twitter by saying he regretted this statement , and adding that the first article of the Constitution states the Republic of Serbia is the state of the Serb people and all citizens who live in it . The League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) also reacted , saying that the president made a Nazi statement that violated the Constitution , and urged him to resign . Comments about gynaecology and women . In September 2016 , At the opening ceremony of Symposium of Association of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians Serbia , Montenegro and Republika Srpska , Nikolić said : Gynecology is knowledge about women , if anyone should dare to say that they have that knowledge . Maja Sedlarević , member of League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) , said Nikolić had offended women and also he is ignorant , uneducated and superficial . Bibliography . Nikolić has published thirteen books : - Ни победа ни пораз – Neither victory nor defeat - Све за Косово и Метохију – Everything for Kosovo and Metohija - Отета победа – Abducted victory - Шешеља за председника – Šešelj for President - Кроз медијски мрак – Through the darkness of the media - Писмо са адресом – The letter with an address - У канџама мржње – In the grip of hatred - Говорио сам – I spoke - Скупштински ход по мукама – The parliamentary walk on torture - Неокомунистички парламент – Neo-communist parliament - Од почетка – Since the beginning - Кад падне влада Милошевић пада – When the government falls , Milošević falls - Ровови у Народној скупштини – The Trenches in the National Assembly External links . - Biography by B92/BETA , 8 May 2007 - Tomislav Nikolic : New President of Serbia by Balkan Insight - Statement by Tomislav Nikolić , President of Serbia to the Sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly , 25 September 2012
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"president of Serbia"
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Which party was Tomislav Nikolić a member of from 2012 to 2013?
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/wiki/Tomislav_Nikolić#P102#4
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Tomislav Nikolić Tomislav Nikolić ( , ; born 15 February 1952 ) is a Serbian politician who served as the president of Serbia from 2012 to 2017 . He is also the founder of the Serbian Progressive Party , and he led the party until his election as president . In the 2012 presidential election , he was elected to a five-year term as president in a second round of voting . Born in village Bajčetina in Kragujevac , Nikolić was a long-time member and MP of the Serbian Radical Party ( SRS ) . He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia from 1998 to 1999 and Deputy Prime Minister of FR Yugoslavia in the coalition government from 1999 to 2000 . Nikolić was the Radical Partys deputy leader from 2003 , and he briefly served as the President of the National Assembly of Serbia in 2007 . In 2008 he resigned following a disagreement with party leader Vojislav Šešelj regarding Serbias relations with the European Union , as Nikolić became in favor of Serbias accession to the EU , a move that was staunchly opposed by Šešelj and his faction . Nikolić formed the Serbian Progressive Party , which several SRS members joined . Nikolić ran for President of Yugoslavia in the 2000 elections and placed third . He also ran four times for President of Serbia ( in 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 elections ) . In 2003 he garnered the most votes , but the election was cancelled due to low turnout , while in 2004 and 2008 he was placed second behind Boris Tadić . In 2012 , he won the run-off against Tadić to become President of Serbia . Early life . Tomislav Nikolić was born in Kragujevac . His father , Radomir , was a labourer , and his mother , Živadinka ( née Đoković ) , was a housewife . In his youth , he trained in athletics . He completed secondary technical school in Kragujevac . His first employment was as a cemetery supervisor . In 1971 he began working with the building construction company Žegrap , and in 1978 he worked for the company 22 December in Kragujevac as head of the Investment and Maintenance Department . He was also Technical Director of the Utility Services company in Kragujevac . He and his wife Dragica ( née Ninković ) have two sons . Political career . Radical Party . Nikolić began his political career as vice-president of the Peoples Radical Party . Under his initiative , a fraction of the Peoples Radical Party merged with Vojislav Šešeljs Serbian National Renewal to form the Serbian Radical Party . Šešelj was elected president of the new party and Nikolić as vice-president . The party had been described by some as a Chetnik party oriented towards neo-fascism and striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia . The Chetniks was a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović , who was accused of collaboration with the occupying forces and war crimes . In 1993 , during the Bosnian War , Nikolić was proclaimed as Chetnik voivode ( vojvoda , duke ) by Šešelj in a ceremony at Romanija mountain . Nikolić has been a deputy in the National Assembly of Serbia since 1991 , the only one elected continuously since that year . Under Slobodan Milošević and the Socialist Party of Serbia , he and Šešelj were sentenced to three months in prison which he served in Gnjilane . However , in March 1998 the Serbian Radical Party formed a coalition with the Socialist Party and he then became the vice-president of the Government of Serbia and , by the end of 1999 , the vice-president of the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . In 2000 , he began the first of several runs for the presidency of Serbia . In the FR Yugoslavia presidential election of 2000 , he finished in third place behind Vojislav Koštunica and Slobodan Milošević . He then ran in the 2003 Serbian presidential election , in which garnered the most votes in the first round ( 46.23% ) , ahead of Dragoljub Mićunović , but the results were invalidated due to a low turnout of only 38.8% . Nikolić made yet another bid for the presidency in the 2004 presidential election . In the first round , he received 30.1% of the vote and Boris Tadić received 27.3% . In the second round held on 27 June , Nikolić lost to Tadić by 53.7% to 45.4% . On 23 February 2003 he became the deputy leader of the party after Vojislav Šešelj went voluntarily to the ICTY . During his leadership of the party , Nikolić favoured pushing the party towards focusing on more economic and social issues such as poverty and unemployment , rather than militant nationalism . In a remark about Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđićs injured leg , Nikolić said on 28 February 2003 : If anyone of you , in the following month or two , sees Zoran Đinđić somewhere , tell him that Tito also had a problem with a leg before his death . Less than two weeks later Đinđić was assassinated in Belgrade . Nikolić later apologized for his statement by saying that he would have never said that had he known what would happen . In contrast to Đinđić , Nikolić repeatedly refused to apologize for stating I dont regret that Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered . ( The journalist Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered on 11 April 1999 in front of the door of his building. ) Nikolić was elected Speaker of Parliament on 8 May 2007 , defeating Milena Milošević of the Democratic Party by 142 to 99 votes out of 244 members of Parliament . The Democratic Party of Serbia endorsed him . Hajredin Kuci of the Democratic Party of Kosovo , Ylli Hoxha of the Reformist Party ORA , and the Prime Minister of Kosovo Agim Çeku condemned the election of Nikolić as counterproductive and dangerous for Kosovo . On 9 May , Nikolić met with Russian Ambassador Aleksandr Alekseyev and gave a speech to Parliament in which he advocated making Serbia part of a Belarus-Russia superstate , saying that together they would stand up against the hegemony of America and the European Union . He resigned from his position as speaker on 13 May after the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party of Serbia formed a preliminary alliance in preparation for a coalition government . Nikolić told the Democratic parties that if they peacefully accept the independence of Kosovo the Radical Party will not sit calmly and wait . In 2008 , he ran again for the presidency in the 2008 presidential election . His slogan was With All Heart ( , ) . On 20 January 2008 , Nikolić again won the first round with 39.99% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 35.39% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 3 February . Nikolić lost , receiving 2,197,155 or 47.97% of the vote . Nikolić abruptly resigned from the Radical Party leadership on 6 September 2008 . Serb media cited differences between Nikolić and other members of the Radical Party hierarchy , especially party leader Vojislav Šešelj , about how the party should react to the proposed European Union membership for Serbia . In the following days Nikolić formed a parliamentary group with a number of other Radical Party representatives called Napred Srbijo ( Forward , Serbia ) . Nikolić told the press that the old Serbian Radical Party no longer exists . On 11 September 2008 , Šešelj addressed all Radical Party members in a letter . He named Nikolić and his group as traitors , Western puppets and agents . He also called upon all SRS members to remain loyal to the ideology of Serbian nationalism , anti-globalism and pro-Russian politics . On 12 September 2008 , Nikolić and his group were officially ejected from the Radical Party . Nikolić announced that he would form his own party . Progressive Party . On 24 September 2008 , Nikolić announced that his new partys name would be the Serbian Progressive Party and that the first convention would be held on 21 October . The founding congress of the new party was held on 21 October 2008 . On 5 February 2011 , in front of the National Assembly , Nikolić and his political supporters – Milanka Karić ( Strength of Serbia Movement , Velimir Ilić ( New Serbia ) , Aleksandar Vulin ( Movement of Socialists ) and Aleksandar Vučić organized a protest demanding early parliamentary elections . According to an official Serbian police report there were around 55,000 people present . On 16 April 2011 Nikolić organized a larger protest with the same request . He also started a thirst and hunger strike that morning and later moved to the national parliament . He stated that his goal was to force the then-Serbian government ( led by Boris Tadić ) to hold early parliamentary elections . On 17 April Tadić came to visit Nikolić in the latters parliamentary chambers . Tadić advised Nikolić to stop striking . Nikolićs condition worsened , and he was taken to a private hospital . Serbias media regularly reported on his condition . That same night his arterial tension was high ( 150/100 mmHg ) but he refused to seek intravenous therapy or medication . When he realized that his hunger strike would not bring about the desired outcome , Nikolić stepped down , citing Easter . Nikolić led the party in the 2012 parliamentary election , and he ran for president in the 2012 presidential election . His slogan was Lets Get Serbia Moving ( , ) . During the campaign , the issue of his education was raised , as the opposition claimed that Nikolić obtained his masters degree under dubious circumstances in a private school . Nikolić responded by suing the daily newspapers Blic and Kurir , demanding 4 million euros as compensation . On 6 May 2012 , Nikolić lost the first round with 25.05% of the vote . Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić , who garnered 25.31% of the vote , faced off against each other in a runoff election on 20 May . Nikolić won , receiving 49.4% of the vote in a tally of 70% of the polling stations . Boris Tadić , his rival in the elections , congratulated him on the victory , and stated that he hoped that Serbia would continue its progress under Nikolić . Nikolić resigned as leader of the Serbian Progressive Party on 24 May 2012 , and simultaneously quit his membership in the party , citing desire to be a president of all citizens of Serbia . In a May 2012 interview , Nikolić was quoted by Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to have said that ″Vukovar was a Serb city and Croats have nothing to go back to there″ . Croatian President Ivo Josipović criticized Nikolić for this statement and conditioned future cooperation on Nikolićs withdrawal of the statement . The following day Nikolićs office issued a statement saying that Nikolić never made any such statement and called it a ″treacherous lie″ . However , Michael Martens , a journalist at Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung subsequently published the audio recording showing that Nikolić had indeed made that statement . In late September 2013 , the Belgrade gay pride parade was banned by the Serbian police for the third consecutive year following violent threats issued by right-wing groups and requests by the Serbian Orthodox Church . Prior to the parade , Dačić released a statement in which he said that homosexual behaviour was abnormal and that homosexuals in Serbia needed to respect the wishes of the majority of the population if the majoritys wish was for the parade to not take place . Nikolić subsequently issued a statement calling for work on the organisation of next years parade to begin immediately . President of Serbia . Nikolić was inaugurated as the President of Serbia on 11 June 2012 . Stefan Fuelle , the EUs enlargement commissioner , was the highest-ranking official to attend and many ambassadors from other countries were also present . The leaders of Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia and Macedonia , boycotted the inauguration due to his denial of the genocide in Srebrenica and claims about Vukovar . On 2 June 2012 , Nikolić stated on Montenegrin television that there was no genocide in Srebrenica . In Srebrenica , grave war crimes were committed by some Serbs who should be found , prosecuted and punished . [ ... ] It is very difficult to indict someone and prove before a court that an event qualifies as genocide . Nikolić stated that he would not attend the annual commemoration of the Srebrenica massacre : Dont always ask the Serbian president if he is going to Srebrenica , my predecessor was there and paid tribute . Why should every president do the same ? His predecessor , Tadić , had previously acknowledged the massacre as a genocide . Bakir Izetbegović , a member of Bosnia and Herzegovinas presidency , said Nikolićs comments insulted the survivors . He elaborated the denial of genocide in Srebrenica will not pave the way for co-operation and reconciliation in the region , but on the contrary , may cause fresh misunderstandings and tensions . Catherine Ashton , foreign policy chief of the European Union , condemned his comments and stated that the EU strongly rejects any intention to rewrite history . The United States State Department deplored Nikolićs statement and considered them unfounded and counterproductive . On 25 April 2013 , Nikolić apologised for crimes committed by any individual in the name of Serbia , and , in particular , for crimes committed in Srebrenica . The apology was not well received by some media and politicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina who were disappointed that Nikolić did not recognize the massacre as a genocide . As President , Nikolić has decorated a large number of domestic and foreign individuals and institutions on the occasion of Statehood Day . In 2016 , he honoured Omar al-Bashir , President of Sudan , because that country refused to recognise Kosovos independence . The New York-based Coalition for the International Criminal Court called on Nikolić to revoke the medal he gave to Sudans president because Bashir is wanted by the International Criminal Court ( ICC ) and is suspected of five counts of crimes against humanity , two counts of war crimes and three counts of genocide allegedly committed in the Darfur . In February 2017 , Nikolić announced that he would not seek re-election in Serbias forthcoming elections and extended his support to Aleksandar Vučić . Controversies . Greater Serbia . During the 1990s and until 2008 , Nikolić repeatedly called for the creation of a Greater Serbia . Nikolić told a Zagreb paper in 2004 that the boundaries of Greater Serbia along the Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag line were not part of any imperialistic politics , but would always remain a dream for him and other Radical leaders . He also said that he would not have diplomatic relations with Croatia because they are occupying Serbian land . In 2007 , Nikolić stated that the basis of political action in the Serbian Radical Party was the unification of Republika Srpska , Montenegro , and the Republic of Serbian Krajina with Serbia in a single Balkan state . But a few days before the 2012 elections , Nikolić told the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in an interview that the territorial integrity of neighbouring countries cannot be questioned and that his former opinions were no longer valid . When asked about this change of position , he quoted a French philosopher that said only a fool does not change his opinion . In 2018 , Nikolić stated that he has supported the independence of Republika Srpska and unification with Serbia . Education . In 2012 , Nikolić was accused of buying a masters degree from the Faculty of Management in Novi Sad without attending a single class or exam . The allegation was based on the fact that his diploma had no stamp and that no other students recalled having seen him attend classes or exams . Comments about protection of Serbian genes . On 25 January 2016 , Nikolić laid the cornerstone for the Centre of Excellence of the University of Kragujevac , his hometown ; the institution will include a stem cell research unit . Nikolić said The Stem Cell Bank will preserve whats most important , and the most beautiful characteristics of the Serb people and also : Children should be born here , with the Serb genetic material , with the Serb code , Serb past and Serb future . That has guided me to support this . Ombudsman of Serbia , Saša Janković , reacted to this on Twitter by saying he regretted this statement , and adding that the first article of the Constitution states the Republic of Serbia is the state of the Serb people and all citizens who live in it . The League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) also reacted , saying that the president made a Nazi statement that violated the Constitution , and urged him to resign . Comments about gynaecology and women . In September 2016 , At the opening ceremony of Symposium of Association of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians Serbia , Montenegro and Republika Srpska , Nikolić said : Gynecology is knowledge about women , if anyone should dare to say that they have that knowledge . Maja Sedlarević , member of League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina ( LSV ) , said Nikolić had offended women and also he is ignorant , uneducated and superficial . Bibliography . Nikolić has published thirteen books : - Ни победа ни пораз – Neither victory nor defeat - Све за Косово и Метохију – Everything for Kosovo and Metohija - Отета победа – Abducted victory - Шешеља за председника – Šešelj for President - Кроз медијски мрак – Through the darkness of the media - Писмо са адресом – The letter with an address - У канџама мржње – In the grip of hatred - Говорио сам – I spoke - Скупштински ход по мукама – The parliamentary walk on torture - Неокомунистички парламент – Neo-communist parliament - Од почетка – Since the beginning - Кад падне влада Милошевић пада – When the government falls , Milošević falls - Ровови у Народној скупштини – The Trenches in the National Assembly External links . - Biography by B92/BETA , 8 May 2007 - Tomislav Nikolic : New President of Serbia by Balkan Insight - Statement by Tomislav Nikolić , President of Serbia to the Sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly , 25 September 2012
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easy
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Which school did Martine Chartrand go to from 1978 to 1983?
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/wiki/Martine_Chartrand#P69#0
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Martine Chartrand Martine Chartrand ( born 1962 ) is a Haitian Canadian filmmaker , visual artist and teacher . She practices a paint-on-glass animation technique to create her films . Throughout Chartrands career , she has been involved with numerous films and has made three animated shorts which have been exhibited across Canada and internationally . Her films often deal with social and cultural issues relating to Black culture and Black history . Biography . Early years . Born in 1962 , Chartrand was adopted and raised in Montreal , Quebec . She graduated from Concordia University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1986 and earned a certificate in Arts Education at UQAM in 1988 . After graduating she began making a living by creating poster graphics and giving workshops in exhibitions across Canada and Europe . Before becoming involved in animation , Chartrand worked as a painter and illustrator . In 1986 , Chartrand became working as a layout and colour artist . She joined the National Film Board officially as a colour artist , assisting Pierre M . Trudeau during the shooting of Enfantillages ( 1990 ) . She then collaborated on Jours de plaine ( 1990 ) , co-directed by Réal Bérard and André Leduc . Professional career . Additionally , Chartrand is in high demand as a lecturer for conferences , master classes , and art workshops worldwide . She guides artists and shares the techniques and craft involved in creating paint-on-glass animation . Film career . In 1992 , Chartrand directed her first animated film for the NFB T.V . Tango . An award-winning short designed to encourage children to be critical of televised advertising messages and help them understand what theyre seeing . In 1994 , Chartrand was given advanced courses in paint-on-glass animation by Alexander Petrov . A painstaking process which involves years of painting thousands of paintings and filming them frame by frame to create a fluid motion . Produced by the National Film Board of Canada , Black Soul ( French : Âme noire ) is an award-winning animated short directed and written by Martine Chartrand . It is the story of a young boy who explores his cultural heritage through the stories of his grandmother . An emotionally rich and vibrant piece which employs painted glass frames shot with a 35mm camera . Its soundtrack features traditional African rhythms , gospel music by Ranee Lee and a composition by jazz pianist Oliver Jones . Among its achievements , Black Soul won the Golden Bear for Best Short Film at the 51st Berlin International Film Festival . For 8 years , Chartrand worked steadily on her next film MacPherson . Inspired by a song by famed French-Canadian singer-songwriter Félix Leclerc , MacPherson is a poetic film which combines Quebec folk music with vivid painted imagery . Chartrand is the subject of the documentary Finding Macpherson ( 2014 ) directed by Serge Giguère which follows the artistic processes she undertook in order to create her short film MacPherson ( 2012 ) . It also draws parallels between Chartrand and Frank Randolph Macpherson , as she traces her Haitian heritage through the film . Artistic style . Paint-on-glass animation style involves the manipulation of wet media to create animated films . The artists paints are moved around the glass which is placed directly under a camera . When filmed frame-by-frame , the images blend and give the illusion of merging and melting into each successive frame . The end result is a fluid sense of movement which creates a painterly effect . Awards . - Special Jury Commendation International Animation Festival , September 30 to October 4 , 1992 , Ottawa - Canada - Award for Best Direction Black International Cinema I.U.S.B. , May 23 , 1993 , Berlin - Germany - Golden Bear - Category : Short Film International Film Festival , February 7 to 18 2001 , Berlin - Germany - Best Animated Short Award International Film Festival , February 27 to March 3 , 2002 , Santa Barbara - USA - First Prize ( Short Film ) Montreal World Film Festival , August 23 to September 3 , 2012 , Montréal - Canada External links . - Martine Chartrand at the National Film Board of Canada website
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"Concordia University"
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Where was Martine Chartrand educated from 1983 to 1986?
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/wiki/Martine_Chartrand#P69#1
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Martine Chartrand Martine Chartrand ( born 1962 ) is a Haitian Canadian filmmaker , visual artist and teacher . She practices a paint-on-glass animation technique to create her films . Throughout Chartrands career , she has been involved with numerous films and has made three animated shorts which have been exhibited across Canada and internationally . Her films often deal with social and cultural issues relating to Black culture and Black history . Biography . Early years . Born in 1962 , Chartrand was adopted and raised in Montreal , Quebec . She graduated from Concordia University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1986 and earned a certificate in Arts Education at UQAM in 1988 . After graduating she began making a living by creating poster graphics and giving workshops in exhibitions across Canada and Europe . Before becoming involved in animation , Chartrand worked as a painter and illustrator . In 1986 , Chartrand became working as a layout and colour artist . She joined the National Film Board officially as a colour artist , assisting Pierre M . Trudeau during the shooting of Enfantillages ( 1990 ) . She then collaborated on Jours de plaine ( 1990 ) , co-directed by Réal Bérard and André Leduc . Professional career . Additionally , Chartrand is in high demand as a lecturer for conferences , master classes , and art workshops worldwide . She guides artists and shares the techniques and craft involved in creating paint-on-glass animation . Film career . In 1992 , Chartrand directed her first animated film for the NFB T.V . Tango . An award-winning short designed to encourage children to be critical of televised advertising messages and help them understand what theyre seeing . In 1994 , Chartrand was given advanced courses in paint-on-glass animation by Alexander Petrov . A painstaking process which involves years of painting thousands of paintings and filming them frame by frame to create a fluid motion . Produced by the National Film Board of Canada , Black Soul ( French : Âme noire ) is an award-winning animated short directed and written by Martine Chartrand . It is the story of a young boy who explores his cultural heritage through the stories of his grandmother . An emotionally rich and vibrant piece which employs painted glass frames shot with a 35mm camera . Its soundtrack features traditional African rhythms , gospel music by Ranee Lee and a composition by jazz pianist Oliver Jones . Among its achievements , Black Soul won the Golden Bear for Best Short Film at the 51st Berlin International Film Festival . For 8 years , Chartrand worked steadily on her next film MacPherson . Inspired by a song by famed French-Canadian singer-songwriter Félix Leclerc , MacPherson is a poetic film which combines Quebec folk music with vivid painted imagery . Chartrand is the subject of the documentary Finding Macpherson ( 2014 ) directed by Serge Giguère which follows the artistic processes she undertook in order to create her short film MacPherson ( 2012 ) . It also draws parallels between Chartrand and Frank Randolph Macpherson , as she traces her Haitian heritage through the film . Artistic style . Paint-on-glass animation style involves the manipulation of wet media to create animated films . The artists paints are moved around the glass which is placed directly under a camera . When filmed frame-by-frame , the images blend and give the illusion of merging and melting into each successive frame . The end result is a fluid sense of movement which creates a painterly effect . Awards . - Special Jury Commendation International Animation Festival , September 30 to October 4 , 1992 , Ottawa - Canada - Award for Best Direction Black International Cinema I.U.S.B. , May 23 , 1993 , Berlin - Germany - Golden Bear - Category : Short Film International Film Festival , February 7 to 18 2001 , Berlin - Germany - Best Animated Short Award International Film Festival , February 27 to March 3 , 2002 , Santa Barbara - USA - First Prize ( Short Film ) Montreal World Film Festival , August 23 to September 3 , 2012 , Montréal - Canada External links . - Martine Chartrand at the National Film Board of Canada website
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"UQAM"
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Which school did Martine Chartrand go to from 1987 to 1988?
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/wiki/Martine_Chartrand#P69#2
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Martine Chartrand Martine Chartrand ( born 1962 ) is a Haitian Canadian filmmaker , visual artist and teacher . She practices a paint-on-glass animation technique to create her films . Throughout Chartrands career , she has been involved with numerous films and has made three animated shorts which have been exhibited across Canada and internationally . Her films often deal with social and cultural issues relating to Black culture and Black history . Biography . Early years . Born in 1962 , Chartrand was adopted and raised in Montreal , Quebec . She graduated from Concordia University with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1986 and earned a certificate in Arts Education at UQAM in 1988 . After graduating she began making a living by creating poster graphics and giving workshops in exhibitions across Canada and Europe . Before becoming involved in animation , Chartrand worked as a painter and illustrator . In 1986 , Chartrand became working as a layout and colour artist . She joined the National Film Board officially as a colour artist , assisting Pierre M . Trudeau during the shooting of Enfantillages ( 1990 ) . She then collaborated on Jours de plaine ( 1990 ) , co-directed by Réal Bérard and André Leduc . Professional career . Additionally , Chartrand is in high demand as a lecturer for conferences , master classes , and art workshops worldwide . She guides artists and shares the techniques and craft involved in creating paint-on-glass animation . Film career . In 1992 , Chartrand directed her first animated film for the NFB T.V . Tango . An award-winning short designed to encourage children to be critical of televised advertising messages and help them understand what theyre seeing . In 1994 , Chartrand was given advanced courses in paint-on-glass animation by Alexander Petrov . A painstaking process which involves years of painting thousands of paintings and filming them frame by frame to create a fluid motion . Produced by the National Film Board of Canada , Black Soul ( French : Âme noire ) is an award-winning animated short directed and written by Martine Chartrand . It is the story of a young boy who explores his cultural heritage through the stories of his grandmother . An emotionally rich and vibrant piece which employs painted glass frames shot with a 35mm camera . Its soundtrack features traditional African rhythms , gospel music by Ranee Lee and a composition by jazz pianist Oliver Jones . Among its achievements , Black Soul won the Golden Bear for Best Short Film at the 51st Berlin International Film Festival . For 8 years , Chartrand worked steadily on her next film MacPherson . Inspired by a song by famed French-Canadian singer-songwriter Félix Leclerc , MacPherson is a poetic film which combines Quebec folk music with vivid painted imagery . Chartrand is the subject of the documentary Finding Macpherson ( 2014 ) directed by Serge Giguère which follows the artistic processes she undertook in order to create her short film MacPherson ( 2012 ) . It also draws parallels between Chartrand and Frank Randolph Macpherson , as she traces her Haitian heritage through the film . Artistic style . Paint-on-glass animation style involves the manipulation of wet media to create animated films . The artists paints are moved around the glass which is placed directly under a camera . When filmed frame-by-frame , the images blend and give the illusion of merging and melting into each successive frame . The end result is a fluid sense of movement which creates a painterly effect . Awards . - Special Jury Commendation International Animation Festival , September 30 to October 4 , 1992 , Ottawa - Canada - Award for Best Direction Black International Cinema I.U.S.B. , May 23 , 1993 , Berlin - Germany - Golden Bear - Category : Short Film International Film Festival , February 7 to 18 2001 , Berlin - Germany - Best Animated Short Award International Film Festival , February 27 to March 3 , 2002 , Santa Barbara - USA - First Prize ( Short Film ) Montreal World Film Festival , August 23 to September 3 , 2012 , Montréal - Canada External links . - Martine Chartrand at the National Film Board of Canada website
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"John and Frances L . Loeb"
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Who owned Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) from 1898 to 1899?
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/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Palette_(Manet)#P127#0
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Self-Portrait with Palette ( Manet ) Self-Portrait with Palette ( French : Autoportrait à la palette ) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet . This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits . Velasquezs self-portrait in Las Meninas was a particular inspiration for Manets painting which despite its allusion to the previous artists work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling . A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting . Most recently , it sold for $29.48 million at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . Description . The 83 × 67 cm ( 33 × 26 in ) painting shows a half-length portrait of the painter Édouard Manet . In this self-portrait as painter he depicted himself as a stylish Boulevardier in front of a dark background . The depicted wears a black top hat and a brown jacket , under which is a white shirt , of which only the collar can be seen . The neckline of the suit jacket covers a black silk tie which is affixed by a tie pin . In the right , only vaguely depicted hand he holds a long wooden brush with red paint on the tip ; the left hand holds a painting palette with about three more brushes . No further accessories are shown . The figure is lit from the left by which the shadows beneath the left arm and the right half of the face are created . His pose is slightly turned to the right , so that the right half of the body is darker than the forward , left half . The painters gaze is directed forwards at the viewer . Because Manet was almost certainly not left-handed , the painting is a mirror image . Origin and meaning . As has been established by X-ray analysis , Manet painted his Self-Portrait with Palette over a portrait in profile of his wife Suzanne Manet . In this picture she was depicted in a pose similar to that in the painting Madame Manet at the Piano ( 1868 , Musée dOrsay ) . The dating of the painting goes back to Manets friend Théodore Duret , who asked Léon Leenhof , the son of Manets wife , about it after the painters death . Moreover , Manet had used the same suit jacket that he wore in Self-Portrait with Palette in the painting At Père Lathuille ( also from 1879 ) , for the depiction of the son of the restaurants owner . Las Meninas , in which Diego Velázquez depicted himself in a similar pose with brush and palette , is considered an important precedent for the Self-Portrait with Palette . There the painter stands almost in the background of his studio , while his models , the five-year-old Margarita Teresa of Spain and her servants , occupy the foreground . From here Manet appropriated the pose of the painter and his equipment , but as opposed to Velázquez , he makes himself the thematic center of the image . At the same time , however , he is working on a painting , but leaves its subject matter , as well as his surroundings , to the imagination of the viewer . Manet himself between 1865 and 1870 portrayed Velázquez in a studio scene in which the Spanish painter is posed similarly to his self-portrait . As a practical matter painters did not and do not wear formal dress while working , as it could far too easily be ruined by oil paint . Manets depiction of himself as a painter in stylish city-going clothes has various precedents . Already Velázquez had shown himself in costly garb that would be appropriate for a courtier . In 1870 Manet had sat for the painter Henri Fantin-Latour in the painting Un atelier aux Batignolles while similarly well-dressed . His wearing of a hat indoors also has a direct precedent . Renoir had depicted Monet in 1875 , with suit , hat and all . Just as Velázquez had used his clothes to underscore his proximity to the Spanish court , Manets clothing shows his role as a stylish and successful Parisian artist , who not only in his artistic posture , but also in his appearance is quintessentially the painter of modern life , of Baudelaires description . The unfinished right hand with the paintbrush is conspicuous in the painting . Victor Stoichiţă perceives this as Manets intention and interprets it thusly : because it is an act of painting that is depicted here , it turns painting around itself like a whirlwind Françoise Cachin explains it as a way of concentrating the light and the attention of the viewer upon the more important aspects of the painting . Manets wife Suzanne , however , described this painting and the Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) as sketches . Position in the Oeuvre . The Self-Portrait with Palette is the only self-portrait by Manet in which he depicted himself as an artist . He depicted himself in several other paintings , but almost always as one of many figures in a large composition . These works include Fishing ( 1860/61 ) , Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) , and The Ball of the Opera ( 1873 ) . The full-length Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet . The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them ; accordingly , they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress . In the first painting , Self-Portrait with Palette , the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter . In the latter work , the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer , rather than a creator . To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has stepped back , to evaluate his painting . After Manets death the two pictures hung on either side of the 1877 painting Jean-Baptiste Faure in the Role of Hamlet . From this arrangement Stoichiţă concludes that the choice of this Spanish influenced painting was meant to evoke a renewed parallel to Velázquez . Another message derived from the juxtaposition is that the self-portraits could almost be read as Manet in the Role of Manet . Juliet Wilson-Bareau , however , points out that Manet probably did not intend the pictures to be so displayed , as it was Léon Leenhoff who had the pictures framed and hung them on either side of the Faure portrait . Reception . The painting was often considered to be of lesser artistic value than Manets other works . In 1926 the critic Étienne Moreau-Nélaton wrote : This work , like the other efforts of the artist , are spoiled by a certain coldness . The artists hand moves with too much fire , painting so freely here , that it is impossible for the painter to seriously focus upon himself as an object . On the other hand , Theodore Reff in 1982 emphasized the meaning of Manets decision to approach self-portraiture , which he had never before attempted , at the high point of his career . The chosen clothes , in both case stylish suits , give the impression that Manet considered himself not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society : the paintings are a record of this success . Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits . When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manets stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis , Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer , which would explain why Manet , who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait , had painted two within that year . It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes , he felt a need to come to terms with himself . The nephew of the artist , Edouard Vibert ( 1867–1899 ) finished shortly before his death a series of copies of various Manet paintings for Madame Manet as mementos of the paintings that had had to be sold after the death of the artist . Around the turn of the 20th century a copy of the Self-Portrait with Palette was attested that was ascribed to Vibert . Provenance . The Self-Portrait with Palette was not sold during Manets lifetime and after his death was held by his widow . Nor were either of the self-portraits sold in the 1884 estate sale . Manets widow does not appear to have wanted to sell them until 1897 , as Antonin Proust in a letter from May 10 of that year stated that neither Jean-Baptiste Faure nor Auguste Pellerin were interested in the paintings . On 2 February 1899 , Suzanne Manet bequeathed the pictures to her sister Martina Leenhoff , probably with the intention of aiding her during financial difficulties . That year , Madame Manet and Proust renewed their efforts to sell the paintings . This time the art dealers Hermann Paechter and Ambroise Vollard expressed interest . Later that year Paechter obtained the paintings at the price of 6,000 Francs for the Self-Portrait with Cap and only 1,000 for Self-Portrait with Palette . In Théodore Durets 1902 exhibit catalog the picture is listed as the property of Pellerin . Shortly after , the Self-Portrait with Cap went to the collection of Max Linde in Lübeck . In addition to being an art collector Linde was also an ophthalmologist , with Edvard Munch among his patients . Eventually the Norwegian artist was inspired by the Manet to paint various other full length portraits , including a 1909 portrait of his psychiatrist Daniel Jacobson , which came close to the Manet in style and feeling . In May 1910 , the Self-Portrait with Palette appeared in an exhibit at the gallery of Georges Petit in Paris , where it was labeled as on loan from the widow of the Marquis Etienne de Ganay . Just a month later it was shown in an exhibit by the gallery owners Paul Durand-Ruel , Bernheim-Jeune and Paul Cassirer together with all other Manet paintings that had previously been owned by Pellerin . Pellerin had sold his collection to the dealers , with the exception of the Self-Portrait with Palette , which he had sold to Madame de Ganay immediately beforehand . Ganay owned the painting through the 1920s ; by 1931 it was in the collection of the Berlin bank president Jakob Goldschmidt . Goldschmidt immigrated to New York City in 1936 , taking his collection with him , and died there in 1955 . In 1958 the painting was bought by J . Summers for 65,000 . Later the collector couple John and Frances L . Loeb from New York acquired the painting for $176,800 . At the auction of the Loeb collection on 12 May 1997 the painting was sold for $18.7 million to an anonymous bidder . At that time it was the second highest price ever paid for a work by Manet . Shortly thereafter the new owner was revealed to be the Casino developer Steve Wynn , as he displayed the picture in his hotel in the Hotel Bellagio and Wynn Las Vegas . In March 2005 , it was privately sold to Steven A . Cohen . The price is estimated to have been between $35 million to $40 million . On 7 May 2010 , it was announced that Cohen had decided to auction the painting at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . The price was expected to be between $30.1 and $45.2 million . These expectations were not met , however , and the painting sold for £22,441,250 ( $29.48 million ) to the New York collector Franck Giraud . The price was nevertheless a record for a Manet painting . References . - Charles S . Moffet : Selbstporträt mit Palette . In : Manet 1832–1883 . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Frölich & Kaufmann , Berlin 1984 , . - Theodor Reff : Manet and modern Paris . National Gallery of Art , Washington und University of Chicago Press , Chicago und London 1982 , . - Victor Ieronim Stoichiţă : Eduard Manet : Selbstporträt , 1879 . In : Ulrich Pfisterer , Valeska von Rosen : Der Künstler als Kunstwerk . Selbstporträts vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart . Philipp Reclam jun. , Stuttgart 2005 , . - Gary Tinterow , Geneviève Lacambre : Manet/Velázquez : The French Taste for Spanish Painting . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Yale University Press , New Haven und London 2003 , .
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[
"Suzanne Manet"
] |
easy
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Who was the owner of Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) in Feb 1899?
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/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Palette_(Manet)#P127#1
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Self-Portrait with Palette ( Manet ) Self-Portrait with Palette ( French : Autoportrait à la palette ) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet . This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits . Velasquezs self-portrait in Las Meninas was a particular inspiration for Manets painting which despite its allusion to the previous artists work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling . A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting . Most recently , it sold for $29.48 million at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . Description . The 83 × 67 cm ( 33 × 26 in ) painting shows a half-length portrait of the painter Édouard Manet . In this self-portrait as painter he depicted himself as a stylish Boulevardier in front of a dark background . The depicted wears a black top hat and a brown jacket , under which is a white shirt , of which only the collar can be seen . The neckline of the suit jacket covers a black silk tie which is affixed by a tie pin . In the right , only vaguely depicted hand he holds a long wooden brush with red paint on the tip ; the left hand holds a painting palette with about three more brushes . No further accessories are shown . The figure is lit from the left by which the shadows beneath the left arm and the right half of the face are created . His pose is slightly turned to the right , so that the right half of the body is darker than the forward , left half . The painters gaze is directed forwards at the viewer . Because Manet was almost certainly not left-handed , the painting is a mirror image . Origin and meaning . As has been established by X-ray analysis , Manet painted his Self-Portrait with Palette over a portrait in profile of his wife Suzanne Manet . In this picture she was depicted in a pose similar to that in the painting Madame Manet at the Piano ( 1868 , Musée dOrsay ) . The dating of the painting goes back to Manets friend Théodore Duret , who asked Léon Leenhof , the son of Manets wife , about it after the painters death . Moreover , Manet had used the same suit jacket that he wore in Self-Portrait with Palette in the painting At Père Lathuille ( also from 1879 ) , for the depiction of the son of the restaurants owner . Las Meninas , in which Diego Velázquez depicted himself in a similar pose with brush and palette , is considered an important precedent for the Self-Portrait with Palette . There the painter stands almost in the background of his studio , while his models , the five-year-old Margarita Teresa of Spain and her servants , occupy the foreground . From here Manet appropriated the pose of the painter and his equipment , but as opposed to Velázquez , he makes himself the thematic center of the image . At the same time , however , he is working on a painting , but leaves its subject matter , as well as his surroundings , to the imagination of the viewer . Manet himself between 1865 and 1870 portrayed Velázquez in a studio scene in which the Spanish painter is posed similarly to his self-portrait . As a practical matter painters did not and do not wear formal dress while working , as it could far too easily be ruined by oil paint . Manets depiction of himself as a painter in stylish city-going clothes has various precedents . Already Velázquez had shown himself in costly garb that would be appropriate for a courtier . In 1870 Manet had sat for the painter Henri Fantin-Latour in the painting Un atelier aux Batignolles while similarly well-dressed . His wearing of a hat indoors also has a direct precedent . Renoir had depicted Monet in 1875 , with suit , hat and all . Just as Velázquez had used his clothes to underscore his proximity to the Spanish court , Manets clothing shows his role as a stylish and successful Parisian artist , who not only in his artistic posture , but also in his appearance is quintessentially the painter of modern life , of Baudelaires description . The unfinished right hand with the paintbrush is conspicuous in the painting . Victor Stoichiţă perceives this as Manets intention and interprets it thusly : because it is an act of painting that is depicted here , it turns painting around itself like a whirlwind Françoise Cachin explains it as a way of concentrating the light and the attention of the viewer upon the more important aspects of the painting . Manets wife Suzanne , however , described this painting and the Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) as sketches . Position in the Oeuvre . The Self-Portrait with Palette is the only self-portrait by Manet in which he depicted himself as an artist . He depicted himself in several other paintings , but almost always as one of many figures in a large composition . These works include Fishing ( 1860/61 ) , Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) , and The Ball of the Opera ( 1873 ) . The full-length Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet . The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them ; accordingly , they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress . In the first painting , Self-Portrait with Palette , the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter . In the latter work , the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer , rather than a creator . To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has stepped back , to evaluate his painting . After Manets death the two pictures hung on either side of the 1877 painting Jean-Baptiste Faure in the Role of Hamlet . From this arrangement Stoichiţă concludes that the choice of this Spanish influenced painting was meant to evoke a renewed parallel to Velázquez . Another message derived from the juxtaposition is that the self-portraits could almost be read as Manet in the Role of Manet . Juliet Wilson-Bareau , however , points out that Manet probably did not intend the pictures to be so displayed , as it was Léon Leenhoff who had the pictures framed and hung them on either side of the Faure portrait . Reception . The painting was often considered to be of lesser artistic value than Manets other works . In 1926 the critic Étienne Moreau-Nélaton wrote : This work , like the other efforts of the artist , are spoiled by a certain coldness . The artists hand moves with too much fire , painting so freely here , that it is impossible for the painter to seriously focus upon himself as an object . On the other hand , Theodore Reff in 1982 emphasized the meaning of Manets decision to approach self-portraiture , which he had never before attempted , at the high point of his career . The chosen clothes , in both case stylish suits , give the impression that Manet considered himself not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society : the paintings are a record of this success . Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits . When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manets stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis , Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer , which would explain why Manet , who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait , had painted two within that year . It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes , he felt a need to come to terms with himself . The nephew of the artist , Edouard Vibert ( 1867–1899 ) finished shortly before his death a series of copies of various Manet paintings for Madame Manet as mementos of the paintings that had had to be sold after the death of the artist . Around the turn of the 20th century a copy of the Self-Portrait with Palette was attested that was ascribed to Vibert . Provenance . The Self-Portrait with Palette was not sold during Manets lifetime and after his death was held by his widow . Nor were either of the self-portraits sold in the 1884 estate sale . Manets widow does not appear to have wanted to sell them until 1897 , as Antonin Proust in a letter from May 10 of that year stated that neither Jean-Baptiste Faure nor Auguste Pellerin were interested in the paintings . On 2 February 1899 , Suzanne Manet bequeathed the pictures to her sister Martina Leenhoff , probably with the intention of aiding her during financial difficulties . That year , Madame Manet and Proust renewed their efforts to sell the paintings . This time the art dealers Hermann Paechter and Ambroise Vollard expressed interest . Later that year Paechter obtained the paintings at the price of 6,000 Francs for the Self-Portrait with Cap and only 1,000 for Self-Portrait with Palette . In Théodore Durets 1902 exhibit catalog the picture is listed as the property of Pellerin . Shortly after , the Self-Portrait with Cap went to the collection of Max Linde in Lübeck . In addition to being an art collector Linde was also an ophthalmologist , with Edvard Munch among his patients . Eventually the Norwegian artist was inspired by the Manet to paint various other full length portraits , including a 1909 portrait of his psychiatrist Daniel Jacobson , which came close to the Manet in style and feeling . In May 1910 , the Self-Portrait with Palette appeared in an exhibit at the gallery of Georges Petit in Paris , where it was labeled as on loan from the widow of the Marquis Etienne de Ganay . Just a month later it was shown in an exhibit by the gallery owners Paul Durand-Ruel , Bernheim-Jeune and Paul Cassirer together with all other Manet paintings that had previously been owned by Pellerin . Pellerin had sold his collection to the dealers , with the exception of the Self-Portrait with Palette , which he had sold to Madame de Ganay immediately beforehand . Ganay owned the painting through the 1920s ; by 1931 it was in the collection of the Berlin bank president Jakob Goldschmidt . Goldschmidt immigrated to New York City in 1936 , taking his collection with him , and died there in 1955 . In 1958 the painting was bought by J . Summers for 65,000 . Later the collector couple John and Frances L . Loeb from New York acquired the painting for $176,800 . At the auction of the Loeb collection on 12 May 1997 the painting was sold for $18.7 million to an anonymous bidder . At that time it was the second highest price ever paid for a work by Manet . Shortly thereafter the new owner was revealed to be the Casino developer Steve Wynn , as he displayed the picture in his hotel in the Hotel Bellagio and Wynn Las Vegas . In March 2005 , it was privately sold to Steven A . Cohen . The price is estimated to have been between $35 million to $40 million . On 7 May 2010 , it was announced that Cohen had decided to auction the painting at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . The price was expected to be between $30.1 and $45.2 million . These expectations were not met , however , and the painting sold for £22,441,250 ( $29.48 million ) to the New York collector Franck Giraud . The price was nevertheless a record for a Manet painting . References . - Charles S . Moffet : Selbstporträt mit Palette . In : Manet 1832–1883 . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Frölich & Kaufmann , Berlin 1984 , . - Theodor Reff : Manet and modern Paris . National Gallery of Art , Washington und University of Chicago Press , Chicago und London 1982 , . - Victor Ieronim Stoichiţă : Eduard Manet : Selbstporträt , 1879 . In : Ulrich Pfisterer , Valeska von Rosen : Der Künstler als Kunstwerk . Selbstporträts vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart . Philipp Reclam jun. , Stuttgart 2005 , . - Gary Tinterow , Geneviève Lacambre : Manet/Velázquez : The French Taste for Spanish Painting . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Yale University Press , New Haven und London 2003 , .
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[
"Hermann Paechter"
] |
easy
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Who was the owner of Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) from 1899 to 1910?
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/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Palette_(Manet)#P127#2
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Self-Portrait with Palette ( Manet ) Self-Portrait with Palette ( French : Autoportrait à la palette ) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet . This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits . Velasquezs self-portrait in Las Meninas was a particular inspiration for Manets painting which despite its allusion to the previous artists work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling . A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting . Most recently , it sold for $29.48 million at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . Description . The 83 × 67 cm ( 33 × 26 in ) painting shows a half-length portrait of the painter Édouard Manet . In this self-portrait as painter he depicted himself as a stylish Boulevardier in front of a dark background . The depicted wears a black top hat and a brown jacket , under which is a white shirt , of which only the collar can be seen . The neckline of the suit jacket covers a black silk tie which is affixed by a tie pin . In the right , only vaguely depicted hand he holds a long wooden brush with red paint on the tip ; the left hand holds a painting palette with about three more brushes . No further accessories are shown . The figure is lit from the left by which the shadows beneath the left arm and the right half of the face are created . His pose is slightly turned to the right , so that the right half of the body is darker than the forward , left half . The painters gaze is directed forwards at the viewer . Because Manet was almost certainly not left-handed , the painting is a mirror image . Origin and meaning . As has been established by X-ray analysis , Manet painted his Self-Portrait with Palette over a portrait in profile of his wife Suzanne Manet . In this picture she was depicted in a pose similar to that in the painting Madame Manet at the Piano ( 1868 , Musée dOrsay ) . The dating of the painting goes back to Manets friend Théodore Duret , who asked Léon Leenhof , the son of Manets wife , about it after the painters death . Moreover , Manet had used the same suit jacket that he wore in Self-Portrait with Palette in the painting At Père Lathuille ( also from 1879 ) , for the depiction of the son of the restaurants owner . Las Meninas , in which Diego Velázquez depicted himself in a similar pose with brush and palette , is considered an important precedent for the Self-Portrait with Palette . There the painter stands almost in the background of his studio , while his models , the five-year-old Margarita Teresa of Spain and her servants , occupy the foreground . From here Manet appropriated the pose of the painter and his equipment , but as opposed to Velázquez , he makes himself the thematic center of the image . At the same time , however , he is working on a painting , but leaves its subject matter , as well as his surroundings , to the imagination of the viewer . Manet himself between 1865 and 1870 portrayed Velázquez in a studio scene in which the Spanish painter is posed similarly to his self-portrait . As a practical matter painters did not and do not wear formal dress while working , as it could far too easily be ruined by oil paint . Manets depiction of himself as a painter in stylish city-going clothes has various precedents . Already Velázquez had shown himself in costly garb that would be appropriate for a courtier . In 1870 Manet had sat for the painter Henri Fantin-Latour in the painting Un atelier aux Batignolles while similarly well-dressed . His wearing of a hat indoors also has a direct precedent . Renoir had depicted Monet in 1875 , with suit , hat and all . Just as Velázquez had used his clothes to underscore his proximity to the Spanish court , Manets clothing shows his role as a stylish and successful Parisian artist , who not only in his artistic posture , but also in his appearance is quintessentially the painter of modern life , of Baudelaires description . The unfinished right hand with the paintbrush is conspicuous in the painting . Victor Stoichiţă perceives this as Manets intention and interprets it thusly : because it is an act of painting that is depicted here , it turns painting around itself like a whirlwind Françoise Cachin explains it as a way of concentrating the light and the attention of the viewer upon the more important aspects of the painting . Manets wife Suzanne , however , described this painting and the Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) as sketches . Position in the Oeuvre . The Self-Portrait with Palette is the only self-portrait by Manet in which he depicted himself as an artist . He depicted himself in several other paintings , but almost always as one of many figures in a large composition . These works include Fishing ( 1860/61 ) , Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) , and The Ball of the Opera ( 1873 ) . The full-length Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet . The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them ; accordingly , they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress . In the first painting , Self-Portrait with Palette , the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter . In the latter work , the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer , rather than a creator . To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has stepped back , to evaluate his painting . After Manets death the two pictures hung on either side of the 1877 painting Jean-Baptiste Faure in the Role of Hamlet . From this arrangement Stoichiţă concludes that the choice of this Spanish influenced painting was meant to evoke a renewed parallel to Velázquez . Another message derived from the juxtaposition is that the self-portraits could almost be read as Manet in the Role of Manet . Juliet Wilson-Bareau , however , points out that Manet probably did not intend the pictures to be so displayed , as it was Léon Leenhoff who had the pictures framed and hung them on either side of the Faure portrait . Reception . The painting was often considered to be of lesser artistic value than Manets other works . In 1926 the critic Étienne Moreau-Nélaton wrote : This work , like the other efforts of the artist , are spoiled by a certain coldness . The artists hand moves with too much fire , painting so freely here , that it is impossible for the painter to seriously focus upon himself as an object . On the other hand , Theodore Reff in 1982 emphasized the meaning of Manets decision to approach self-portraiture , which he had never before attempted , at the high point of his career . The chosen clothes , in both case stylish suits , give the impression that Manet considered himself not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society : the paintings are a record of this success . Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits . When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manets stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis , Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer , which would explain why Manet , who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait , had painted two within that year . It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes , he felt a need to come to terms with himself . The nephew of the artist , Edouard Vibert ( 1867–1899 ) finished shortly before his death a series of copies of various Manet paintings for Madame Manet as mementos of the paintings that had had to be sold after the death of the artist . Around the turn of the 20th century a copy of the Self-Portrait with Palette was attested that was ascribed to Vibert . Provenance . The Self-Portrait with Palette was not sold during Manets lifetime and after his death was held by his widow . Nor were either of the self-portraits sold in the 1884 estate sale . Manets widow does not appear to have wanted to sell them until 1897 , as Antonin Proust in a letter from May 10 of that year stated that neither Jean-Baptiste Faure nor Auguste Pellerin were interested in the paintings . On 2 February 1899 , Suzanne Manet bequeathed the pictures to her sister Martina Leenhoff , probably with the intention of aiding her during financial difficulties . That year , Madame Manet and Proust renewed their efforts to sell the paintings . This time the art dealers Hermann Paechter and Ambroise Vollard expressed interest . Later that year Paechter obtained the paintings at the price of 6,000 Francs for the Self-Portrait with Cap and only 1,000 for Self-Portrait with Palette . In Théodore Durets 1902 exhibit catalog the picture is listed as the property of Pellerin . Shortly after , the Self-Portrait with Cap went to the collection of Max Linde in Lübeck . In addition to being an art collector Linde was also an ophthalmologist , with Edvard Munch among his patients . Eventually the Norwegian artist was inspired by the Manet to paint various other full length portraits , including a 1909 portrait of his psychiatrist Daniel Jacobson , which came close to the Manet in style and feeling . In May 1910 , the Self-Portrait with Palette appeared in an exhibit at the gallery of Georges Petit in Paris , where it was labeled as on loan from the widow of the Marquis Etienne de Ganay . Just a month later it was shown in an exhibit by the gallery owners Paul Durand-Ruel , Bernheim-Jeune and Paul Cassirer together with all other Manet paintings that had previously been owned by Pellerin . Pellerin had sold his collection to the dealers , with the exception of the Self-Portrait with Palette , which he had sold to Madame de Ganay immediately beforehand . Ganay owned the painting through the 1920s ; by 1931 it was in the collection of the Berlin bank president Jakob Goldschmidt . Goldschmidt immigrated to New York City in 1936 , taking his collection with him , and died there in 1955 . In 1958 the painting was bought by J . Summers for 65,000 . Later the collector couple John and Frances L . Loeb from New York acquired the painting for $176,800 . At the auction of the Loeb collection on 12 May 1997 the painting was sold for $18.7 million to an anonymous bidder . At that time it was the second highest price ever paid for a work by Manet . Shortly thereafter the new owner was revealed to be the Casino developer Steve Wynn , as he displayed the picture in his hotel in the Hotel Bellagio and Wynn Las Vegas . In March 2005 , it was privately sold to Steven A . Cohen . The price is estimated to have been between $35 million to $40 million . On 7 May 2010 , it was announced that Cohen had decided to auction the painting at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . The price was expected to be between $30.1 and $45.2 million . These expectations were not met , however , and the painting sold for £22,441,250 ( $29.48 million ) to the New York collector Franck Giraud . The price was nevertheless a record for a Manet painting . References . - Charles S . Moffet : Selbstporträt mit Palette . In : Manet 1832–1883 . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Frölich & Kaufmann , Berlin 1984 , . - Theodor Reff : Manet and modern Paris . National Gallery of Art , Washington und University of Chicago Press , Chicago und London 1982 , . - Victor Ieronim Stoichiţă : Eduard Manet : Selbstporträt , 1879 . In : Ulrich Pfisterer , Valeska von Rosen : Der Künstler als Kunstwerk . Selbstporträts vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart . Philipp Reclam jun. , Stuttgart 2005 , . - Gary Tinterow , Geneviève Lacambre : Manet/Velázquez : The French Taste for Spanish Painting . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Yale University Press , New Haven und London 2003 , .
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[
"Etienne de Ganay",
"Hermann Paechter"
] |
easy
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Who owned Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) from 1910 to 1920?
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/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Palette_(Manet)#P127#3
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Self-Portrait with Palette ( Manet ) Self-Portrait with Palette ( French : Autoportrait à la palette ) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet . This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits . Velasquezs self-portrait in Las Meninas was a particular inspiration for Manets painting which despite its allusion to the previous artists work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling . A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting . Most recently , it sold for $29.48 million at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . Description . The 83 × 67 cm ( 33 × 26 in ) painting shows a half-length portrait of the painter Édouard Manet . In this self-portrait as painter he depicted himself as a stylish Boulevardier in front of a dark background . The depicted wears a black top hat and a brown jacket , under which is a white shirt , of which only the collar can be seen . The neckline of the suit jacket covers a black silk tie which is affixed by a tie pin . In the right , only vaguely depicted hand he holds a long wooden brush with red paint on the tip ; the left hand holds a painting palette with about three more brushes . No further accessories are shown . The figure is lit from the left by which the shadows beneath the left arm and the right half of the face are created . His pose is slightly turned to the right , so that the right half of the body is darker than the forward , left half . The painters gaze is directed forwards at the viewer . Because Manet was almost certainly not left-handed , the painting is a mirror image . Origin and meaning . As has been established by X-ray analysis , Manet painted his Self-Portrait with Palette over a portrait in profile of his wife Suzanne Manet . In this picture she was depicted in a pose similar to that in the painting Madame Manet at the Piano ( 1868 , Musée dOrsay ) . The dating of the painting goes back to Manets friend Théodore Duret , who asked Léon Leenhof , the son of Manets wife , about it after the painters death . Moreover , Manet had used the same suit jacket that he wore in Self-Portrait with Palette in the painting At Père Lathuille ( also from 1879 ) , for the depiction of the son of the restaurants owner . Las Meninas , in which Diego Velázquez depicted himself in a similar pose with brush and palette , is considered an important precedent for the Self-Portrait with Palette . There the painter stands almost in the background of his studio , while his models , the five-year-old Margarita Teresa of Spain and her servants , occupy the foreground . From here Manet appropriated the pose of the painter and his equipment , but as opposed to Velázquez , he makes himself the thematic center of the image . At the same time , however , he is working on a painting , but leaves its subject matter , as well as his surroundings , to the imagination of the viewer . Manet himself between 1865 and 1870 portrayed Velázquez in a studio scene in which the Spanish painter is posed similarly to his self-portrait . As a practical matter painters did not and do not wear formal dress while working , as it could far too easily be ruined by oil paint . Manets depiction of himself as a painter in stylish city-going clothes has various precedents . Already Velázquez had shown himself in costly garb that would be appropriate for a courtier . In 1870 Manet had sat for the painter Henri Fantin-Latour in the painting Un atelier aux Batignolles while similarly well-dressed . His wearing of a hat indoors also has a direct precedent . Renoir had depicted Monet in 1875 , with suit , hat and all . Just as Velázquez had used his clothes to underscore his proximity to the Spanish court , Manets clothing shows his role as a stylish and successful Parisian artist , who not only in his artistic posture , but also in his appearance is quintessentially the painter of modern life , of Baudelaires description . The unfinished right hand with the paintbrush is conspicuous in the painting . Victor Stoichiţă perceives this as Manets intention and interprets it thusly : because it is an act of painting that is depicted here , it turns painting around itself like a whirlwind Françoise Cachin explains it as a way of concentrating the light and the attention of the viewer upon the more important aspects of the painting . Manets wife Suzanne , however , described this painting and the Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) as sketches . Position in the Oeuvre . The Self-Portrait with Palette is the only self-portrait by Manet in which he depicted himself as an artist . He depicted himself in several other paintings , but almost always as one of many figures in a large composition . These works include Fishing ( 1860/61 ) , Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) , and The Ball of the Opera ( 1873 ) . The full-length Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet . The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them ; accordingly , they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress . In the first painting , Self-Portrait with Palette , the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter . In the latter work , the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer , rather than a creator . To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has stepped back , to evaluate his painting . After Manets death the two pictures hung on either side of the 1877 painting Jean-Baptiste Faure in the Role of Hamlet . From this arrangement Stoichiţă concludes that the choice of this Spanish influenced painting was meant to evoke a renewed parallel to Velázquez . Another message derived from the juxtaposition is that the self-portraits could almost be read as Manet in the Role of Manet . Juliet Wilson-Bareau , however , points out that Manet probably did not intend the pictures to be so displayed , as it was Léon Leenhoff who had the pictures framed and hung them on either side of the Faure portrait . Reception . The painting was often considered to be of lesser artistic value than Manets other works . In 1926 the critic Étienne Moreau-Nélaton wrote : This work , like the other efforts of the artist , are spoiled by a certain coldness . The artists hand moves with too much fire , painting so freely here , that it is impossible for the painter to seriously focus upon himself as an object . On the other hand , Theodore Reff in 1982 emphasized the meaning of Manets decision to approach self-portraiture , which he had never before attempted , at the high point of his career . The chosen clothes , in both case stylish suits , give the impression that Manet considered himself not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society : the paintings are a record of this success . Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits . When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manets stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis , Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer , which would explain why Manet , who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait , had painted two within that year . It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes , he felt a need to come to terms with himself . The nephew of the artist , Edouard Vibert ( 1867–1899 ) finished shortly before his death a series of copies of various Manet paintings for Madame Manet as mementos of the paintings that had had to be sold after the death of the artist . Around the turn of the 20th century a copy of the Self-Portrait with Palette was attested that was ascribed to Vibert . Provenance . The Self-Portrait with Palette was not sold during Manets lifetime and after his death was held by his widow . Nor were either of the self-portraits sold in the 1884 estate sale . Manets widow does not appear to have wanted to sell them until 1897 , as Antonin Proust in a letter from May 10 of that year stated that neither Jean-Baptiste Faure nor Auguste Pellerin were interested in the paintings . On 2 February 1899 , Suzanne Manet bequeathed the pictures to her sister Martina Leenhoff , probably with the intention of aiding her during financial difficulties . That year , Madame Manet and Proust renewed their efforts to sell the paintings . This time the art dealers Hermann Paechter and Ambroise Vollard expressed interest . Later that year Paechter obtained the paintings at the price of 6,000 Francs for the Self-Portrait with Cap and only 1,000 for Self-Portrait with Palette . In Théodore Durets 1902 exhibit catalog the picture is listed as the property of Pellerin . Shortly after , the Self-Portrait with Cap went to the collection of Max Linde in Lübeck . In addition to being an art collector Linde was also an ophthalmologist , with Edvard Munch among his patients . Eventually the Norwegian artist was inspired by the Manet to paint various other full length portraits , including a 1909 portrait of his psychiatrist Daniel Jacobson , which came close to the Manet in style and feeling . In May 1910 , the Self-Portrait with Palette appeared in an exhibit at the gallery of Georges Petit in Paris , where it was labeled as on loan from the widow of the Marquis Etienne de Ganay . Just a month later it was shown in an exhibit by the gallery owners Paul Durand-Ruel , Bernheim-Jeune and Paul Cassirer together with all other Manet paintings that had previously been owned by Pellerin . Pellerin had sold his collection to the dealers , with the exception of the Self-Portrait with Palette , which he had sold to Madame de Ganay immediately beforehand . Ganay owned the painting through the 1920s ; by 1931 it was in the collection of the Berlin bank president Jakob Goldschmidt . Goldschmidt immigrated to New York City in 1936 , taking his collection with him , and died there in 1955 . In 1958 the painting was bought by J . Summers for 65,000 . Later the collector couple John and Frances L . Loeb from New York acquired the painting for $176,800 . At the auction of the Loeb collection on 12 May 1997 the painting was sold for $18.7 million to an anonymous bidder . At that time it was the second highest price ever paid for a work by Manet . Shortly thereafter the new owner was revealed to be the Casino developer Steve Wynn , as he displayed the picture in his hotel in the Hotel Bellagio and Wynn Las Vegas . In March 2005 , it was privately sold to Steven A . Cohen . The price is estimated to have been between $35 million to $40 million . On 7 May 2010 , it was announced that Cohen had decided to auction the painting at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . The price was expected to be between $30.1 and $45.2 million . These expectations were not met , however , and the painting sold for £22,441,250 ( $29.48 million ) to the New York collector Franck Giraud . The price was nevertheless a record for a Manet painting . References . - Charles S . Moffet : Selbstporträt mit Palette . In : Manet 1832–1883 . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Frölich & Kaufmann , Berlin 1984 , . - Theodor Reff : Manet and modern Paris . National Gallery of Art , Washington und University of Chicago Press , Chicago und London 1982 , . - Victor Ieronim Stoichiţă : Eduard Manet : Selbstporträt , 1879 . In : Ulrich Pfisterer , Valeska von Rosen : Der Künstler als Kunstwerk . Selbstporträts vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart . Philipp Reclam jun. , Stuttgart 2005 , . - Gary Tinterow , Geneviève Lacambre : Manet/Velázquez : The French Taste for Spanish Painting . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Yale University Press , New Haven und London 2003 , .
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[
"Hermann Paechter"
] |
easy
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Who owned Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) from 1920 to 1931?
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/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Palette_(Manet)#P127#4
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Self-Portrait with Palette ( Manet ) Self-Portrait with Palette ( French : Autoportrait à la palette ) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet . This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits . Velasquezs self-portrait in Las Meninas was a particular inspiration for Manets painting which despite its allusion to the previous artists work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling . A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting . Most recently , it sold for $29.48 million at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . Description . The 83 × 67 cm ( 33 × 26 in ) painting shows a half-length portrait of the painter Édouard Manet . In this self-portrait as painter he depicted himself as a stylish Boulevardier in front of a dark background . The depicted wears a black top hat and a brown jacket , under which is a white shirt , of which only the collar can be seen . The neckline of the suit jacket covers a black silk tie which is affixed by a tie pin . In the right , only vaguely depicted hand he holds a long wooden brush with red paint on the tip ; the left hand holds a painting palette with about three more brushes . No further accessories are shown . The figure is lit from the left by which the shadows beneath the left arm and the right half of the face are created . His pose is slightly turned to the right , so that the right half of the body is darker than the forward , left half . The painters gaze is directed forwards at the viewer . Because Manet was almost certainly not left-handed , the painting is a mirror image . Origin and meaning . As has been established by X-ray analysis , Manet painted his Self-Portrait with Palette over a portrait in profile of his wife Suzanne Manet . In this picture she was depicted in a pose similar to that in the painting Madame Manet at the Piano ( 1868 , Musée dOrsay ) . The dating of the painting goes back to Manets friend Théodore Duret , who asked Léon Leenhof , the son of Manets wife , about it after the painters death . Moreover , Manet had used the same suit jacket that he wore in Self-Portrait with Palette in the painting At Père Lathuille ( also from 1879 ) , for the depiction of the son of the restaurants owner . Las Meninas , in which Diego Velázquez depicted himself in a similar pose with brush and palette , is considered an important precedent for the Self-Portrait with Palette . There the painter stands almost in the background of his studio , while his models , the five-year-old Margarita Teresa of Spain and her servants , occupy the foreground . From here Manet appropriated the pose of the painter and his equipment , but as opposed to Velázquez , he makes himself the thematic center of the image . At the same time , however , he is working on a painting , but leaves its subject matter , as well as his surroundings , to the imagination of the viewer . Manet himself between 1865 and 1870 portrayed Velázquez in a studio scene in which the Spanish painter is posed similarly to his self-portrait . As a practical matter painters did not and do not wear formal dress while working , as it could far too easily be ruined by oil paint . Manets depiction of himself as a painter in stylish city-going clothes has various precedents . Already Velázquez had shown himself in costly garb that would be appropriate for a courtier . In 1870 Manet had sat for the painter Henri Fantin-Latour in the painting Un atelier aux Batignolles while similarly well-dressed . His wearing of a hat indoors also has a direct precedent . Renoir had depicted Monet in 1875 , with suit , hat and all . Just as Velázquez had used his clothes to underscore his proximity to the Spanish court , Manets clothing shows his role as a stylish and successful Parisian artist , who not only in his artistic posture , but also in his appearance is quintessentially the painter of modern life , of Baudelaires description . The unfinished right hand with the paintbrush is conspicuous in the painting . Victor Stoichiţă perceives this as Manets intention and interprets it thusly : because it is an act of painting that is depicted here , it turns painting around itself like a whirlwind Françoise Cachin explains it as a way of concentrating the light and the attention of the viewer upon the more important aspects of the painting . Manets wife Suzanne , however , described this painting and the Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) as sketches . Position in the Oeuvre . The Self-Portrait with Palette is the only self-portrait by Manet in which he depicted himself as an artist . He depicted himself in several other paintings , but almost always as one of many figures in a large composition . These works include Fishing ( 1860/61 ) , Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) , and The Ball of the Opera ( 1873 ) . The full-length Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet . The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them ; accordingly , they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress . In the first painting , Self-Portrait with Palette , the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter . In the latter work , the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer , rather than a creator . To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has stepped back , to evaluate his painting . After Manets death the two pictures hung on either side of the 1877 painting Jean-Baptiste Faure in the Role of Hamlet . From this arrangement Stoichiţă concludes that the choice of this Spanish influenced painting was meant to evoke a renewed parallel to Velázquez . Another message derived from the juxtaposition is that the self-portraits could almost be read as Manet in the Role of Manet . Juliet Wilson-Bareau , however , points out that Manet probably did not intend the pictures to be so displayed , as it was Léon Leenhoff who had the pictures framed and hung them on either side of the Faure portrait . Reception . The painting was often considered to be of lesser artistic value than Manets other works . In 1926 the critic Étienne Moreau-Nélaton wrote : This work , like the other efforts of the artist , are spoiled by a certain coldness . The artists hand moves with too much fire , painting so freely here , that it is impossible for the painter to seriously focus upon himself as an object . On the other hand , Theodore Reff in 1982 emphasized the meaning of Manets decision to approach self-portraiture , which he had never before attempted , at the high point of his career . The chosen clothes , in both case stylish suits , give the impression that Manet considered himself not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society : the paintings are a record of this success . Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits . When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manets stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis , Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer , which would explain why Manet , who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait , had painted two within that year . It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes , he felt a need to come to terms with himself . The nephew of the artist , Edouard Vibert ( 1867–1899 ) finished shortly before his death a series of copies of various Manet paintings for Madame Manet as mementos of the paintings that had had to be sold after the death of the artist . Around the turn of the 20th century a copy of the Self-Portrait with Palette was attested that was ascribed to Vibert . Provenance . The Self-Portrait with Palette was not sold during Manets lifetime and after his death was held by his widow . Nor were either of the self-portraits sold in the 1884 estate sale . Manets widow does not appear to have wanted to sell them until 1897 , as Antonin Proust in a letter from May 10 of that year stated that neither Jean-Baptiste Faure nor Auguste Pellerin were interested in the paintings . On 2 February 1899 , Suzanne Manet bequeathed the pictures to her sister Martina Leenhoff , probably with the intention of aiding her during financial difficulties . That year , Madame Manet and Proust renewed their efforts to sell the paintings . This time the art dealers Hermann Paechter and Ambroise Vollard expressed interest . Later that year Paechter obtained the paintings at the price of 6,000 Francs for the Self-Portrait with Cap and only 1,000 for Self-Portrait with Palette . In Théodore Durets 1902 exhibit catalog the picture is listed as the property of Pellerin . Shortly after , the Self-Portrait with Cap went to the collection of Max Linde in Lübeck . In addition to being an art collector Linde was also an ophthalmologist , with Edvard Munch among his patients . Eventually the Norwegian artist was inspired by the Manet to paint various other full length portraits , including a 1909 portrait of his psychiatrist Daniel Jacobson , which came close to the Manet in style and feeling . In May 1910 , the Self-Portrait with Palette appeared in an exhibit at the gallery of Georges Petit in Paris , where it was labeled as on loan from the widow of the Marquis Etienne de Ganay . Just a month later it was shown in an exhibit by the gallery owners Paul Durand-Ruel , Bernheim-Jeune and Paul Cassirer together with all other Manet paintings that had previously been owned by Pellerin . Pellerin had sold his collection to the dealers , with the exception of the Self-Portrait with Palette , which he had sold to Madame de Ganay immediately beforehand . Ganay owned the painting through the 1920s ; by 1931 it was in the collection of the Berlin bank president Jakob Goldschmidt . Goldschmidt immigrated to New York City in 1936 , taking his collection with him , and died there in 1955 . In 1958 the painting was bought by J . Summers for 65,000 . Later the collector couple John and Frances L . Loeb from New York acquired the painting for $176,800 . At the auction of the Loeb collection on 12 May 1997 the painting was sold for $18.7 million to an anonymous bidder . At that time it was the second highest price ever paid for a work by Manet . Shortly thereafter the new owner was revealed to be the Casino developer Steve Wynn , as he displayed the picture in his hotel in the Hotel Bellagio and Wynn Las Vegas . In March 2005 , it was privately sold to Steven A . Cohen . The price is estimated to have been between $35 million to $40 million . On 7 May 2010 , it was announced that Cohen had decided to auction the painting at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . The price was expected to be between $30.1 and $45.2 million . These expectations were not met , however , and the painting sold for £22,441,250 ( $29.48 million ) to the New York collector Franck Giraud . The price was nevertheless a record for a Manet painting . References . - Charles S . Moffet : Selbstporträt mit Palette . In : Manet 1832–1883 . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Frölich & Kaufmann , Berlin 1984 , . - Theodor Reff : Manet and modern Paris . National Gallery of Art , Washington und University of Chicago Press , Chicago und London 1982 , . - Victor Ieronim Stoichiţă : Eduard Manet : Selbstporträt , 1879 . In : Ulrich Pfisterer , Valeska von Rosen : Der Künstler als Kunstwerk . Selbstporträts vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart . Philipp Reclam jun. , Stuttgart 2005 , . - Gary Tinterow , Geneviève Lacambre : Manet/Velázquez : The French Taste for Spanish Painting . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Yale University Press , New Haven und London 2003 , .
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[
"Jakob Goldschmidt",
"Hermann Paechter"
] |
easy
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Who owned Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) from 1931 to 1958?
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/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Palette_(Manet)#P127#5
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Self-Portrait with Palette ( Manet ) Self-Portrait with Palette ( French : Autoportrait à la palette ) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet . This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits . Velasquezs self-portrait in Las Meninas was a particular inspiration for Manets painting which despite its allusion to the previous artists work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling . A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting . Most recently , it sold for $29.48 million at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . Description . The 83 × 67 cm ( 33 × 26 in ) painting shows a half-length portrait of the painter Édouard Manet . In this self-portrait as painter he depicted himself as a stylish Boulevardier in front of a dark background . The depicted wears a black top hat and a brown jacket , under which is a white shirt , of which only the collar can be seen . The neckline of the suit jacket covers a black silk tie which is affixed by a tie pin . In the right , only vaguely depicted hand he holds a long wooden brush with red paint on the tip ; the left hand holds a painting palette with about three more brushes . No further accessories are shown . The figure is lit from the left by which the shadows beneath the left arm and the right half of the face are created . His pose is slightly turned to the right , so that the right half of the body is darker than the forward , left half . The painters gaze is directed forwards at the viewer . Because Manet was almost certainly not left-handed , the painting is a mirror image . Origin and meaning . As has been established by X-ray analysis , Manet painted his Self-Portrait with Palette over a portrait in profile of his wife Suzanne Manet . In this picture she was depicted in a pose similar to that in the painting Madame Manet at the Piano ( 1868 , Musée dOrsay ) . The dating of the painting goes back to Manets friend Théodore Duret , who asked Léon Leenhof , the son of Manets wife , about it after the painters death . Moreover , Manet had used the same suit jacket that he wore in Self-Portrait with Palette in the painting At Père Lathuille ( also from 1879 ) , for the depiction of the son of the restaurants owner . Las Meninas , in which Diego Velázquez depicted himself in a similar pose with brush and palette , is considered an important precedent for the Self-Portrait with Palette . There the painter stands almost in the background of his studio , while his models , the five-year-old Margarita Teresa of Spain and her servants , occupy the foreground . From here Manet appropriated the pose of the painter and his equipment , but as opposed to Velázquez , he makes himself the thematic center of the image . At the same time , however , he is working on a painting , but leaves its subject matter , as well as his surroundings , to the imagination of the viewer . Manet himself between 1865 and 1870 portrayed Velázquez in a studio scene in which the Spanish painter is posed similarly to his self-portrait . As a practical matter painters did not and do not wear formal dress while working , as it could far too easily be ruined by oil paint . Manets depiction of himself as a painter in stylish city-going clothes has various precedents . Already Velázquez had shown himself in costly garb that would be appropriate for a courtier . In 1870 Manet had sat for the painter Henri Fantin-Latour in the painting Un atelier aux Batignolles while similarly well-dressed . His wearing of a hat indoors also has a direct precedent . Renoir had depicted Monet in 1875 , with suit , hat and all . Just as Velázquez had used his clothes to underscore his proximity to the Spanish court , Manets clothing shows his role as a stylish and successful Parisian artist , who not only in his artistic posture , but also in his appearance is quintessentially the painter of modern life , of Baudelaires description . The unfinished right hand with the paintbrush is conspicuous in the painting . Victor Stoichiţă perceives this as Manets intention and interprets it thusly : because it is an act of painting that is depicted here , it turns painting around itself like a whirlwind Françoise Cachin explains it as a way of concentrating the light and the attention of the viewer upon the more important aspects of the painting . Manets wife Suzanne , however , described this painting and the Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) as sketches . Position in the Oeuvre . The Self-Portrait with Palette is the only self-portrait by Manet in which he depicted himself as an artist . He depicted himself in several other paintings , but almost always as one of many figures in a large composition . These works include Fishing ( 1860/61 ) , Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) , and The Ball of the Opera ( 1873 ) . The full-length Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet . The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them ; accordingly , they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress . In the first painting , Self-Portrait with Palette , the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter . In the latter work , the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer , rather than a creator . To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has stepped back , to evaluate his painting . After Manets death the two pictures hung on either side of the 1877 painting Jean-Baptiste Faure in the Role of Hamlet . From this arrangement Stoichiţă concludes that the choice of this Spanish influenced painting was meant to evoke a renewed parallel to Velázquez . Another message derived from the juxtaposition is that the self-portraits could almost be read as Manet in the Role of Manet . Juliet Wilson-Bareau , however , points out that Manet probably did not intend the pictures to be so displayed , as it was Léon Leenhoff who had the pictures framed and hung them on either side of the Faure portrait . Reception . The painting was often considered to be of lesser artistic value than Manets other works . In 1926 the critic Étienne Moreau-Nélaton wrote : This work , like the other efforts of the artist , are spoiled by a certain coldness . The artists hand moves with too much fire , painting so freely here , that it is impossible for the painter to seriously focus upon himself as an object . On the other hand , Theodore Reff in 1982 emphasized the meaning of Manets decision to approach self-portraiture , which he had never before attempted , at the high point of his career . The chosen clothes , in both case stylish suits , give the impression that Manet considered himself not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society : the paintings are a record of this success . Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits . When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manets stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis , Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer , which would explain why Manet , who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait , had painted two within that year . It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes , he felt a need to come to terms with himself . The nephew of the artist , Edouard Vibert ( 1867–1899 ) finished shortly before his death a series of copies of various Manet paintings for Madame Manet as mementos of the paintings that had had to be sold after the death of the artist . Around the turn of the 20th century a copy of the Self-Portrait with Palette was attested that was ascribed to Vibert . Provenance . The Self-Portrait with Palette was not sold during Manets lifetime and after his death was held by his widow . Nor were either of the self-portraits sold in the 1884 estate sale . Manets widow does not appear to have wanted to sell them until 1897 , as Antonin Proust in a letter from May 10 of that year stated that neither Jean-Baptiste Faure nor Auguste Pellerin were interested in the paintings . On 2 February 1899 , Suzanne Manet bequeathed the pictures to her sister Martina Leenhoff , probably with the intention of aiding her during financial difficulties . That year , Madame Manet and Proust renewed their efforts to sell the paintings . This time the art dealers Hermann Paechter and Ambroise Vollard expressed interest . Later that year Paechter obtained the paintings at the price of 6,000 Francs for the Self-Portrait with Cap and only 1,000 for Self-Portrait with Palette . In Théodore Durets 1902 exhibit catalog the picture is listed as the property of Pellerin . Shortly after , the Self-Portrait with Cap went to the collection of Max Linde in Lübeck . In addition to being an art collector Linde was also an ophthalmologist , with Edvard Munch among his patients . Eventually the Norwegian artist was inspired by the Manet to paint various other full length portraits , including a 1909 portrait of his psychiatrist Daniel Jacobson , which came close to the Manet in style and feeling . In May 1910 , the Self-Portrait with Palette appeared in an exhibit at the gallery of Georges Petit in Paris , where it was labeled as on loan from the widow of the Marquis Etienne de Ganay . Just a month later it was shown in an exhibit by the gallery owners Paul Durand-Ruel , Bernheim-Jeune and Paul Cassirer together with all other Manet paintings that had previously been owned by Pellerin . Pellerin had sold his collection to the dealers , with the exception of the Self-Portrait with Palette , which he had sold to Madame de Ganay immediately beforehand . Ganay owned the painting through the 1920s ; by 1931 it was in the collection of the Berlin bank president Jakob Goldschmidt . Goldschmidt immigrated to New York City in 1936 , taking his collection with him , and died there in 1955 . In 1958 the painting was bought by J . Summers for 65,000 . Later the collector couple John and Frances L . Loeb from New York acquired the painting for $176,800 . At the auction of the Loeb collection on 12 May 1997 the painting was sold for $18.7 million to an anonymous bidder . At that time it was the second highest price ever paid for a work by Manet . Shortly thereafter the new owner was revealed to be the Casino developer Steve Wynn , as he displayed the picture in his hotel in the Hotel Bellagio and Wynn Las Vegas . In March 2005 , it was privately sold to Steven A . Cohen . The price is estimated to have been between $35 million to $40 million . On 7 May 2010 , it was announced that Cohen had decided to auction the painting at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . The price was expected to be between $30.1 and $45.2 million . These expectations were not met , however , and the painting sold for £22,441,250 ( $29.48 million ) to the New York collector Franck Giraud . The price was nevertheless a record for a Manet painting . References . - Charles S . Moffet : Selbstporträt mit Palette . In : Manet 1832–1883 . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Frölich & Kaufmann , Berlin 1984 , . - Theodor Reff : Manet and modern Paris . National Gallery of Art , Washington und University of Chicago Press , Chicago und London 1982 , . - Victor Ieronim Stoichiţă : Eduard Manet : Selbstporträt , 1879 . In : Ulrich Pfisterer , Valeska von Rosen : Der Künstler als Kunstwerk . Selbstporträts vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart . Philipp Reclam jun. , Stuttgart 2005 , . - Gary Tinterow , Geneviève Lacambre : Manet/Velázquez : The French Taste for Spanish Painting . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Yale University Press , New Haven und London 2003 , .
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