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[
"Hermann Paechter"
] |
easy
|
Who owned Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) from 1958 to May 1997?
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/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Palette_(Manet)#P127#6
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Self-Portrait with Palette ( Manet ) Self-Portrait with Palette ( French : Autoportrait à la palette ) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet . This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits . Velasquezs self-portrait in Las Meninas was a particular inspiration for Manets painting which despite its allusion to the previous artists work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling . A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting . Most recently , it sold for $29.48 million at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . Description . The 83 × 67 cm ( 33 × 26 in ) painting shows a half-length portrait of the painter Édouard Manet . In this self-portrait as painter he depicted himself as a stylish Boulevardier in front of a dark background . The depicted wears a black top hat and a brown jacket , under which is a white shirt , of which only the collar can be seen . The neckline of the suit jacket covers a black silk tie which is affixed by a tie pin . In the right , only vaguely depicted hand he holds a long wooden brush with red paint on the tip ; the left hand holds a painting palette with about three more brushes . No further accessories are shown . The figure is lit from the left by which the shadows beneath the left arm and the right half of the face are created . His pose is slightly turned to the right , so that the right half of the body is darker than the forward , left half . The painters gaze is directed forwards at the viewer . Because Manet was almost certainly not left-handed , the painting is a mirror image . Origin and meaning . As has been established by X-ray analysis , Manet painted his Self-Portrait with Palette over a portrait in profile of his wife Suzanne Manet . In this picture she was depicted in a pose similar to that in the painting Madame Manet at the Piano ( 1868 , Musée dOrsay ) . The dating of the painting goes back to Manets friend Théodore Duret , who asked Léon Leenhof , the son of Manets wife , about it after the painters death . Moreover , Manet had used the same suit jacket that he wore in Self-Portrait with Palette in the painting At Père Lathuille ( also from 1879 ) , for the depiction of the son of the restaurants owner . Las Meninas , in which Diego Velázquez depicted himself in a similar pose with brush and palette , is considered an important precedent for the Self-Portrait with Palette . There the painter stands almost in the background of his studio , while his models , the five-year-old Margarita Teresa of Spain and her servants , occupy the foreground . From here Manet appropriated the pose of the painter and his equipment , but as opposed to Velázquez , he makes himself the thematic center of the image . At the same time , however , he is working on a painting , but leaves its subject matter , as well as his surroundings , to the imagination of the viewer . Manet himself between 1865 and 1870 portrayed Velázquez in a studio scene in which the Spanish painter is posed similarly to his self-portrait . As a practical matter painters did not and do not wear formal dress while working , as it could far too easily be ruined by oil paint . Manets depiction of himself as a painter in stylish city-going clothes has various precedents . Already Velázquez had shown himself in costly garb that would be appropriate for a courtier . In 1870 Manet had sat for the painter Henri Fantin-Latour in the painting Un atelier aux Batignolles while similarly well-dressed . His wearing of a hat indoors also has a direct precedent . Renoir had depicted Monet in 1875 , with suit , hat and all . Just as Velázquez had used his clothes to underscore his proximity to the Spanish court , Manets clothing shows his role as a stylish and successful Parisian artist , who not only in his artistic posture , but also in his appearance is quintessentially the painter of modern life , of Baudelaires description . The unfinished right hand with the paintbrush is conspicuous in the painting . Victor Stoichiţă perceives this as Manets intention and interprets it thusly : because it is an act of painting that is depicted here , it turns painting around itself like a whirlwind Françoise Cachin explains it as a way of concentrating the light and the attention of the viewer upon the more important aspects of the painting . Manets wife Suzanne , however , described this painting and the Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) as sketches . Position in the Oeuvre . The Self-Portrait with Palette is the only self-portrait by Manet in which he depicted himself as an artist . He depicted himself in several other paintings , but almost always as one of many figures in a large composition . These works include Fishing ( 1860/61 ) , Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) , and The Ball of the Opera ( 1873 ) . The full-length Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet . The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them ; accordingly , they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress . In the first painting , Self-Portrait with Palette , the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter . In the latter work , the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer , rather than a creator . To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has stepped back , to evaluate his painting . After Manets death the two pictures hung on either side of the 1877 painting Jean-Baptiste Faure in the Role of Hamlet . From this arrangement Stoichiţă concludes that the choice of this Spanish influenced painting was meant to evoke a renewed parallel to Velázquez . Another message derived from the juxtaposition is that the self-portraits could almost be read as Manet in the Role of Manet . Juliet Wilson-Bareau , however , points out that Manet probably did not intend the pictures to be so displayed , as it was Léon Leenhoff who had the pictures framed and hung them on either side of the Faure portrait . Reception . The painting was often considered to be of lesser artistic value than Manets other works . In 1926 the critic Étienne Moreau-Nélaton wrote : This work , like the other efforts of the artist , are spoiled by a certain coldness . The artists hand moves with too much fire , painting so freely here , that it is impossible for the painter to seriously focus upon himself as an object . On the other hand , Theodore Reff in 1982 emphasized the meaning of Manets decision to approach self-portraiture , which he had never before attempted , at the high point of his career . The chosen clothes , in both case stylish suits , give the impression that Manet considered himself not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society : the paintings are a record of this success . Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits . When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manets stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis , Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer , which would explain why Manet , who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait , had painted two within that year . It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes , he felt a need to come to terms with himself . The nephew of the artist , Edouard Vibert ( 1867–1899 ) finished shortly before his death a series of copies of various Manet paintings for Madame Manet as mementos of the paintings that had had to be sold after the death of the artist . Around the turn of the 20th century a copy of the Self-Portrait with Palette was attested that was ascribed to Vibert . Provenance . The Self-Portrait with Palette was not sold during Manets lifetime and after his death was held by his widow . Nor were either of the self-portraits sold in the 1884 estate sale . Manets widow does not appear to have wanted to sell them until 1897 , as Antonin Proust in a letter from May 10 of that year stated that neither Jean-Baptiste Faure nor Auguste Pellerin were interested in the paintings . On 2 February 1899 , Suzanne Manet bequeathed the pictures to her sister Martina Leenhoff , probably with the intention of aiding her during financial difficulties . That year , Madame Manet and Proust renewed their efforts to sell the paintings . This time the art dealers Hermann Paechter and Ambroise Vollard expressed interest . Later that year Paechter obtained the paintings at the price of 6,000 Francs for the Self-Portrait with Cap and only 1,000 for Self-Portrait with Palette . In Théodore Durets 1902 exhibit catalog the picture is listed as the property of Pellerin . Shortly after , the Self-Portrait with Cap went to the collection of Max Linde in Lübeck . In addition to being an art collector Linde was also an ophthalmologist , with Edvard Munch among his patients . Eventually the Norwegian artist was inspired by the Manet to paint various other full length portraits , including a 1909 portrait of his psychiatrist Daniel Jacobson , which came close to the Manet in style and feeling . In May 1910 , the Self-Portrait with Palette appeared in an exhibit at the gallery of Georges Petit in Paris , where it was labeled as on loan from the widow of the Marquis Etienne de Ganay . Just a month later it was shown in an exhibit by the gallery owners Paul Durand-Ruel , Bernheim-Jeune and Paul Cassirer together with all other Manet paintings that had previously been owned by Pellerin . Pellerin had sold his collection to the dealers , with the exception of the Self-Portrait with Palette , which he had sold to Madame de Ganay immediately beforehand . Ganay owned the painting through the 1920s ; by 1931 it was in the collection of the Berlin bank president Jakob Goldschmidt . Goldschmidt immigrated to New York City in 1936 , taking his collection with him , and died there in 1955 . In 1958 the painting was bought by J . Summers for 65,000 . Later the collector couple John and Frances L . Loeb from New York acquired the painting for $176,800 . At the auction of the Loeb collection on 12 May 1997 the painting was sold for $18.7 million to an anonymous bidder . At that time it was the second highest price ever paid for a work by Manet . Shortly thereafter the new owner was revealed to be the Casino developer Steve Wynn , as he displayed the picture in his hotel in the Hotel Bellagio and Wynn Las Vegas . In March 2005 , it was privately sold to Steven A . Cohen . The price is estimated to have been between $35 million to $40 million . On 7 May 2010 , it was announced that Cohen had decided to auction the painting at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . The price was expected to be between $30.1 and $45.2 million . These expectations were not met , however , and the painting sold for £22,441,250 ( $29.48 million ) to the New York collector Franck Giraud . The price was nevertheless a record for a Manet painting . References . - Charles S . Moffet : Selbstporträt mit Palette . In : Manet 1832–1883 . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Frölich & Kaufmann , Berlin 1984 , . - Theodor Reff : Manet and modern Paris . National Gallery of Art , Washington und University of Chicago Press , Chicago und London 1982 , . - Victor Ieronim Stoichiţă : Eduard Manet : Selbstporträt , 1879 . In : Ulrich Pfisterer , Valeska von Rosen : Der Künstler als Kunstwerk . Selbstporträts vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart . Philipp Reclam jun. , Stuttgart 2005 , . - Gary Tinterow , Geneviève Lacambre : Manet/Velázquez : The French Taste for Spanish Painting . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Yale University Press , New Haven und London 2003 , .
|
[
"Steve Wynn"
] |
easy
|
Who was the owner of Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) from May 1997 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Palette_(Manet)#P127#7
|
Self-Portrait with Palette ( Manet ) Self-Portrait with Palette ( French : Autoportrait à la palette ) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet . This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits . Velasquezs self-portrait in Las Meninas was a particular inspiration for Manets painting which despite its allusion to the previous artists work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling . A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting . Most recently , it sold for $29.48 million at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . Description . The 83 × 67 cm ( 33 × 26 in ) painting shows a half-length portrait of the painter Édouard Manet . In this self-portrait as painter he depicted himself as a stylish Boulevardier in front of a dark background . The depicted wears a black top hat and a brown jacket , under which is a white shirt , of which only the collar can be seen . The neckline of the suit jacket covers a black silk tie which is affixed by a tie pin . In the right , only vaguely depicted hand he holds a long wooden brush with red paint on the tip ; the left hand holds a painting palette with about three more brushes . No further accessories are shown . The figure is lit from the left by which the shadows beneath the left arm and the right half of the face are created . His pose is slightly turned to the right , so that the right half of the body is darker than the forward , left half . The painters gaze is directed forwards at the viewer . Because Manet was almost certainly not left-handed , the painting is a mirror image . Origin and meaning . As has been established by X-ray analysis , Manet painted his Self-Portrait with Palette over a portrait in profile of his wife Suzanne Manet . In this picture she was depicted in a pose similar to that in the painting Madame Manet at the Piano ( 1868 , Musée dOrsay ) . The dating of the painting goes back to Manets friend Théodore Duret , who asked Léon Leenhof , the son of Manets wife , about it after the painters death . Moreover , Manet had used the same suit jacket that he wore in Self-Portrait with Palette in the painting At Père Lathuille ( also from 1879 ) , for the depiction of the son of the restaurants owner . Las Meninas , in which Diego Velázquez depicted himself in a similar pose with brush and palette , is considered an important precedent for the Self-Portrait with Palette . There the painter stands almost in the background of his studio , while his models , the five-year-old Margarita Teresa of Spain and her servants , occupy the foreground . From here Manet appropriated the pose of the painter and his equipment , but as opposed to Velázquez , he makes himself the thematic center of the image . At the same time , however , he is working on a painting , but leaves its subject matter , as well as his surroundings , to the imagination of the viewer . Manet himself between 1865 and 1870 portrayed Velázquez in a studio scene in which the Spanish painter is posed similarly to his self-portrait . As a practical matter painters did not and do not wear formal dress while working , as it could far too easily be ruined by oil paint . Manets depiction of himself as a painter in stylish city-going clothes has various precedents . Already Velázquez had shown himself in costly garb that would be appropriate for a courtier . In 1870 Manet had sat for the painter Henri Fantin-Latour in the painting Un atelier aux Batignolles while similarly well-dressed . His wearing of a hat indoors also has a direct precedent . Renoir had depicted Monet in 1875 , with suit , hat and all . Just as Velázquez had used his clothes to underscore his proximity to the Spanish court , Manets clothing shows his role as a stylish and successful Parisian artist , who not only in his artistic posture , but also in his appearance is quintessentially the painter of modern life , of Baudelaires description . The unfinished right hand with the paintbrush is conspicuous in the painting . Victor Stoichiţă perceives this as Manets intention and interprets it thusly : because it is an act of painting that is depicted here , it turns painting around itself like a whirlwind Françoise Cachin explains it as a way of concentrating the light and the attention of the viewer upon the more important aspects of the painting . Manets wife Suzanne , however , described this painting and the Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) as sketches . Position in the Oeuvre . The Self-Portrait with Palette is the only self-portrait by Manet in which he depicted himself as an artist . He depicted himself in several other paintings , but almost always as one of many figures in a large composition . These works include Fishing ( 1860/61 ) , Music in the Tuileries ( 1862 ) , and The Ball of the Opera ( 1873 ) . The full-length Self-Portrait with Cap ( 1878–79 ) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet . The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them ; accordingly , they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress . In the first painting , Self-Portrait with Palette , the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter . In the latter work , the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer , rather than a creator . To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has stepped back , to evaluate his painting . After Manets death the two pictures hung on either side of the 1877 painting Jean-Baptiste Faure in the Role of Hamlet . From this arrangement Stoichiţă concludes that the choice of this Spanish influenced painting was meant to evoke a renewed parallel to Velázquez . Another message derived from the juxtaposition is that the self-portraits could almost be read as Manet in the Role of Manet . Juliet Wilson-Bareau , however , points out that Manet probably did not intend the pictures to be so displayed , as it was Léon Leenhoff who had the pictures framed and hung them on either side of the Faure portrait . Reception . The painting was often considered to be of lesser artistic value than Manets other works . In 1926 the critic Étienne Moreau-Nélaton wrote : This work , like the other efforts of the artist , are spoiled by a certain coldness . The artists hand moves with too much fire , painting so freely here , that it is impossible for the painter to seriously focus upon himself as an object . On the other hand , Theodore Reff in 1982 emphasized the meaning of Manets decision to approach self-portraiture , which he had never before attempted , at the high point of his career . The chosen clothes , in both case stylish suits , give the impression that Manet considered himself not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society : the paintings are a record of this success . Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits . When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manets stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis , Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer , which would explain why Manet , who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait , had painted two within that year . It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes , he felt a need to come to terms with himself . The nephew of the artist , Edouard Vibert ( 1867–1899 ) finished shortly before his death a series of copies of various Manet paintings for Madame Manet as mementos of the paintings that had had to be sold after the death of the artist . Around the turn of the 20th century a copy of the Self-Portrait with Palette was attested that was ascribed to Vibert . Provenance . The Self-Portrait with Palette was not sold during Manets lifetime and after his death was held by his widow . Nor were either of the self-portraits sold in the 1884 estate sale . Manets widow does not appear to have wanted to sell them until 1897 , as Antonin Proust in a letter from May 10 of that year stated that neither Jean-Baptiste Faure nor Auguste Pellerin were interested in the paintings . On 2 February 1899 , Suzanne Manet bequeathed the pictures to her sister Martina Leenhoff , probably with the intention of aiding her during financial difficulties . That year , Madame Manet and Proust renewed their efforts to sell the paintings . This time the art dealers Hermann Paechter and Ambroise Vollard expressed interest . Later that year Paechter obtained the paintings at the price of 6,000 Francs for the Self-Portrait with Cap and only 1,000 for Self-Portrait with Palette . In Théodore Durets 1902 exhibit catalog the picture is listed as the property of Pellerin . Shortly after , the Self-Portrait with Cap went to the collection of Max Linde in Lübeck . In addition to being an art collector Linde was also an ophthalmologist , with Edvard Munch among his patients . Eventually the Norwegian artist was inspired by the Manet to paint various other full length portraits , including a 1909 portrait of his psychiatrist Daniel Jacobson , which came close to the Manet in style and feeling . In May 1910 , the Self-Portrait with Palette appeared in an exhibit at the gallery of Georges Petit in Paris , where it was labeled as on loan from the widow of the Marquis Etienne de Ganay . Just a month later it was shown in an exhibit by the gallery owners Paul Durand-Ruel , Bernheim-Jeune and Paul Cassirer together with all other Manet paintings that had previously been owned by Pellerin . Pellerin had sold his collection to the dealers , with the exception of the Self-Portrait with Palette , which he had sold to Madame de Ganay immediately beforehand . Ganay owned the painting through the 1920s ; by 1931 it was in the collection of the Berlin bank president Jakob Goldschmidt . Goldschmidt immigrated to New York City in 1936 , taking his collection with him , and died there in 1955 . In 1958 the painting was bought by J . Summers for 65,000 . Later the collector couple John and Frances L . Loeb from New York acquired the painting for $176,800 . At the auction of the Loeb collection on 12 May 1997 the painting was sold for $18.7 million to an anonymous bidder . At that time it was the second highest price ever paid for a work by Manet . Shortly thereafter the new owner was revealed to be the Casino developer Steve Wynn , as he displayed the picture in his hotel in the Hotel Bellagio and Wynn Las Vegas . In March 2005 , it was privately sold to Steven A . Cohen . The price is estimated to have been between $35 million to $40 million . On 7 May 2010 , it was announced that Cohen had decided to auction the painting at Sothebys on 22 June 2010 . The price was expected to be between $30.1 and $45.2 million . These expectations were not met , however , and the painting sold for £22,441,250 ( $29.48 million ) to the New York collector Franck Giraud . The price was nevertheless a record for a Manet painting . References . - Charles S . Moffet : Selbstporträt mit Palette . In : Manet 1832–1883 . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Frölich & Kaufmann , Berlin 1984 , . - Theodor Reff : Manet and modern Paris . National Gallery of Art , Washington und University of Chicago Press , Chicago und London 1982 , . - Victor Ieronim Stoichiţă : Eduard Manet : Selbstporträt , 1879 . In : Ulrich Pfisterer , Valeska von Rosen : Der Künstler als Kunstwerk . Selbstporträts vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart . Philipp Reclam jun. , Stuttgart 2005 , . - Gary Tinterow , Geneviève Lacambre : Manet/Velázquez : The French Taste for Spanish Painting . Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Paris , The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , Yale University Press , New Haven und London 2003 , .
|
[
"François Moreuil"
] |
easy
|
Who was Jean Seberg 's spouse from Oct 1958 to Sep 1960?
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/wiki/Jean_Seberg#P26#0
|
Jean Seberg Jean Dorothy Seberg ( ; ; November 13 , 1938August 30 , 1979 ) was an American actress who lived half her life in France . Her performance in Jean-Luc Godards 1960 film Breathless immortalized her as an icon of French New Wave cinema . She appeared in 34 films in Hollywood and in Europe , including Saint Joan , Bonjour Tristesse , Lilith , The Mouse That Roared , Moment to Moment , A Fine Madness , Paint Your Wagon , Airport , Macho Callahan , and Gang War in Naples . She was also one of the best-known targets of the FBI COINTELPRO project . Her targeting was in retaliation for her support of the Black Panther Party and was a smear directly ordered by J . Edgar Hoover . Seberg died at the age of 40 in Paris , with police ruling her death a probable suicide . Romain Gary , Sebergs second husband , called a press conference shortly after her death where he publicly blamed the FBIs campaign against Seberg for her death . Gary noted that the FBI planted false rumors with U.S . media outlets claiming her 1970 pregnancy was a Black Panthers child , and how the trauma led to the childs miscarriage . Romain Gary stated that Seberg had attempted suicide on numerous anniversaries of the childs death , August 25 . Early life . Jean Dorothy Seberg was born in Marshalltown , Iowa , the daughter of Dorothy Arline ( b . Benson ) , a substitute teacher , and Edward Waldemar Seberg , a pharmacist . Her family was Lutheran and of Swedish , English , and German ancestry . Her paternal grandfather , Edward Carlson , arrived in the U.S . in 1882 and observed , there are too many Carlsons in the New World . He decided to change the familys last name to Seberg in memory of the water and mountains of Sweden . Jean had a sister , Mary-Ann , and two brothers : Kurt and David , the youngest of whom was killed in a car accident at the age of eighteen in 1968 . In Marshalltown , Seberg babysat Mary Supinger , some eight years her junior , who would later become the stage and film actress known as Mary Beth Hurt . After high school , Seberg enrolled at the University of Iowa to study dramatic arts , but took up movie making instead . Film career . Otto Preminger . Seberg made her film debut in the title role of Saint Joan ( 1957 ) as Joan of Arc , from the George Bernard Shaw play , after being chosen from 18,000 hopefuls by director Otto Preminger in a $150,000 talent search . Her name was entered by a neighbor . When she was cast on October 21 , 1956 , her only acting experience had been a single season of summer stock performances . The film was associated with a great deal of publicity about which Seberg commented that she was embarrassed by all the attention . Despite a big build-up , called in the press a Pygmalion experiment , both the film and Seberg received poor notices . On the failure , she later told the press:I am the greatest example of a very real fact , that all the publicity in the world will not make you a movie star if you are not also an actress.And , I have two memories of Saint Joan . The first was being burned at the stake in the picture . The second was being burned at the stake by the critics . The latter hurt more . I was scared like a rabbit and it showed on the screen . It was not a good experience at all . I started where most actresses end up . Preminger , though , promised her a second chance , and he cast Seberg in his next film Bonjour Tristesse ( 1958 ) , which was filmed in France . Regarding his decision , Preminger told the press : Its quite true that , if I had chosen Audrey Hepburn instead of Jean Seberg , it would have been less of a risk , but I prefer to take the risk . [ .. ] I have faith in her . Sure , she still has things to learn about acting , but so did Kim Novak when she started . Seberg again received atrocious reviews and the film nearly ended her career . She renegotiated her contract with Otto Preminger , and signed a long-term contract with Columbia Pictures . Preminger had an option to use her services on another film , but they never worked together again . Her first Columbia film was the successful comedy The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) , starring Peter Sellers . Breathless and French career . During the filming of Bonjour Tristesse Seberg met François Moreuil , the man who was to become her first husband , and she then based herself in France , finally achieving success as the free-love heroine of French New Wave films . She appeared as the main lead in Jean-Luc Godards Breathless ( French title : À bout de souffle , 1960 ) as Patricia , co-starring with Jean-Paul Belmondo . The film became an international success and critics praised Sebergs performance ; film critic and director François Truffaut even hailed her the best actress in Europe . Despite her achievements , Seberg did not identify with her characters or the film plots , saying that she was making films in France about people [ Im ] not really interested in . Back in the US , she made another film for Columbia , Let No Man Write My Epitaph ( 1960 ) . In France , after appearing in Time Out for Love ( Les grandes personnes , 1961 ) , Seberg took on the lead role in her then-husband François Moreuils directorial debut , Love Play ( La Recréation , also 1961 ) . By that time , Seberg had become estranged from Moreuil , and she recollected that production was pure hell and that he would scream at [ her ] . She followed it with Five Day Lover ( 1962 ) and Congo vivo ( 1962 ) . In the French Style ( 1962 ) was a French-American film featuring Stanley Baker released through Columbia . Les plus belles escroqueries du monde ( 1963 ) was an anthology movie and Backfire ( 1964 ) reunited her with Jean-Paul Belmondo . In the United States , she starred with Warren Beatty in Lilith ( 1964 ) for Columbia , which prompted the critics to acknowledge Seberg as a serious actress . She returned to France to make Diamonds Are Brittle ( 1965 ) . Return to Hollywood . In the late 1960s she based herself increasingly in Hollywood . Moment to Moment ( 1965 ) , was shot for the most part in Los Angeles ; only a small part of the film was shot on the French Cote dAzur . In New York , she acted in A Fine Madness ( 1966 ) , alongside Sean Connery and under the direction of Irvin Kershner . In 1966 and 1967 Seberg had the leading roles in two French films directed by Claude Chabrol and co-starring Maurice Ronet : in February and March , 1966 , she starred in Line of Demarcation , shot around Dole , Jura , in France ; and in May and June , 1967 , she had the lead role in the French-Italian Eurospy film The Road to Corinth , shot in Greece . After making Pendulum ( 1969 ) , Seberg appeared in her only musical film : Paint Your Wagon ( also 1969 ) , based on Lerner and Loewes stage musical , and co-starring Lee Marvin and Clint Eastwood . Her singing voice was dubbed by Anita Gordon . Seberg also starred in the disaster film Airport ( 1970 ) . Later career . Seberg was François Truffauts first choice for the central role of Julie in Day for Night ( 1973 ) but , after several fruitless attempts to contact her , he gave up and cast British actress Jacqueline Bisset instead . Her last US film appearance was in the TV movie Mousey ( 1974 ) . Seberg remained active during the 1970s in European films . She appeared in Bianchi cavalli dAgosto ( White Horses of Summer ) ( 1975 ) , Le Grand Délire ( Die Große Ekstase ) ( 1975 , with husband Dennis Berry ) and Die Wildente ( 1976 , based on Ibsens The Wild Duck ) . At the time of her death she was working on the French film Operation Leopard ( La Légion saute sur Kolwezi , 1980 ) . She had scenes filmed in French Guiana and returned to Paris for additional work in September . After her death , the scenes were reshot with actress Mimsy Farmer . FBI COINTELPRO operation . During the late 1960s , Seberg provided financial support to groups supporting civil rights , such as the NAACP as well as Native American school groups such as the Meskwaki Bucks at the Tama settlement near her home town of Marshalltown , for whom she purchased US$500 worth of basketball uniforms . As part of its dirty tricks aimed at black liberation and anti-war groups , which began in 1968 , the FBI became aware of several gifts Seberg had made to the Black Panther Party , totaling US$10,500 ( estimated ) in contributions ; these were noted among a list of other celebrities in FBI internal documents later declassified and released to the public under FOIA requests . The FBI operation against Seberg , directly overseen by J . Edgar Hoover , used COINTELPRO program techniques to harass , intimidate , defame , and discredit her . The FBIs stated goal was an unspecified neutralization of Seberg with a subsidiary objective to cause her embarrassment and serve to cheapen her image with the public , while taking the usual precautions to avoid identification of the Bureau . FBI strategy and modalities can be found in FBI inter-office memos . In 1970 , the FBI created the false story from a San Francisco-based informant that the child Seberg was carrying was not fathered by her husband , Romain Gary , but by Raymond Hewitt , a member of the Black Panther Party . The story was reported by gossip columnist Joyce Haber of the Los Angeles Times , with Seberg thinly disguised , and was also printed by Newsweek magazine in which Seberg was directly named . Seberg went into premature labor and , on August 23 , 1970 , gave birth to a baby girl . The child died two days later . She held a funeral in her hometown with an open casket that allowed reporters to see the infants white skin , which disproved the rumors . Seberg and Gary later sued Newsweek for libel and defamation , asking for US$200,000 in damages . She contended she became so upset after reading the story , that she went into premature labor , which resulted in the death of her daughter . A Paris court ordered Newsweek to pay the couple US$10,800 in damages and ordered Newsweek to print the judgment in their publication , plus eight other newspapers . The investigation of Seberg went far beyond the publishing of defamatory articles . According to her friends interviewed after her death , she reportedly experienced years of aggressive in-person surveillance ( constant stalking ) , as well as break-ins and other intimidation-oriented activity . These newspaper reports make clear that Seberg was well aware of the surveillance . FBI files show that she was wiretapped , and in 1980 , the Los Angeles Times published logs of her Swiss wiretapped phone calls . U.S . surveillance was deployed while she was residing in France and while travelling in Switzerland and Italy . Per FBI files the FBI cross-contacted the FBI Legat ( legal attachés ) in U.S . Embassies in Paris and Rome and provided files on Seberg to the CIA , U.S . Secret Service and U.S . Military intelligence to assist monitoring while she was abroad . FBI records show that J . Edgar Hoover kept U.S . President Richard Nixon informed of FBI activities related to the Jean Seberg case through President Nixons domestic affairs chief John Ehrlichman . John Mitchell , then Attorney General , and Deputy Attorney General Richard Kleindienst were also kept informed of FBI activities related to Seberg . The FBI made its initial admission about targeting Seberg ( via the spreading of a false rumor ) shortly after her death was announced . Possible Hollywood blacklisting . At the peak of her career , Seberg suddenly stopped acting in Hollywood films . Reportedly , she was not pleased with the roles she had been offered , some of which , she said , bordered on pornography . Conversely , she was not offered any great Hollywood roles , regardless of their size . Experts in the FBIs actions in the COINTELPRO project suggest that Seberg was effectively blacklisted from Hollywood films . Family reaction to FBI abuse of Seberg . Her father reacted strongly to the story of FBI abuses , stating that if this is true , why in the dickens didnt they just shoot her , instead of having all this travail thats gone on . I have this flag in the corner , that I used to put out every morning , and I havent put it out since . Personal life . On September 5 , 1958 , aged 19 , Seberg married François Moreuil , a French lawyer ( aged 23 ) in her native Marshalltown , having met him in France 15 months earlier . They divorced in 1960 . Moreuil had ambitions in movies and directed his estranged wife in Love Play . According to Moreuil he said the marriage was a violent one and said that she got married for all the wrong reasons . On living in France for a period of time , Seberg said in an interview : Im enjoying it to the fullest extent . Ive been tremendously lucky to have gone through this experience at an age where I can still learn . That doesnt mean that I will stay here . Im in Paris because my work has been here . Im not an expatriate . I will go where the work is . The French life has its drawbacks . One of them is the formality . The system seems to be based on saving the maximum of yourself for those nearest you . Perhaps that is better than the other extreme in Hollywood , where people give so much of themselves in public life that they have nothing left over for their families . Still , it is hard for an American to get used to . Often I will get excited over a luncheon table only to have the hostess say discreetly that coffee will be served in the other room . .. . I miss that casualness and friendliness of Americans , the kind that makes people smile . I also miss blue jeans , milk shakes , thick steaks and supermarkets . Despite extended stays in the United States , she remained Paris-based for the rest of her life . In 1961 she met French aviator , French resistance member , novelist and diplomat Romain Gary , who was 24 years her senior and married to author Lesley Blanch . Seberg gave birth to their son , Alexandre Diego Gary , in Barcelona on July 17 , 1962 . The childs birth and first year of life were hidden from even close friends and relatives . Romain Garys divorce from Blanch took place on September 5 , 1962 , and he married Seberg on October 6 , 1962 . The marriage in Corsica was secret . During her marriage to Gary , Seberg lived in Paris , Greece , Southern France and Majorca . She filed for divorce in September 1968 , and it was final on July 1 , 1970 . As of 2009 , their son resides in Spain , where he runs a bookstore and oversees his fathers literary and real estate holdings . Seberg reportedly had affairs with co-stars Warren Beatty ( Lilith ) , Clint Eastwood ( Paint Your Wagon ) and Fabio Testi ( Gang War in Naples ) . She also had an affair with writer Carlos Fuentes , according to him . While filming Macho Callahan in Durango , Mexico in the winter of 1969–70 , Seberg became romantically involved with a student revolutionary named Carlos Ornelas Navarra . She gave birth to Ornelass daughter , Nina Hart Gary , on August 23 , 1970 . The baby died two days later , on August 25 , 1970 , as a result of complications sustained from Jean overdosing on sleeping pills during her pregnancy . Ex-husband Romain Gary had assumed responsibility for the pregnancy , but Seberg acknowledged that Ornelas was the father . Nina is buried at Riverside Cemetery in Marshalltown . On March 12 , 1972 , she married director Dennis Berry . The couple separated in May 1976 , but never divorced . Her next lover was aspiring French filmmaker Jean-Claude Messager , who later spoke to CBSs Mike Wallace for a 1981 profile of the actress . In 1979 , while still legally married to her estranged husband Berry , Seberg went through a form of marriage to an Algerian , Ahmed Hasni . Hasni persuaded her to sell her second apartment on the Rue du Bac , and he kept the proceeds ( reportedly 11 million francs in cash ) , announcing that he would use the money to open a Barcelona restaurant . The couple departed for Spain , but she was soon back in Paris , alone , and went into hiding from Hasni , who she said had grievously abused her . Death . On August 30 , 1979 , Seberg disappeared . Hasni told police that they had gone to a movie that night and when he awoke the next morning , Seberg was gone . After Seberg went missing , Hasni told police that he had known she was suicidal for some time . He claimed that she had attempted suicide in July , 1979 , by jumping in front of a Paris subway train . On September 8 , nine days after her disappearance , her decomposing body was found wrapped in a blanket in the back seat of her Renault , parked close to her Paris apartment in the 16th arrondissement . Police found a bottle of barbiturates , an empty mineral water bottle and a note written in French from Seberg addressed to her son . It read , in part , Forgive me . I can no longer live with my nerves . In 1979 , her death was ruled a probable suicide by Paris police , but the following year additional charges were filed against persons unknown for non-assistance of a person in danger . Romain Gary , Sebergs second husband , called a press conference shortly after her death where he publicly blamed the FBIs campaign against Seberg for her deteriorating mental health . Gary claimed that Seberg became psychotic after the media reported a false story that the FBI planted about her becoming pregnant with a Black Panthers child in 1970 . Romain Gary stated that Seberg had repeatedly attempted suicide on the anniversary of the childs death , August 25 . Seberg is interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris . Aftermath . Six days after the discovery of Sebergs body , the FBI released documents under Freedom of Information Act admitting the defamation of Seberg , while making statements attempting to distance themselves from practices of the Hoover era . The FBIs campaign against Seberg was further explored at this time by Time magazine in a front-page article , The FBI vs . Jean Seberg . Media attention surrounding the abuse Seberg had undergone at FBI hands led to examination of the case by the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities , a.k.a . the Church Committee , which noted that notwithstanding FBI claims of reform , COINTELPRO activities may continue today under the rubric of investigation . In his autobiography , Los Angeles Times editor Jim Bellows described events leading up to the Seberg articles , in which he expressed regret that he had not vetted the Seberg articles sufficiently . He echoed this sentiment in subsequent interviews . In June 1980 , Paris police filed charges against persons unknown in connection with Sebergs death . Police stated that Seberg had such a high amount of alcohol in her system at the time of her death , that it would have rendered her comatose and unable to get into her car without assistance . Police noted there was no alcohol in the car where Sebergs body was found . Police theorized that someone was present at the time of her death and failed to get her medical care . In December 1980 , Sebergs former husband Romain Gary committed suicide . Garys suicide note , which was addressed to his publisher , indicated that he had not killed himself over the loss of Seberg , but over the fact that he felt he could no longer produce literary works . In popular culture . The Talent Scout by Romain Gary ( 1961 ) features a recognizable portrait of Seberg . In 1983 a musical , Jean Seberg , by librettist Julian Barry , composer Marvin Hamlisch , and lyricist Christopher Adler , based on Sebergs life , was presented at the National Theatre in London . In 1986 , pop singer Madonna recreated Jean Sebergs iconic Breathless look in her music video for Papa Dont Preach , sporting a pixie blonde haircut , French striped jersey shirt and black capri pants in her interpretation of the New Wave ingenue that Seberg played in Breathless . In 1991 , actress Jodie Foster , a fan of Sebergs performance in Breathless , purchased the film rights to Played Out : The Jean Seberg Story , David Richards biography of Seberg . Foster was set to produce and star in the film , but the project was cancelled two years later . In 1995 , Mark Rappaport made a documentary of her life , From the Journals of Jean Seberg . Mary Beth Hurt played Seberg in a voice-over . Hurt had been born in Marshalltown , Iowa , in 1948 , had attended the same high school as Seberg , and had been babysat by Seberg . The 2000 short film Je taime John Wayne is a tribute parody of Breathless , with Seberg played by Camilla Rutherford . In 2004 , the French author Alain Absire published Jean S. , a fictionalized biography . Sebergs son , Alexandre Diego Gary , brought a lawsuit , unsuccessfully attempting to stop publication . Since 2011 , Sebergs hometown , Marshalltown , Iowa , has held an annual Jean Seberg International Film Festival . In 2019 , Amazon released an original film based on Sebergs life . Seberg focuses on the actress battle against the FBI , with the title role played by Kristen Stewart .
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[
"Romain Gary"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Jean Seberg from Oct 1963 to 1970?
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/wiki/Jean_Seberg#P26#1
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Jean Seberg Jean Dorothy Seberg ( ; ; November 13 , 1938August 30 , 1979 ) was an American actress who lived half her life in France . Her performance in Jean-Luc Godards 1960 film Breathless immortalized her as an icon of French New Wave cinema . She appeared in 34 films in Hollywood and in Europe , including Saint Joan , Bonjour Tristesse , Lilith , The Mouse That Roared , Moment to Moment , A Fine Madness , Paint Your Wagon , Airport , Macho Callahan , and Gang War in Naples . She was also one of the best-known targets of the FBI COINTELPRO project . Her targeting was in retaliation for her support of the Black Panther Party and was a smear directly ordered by J . Edgar Hoover . Seberg died at the age of 40 in Paris , with police ruling her death a probable suicide . Romain Gary , Sebergs second husband , called a press conference shortly after her death where he publicly blamed the FBIs campaign against Seberg for her death . Gary noted that the FBI planted false rumors with U.S . media outlets claiming her 1970 pregnancy was a Black Panthers child , and how the trauma led to the childs miscarriage . Romain Gary stated that Seberg had attempted suicide on numerous anniversaries of the childs death , August 25 . Early life . Jean Dorothy Seberg was born in Marshalltown , Iowa , the daughter of Dorothy Arline ( b . Benson ) , a substitute teacher , and Edward Waldemar Seberg , a pharmacist . Her family was Lutheran and of Swedish , English , and German ancestry . Her paternal grandfather , Edward Carlson , arrived in the U.S . in 1882 and observed , there are too many Carlsons in the New World . He decided to change the familys last name to Seberg in memory of the water and mountains of Sweden . Jean had a sister , Mary-Ann , and two brothers : Kurt and David , the youngest of whom was killed in a car accident at the age of eighteen in 1968 . In Marshalltown , Seberg babysat Mary Supinger , some eight years her junior , who would later become the stage and film actress known as Mary Beth Hurt . After high school , Seberg enrolled at the University of Iowa to study dramatic arts , but took up movie making instead . Film career . Otto Preminger . Seberg made her film debut in the title role of Saint Joan ( 1957 ) as Joan of Arc , from the George Bernard Shaw play , after being chosen from 18,000 hopefuls by director Otto Preminger in a $150,000 talent search . Her name was entered by a neighbor . When she was cast on October 21 , 1956 , her only acting experience had been a single season of summer stock performances . The film was associated with a great deal of publicity about which Seberg commented that she was embarrassed by all the attention . Despite a big build-up , called in the press a Pygmalion experiment , both the film and Seberg received poor notices . On the failure , she later told the press:I am the greatest example of a very real fact , that all the publicity in the world will not make you a movie star if you are not also an actress.And , I have two memories of Saint Joan . The first was being burned at the stake in the picture . The second was being burned at the stake by the critics . The latter hurt more . I was scared like a rabbit and it showed on the screen . It was not a good experience at all . I started where most actresses end up . Preminger , though , promised her a second chance , and he cast Seberg in his next film Bonjour Tristesse ( 1958 ) , which was filmed in France . Regarding his decision , Preminger told the press : Its quite true that , if I had chosen Audrey Hepburn instead of Jean Seberg , it would have been less of a risk , but I prefer to take the risk . [ .. ] I have faith in her . Sure , she still has things to learn about acting , but so did Kim Novak when she started . Seberg again received atrocious reviews and the film nearly ended her career . She renegotiated her contract with Otto Preminger , and signed a long-term contract with Columbia Pictures . Preminger had an option to use her services on another film , but they never worked together again . Her first Columbia film was the successful comedy The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) , starring Peter Sellers . Breathless and French career . During the filming of Bonjour Tristesse Seberg met François Moreuil , the man who was to become her first husband , and she then based herself in France , finally achieving success as the free-love heroine of French New Wave films . She appeared as the main lead in Jean-Luc Godards Breathless ( French title : À bout de souffle , 1960 ) as Patricia , co-starring with Jean-Paul Belmondo . The film became an international success and critics praised Sebergs performance ; film critic and director François Truffaut even hailed her the best actress in Europe . Despite her achievements , Seberg did not identify with her characters or the film plots , saying that she was making films in France about people [ Im ] not really interested in . Back in the US , she made another film for Columbia , Let No Man Write My Epitaph ( 1960 ) . In France , after appearing in Time Out for Love ( Les grandes personnes , 1961 ) , Seberg took on the lead role in her then-husband François Moreuils directorial debut , Love Play ( La Recréation , also 1961 ) . By that time , Seberg had become estranged from Moreuil , and she recollected that production was pure hell and that he would scream at [ her ] . She followed it with Five Day Lover ( 1962 ) and Congo vivo ( 1962 ) . In the French Style ( 1962 ) was a French-American film featuring Stanley Baker released through Columbia . Les plus belles escroqueries du monde ( 1963 ) was an anthology movie and Backfire ( 1964 ) reunited her with Jean-Paul Belmondo . In the United States , she starred with Warren Beatty in Lilith ( 1964 ) for Columbia , which prompted the critics to acknowledge Seberg as a serious actress . She returned to France to make Diamonds Are Brittle ( 1965 ) . Return to Hollywood . In the late 1960s she based herself increasingly in Hollywood . Moment to Moment ( 1965 ) , was shot for the most part in Los Angeles ; only a small part of the film was shot on the French Cote dAzur . In New York , she acted in A Fine Madness ( 1966 ) , alongside Sean Connery and under the direction of Irvin Kershner . In 1966 and 1967 Seberg had the leading roles in two French films directed by Claude Chabrol and co-starring Maurice Ronet : in February and March , 1966 , she starred in Line of Demarcation , shot around Dole , Jura , in France ; and in May and June , 1967 , she had the lead role in the French-Italian Eurospy film The Road to Corinth , shot in Greece . After making Pendulum ( 1969 ) , Seberg appeared in her only musical film : Paint Your Wagon ( also 1969 ) , based on Lerner and Loewes stage musical , and co-starring Lee Marvin and Clint Eastwood . Her singing voice was dubbed by Anita Gordon . Seberg also starred in the disaster film Airport ( 1970 ) . Later career . Seberg was François Truffauts first choice for the central role of Julie in Day for Night ( 1973 ) but , after several fruitless attempts to contact her , he gave up and cast British actress Jacqueline Bisset instead . Her last US film appearance was in the TV movie Mousey ( 1974 ) . Seberg remained active during the 1970s in European films . She appeared in Bianchi cavalli dAgosto ( White Horses of Summer ) ( 1975 ) , Le Grand Délire ( Die Große Ekstase ) ( 1975 , with husband Dennis Berry ) and Die Wildente ( 1976 , based on Ibsens The Wild Duck ) . At the time of her death she was working on the French film Operation Leopard ( La Légion saute sur Kolwezi , 1980 ) . She had scenes filmed in French Guiana and returned to Paris for additional work in September . After her death , the scenes were reshot with actress Mimsy Farmer . FBI COINTELPRO operation . During the late 1960s , Seberg provided financial support to groups supporting civil rights , such as the NAACP as well as Native American school groups such as the Meskwaki Bucks at the Tama settlement near her home town of Marshalltown , for whom she purchased US$500 worth of basketball uniforms . As part of its dirty tricks aimed at black liberation and anti-war groups , which began in 1968 , the FBI became aware of several gifts Seberg had made to the Black Panther Party , totaling US$10,500 ( estimated ) in contributions ; these were noted among a list of other celebrities in FBI internal documents later declassified and released to the public under FOIA requests . The FBI operation against Seberg , directly overseen by J . Edgar Hoover , used COINTELPRO program techniques to harass , intimidate , defame , and discredit her . The FBIs stated goal was an unspecified neutralization of Seberg with a subsidiary objective to cause her embarrassment and serve to cheapen her image with the public , while taking the usual precautions to avoid identification of the Bureau . FBI strategy and modalities can be found in FBI inter-office memos . In 1970 , the FBI created the false story from a San Francisco-based informant that the child Seberg was carrying was not fathered by her husband , Romain Gary , but by Raymond Hewitt , a member of the Black Panther Party . The story was reported by gossip columnist Joyce Haber of the Los Angeles Times , with Seberg thinly disguised , and was also printed by Newsweek magazine in which Seberg was directly named . Seberg went into premature labor and , on August 23 , 1970 , gave birth to a baby girl . The child died two days later . She held a funeral in her hometown with an open casket that allowed reporters to see the infants white skin , which disproved the rumors . Seberg and Gary later sued Newsweek for libel and defamation , asking for US$200,000 in damages . She contended she became so upset after reading the story , that she went into premature labor , which resulted in the death of her daughter . A Paris court ordered Newsweek to pay the couple US$10,800 in damages and ordered Newsweek to print the judgment in their publication , plus eight other newspapers . The investigation of Seberg went far beyond the publishing of defamatory articles . According to her friends interviewed after her death , she reportedly experienced years of aggressive in-person surveillance ( constant stalking ) , as well as break-ins and other intimidation-oriented activity . These newspaper reports make clear that Seberg was well aware of the surveillance . FBI files show that she was wiretapped , and in 1980 , the Los Angeles Times published logs of her Swiss wiretapped phone calls . U.S . surveillance was deployed while she was residing in France and while travelling in Switzerland and Italy . Per FBI files the FBI cross-contacted the FBI Legat ( legal attachés ) in U.S . Embassies in Paris and Rome and provided files on Seberg to the CIA , U.S . Secret Service and U.S . Military intelligence to assist monitoring while she was abroad . FBI records show that J . Edgar Hoover kept U.S . President Richard Nixon informed of FBI activities related to the Jean Seberg case through President Nixons domestic affairs chief John Ehrlichman . John Mitchell , then Attorney General , and Deputy Attorney General Richard Kleindienst were also kept informed of FBI activities related to Seberg . The FBI made its initial admission about targeting Seberg ( via the spreading of a false rumor ) shortly after her death was announced . Possible Hollywood blacklisting . At the peak of her career , Seberg suddenly stopped acting in Hollywood films . Reportedly , she was not pleased with the roles she had been offered , some of which , she said , bordered on pornography . Conversely , she was not offered any great Hollywood roles , regardless of their size . Experts in the FBIs actions in the COINTELPRO project suggest that Seberg was effectively blacklisted from Hollywood films . Family reaction to FBI abuse of Seberg . Her father reacted strongly to the story of FBI abuses , stating that if this is true , why in the dickens didnt they just shoot her , instead of having all this travail thats gone on . I have this flag in the corner , that I used to put out every morning , and I havent put it out since . Personal life . On September 5 , 1958 , aged 19 , Seberg married François Moreuil , a French lawyer ( aged 23 ) in her native Marshalltown , having met him in France 15 months earlier . They divorced in 1960 . Moreuil had ambitions in movies and directed his estranged wife in Love Play . According to Moreuil he said the marriage was a violent one and said that she got married for all the wrong reasons . On living in France for a period of time , Seberg said in an interview : Im enjoying it to the fullest extent . Ive been tremendously lucky to have gone through this experience at an age where I can still learn . That doesnt mean that I will stay here . Im in Paris because my work has been here . Im not an expatriate . I will go where the work is . The French life has its drawbacks . One of them is the formality . The system seems to be based on saving the maximum of yourself for those nearest you . Perhaps that is better than the other extreme in Hollywood , where people give so much of themselves in public life that they have nothing left over for their families . Still , it is hard for an American to get used to . Often I will get excited over a luncheon table only to have the hostess say discreetly that coffee will be served in the other room . .. . I miss that casualness and friendliness of Americans , the kind that makes people smile . I also miss blue jeans , milk shakes , thick steaks and supermarkets . Despite extended stays in the United States , she remained Paris-based for the rest of her life . In 1961 she met French aviator , French resistance member , novelist and diplomat Romain Gary , who was 24 years her senior and married to author Lesley Blanch . Seberg gave birth to their son , Alexandre Diego Gary , in Barcelona on July 17 , 1962 . The childs birth and first year of life were hidden from even close friends and relatives . Romain Garys divorce from Blanch took place on September 5 , 1962 , and he married Seberg on October 6 , 1962 . The marriage in Corsica was secret . During her marriage to Gary , Seberg lived in Paris , Greece , Southern France and Majorca . She filed for divorce in September 1968 , and it was final on July 1 , 1970 . As of 2009 , their son resides in Spain , where he runs a bookstore and oversees his fathers literary and real estate holdings . Seberg reportedly had affairs with co-stars Warren Beatty ( Lilith ) , Clint Eastwood ( Paint Your Wagon ) and Fabio Testi ( Gang War in Naples ) . She also had an affair with writer Carlos Fuentes , according to him . While filming Macho Callahan in Durango , Mexico in the winter of 1969–70 , Seberg became romantically involved with a student revolutionary named Carlos Ornelas Navarra . She gave birth to Ornelass daughter , Nina Hart Gary , on August 23 , 1970 . The baby died two days later , on August 25 , 1970 , as a result of complications sustained from Jean overdosing on sleeping pills during her pregnancy . Ex-husband Romain Gary had assumed responsibility for the pregnancy , but Seberg acknowledged that Ornelas was the father . Nina is buried at Riverside Cemetery in Marshalltown . On March 12 , 1972 , she married director Dennis Berry . The couple separated in May 1976 , but never divorced . Her next lover was aspiring French filmmaker Jean-Claude Messager , who later spoke to CBSs Mike Wallace for a 1981 profile of the actress . In 1979 , while still legally married to her estranged husband Berry , Seberg went through a form of marriage to an Algerian , Ahmed Hasni . Hasni persuaded her to sell her second apartment on the Rue du Bac , and he kept the proceeds ( reportedly 11 million francs in cash ) , announcing that he would use the money to open a Barcelona restaurant . The couple departed for Spain , but she was soon back in Paris , alone , and went into hiding from Hasni , who she said had grievously abused her . Death . On August 30 , 1979 , Seberg disappeared . Hasni told police that they had gone to a movie that night and when he awoke the next morning , Seberg was gone . After Seberg went missing , Hasni told police that he had known she was suicidal for some time . He claimed that she had attempted suicide in July , 1979 , by jumping in front of a Paris subway train . On September 8 , nine days after her disappearance , her decomposing body was found wrapped in a blanket in the back seat of her Renault , parked close to her Paris apartment in the 16th arrondissement . Police found a bottle of barbiturates , an empty mineral water bottle and a note written in French from Seberg addressed to her son . It read , in part , Forgive me . I can no longer live with my nerves . In 1979 , her death was ruled a probable suicide by Paris police , but the following year additional charges were filed against persons unknown for non-assistance of a person in danger . Romain Gary , Sebergs second husband , called a press conference shortly after her death where he publicly blamed the FBIs campaign against Seberg for her deteriorating mental health . Gary claimed that Seberg became psychotic after the media reported a false story that the FBI planted about her becoming pregnant with a Black Panthers child in 1970 . Romain Gary stated that Seberg had repeatedly attempted suicide on the anniversary of the childs death , August 25 . Seberg is interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris . Aftermath . Six days after the discovery of Sebergs body , the FBI released documents under Freedom of Information Act admitting the defamation of Seberg , while making statements attempting to distance themselves from practices of the Hoover era . The FBIs campaign against Seberg was further explored at this time by Time magazine in a front-page article , The FBI vs . Jean Seberg . Media attention surrounding the abuse Seberg had undergone at FBI hands led to examination of the case by the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities , a.k.a . the Church Committee , which noted that notwithstanding FBI claims of reform , COINTELPRO activities may continue today under the rubric of investigation . In his autobiography , Los Angeles Times editor Jim Bellows described events leading up to the Seberg articles , in which he expressed regret that he had not vetted the Seberg articles sufficiently . He echoed this sentiment in subsequent interviews . In June 1980 , Paris police filed charges against persons unknown in connection with Sebergs death . Police stated that Seberg had such a high amount of alcohol in her system at the time of her death , that it would have rendered her comatose and unable to get into her car without assistance . Police noted there was no alcohol in the car where Sebergs body was found . Police theorized that someone was present at the time of her death and failed to get her medical care . In December 1980 , Sebergs former husband Romain Gary committed suicide . Garys suicide note , which was addressed to his publisher , indicated that he had not killed himself over the loss of Seberg , but over the fact that he felt he could no longer produce literary works . In popular culture . The Talent Scout by Romain Gary ( 1961 ) features a recognizable portrait of Seberg . In 1983 a musical , Jean Seberg , by librettist Julian Barry , composer Marvin Hamlisch , and lyricist Christopher Adler , based on Sebergs life , was presented at the National Theatre in London . In 1986 , pop singer Madonna recreated Jean Sebergs iconic Breathless look in her music video for Papa Dont Preach , sporting a pixie blonde haircut , French striped jersey shirt and black capri pants in her interpretation of the New Wave ingenue that Seberg played in Breathless . In 1991 , actress Jodie Foster , a fan of Sebergs performance in Breathless , purchased the film rights to Played Out : The Jean Seberg Story , David Richards biography of Seberg . Foster was set to produce and star in the film , but the project was cancelled two years later . In 1995 , Mark Rappaport made a documentary of her life , From the Journals of Jean Seberg . Mary Beth Hurt played Seberg in a voice-over . Hurt had been born in Marshalltown , Iowa , in 1948 , had attended the same high school as Seberg , and had been babysat by Seberg . The 2000 short film Je taime John Wayne is a tribute parody of Breathless , with Seberg played by Camilla Rutherford . In 2004 , the French author Alain Absire published Jean S. , a fictionalized biography . Sebergs son , Alexandre Diego Gary , brought a lawsuit , unsuccessfully attempting to stop publication . Since 2011 , Sebergs hometown , Marshalltown , Iowa , has held an annual Jean Seberg International Film Festival . In 2019 , Amazon released an original film based on Sebergs life . Seberg focuses on the actress battle against the FBI , with the title role played by Kristen Stewart .
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[
"Dennis Berry"
] |
easy
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Who was Jean Seberg 's spouse from 1972 to Aug 1979?
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/wiki/Jean_Seberg#P26#2
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Jean Seberg Jean Dorothy Seberg ( ; ; November 13 , 1938August 30 , 1979 ) was an American actress who lived half her life in France . Her performance in Jean-Luc Godards 1960 film Breathless immortalized her as an icon of French New Wave cinema . She appeared in 34 films in Hollywood and in Europe , including Saint Joan , Bonjour Tristesse , Lilith , The Mouse That Roared , Moment to Moment , A Fine Madness , Paint Your Wagon , Airport , Macho Callahan , and Gang War in Naples . She was also one of the best-known targets of the FBI COINTELPRO project . Her targeting was in retaliation for her support of the Black Panther Party and was a smear directly ordered by J . Edgar Hoover . Seberg died at the age of 40 in Paris , with police ruling her death a probable suicide . Romain Gary , Sebergs second husband , called a press conference shortly after her death where he publicly blamed the FBIs campaign against Seberg for her death . Gary noted that the FBI planted false rumors with U.S . media outlets claiming her 1970 pregnancy was a Black Panthers child , and how the trauma led to the childs miscarriage . Romain Gary stated that Seberg had attempted suicide on numerous anniversaries of the childs death , August 25 . Early life . Jean Dorothy Seberg was born in Marshalltown , Iowa , the daughter of Dorothy Arline ( b . Benson ) , a substitute teacher , and Edward Waldemar Seberg , a pharmacist . Her family was Lutheran and of Swedish , English , and German ancestry . Her paternal grandfather , Edward Carlson , arrived in the U.S . in 1882 and observed , there are too many Carlsons in the New World . He decided to change the familys last name to Seberg in memory of the water and mountains of Sweden . Jean had a sister , Mary-Ann , and two brothers : Kurt and David , the youngest of whom was killed in a car accident at the age of eighteen in 1968 . In Marshalltown , Seberg babysat Mary Supinger , some eight years her junior , who would later become the stage and film actress known as Mary Beth Hurt . After high school , Seberg enrolled at the University of Iowa to study dramatic arts , but took up movie making instead . Film career . Otto Preminger . Seberg made her film debut in the title role of Saint Joan ( 1957 ) as Joan of Arc , from the George Bernard Shaw play , after being chosen from 18,000 hopefuls by director Otto Preminger in a $150,000 talent search . Her name was entered by a neighbor . When she was cast on October 21 , 1956 , her only acting experience had been a single season of summer stock performances . The film was associated with a great deal of publicity about which Seberg commented that she was embarrassed by all the attention . Despite a big build-up , called in the press a Pygmalion experiment , both the film and Seberg received poor notices . On the failure , she later told the press:I am the greatest example of a very real fact , that all the publicity in the world will not make you a movie star if you are not also an actress.And , I have two memories of Saint Joan . The first was being burned at the stake in the picture . The second was being burned at the stake by the critics . The latter hurt more . I was scared like a rabbit and it showed on the screen . It was not a good experience at all . I started where most actresses end up . Preminger , though , promised her a second chance , and he cast Seberg in his next film Bonjour Tristesse ( 1958 ) , which was filmed in France . Regarding his decision , Preminger told the press : Its quite true that , if I had chosen Audrey Hepburn instead of Jean Seberg , it would have been less of a risk , but I prefer to take the risk . [ .. ] I have faith in her . Sure , she still has things to learn about acting , but so did Kim Novak when she started . Seberg again received atrocious reviews and the film nearly ended her career . She renegotiated her contract with Otto Preminger , and signed a long-term contract with Columbia Pictures . Preminger had an option to use her services on another film , but they never worked together again . Her first Columbia film was the successful comedy The Mouse That Roared ( 1959 ) , starring Peter Sellers . Breathless and French career . During the filming of Bonjour Tristesse Seberg met François Moreuil , the man who was to become her first husband , and she then based herself in France , finally achieving success as the free-love heroine of French New Wave films . She appeared as the main lead in Jean-Luc Godards Breathless ( French title : À bout de souffle , 1960 ) as Patricia , co-starring with Jean-Paul Belmondo . The film became an international success and critics praised Sebergs performance ; film critic and director François Truffaut even hailed her the best actress in Europe . Despite her achievements , Seberg did not identify with her characters or the film plots , saying that she was making films in France about people [ Im ] not really interested in . Back in the US , she made another film for Columbia , Let No Man Write My Epitaph ( 1960 ) . In France , after appearing in Time Out for Love ( Les grandes personnes , 1961 ) , Seberg took on the lead role in her then-husband François Moreuils directorial debut , Love Play ( La Recréation , also 1961 ) . By that time , Seberg had become estranged from Moreuil , and she recollected that production was pure hell and that he would scream at [ her ] . She followed it with Five Day Lover ( 1962 ) and Congo vivo ( 1962 ) . In the French Style ( 1962 ) was a French-American film featuring Stanley Baker released through Columbia . Les plus belles escroqueries du monde ( 1963 ) was an anthology movie and Backfire ( 1964 ) reunited her with Jean-Paul Belmondo . In the United States , she starred with Warren Beatty in Lilith ( 1964 ) for Columbia , which prompted the critics to acknowledge Seberg as a serious actress . She returned to France to make Diamonds Are Brittle ( 1965 ) . Return to Hollywood . In the late 1960s she based herself increasingly in Hollywood . Moment to Moment ( 1965 ) , was shot for the most part in Los Angeles ; only a small part of the film was shot on the French Cote dAzur . In New York , she acted in A Fine Madness ( 1966 ) , alongside Sean Connery and under the direction of Irvin Kershner . In 1966 and 1967 Seberg had the leading roles in two French films directed by Claude Chabrol and co-starring Maurice Ronet : in February and March , 1966 , she starred in Line of Demarcation , shot around Dole , Jura , in France ; and in May and June , 1967 , she had the lead role in the French-Italian Eurospy film The Road to Corinth , shot in Greece . After making Pendulum ( 1969 ) , Seberg appeared in her only musical film : Paint Your Wagon ( also 1969 ) , based on Lerner and Loewes stage musical , and co-starring Lee Marvin and Clint Eastwood . Her singing voice was dubbed by Anita Gordon . Seberg also starred in the disaster film Airport ( 1970 ) . Later career . Seberg was François Truffauts first choice for the central role of Julie in Day for Night ( 1973 ) but , after several fruitless attempts to contact her , he gave up and cast British actress Jacqueline Bisset instead . Her last US film appearance was in the TV movie Mousey ( 1974 ) . Seberg remained active during the 1970s in European films . She appeared in Bianchi cavalli dAgosto ( White Horses of Summer ) ( 1975 ) , Le Grand Délire ( Die Große Ekstase ) ( 1975 , with husband Dennis Berry ) and Die Wildente ( 1976 , based on Ibsens The Wild Duck ) . At the time of her death she was working on the French film Operation Leopard ( La Légion saute sur Kolwezi , 1980 ) . She had scenes filmed in French Guiana and returned to Paris for additional work in September . After her death , the scenes were reshot with actress Mimsy Farmer . FBI COINTELPRO operation . During the late 1960s , Seberg provided financial support to groups supporting civil rights , such as the NAACP as well as Native American school groups such as the Meskwaki Bucks at the Tama settlement near her home town of Marshalltown , for whom she purchased US$500 worth of basketball uniforms . As part of its dirty tricks aimed at black liberation and anti-war groups , which began in 1968 , the FBI became aware of several gifts Seberg had made to the Black Panther Party , totaling US$10,500 ( estimated ) in contributions ; these were noted among a list of other celebrities in FBI internal documents later declassified and released to the public under FOIA requests . The FBI operation against Seberg , directly overseen by J . Edgar Hoover , used COINTELPRO program techniques to harass , intimidate , defame , and discredit her . The FBIs stated goal was an unspecified neutralization of Seberg with a subsidiary objective to cause her embarrassment and serve to cheapen her image with the public , while taking the usual precautions to avoid identification of the Bureau . FBI strategy and modalities can be found in FBI inter-office memos . In 1970 , the FBI created the false story from a San Francisco-based informant that the child Seberg was carrying was not fathered by her husband , Romain Gary , but by Raymond Hewitt , a member of the Black Panther Party . The story was reported by gossip columnist Joyce Haber of the Los Angeles Times , with Seberg thinly disguised , and was also printed by Newsweek magazine in which Seberg was directly named . Seberg went into premature labor and , on August 23 , 1970 , gave birth to a baby girl . The child died two days later . She held a funeral in her hometown with an open casket that allowed reporters to see the infants white skin , which disproved the rumors . Seberg and Gary later sued Newsweek for libel and defamation , asking for US$200,000 in damages . She contended she became so upset after reading the story , that she went into premature labor , which resulted in the death of her daughter . A Paris court ordered Newsweek to pay the couple US$10,800 in damages and ordered Newsweek to print the judgment in their publication , plus eight other newspapers . The investigation of Seberg went far beyond the publishing of defamatory articles . According to her friends interviewed after her death , she reportedly experienced years of aggressive in-person surveillance ( constant stalking ) , as well as break-ins and other intimidation-oriented activity . These newspaper reports make clear that Seberg was well aware of the surveillance . FBI files show that she was wiretapped , and in 1980 , the Los Angeles Times published logs of her Swiss wiretapped phone calls . U.S . surveillance was deployed while she was residing in France and while travelling in Switzerland and Italy . Per FBI files the FBI cross-contacted the FBI Legat ( legal attachés ) in U.S . Embassies in Paris and Rome and provided files on Seberg to the CIA , U.S . Secret Service and U.S . Military intelligence to assist monitoring while she was abroad . FBI records show that J . Edgar Hoover kept U.S . President Richard Nixon informed of FBI activities related to the Jean Seberg case through President Nixons domestic affairs chief John Ehrlichman . John Mitchell , then Attorney General , and Deputy Attorney General Richard Kleindienst were also kept informed of FBI activities related to Seberg . The FBI made its initial admission about targeting Seberg ( via the spreading of a false rumor ) shortly after her death was announced . Possible Hollywood blacklisting . At the peak of her career , Seberg suddenly stopped acting in Hollywood films . Reportedly , she was not pleased with the roles she had been offered , some of which , she said , bordered on pornography . Conversely , she was not offered any great Hollywood roles , regardless of their size . Experts in the FBIs actions in the COINTELPRO project suggest that Seberg was effectively blacklisted from Hollywood films . Family reaction to FBI abuse of Seberg . Her father reacted strongly to the story of FBI abuses , stating that if this is true , why in the dickens didnt they just shoot her , instead of having all this travail thats gone on . I have this flag in the corner , that I used to put out every morning , and I havent put it out since . Personal life . On September 5 , 1958 , aged 19 , Seberg married François Moreuil , a French lawyer ( aged 23 ) in her native Marshalltown , having met him in France 15 months earlier . They divorced in 1960 . Moreuil had ambitions in movies and directed his estranged wife in Love Play . According to Moreuil he said the marriage was a violent one and said that she got married for all the wrong reasons . On living in France for a period of time , Seberg said in an interview : Im enjoying it to the fullest extent . Ive been tremendously lucky to have gone through this experience at an age where I can still learn . That doesnt mean that I will stay here . Im in Paris because my work has been here . Im not an expatriate . I will go where the work is . The French life has its drawbacks . One of them is the formality . The system seems to be based on saving the maximum of yourself for those nearest you . Perhaps that is better than the other extreme in Hollywood , where people give so much of themselves in public life that they have nothing left over for their families . Still , it is hard for an American to get used to . Often I will get excited over a luncheon table only to have the hostess say discreetly that coffee will be served in the other room . .. . I miss that casualness and friendliness of Americans , the kind that makes people smile . I also miss blue jeans , milk shakes , thick steaks and supermarkets . Despite extended stays in the United States , she remained Paris-based for the rest of her life . In 1961 she met French aviator , French resistance member , novelist and diplomat Romain Gary , who was 24 years her senior and married to author Lesley Blanch . Seberg gave birth to their son , Alexandre Diego Gary , in Barcelona on July 17 , 1962 . The childs birth and first year of life were hidden from even close friends and relatives . Romain Garys divorce from Blanch took place on September 5 , 1962 , and he married Seberg on October 6 , 1962 . The marriage in Corsica was secret . During her marriage to Gary , Seberg lived in Paris , Greece , Southern France and Majorca . She filed for divorce in September 1968 , and it was final on July 1 , 1970 . As of 2009 , their son resides in Spain , where he runs a bookstore and oversees his fathers literary and real estate holdings . Seberg reportedly had affairs with co-stars Warren Beatty ( Lilith ) , Clint Eastwood ( Paint Your Wagon ) and Fabio Testi ( Gang War in Naples ) . She also had an affair with writer Carlos Fuentes , according to him . While filming Macho Callahan in Durango , Mexico in the winter of 1969–70 , Seberg became romantically involved with a student revolutionary named Carlos Ornelas Navarra . She gave birth to Ornelass daughter , Nina Hart Gary , on August 23 , 1970 . The baby died two days later , on August 25 , 1970 , as a result of complications sustained from Jean overdosing on sleeping pills during her pregnancy . Ex-husband Romain Gary had assumed responsibility for the pregnancy , but Seberg acknowledged that Ornelas was the father . Nina is buried at Riverside Cemetery in Marshalltown . On March 12 , 1972 , she married director Dennis Berry . The couple separated in May 1976 , but never divorced . Her next lover was aspiring French filmmaker Jean-Claude Messager , who later spoke to CBSs Mike Wallace for a 1981 profile of the actress . In 1979 , while still legally married to her estranged husband Berry , Seberg went through a form of marriage to an Algerian , Ahmed Hasni . Hasni persuaded her to sell her second apartment on the Rue du Bac , and he kept the proceeds ( reportedly 11 million francs in cash ) , announcing that he would use the money to open a Barcelona restaurant . The couple departed for Spain , but she was soon back in Paris , alone , and went into hiding from Hasni , who she said had grievously abused her . Death . On August 30 , 1979 , Seberg disappeared . Hasni told police that they had gone to a movie that night and when he awoke the next morning , Seberg was gone . After Seberg went missing , Hasni told police that he had known she was suicidal for some time . He claimed that she had attempted suicide in July , 1979 , by jumping in front of a Paris subway train . On September 8 , nine days after her disappearance , her decomposing body was found wrapped in a blanket in the back seat of her Renault , parked close to her Paris apartment in the 16th arrondissement . Police found a bottle of barbiturates , an empty mineral water bottle and a note written in French from Seberg addressed to her son . It read , in part , Forgive me . I can no longer live with my nerves . In 1979 , her death was ruled a probable suicide by Paris police , but the following year additional charges were filed against persons unknown for non-assistance of a person in danger . Romain Gary , Sebergs second husband , called a press conference shortly after her death where he publicly blamed the FBIs campaign against Seberg for her deteriorating mental health . Gary claimed that Seberg became psychotic after the media reported a false story that the FBI planted about her becoming pregnant with a Black Panthers child in 1970 . Romain Gary stated that Seberg had repeatedly attempted suicide on the anniversary of the childs death , August 25 . Seberg is interred in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris . Aftermath . Six days after the discovery of Sebergs body , the FBI released documents under Freedom of Information Act admitting the defamation of Seberg , while making statements attempting to distance themselves from practices of the Hoover era . The FBIs campaign against Seberg was further explored at this time by Time magazine in a front-page article , The FBI vs . Jean Seberg . Media attention surrounding the abuse Seberg had undergone at FBI hands led to examination of the case by the United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities , a.k.a . the Church Committee , which noted that notwithstanding FBI claims of reform , COINTELPRO activities may continue today under the rubric of investigation . In his autobiography , Los Angeles Times editor Jim Bellows described events leading up to the Seberg articles , in which he expressed regret that he had not vetted the Seberg articles sufficiently . He echoed this sentiment in subsequent interviews . In June 1980 , Paris police filed charges against persons unknown in connection with Sebergs death . Police stated that Seberg had such a high amount of alcohol in her system at the time of her death , that it would have rendered her comatose and unable to get into her car without assistance . Police noted there was no alcohol in the car where Sebergs body was found . Police theorized that someone was present at the time of her death and failed to get her medical care . In December 1980 , Sebergs former husband Romain Gary committed suicide . Garys suicide note , which was addressed to his publisher , indicated that he had not killed himself over the loss of Seberg , but over the fact that he felt he could no longer produce literary works . In popular culture . The Talent Scout by Romain Gary ( 1961 ) features a recognizable portrait of Seberg . In 1983 a musical , Jean Seberg , by librettist Julian Barry , composer Marvin Hamlisch , and lyricist Christopher Adler , based on Sebergs life , was presented at the National Theatre in London . In 1986 , pop singer Madonna recreated Jean Sebergs iconic Breathless look in her music video for Papa Dont Preach , sporting a pixie blonde haircut , French striped jersey shirt and black capri pants in her interpretation of the New Wave ingenue that Seberg played in Breathless . In 1991 , actress Jodie Foster , a fan of Sebergs performance in Breathless , purchased the film rights to Played Out : The Jean Seberg Story , David Richards biography of Seberg . Foster was set to produce and star in the film , but the project was cancelled two years later . In 1995 , Mark Rappaport made a documentary of her life , From the Journals of Jean Seberg . Mary Beth Hurt played Seberg in a voice-over . Hurt had been born in Marshalltown , Iowa , in 1948 , had attended the same high school as Seberg , and had been babysat by Seberg . The 2000 short film Je taime John Wayne is a tribute parody of Breathless , with Seberg played by Camilla Rutherford . In 2004 , the French author Alain Absire published Jean S. , a fictionalized biography . Sebergs son , Alexandre Diego Gary , brought a lawsuit , unsuccessfully attempting to stop publication . Since 2011 , Sebergs hometown , Marshalltown , Iowa , has held an annual Jean Seberg International Film Festival . In 2019 , Amazon released an original film based on Sebergs life . Seberg focuses on the actress battle against the FBI , with the title role played by Kristen Stewart .
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Liza Minnelli Liza May Minnelli ( ; born March 12 , 1946 ) is an American actress , singer and dancer . She is best known for her Academy Award-winning performance in the 1972 musical film Cabaret , the 1981 comedy film Arthur , several hit albums , and many other film and television appearances . She is famous for her stage presence and her powerful alto singing voice . She is the daughter of actress and singer Judy Garland and director Vincente Minnelli . Liza Minnelli is a Knight of the French Legion of Honour . Seeking theatrical work , Minnelli moved to New York City in 1961 where she began her career as a musical theatre actress , nightclub performer and traditional pop music artist . She made her professional stage debut in the 1963 Off-Broadway revival of Best Foot Forward and won a Tony Award for starring in Flora the Red Menace in 1965 , which marked the start of her lifelong collaboration with John Kander and Fred Ebb . They wrote , produced or directed many of Minnellis future stage acts and TV shows , and helped create her stage persona of a stylized survivor , including her career-defining performances of anthems of survival ( New York , New York , Cabaret and Maybe This Time ) . Along with her roles on stage and screen , this persona and her style of performance added to Minnellis status as an enduring gay icon . Critically lauded for her early non-musical screen performances , especially in The Sterile Cuckoo ( 1969 ) which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , Minnelli rose to international stardom after starring in Cabaret and in the Emmy Award–winning TV special Liza with a Z ( 1972 ) . On 22 June 1969 , she lost her mother , Judy , who was 47 at her death . Most of her following films , including Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) , New York , New York ( 1977 ) , Rent-a-Cop ( 1988 ) and Stepping Out ( 1991 ) , were panned by critics and bombed at the box office , and she had no more major movie hits except Arthur . She returned to Broadway on a number of occasions , including The Act ( 1977 ) for which she earned a second Tony Award , The Rink ( 1984 ) and Lizas at The Palace.. . ( 2008 ) , worked on various television formats and has predominantly focused on music hall and nightclub performances since the late 1970s . Her concert performances at Carnegie Hall in 1979 and 1987 , and at Radio City Music Hall in 1991 and 1992 are recognized among her most successful . From 1988 to 1990 , she toured with Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr . in Frank , Liza & Sammy : The Ultimate Event . While Minnelli is known for her renditions of American standards , her early-1960s pop singles were produced to attract a young audience . Her albums from 1968 to 1977 contained contemporary singer-songwriter material . In 1989 , she ventured into the contemporary pop scene by collaborating with the Pet Shop Boys on the album Results . After a hiatus due to serious health problems , Minnelli returned to the concert stage in 2002 with Lizas Back and was a guest star in the sitcom Arrested Development between 2003 and 2013 . Since the 2010s , she has avoided huge concert performances in favor of small retrospective performances . Early life . Minnelli was born on March 12 , 1946 , at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on Beverly Boulevard in Los Angeles . She is the daughter of Judy Garland and Vincente Minnelli . Her parents named her after Ira Gershwins song Liza ( All the Cloudsll Roll Away ) . Minnelli has a half-sister , Lorna , and half-brother , Joey , from Garlands marriage to Sid Luft . She has another half-sister , Christiane Nina Minnelli ( nicknamed Tina Nina ) , from her fathers second marriage . Minnellis godparents were Kay Thompson and her husband William Spier . Her first performing experience on film was at age three appearing in the final scene of the musical In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) ; the film stars Garland and Van Johnson . In 1961 she moved to New York City , attending High School of Performing Arts and later , Chadwick School . Career . Theatre . During 1961 , Minnelli was an apprentice at the Cape Cod Melody Tent in Hyannis , Massachusetts . She appeared in the chorus of Flower Drum Song and played the part of Muriel in Take Me Along . She began performing professionally at age 17 in 1963 in an Off-Broadway revival of the musical Best Foot Forward , for which she received the Theatre World Award . The next year , her mother invited her to perform with her in concert at the London Palladium . Both concerts were recorded and released as an album . She attended Scarsdale High School for one year , starring in a production of The Diary of Anne Frank which then went to Israel on tour . She turned to Broadway at 19 , and won her first Tony Award as a leading actress for Flora the Red Menace . It was the first time that she worked with the musical pair John Kander and Fred Ebb . Music . Minnelli began as a nightclub singer as an adolescent , making her professional nightclub debut at the age of 19 at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington , D.C . That same year she began appearing in other clubs and on stage in Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Chicago , Miami , and New York City . Her success as a live performer led to her record several albums for Capitol Records : Liza ! Liza ! ( 1964 ) , It Amazes Me ( 1965 ) , and There Is a Time ( 1966 ) . In her early years , she recorded traditional pop standards as well as show tunes from various musicals in which she starred . Because of this fact , William Ruhlmann named her Barbra Streisands little sister . The Capitol albums Liza ! Liza! , It Amazes Me , and There Is A Time were reissued on the two-CD compilation The Capitol Years in 2001 , in their entirety . From 1968 to the 1970s , she also recorded her albums Liza Minnelli ( 1968 ) , Come Saturday Morning and New Feelin ( both 1970 ) for A&M Records . She released The Singer ( 1973 ) and Tropical Nights ( 1977 ) on Columbia Records . In 1989 , Minnelli collaborated with the Pet Shop Boys on Results , an electronic dance-style album . The release hit the top 10 in the UK and charted in the U.S. , spawning four singles : Losing My Mind ; Dont Drop Bombs ; So Sorry , I Said ; and Love Pains . Later that year , she performed Losing My Mind live at the Grammys Award ceremony before receiving a Grammy Legend Award ( the first Grammy Legend Awards were issued in 1990 to Minnelli , Andrew Lloyd Webber , Smokey Robinson , and Willie Nelson ) . With this award , she became one of only 16 people—a list that includes composer Richard Rodgers , Whoopi Goldberg , Barbra Streisand , and John Gielgud and others—to win an Emmy , Grammy , Tony Award , and Academy Award . In April 1992 , Minnelli appeared at the tribute concert for her late friend Freddie Mercury , performing We Are the Champions with the surviving members of the rock band Queen at Wembley Stadium in London . In 1996 , Minnelli released a studio album titled Gently . It was a recording of jazz standards and included contemporary songs such as the cover of Does He Love You which she performed as a duet with Donna Summer . This album brought her a Grammy nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance . In 2006 , Minnelli appeared on My Chemical Romances album The Black Parade , providing backing vocals and singing a solo part with Gerard Way on the track Mama . Minnelli was nominated in 2009 for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for her studio recording Lizas at the Palace...! , based on her hit Broadway show . Minnelli released an album on the Decca Records label titled Confessions on September 21 , 2010 . Liza Minnelli was among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Film . Minnellis first appearance on film is as the baby in the final shot of her mothers film In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) . Her first credited film role was as the love-interest in Charlie Bubbles ( 1967 ) , Albert Finneys only film as director and star , although four years earlier , she did voiceover work for the animated film Journey Back to Oz , a sequel to The Wizard of Oz . Minnelli was the voice of Dorothy ( a character played in the earlier film by her mother Judy Garland ) in what would have been her first credited film role had it been released in 1964 as planned—the Filmation production was delayed , eventually being released in the UK during 1972 . Minnelli appeared in The Sterile Cuckoo ( 1969 ) , Alan J . Pakulas first feature film , as Pookie Adams , a needy , eccentric teenager . Her performance was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . She played another eccentric character in Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon ( 1970 ) , directed by Otto Preminger . A nude scene in that film shot in a Massachusetts cemetery resulted in a misdemeanor complaint from family members of those buried there and a Liza Minnelli Bill was introduced the following year to penalise anyone shooting in Massachusetts cemeteries without permission . Minnelli appeared in her best-known film role , Sally Bowles , in the film version of Cabaret ( 1972 ) . She said that one of the things she did to prepare was to study photographs of actresses Louise Glaum and Louise Brooks and the dark-haired women of the era in which the film is set . Minnelli won the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance , along with a Golden Globe Award , BAFTA Award , and also Sant Jordi Award and David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress . Following the success of Cabaret , Bob Fosse and Minnelli teamed for Liza with a Z . A Concert for Television , a television special . The program aired two times on TV and was not seen again until a DVD release in 2006 . Minnelli appeared in three expensive flops in three years , with Variety suggesting by 1978 that she was the number-one choice for box office poison . First was Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) , then she worked with her father in A Matter of Time ( 1976 ) , co-starring Ingrid Bergman and then New York , New York ( 1977 ) , which gave Minnelli her best known signature song . She sometimes performed duets on stage with Frank Sinatra , who recorded a cover version ( for his album ) . Minnelli made fewer film appearances from then on , but her next film , Arthur ( 1981 ) , where she starred as Dudley Moores love interest , was a big hit . She returned to film for Rent-A-Cop and ( both 1988 ) and Stepping Out ( 1991 ) , a musical comedy drama . She later appeared in The Oh in Ohio in 2006 which received only a limited release in theatres . Television . During the 1950s , Minnelli appeared as a child guest on Art Linkletters show and sang and danced with Gene Kelly on his first television special in 1959 . She was a guest star in one episode of Ben Casey and was a frequent guest on chat shows of the day including numerous appearances on shows hosted by Jack Paar , Merv Griffin , Mike Douglas , Joe Franklin , Dinah Shore and Johnny Carson . During the 1960s , she made several guest appearances on Rowan & Martins Laugh-In as well as other variety shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show , The Hollywood Palace , and The Judy Garland Show . In 1964 , she appeared as Minnie in her first television dramatic role in the episode Nightingale for Sale on Craig Stevenss short-lived series Mr . Broadway . In December 1992 , American Public Television aired Liza Minnelli Live from Radio City Music Hall produced by Phil Ramone and Chris Giordano . The show received six Emmy nominations and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics , awarded to Fred Ebb and John Kander . Much later in her career , Minnelli made guest appearances on shows such as Arrested Development , and Drop Dead Diva . In the UK , she appeared on the Ruby Wax , Graham Norton and Jonathan Ross shows , and in October 2006 , participated in a comedy skit on Charlotte Churchs show and was featured on Michael Parkinsons show . In November 2009 , American Public Television aired Lizas at the Palace , taped from September 30 to October 1 , 2009 in Las Vegas at the MGM Grands Hollywood Theatre . The executive producers of the taping , Craig Zadan and Neil Meron , were previously involved with the 2005 rerelease of 1972s Emmy- and Peabody Award-winning Liza with a Z . Later career . Minnelli returned to Broadway in 1997 , taking over the title role in the musical Victor/Victoria , replacing Julie Andrews . In his review , New York Times critic Ben Brantley wrote her every stage appearance is perceived as a victory of show-business stamina over psychic frailty . She asks for love so nakedly and earnestly , it seems downright vicious not to respond . After a serious case of viral encephalitis in 2000 , doctors predicted that Minnelli would spend the rest of her life in a wheelchair and perhaps not be able to speak again . However , taking vocal and dance lessons daily ( especially with Sam Harris , Ron Lewis , and Angela Bacari ) , she managed to recover . She appeared on a September 19 , 2001 , episode of The Rosie ODonnell Show , notable because it was Rosies first show back following the September 11 attacks . Despite having vocal surgery shortly prior , she sang her signature song , New York , New York , and received an enthusiastic ovation . She also returned to the stage in 2001 when asked by long-time friend Michael Jackson to perform at Madison Square Garden in New York City where she sang Never Never Land and the televised You Are Not Alone at the concert produced by future husband David Gest . Minnelli told reporters : I am stable as a table . Gest was so impressed with Minnellis stamina and ability to stun audiences that he produced her in Lizas Back in Spring 2002 , performing to rave reviews in London and New York City . The tour featured a tribute to her mother : after years of declining fans pleas for her to sing Garlands signature song Over The Rainbow , she concluded Act 1 with the final refrain of her mothers anthem to an instant ovation . From 2003 through 2005 , she appeared as a recurring character on the Emmy Award-winning TV sitcom Arrested Development as Lucille Austero ( also known as Lucille 2 ) , the lover of both the sexually and socially awkward Buster Bluth and Busters brother Gob . Minnelli appeared in the role for the shows fourth season in 2013 . On December 14 , 2004 , Minnelli made her first appearance in the UK after a long absence , performing as a special guest at the annual Royal Variety Performance . The performance was presented by the BBC , and was attended by Charles , Prince of Wales . It was staged at the London Coliseum , celebrating both its centenary year and the theatres re-opening after an extensive 4 year restoration . In September 2006 , Minnelli made a guest appearance on the long-running drama in Masquerade , a Halloween-themed episode , broadcast on October 31 , 2006 . Minnelli also completed guest vocals on My Chemical Romances 2006 concept album The Black Parade , portraying Mother War , a dark conception of the main characters mother in the song Mama . Minnelli returned to Broadway in a new solo concert at the Palace Theatre titled Lizas at The Palace...! , which ran from December 3 , 2008 , through January 4 , 2009 . In her second act , she performed a series of numbers created by Kay Thompson . Minnelli was a character in the Australian musical The Boy from Oz ( a biography of her first husband ) starring Hugh Jackman . In the shows Broadway production , she was portrayed by Stephanie J . Block . In October 2009 , Minnelli toured Australia , and appeared on Australian Idol as a mentor and guest judge . Minnelli made a cameo appearance in the May 2010 release of Sex and the City 2 , in which she covered Beyoncés hit Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) and Cole Porters Evry Time We Say Goodbye . She made a starring appearance in December 2010 in The Apprentice . Also in 2010 , Minnelli released an album of a number of American standards unplugged with long-time collaborator Billy Stritch , showing a sultrier and softer , more interpretive side to her artistry . The songs are said to have been recorded several years prior and later released as the album Confessions . On June 14 , 2012 , Minnelli headlined at Hampton Court Palace Festival . On May 9 , 2014 , Minnelli had a guest appearance on Chers Dressed to Kill Tour in Brooklyn , performing Girls Just Want to Have Fun with Cyndi Lauper and Rosie ODonnell . Personal life . Minnelli has long suffered from alcoholism and has been addicted to prescription drugs , originating from a Valium prescription after her mother died . Her use of recreational drugs in the 1970s was noted by Andy Warhol , who in a 1978 diary entry recalled Minnelli arriving at Halstons house and imploring the host to Give me every drug youve got . Along with Warhol and Bianca Jagger , Minnelli made frequent appearances at New York City nightclubs during the late 1970s , including the paragon of a new celebrity culture , Studio 54 . Minnelli left her 1984 musical The Rink to enter the Betty Ford Clinic . Minnelli has stated that she is an Episcopalian . The family moved the remains of Minnellis mother Judy Garland from Ferncliff Cemetery in Greenburgh , Westchester County , New York , to Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles , California in 2017 . Minnellis friendships have included the singer Adam Ant whom she advised on what to wear when he was presented to Queen Elizabeth II after the 1981 Royal Variety Performance at which his band Adam and the Ants performed . Ant in turn namechecked Minnelli in the track Crackpot History and the Right To Lie on his 1982 solo album Friend or Foe . During an Australian visit , Minnelli and her then-boyfriend Peter Allen were invited to the opening of the Compass Centre in Bankstown . They were awarded the titles of , King and Queen of the Compass centre . Marriages . Minnelli has married and divorced four times . Her first marriage was to entertainer Peter Allen on March 3 , 1967 . Australian-born Allen was Judy Garlands protégé in the mid-1960s . They divorced on July 24 , 1974 . Minnelli told The Advocate editor-in-chief Judy Wieder in September 1996 I married Peter , and he didnt tell me he was gay . Everyone knew but me . And I found out .. . well , let me put it this way : Ill never surprise anybody coming home as long as I live . I call first ! Later that year , Minnelli married Jack Haley Jr. , a producer and director , on September 15 , 1974 . His father , Jack Haley , was Garlands co-star in The Wizard of Oz . They divorced in April 1979 . Minnelli was married to Mark Gero , a sculptor and stage manager , from December 4 , 1979 , until their divorce in January 1992 . Minnelli was married to David Gest , a concert promoter , from March 16 , 2002 , until their separation in July 2003 , and their divorce in April 2007 . In a 2003 lawsuit , Gest alleged that Minnelli beat him in alcohol-induced rages during their marriage . Minnelli also had relationships with Rock Brynner ( son of Yul Brynner ) , Desi Arnaz , Jr. , Peter Sellers , and Martin Scorsese . Her close friendship with French pop singer Charles Aznavour has been described by Aznavour as more than friends and less than lovers . Minnelli has no children ; one pregnancy left her with a hiatal hernia as a result of the medical steps taken to try to save the baby . Philanthropy . Throughout her lifetime , Minnelli has served on various charities and causes . She served on the board of directors of The Institutes for The Achievement of Human Potential ( IAHP ) for 20 years , a nonprofit educational organization that introduces parents to the field of child brain development . In a 2006 interview with Randy Rice at Broadwayworld.com , Minnelli said that she was the person who told Elizabeth Taylor about HIV/AIDS while talking about their mutual friend Rock Hudson . She has also dedicated much time to amfAR , The Foundation for AIDS Research , which was co-founded by Taylor . In 2007 , she stated in an interview with Palm Springs Life : AmfAR is important to me because Ive lost so many friends that I knew [ to AIDS ] . In 1994 , she recorded the Kander & Ebb tune The Day After That and donated the proceeds to AIDS research . The same year , she performed the song in front of thousands in Central Park at the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall riots . Work . Discography . - Studio albums - Liza ! Liza ! ( 1964 ) - It Amazes Me ( 1965 ) - There Is a Time ( 1966 ) - Liza Minnelli ( 1968 ) - Come Saturday Morning ( 1969 ) - New Feelin ( 1970 ) - The Singer ( 1973 ) - Tropical Nights ( 1977 ) - Results ( 1989 ) - Gently ( 1996 ) - Confessions ( 2010 )
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[
"Jack Haley Jr."
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easy
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Who was Liza Minnelli 's spouse from Sep 1974 to 1979?
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/wiki/Liza_Minnelli#P26#1
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Liza Minnelli Liza May Minnelli ( ; born March 12 , 1946 ) is an American actress , singer and dancer . She is best known for her Academy Award-winning performance in the 1972 musical film Cabaret , the 1981 comedy film Arthur , several hit albums , and many other film and television appearances . She is famous for her stage presence and her powerful alto singing voice . She is the daughter of actress and singer Judy Garland and director Vincente Minnelli . Liza Minnelli is a Knight of the French Legion of Honour . Seeking theatrical work , Minnelli moved to New York City in 1961 where she began her career as a musical theatre actress , nightclub performer and traditional pop music artist . She made her professional stage debut in the 1963 Off-Broadway revival of Best Foot Forward and won a Tony Award for starring in Flora the Red Menace in 1965 , which marked the start of her lifelong collaboration with John Kander and Fred Ebb . They wrote , produced or directed many of Minnellis future stage acts and TV shows , and helped create her stage persona of a stylized survivor , including her career-defining performances of anthems of survival ( New York , New York , Cabaret and Maybe This Time ) . Along with her roles on stage and screen , this persona and her style of performance added to Minnellis status as an enduring gay icon . Critically lauded for her early non-musical screen performances , especially in The Sterile Cuckoo ( 1969 ) which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , Minnelli rose to international stardom after starring in Cabaret and in the Emmy Award–winning TV special Liza with a Z ( 1972 ) . On 22 June 1969 , she lost her mother , Judy , who was 47 at her death . Most of her following films , including Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) , New York , New York ( 1977 ) , Rent-a-Cop ( 1988 ) and Stepping Out ( 1991 ) , were panned by critics and bombed at the box office , and she had no more major movie hits except Arthur . She returned to Broadway on a number of occasions , including The Act ( 1977 ) for which she earned a second Tony Award , The Rink ( 1984 ) and Lizas at The Palace.. . ( 2008 ) , worked on various television formats and has predominantly focused on music hall and nightclub performances since the late 1970s . Her concert performances at Carnegie Hall in 1979 and 1987 , and at Radio City Music Hall in 1991 and 1992 are recognized among her most successful . From 1988 to 1990 , she toured with Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr . in Frank , Liza & Sammy : The Ultimate Event . While Minnelli is known for her renditions of American standards , her early-1960s pop singles were produced to attract a young audience . Her albums from 1968 to 1977 contained contemporary singer-songwriter material . In 1989 , she ventured into the contemporary pop scene by collaborating with the Pet Shop Boys on the album Results . After a hiatus due to serious health problems , Minnelli returned to the concert stage in 2002 with Lizas Back and was a guest star in the sitcom Arrested Development between 2003 and 2013 . Since the 2010s , she has avoided huge concert performances in favor of small retrospective performances . Early life . Minnelli was born on March 12 , 1946 , at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on Beverly Boulevard in Los Angeles . She is the daughter of Judy Garland and Vincente Minnelli . Her parents named her after Ira Gershwins song Liza ( All the Cloudsll Roll Away ) . Minnelli has a half-sister , Lorna , and half-brother , Joey , from Garlands marriage to Sid Luft . She has another half-sister , Christiane Nina Minnelli ( nicknamed Tina Nina ) , from her fathers second marriage . Minnellis godparents were Kay Thompson and her husband William Spier . Her first performing experience on film was at age three appearing in the final scene of the musical In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) ; the film stars Garland and Van Johnson . In 1961 she moved to New York City , attending High School of Performing Arts and later , Chadwick School . Career . Theatre . During 1961 , Minnelli was an apprentice at the Cape Cod Melody Tent in Hyannis , Massachusetts . She appeared in the chorus of Flower Drum Song and played the part of Muriel in Take Me Along . She began performing professionally at age 17 in 1963 in an Off-Broadway revival of the musical Best Foot Forward , for which she received the Theatre World Award . The next year , her mother invited her to perform with her in concert at the London Palladium . Both concerts were recorded and released as an album . She attended Scarsdale High School for one year , starring in a production of The Diary of Anne Frank which then went to Israel on tour . She turned to Broadway at 19 , and won her first Tony Award as a leading actress for Flora the Red Menace . It was the first time that she worked with the musical pair John Kander and Fred Ebb . Music . Minnelli began as a nightclub singer as an adolescent , making her professional nightclub debut at the age of 19 at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington , D.C . That same year she began appearing in other clubs and on stage in Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Chicago , Miami , and New York City . Her success as a live performer led to her record several albums for Capitol Records : Liza ! Liza ! ( 1964 ) , It Amazes Me ( 1965 ) , and There Is a Time ( 1966 ) . In her early years , she recorded traditional pop standards as well as show tunes from various musicals in which she starred . Because of this fact , William Ruhlmann named her Barbra Streisands little sister . The Capitol albums Liza ! Liza! , It Amazes Me , and There Is A Time were reissued on the two-CD compilation The Capitol Years in 2001 , in their entirety . From 1968 to the 1970s , she also recorded her albums Liza Minnelli ( 1968 ) , Come Saturday Morning and New Feelin ( both 1970 ) for A&M Records . She released The Singer ( 1973 ) and Tropical Nights ( 1977 ) on Columbia Records . In 1989 , Minnelli collaborated with the Pet Shop Boys on Results , an electronic dance-style album . The release hit the top 10 in the UK and charted in the U.S. , spawning four singles : Losing My Mind ; Dont Drop Bombs ; So Sorry , I Said ; and Love Pains . Later that year , she performed Losing My Mind live at the Grammys Award ceremony before receiving a Grammy Legend Award ( the first Grammy Legend Awards were issued in 1990 to Minnelli , Andrew Lloyd Webber , Smokey Robinson , and Willie Nelson ) . With this award , she became one of only 16 people—a list that includes composer Richard Rodgers , Whoopi Goldberg , Barbra Streisand , and John Gielgud and others—to win an Emmy , Grammy , Tony Award , and Academy Award . In April 1992 , Minnelli appeared at the tribute concert for her late friend Freddie Mercury , performing We Are the Champions with the surviving members of the rock band Queen at Wembley Stadium in London . In 1996 , Minnelli released a studio album titled Gently . It was a recording of jazz standards and included contemporary songs such as the cover of Does He Love You which she performed as a duet with Donna Summer . This album brought her a Grammy nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance . In 2006 , Minnelli appeared on My Chemical Romances album The Black Parade , providing backing vocals and singing a solo part with Gerard Way on the track Mama . Minnelli was nominated in 2009 for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for her studio recording Lizas at the Palace...! , based on her hit Broadway show . Minnelli released an album on the Decca Records label titled Confessions on September 21 , 2010 . Liza Minnelli was among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Film . Minnellis first appearance on film is as the baby in the final shot of her mothers film In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) . Her first credited film role was as the love-interest in Charlie Bubbles ( 1967 ) , Albert Finneys only film as director and star , although four years earlier , she did voiceover work for the animated film Journey Back to Oz , a sequel to The Wizard of Oz . Minnelli was the voice of Dorothy ( a character played in the earlier film by her mother Judy Garland ) in what would have been her first credited film role had it been released in 1964 as planned—the Filmation production was delayed , eventually being released in the UK during 1972 . Minnelli appeared in The Sterile Cuckoo ( 1969 ) , Alan J . Pakulas first feature film , as Pookie Adams , a needy , eccentric teenager . Her performance was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . She played another eccentric character in Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon ( 1970 ) , directed by Otto Preminger . A nude scene in that film shot in a Massachusetts cemetery resulted in a misdemeanor complaint from family members of those buried there and a Liza Minnelli Bill was introduced the following year to penalise anyone shooting in Massachusetts cemeteries without permission . Minnelli appeared in her best-known film role , Sally Bowles , in the film version of Cabaret ( 1972 ) . She said that one of the things she did to prepare was to study photographs of actresses Louise Glaum and Louise Brooks and the dark-haired women of the era in which the film is set . Minnelli won the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance , along with a Golden Globe Award , BAFTA Award , and also Sant Jordi Award and David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress . Following the success of Cabaret , Bob Fosse and Minnelli teamed for Liza with a Z . A Concert for Television , a television special . The program aired two times on TV and was not seen again until a DVD release in 2006 . Minnelli appeared in three expensive flops in three years , with Variety suggesting by 1978 that she was the number-one choice for box office poison . First was Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) , then she worked with her father in A Matter of Time ( 1976 ) , co-starring Ingrid Bergman and then New York , New York ( 1977 ) , which gave Minnelli her best known signature song . She sometimes performed duets on stage with Frank Sinatra , who recorded a cover version ( for his album ) . Minnelli made fewer film appearances from then on , but her next film , Arthur ( 1981 ) , where she starred as Dudley Moores love interest , was a big hit . She returned to film for Rent-A-Cop and ( both 1988 ) and Stepping Out ( 1991 ) , a musical comedy drama . She later appeared in The Oh in Ohio in 2006 which received only a limited release in theatres . Television . During the 1950s , Minnelli appeared as a child guest on Art Linkletters show and sang and danced with Gene Kelly on his first television special in 1959 . She was a guest star in one episode of Ben Casey and was a frequent guest on chat shows of the day including numerous appearances on shows hosted by Jack Paar , Merv Griffin , Mike Douglas , Joe Franklin , Dinah Shore and Johnny Carson . During the 1960s , she made several guest appearances on Rowan & Martins Laugh-In as well as other variety shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show , The Hollywood Palace , and The Judy Garland Show . In 1964 , she appeared as Minnie in her first television dramatic role in the episode Nightingale for Sale on Craig Stevenss short-lived series Mr . Broadway . In December 1992 , American Public Television aired Liza Minnelli Live from Radio City Music Hall produced by Phil Ramone and Chris Giordano . The show received six Emmy nominations and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics , awarded to Fred Ebb and John Kander . Much later in her career , Minnelli made guest appearances on shows such as Arrested Development , and Drop Dead Diva . In the UK , she appeared on the Ruby Wax , Graham Norton and Jonathan Ross shows , and in October 2006 , participated in a comedy skit on Charlotte Churchs show and was featured on Michael Parkinsons show . In November 2009 , American Public Television aired Lizas at the Palace , taped from September 30 to October 1 , 2009 in Las Vegas at the MGM Grands Hollywood Theatre . The executive producers of the taping , Craig Zadan and Neil Meron , were previously involved with the 2005 rerelease of 1972s Emmy- and Peabody Award-winning Liza with a Z . Later career . Minnelli returned to Broadway in 1997 , taking over the title role in the musical Victor/Victoria , replacing Julie Andrews . In his review , New York Times critic Ben Brantley wrote her every stage appearance is perceived as a victory of show-business stamina over psychic frailty . She asks for love so nakedly and earnestly , it seems downright vicious not to respond . After a serious case of viral encephalitis in 2000 , doctors predicted that Minnelli would spend the rest of her life in a wheelchair and perhaps not be able to speak again . However , taking vocal and dance lessons daily ( especially with Sam Harris , Ron Lewis , and Angela Bacari ) , she managed to recover . She appeared on a September 19 , 2001 , episode of The Rosie ODonnell Show , notable because it was Rosies first show back following the September 11 attacks . Despite having vocal surgery shortly prior , she sang her signature song , New York , New York , and received an enthusiastic ovation . She also returned to the stage in 2001 when asked by long-time friend Michael Jackson to perform at Madison Square Garden in New York City where she sang Never Never Land and the televised You Are Not Alone at the concert produced by future husband David Gest . Minnelli told reporters : I am stable as a table . Gest was so impressed with Minnellis stamina and ability to stun audiences that he produced her in Lizas Back in Spring 2002 , performing to rave reviews in London and New York City . The tour featured a tribute to her mother : after years of declining fans pleas for her to sing Garlands signature song Over The Rainbow , she concluded Act 1 with the final refrain of her mothers anthem to an instant ovation . From 2003 through 2005 , she appeared as a recurring character on the Emmy Award-winning TV sitcom Arrested Development as Lucille Austero ( also known as Lucille 2 ) , the lover of both the sexually and socially awkward Buster Bluth and Busters brother Gob . Minnelli appeared in the role for the shows fourth season in 2013 . On December 14 , 2004 , Minnelli made her first appearance in the UK after a long absence , performing as a special guest at the annual Royal Variety Performance . The performance was presented by the BBC , and was attended by Charles , Prince of Wales . It was staged at the London Coliseum , celebrating both its centenary year and the theatres re-opening after an extensive 4 year restoration . In September 2006 , Minnelli made a guest appearance on the long-running drama in Masquerade , a Halloween-themed episode , broadcast on October 31 , 2006 . Minnelli also completed guest vocals on My Chemical Romances 2006 concept album The Black Parade , portraying Mother War , a dark conception of the main characters mother in the song Mama . Minnelli returned to Broadway in a new solo concert at the Palace Theatre titled Lizas at The Palace...! , which ran from December 3 , 2008 , through January 4 , 2009 . In her second act , she performed a series of numbers created by Kay Thompson . Minnelli was a character in the Australian musical The Boy from Oz ( a biography of her first husband ) starring Hugh Jackman . In the shows Broadway production , she was portrayed by Stephanie J . Block . In October 2009 , Minnelli toured Australia , and appeared on Australian Idol as a mentor and guest judge . Minnelli made a cameo appearance in the May 2010 release of Sex and the City 2 , in which she covered Beyoncés hit Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) and Cole Porters Evry Time We Say Goodbye . She made a starring appearance in December 2010 in The Apprentice . Also in 2010 , Minnelli released an album of a number of American standards unplugged with long-time collaborator Billy Stritch , showing a sultrier and softer , more interpretive side to her artistry . The songs are said to have been recorded several years prior and later released as the album Confessions . On June 14 , 2012 , Minnelli headlined at Hampton Court Palace Festival . On May 9 , 2014 , Minnelli had a guest appearance on Chers Dressed to Kill Tour in Brooklyn , performing Girls Just Want to Have Fun with Cyndi Lauper and Rosie ODonnell . Personal life . Minnelli has long suffered from alcoholism and has been addicted to prescription drugs , originating from a Valium prescription after her mother died . Her use of recreational drugs in the 1970s was noted by Andy Warhol , who in a 1978 diary entry recalled Minnelli arriving at Halstons house and imploring the host to Give me every drug youve got . Along with Warhol and Bianca Jagger , Minnelli made frequent appearances at New York City nightclubs during the late 1970s , including the paragon of a new celebrity culture , Studio 54 . Minnelli left her 1984 musical The Rink to enter the Betty Ford Clinic . Minnelli has stated that she is an Episcopalian . The family moved the remains of Minnellis mother Judy Garland from Ferncliff Cemetery in Greenburgh , Westchester County , New York , to Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles , California in 2017 . Minnellis friendships have included the singer Adam Ant whom she advised on what to wear when he was presented to Queen Elizabeth II after the 1981 Royal Variety Performance at which his band Adam and the Ants performed . Ant in turn namechecked Minnelli in the track Crackpot History and the Right To Lie on his 1982 solo album Friend or Foe . During an Australian visit , Minnelli and her then-boyfriend Peter Allen were invited to the opening of the Compass Centre in Bankstown . They were awarded the titles of , King and Queen of the Compass centre . Marriages . Minnelli has married and divorced four times . Her first marriage was to entertainer Peter Allen on March 3 , 1967 . Australian-born Allen was Judy Garlands protégé in the mid-1960s . They divorced on July 24 , 1974 . Minnelli told The Advocate editor-in-chief Judy Wieder in September 1996 I married Peter , and he didnt tell me he was gay . Everyone knew but me . And I found out .. . well , let me put it this way : Ill never surprise anybody coming home as long as I live . I call first ! Later that year , Minnelli married Jack Haley Jr. , a producer and director , on September 15 , 1974 . His father , Jack Haley , was Garlands co-star in The Wizard of Oz . They divorced in April 1979 . Minnelli was married to Mark Gero , a sculptor and stage manager , from December 4 , 1979 , until their divorce in January 1992 . Minnelli was married to David Gest , a concert promoter , from March 16 , 2002 , until their separation in July 2003 , and their divorce in April 2007 . In a 2003 lawsuit , Gest alleged that Minnelli beat him in alcohol-induced rages during their marriage . Minnelli also had relationships with Rock Brynner ( son of Yul Brynner ) , Desi Arnaz , Jr. , Peter Sellers , and Martin Scorsese . Her close friendship with French pop singer Charles Aznavour has been described by Aznavour as more than friends and less than lovers . Minnelli has no children ; one pregnancy left her with a hiatal hernia as a result of the medical steps taken to try to save the baby . Philanthropy . Throughout her lifetime , Minnelli has served on various charities and causes . She served on the board of directors of The Institutes for The Achievement of Human Potential ( IAHP ) for 20 years , a nonprofit educational organization that introduces parents to the field of child brain development . In a 2006 interview with Randy Rice at Broadwayworld.com , Minnelli said that she was the person who told Elizabeth Taylor about HIV/AIDS while talking about their mutual friend Rock Hudson . She has also dedicated much time to amfAR , The Foundation for AIDS Research , which was co-founded by Taylor . In 2007 , she stated in an interview with Palm Springs Life : AmfAR is important to me because Ive lost so many friends that I knew [ to AIDS ] . In 1994 , she recorded the Kander & Ebb tune The Day After That and donated the proceeds to AIDS research . The same year , she performed the song in front of thousands in Central Park at the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall riots . Work . Discography . - Studio albums - Liza ! Liza ! ( 1964 ) - It Amazes Me ( 1965 ) - There Is a Time ( 1966 ) - Liza Minnelli ( 1968 ) - Come Saturday Morning ( 1969 ) - New Feelin ( 1970 ) - The Singer ( 1973 ) - Tropical Nights ( 1977 ) - Results ( 1989 ) - Gently ( 1996 ) - Confessions ( 2010 )
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[
"David Gest"
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easy
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Who was the spouse of Liza Minnelli from Mar 2002 to 2007?
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/wiki/Liza_Minnelli#P26#2
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Liza Minnelli Liza May Minnelli ( ; born March 12 , 1946 ) is an American actress , singer and dancer . She is best known for her Academy Award-winning performance in the 1972 musical film Cabaret , the 1981 comedy film Arthur , several hit albums , and many other film and television appearances . She is famous for her stage presence and her powerful alto singing voice . She is the daughter of actress and singer Judy Garland and director Vincente Minnelli . Liza Minnelli is a Knight of the French Legion of Honour . Seeking theatrical work , Minnelli moved to New York City in 1961 where she began her career as a musical theatre actress , nightclub performer and traditional pop music artist . She made her professional stage debut in the 1963 Off-Broadway revival of Best Foot Forward and won a Tony Award for starring in Flora the Red Menace in 1965 , which marked the start of her lifelong collaboration with John Kander and Fred Ebb . They wrote , produced or directed many of Minnellis future stage acts and TV shows , and helped create her stage persona of a stylized survivor , including her career-defining performances of anthems of survival ( New York , New York , Cabaret and Maybe This Time ) . Along with her roles on stage and screen , this persona and her style of performance added to Minnellis status as an enduring gay icon . Critically lauded for her early non-musical screen performances , especially in The Sterile Cuckoo ( 1969 ) which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , Minnelli rose to international stardom after starring in Cabaret and in the Emmy Award–winning TV special Liza with a Z ( 1972 ) . On 22 June 1969 , she lost her mother , Judy , who was 47 at her death . Most of her following films , including Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) , New York , New York ( 1977 ) , Rent-a-Cop ( 1988 ) and Stepping Out ( 1991 ) , were panned by critics and bombed at the box office , and she had no more major movie hits except Arthur . She returned to Broadway on a number of occasions , including The Act ( 1977 ) for which she earned a second Tony Award , The Rink ( 1984 ) and Lizas at The Palace.. . ( 2008 ) , worked on various television formats and has predominantly focused on music hall and nightclub performances since the late 1970s . Her concert performances at Carnegie Hall in 1979 and 1987 , and at Radio City Music Hall in 1991 and 1992 are recognized among her most successful . From 1988 to 1990 , she toured with Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr . in Frank , Liza & Sammy : The Ultimate Event . While Minnelli is known for her renditions of American standards , her early-1960s pop singles were produced to attract a young audience . Her albums from 1968 to 1977 contained contemporary singer-songwriter material . In 1989 , she ventured into the contemporary pop scene by collaborating with the Pet Shop Boys on the album Results . After a hiatus due to serious health problems , Minnelli returned to the concert stage in 2002 with Lizas Back and was a guest star in the sitcom Arrested Development between 2003 and 2013 . Since the 2010s , she has avoided huge concert performances in favor of small retrospective performances . Early life . Minnelli was born on March 12 , 1946 , at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on Beverly Boulevard in Los Angeles . She is the daughter of Judy Garland and Vincente Minnelli . Her parents named her after Ira Gershwins song Liza ( All the Cloudsll Roll Away ) . Minnelli has a half-sister , Lorna , and half-brother , Joey , from Garlands marriage to Sid Luft . She has another half-sister , Christiane Nina Minnelli ( nicknamed Tina Nina ) , from her fathers second marriage . Minnellis godparents were Kay Thompson and her husband William Spier . Her first performing experience on film was at age three appearing in the final scene of the musical In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) ; the film stars Garland and Van Johnson . In 1961 she moved to New York City , attending High School of Performing Arts and later , Chadwick School . Career . Theatre . During 1961 , Minnelli was an apprentice at the Cape Cod Melody Tent in Hyannis , Massachusetts . She appeared in the chorus of Flower Drum Song and played the part of Muriel in Take Me Along . She began performing professionally at age 17 in 1963 in an Off-Broadway revival of the musical Best Foot Forward , for which she received the Theatre World Award . The next year , her mother invited her to perform with her in concert at the London Palladium . Both concerts were recorded and released as an album . She attended Scarsdale High School for one year , starring in a production of The Diary of Anne Frank which then went to Israel on tour . She turned to Broadway at 19 , and won her first Tony Award as a leading actress for Flora the Red Menace . It was the first time that she worked with the musical pair John Kander and Fred Ebb . Music . Minnelli began as a nightclub singer as an adolescent , making her professional nightclub debut at the age of 19 at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington , D.C . That same year she began appearing in other clubs and on stage in Las Vegas , Los Angeles , Chicago , Miami , and New York City . Her success as a live performer led to her record several albums for Capitol Records : Liza ! Liza ! ( 1964 ) , It Amazes Me ( 1965 ) , and There Is a Time ( 1966 ) . In her early years , she recorded traditional pop standards as well as show tunes from various musicals in which she starred . Because of this fact , William Ruhlmann named her Barbra Streisands little sister . The Capitol albums Liza ! Liza! , It Amazes Me , and There Is A Time were reissued on the two-CD compilation The Capitol Years in 2001 , in their entirety . From 1968 to the 1970s , she also recorded her albums Liza Minnelli ( 1968 ) , Come Saturday Morning and New Feelin ( both 1970 ) for A&M Records . She released The Singer ( 1973 ) and Tropical Nights ( 1977 ) on Columbia Records . In 1989 , Minnelli collaborated with the Pet Shop Boys on Results , an electronic dance-style album . The release hit the top 10 in the UK and charted in the U.S. , spawning four singles : Losing My Mind ; Dont Drop Bombs ; So Sorry , I Said ; and Love Pains . Later that year , she performed Losing My Mind live at the Grammys Award ceremony before receiving a Grammy Legend Award ( the first Grammy Legend Awards were issued in 1990 to Minnelli , Andrew Lloyd Webber , Smokey Robinson , and Willie Nelson ) . With this award , she became one of only 16 people—a list that includes composer Richard Rodgers , Whoopi Goldberg , Barbra Streisand , and John Gielgud and others—to win an Emmy , Grammy , Tony Award , and Academy Award . In April 1992 , Minnelli appeared at the tribute concert for her late friend Freddie Mercury , performing We Are the Champions with the surviving members of the rock band Queen at Wembley Stadium in London . In 1996 , Minnelli released a studio album titled Gently . It was a recording of jazz standards and included contemporary songs such as the cover of Does He Love You which she performed as a duet with Donna Summer . This album brought her a Grammy nomination for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance . In 2006 , Minnelli appeared on My Chemical Romances album The Black Parade , providing backing vocals and singing a solo part with Gerard Way on the track Mama . Minnelli was nominated in 2009 for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album for her studio recording Lizas at the Palace...! , based on her hit Broadway show . Minnelli released an album on the Decca Records label titled Confessions on September 21 , 2010 . Liza Minnelli was among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Film . Minnellis first appearance on film is as the baby in the final shot of her mothers film In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) . Her first credited film role was as the love-interest in Charlie Bubbles ( 1967 ) , Albert Finneys only film as director and star , although four years earlier , she did voiceover work for the animated film Journey Back to Oz , a sequel to The Wizard of Oz . Minnelli was the voice of Dorothy ( a character played in the earlier film by her mother Judy Garland ) in what would have been her first credited film role had it been released in 1964 as planned—the Filmation production was delayed , eventually being released in the UK during 1972 . Minnelli appeared in The Sterile Cuckoo ( 1969 ) , Alan J . Pakulas first feature film , as Pookie Adams , a needy , eccentric teenager . Her performance was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . She played another eccentric character in Tell Me That You Love Me , Junie Moon ( 1970 ) , directed by Otto Preminger . A nude scene in that film shot in a Massachusetts cemetery resulted in a misdemeanor complaint from family members of those buried there and a Liza Minnelli Bill was introduced the following year to penalise anyone shooting in Massachusetts cemeteries without permission . Minnelli appeared in her best-known film role , Sally Bowles , in the film version of Cabaret ( 1972 ) . She said that one of the things she did to prepare was to study photographs of actresses Louise Glaum and Louise Brooks and the dark-haired women of the era in which the film is set . Minnelli won the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance , along with a Golden Globe Award , BAFTA Award , and also Sant Jordi Award and David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress . Following the success of Cabaret , Bob Fosse and Minnelli teamed for Liza with a Z . A Concert for Television , a television special . The program aired two times on TV and was not seen again until a DVD release in 2006 . Minnelli appeared in three expensive flops in three years , with Variety suggesting by 1978 that she was the number-one choice for box office poison . First was Lucky Lady ( 1975 ) , then she worked with her father in A Matter of Time ( 1976 ) , co-starring Ingrid Bergman and then New York , New York ( 1977 ) , which gave Minnelli her best known signature song . She sometimes performed duets on stage with Frank Sinatra , who recorded a cover version ( for his album ) . Minnelli made fewer film appearances from then on , but her next film , Arthur ( 1981 ) , where she starred as Dudley Moores love interest , was a big hit . She returned to film for Rent-A-Cop and ( both 1988 ) and Stepping Out ( 1991 ) , a musical comedy drama . She later appeared in The Oh in Ohio in 2006 which received only a limited release in theatres . Television . During the 1950s , Minnelli appeared as a child guest on Art Linkletters show and sang and danced with Gene Kelly on his first television special in 1959 . She was a guest star in one episode of Ben Casey and was a frequent guest on chat shows of the day including numerous appearances on shows hosted by Jack Paar , Merv Griffin , Mike Douglas , Joe Franklin , Dinah Shore and Johnny Carson . During the 1960s , she made several guest appearances on Rowan & Martins Laugh-In as well as other variety shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show , The Hollywood Palace , and The Judy Garland Show . In 1964 , she appeared as Minnie in her first television dramatic role in the episode Nightingale for Sale on Craig Stevenss short-lived series Mr . Broadway . In December 1992 , American Public Television aired Liza Minnelli Live from Radio City Music Hall produced by Phil Ramone and Chris Giordano . The show received six Emmy nominations and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics , awarded to Fred Ebb and John Kander . Much later in her career , Minnelli made guest appearances on shows such as Arrested Development , and Drop Dead Diva . In the UK , she appeared on the Ruby Wax , Graham Norton and Jonathan Ross shows , and in October 2006 , participated in a comedy skit on Charlotte Churchs show and was featured on Michael Parkinsons show . In November 2009 , American Public Television aired Lizas at the Palace , taped from September 30 to October 1 , 2009 in Las Vegas at the MGM Grands Hollywood Theatre . The executive producers of the taping , Craig Zadan and Neil Meron , were previously involved with the 2005 rerelease of 1972s Emmy- and Peabody Award-winning Liza with a Z . Later career . Minnelli returned to Broadway in 1997 , taking over the title role in the musical Victor/Victoria , replacing Julie Andrews . In his review , New York Times critic Ben Brantley wrote her every stage appearance is perceived as a victory of show-business stamina over psychic frailty . She asks for love so nakedly and earnestly , it seems downright vicious not to respond . After a serious case of viral encephalitis in 2000 , doctors predicted that Minnelli would spend the rest of her life in a wheelchair and perhaps not be able to speak again . However , taking vocal and dance lessons daily ( especially with Sam Harris , Ron Lewis , and Angela Bacari ) , she managed to recover . She appeared on a September 19 , 2001 , episode of The Rosie ODonnell Show , notable because it was Rosies first show back following the September 11 attacks . Despite having vocal surgery shortly prior , she sang her signature song , New York , New York , and received an enthusiastic ovation . She also returned to the stage in 2001 when asked by long-time friend Michael Jackson to perform at Madison Square Garden in New York City where she sang Never Never Land and the televised You Are Not Alone at the concert produced by future husband David Gest . Minnelli told reporters : I am stable as a table . Gest was so impressed with Minnellis stamina and ability to stun audiences that he produced her in Lizas Back in Spring 2002 , performing to rave reviews in London and New York City . The tour featured a tribute to her mother : after years of declining fans pleas for her to sing Garlands signature song Over The Rainbow , she concluded Act 1 with the final refrain of her mothers anthem to an instant ovation . From 2003 through 2005 , she appeared as a recurring character on the Emmy Award-winning TV sitcom Arrested Development as Lucille Austero ( also known as Lucille 2 ) , the lover of both the sexually and socially awkward Buster Bluth and Busters brother Gob . Minnelli appeared in the role for the shows fourth season in 2013 . On December 14 , 2004 , Minnelli made her first appearance in the UK after a long absence , performing as a special guest at the annual Royal Variety Performance . The performance was presented by the BBC , and was attended by Charles , Prince of Wales . It was staged at the London Coliseum , celebrating both its centenary year and the theatres re-opening after an extensive 4 year restoration . In September 2006 , Minnelli made a guest appearance on the long-running drama in Masquerade , a Halloween-themed episode , broadcast on October 31 , 2006 . Minnelli also completed guest vocals on My Chemical Romances 2006 concept album The Black Parade , portraying Mother War , a dark conception of the main characters mother in the song Mama . Minnelli returned to Broadway in a new solo concert at the Palace Theatre titled Lizas at The Palace...! , which ran from December 3 , 2008 , through January 4 , 2009 . In her second act , she performed a series of numbers created by Kay Thompson . Minnelli was a character in the Australian musical The Boy from Oz ( a biography of her first husband ) starring Hugh Jackman . In the shows Broadway production , she was portrayed by Stephanie J . Block . In October 2009 , Minnelli toured Australia , and appeared on Australian Idol as a mentor and guest judge . Minnelli made a cameo appearance in the May 2010 release of Sex and the City 2 , in which she covered Beyoncés hit Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) and Cole Porters Evry Time We Say Goodbye . She made a starring appearance in December 2010 in The Apprentice . Also in 2010 , Minnelli released an album of a number of American standards unplugged with long-time collaborator Billy Stritch , showing a sultrier and softer , more interpretive side to her artistry . The songs are said to have been recorded several years prior and later released as the album Confessions . On June 14 , 2012 , Minnelli headlined at Hampton Court Palace Festival . On May 9 , 2014 , Minnelli had a guest appearance on Chers Dressed to Kill Tour in Brooklyn , performing Girls Just Want to Have Fun with Cyndi Lauper and Rosie ODonnell . Personal life . Minnelli has long suffered from alcoholism and has been addicted to prescription drugs , originating from a Valium prescription after her mother died . Her use of recreational drugs in the 1970s was noted by Andy Warhol , who in a 1978 diary entry recalled Minnelli arriving at Halstons house and imploring the host to Give me every drug youve got . Along with Warhol and Bianca Jagger , Minnelli made frequent appearances at New York City nightclubs during the late 1970s , including the paragon of a new celebrity culture , Studio 54 . Minnelli left her 1984 musical The Rink to enter the Betty Ford Clinic . Minnelli has stated that she is an Episcopalian . The family moved the remains of Minnellis mother Judy Garland from Ferncliff Cemetery in Greenburgh , Westchester County , New York , to Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles , California in 2017 . Minnellis friendships have included the singer Adam Ant whom she advised on what to wear when he was presented to Queen Elizabeth II after the 1981 Royal Variety Performance at which his band Adam and the Ants performed . Ant in turn namechecked Minnelli in the track Crackpot History and the Right To Lie on his 1982 solo album Friend or Foe . During an Australian visit , Minnelli and her then-boyfriend Peter Allen were invited to the opening of the Compass Centre in Bankstown . They were awarded the titles of , King and Queen of the Compass centre . Marriages . Minnelli has married and divorced four times . Her first marriage was to entertainer Peter Allen on March 3 , 1967 . Australian-born Allen was Judy Garlands protégé in the mid-1960s . They divorced on July 24 , 1974 . Minnelli told The Advocate editor-in-chief Judy Wieder in September 1996 I married Peter , and he didnt tell me he was gay . Everyone knew but me . And I found out .. . well , let me put it this way : Ill never surprise anybody coming home as long as I live . I call first ! Later that year , Minnelli married Jack Haley Jr. , a producer and director , on September 15 , 1974 . His father , Jack Haley , was Garlands co-star in The Wizard of Oz . They divorced in April 1979 . Minnelli was married to Mark Gero , a sculptor and stage manager , from December 4 , 1979 , until their divorce in January 1992 . Minnelli was married to David Gest , a concert promoter , from March 16 , 2002 , until their separation in July 2003 , and their divorce in April 2007 . In a 2003 lawsuit , Gest alleged that Minnelli beat him in alcohol-induced rages during their marriage . Minnelli also had relationships with Rock Brynner ( son of Yul Brynner ) , Desi Arnaz , Jr. , Peter Sellers , and Martin Scorsese . Her close friendship with French pop singer Charles Aznavour has been described by Aznavour as more than friends and less than lovers . Minnelli has no children ; one pregnancy left her with a hiatal hernia as a result of the medical steps taken to try to save the baby . Philanthropy . Throughout her lifetime , Minnelli has served on various charities and causes . She served on the board of directors of The Institutes for The Achievement of Human Potential ( IAHP ) for 20 years , a nonprofit educational organization that introduces parents to the field of child brain development . In a 2006 interview with Randy Rice at Broadwayworld.com , Minnelli said that she was the person who told Elizabeth Taylor about HIV/AIDS while talking about their mutual friend Rock Hudson . She has also dedicated much time to amfAR , The Foundation for AIDS Research , which was co-founded by Taylor . In 2007 , she stated in an interview with Palm Springs Life : AmfAR is important to me because Ive lost so many friends that I knew [ to AIDS ] . In 1994 , she recorded the Kander & Ebb tune The Day After That and donated the proceeds to AIDS research . The same year , she performed the song in front of thousands in Central Park at the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall riots . Work . Discography . - Studio albums - Liza ! Liza ! ( 1964 ) - It Amazes Me ( 1965 ) - There Is a Time ( 1966 ) - Liza Minnelli ( 1968 ) - Come Saturday Morning ( 1969 ) - New Feelin ( 1970 ) - The Singer ( 1973 ) - Tropical Nights ( 1977 ) - Results ( 1989 ) - Gently ( 1996 ) - Confessions ( 2010 )
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[
"Keeper of the Seals",
"Minister of Justice"
] |
easy
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What position did Michel Debré take from Jun 1958 to 1959?
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/wiki/Michel_Debré#P39#0
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Michel Debré Michel Jean-Pierre Debré ( ; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996 ) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic . He is considered the father of the current Constitution of France . He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962 . In terms of political personality , he was intense and immovable , with a tendency to rhetorical extremism . Biography . Early years . Debré was born in Paris , the son of Jeanne-Marguerite ( Debat-Ponsan ) and Robert Debré , a well-known professor of medicine , who is today considered by many to be the founder of modern pediatrics . His maternal grandfather was academic painter Édouard Debat-Ponsan . Debrés father was Jewish , and his grandfather was a rabbi . Debré himself was Roman Catholic . He studied at the Lycée Montaigne and then at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand , obtained a diploma from the École Libre des Sciences Politiques , and a PhD in Law from the University of Paris . He then became a Professor of Law at the University of Paris . He also joined the École des Officiers de Réserve de la Cavalerie ( Reserve Cavalry-Officers School ) in Saumur . In 1934 , at the age of twenty-two , Debré passed the entrance exam and became a member of the Conseil dÉtat . In 1938 , he joined the staff of the Economy Minister Paul Reynaud . Career . In 1939 , at the beginning of the Second World War , Debré was enlisted as a cavalry officer . He was taken prisoner in Artenay in June 1940 during the Battle of France but managed to escape in September of that year . He returned to the Conseil dÉtat , now under the administration of the Vichy regime , and was sworn in by Marshal Philippe Pétain . In 1942 he was promoted to maître des requêtes by the Minister of Justice . After the German invasion of the free zone in November 1942 , Debrés political pétainisme disappeared , and in February 1943 he became involved in the French Resistance , joining the network Ceux de la Résistance ( CDLR ) . During the summer of 1943 , General Charles de Gaulle gave Debré the task of making a list of prefects , or State representatives , who would replace those of the Vichy regime after the liberation . In August 1944 de Gaulle made him Commissaire de la République for Angers , and in 1945 , the Provisional Government charged him with the task of reforming the French Civil Service . Debré created the École nationale dadministration , whose idea was formulated by Jean Zay before the war . Under the Fourth Republic , Michel Debré at first supported the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance , but defected to the Radical-Socialist Party on the advice of General Charles de Gaulle , who reportedly told him and several other politicians , including Jacques Chaban-Delmas,Allez au parti radical . Cest là que vous trouverez les derniers vestiges du sens de lEtat – Go to the radical party . It is there that you will find the last vestiges of the meaning of the state . He then joined the Rally of the French People and was elected senator of Indre-et-Loire , a position he held from 1948 to 1958 . In 1957 , he founded Le Courrier de la colère , a newspaper that fiercely defended French Algeria and called for the return to power of de Gaulle . In the 2 December 1957 issue , Debré wrote : This explicit appeal to the insurgency led the socialist politician Alain Savary to write that In the case of the OAS insurgency , the soldiers are not the culprit ; the culprit is Debré . Family . Michel Debré had four sons : Vincent Debré ( 1939– ) , businessman ; François Debré ( 1942–2020 ) , journalist ; Bernard Debré ( 1944–2020 ) , urologist and politician ; and his fraternal twin , Jean-Louis Debré , politician . See Debré family . Government . Michel Debré became the Garde des Sceaux ( Minister of Justice ) in the cabinet of General de Gaulle on 1 June 1958 . He played an important role in drafting the Constitution of the Fifth Republic , and on its acceptance he took up the new position of Prime Minister of France , which he held from 8 January 1959 to 1962 . After the 1962 Évian Accords referendum that ended the Algerian War and gave auto-determination to Algeria was approved by a nearly ten-to-one margin , de Gaulle replaced him with Georges Pompidou . In November , during the parliamentary elections that followed the dissolution of the National Assembly , he tried to be elected Député for Indre-et-Loire . Defeated , in March 1963 he decided to go to Réunion , an island he had visited for less than twenty-four hours on 10 July 1959 when on a trip with President de Gaulle . This choice reflects Debrés fear that what remained of the French colonial empires would follow the path trodden by Algeria – that of independence , towards which he was not sympathetic . Debré wanted to take action against the Communist Party of Réunion that had been founded by Paul Vergès a few years earlier . The movement sought self-determination for the island and the removal of its position as an overseas department , and had staged demonstrations on the island a few days earlier . He also noted that the invalidation of Gabriel Macés election as Mayor of Saint-Denis rendered the post open to the opposition , so he took the decision to win over this mandate . He returned in the government in 1966 as Economy and Finance Minister . After the May 1968 crisis , he became Foreign Minister , then , one year later , he served as Defence Minister of President Georges Pompidou . In that role , he became a hated figure of the left , because of his determination to expropriate the land of 107 peasant farmers and shepherds on the Larzac plateau , to extend an existing military base . The resulting civil disobedience campaign was ultimately victorious . Considered as a guardian of the Gaullist orthodoxy , he was marginalized after the election of Valéry Giscard dEstaing as President of France in 1974 . He criticized with virulence his foreign policy . In 1979 he took a major part in the Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) campaign against the European federalism and was elected member of the European Parliament in order to defend the principle of Europe of nations . But later , he accused Jacques Chirac and the RPR lead to moderate their speech , and so , he was a dissident candidate in the 1981 presidential election . He obtained only 1.6% of votes . Politics in Réunion . Michel Debré arrived on the island of Réunion in April 1963 , and succeeded in being elected Député for Saint-Denis on 6 May despite local opposition to the Ordonnance Debré law he had introduced in 1960 , that allowed civil servants in the overseas departments and territories of France to be recalled to Metropolitan France if suspected of disturbing public order . Supported by those who rejected autonomy , he immediately became the leader of the local right-wing . This state of affairs would be challenged by Pierre Lagourgue that during the next decade . To justify the departmentalization of the island that occurred in 1946 and to preserve its inhabitants from the temptation of independence , Debré implemented an economic development policy , and opened the islands first family planning center . He personally fought to get Paris to create a second high school on the south of the island , in Le Tampon , when at the time there was only one , the Lycée Leconte-de-Lisle , that catered for many thousands of inhabitants . For a period of around two decades in the twentieth century ( 1968–1982 ) , 1,630 children from Réunion were relocated to France , particularly to Creuse . These children , known as , were brought to light in 2002 when Réunion exile Jean-Jacques Martial made a legal complaint against politician Michel Debré ( who organized the controversial displacement ) for kidnapping of a minor , roundup and deportation . In 2005 , a similar case was brought against the French Government by the Association of Réunion of Creuse . Political career . Governmental functions - Keeper of the Seals , Minister of Justice : 1958–1959 . - Prime Minister : 1959–1962 . - Minister of Economy and Finance : 1966–1968 . - Minister of Foreign Affairs : 1968–1969 . - Minister of Defense : 1969–1973 . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 ( Resignation ) . Elected in 1979 . Senate of France - Senator of Indre-et-Loire : 1948–1959 Became Prime minister in 1959 . Elected in 1948 , reelected in 1954 . National Assembly - Member of the National Assembly of France for Réunion : 1963–1966 ( Became minister in 1966 ) , 1973–1988 . Elected in 1963 , reelected in 1967 , 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1981 , 1986 . General Council - General councillor of Indre-et-Loire : 1951–1970 . Reelected in 1958 , 1964 . Municipal Council - Mayor of Amboise : 1966–1989 . Reelected in 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . - Municipal councillor of Amboise : 1959–1989 . Reelected in 1965 , 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . Debrés Government , 8 January 1959 – 15 April 1962 . - Michel Debré – Prime Minister - Maurice Couve de Murville – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre Guillaumat – Minister of Armies - Jean Berthoin – Minister of the Interior - Antoine Pinay – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs - Jean-Marcel Jeanneney – Minister of Commerce and Industry - Paul Bacon – Minister of Labour - Edmond Michelet – Minister of Justice - André Boulloche – Minister of National Education - Raymond Triboulet – Minister of Veteran Affairs - André Malraux – Minister of Cultural Affairs - Roger Houdet – Minister of Agriculture - Robert Buron – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Bernard Chenot – Minister of Public Health and Population - Bernard Cornut-Gentille – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications - Roger Frey – Minister of Information - Pierre Sudreau – Minister of Construction Changes - 27 March 1959 – Robert Lecourt enters the Cabinet as Minister of Cooperation . - 27 May 1959 – Henri Rochereau succeeds Houdet as Minister of Agriculture . - 28 May 1959 – Pierre Chatenet succeeds Berthoin as Minister of the Interior . - 23 December 1959 – Debré succeeds Boulloche as interim Minister of National Education . - 13 January 1960 – Wilfrid Baumgartner succeeds Pinay as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . - 15 January 1960 – Louis Joxe succeeds Debré as Minister of National Education - 5 February 1960 – Pierre Messmer succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of Armies . Robert Lecourt becomes Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and of the Sahara . His previous office of Minister of Cooperation is abolished . Michel Maurice-Bokanowski succeeds Cornut-Gentille as Minister of Posts and Telecommunications . Louis Terrenoire succeeds Frey as Minister of Information . - 23 November 1960 – Louis Joxe becomes Minister of Algerian Affairs . Pierre Guillaumat succeeds Joxe as interim Minister of National Education . - 20 February 1961 – Lucien Paye succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of National Education . - 6 May 1961 – Roger Frey succeeds Chatenet as Minister of the Interior . - 18 May 1961 – Jean Foyer enters the ministry as Minister of Cooperation . - 24 August 1961 – Bernard Chenot succeeds Michelet as Minister of Justice . Joseph Fontanet succeeds Chenot as Minister of Public Health and Population . Edgard Pisani succeeds Rochereau as Minister of Agriculture . Louis Jacquinot succeeds Lecourt as Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and Sahara . Terrenoire ceases to be Minister of Information , and the office is abolished . - 19 January 1962 – Valéry Giscard dEstaing succeeds Baumgartner as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . Further reading . - Wahl , Nicholas . The Constitutional Ideas of Michel Debré . Theory and Politics/Theorie und Politik . Springer Netherlands , 1971 . 259–271 . - Wilsford , David , ed . Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe : a biographical dictionary ( Greenwood , 1995 ) pp . 97–105 Primary sources . - Debré , Michel . The principles of our defence policy : Revue de Défense Nationale ( Paris ) 26 année August/September 1970 . Survival 12#11 ( 1970 ) : 376–383 .
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[
"Prime Minister"
] |
easy
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Michel Debré took which position from 1959 to Apr 1962?
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/wiki/Michel_Debré#P39#1
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Michel Debré Michel Jean-Pierre Debré ( ; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996 ) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic . He is considered the father of the current Constitution of France . He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962 . In terms of political personality , he was intense and immovable , with a tendency to rhetorical extremism . Biography . Early years . Debré was born in Paris , the son of Jeanne-Marguerite ( Debat-Ponsan ) and Robert Debré , a well-known professor of medicine , who is today considered by many to be the founder of modern pediatrics . His maternal grandfather was academic painter Édouard Debat-Ponsan . Debrés father was Jewish , and his grandfather was a rabbi . Debré himself was Roman Catholic . He studied at the Lycée Montaigne and then at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand , obtained a diploma from the École Libre des Sciences Politiques , and a PhD in Law from the University of Paris . He then became a Professor of Law at the University of Paris . He also joined the École des Officiers de Réserve de la Cavalerie ( Reserve Cavalry-Officers School ) in Saumur . In 1934 , at the age of twenty-two , Debré passed the entrance exam and became a member of the Conseil dÉtat . In 1938 , he joined the staff of the Economy Minister Paul Reynaud . Career . In 1939 , at the beginning of the Second World War , Debré was enlisted as a cavalry officer . He was taken prisoner in Artenay in June 1940 during the Battle of France but managed to escape in September of that year . He returned to the Conseil dÉtat , now under the administration of the Vichy regime , and was sworn in by Marshal Philippe Pétain . In 1942 he was promoted to maître des requêtes by the Minister of Justice . After the German invasion of the free zone in November 1942 , Debrés political pétainisme disappeared , and in February 1943 he became involved in the French Resistance , joining the network Ceux de la Résistance ( CDLR ) . During the summer of 1943 , General Charles de Gaulle gave Debré the task of making a list of prefects , or State representatives , who would replace those of the Vichy regime after the liberation . In August 1944 de Gaulle made him Commissaire de la République for Angers , and in 1945 , the Provisional Government charged him with the task of reforming the French Civil Service . Debré created the École nationale dadministration , whose idea was formulated by Jean Zay before the war . Under the Fourth Republic , Michel Debré at first supported the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance , but defected to the Radical-Socialist Party on the advice of General Charles de Gaulle , who reportedly told him and several other politicians , including Jacques Chaban-Delmas,Allez au parti radical . Cest là que vous trouverez les derniers vestiges du sens de lEtat – Go to the radical party . It is there that you will find the last vestiges of the meaning of the state . He then joined the Rally of the French People and was elected senator of Indre-et-Loire , a position he held from 1948 to 1958 . In 1957 , he founded Le Courrier de la colère , a newspaper that fiercely defended French Algeria and called for the return to power of de Gaulle . In the 2 December 1957 issue , Debré wrote : This explicit appeal to the insurgency led the socialist politician Alain Savary to write that In the case of the OAS insurgency , the soldiers are not the culprit ; the culprit is Debré . Family . Michel Debré had four sons : Vincent Debré ( 1939– ) , businessman ; François Debré ( 1942–2020 ) , journalist ; Bernard Debré ( 1944–2020 ) , urologist and politician ; and his fraternal twin , Jean-Louis Debré , politician . See Debré family . Government . Michel Debré became the Garde des Sceaux ( Minister of Justice ) in the cabinet of General de Gaulle on 1 June 1958 . He played an important role in drafting the Constitution of the Fifth Republic , and on its acceptance he took up the new position of Prime Minister of France , which he held from 8 January 1959 to 1962 . After the 1962 Évian Accords referendum that ended the Algerian War and gave auto-determination to Algeria was approved by a nearly ten-to-one margin , de Gaulle replaced him with Georges Pompidou . In November , during the parliamentary elections that followed the dissolution of the National Assembly , he tried to be elected Député for Indre-et-Loire . Defeated , in March 1963 he decided to go to Réunion , an island he had visited for less than twenty-four hours on 10 July 1959 when on a trip with President de Gaulle . This choice reflects Debrés fear that what remained of the French colonial empires would follow the path trodden by Algeria – that of independence , towards which he was not sympathetic . Debré wanted to take action against the Communist Party of Réunion that had been founded by Paul Vergès a few years earlier . The movement sought self-determination for the island and the removal of its position as an overseas department , and had staged demonstrations on the island a few days earlier . He also noted that the invalidation of Gabriel Macés election as Mayor of Saint-Denis rendered the post open to the opposition , so he took the decision to win over this mandate . He returned in the government in 1966 as Economy and Finance Minister . After the May 1968 crisis , he became Foreign Minister , then , one year later , he served as Defence Minister of President Georges Pompidou . In that role , he became a hated figure of the left , because of his determination to expropriate the land of 107 peasant farmers and shepherds on the Larzac plateau , to extend an existing military base . The resulting civil disobedience campaign was ultimately victorious . Considered as a guardian of the Gaullist orthodoxy , he was marginalized after the election of Valéry Giscard dEstaing as President of France in 1974 . He criticized with virulence his foreign policy . In 1979 he took a major part in the Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) campaign against the European federalism and was elected member of the European Parliament in order to defend the principle of Europe of nations . But later , he accused Jacques Chirac and the RPR lead to moderate their speech , and so , he was a dissident candidate in the 1981 presidential election . He obtained only 1.6% of votes . Politics in Réunion . Michel Debré arrived on the island of Réunion in April 1963 , and succeeded in being elected Député for Saint-Denis on 6 May despite local opposition to the Ordonnance Debré law he had introduced in 1960 , that allowed civil servants in the overseas departments and territories of France to be recalled to Metropolitan France if suspected of disturbing public order . Supported by those who rejected autonomy , he immediately became the leader of the local right-wing . This state of affairs would be challenged by Pierre Lagourgue that during the next decade . To justify the departmentalization of the island that occurred in 1946 and to preserve its inhabitants from the temptation of independence , Debré implemented an economic development policy , and opened the islands first family planning center . He personally fought to get Paris to create a second high school on the south of the island , in Le Tampon , when at the time there was only one , the Lycée Leconte-de-Lisle , that catered for many thousands of inhabitants . For a period of around two decades in the twentieth century ( 1968–1982 ) , 1,630 children from Réunion were relocated to France , particularly to Creuse . These children , known as , were brought to light in 2002 when Réunion exile Jean-Jacques Martial made a legal complaint against politician Michel Debré ( who organized the controversial displacement ) for kidnapping of a minor , roundup and deportation . In 2005 , a similar case was brought against the French Government by the Association of Réunion of Creuse . Political career . Governmental functions - Keeper of the Seals , Minister of Justice : 1958–1959 . - Prime Minister : 1959–1962 . - Minister of Economy and Finance : 1966–1968 . - Minister of Foreign Affairs : 1968–1969 . - Minister of Defense : 1969–1973 . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 ( Resignation ) . Elected in 1979 . Senate of France - Senator of Indre-et-Loire : 1948–1959 Became Prime minister in 1959 . Elected in 1948 , reelected in 1954 . National Assembly - Member of the National Assembly of France for Réunion : 1963–1966 ( Became minister in 1966 ) , 1973–1988 . Elected in 1963 , reelected in 1967 , 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1981 , 1986 . General Council - General councillor of Indre-et-Loire : 1951–1970 . Reelected in 1958 , 1964 . Municipal Council - Mayor of Amboise : 1966–1989 . Reelected in 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . - Municipal councillor of Amboise : 1959–1989 . Reelected in 1965 , 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . Debrés Government , 8 January 1959 – 15 April 1962 . - Michel Debré – Prime Minister - Maurice Couve de Murville – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre Guillaumat – Minister of Armies - Jean Berthoin – Minister of the Interior - Antoine Pinay – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs - Jean-Marcel Jeanneney – Minister of Commerce and Industry - Paul Bacon – Minister of Labour - Edmond Michelet – Minister of Justice - André Boulloche – Minister of National Education - Raymond Triboulet – Minister of Veteran Affairs - André Malraux – Minister of Cultural Affairs - Roger Houdet – Minister of Agriculture - Robert Buron – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Bernard Chenot – Minister of Public Health and Population - Bernard Cornut-Gentille – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications - Roger Frey – Minister of Information - Pierre Sudreau – Minister of Construction Changes - 27 March 1959 – Robert Lecourt enters the Cabinet as Minister of Cooperation . - 27 May 1959 – Henri Rochereau succeeds Houdet as Minister of Agriculture . - 28 May 1959 – Pierre Chatenet succeeds Berthoin as Minister of the Interior . - 23 December 1959 – Debré succeeds Boulloche as interim Minister of National Education . - 13 January 1960 – Wilfrid Baumgartner succeeds Pinay as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . - 15 January 1960 – Louis Joxe succeeds Debré as Minister of National Education - 5 February 1960 – Pierre Messmer succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of Armies . Robert Lecourt becomes Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and of the Sahara . His previous office of Minister of Cooperation is abolished . Michel Maurice-Bokanowski succeeds Cornut-Gentille as Minister of Posts and Telecommunications . Louis Terrenoire succeeds Frey as Minister of Information . - 23 November 1960 – Louis Joxe becomes Minister of Algerian Affairs . Pierre Guillaumat succeeds Joxe as interim Minister of National Education . - 20 February 1961 – Lucien Paye succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of National Education . - 6 May 1961 – Roger Frey succeeds Chatenet as Minister of the Interior . - 18 May 1961 – Jean Foyer enters the ministry as Minister of Cooperation . - 24 August 1961 – Bernard Chenot succeeds Michelet as Minister of Justice . Joseph Fontanet succeeds Chenot as Minister of Public Health and Population . Edgard Pisani succeeds Rochereau as Minister of Agriculture . Louis Jacquinot succeeds Lecourt as Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and Sahara . Terrenoire ceases to be Minister of Information , and the office is abolished . - 19 January 1962 – Valéry Giscard dEstaing succeeds Baumgartner as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . Further reading . - Wahl , Nicholas . The Constitutional Ideas of Michel Debré . Theory and Politics/Theorie und Politik . Springer Netherlands , 1971 . 259–271 . - Wilsford , David , ed . Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe : a biographical dictionary ( Greenwood , 1995 ) pp . 97–105 Primary sources . - Debré , Michel . The principles of our defence policy : Revue de Défense Nationale ( Paris ) 26 année August/September 1970 . Survival 12#11 ( 1970 ) : 376–383 .
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[
"Minister of Economy and Finance"
] |
easy
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What position did Michel Debré take from 1966 to May 1968?
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/wiki/Michel_Debré#P39#2
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Michel Debré Michel Jean-Pierre Debré ( ; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996 ) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic . He is considered the father of the current Constitution of France . He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962 . In terms of political personality , he was intense and immovable , with a tendency to rhetorical extremism . Biography . Early years . Debré was born in Paris , the son of Jeanne-Marguerite ( Debat-Ponsan ) and Robert Debré , a well-known professor of medicine , who is today considered by many to be the founder of modern pediatrics . His maternal grandfather was academic painter Édouard Debat-Ponsan . Debrés father was Jewish , and his grandfather was a rabbi . Debré himself was Roman Catholic . He studied at the Lycée Montaigne and then at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand , obtained a diploma from the École Libre des Sciences Politiques , and a PhD in Law from the University of Paris . He then became a Professor of Law at the University of Paris . He also joined the École des Officiers de Réserve de la Cavalerie ( Reserve Cavalry-Officers School ) in Saumur . In 1934 , at the age of twenty-two , Debré passed the entrance exam and became a member of the Conseil dÉtat . In 1938 , he joined the staff of the Economy Minister Paul Reynaud . Career . In 1939 , at the beginning of the Second World War , Debré was enlisted as a cavalry officer . He was taken prisoner in Artenay in June 1940 during the Battle of France but managed to escape in September of that year . He returned to the Conseil dÉtat , now under the administration of the Vichy regime , and was sworn in by Marshal Philippe Pétain . In 1942 he was promoted to maître des requêtes by the Minister of Justice . After the German invasion of the free zone in November 1942 , Debrés political pétainisme disappeared , and in February 1943 he became involved in the French Resistance , joining the network Ceux de la Résistance ( CDLR ) . During the summer of 1943 , General Charles de Gaulle gave Debré the task of making a list of prefects , or State representatives , who would replace those of the Vichy regime after the liberation . In August 1944 de Gaulle made him Commissaire de la République for Angers , and in 1945 , the Provisional Government charged him with the task of reforming the French Civil Service . Debré created the École nationale dadministration , whose idea was formulated by Jean Zay before the war . Under the Fourth Republic , Michel Debré at first supported the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance , but defected to the Radical-Socialist Party on the advice of General Charles de Gaulle , who reportedly told him and several other politicians , including Jacques Chaban-Delmas,Allez au parti radical . Cest là que vous trouverez les derniers vestiges du sens de lEtat – Go to the radical party . It is there that you will find the last vestiges of the meaning of the state . He then joined the Rally of the French People and was elected senator of Indre-et-Loire , a position he held from 1948 to 1958 . In 1957 , he founded Le Courrier de la colère , a newspaper that fiercely defended French Algeria and called for the return to power of de Gaulle . In the 2 December 1957 issue , Debré wrote : This explicit appeal to the insurgency led the socialist politician Alain Savary to write that In the case of the OAS insurgency , the soldiers are not the culprit ; the culprit is Debré . Family . Michel Debré had four sons : Vincent Debré ( 1939– ) , businessman ; François Debré ( 1942–2020 ) , journalist ; Bernard Debré ( 1944–2020 ) , urologist and politician ; and his fraternal twin , Jean-Louis Debré , politician . See Debré family . Government . Michel Debré became the Garde des Sceaux ( Minister of Justice ) in the cabinet of General de Gaulle on 1 June 1958 . He played an important role in drafting the Constitution of the Fifth Republic , and on its acceptance he took up the new position of Prime Minister of France , which he held from 8 January 1959 to 1962 . After the 1962 Évian Accords referendum that ended the Algerian War and gave auto-determination to Algeria was approved by a nearly ten-to-one margin , de Gaulle replaced him with Georges Pompidou . In November , during the parliamentary elections that followed the dissolution of the National Assembly , he tried to be elected Député for Indre-et-Loire . Defeated , in March 1963 he decided to go to Réunion , an island he had visited for less than twenty-four hours on 10 July 1959 when on a trip with President de Gaulle . This choice reflects Debrés fear that what remained of the French colonial empires would follow the path trodden by Algeria – that of independence , towards which he was not sympathetic . Debré wanted to take action against the Communist Party of Réunion that had been founded by Paul Vergès a few years earlier . The movement sought self-determination for the island and the removal of its position as an overseas department , and had staged demonstrations on the island a few days earlier . He also noted that the invalidation of Gabriel Macés election as Mayor of Saint-Denis rendered the post open to the opposition , so he took the decision to win over this mandate . He returned in the government in 1966 as Economy and Finance Minister . After the May 1968 crisis , he became Foreign Minister , then , one year later , he served as Defence Minister of President Georges Pompidou . In that role , he became a hated figure of the left , because of his determination to expropriate the land of 107 peasant farmers and shepherds on the Larzac plateau , to extend an existing military base . The resulting civil disobedience campaign was ultimately victorious . Considered as a guardian of the Gaullist orthodoxy , he was marginalized after the election of Valéry Giscard dEstaing as President of France in 1974 . He criticized with virulence his foreign policy . In 1979 he took a major part in the Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) campaign against the European federalism and was elected member of the European Parliament in order to defend the principle of Europe of nations . But later , he accused Jacques Chirac and the RPR lead to moderate their speech , and so , he was a dissident candidate in the 1981 presidential election . He obtained only 1.6% of votes . Politics in Réunion . Michel Debré arrived on the island of Réunion in April 1963 , and succeeded in being elected Député for Saint-Denis on 6 May despite local opposition to the Ordonnance Debré law he had introduced in 1960 , that allowed civil servants in the overseas departments and territories of France to be recalled to Metropolitan France if suspected of disturbing public order . Supported by those who rejected autonomy , he immediately became the leader of the local right-wing . This state of affairs would be challenged by Pierre Lagourgue that during the next decade . To justify the departmentalization of the island that occurred in 1946 and to preserve its inhabitants from the temptation of independence , Debré implemented an economic development policy , and opened the islands first family planning center . He personally fought to get Paris to create a second high school on the south of the island , in Le Tampon , when at the time there was only one , the Lycée Leconte-de-Lisle , that catered for many thousands of inhabitants . For a period of around two decades in the twentieth century ( 1968–1982 ) , 1,630 children from Réunion were relocated to France , particularly to Creuse . These children , known as , were brought to light in 2002 when Réunion exile Jean-Jacques Martial made a legal complaint against politician Michel Debré ( who organized the controversial displacement ) for kidnapping of a minor , roundup and deportation . In 2005 , a similar case was brought against the French Government by the Association of Réunion of Creuse . Political career . Governmental functions - Keeper of the Seals , Minister of Justice : 1958–1959 . - Prime Minister : 1959–1962 . - Minister of Economy and Finance : 1966–1968 . - Minister of Foreign Affairs : 1968–1969 . - Minister of Defense : 1969–1973 . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 ( Resignation ) . Elected in 1979 . Senate of France - Senator of Indre-et-Loire : 1948–1959 Became Prime minister in 1959 . Elected in 1948 , reelected in 1954 . National Assembly - Member of the National Assembly of France for Réunion : 1963–1966 ( Became minister in 1966 ) , 1973–1988 . Elected in 1963 , reelected in 1967 , 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1981 , 1986 . General Council - General councillor of Indre-et-Loire : 1951–1970 . Reelected in 1958 , 1964 . Municipal Council - Mayor of Amboise : 1966–1989 . Reelected in 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . - Municipal councillor of Amboise : 1959–1989 . Reelected in 1965 , 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . Debrés Government , 8 January 1959 – 15 April 1962 . - Michel Debré – Prime Minister - Maurice Couve de Murville – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre Guillaumat – Minister of Armies - Jean Berthoin – Minister of the Interior - Antoine Pinay – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs - Jean-Marcel Jeanneney – Minister of Commerce and Industry - Paul Bacon – Minister of Labour - Edmond Michelet – Minister of Justice - André Boulloche – Minister of National Education - Raymond Triboulet – Minister of Veteran Affairs - André Malraux – Minister of Cultural Affairs - Roger Houdet – Minister of Agriculture - Robert Buron – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Bernard Chenot – Minister of Public Health and Population - Bernard Cornut-Gentille – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications - Roger Frey – Minister of Information - Pierre Sudreau – Minister of Construction Changes - 27 March 1959 – Robert Lecourt enters the Cabinet as Minister of Cooperation . - 27 May 1959 – Henri Rochereau succeeds Houdet as Minister of Agriculture . - 28 May 1959 – Pierre Chatenet succeeds Berthoin as Minister of the Interior . - 23 December 1959 – Debré succeeds Boulloche as interim Minister of National Education . - 13 January 1960 – Wilfrid Baumgartner succeeds Pinay as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . - 15 January 1960 – Louis Joxe succeeds Debré as Minister of National Education - 5 February 1960 – Pierre Messmer succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of Armies . Robert Lecourt becomes Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and of the Sahara . His previous office of Minister of Cooperation is abolished . Michel Maurice-Bokanowski succeeds Cornut-Gentille as Minister of Posts and Telecommunications . Louis Terrenoire succeeds Frey as Minister of Information . - 23 November 1960 – Louis Joxe becomes Minister of Algerian Affairs . Pierre Guillaumat succeeds Joxe as interim Minister of National Education . - 20 February 1961 – Lucien Paye succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of National Education . - 6 May 1961 – Roger Frey succeeds Chatenet as Minister of the Interior . - 18 May 1961 – Jean Foyer enters the ministry as Minister of Cooperation . - 24 August 1961 – Bernard Chenot succeeds Michelet as Minister of Justice . Joseph Fontanet succeeds Chenot as Minister of Public Health and Population . Edgard Pisani succeeds Rochereau as Minister of Agriculture . Louis Jacquinot succeeds Lecourt as Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and Sahara . Terrenoire ceases to be Minister of Information , and the office is abolished . - 19 January 1962 – Valéry Giscard dEstaing succeeds Baumgartner as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . Further reading . - Wahl , Nicholas . The Constitutional Ideas of Michel Debré . Theory and Politics/Theorie und Politik . Springer Netherlands , 1971 . 259–271 . - Wilsford , David , ed . Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe : a biographical dictionary ( Greenwood , 1995 ) pp . 97–105 Primary sources . - Debré , Michel . The principles of our defence policy : Revue de Défense Nationale ( Paris ) 26 année August/September 1970 . Survival 12#11 ( 1970 ) : 376–383 .
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[
"Minister of Foreign Affairs"
] |
easy
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Michel Debré took which position from May 1968 to Jun 1969?
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/wiki/Michel_Debré#P39#3
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Michel Debré Michel Jean-Pierre Debré ( ; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996 ) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic . He is considered the father of the current Constitution of France . He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962 . In terms of political personality , he was intense and immovable , with a tendency to rhetorical extremism . Biography . Early years . Debré was born in Paris , the son of Jeanne-Marguerite ( Debat-Ponsan ) and Robert Debré , a well-known professor of medicine , who is today considered by many to be the founder of modern pediatrics . His maternal grandfather was academic painter Édouard Debat-Ponsan . Debrés father was Jewish , and his grandfather was a rabbi . Debré himself was Roman Catholic . He studied at the Lycée Montaigne and then at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand , obtained a diploma from the École Libre des Sciences Politiques , and a PhD in Law from the University of Paris . He then became a Professor of Law at the University of Paris . He also joined the École des Officiers de Réserve de la Cavalerie ( Reserve Cavalry-Officers School ) in Saumur . In 1934 , at the age of twenty-two , Debré passed the entrance exam and became a member of the Conseil dÉtat . In 1938 , he joined the staff of the Economy Minister Paul Reynaud . Career . In 1939 , at the beginning of the Second World War , Debré was enlisted as a cavalry officer . He was taken prisoner in Artenay in June 1940 during the Battle of France but managed to escape in September of that year . He returned to the Conseil dÉtat , now under the administration of the Vichy regime , and was sworn in by Marshal Philippe Pétain . In 1942 he was promoted to maître des requêtes by the Minister of Justice . After the German invasion of the free zone in November 1942 , Debrés political pétainisme disappeared , and in February 1943 he became involved in the French Resistance , joining the network Ceux de la Résistance ( CDLR ) . During the summer of 1943 , General Charles de Gaulle gave Debré the task of making a list of prefects , or State representatives , who would replace those of the Vichy regime after the liberation . In August 1944 de Gaulle made him Commissaire de la République for Angers , and in 1945 , the Provisional Government charged him with the task of reforming the French Civil Service . Debré created the École nationale dadministration , whose idea was formulated by Jean Zay before the war . Under the Fourth Republic , Michel Debré at first supported the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance , but defected to the Radical-Socialist Party on the advice of General Charles de Gaulle , who reportedly told him and several other politicians , including Jacques Chaban-Delmas,Allez au parti radical . Cest là que vous trouverez les derniers vestiges du sens de lEtat – Go to the radical party . It is there that you will find the last vestiges of the meaning of the state . He then joined the Rally of the French People and was elected senator of Indre-et-Loire , a position he held from 1948 to 1958 . In 1957 , he founded Le Courrier de la colère , a newspaper that fiercely defended French Algeria and called for the return to power of de Gaulle . In the 2 December 1957 issue , Debré wrote : This explicit appeal to the insurgency led the socialist politician Alain Savary to write that In the case of the OAS insurgency , the soldiers are not the culprit ; the culprit is Debré . Family . Michel Debré had four sons : Vincent Debré ( 1939– ) , businessman ; François Debré ( 1942–2020 ) , journalist ; Bernard Debré ( 1944–2020 ) , urologist and politician ; and his fraternal twin , Jean-Louis Debré , politician . See Debré family . Government . Michel Debré became the Garde des Sceaux ( Minister of Justice ) in the cabinet of General de Gaulle on 1 June 1958 . He played an important role in drafting the Constitution of the Fifth Republic , and on its acceptance he took up the new position of Prime Minister of France , which he held from 8 January 1959 to 1962 . After the 1962 Évian Accords referendum that ended the Algerian War and gave auto-determination to Algeria was approved by a nearly ten-to-one margin , de Gaulle replaced him with Georges Pompidou . In November , during the parliamentary elections that followed the dissolution of the National Assembly , he tried to be elected Député for Indre-et-Loire . Defeated , in March 1963 he decided to go to Réunion , an island he had visited for less than twenty-four hours on 10 July 1959 when on a trip with President de Gaulle . This choice reflects Debrés fear that what remained of the French colonial empires would follow the path trodden by Algeria – that of independence , towards which he was not sympathetic . Debré wanted to take action against the Communist Party of Réunion that had been founded by Paul Vergès a few years earlier . The movement sought self-determination for the island and the removal of its position as an overseas department , and had staged demonstrations on the island a few days earlier . He also noted that the invalidation of Gabriel Macés election as Mayor of Saint-Denis rendered the post open to the opposition , so he took the decision to win over this mandate . He returned in the government in 1966 as Economy and Finance Minister . After the May 1968 crisis , he became Foreign Minister , then , one year later , he served as Defence Minister of President Georges Pompidou . In that role , he became a hated figure of the left , because of his determination to expropriate the land of 107 peasant farmers and shepherds on the Larzac plateau , to extend an existing military base . The resulting civil disobedience campaign was ultimately victorious . Considered as a guardian of the Gaullist orthodoxy , he was marginalized after the election of Valéry Giscard dEstaing as President of France in 1974 . He criticized with virulence his foreign policy . In 1979 he took a major part in the Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) campaign against the European federalism and was elected member of the European Parliament in order to defend the principle of Europe of nations . But later , he accused Jacques Chirac and the RPR lead to moderate their speech , and so , he was a dissident candidate in the 1981 presidential election . He obtained only 1.6% of votes . Politics in Réunion . Michel Debré arrived on the island of Réunion in April 1963 , and succeeded in being elected Député for Saint-Denis on 6 May despite local opposition to the Ordonnance Debré law he had introduced in 1960 , that allowed civil servants in the overseas departments and territories of France to be recalled to Metropolitan France if suspected of disturbing public order . Supported by those who rejected autonomy , he immediately became the leader of the local right-wing . This state of affairs would be challenged by Pierre Lagourgue that during the next decade . To justify the departmentalization of the island that occurred in 1946 and to preserve its inhabitants from the temptation of independence , Debré implemented an economic development policy , and opened the islands first family planning center . He personally fought to get Paris to create a second high school on the south of the island , in Le Tampon , when at the time there was only one , the Lycée Leconte-de-Lisle , that catered for many thousands of inhabitants . For a period of around two decades in the twentieth century ( 1968–1982 ) , 1,630 children from Réunion were relocated to France , particularly to Creuse . These children , known as , were brought to light in 2002 when Réunion exile Jean-Jacques Martial made a legal complaint against politician Michel Debré ( who organized the controversial displacement ) for kidnapping of a minor , roundup and deportation . In 2005 , a similar case was brought against the French Government by the Association of Réunion of Creuse . Political career . Governmental functions - Keeper of the Seals , Minister of Justice : 1958–1959 . - Prime Minister : 1959–1962 . - Minister of Economy and Finance : 1966–1968 . - Minister of Foreign Affairs : 1968–1969 . - Minister of Defense : 1969–1973 . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 ( Resignation ) . Elected in 1979 . Senate of France - Senator of Indre-et-Loire : 1948–1959 Became Prime minister in 1959 . Elected in 1948 , reelected in 1954 . National Assembly - Member of the National Assembly of France for Réunion : 1963–1966 ( Became minister in 1966 ) , 1973–1988 . Elected in 1963 , reelected in 1967 , 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1981 , 1986 . General Council - General councillor of Indre-et-Loire : 1951–1970 . Reelected in 1958 , 1964 . Municipal Council - Mayor of Amboise : 1966–1989 . Reelected in 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . - Municipal councillor of Amboise : 1959–1989 . Reelected in 1965 , 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . Debrés Government , 8 January 1959 – 15 April 1962 . - Michel Debré – Prime Minister - Maurice Couve de Murville – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre Guillaumat – Minister of Armies - Jean Berthoin – Minister of the Interior - Antoine Pinay – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs - Jean-Marcel Jeanneney – Minister of Commerce and Industry - Paul Bacon – Minister of Labour - Edmond Michelet – Minister of Justice - André Boulloche – Minister of National Education - Raymond Triboulet – Minister of Veteran Affairs - André Malraux – Minister of Cultural Affairs - Roger Houdet – Minister of Agriculture - Robert Buron – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Bernard Chenot – Minister of Public Health and Population - Bernard Cornut-Gentille – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications - Roger Frey – Minister of Information - Pierre Sudreau – Minister of Construction Changes - 27 March 1959 – Robert Lecourt enters the Cabinet as Minister of Cooperation . - 27 May 1959 – Henri Rochereau succeeds Houdet as Minister of Agriculture . - 28 May 1959 – Pierre Chatenet succeeds Berthoin as Minister of the Interior . - 23 December 1959 – Debré succeeds Boulloche as interim Minister of National Education . - 13 January 1960 – Wilfrid Baumgartner succeeds Pinay as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . - 15 January 1960 – Louis Joxe succeeds Debré as Minister of National Education - 5 February 1960 – Pierre Messmer succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of Armies . Robert Lecourt becomes Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and of the Sahara . His previous office of Minister of Cooperation is abolished . Michel Maurice-Bokanowski succeeds Cornut-Gentille as Minister of Posts and Telecommunications . Louis Terrenoire succeeds Frey as Minister of Information . - 23 November 1960 – Louis Joxe becomes Minister of Algerian Affairs . Pierre Guillaumat succeeds Joxe as interim Minister of National Education . - 20 February 1961 – Lucien Paye succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of National Education . - 6 May 1961 – Roger Frey succeeds Chatenet as Minister of the Interior . - 18 May 1961 – Jean Foyer enters the ministry as Minister of Cooperation . - 24 August 1961 – Bernard Chenot succeeds Michelet as Minister of Justice . Joseph Fontanet succeeds Chenot as Minister of Public Health and Population . Edgard Pisani succeeds Rochereau as Minister of Agriculture . Louis Jacquinot succeeds Lecourt as Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and Sahara . Terrenoire ceases to be Minister of Information , and the office is abolished . - 19 January 1962 – Valéry Giscard dEstaing succeeds Baumgartner as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . Further reading . - Wahl , Nicholas . The Constitutional Ideas of Michel Debré . Theory and Politics/Theorie und Politik . Springer Netherlands , 1971 . 259–271 . - Wilsford , David , ed . Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe : a biographical dictionary ( Greenwood , 1995 ) pp . 97–105 Primary sources . - Debré , Michel . The principles of our defence policy : Revue de Défense Nationale ( Paris ) 26 année August/September 1970 . Survival 12#11 ( 1970 ) : 376–383 .
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[
"Member of European Parliament"
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easy
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What position did Michel Debré take from Jul 1979 to Sep 1980?
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/wiki/Michel_Debré#P39#4
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Michel Debré Michel Jean-Pierre Debré ( ; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996 ) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic . He is considered the father of the current Constitution of France . He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962 . In terms of political personality , he was intense and immovable , with a tendency to rhetorical extremism . Biography . Early years . Debré was born in Paris , the son of Jeanne-Marguerite ( Debat-Ponsan ) and Robert Debré , a well-known professor of medicine , who is today considered by many to be the founder of modern pediatrics . His maternal grandfather was academic painter Édouard Debat-Ponsan . Debrés father was Jewish , and his grandfather was a rabbi . Debré himself was Roman Catholic . He studied at the Lycée Montaigne and then at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand , obtained a diploma from the École Libre des Sciences Politiques , and a PhD in Law from the University of Paris . He then became a Professor of Law at the University of Paris . He also joined the École des Officiers de Réserve de la Cavalerie ( Reserve Cavalry-Officers School ) in Saumur . In 1934 , at the age of twenty-two , Debré passed the entrance exam and became a member of the Conseil dÉtat . In 1938 , he joined the staff of the Economy Minister Paul Reynaud . Career . In 1939 , at the beginning of the Second World War , Debré was enlisted as a cavalry officer . He was taken prisoner in Artenay in June 1940 during the Battle of France but managed to escape in September of that year . He returned to the Conseil dÉtat , now under the administration of the Vichy regime , and was sworn in by Marshal Philippe Pétain . In 1942 he was promoted to maître des requêtes by the Minister of Justice . After the German invasion of the free zone in November 1942 , Debrés political pétainisme disappeared , and in February 1943 he became involved in the French Resistance , joining the network Ceux de la Résistance ( CDLR ) . During the summer of 1943 , General Charles de Gaulle gave Debré the task of making a list of prefects , or State representatives , who would replace those of the Vichy regime after the liberation . In August 1944 de Gaulle made him Commissaire de la République for Angers , and in 1945 , the Provisional Government charged him with the task of reforming the French Civil Service . Debré created the École nationale dadministration , whose idea was formulated by Jean Zay before the war . Under the Fourth Republic , Michel Debré at first supported the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance , but defected to the Radical-Socialist Party on the advice of General Charles de Gaulle , who reportedly told him and several other politicians , including Jacques Chaban-Delmas,Allez au parti radical . Cest là que vous trouverez les derniers vestiges du sens de lEtat – Go to the radical party . It is there that you will find the last vestiges of the meaning of the state . He then joined the Rally of the French People and was elected senator of Indre-et-Loire , a position he held from 1948 to 1958 . In 1957 , he founded Le Courrier de la colère , a newspaper that fiercely defended French Algeria and called for the return to power of de Gaulle . In the 2 December 1957 issue , Debré wrote : This explicit appeal to the insurgency led the socialist politician Alain Savary to write that In the case of the OAS insurgency , the soldiers are not the culprit ; the culprit is Debré . Family . Michel Debré had four sons : Vincent Debré ( 1939– ) , businessman ; François Debré ( 1942–2020 ) , journalist ; Bernard Debré ( 1944–2020 ) , urologist and politician ; and his fraternal twin , Jean-Louis Debré , politician . See Debré family . Government . Michel Debré became the Garde des Sceaux ( Minister of Justice ) in the cabinet of General de Gaulle on 1 June 1958 . He played an important role in drafting the Constitution of the Fifth Republic , and on its acceptance he took up the new position of Prime Minister of France , which he held from 8 January 1959 to 1962 . After the 1962 Évian Accords referendum that ended the Algerian War and gave auto-determination to Algeria was approved by a nearly ten-to-one margin , de Gaulle replaced him with Georges Pompidou . In November , during the parliamentary elections that followed the dissolution of the National Assembly , he tried to be elected Député for Indre-et-Loire . Defeated , in March 1963 he decided to go to Réunion , an island he had visited for less than twenty-four hours on 10 July 1959 when on a trip with President de Gaulle . This choice reflects Debrés fear that what remained of the French colonial empires would follow the path trodden by Algeria – that of independence , towards which he was not sympathetic . Debré wanted to take action against the Communist Party of Réunion that had been founded by Paul Vergès a few years earlier . The movement sought self-determination for the island and the removal of its position as an overseas department , and had staged demonstrations on the island a few days earlier . He also noted that the invalidation of Gabriel Macés election as Mayor of Saint-Denis rendered the post open to the opposition , so he took the decision to win over this mandate . He returned in the government in 1966 as Economy and Finance Minister . After the May 1968 crisis , he became Foreign Minister , then , one year later , he served as Defence Minister of President Georges Pompidou . In that role , he became a hated figure of the left , because of his determination to expropriate the land of 107 peasant farmers and shepherds on the Larzac plateau , to extend an existing military base . The resulting civil disobedience campaign was ultimately victorious . Considered as a guardian of the Gaullist orthodoxy , he was marginalized after the election of Valéry Giscard dEstaing as President of France in 1974 . He criticized with virulence his foreign policy . In 1979 he took a major part in the Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) campaign against the European federalism and was elected member of the European Parliament in order to defend the principle of Europe of nations . But later , he accused Jacques Chirac and the RPR lead to moderate their speech , and so , he was a dissident candidate in the 1981 presidential election . He obtained only 1.6% of votes . Politics in Réunion . Michel Debré arrived on the island of Réunion in April 1963 , and succeeded in being elected Député for Saint-Denis on 6 May despite local opposition to the Ordonnance Debré law he had introduced in 1960 , that allowed civil servants in the overseas departments and territories of France to be recalled to Metropolitan France if suspected of disturbing public order . Supported by those who rejected autonomy , he immediately became the leader of the local right-wing . This state of affairs would be challenged by Pierre Lagourgue that during the next decade . To justify the departmentalization of the island that occurred in 1946 and to preserve its inhabitants from the temptation of independence , Debré implemented an economic development policy , and opened the islands first family planning center . He personally fought to get Paris to create a second high school on the south of the island , in Le Tampon , when at the time there was only one , the Lycée Leconte-de-Lisle , that catered for many thousands of inhabitants . For a period of around two decades in the twentieth century ( 1968–1982 ) , 1,630 children from Réunion were relocated to France , particularly to Creuse . These children , known as , were brought to light in 2002 when Réunion exile Jean-Jacques Martial made a legal complaint against politician Michel Debré ( who organized the controversial displacement ) for kidnapping of a minor , roundup and deportation . In 2005 , a similar case was brought against the French Government by the Association of Réunion of Creuse . Political career . Governmental functions - Keeper of the Seals , Minister of Justice : 1958–1959 . - Prime Minister : 1959–1962 . - Minister of Economy and Finance : 1966–1968 . - Minister of Foreign Affairs : 1968–1969 . - Minister of Defense : 1969–1973 . Electoral mandates European Parliament - Member of European Parliament : 1979–1980 ( Resignation ) . Elected in 1979 . Senate of France - Senator of Indre-et-Loire : 1948–1959 Became Prime minister in 1959 . Elected in 1948 , reelected in 1954 . National Assembly - Member of the National Assembly of France for Réunion : 1963–1966 ( Became minister in 1966 ) , 1973–1988 . Elected in 1963 , reelected in 1967 , 1968 , 1973 , 1978 , 1981 , 1986 . General Council - General councillor of Indre-et-Loire : 1951–1970 . Reelected in 1958 , 1964 . Municipal Council - Mayor of Amboise : 1966–1989 . Reelected in 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . - Municipal councillor of Amboise : 1959–1989 . Reelected in 1965 , 1971 , 1977 , 1983 . Debrés Government , 8 January 1959 – 15 April 1962 . - Michel Debré – Prime Minister - Maurice Couve de Murville – Minister of Foreign Affairs - Pierre Guillaumat – Minister of Armies - Jean Berthoin – Minister of the Interior - Antoine Pinay – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs - Jean-Marcel Jeanneney – Minister of Commerce and Industry - Paul Bacon – Minister of Labour - Edmond Michelet – Minister of Justice - André Boulloche – Minister of National Education - Raymond Triboulet – Minister of Veteran Affairs - André Malraux – Minister of Cultural Affairs - Roger Houdet – Minister of Agriculture - Robert Buron – Minister of Public Works and Transport - Bernard Chenot – Minister of Public Health and Population - Bernard Cornut-Gentille – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications - Roger Frey – Minister of Information - Pierre Sudreau – Minister of Construction Changes - 27 March 1959 – Robert Lecourt enters the Cabinet as Minister of Cooperation . - 27 May 1959 – Henri Rochereau succeeds Houdet as Minister of Agriculture . - 28 May 1959 – Pierre Chatenet succeeds Berthoin as Minister of the Interior . - 23 December 1959 – Debré succeeds Boulloche as interim Minister of National Education . - 13 January 1960 – Wilfrid Baumgartner succeeds Pinay as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . - 15 January 1960 – Louis Joxe succeeds Debré as Minister of National Education - 5 February 1960 – Pierre Messmer succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of Armies . Robert Lecourt becomes Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and of the Sahara . His previous office of Minister of Cooperation is abolished . Michel Maurice-Bokanowski succeeds Cornut-Gentille as Minister of Posts and Telecommunications . Louis Terrenoire succeeds Frey as Minister of Information . - 23 November 1960 – Louis Joxe becomes Minister of Algerian Affairs . Pierre Guillaumat succeeds Joxe as interim Minister of National Education . - 20 February 1961 – Lucien Paye succeeds Guillaumat as Minister of National Education . - 6 May 1961 – Roger Frey succeeds Chatenet as Minister of the Interior . - 18 May 1961 – Jean Foyer enters the ministry as Minister of Cooperation . - 24 August 1961 – Bernard Chenot succeeds Michelet as Minister of Justice . Joseph Fontanet succeeds Chenot as Minister of Public Health and Population . Edgard Pisani succeeds Rochereau as Minister of Agriculture . Louis Jacquinot succeeds Lecourt as Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories and Sahara . Terrenoire ceases to be Minister of Information , and the office is abolished . - 19 January 1962 – Valéry Giscard dEstaing succeeds Baumgartner as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs . Further reading . - Wahl , Nicholas . The Constitutional Ideas of Michel Debré . Theory and Politics/Theorie und Politik . Springer Netherlands , 1971 . 259–271 . - Wilsford , David , ed . Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe : a biographical dictionary ( Greenwood , 1995 ) pp . 97–105 Primary sources . - Debré , Michel . The principles of our defence policy : Revue de Défense Nationale ( Paris ) 26 année August/September 1970 . Survival 12#11 ( 1970 ) : 376–383 .
|
[
"Tim Zinnemann"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Meg Tilly from 1983 to 1989?
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/wiki/Meg_Tilly#P26#0
|
Meg Tilly Meg Tilly ( born Margaret Elizabeth Chan on February 14 , 1960 ) is an American actress . For her role in the 1985 film Agnes of God , she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Her other film roles include Psycho II ( 1983 ) , The Big Chill ( 1983 ) , Masquerade ( 1988 ) , and Valmont ( 1989 ) . For her role in the television series Bomb Girls ( 2012–13 ) , she won the 2013 Canadian Screen Award for Best Lead Actress in a Drama Series . Tilly has also written six novels , including Porcupine ( 2007 ) , which was a finalist for the Sheila A . Egoff Childrens Literature Prize . Early life . Tilly is the daughter of Patricia Ann ( née Tilly ) , a Canadian teacher , and businessman Harry Chan . Her father was Chinese American , while her mother was of Irish and Finnish descent . Following her parents divorce when she was three , Tilly was raised by her mother and stepfather , John Ward , on rural Texada Island in British Columbia . She later claimed that Ward was a violent pedophile . At the age of 12 , Tilly started taking dance lessons , in part to avoid her stepfather , and in a few years had developed into a gifted ballerina . Tilly attended Esquimalt High School in Esquimalt , British Columbia , and also Chief Sealth International High School in Seattle , Washington where she is listed among its alumni . After graduating high school , Tilly left home and moved to the United States to pursue a career as a professional dancer . In New York City she studied with Madame Darvash and Melissa Hayden on full scholarship . She joined the Connecticut Ballet Company . She made her screen debut ( somewhat ironically ) as a dancer in Alan Parkers 1980 musical drama Fame , despite the fact that Tillys dance career had been halted in 1979 , when a dance partner dropped her , leading to a serious back injury . Career . Acting . Forced to give up dancing because of complications stemming from her back injury , Tilly moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career as an actress and studied acting under Peggy Feury . She made her television debut in the 1982 half-hour drama The Trouble with Grandpa , co-starring Elisha Cook Jr . After playing a prostitute in a second-season episode of Hill Street Blues , she appeared in her first starring role in the 1982 coming-of-age adventure film Tex with Matt Dillon . In 1983 , after she starred as the lead in the supernatural horror film One Dark Night , she appeared in Psycho II with Anthony Perkins , and Lawrence Kasdans award-winning ensemble film The Big Chill , with Kevin Kline , Glenn Close , Tom Berenger , William Hurt , Jeff Goldblum , JoBeth Williams and Mary Kay Place . Tillys appearance in The Big Chill , which was nominated for three Academy Awards , including Best Picture , helped her career significantly . In 1984 , she starred in the movie Impulse . Tilly was the first choice for the role of Constanze Mozart in Miloš Formans film Amadeus , having received glowing appraisals of her rehearsal work by both her would-be costar Tom Hulce and director Forman . However , she sustained a leg injury playing soccer and had to abandon the project . The role later went to Elizabeth Berridge . In 1985 , Tilly landed the acclaimed title role in Norman Jewisons Agnes of God , appearing with Jane Fonda and Anne Bancroft . Playing the role of a novitiate nun who confesses her involvement in a virgin conception , Tilly delivered a magnificent portrayal of a tormented young woman experiencing the ultimate crisis of faith . Tillys critically praised performance earned her an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award . Tilly later appeared in Valmont ( 1989 ) , The Two Jakes ( 1990 ) with Jack Nicholson and Leaving Normal ( 1992 ) with Christine Lahti , as well as the 1993 horror film Body Snatchers . After this , she stopped acting for the next 15 years . Tilly returned to acting in 2010 , portraying the Blessed Mother , a Pope-like figure in the Caprica episode Unvanquished . In 2011 she played Martha in Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? , presented by the Blue Bridge Repertory Theatre in Victoria , B.C . In January 2012 , Global Television in Canada launched the six-part Bomb Girls about women who work in a munitions factory during World War II . Tilly stars as Lorna , the emotionally closed floor matron who blossoms as a leader and an appealing woman . She won the 2013 Lead Actress , Drama Canadian Screen Award for her work on the series . Writing . Tilly is the author of six published novels . In 1994 , Tillys first novel Singing Songs was published by Dutton to generally positive reviews . Donna Rifkind from Publishers Weekly called the book an impressive first novel , and the New York Times Book Review praised Tilly for the remarkable coherence and clarity of Annas narrative voice . The book is about a young girl and her sisters living in the Northwest who are molested by their stepfather . Her second novel Gemma was published in 2006 by the Syren Book Company . and picked up by St . Martins Press in 2010 . The book is about a twelve-year-old girl who is kidnapped and taken on a cross-country journey in which she is physically and sexually abused by her captor . Her third novel Porcupine was published in 2007 by Tundra Books . The book is about a twelve-year-old girl , Jacqueline Jack Cooper , whose life is shattered by the death of her father by friendly fire in the War in Afghanistan . Porcupine was a finalist for the Sheila A . Egoff Childrens Literature Prize , shortlisted for The Canadian Libraries Association Best Childrens Book 2008 , Foreword Magazine Book of the Year and was an Ontario Library Best Bets 2008 . Her fourth novel First Time was published in 2008 by Orca Book Publishers . The novel is about a sixteen-year-old who is molested and physically abused by her mothers boyfriend , and must deal with the trauma alone without the help of her mother or best friend . First Time was a 2009 Golden Eagle Award Nominee , a 2009 YALSA Quick Picks and 2010 CCBC Best Books . Tillys fifth novel A Taste of Heaven was published in 2013 by Puffin Books . A departure from the darker themes of Tillys previous work , the novel is about two young girls who become friends who experience the comical , sometimes bittersweet and melodramatic trials and tribulations of tweenhood . One reviewer wrote , Tilly paints an insightful , memorable portrait of the ups and downs of friendship and the unwavering bonds of family , delving into age-old issues of honesty , trust , and loyalty . A Taste Of Heaven was shortlisted for the 2014 Libris Young Reader Book of the Year , a 2014 Diamond Willow Award and won the 2014/2015 Chocolate Lilly Award . Her latest novel , Behind the Scenes , was published in 2014 by Puffin Books ( Canada ) . Personal life . In 1983 , Tilly married Tim Zinnemann , an American film producer and son of film director Fred Zinnemann . They met on the set of her first film , Tex . The couple had two children , Emily ( born 1984 ) and David ( born 1986 ) . The marriage ended in divorce in 1989 . In 1989 , Tilly began a 5-year relationship with British actor Colin Firth , whom she met during the filming of Valmont . They moved from Los Angeles to a log house on five acres of mountainside property about an hour outside Vancouver near the town of Maple Ridge , British Columbia . Their son , William Will , was born 1990 . In 1995 , Tilly married John Calley , an American film studio executive and producer 30 years her senior . They moved to Los Angeles , where Calley worked as president and CEO of Sony Pictures Entertainment . The marriage ended in divorce in 2002 . In 2002 , Tilly married her current husband , author Don Calame , who writes fiction for adolescents . They met during a writing seminar in Big Sur , California . The couple now lives in the Gulf Islands , British Columbia . She is the younger sister of actress Jennifer Tilly .
|
[
"John Calley"
] |
easy
|
Who was Meg Tilly 's spouse from 1995 to 2002?
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/wiki/Meg_Tilly#P26#1
|
Meg Tilly Meg Tilly ( born Margaret Elizabeth Chan on February 14 , 1960 ) is an American actress . For her role in the 1985 film Agnes of God , she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Her other film roles include Psycho II ( 1983 ) , The Big Chill ( 1983 ) , Masquerade ( 1988 ) , and Valmont ( 1989 ) . For her role in the television series Bomb Girls ( 2012–13 ) , she won the 2013 Canadian Screen Award for Best Lead Actress in a Drama Series . Tilly has also written six novels , including Porcupine ( 2007 ) , which was a finalist for the Sheila A . Egoff Childrens Literature Prize . Early life . Tilly is the daughter of Patricia Ann ( née Tilly ) , a Canadian teacher , and businessman Harry Chan . Her father was Chinese American , while her mother was of Irish and Finnish descent . Following her parents divorce when she was three , Tilly was raised by her mother and stepfather , John Ward , on rural Texada Island in British Columbia . She later claimed that Ward was a violent pedophile . At the age of 12 , Tilly started taking dance lessons , in part to avoid her stepfather , and in a few years had developed into a gifted ballerina . Tilly attended Esquimalt High School in Esquimalt , British Columbia , and also Chief Sealth International High School in Seattle , Washington where she is listed among its alumni . After graduating high school , Tilly left home and moved to the United States to pursue a career as a professional dancer . In New York City she studied with Madame Darvash and Melissa Hayden on full scholarship . She joined the Connecticut Ballet Company . She made her screen debut ( somewhat ironically ) as a dancer in Alan Parkers 1980 musical drama Fame , despite the fact that Tillys dance career had been halted in 1979 , when a dance partner dropped her , leading to a serious back injury . Career . Acting . Forced to give up dancing because of complications stemming from her back injury , Tilly moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career as an actress and studied acting under Peggy Feury . She made her television debut in the 1982 half-hour drama The Trouble with Grandpa , co-starring Elisha Cook Jr . After playing a prostitute in a second-season episode of Hill Street Blues , she appeared in her first starring role in the 1982 coming-of-age adventure film Tex with Matt Dillon . In 1983 , after she starred as the lead in the supernatural horror film One Dark Night , she appeared in Psycho II with Anthony Perkins , and Lawrence Kasdans award-winning ensemble film The Big Chill , with Kevin Kline , Glenn Close , Tom Berenger , William Hurt , Jeff Goldblum , JoBeth Williams and Mary Kay Place . Tillys appearance in The Big Chill , which was nominated for three Academy Awards , including Best Picture , helped her career significantly . In 1984 , she starred in the movie Impulse . Tilly was the first choice for the role of Constanze Mozart in Miloš Formans film Amadeus , having received glowing appraisals of her rehearsal work by both her would-be costar Tom Hulce and director Forman . However , she sustained a leg injury playing soccer and had to abandon the project . The role later went to Elizabeth Berridge . In 1985 , Tilly landed the acclaimed title role in Norman Jewisons Agnes of God , appearing with Jane Fonda and Anne Bancroft . Playing the role of a novitiate nun who confesses her involvement in a virgin conception , Tilly delivered a magnificent portrayal of a tormented young woman experiencing the ultimate crisis of faith . Tillys critically praised performance earned her an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award . Tilly later appeared in Valmont ( 1989 ) , The Two Jakes ( 1990 ) with Jack Nicholson and Leaving Normal ( 1992 ) with Christine Lahti , as well as the 1993 horror film Body Snatchers . After this , she stopped acting for the next 15 years . Tilly returned to acting in 2010 , portraying the Blessed Mother , a Pope-like figure in the Caprica episode Unvanquished . In 2011 she played Martha in Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? , presented by the Blue Bridge Repertory Theatre in Victoria , B.C . In January 2012 , Global Television in Canada launched the six-part Bomb Girls about women who work in a munitions factory during World War II . Tilly stars as Lorna , the emotionally closed floor matron who blossoms as a leader and an appealing woman . She won the 2013 Lead Actress , Drama Canadian Screen Award for her work on the series . Writing . Tilly is the author of six published novels . In 1994 , Tillys first novel Singing Songs was published by Dutton to generally positive reviews . Donna Rifkind from Publishers Weekly called the book an impressive first novel , and the New York Times Book Review praised Tilly for the remarkable coherence and clarity of Annas narrative voice . The book is about a young girl and her sisters living in the Northwest who are molested by their stepfather . Her second novel Gemma was published in 2006 by the Syren Book Company . and picked up by St . Martins Press in 2010 . The book is about a twelve-year-old girl who is kidnapped and taken on a cross-country journey in which she is physically and sexually abused by her captor . Her third novel Porcupine was published in 2007 by Tundra Books . The book is about a twelve-year-old girl , Jacqueline Jack Cooper , whose life is shattered by the death of her father by friendly fire in the War in Afghanistan . Porcupine was a finalist for the Sheila A . Egoff Childrens Literature Prize , shortlisted for The Canadian Libraries Association Best Childrens Book 2008 , Foreword Magazine Book of the Year and was an Ontario Library Best Bets 2008 . Her fourth novel First Time was published in 2008 by Orca Book Publishers . The novel is about a sixteen-year-old who is molested and physically abused by her mothers boyfriend , and must deal with the trauma alone without the help of her mother or best friend . First Time was a 2009 Golden Eagle Award Nominee , a 2009 YALSA Quick Picks and 2010 CCBC Best Books . Tillys fifth novel A Taste of Heaven was published in 2013 by Puffin Books . A departure from the darker themes of Tillys previous work , the novel is about two young girls who become friends who experience the comical , sometimes bittersweet and melodramatic trials and tribulations of tweenhood . One reviewer wrote , Tilly paints an insightful , memorable portrait of the ups and downs of friendship and the unwavering bonds of family , delving into age-old issues of honesty , trust , and loyalty . A Taste Of Heaven was shortlisted for the 2014 Libris Young Reader Book of the Year , a 2014 Diamond Willow Award and won the 2014/2015 Chocolate Lilly Award . Her latest novel , Behind the Scenes , was published in 2014 by Puffin Books ( Canada ) . Personal life . In 1983 , Tilly married Tim Zinnemann , an American film producer and son of film director Fred Zinnemann . They met on the set of her first film , Tex . The couple had two children , Emily ( born 1984 ) and David ( born 1986 ) . The marriage ended in divorce in 1989 . In 1989 , Tilly began a 5-year relationship with British actor Colin Firth , whom she met during the filming of Valmont . They moved from Los Angeles to a log house on five acres of mountainside property about an hour outside Vancouver near the town of Maple Ridge , British Columbia . Their son , William Will , was born 1990 . In 1995 , Tilly married John Calley , an American film studio executive and producer 30 years her senior . They moved to Los Angeles , where Calley worked as president and CEO of Sony Pictures Entertainment . The marriage ended in divorce in 2002 . In 2002 , Tilly married her current husband , author Don Calame , who writes fiction for adolescents . They met during a writing seminar in Big Sur , California . The couple now lives in the Gulf Islands , British Columbia . She is the younger sister of actress Jennifer Tilly .
|
[
"Don Calame"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Meg Tilly from 2002 to 2003?
|
/wiki/Meg_Tilly#P26#2
|
Meg Tilly Meg Tilly ( born Margaret Elizabeth Chan on February 14 , 1960 ) is an American actress . For her role in the 1985 film Agnes of God , she won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Her other film roles include Psycho II ( 1983 ) , The Big Chill ( 1983 ) , Masquerade ( 1988 ) , and Valmont ( 1989 ) . For her role in the television series Bomb Girls ( 2012–13 ) , she won the 2013 Canadian Screen Award for Best Lead Actress in a Drama Series . Tilly has also written six novels , including Porcupine ( 2007 ) , which was a finalist for the Sheila A . Egoff Childrens Literature Prize . Early life . Tilly is the daughter of Patricia Ann ( née Tilly ) , a Canadian teacher , and businessman Harry Chan . Her father was Chinese American , while her mother was of Irish and Finnish descent . Following her parents divorce when she was three , Tilly was raised by her mother and stepfather , John Ward , on rural Texada Island in British Columbia . She later claimed that Ward was a violent pedophile . At the age of 12 , Tilly started taking dance lessons , in part to avoid her stepfather , and in a few years had developed into a gifted ballerina . Tilly attended Esquimalt High School in Esquimalt , British Columbia , and also Chief Sealth International High School in Seattle , Washington where she is listed among its alumni . After graduating high school , Tilly left home and moved to the United States to pursue a career as a professional dancer . In New York City she studied with Madame Darvash and Melissa Hayden on full scholarship . She joined the Connecticut Ballet Company . She made her screen debut ( somewhat ironically ) as a dancer in Alan Parkers 1980 musical drama Fame , despite the fact that Tillys dance career had been halted in 1979 , when a dance partner dropped her , leading to a serious back injury . Career . Acting . Forced to give up dancing because of complications stemming from her back injury , Tilly moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career as an actress and studied acting under Peggy Feury . She made her television debut in the 1982 half-hour drama The Trouble with Grandpa , co-starring Elisha Cook Jr . After playing a prostitute in a second-season episode of Hill Street Blues , she appeared in her first starring role in the 1982 coming-of-age adventure film Tex with Matt Dillon . In 1983 , after she starred as the lead in the supernatural horror film One Dark Night , she appeared in Psycho II with Anthony Perkins , and Lawrence Kasdans award-winning ensemble film The Big Chill , with Kevin Kline , Glenn Close , Tom Berenger , William Hurt , Jeff Goldblum , JoBeth Williams and Mary Kay Place . Tillys appearance in The Big Chill , which was nominated for three Academy Awards , including Best Picture , helped her career significantly . In 1984 , she starred in the movie Impulse . Tilly was the first choice for the role of Constanze Mozart in Miloš Formans film Amadeus , having received glowing appraisals of her rehearsal work by both her would-be costar Tom Hulce and director Forman . However , she sustained a leg injury playing soccer and had to abandon the project . The role later went to Elizabeth Berridge . In 1985 , Tilly landed the acclaimed title role in Norman Jewisons Agnes of God , appearing with Jane Fonda and Anne Bancroft . Playing the role of a novitiate nun who confesses her involvement in a virgin conception , Tilly delivered a magnificent portrayal of a tormented young woman experiencing the ultimate crisis of faith . Tillys critically praised performance earned her an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award . Tilly later appeared in Valmont ( 1989 ) , The Two Jakes ( 1990 ) with Jack Nicholson and Leaving Normal ( 1992 ) with Christine Lahti , as well as the 1993 horror film Body Snatchers . After this , she stopped acting for the next 15 years . Tilly returned to acting in 2010 , portraying the Blessed Mother , a Pope-like figure in the Caprica episode Unvanquished . In 2011 she played Martha in Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? , presented by the Blue Bridge Repertory Theatre in Victoria , B.C . In January 2012 , Global Television in Canada launched the six-part Bomb Girls about women who work in a munitions factory during World War II . Tilly stars as Lorna , the emotionally closed floor matron who blossoms as a leader and an appealing woman . She won the 2013 Lead Actress , Drama Canadian Screen Award for her work on the series . Writing . Tilly is the author of six published novels . In 1994 , Tillys first novel Singing Songs was published by Dutton to generally positive reviews . Donna Rifkind from Publishers Weekly called the book an impressive first novel , and the New York Times Book Review praised Tilly for the remarkable coherence and clarity of Annas narrative voice . The book is about a young girl and her sisters living in the Northwest who are molested by their stepfather . Her second novel Gemma was published in 2006 by the Syren Book Company . and picked up by St . Martins Press in 2010 . The book is about a twelve-year-old girl who is kidnapped and taken on a cross-country journey in which she is physically and sexually abused by her captor . Her third novel Porcupine was published in 2007 by Tundra Books . The book is about a twelve-year-old girl , Jacqueline Jack Cooper , whose life is shattered by the death of her father by friendly fire in the War in Afghanistan . Porcupine was a finalist for the Sheila A . Egoff Childrens Literature Prize , shortlisted for The Canadian Libraries Association Best Childrens Book 2008 , Foreword Magazine Book of the Year and was an Ontario Library Best Bets 2008 . Her fourth novel First Time was published in 2008 by Orca Book Publishers . The novel is about a sixteen-year-old who is molested and physically abused by her mothers boyfriend , and must deal with the trauma alone without the help of her mother or best friend . First Time was a 2009 Golden Eagle Award Nominee , a 2009 YALSA Quick Picks and 2010 CCBC Best Books . Tillys fifth novel A Taste of Heaven was published in 2013 by Puffin Books . A departure from the darker themes of Tillys previous work , the novel is about two young girls who become friends who experience the comical , sometimes bittersweet and melodramatic trials and tribulations of tweenhood . One reviewer wrote , Tilly paints an insightful , memorable portrait of the ups and downs of friendship and the unwavering bonds of family , delving into age-old issues of honesty , trust , and loyalty . A Taste Of Heaven was shortlisted for the 2014 Libris Young Reader Book of the Year , a 2014 Diamond Willow Award and won the 2014/2015 Chocolate Lilly Award . Her latest novel , Behind the Scenes , was published in 2014 by Puffin Books ( Canada ) . Personal life . In 1983 , Tilly married Tim Zinnemann , an American film producer and son of film director Fred Zinnemann . They met on the set of her first film , Tex . The couple had two children , Emily ( born 1984 ) and David ( born 1986 ) . The marriage ended in divorce in 1989 . In 1989 , Tilly began a 5-year relationship with British actor Colin Firth , whom she met during the filming of Valmont . They moved from Los Angeles to a log house on five acres of mountainside property about an hour outside Vancouver near the town of Maple Ridge , British Columbia . Their son , William Will , was born 1990 . In 1995 , Tilly married John Calley , an American film studio executive and producer 30 years her senior . They moved to Los Angeles , where Calley worked as president and CEO of Sony Pictures Entertainment . The marriage ended in divorce in 2002 . In 2002 , Tilly married her current husband , author Don Calame , who writes fiction for adolescents . They met during a writing seminar in Big Sur , California . The couple now lives in the Gulf Islands , British Columbia . She is the younger sister of actress Jennifer Tilly .
|
[
"National Academy of Sciences"
] |
easy
|
What organization did Frances Arnold join in 2008?
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/wiki/Frances_Arnold#P463#0
|
Frances Arnold Frances Hamilton Arnold ( born July 25 , 1956 ) is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate . She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering , Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) . In 2018 , she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes . Since January 2021 , she serves as an external co-chair of President Joe Bidens Council of Advisors on Science and Technology ( PCAST ) . Early life and education . Arnold is the daughter of Josephine Inman ( née Routheau ) and nuclear physicist William Howard Arnold , and the granddaughter of Lieutenant General William Howard Arnold . She grew up in Pittsburgh suburb Edgewood , and Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Shadyside and Squirrel Hill , graduating from the citys Taylor Allderdice High School in 1974 . As a high schooler , she hitchhiked to Washington , D.C . to protest the Vietnam War and lived on her own , working as a cocktail waitress at a local jazz club and a cab driver . The same independence that drove Arnold to move out of her childhood home as a teenager also led to a large volume of absences from school and low grades . In spite of this , she made near perfect scores on standardized tests and was determined to attend Princeton University , the alma mater of her father . She applied as a mechanical engineering major and was accepted . Arnolds motivation behind studying engineering , as stated in her Nobel Prize interview , was that [ mechanical engineering ] was the easiest option and the easiest way to get into Princeton University at the time and I never left . Arnold graduated in 1979 with a B.S . degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University , where she focused on solar energy research . In addition to the courses required for her major , she took classes in economics , Russian , and Italian , and envisioned herself as becoming a diplomat or CEO , even considering getting an advanced degree in international affairs . She took a year off from Princeton after her second year to travel to Italy and work in a factory that made nuclear reactor parts , then returned to complete her studies . Back at Princeton , she began studying at its Center for Energy and Environmental Studies – a group of scientists and engineers , at the time led by Robert Socolow , working to develop sustainable energy sources , a topic that would become a focus of her later work . After graduating from Princeton in 1979 , Arnold worked as an engineer in South Korea and Brazil and at Colorados Solar Energy Research Institute . At the Solar Energy Research Institute ( now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ) , she worked on designing solar energy facilities for remote locations and helped write United Nations ( UN ) position papers . She then enrolled at the University of California , Berkeley , where she earned a Ph.D . degree in chemical engineering in 1985 and became deeply interested in biochemistry . Her thesis work , carried out in the lab of Harvey Warren Blanch , investigated affinity chromatography techniques . Arnold had no chemistry background before pursuing a doctorate in chemical engineering . For the first year of her Ph.D . coursework , the graduate committee at UC Berkeley required that she take undergraduate chemistry courses . Career . After earning her Ph.D. , Arnold completed postdoctoral research in biophysical chemistry at Berkeley . In 1986 , she joined the California Institute of Technology as a visiting associate . She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986 , associate professor in 1992 , and full professor in 1996 . She was named the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering , Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2000 and , her current position , the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering , Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2017 . In 2013 , she was appointed director of Caltechs Donna and Benjamin M . Rosen Bioengineering Center . Arnold served on the Science Board for the Santa Fe Institute from 1995–2000 . She was a member of the Advisory Board of the Joint BioEnergy Institute . Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering . She served on the Presidents Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology ( KAUST ) . She served as a judge for The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering and worked with the National Academy of Sciences Science & Entertainment Exchange to help Hollywood screenwriters accurately portray science topics . In 2000 , Arnold was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for integration of fundamentals in molecular biology , genetics , and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry . She is co-inventor on over 40 US patents . She co-founded Gevo , Inc. , a company to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources in 2005 . In 2013 , she and two of her former students , Peter Meinhold and Pedro Coelho , cofounded a company called Provivi to research alternatives to pesticides for crop protection . She has been on the corporate board of the genomics company Illumina Inc . since 2016 . In 2019 , she was named to the board of Alphabet Inc. , making Arnold the third female director of the Google parent company . In January 2021 she was named an external co-chair of President Joe Bidens Council of Advisors on Science and Technology ( PCAST ) . She is working with Biden’s transition team to help identify scientists for roles in the administration . She says her main job now is to help choose PCAST’s additional members and to get to work setting a scientific agenda for the group . She has stated : “We have to reestablish the importance of science in policymaking , in decision making across the government . We need to reestablish the trust of the American people in science .. . I think that PCAST can play a beneficial role in that.” Research . Arnold is credited with pioneering the use of directed evolution to create enzymes ( biochemical molecules—often proteins—that catalyze , or speed up , chemical reactions ) with improved and/or novel functions . The directed evolution strategy involves iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening for proteins with improved functions and it has been used to create useful biological systems , including enzymes , metabolic pathways , genetic regulatory circuits , and organisms . In nature , evolution by natural selection can lead to proteins ( including enzymes ) well-suited to carry out biological tasks , but natural selection can only act on existing sequence variations ( mutations ) and typically occurs over long time periods . Arnold speeds up the process by introducing mutations in the underlying sequences of proteins ; she then tests these mutations effects . If a mutation improves the proteins function she can keep iterating the process to optimize it further . This strategy has broad implications because it can be used to design proteins for a wide variety of applications . For example , she has used directed evolution to design enzymes that can be used to produce renewable fuels and pharmaceutical compounds with less harm to the environment . One advantage of directed evolution is that the mutations do not have to be completely random ; instead , they can be random enough to discover unexplored potential , but not so random as to be inefficient . The number of possible mutation combinations is astronomical , but instead of just randomly trying to test as many as possible , she integrates her knowledge of biochemistry to narrow down the options , focusing on introducing mutations in areas of the protein that are likely to have the most positive effect on activity and avoiding areas in which mutations would likely be , at best , neutral and at worst , detrimental ( such as disrupting proper protein folding ) . Arnold applied directed evolution to the optimization of enzymes ( although not the first person to do so , see e.g . Barry Hall ) . In her seminal work , published in 1993 , she used the method to engineer a version of subtilisin E that was active in n the organic solvent DMF , a highly unnatural environment . She carried out the work using four sequential rounds of mutagenesis of the enzymes gene , expressed by bacteria , through error-prone PCR . After each round she screened the enzymes for their ability to hydrolyze the milk protein casein in the presence of DMF by growing the bacteria on agar plates containing casein and DMF . The bacteria secreted the enzyme and , if it were functional , it would hydrolyze the casein and produce a visible halo . She selected the bacteria that had the biggest halos and isolated their DNA for further rounds of mutagenesis . Using this method , she designed an enzyme that had 256 times more activity in DMF than the original . She has further developed her methods and applied them under different selection criteria in order to optimize enzymes for different functions . She showed that , whereas naturally evolved enzymes tend to function well at a narrow temperature range , enzymes could be produced using directed evolution that could function at both high and low temperatures . In addition to improving the existing functions of natural enzymes , Arnold has designed enzymes that perform functions for which no previous specific enzyme existed , such as when she evolved cytochrome P450 to carry out cyclopropanation and carbene and nitrene transfer reactions . In addition to evolving individual molecules , she has used directed evolution to co-evolve enzymes in biosynthetic pathways , such as those involved in the production of carotenoids and L-methionine in Escherichia coli ( which has the potential to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst ) . She has applied these methods to biofuel production . For example , she evolved bacteria to produce the biofuel isobutanol ; it can be produced in E . coli bacteria , but the production pathway requires the cofactor NADPH , whereas E . coli makes the cofactor NADH . To circumvent this problem , she evolved the enzymes in the pathway to use NADH instead of NADPH , allowing for the production of isobutanol . Arnold has also used directed evolution to design highly specific and efficient enzymes that can be used as environmentally-friendly alternatives to some industrial chemical synthesis procedures . She , and others using her methods , have engineered enzymes that can carry out synthesis reactions more quickly , with fewer by-products , and in some cases eliminating the need for hazardous heavy metals . She uses structure-guided protein recombination to combine parts of different proteins to form protein chimeras with unique functions . She developed computational methods , such as SCHEMA , to predict how the parts can be combined without disrupting their parental structure , so that the chimeras will fold properly , and then applies directed evolution to further mutate the chimeras to optimize their functions . At Caltech , Arnold runs a laboratory that continues to study directed evolution and its applications in environmentally-friendly chemical synthesis and green/alternative energy , including the development of highly active enzymes ( cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes ) and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals . A paper published in Science in 2019 , with Inha Cho and Zhi-Jun Jia , has been retracted on January 2 , 2020 , as the results were found to be not reproducible . Personal life . Arnold lives in La Cañada Flintridge , California . She was married to James E . Bailey who died of cancer in 2001 . They had a son named James Bailey . Arnold was herself diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and underwent treatment for 18 months . Arnold was in a common-law marriage with Caltech astrophysicist Andrew E . Lange , beginning in 1994 , and they had two sons , William and Joseph . Lange committed suicide in 2010 and one of their sons , William Lange-Arnold , died in an accident in 2016 . Her hobbies include traveling , scuba diving , skiing , dirt-bike riding , and hiking . Honors and awards . Arnolds work has been recognized by many awards , including the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry , the 2011 National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) Draper Prize ( the first woman to receive it ) , and a 2011 National Medal of Technology and Innovation . She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011 and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014 . She was the first woman to be elected to all three National Academies in the United States – the National Academy of Engineering ( 2000 ) , the National Academy of Medicine , formerly called the Institute of Medicine ( 2004 ) , and the National Academy of Sciences ( 2008 ) . Arnold is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , the American Academy of Microbiology , the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and an International Fellow of the UKs Royal Academy of Engineering in 2018 . In 2016 she became the first woman to win the Millennium Technology Prize , which she won for pioneering directed evolution . In 2017 , Arnold was awarded the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research by the National Academy of Sciences , which recognizes extraordinary contributions to convergence research . In 2018 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work in directed evolution , making her the fifth woman to receive the award in its 117 years of existence , and the first American woman . She received a one-half share of the award , with the other half jointly awarded to George Smith and Gregory Winter for the phage display of peptides and antibodies . She is the first female graduate of Princeton to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person who got their undergraduate degree from Princeton ( male or female ) to receive a Nobel Prize in one of the natural sciences categories ( chemistry , physics , and physiology or medicine ) . In November 2018 , she was listed as one of BBCs 100 Women . On October 24 , 2019 , Pope Francis named her a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences . - Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( 2020 ) - Honorary Doctorate , Technical University of Denmark ( 2019 ) - Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 2018 ) - Elected to the American Philosophical Society ( 2018 ) - Elected an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering ( 2018 ) - Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research ( 2017 ) - Spiegelman Lecture , University of Illinois ( 2017 ) - Society of Women Engineers 2017 Achievement Award - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Dartmouth College ( 2017 ) - Honorary Doctorate , University of Chicago ( 2016 ) - Millennium Technology Prize ( 2016 ) - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the ETH Zurich ( 2015 ) - Elmer Gaden Award , Biotechnology and Bioengineering ( 2015 ) - Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame ( 2014 ) - Golden Plate Award , American Academy of Achievement ( 2014 ) - Emanuel Merck Lecture of the Technische Universität Darmstadt , Germany ( 2013 ) - ENI Prize in Renewable and Nonconventional Energy ( 2013 ) - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the Stockholm University ( 2013 ) - Charles Stark Draper Prize ( 2011 ) - National Medal of Technology and Innovation ( 2011 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2011 ) - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Stockholm University ( 2013 ) - Elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( 2010 ) - Elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology ( 2009 ) - Elected to the National Academy of Sciences ( 2008 ) - FASEB Excellence in Science Award ( 2007 ) - Enzyme Engineering Award from Engineering Conferences International and Genencor ( 2007 ) - Francis P . Garvan–John M . Olin Medal , American Chemical Society ( 2005 ) - Elected fellow of American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering ( 2001 ) - National Academy of Engineering ( 2000 ) Appearances in popular media . She portrayed herself in the 18th episode The Laureate Accumulation of the 12th season of the TV series The Big Bang Theory .
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[
"National Academy of Engineering"
] |
easy
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What organization did Frances Arnold join in 2000?
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/wiki/Frances_Arnold#P463#1
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Frances Arnold Frances Hamilton Arnold ( born July 25 , 1956 ) is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate . She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering , Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) . In 2018 , she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes . Since January 2021 , she serves as an external co-chair of President Joe Bidens Council of Advisors on Science and Technology ( PCAST ) . Early life and education . Arnold is the daughter of Josephine Inman ( née Routheau ) and nuclear physicist William Howard Arnold , and the granddaughter of Lieutenant General William Howard Arnold . She grew up in Pittsburgh suburb Edgewood , and Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Shadyside and Squirrel Hill , graduating from the citys Taylor Allderdice High School in 1974 . As a high schooler , she hitchhiked to Washington , D.C . to protest the Vietnam War and lived on her own , working as a cocktail waitress at a local jazz club and a cab driver . The same independence that drove Arnold to move out of her childhood home as a teenager also led to a large volume of absences from school and low grades . In spite of this , she made near perfect scores on standardized tests and was determined to attend Princeton University , the alma mater of her father . She applied as a mechanical engineering major and was accepted . Arnolds motivation behind studying engineering , as stated in her Nobel Prize interview , was that [ mechanical engineering ] was the easiest option and the easiest way to get into Princeton University at the time and I never left . Arnold graduated in 1979 with a B.S . degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University , where she focused on solar energy research . In addition to the courses required for her major , she took classes in economics , Russian , and Italian , and envisioned herself as becoming a diplomat or CEO , even considering getting an advanced degree in international affairs . She took a year off from Princeton after her second year to travel to Italy and work in a factory that made nuclear reactor parts , then returned to complete her studies . Back at Princeton , she began studying at its Center for Energy and Environmental Studies – a group of scientists and engineers , at the time led by Robert Socolow , working to develop sustainable energy sources , a topic that would become a focus of her later work . After graduating from Princeton in 1979 , Arnold worked as an engineer in South Korea and Brazil and at Colorados Solar Energy Research Institute . At the Solar Energy Research Institute ( now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ) , she worked on designing solar energy facilities for remote locations and helped write United Nations ( UN ) position papers . She then enrolled at the University of California , Berkeley , where she earned a Ph.D . degree in chemical engineering in 1985 and became deeply interested in biochemistry . Her thesis work , carried out in the lab of Harvey Warren Blanch , investigated affinity chromatography techniques . Arnold had no chemistry background before pursuing a doctorate in chemical engineering . For the first year of her Ph.D . coursework , the graduate committee at UC Berkeley required that she take undergraduate chemistry courses . Career . After earning her Ph.D. , Arnold completed postdoctoral research in biophysical chemistry at Berkeley . In 1986 , she joined the California Institute of Technology as a visiting associate . She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986 , associate professor in 1992 , and full professor in 1996 . She was named the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering , Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2000 and , her current position , the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering , Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2017 . In 2013 , she was appointed director of Caltechs Donna and Benjamin M . Rosen Bioengineering Center . Arnold served on the Science Board for the Santa Fe Institute from 1995–2000 . She was a member of the Advisory Board of the Joint BioEnergy Institute . Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering . She served on the Presidents Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology ( KAUST ) . She served as a judge for The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering and worked with the National Academy of Sciences Science & Entertainment Exchange to help Hollywood screenwriters accurately portray science topics . In 2000 , Arnold was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for integration of fundamentals in molecular biology , genetics , and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry . She is co-inventor on over 40 US patents . She co-founded Gevo , Inc. , a company to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources in 2005 . In 2013 , she and two of her former students , Peter Meinhold and Pedro Coelho , cofounded a company called Provivi to research alternatives to pesticides for crop protection . She has been on the corporate board of the genomics company Illumina Inc . since 2016 . In 2019 , she was named to the board of Alphabet Inc. , making Arnold the third female director of the Google parent company . In January 2021 she was named an external co-chair of President Joe Bidens Council of Advisors on Science and Technology ( PCAST ) . She is working with Biden’s transition team to help identify scientists for roles in the administration . She says her main job now is to help choose PCAST’s additional members and to get to work setting a scientific agenda for the group . She has stated : “We have to reestablish the importance of science in policymaking , in decision making across the government . We need to reestablish the trust of the American people in science .. . I think that PCAST can play a beneficial role in that.” Research . Arnold is credited with pioneering the use of directed evolution to create enzymes ( biochemical molecules—often proteins—that catalyze , or speed up , chemical reactions ) with improved and/or novel functions . The directed evolution strategy involves iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening for proteins with improved functions and it has been used to create useful biological systems , including enzymes , metabolic pathways , genetic regulatory circuits , and organisms . In nature , evolution by natural selection can lead to proteins ( including enzymes ) well-suited to carry out biological tasks , but natural selection can only act on existing sequence variations ( mutations ) and typically occurs over long time periods . Arnold speeds up the process by introducing mutations in the underlying sequences of proteins ; she then tests these mutations effects . If a mutation improves the proteins function she can keep iterating the process to optimize it further . This strategy has broad implications because it can be used to design proteins for a wide variety of applications . For example , she has used directed evolution to design enzymes that can be used to produce renewable fuels and pharmaceutical compounds with less harm to the environment . One advantage of directed evolution is that the mutations do not have to be completely random ; instead , they can be random enough to discover unexplored potential , but not so random as to be inefficient . The number of possible mutation combinations is astronomical , but instead of just randomly trying to test as many as possible , she integrates her knowledge of biochemistry to narrow down the options , focusing on introducing mutations in areas of the protein that are likely to have the most positive effect on activity and avoiding areas in which mutations would likely be , at best , neutral and at worst , detrimental ( such as disrupting proper protein folding ) . Arnold applied directed evolution to the optimization of enzymes ( although not the first person to do so , see e.g . Barry Hall ) . In her seminal work , published in 1993 , she used the method to engineer a version of subtilisin E that was active in n the organic solvent DMF , a highly unnatural environment . She carried out the work using four sequential rounds of mutagenesis of the enzymes gene , expressed by bacteria , through error-prone PCR . After each round she screened the enzymes for their ability to hydrolyze the milk protein casein in the presence of DMF by growing the bacteria on agar plates containing casein and DMF . The bacteria secreted the enzyme and , if it were functional , it would hydrolyze the casein and produce a visible halo . She selected the bacteria that had the biggest halos and isolated their DNA for further rounds of mutagenesis . Using this method , she designed an enzyme that had 256 times more activity in DMF than the original . She has further developed her methods and applied them under different selection criteria in order to optimize enzymes for different functions . She showed that , whereas naturally evolved enzymes tend to function well at a narrow temperature range , enzymes could be produced using directed evolution that could function at both high and low temperatures . In addition to improving the existing functions of natural enzymes , Arnold has designed enzymes that perform functions for which no previous specific enzyme existed , such as when she evolved cytochrome P450 to carry out cyclopropanation and carbene and nitrene transfer reactions . In addition to evolving individual molecules , she has used directed evolution to co-evolve enzymes in biosynthetic pathways , such as those involved in the production of carotenoids and L-methionine in Escherichia coli ( which has the potential to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst ) . She has applied these methods to biofuel production . For example , she evolved bacteria to produce the biofuel isobutanol ; it can be produced in E . coli bacteria , but the production pathway requires the cofactor NADPH , whereas E . coli makes the cofactor NADH . To circumvent this problem , she evolved the enzymes in the pathway to use NADH instead of NADPH , allowing for the production of isobutanol . Arnold has also used directed evolution to design highly specific and efficient enzymes that can be used as environmentally-friendly alternatives to some industrial chemical synthesis procedures . She , and others using her methods , have engineered enzymes that can carry out synthesis reactions more quickly , with fewer by-products , and in some cases eliminating the need for hazardous heavy metals . She uses structure-guided protein recombination to combine parts of different proteins to form protein chimeras with unique functions . She developed computational methods , such as SCHEMA , to predict how the parts can be combined without disrupting their parental structure , so that the chimeras will fold properly , and then applies directed evolution to further mutate the chimeras to optimize their functions . At Caltech , Arnold runs a laboratory that continues to study directed evolution and its applications in environmentally-friendly chemical synthesis and green/alternative energy , including the development of highly active enzymes ( cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes ) and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals . A paper published in Science in 2019 , with Inha Cho and Zhi-Jun Jia , has been retracted on January 2 , 2020 , as the results were found to be not reproducible . Personal life . Arnold lives in La Cañada Flintridge , California . She was married to James E . Bailey who died of cancer in 2001 . They had a son named James Bailey . Arnold was herself diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and underwent treatment for 18 months . Arnold was in a common-law marriage with Caltech astrophysicist Andrew E . Lange , beginning in 1994 , and they had two sons , William and Joseph . Lange committed suicide in 2010 and one of their sons , William Lange-Arnold , died in an accident in 2016 . Her hobbies include traveling , scuba diving , skiing , dirt-bike riding , and hiking . Honors and awards . Arnolds work has been recognized by many awards , including the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry , the 2011 National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) Draper Prize ( the first woman to receive it ) , and a 2011 National Medal of Technology and Innovation . She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011 and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014 . She was the first woman to be elected to all three National Academies in the United States – the National Academy of Engineering ( 2000 ) , the National Academy of Medicine , formerly called the Institute of Medicine ( 2004 ) , and the National Academy of Sciences ( 2008 ) . Arnold is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , the American Academy of Microbiology , the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and an International Fellow of the UKs Royal Academy of Engineering in 2018 . In 2016 she became the first woman to win the Millennium Technology Prize , which she won for pioneering directed evolution . In 2017 , Arnold was awarded the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research by the National Academy of Sciences , which recognizes extraordinary contributions to convergence research . In 2018 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work in directed evolution , making her the fifth woman to receive the award in its 117 years of existence , and the first American woman . She received a one-half share of the award , with the other half jointly awarded to George Smith and Gregory Winter for the phage display of peptides and antibodies . She is the first female graduate of Princeton to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person who got their undergraduate degree from Princeton ( male or female ) to receive a Nobel Prize in one of the natural sciences categories ( chemistry , physics , and physiology or medicine ) . In November 2018 , she was listed as one of BBCs 100 Women . On October 24 , 2019 , Pope Francis named her a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences . - Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( 2020 ) - Honorary Doctorate , Technical University of Denmark ( 2019 ) - Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 2018 ) - Elected to the American Philosophical Society ( 2018 ) - Elected an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering ( 2018 ) - Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research ( 2017 ) - Spiegelman Lecture , University of Illinois ( 2017 ) - Society of Women Engineers 2017 Achievement Award - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Dartmouth College ( 2017 ) - Honorary Doctorate , University of Chicago ( 2016 ) - Millennium Technology Prize ( 2016 ) - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the ETH Zurich ( 2015 ) - Elmer Gaden Award , Biotechnology and Bioengineering ( 2015 ) - Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame ( 2014 ) - Golden Plate Award , American Academy of Achievement ( 2014 ) - Emanuel Merck Lecture of the Technische Universität Darmstadt , Germany ( 2013 ) - ENI Prize in Renewable and Nonconventional Energy ( 2013 ) - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the Stockholm University ( 2013 ) - Charles Stark Draper Prize ( 2011 ) - National Medal of Technology and Innovation ( 2011 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2011 ) - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Stockholm University ( 2013 ) - Elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( 2010 ) - Elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology ( 2009 ) - Elected to the National Academy of Sciences ( 2008 ) - FASEB Excellence in Science Award ( 2007 ) - Enzyme Engineering Award from Engineering Conferences International and Genencor ( 2007 ) - Francis P . Garvan–John M . Olin Medal , American Chemical Society ( 2005 ) - Elected fellow of American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering ( 2001 ) - National Academy of Engineering ( 2000 ) Appearances in popular media . She portrayed herself in the 18th episode The Laureate Accumulation of the 12th season of the TV series The Big Bang Theory .
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"Institute of Medicine"
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easy
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What organization did Frances Arnold join in 2004?
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/wiki/Frances_Arnold#P463#2
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Frances Arnold Frances Hamilton Arnold ( born July 25 , 1956 ) is an American chemical engineer and Nobel Laureate . She is the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering , Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) . In 2018 , she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering the use of directed evolution to engineer enzymes . Since January 2021 , she serves as an external co-chair of President Joe Bidens Council of Advisors on Science and Technology ( PCAST ) . Early life and education . Arnold is the daughter of Josephine Inman ( née Routheau ) and nuclear physicist William Howard Arnold , and the granddaughter of Lieutenant General William Howard Arnold . She grew up in Pittsburgh suburb Edgewood , and Pittsburgh neighborhoods of Shadyside and Squirrel Hill , graduating from the citys Taylor Allderdice High School in 1974 . As a high schooler , she hitchhiked to Washington , D.C . to protest the Vietnam War and lived on her own , working as a cocktail waitress at a local jazz club and a cab driver . The same independence that drove Arnold to move out of her childhood home as a teenager also led to a large volume of absences from school and low grades . In spite of this , she made near perfect scores on standardized tests and was determined to attend Princeton University , the alma mater of her father . She applied as a mechanical engineering major and was accepted . Arnolds motivation behind studying engineering , as stated in her Nobel Prize interview , was that [ mechanical engineering ] was the easiest option and the easiest way to get into Princeton University at the time and I never left . Arnold graduated in 1979 with a B.S . degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University , where she focused on solar energy research . In addition to the courses required for her major , she took classes in economics , Russian , and Italian , and envisioned herself as becoming a diplomat or CEO , even considering getting an advanced degree in international affairs . She took a year off from Princeton after her second year to travel to Italy and work in a factory that made nuclear reactor parts , then returned to complete her studies . Back at Princeton , she began studying at its Center for Energy and Environmental Studies – a group of scientists and engineers , at the time led by Robert Socolow , working to develop sustainable energy sources , a topic that would become a focus of her later work . After graduating from Princeton in 1979 , Arnold worked as an engineer in South Korea and Brazil and at Colorados Solar Energy Research Institute . At the Solar Energy Research Institute ( now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ) , she worked on designing solar energy facilities for remote locations and helped write United Nations ( UN ) position papers . She then enrolled at the University of California , Berkeley , where she earned a Ph.D . degree in chemical engineering in 1985 and became deeply interested in biochemistry . Her thesis work , carried out in the lab of Harvey Warren Blanch , investigated affinity chromatography techniques . Arnold had no chemistry background before pursuing a doctorate in chemical engineering . For the first year of her Ph.D . coursework , the graduate committee at UC Berkeley required that she take undergraduate chemistry courses . Career . After earning her Ph.D. , Arnold completed postdoctoral research in biophysical chemistry at Berkeley . In 1986 , she joined the California Institute of Technology as a visiting associate . She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986 , associate professor in 1992 , and full professor in 1996 . She was named the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering , Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2000 and , her current position , the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering , Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2017 . In 2013 , she was appointed director of Caltechs Donna and Benjamin M . Rosen Bioengineering Center . Arnold served on the Science Board for the Santa Fe Institute from 1995–2000 . She was a member of the Advisory Board of the Joint BioEnergy Institute . Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering . She served on the Presidents Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology ( KAUST ) . She served as a judge for The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering and worked with the National Academy of Sciences Science & Entertainment Exchange to help Hollywood screenwriters accurately portray science topics . In 2000 , Arnold was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for integration of fundamentals in molecular biology , genetics , and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry . She is co-inventor on over 40 US patents . She co-founded Gevo , Inc. , a company to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources in 2005 . In 2013 , she and two of her former students , Peter Meinhold and Pedro Coelho , cofounded a company called Provivi to research alternatives to pesticides for crop protection . She has been on the corporate board of the genomics company Illumina Inc . since 2016 . In 2019 , she was named to the board of Alphabet Inc. , making Arnold the third female director of the Google parent company . In January 2021 she was named an external co-chair of President Joe Bidens Council of Advisors on Science and Technology ( PCAST ) . She is working with Biden’s transition team to help identify scientists for roles in the administration . She says her main job now is to help choose PCAST’s additional members and to get to work setting a scientific agenda for the group . She has stated : “We have to reestablish the importance of science in policymaking , in decision making across the government . We need to reestablish the trust of the American people in science .. . I think that PCAST can play a beneficial role in that.” Research . Arnold is credited with pioneering the use of directed evolution to create enzymes ( biochemical molecules—often proteins—that catalyze , or speed up , chemical reactions ) with improved and/or novel functions . The directed evolution strategy involves iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening for proteins with improved functions and it has been used to create useful biological systems , including enzymes , metabolic pathways , genetic regulatory circuits , and organisms . In nature , evolution by natural selection can lead to proteins ( including enzymes ) well-suited to carry out biological tasks , but natural selection can only act on existing sequence variations ( mutations ) and typically occurs over long time periods . Arnold speeds up the process by introducing mutations in the underlying sequences of proteins ; she then tests these mutations effects . If a mutation improves the proteins function she can keep iterating the process to optimize it further . This strategy has broad implications because it can be used to design proteins for a wide variety of applications . For example , she has used directed evolution to design enzymes that can be used to produce renewable fuels and pharmaceutical compounds with less harm to the environment . One advantage of directed evolution is that the mutations do not have to be completely random ; instead , they can be random enough to discover unexplored potential , but not so random as to be inefficient . The number of possible mutation combinations is astronomical , but instead of just randomly trying to test as many as possible , she integrates her knowledge of biochemistry to narrow down the options , focusing on introducing mutations in areas of the protein that are likely to have the most positive effect on activity and avoiding areas in which mutations would likely be , at best , neutral and at worst , detrimental ( such as disrupting proper protein folding ) . Arnold applied directed evolution to the optimization of enzymes ( although not the first person to do so , see e.g . Barry Hall ) . In her seminal work , published in 1993 , she used the method to engineer a version of subtilisin E that was active in n the organic solvent DMF , a highly unnatural environment . She carried out the work using four sequential rounds of mutagenesis of the enzymes gene , expressed by bacteria , through error-prone PCR . After each round she screened the enzymes for their ability to hydrolyze the milk protein casein in the presence of DMF by growing the bacteria on agar plates containing casein and DMF . The bacteria secreted the enzyme and , if it were functional , it would hydrolyze the casein and produce a visible halo . She selected the bacteria that had the biggest halos and isolated their DNA for further rounds of mutagenesis . Using this method , she designed an enzyme that had 256 times more activity in DMF than the original . She has further developed her methods and applied them under different selection criteria in order to optimize enzymes for different functions . She showed that , whereas naturally evolved enzymes tend to function well at a narrow temperature range , enzymes could be produced using directed evolution that could function at both high and low temperatures . In addition to improving the existing functions of natural enzymes , Arnold has designed enzymes that perform functions for which no previous specific enzyme existed , such as when she evolved cytochrome P450 to carry out cyclopropanation and carbene and nitrene transfer reactions . In addition to evolving individual molecules , she has used directed evolution to co-evolve enzymes in biosynthetic pathways , such as those involved in the production of carotenoids and L-methionine in Escherichia coli ( which has the potential to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst ) . She has applied these methods to biofuel production . For example , she evolved bacteria to produce the biofuel isobutanol ; it can be produced in E . coli bacteria , but the production pathway requires the cofactor NADPH , whereas E . coli makes the cofactor NADH . To circumvent this problem , she evolved the enzymes in the pathway to use NADH instead of NADPH , allowing for the production of isobutanol . Arnold has also used directed evolution to design highly specific and efficient enzymes that can be used as environmentally-friendly alternatives to some industrial chemical synthesis procedures . She , and others using her methods , have engineered enzymes that can carry out synthesis reactions more quickly , with fewer by-products , and in some cases eliminating the need for hazardous heavy metals . She uses structure-guided protein recombination to combine parts of different proteins to form protein chimeras with unique functions . She developed computational methods , such as SCHEMA , to predict how the parts can be combined without disrupting their parental structure , so that the chimeras will fold properly , and then applies directed evolution to further mutate the chimeras to optimize their functions . At Caltech , Arnold runs a laboratory that continues to study directed evolution and its applications in environmentally-friendly chemical synthesis and green/alternative energy , including the development of highly active enzymes ( cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes ) and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals . A paper published in Science in 2019 , with Inha Cho and Zhi-Jun Jia , has been retracted on January 2 , 2020 , as the results were found to be not reproducible . Personal life . Arnold lives in La Cañada Flintridge , California . She was married to James E . Bailey who died of cancer in 2001 . They had a son named James Bailey . Arnold was herself diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and underwent treatment for 18 months . Arnold was in a common-law marriage with Caltech astrophysicist Andrew E . Lange , beginning in 1994 , and they had two sons , William and Joseph . Lange committed suicide in 2010 and one of their sons , William Lange-Arnold , died in an accident in 2016 . Her hobbies include traveling , scuba diving , skiing , dirt-bike riding , and hiking . Honors and awards . Arnolds work has been recognized by many awards , including the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry , the 2011 National Academy of Engineering ( NAE ) Draper Prize ( the first woman to receive it ) , and a 2011 National Medal of Technology and Innovation . She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011 and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014 . She was the first woman to be elected to all three National Academies in the United States – the National Academy of Engineering ( 2000 ) , the National Academy of Medicine , formerly called the Institute of Medicine ( 2004 ) , and the National Academy of Sciences ( 2008 ) . Arnold is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , the American Academy of Microbiology , the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering and an International Fellow of the UKs Royal Academy of Engineering in 2018 . In 2016 she became the first woman to win the Millennium Technology Prize , which she won for pioneering directed evolution . In 2017 , Arnold was awarded the Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research by the National Academy of Sciences , which recognizes extraordinary contributions to convergence research . In 2018 she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her work in directed evolution , making her the fifth woman to receive the award in its 117 years of existence , and the first American woman . She received a one-half share of the award , with the other half jointly awarded to George Smith and Gregory Winter for the phage display of peptides and antibodies . She is the first female graduate of Princeton to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person who got their undergraduate degree from Princeton ( male or female ) to receive a Nobel Prize in one of the natural sciences categories ( chemistry , physics , and physiology or medicine ) . In November 2018 , she was listed as one of BBCs 100 Women . On October 24 , 2019 , Pope Francis named her a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences . - Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( 2020 ) - Honorary Doctorate , Technical University of Denmark ( 2019 ) - Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 2018 ) - Elected to the American Philosophical Society ( 2018 ) - Elected an International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering ( 2018 ) - Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research ( 2017 ) - Spiegelman Lecture , University of Illinois ( 2017 ) - Society of Women Engineers 2017 Achievement Award - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Dartmouth College ( 2017 ) - Honorary Doctorate , University of Chicago ( 2016 ) - Millennium Technology Prize ( 2016 ) - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the ETH Zurich ( 2015 ) - Elmer Gaden Award , Biotechnology and Bioengineering ( 2015 ) - Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame ( 2014 ) - Golden Plate Award , American Academy of Achievement ( 2014 ) - Emanuel Merck Lecture of the Technische Universität Darmstadt , Germany ( 2013 ) - ENI Prize in Renewable and Nonconventional Energy ( 2013 ) - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the Stockholm University ( 2013 ) - Charles Stark Draper Prize ( 2011 ) - National Medal of Technology and Innovation ( 2011 ) - American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2011 ) - Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Stockholm University ( 2013 ) - Elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science ( 2010 ) - Elected fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology ( 2009 ) - Elected to the National Academy of Sciences ( 2008 ) - FASEB Excellence in Science Award ( 2007 ) - Enzyme Engineering Award from Engineering Conferences International and Genencor ( 2007 ) - Francis P . Garvan–John M . Olin Medal , American Chemical Society ( 2005 ) - Elected fellow of American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering ( 2001 ) - National Academy of Engineering ( 2000 ) Appearances in popular media . She portrayed herself in the 18th episode The Laureate Accumulation of the 12th season of the TV series The Big Bang Theory .
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[
"Dinamo Tirana"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Ilion Lika belong to from 1999 to 2007?
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/wiki/Ilion_Lika#P54#0
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Ilion Lika Ilion Lika ( born 17 May 1980 ) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and also is goalkeeping coach of Albanian club Tirana in the Albanian Superliga . During his 19-year career span , Lika has played more than 500 matches on club level . He begun his professional career in 1999 with Dinamo Tirana , recording more than 200 appearances in all competitions before leaving for Elbasani in 2007 . Lika moved for the first time aboard in January 2008 by joining Terek Grozny of Russian Premier League . He returned in Albania in January 2010 , representing in quick succession Vllaznia Shkodër and Kastrioti Krujë before joining Tirana in the summer of that year where he went on to play for the next three years . In the following years , the now veteran goalie had spells again with Kastrioti Krujë and Tirana , before joining Flamurtari Vlorë in June 2014 where he played in the next two years . He was also a member of the Albania national team between 2002 and 2010 , earning 14 senior international caps . Club career . Early career . Lika played for Dinamo Tirana from 1999 to June 2007 . He became a fan favourite during his time at Dinamo Tirana and was considered as being one of the best goalkeepers in the Albanian Superliga . Lika was tested by the Danish side Odense BK but he wasnt offered a contract at the club . His failed trial in Denmark paved the way for him to be transferred to the 2005–06 Albanian Superliga champions , Elbasani in August 2007 where he signed a 1-year contract . He played just under 6 months in at Elbasani before looking for a new team . It emerged in January that Tirana were interested in signing the Albanian international and that Lika had spoken to one of the clubs owners about a possible switch back to the capital , however Lika himself quickly squashed these rumours insisting that he had never spoken to anyone about a move to Tirana and that it was all speculation . He also had offers from abroad as well with Vorskla Poltava apparently leading the chase for the goalkeepers signature , although he had other clubs from Turkey and the rest of Europe interested in him . According to his agent , he was in contact with Vorskla Poltava and he stated that Lika had been offered a very good contract but it was still hard to accept because the location and the weather of Ukraine would have been a problem for Lika . Terek Grozny . Even though he had turned down a move to Ukraine , Lika was still wanted by Tom Tomsk and Terek Grozny , both in Russia . Both clubs had offered him a contract but Lika chose the one from Grozny side as it was too hard to refuse . He completed his move to the club on 29 January 2008 and he signed a two-year contract worth $500,000 . During his presentation , Lika stated that one of the main reasons for his move was that he hoped to one day become the Albania national teams first choice goalkeeper . Lika quickly became the clubs 1st choice goalkeeper and put in many impressive performances throughout the 2008–09 season including one against CSKA Moscow where he impressed even the CSKA Moscows coach with his performance , he also kept a clean sheet in the historic 1–0 victory over one of the biggest clubs in Russia . He managed 9 clean sheets in 27 games during the 2008–09 season . Following a very impressive first season in Russia , Lika has been offered to receive Chechenyan citizenship by the president of Chechnya , Ramzan Kadyrov . The president of Chechenya had expressed his desire for Lika to spend the rest of his career with Terek Grozny and had stated that he is a huge fan of the Albanian goalkeeper . He also gave Lika a brand new Land Rover worth $110,000 as a present during the 2008–09 season . In an interview with Ora News in Albania , Lika explained that if any of his teammates call him by his given name Ilion , then they will be fined by the clubs owner and president of Chechenya , Ramzan Kadyrov who is one of Likas biggest fans . The president wanted the team and its supporters to call him Iljaz Lika instead of his official name , Ilion Lika . The chairman and Lika formed a special relationship and understanding of each other based on their Islamic beliefs because according to Lika the chairman is a very religious man and after realising that Lika is a Muslim as well he has treated him differently from the other players . Besides the Land Rover , he had also bought Lika a house in Chechenya . Lika and the chairman have also travelled to Dubai on holiday together and they also went to Mecca and that is how they have built a much closer relationship . He also says that he is treated like a king at the club and is a fan favourite already . Injury . Lika suffered an injury that would keep him out of action for over five months in February 2009 . The vice-president of Terek Grozny announced that Lika would miss at least five months of football after damaging his Achilles tendon . The injury meant that he missed the start of the Russian Premier League and also three crucial 2010 World Cup qualifiers and with first choice goalkeeper Arjan Beqaj already out for a lengthy period , this would have meant that Lika would have been the first choice keeper and would have been back in the squad after spending more than 2 years out of the national squad . Terek Grozny quickly brought in a goalkeeper to take the injured Likas place , that goalkeeper was Andriy Dikan and he was the clubs main goalkeeper for the start of the 2009–10 season . Lika spent five weeks rehabilitating in Macedonia in 2009 to try to get him back to full fitness . Departure . On 1 December 2009 , Lika left the club officially along with six other players . All five others were foreign the Slovakian defender Radoslav Zabavnik , Brazilian defender Cléber Guedes de Lima and Romanians Florentin Petre , Andrei Margaritescu and Daniel Pancu ; the players left for free after that the club decided to not renew their contracts . Vllaznia Shkodër . Lika returned in Albania in January 2010 now as a free agent , agreeing to a short-term contract with Albanian Superliga strugglers Vllaznia Shkodër . He was placed only the teams third choice keeper behind veteran Armir Grimaj and youngster Olti Bishani , making his debut for the club on 23 January in the 2–1 loss at Shkumbini Peqin . Five days later , Lika was released from his contract by the club president Valter Fushaj , with the goalkeeper being unhappy with his contract and clauses , thus becoming a free agent again . Kastrioti Krujë . One the same after his departure from Vllaznia Shkodër , Lika signed to fellow top flight side Kastrioti Krujë on a contract until the end of 2009–10 season . He played his first game for the club the next day by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 win over Gramozi Ersekë . He concluded the second half of the season by making 16 league appearances , 15 of them with Kastrioti . He became a free agent after his contract ran out . Tirana . On 17 June 2010 , Lika was presented as Tiranas newest player by signing a contract for the upcoming season . He played with the club in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds , collecting three appearances ; he kept two clean-sheets in the first qualifying round tie versus Hungarys Zalaegerszegi TE as Tirana won 1–0 on aggregate thanks to a golden goal scored by Erando Karabeci in the 107th minute of the second leg at ZTE Arena . Lika was also on goal in the 4–0 away defeat to Utrecht in the first leg of second qualifying round . He was accused by coach and club directors as one of the players to influence the defeat , and was not in the squad for the returning leg at Qemal Stafa Stadium which finished in a 1–1 draw . Lika however denied the accusations by stating that he has always defended the Tirana jersey with heart . Return to Kastrioti Krujë . On 14 August 2013 , Lika joined Kastrioti Krujë by penning a contract until the end of 2013–14 season . He played 16 league games in the first part of the season before leaving in January of the following year . Return to Tirana . On 5 January 2014 , Lika agreed terms with Tirana to join the Albanian Superliga strugglers for the second part of 2013–14 season . He signed an initial 6-month contract with the option of a further one year . He made his return debut on 1 February by keeping his goal intact in the goalless draw versus his former employers Kastrioti Krujë . Six days later , Lika kept his second consecutive clean-sheet with a fine display in the capital derby versus Partizani , meaning that Tirana has won for the first time in nine matches . He played 12 matches in his second spell at Tirana , collecting 1080 minutes and 4 clean-sheets as Tirana avoided relegation by earning a 2–2 draw versus Flamutari Vlorë on 4 May . Following the end of the season , Lika was presented with Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award . He left the club in June 2014 after the club didnt pay him an old debt which Lika won at Conflict Resolution Room at FSHF . Flamurtari Vlorë . On 5 June 2014 , shortly after the end of the season , Lika left Tirana and joined Flamurtari Vlorë by penning a two-year contract . He was projected as starter in the teams European campaign , playing his first match in the first leg of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round against Sioni Bolnisi , playing full-90 minutes as Flamurtari to win 3–2 away . In the returning leg , despite losing 2–1 , Flamurtari went through on away goal rule . Lika remained on goal for the next two matches of the second qualifying round as the team was knocked out 5–1 on aggregate by Petrolul Ploiești , ending thus his European campaign with four matches . Second return at Tirana . In June 2016 , Lika completed a transfer to Tirana by penning a contract for the 2016–17 season , marking thus his second return . He took his old squad number 1 , and commenced the season on 7 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the opening league match versus Teuta Durrës which ended in a goalless draw . Lika enjoyed a strong run in the first games of the season , keeping five clean-sheets in the opening six league matches , as Tirana become a title contender . However , the team declined and didnt won a league match in six months , starting the negative streak in the goalless draw against Vllaznia Shkodër on 22 December and finishing on 10 May of the following year by winning 2–0 versus Korabi Peshkopi , eventually becoming a potential contender for relegation . In the final matchday of the season against fellow relegation struggelers Vllaznia Shkodër , Tirana didnt earn more than a goalless draw , meaning that they have been relegated for the first time in history . Lika was ever-present in league , playing every minute from 36 appearances , keeping 17 clean-sheets in the process . In the Albanian Cup final on 31 May , Lika was on goal as Tirana defeated 3–1 Skënderbeu Korçë at Elbasan Arena to win the title for a record 16th time . The cup success meant the return of Tirana in European competitions after five years , with Lika being included in new coach Zé Marias list for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round . He played in both matches as Tirana was easily eliminated by Israelis Maccabi Tel Aviv 5–0 on aggregate . Following the end of the European campaign , Lika was one of the players to show loyalty to the club , agreeing a new one-year contract extension in clubs first ever Albanian First Division season . He begun the domestic season on 7 September by winning the Albanian Supercup , this third overall , as Tirana scored a late goal for a 1–0 win over Superliga champions Kukësi . He made his first ever Albanian First Division appearance on 16 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 home win over Iliria Fushë-Krujë . Lika didnt concede in the first 5 matches , and was beaten for the first time on 4 November when Bylis Ballshs Niko Zisi scored the lone goal for Tiranas first loss in First Division . Tirana went to dominate with hammering results in either home or away matches , such as the 6–0 win at Shkumbini Peqin were Lika also saved a penalty kick , or another 6–0 win , this time at home versus Pogradeci . Lika was injured on 17 March 2018 during the 2–1 home win versus Tomori Berat after a collision with an opposition player ; he was taken off with a stretcher afterwards , returning in action only on 12 May in the final promotion play-off match against Bylis Ballsh , with Tirana already promoted . Four days later , in the First Division final against the Group A winners Kastrioti Krujë , Lika kept a clean-sheet and helped Tirana to a 2–0 win to seal the trophy of Albanian First Division for 2017–18 season . He finished the 2017–18 season by making 29 appearances in all competitions , including 20 in league , keeping 17 clean-sheets , 14 of them in league . Lika commenced the 2018–19 season initially as a starter , but in November 2018 , he submitted his starting post to younger keeper Alessio Abibi . However , in May 2019 , Lika returned as starter once again and helped Tirana escape relegation by keeping two clean-sheets in the last three matches . In the match against Laçi on 26 May , he made a decisive penalty save to deny the hosts the equalizing goal , in an eventual 3–1 win . Lika concluded the season by making 14 appearances between league and cup . On 10 July 2019 , he signed a new one-year contract , extending his stay with the capital side until 2020 . International career . Lika was first approached to Albania senior team in January 2002 for the Bahrain Shoot Soccer Tournament , held at Riffa . He earned his first international cap on 10 January in the third match against the hosts , conceding three times as Albania lost 3–0 ; they finished in the third place tied on points with Macedonia but with better goal average . Lika was the starting goalkeeper in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . He played seven matches in the Group 2 , keeping no clean-sheets as Albania finished in 5th position . Lika continued to be part of the team in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers , where Albania was placed in Group G . He was called up for the opening two matches against Belarus and Romania in September 2006 , starting in the opening match which ended in a 2–2 draw . Otto Barić then removed Lika from the team in March 2007 due to problems with his club Dinamo Tirana , as he was forced to become a free agent until the end of the season . Arjan Beqaj was used as the starting keeper with Isli Hidi as his backup . He returned to the national team in October 2007 after half a year absence for the match versus Slovenia due to an injury of Beqaj . Speaking about that , Lika stated return to the national team was an indescribable joy . Under new manager Arie Haan , Lika received another call-up in January 2008 for gathering between 14–23 January in Antalya , Turkey . He was the third goalkeeper in Albanias unsuccessful 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Lika returned to the national team in February 2010 where he was named in the squad for the unofficial friendly versus Kosovo . He played as a substitute in the match which ended in a 3–2 win for Likas side . It was his final call-up to the national team , as he was no longer part in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign , with his spot occupied by youngster Samir Ujkani . Personal life . Lika is a practicing Muslim . He has also spoken out strongly against homosexuality , calling it dangerous , as it violates the family . Honours . Club . - Dinamo Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2001–02 - Albanian Cup : 2002–03 - Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2019–20 - Albanian Cup : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 - runner-up ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Albanian Supercup: ( 3 ) 2011 , 2012 , 2017 - Albanian First Division : 2017–18 Individual . - Albanian Superliga Player of the Month : April 2014 - Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award : 2013–14
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[
"Elbasani"
] |
easy
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Ilion Lika played for which team from 2007 to 2008?
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/wiki/Ilion_Lika#P54#1
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Ilion Lika Ilion Lika ( born 17 May 1980 ) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and also is goalkeeping coach of Albanian club Tirana in the Albanian Superliga . During his 19-year career span , Lika has played more than 500 matches on club level . He begun his professional career in 1999 with Dinamo Tirana , recording more than 200 appearances in all competitions before leaving for Elbasani in 2007 . Lika moved for the first time aboard in January 2008 by joining Terek Grozny of Russian Premier League . He returned in Albania in January 2010 , representing in quick succession Vllaznia Shkodër and Kastrioti Krujë before joining Tirana in the summer of that year where he went on to play for the next three years . In the following years , the now veteran goalie had spells again with Kastrioti Krujë and Tirana , before joining Flamurtari Vlorë in June 2014 where he played in the next two years . He was also a member of the Albania national team between 2002 and 2010 , earning 14 senior international caps . Club career . Early career . Lika played for Dinamo Tirana from 1999 to June 2007 . He became a fan favourite during his time at Dinamo Tirana and was considered as being one of the best goalkeepers in the Albanian Superliga . Lika was tested by the Danish side Odense BK but he wasnt offered a contract at the club . His failed trial in Denmark paved the way for him to be transferred to the 2005–06 Albanian Superliga champions , Elbasani in August 2007 where he signed a 1-year contract . He played just under 6 months in at Elbasani before looking for a new team . It emerged in January that Tirana were interested in signing the Albanian international and that Lika had spoken to one of the clubs owners about a possible switch back to the capital , however Lika himself quickly squashed these rumours insisting that he had never spoken to anyone about a move to Tirana and that it was all speculation . He also had offers from abroad as well with Vorskla Poltava apparently leading the chase for the goalkeepers signature , although he had other clubs from Turkey and the rest of Europe interested in him . According to his agent , he was in contact with Vorskla Poltava and he stated that Lika had been offered a very good contract but it was still hard to accept because the location and the weather of Ukraine would have been a problem for Lika . Terek Grozny . Even though he had turned down a move to Ukraine , Lika was still wanted by Tom Tomsk and Terek Grozny , both in Russia . Both clubs had offered him a contract but Lika chose the one from Grozny side as it was too hard to refuse . He completed his move to the club on 29 January 2008 and he signed a two-year contract worth $500,000 . During his presentation , Lika stated that one of the main reasons for his move was that he hoped to one day become the Albania national teams first choice goalkeeper . Lika quickly became the clubs 1st choice goalkeeper and put in many impressive performances throughout the 2008–09 season including one against CSKA Moscow where he impressed even the CSKA Moscows coach with his performance , he also kept a clean sheet in the historic 1–0 victory over one of the biggest clubs in Russia . He managed 9 clean sheets in 27 games during the 2008–09 season . Following a very impressive first season in Russia , Lika has been offered to receive Chechenyan citizenship by the president of Chechnya , Ramzan Kadyrov . The president of Chechenya had expressed his desire for Lika to spend the rest of his career with Terek Grozny and had stated that he is a huge fan of the Albanian goalkeeper . He also gave Lika a brand new Land Rover worth $110,000 as a present during the 2008–09 season . In an interview with Ora News in Albania , Lika explained that if any of his teammates call him by his given name Ilion , then they will be fined by the clubs owner and president of Chechenya , Ramzan Kadyrov who is one of Likas biggest fans . The president wanted the team and its supporters to call him Iljaz Lika instead of his official name , Ilion Lika . The chairman and Lika formed a special relationship and understanding of each other based on their Islamic beliefs because according to Lika the chairman is a very religious man and after realising that Lika is a Muslim as well he has treated him differently from the other players . Besides the Land Rover , he had also bought Lika a house in Chechenya . Lika and the chairman have also travelled to Dubai on holiday together and they also went to Mecca and that is how they have built a much closer relationship . He also says that he is treated like a king at the club and is a fan favourite already . Injury . Lika suffered an injury that would keep him out of action for over five months in February 2009 . The vice-president of Terek Grozny announced that Lika would miss at least five months of football after damaging his Achilles tendon . The injury meant that he missed the start of the Russian Premier League and also three crucial 2010 World Cup qualifiers and with first choice goalkeeper Arjan Beqaj already out for a lengthy period , this would have meant that Lika would have been the first choice keeper and would have been back in the squad after spending more than 2 years out of the national squad . Terek Grozny quickly brought in a goalkeeper to take the injured Likas place , that goalkeeper was Andriy Dikan and he was the clubs main goalkeeper for the start of the 2009–10 season . Lika spent five weeks rehabilitating in Macedonia in 2009 to try to get him back to full fitness . Departure . On 1 December 2009 , Lika left the club officially along with six other players . All five others were foreign the Slovakian defender Radoslav Zabavnik , Brazilian defender Cléber Guedes de Lima and Romanians Florentin Petre , Andrei Margaritescu and Daniel Pancu ; the players left for free after that the club decided to not renew their contracts . Vllaznia Shkodër . Lika returned in Albania in January 2010 now as a free agent , agreeing to a short-term contract with Albanian Superliga strugglers Vllaznia Shkodër . He was placed only the teams third choice keeper behind veteran Armir Grimaj and youngster Olti Bishani , making his debut for the club on 23 January in the 2–1 loss at Shkumbini Peqin . Five days later , Lika was released from his contract by the club president Valter Fushaj , with the goalkeeper being unhappy with his contract and clauses , thus becoming a free agent again . Kastrioti Krujë . One the same after his departure from Vllaznia Shkodër , Lika signed to fellow top flight side Kastrioti Krujë on a contract until the end of 2009–10 season . He played his first game for the club the next day by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 win over Gramozi Ersekë . He concluded the second half of the season by making 16 league appearances , 15 of them with Kastrioti . He became a free agent after his contract ran out . Tirana . On 17 June 2010 , Lika was presented as Tiranas newest player by signing a contract for the upcoming season . He played with the club in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds , collecting three appearances ; he kept two clean-sheets in the first qualifying round tie versus Hungarys Zalaegerszegi TE as Tirana won 1–0 on aggregate thanks to a golden goal scored by Erando Karabeci in the 107th minute of the second leg at ZTE Arena . Lika was also on goal in the 4–0 away defeat to Utrecht in the first leg of second qualifying round . He was accused by coach and club directors as one of the players to influence the defeat , and was not in the squad for the returning leg at Qemal Stafa Stadium which finished in a 1–1 draw . Lika however denied the accusations by stating that he has always defended the Tirana jersey with heart . Return to Kastrioti Krujë . On 14 August 2013 , Lika joined Kastrioti Krujë by penning a contract until the end of 2013–14 season . He played 16 league games in the first part of the season before leaving in January of the following year . Return to Tirana . On 5 January 2014 , Lika agreed terms with Tirana to join the Albanian Superliga strugglers for the second part of 2013–14 season . He signed an initial 6-month contract with the option of a further one year . He made his return debut on 1 February by keeping his goal intact in the goalless draw versus his former employers Kastrioti Krujë . Six days later , Lika kept his second consecutive clean-sheet with a fine display in the capital derby versus Partizani , meaning that Tirana has won for the first time in nine matches . He played 12 matches in his second spell at Tirana , collecting 1080 minutes and 4 clean-sheets as Tirana avoided relegation by earning a 2–2 draw versus Flamutari Vlorë on 4 May . Following the end of the season , Lika was presented with Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award . He left the club in June 2014 after the club didnt pay him an old debt which Lika won at Conflict Resolution Room at FSHF . Flamurtari Vlorë . On 5 June 2014 , shortly after the end of the season , Lika left Tirana and joined Flamurtari Vlorë by penning a two-year contract . He was projected as starter in the teams European campaign , playing his first match in the first leg of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round against Sioni Bolnisi , playing full-90 minutes as Flamurtari to win 3–2 away . In the returning leg , despite losing 2–1 , Flamurtari went through on away goal rule . Lika remained on goal for the next two matches of the second qualifying round as the team was knocked out 5–1 on aggregate by Petrolul Ploiești , ending thus his European campaign with four matches . Second return at Tirana . In June 2016 , Lika completed a transfer to Tirana by penning a contract for the 2016–17 season , marking thus his second return . He took his old squad number 1 , and commenced the season on 7 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the opening league match versus Teuta Durrës which ended in a goalless draw . Lika enjoyed a strong run in the first games of the season , keeping five clean-sheets in the opening six league matches , as Tirana become a title contender . However , the team declined and didnt won a league match in six months , starting the negative streak in the goalless draw against Vllaznia Shkodër on 22 December and finishing on 10 May of the following year by winning 2–0 versus Korabi Peshkopi , eventually becoming a potential contender for relegation . In the final matchday of the season against fellow relegation struggelers Vllaznia Shkodër , Tirana didnt earn more than a goalless draw , meaning that they have been relegated for the first time in history . Lika was ever-present in league , playing every minute from 36 appearances , keeping 17 clean-sheets in the process . In the Albanian Cup final on 31 May , Lika was on goal as Tirana defeated 3–1 Skënderbeu Korçë at Elbasan Arena to win the title for a record 16th time . The cup success meant the return of Tirana in European competitions after five years , with Lika being included in new coach Zé Marias list for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round . He played in both matches as Tirana was easily eliminated by Israelis Maccabi Tel Aviv 5–0 on aggregate . Following the end of the European campaign , Lika was one of the players to show loyalty to the club , agreeing a new one-year contract extension in clubs first ever Albanian First Division season . He begun the domestic season on 7 September by winning the Albanian Supercup , this third overall , as Tirana scored a late goal for a 1–0 win over Superliga champions Kukësi . He made his first ever Albanian First Division appearance on 16 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 home win over Iliria Fushë-Krujë . Lika didnt concede in the first 5 matches , and was beaten for the first time on 4 November when Bylis Ballshs Niko Zisi scored the lone goal for Tiranas first loss in First Division . Tirana went to dominate with hammering results in either home or away matches , such as the 6–0 win at Shkumbini Peqin were Lika also saved a penalty kick , or another 6–0 win , this time at home versus Pogradeci . Lika was injured on 17 March 2018 during the 2–1 home win versus Tomori Berat after a collision with an opposition player ; he was taken off with a stretcher afterwards , returning in action only on 12 May in the final promotion play-off match against Bylis Ballsh , with Tirana already promoted . Four days later , in the First Division final against the Group A winners Kastrioti Krujë , Lika kept a clean-sheet and helped Tirana to a 2–0 win to seal the trophy of Albanian First Division for 2017–18 season . He finished the 2017–18 season by making 29 appearances in all competitions , including 20 in league , keeping 17 clean-sheets , 14 of them in league . Lika commenced the 2018–19 season initially as a starter , but in November 2018 , he submitted his starting post to younger keeper Alessio Abibi . However , in May 2019 , Lika returned as starter once again and helped Tirana escape relegation by keeping two clean-sheets in the last three matches . In the match against Laçi on 26 May , he made a decisive penalty save to deny the hosts the equalizing goal , in an eventual 3–1 win . Lika concluded the season by making 14 appearances between league and cup . On 10 July 2019 , he signed a new one-year contract , extending his stay with the capital side until 2020 . International career . Lika was first approached to Albania senior team in January 2002 for the Bahrain Shoot Soccer Tournament , held at Riffa . He earned his first international cap on 10 January in the third match against the hosts , conceding three times as Albania lost 3–0 ; they finished in the third place tied on points with Macedonia but with better goal average . Lika was the starting goalkeeper in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . He played seven matches in the Group 2 , keeping no clean-sheets as Albania finished in 5th position . Lika continued to be part of the team in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers , where Albania was placed in Group G . He was called up for the opening two matches against Belarus and Romania in September 2006 , starting in the opening match which ended in a 2–2 draw . Otto Barić then removed Lika from the team in March 2007 due to problems with his club Dinamo Tirana , as he was forced to become a free agent until the end of the season . Arjan Beqaj was used as the starting keeper with Isli Hidi as his backup . He returned to the national team in October 2007 after half a year absence for the match versus Slovenia due to an injury of Beqaj . Speaking about that , Lika stated return to the national team was an indescribable joy . Under new manager Arie Haan , Lika received another call-up in January 2008 for gathering between 14–23 January in Antalya , Turkey . He was the third goalkeeper in Albanias unsuccessful 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Lika returned to the national team in February 2010 where he was named in the squad for the unofficial friendly versus Kosovo . He played as a substitute in the match which ended in a 3–2 win for Likas side . It was his final call-up to the national team , as he was no longer part in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign , with his spot occupied by youngster Samir Ujkani . Personal life . Lika is a practicing Muslim . He has also spoken out strongly against homosexuality , calling it dangerous , as it violates the family . Honours . Club . - Dinamo Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2001–02 - Albanian Cup : 2002–03 - Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2019–20 - Albanian Cup : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 - runner-up ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Albanian Supercup: ( 3 ) 2011 , 2012 , 2017 - Albanian First Division : 2017–18 Individual . - Albanian Superliga Player of the Month : April 2014 - Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award : 2013–14
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"Terek Grozny"
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Which team did the player Ilion Lika belong to from 2008 to 2009?
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/wiki/Ilion_Lika#P54#2
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Ilion Lika Ilion Lika ( born 17 May 1980 ) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and also is goalkeeping coach of Albanian club Tirana in the Albanian Superliga . During his 19-year career span , Lika has played more than 500 matches on club level . He begun his professional career in 1999 with Dinamo Tirana , recording more than 200 appearances in all competitions before leaving for Elbasani in 2007 . Lika moved for the first time aboard in January 2008 by joining Terek Grozny of Russian Premier League . He returned in Albania in January 2010 , representing in quick succession Vllaznia Shkodër and Kastrioti Krujë before joining Tirana in the summer of that year where he went on to play for the next three years . In the following years , the now veteran goalie had spells again with Kastrioti Krujë and Tirana , before joining Flamurtari Vlorë in June 2014 where he played in the next two years . He was also a member of the Albania national team between 2002 and 2010 , earning 14 senior international caps . Club career . Early career . Lika played for Dinamo Tirana from 1999 to June 2007 . He became a fan favourite during his time at Dinamo Tirana and was considered as being one of the best goalkeepers in the Albanian Superliga . Lika was tested by the Danish side Odense BK but he wasnt offered a contract at the club . His failed trial in Denmark paved the way for him to be transferred to the 2005–06 Albanian Superliga champions , Elbasani in August 2007 where he signed a 1-year contract . He played just under 6 months in at Elbasani before looking for a new team . It emerged in January that Tirana were interested in signing the Albanian international and that Lika had spoken to one of the clubs owners about a possible switch back to the capital , however Lika himself quickly squashed these rumours insisting that he had never spoken to anyone about a move to Tirana and that it was all speculation . He also had offers from abroad as well with Vorskla Poltava apparently leading the chase for the goalkeepers signature , although he had other clubs from Turkey and the rest of Europe interested in him . According to his agent , he was in contact with Vorskla Poltava and he stated that Lika had been offered a very good contract but it was still hard to accept because the location and the weather of Ukraine would have been a problem for Lika . Terek Grozny . Even though he had turned down a move to Ukraine , Lika was still wanted by Tom Tomsk and Terek Grozny , both in Russia . Both clubs had offered him a contract but Lika chose the one from Grozny side as it was too hard to refuse . He completed his move to the club on 29 January 2008 and he signed a two-year contract worth $500,000 . During his presentation , Lika stated that one of the main reasons for his move was that he hoped to one day become the Albania national teams first choice goalkeeper . Lika quickly became the clubs 1st choice goalkeeper and put in many impressive performances throughout the 2008–09 season including one against CSKA Moscow where he impressed even the CSKA Moscows coach with his performance , he also kept a clean sheet in the historic 1–0 victory over one of the biggest clubs in Russia . He managed 9 clean sheets in 27 games during the 2008–09 season . Following a very impressive first season in Russia , Lika has been offered to receive Chechenyan citizenship by the president of Chechnya , Ramzan Kadyrov . The president of Chechenya had expressed his desire for Lika to spend the rest of his career with Terek Grozny and had stated that he is a huge fan of the Albanian goalkeeper . He also gave Lika a brand new Land Rover worth $110,000 as a present during the 2008–09 season . In an interview with Ora News in Albania , Lika explained that if any of his teammates call him by his given name Ilion , then they will be fined by the clubs owner and president of Chechenya , Ramzan Kadyrov who is one of Likas biggest fans . The president wanted the team and its supporters to call him Iljaz Lika instead of his official name , Ilion Lika . The chairman and Lika formed a special relationship and understanding of each other based on their Islamic beliefs because according to Lika the chairman is a very religious man and after realising that Lika is a Muslim as well he has treated him differently from the other players . Besides the Land Rover , he had also bought Lika a house in Chechenya . Lika and the chairman have also travelled to Dubai on holiday together and they also went to Mecca and that is how they have built a much closer relationship . He also says that he is treated like a king at the club and is a fan favourite already . Injury . Lika suffered an injury that would keep him out of action for over five months in February 2009 . The vice-president of Terek Grozny announced that Lika would miss at least five months of football after damaging his Achilles tendon . The injury meant that he missed the start of the Russian Premier League and also three crucial 2010 World Cup qualifiers and with first choice goalkeeper Arjan Beqaj already out for a lengthy period , this would have meant that Lika would have been the first choice keeper and would have been back in the squad after spending more than 2 years out of the national squad . Terek Grozny quickly brought in a goalkeeper to take the injured Likas place , that goalkeeper was Andriy Dikan and he was the clubs main goalkeeper for the start of the 2009–10 season . Lika spent five weeks rehabilitating in Macedonia in 2009 to try to get him back to full fitness . Departure . On 1 December 2009 , Lika left the club officially along with six other players . All five others were foreign the Slovakian defender Radoslav Zabavnik , Brazilian defender Cléber Guedes de Lima and Romanians Florentin Petre , Andrei Margaritescu and Daniel Pancu ; the players left for free after that the club decided to not renew their contracts . Vllaznia Shkodër . Lika returned in Albania in January 2010 now as a free agent , agreeing to a short-term contract with Albanian Superliga strugglers Vllaznia Shkodër . He was placed only the teams third choice keeper behind veteran Armir Grimaj and youngster Olti Bishani , making his debut for the club on 23 January in the 2–1 loss at Shkumbini Peqin . Five days later , Lika was released from his contract by the club president Valter Fushaj , with the goalkeeper being unhappy with his contract and clauses , thus becoming a free agent again . Kastrioti Krujë . One the same after his departure from Vllaznia Shkodër , Lika signed to fellow top flight side Kastrioti Krujë on a contract until the end of 2009–10 season . He played his first game for the club the next day by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 win over Gramozi Ersekë . He concluded the second half of the season by making 16 league appearances , 15 of them with Kastrioti . He became a free agent after his contract ran out . Tirana . On 17 June 2010 , Lika was presented as Tiranas newest player by signing a contract for the upcoming season . He played with the club in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds , collecting three appearances ; he kept two clean-sheets in the first qualifying round tie versus Hungarys Zalaegerszegi TE as Tirana won 1–0 on aggregate thanks to a golden goal scored by Erando Karabeci in the 107th minute of the second leg at ZTE Arena . Lika was also on goal in the 4–0 away defeat to Utrecht in the first leg of second qualifying round . He was accused by coach and club directors as one of the players to influence the defeat , and was not in the squad for the returning leg at Qemal Stafa Stadium which finished in a 1–1 draw . Lika however denied the accusations by stating that he has always defended the Tirana jersey with heart . Return to Kastrioti Krujë . On 14 August 2013 , Lika joined Kastrioti Krujë by penning a contract until the end of 2013–14 season . He played 16 league games in the first part of the season before leaving in January of the following year . Return to Tirana . On 5 January 2014 , Lika agreed terms with Tirana to join the Albanian Superliga strugglers for the second part of 2013–14 season . He signed an initial 6-month contract with the option of a further one year . He made his return debut on 1 February by keeping his goal intact in the goalless draw versus his former employers Kastrioti Krujë . Six days later , Lika kept his second consecutive clean-sheet with a fine display in the capital derby versus Partizani , meaning that Tirana has won for the first time in nine matches . He played 12 matches in his second spell at Tirana , collecting 1080 minutes and 4 clean-sheets as Tirana avoided relegation by earning a 2–2 draw versus Flamutari Vlorë on 4 May . Following the end of the season , Lika was presented with Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award . He left the club in June 2014 after the club didnt pay him an old debt which Lika won at Conflict Resolution Room at FSHF . Flamurtari Vlorë . On 5 June 2014 , shortly after the end of the season , Lika left Tirana and joined Flamurtari Vlorë by penning a two-year contract . He was projected as starter in the teams European campaign , playing his first match in the first leg of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round against Sioni Bolnisi , playing full-90 minutes as Flamurtari to win 3–2 away . In the returning leg , despite losing 2–1 , Flamurtari went through on away goal rule . Lika remained on goal for the next two matches of the second qualifying round as the team was knocked out 5–1 on aggregate by Petrolul Ploiești , ending thus his European campaign with four matches . Second return at Tirana . In June 2016 , Lika completed a transfer to Tirana by penning a contract for the 2016–17 season , marking thus his second return . He took his old squad number 1 , and commenced the season on 7 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the opening league match versus Teuta Durrës which ended in a goalless draw . Lika enjoyed a strong run in the first games of the season , keeping five clean-sheets in the opening six league matches , as Tirana become a title contender . However , the team declined and didnt won a league match in six months , starting the negative streak in the goalless draw against Vllaznia Shkodër on 22 December and finishing on 10 May of the following year by winning 2–0 versus Korabi Peshkopi , eventually becoming a potential contender for relegation . In the final matchday of the season against fellow relegation struggelers Vllaznia Shkodër , Tirana didnt earn more than a goalless draw , meaning that they have been relegated for the first time in history . Lika was ever-present in league , playing every minute from 36 appearances , keeping 17 clean-sheets in the process . In the Albanian Cup final on 31 May , Lika was on goal as Tirana defeated 3–1 Skënderbeu Korçë at Elbasan Arena to win the title for a record 16th time . The cup success meant the return of Tirana in European competitions after five years , with Lika being included in new coach Zé Marias list for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round . He played in both matches as Tirana was easily eliminated by Israelis Maccabi Tel Aviv 5–0 on aggregate . Following the end of the European campaign , Lika was one of the players to show loyalty to the club , agreeing a new one-year contract extension in clubs first ever Albanian First Division season . He begun the domestic season on 7 September by winning the Albanian Supercup , this third overall , as Tirana scored a late goal for a 1–0 win over Superliga champions Kukësi . He made his first ever Albanian First Division appearance on 16 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 home win over Iliria Fushë-Krujë . Lika didnt concede in the first 5 matches , and was beaten for the first time on 4 November when Bylis Ballshs Niko Zisi scored the lone goal for Tiranas first loss in First Division . Tirana went to dominate with hammering results in either home or away matches , such as the 6–0 win at Shkumbini Peqin were Lika also saved a penalty kick , or another 6–0 win , this time at home versus Pogradeci . Lika was injured on 17 March 2018 during the 2–1 home win versus Tomori Berat after a collision with an opposition player ; he was taken off with a stretcher afterwards , returning in action only on 12 May in the final promotion play-off match against Bylis Ballsh , with Tirana already promoted . Four days later , in the First Division final against the Group A winners Kastrioti Krujë , Lika kept a clean-sheet and helped Tirana to a 2–0 win to seal the trophy of Albanian First Division for 2017–18 season . He finished the 2017–18 season by making 29 appearances in all competitions , including 20 in league , keeping 17 clean-sheets , 14 of them in league . Lika commenced the 2018–19 season initially as a starter , but in November 2018 , he submitted his starting post to younger keeper Alessio Abibi . However , in May 2019 , Lika returned as starter once again and helped Tirana escape relegation by keeping two clean-sheets in the last three matches . In the match against Laçi on 26 May , he made a decisive penalty save to deny the hosts the equalizing goal , in an eventual 3–1 win . Lika concluded the season by making 14 appearances between league and cup . On 10 July 2019 , he signed a new one-year contract , extending his stay with the capital side until 2020 . International career . Lika was first approached to Albania senior team in January 2002 for the Bahrain Shoot Soccer Tournament , held at Riffa . He earned his first international cap on 10 January in the third match against the hosts , conceding three times as Albania lost 3–0 ; they finished in the third place tied on points with Macedonia but with better goal average . Lika was the starting goalkeeper in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . He played seven matches in the Group 2 , keeping no clean-sheets as Albania finished in 5th position . Lika continued to be part of the team in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers , where Albania was placed in Group G . He was called up for the opening two matches against Belarus and Romania in September 2006 , starting in the opening match which ended in a 2–2 draw . Otto Barić then removed Lika from the team in March 2007 due to problems with his club Dinamo Tirana , as he was forced to become a free agent until the end of the season . Arjan Beqaj was used as the starting keeper with Isli Hidi as his backup . He returned to the national team in October 2007 after half a year absence for the match versus Slovenia due to an injury of Beqaj . Speaking about that , Lika stated return to the national team was an indescribable joy . Under new manager Arie Haan , Lika received another call-up in January 2008 for gathering between 14–23 January in Antalya , Turkey . He was the third goalkeeper in Albanias unsuccessful 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Lika returned to the national team in February 2010 where he was named in the squad for the unofficial friendly versus Kosovo . He played as a substitute in the match which ended in a 3–2 win for Likas side . It was his final call-up to the national team , as he was no longer part in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign , with his spot occupied by youngster Samir Ujkani . Personal life . Lika is a practicing Muslim . He has also spoken out strongly against homosexuality , calling it dangerous , as it violates the family . Honours . Club . - Dinamo Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2001–02 - Albanian Cup : 2002–03 - Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2019–20 - Albanian Cup : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 - runner-up ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Albanian Supercup: ( 3 ) 2011 , 2012 , 2017 - Albanian First Division : 2017–18 Individual . - Albanian Superliga Player of the Month : April 2014 - Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award : 2013–14
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Ilion Lika played for which team from 2009 to 2010?
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/wiki/Ilion_Lika#P54#3
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Ilion Lika Ilion Lika ( born 17 May 1980 ) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and also is goalkeeping coach of Albanian club Tirana in the Albanian Superliga . During his 19-year career span , Lika has played more than 500 matches on club level . He begun his professional career in 1999 with Dinamo Tirana , recording more than 200 appearances in all competitions before leaving for Elbasani in 2007 . Lika moved for the first time aboard in January 2008 by joining Terek Grozny of Russian Premier League . He returned in Albania in January 2010 , representing in quick succession Vllaznia Shkodër and Kastrioti Krujë before joining Tirana in the summer of that year where he went on to play for the next three years . In the following years , the now veteran goalie had spells again with Kastrioti Krujë and Tirana , before joining Flamurtari Vlorë in June 2014 where he played in the next two years . He was also a member of the Albania national team between 2002 and 2010 , earning 14 senior international caps . Club career . Early career . Lika played for Dinamo Tirana from 1999 to June 2007 . He became a fan favourite during his time at Dinamo Tirana and was considered as being one of the best goalkeepers in the Albanian Superliga . Lika was tested by the Danish side Odense BK but he wasnt offered a contract at the club . His failed trial in Denmark paved the way for him to be transferred to the 2005–06 Albanian Superliga champions , Elbasani in August 2007 where he signed a 1-year contract . He played just under 6 months in at Elbasani before looking for a new team . It emerged in January that Tirana were interested in signing the Albanian international and that Lika had spoken to one of the clubs owners about a possible switch back to the capital , however Lika himself quickly squashed these rumours insisting that he had never spoken to anyone about a move to Tirana and that it was all speculation . He also had offers from abroad as well with Vorskla Poltava apparently leading the chase for the goalkeepers signature , although he had other clubs from Turkey and the rest of Europe interested in him . According to his agent , he was in contact with Vorskla Poltava and he stated that Lika had been offered a very good contract but it was still hard to accept because the location and the weather of Ukraine would have been a problem for Lika . Terek Grozny . Even though he had turned down a move to Ukraine , Lika was still wanted by Tom Tomsk and Terek Grozny , both in Russia . Both clubs had offered him a contract but Lika chose the one from Grozny side as it was too hard to refuse . He completed his move to the club on 29 January 2008 and he signed a two-year contract worth $500,000 . During his presentation , Lika stated that one of the main reasons for his move was that he hoped to one day become the Albania national teams first choice goalkeeper . Lika quickly became the clubs 1st choice goalkeeper and put in many impressive performances throughout the 2008–09 season including one against CSKA Moscow where he impressed even the CSKA Moscows coach with his performance , he also kept a clean sheet in the historic 1–0 victory over one of the biggest clubs in Russia . He managed 9 clean sheets in 27 games during the 2008–09 season . Following a very impressive first season in Russia , Lika has been offered to receive Chechenyan citizenship by the president of Chechnya , Ramzan Kadyrov . The president of Chechenya had expressed his desire for Lika to spend the rest of his career with Terek Grozny and had stated that he is a huge fan of the Albanian goalkeeper . He also gave Lika a brand new Land Rover worth $110,000 as a present during the 2008–09 season . In an interview with Ora News in Albania , Lika explained that if any of his teammates call him by his given name Ilion , then they will be fined by the clubs owner and president of Chechenya , Ramzan Kadyrov who is one of Likas biggest fans . The president wanted the team and its supporters to call him Iljaz Lika instead of his official name , Ilion Lika . The chairman and Lika formed a special relationship and understanding of each other based on their Islamic beliefs because according to Lika the chairman is a very religious man and after realising that Lika is a Muslim as well he has treated him differently from the other players . Besides the Land Rover , he had also bought Lika a house in Chechenya . Lika and the chairman have also travelled to Dubai on holiday together and they also went to Mecca and that is how they have built a much closer relationship . He also says that he is treated like a king at the club and is a fan favourite already . Injury . Lika suffered an injury that would keep him out of action for over five months in February 2009 . The vice-president of Terek Grozny announced that Lika would miss at least five months of football after damaging his Achilles tendon . The injury meant that he missed the start of the Russian Premier League and also three crucial 2010 World Cup qualifiers and with first choice goalkeeper Arjan Beqaj already out for a lengthy period , this would have meant that Lika would have been the first choice keeper and would have been back in the squad after spending more than 2 years out of the national squad . Terek Grozny quickly brought in a goalkeeper to take the injured Likas place , that goalkeeper was Andriy Dikan and he was the clubs main goalkeeper for the start of the 2009–10 season . Lika spent five weeks rehabilitating in Macedonia in 2009 to try to get him back to full fitness . Departure . On 1 December 2009 , Lika left the club officially along with six other players . All five others were foreign the Slovakian defender Radoslav Zabavnik , Brazilian defender Cléber Guedes de Lima and Romanians Florentin Petre , Andrei Margaritescu and Daniel Pancu ; the players left for free after that the club decided to not renew their contracts . Vllaznia Shkodër . Lika returned in Albania in January 2010 now as a free agent , agreeing to a short-term contract with Albanian Superliga strugglers Vllaznia Shkodër . He was placed only the teams third choice keeper behind veteran Armir Grimaj and youngster Olti Bishani , making his debut for the club on 23 January in the 2–1 loss at Shkumbini Peqin . Five days later , Lika was released from his contract by the club president Valter Fushaj , with the goalkeeper being unhappy with his contract and clauses , thus becoming a free agent again . Kastrioti Krujë . One the same after his departure from Vllaznia Shkodër , Lika signed to fellow top flight side Kastrioti Krujë on a contract until the end of 2009–10 season . He played his first game for the club the next day by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 win over Gramozi Ersekë . He concluded the second half of the season by making 16 league appearances , 15 of them with Kastrioti . He became a free agent after his contract ran out . Tirana . On 17 June 2010 , Lika was presented as Tiranas newest player by signing a contract for the upcoming season . He played with the club in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds , collecting three appearances ; he kept two clean-sheets in the first qualifying round tie versus Hungarys Zalaegerszegi TE as Tirana won 1–0 on aggregate thanks to a golden goal scored by Erando Karabeci in the 107th minute of the second leg at ZTE Arena . Lika was also on goal in the 4–0 away defeat to Utrecht in the first leg of second qualifying round . He was accused by coach and club directors as one of the players to influence the defeat , and was not in the squad for the returning leg at Qemal Stafa Stadium which finished in a 1–1 draw . Lika however denied the accusations by stating that he has always defended the Tirana jersey with heart . Return to Kastrioti Krujë . On 14 August 2013 , Lika joined Kastrioti Krujë by penning a contract until the end of 2013–14 season . He played 16 league games in the first part of the season before leaving in January of the following year . Return to Tirana . On 5 January 2014 , Lika agreed terms with Tirana to join the Albanian Superliga strugglers for the second part of 2013–14 season . He signed an initial 6-month contract with the option of a further one year . He made his return debut on 1 February by keeping his goal intact in the goalless draw versus his former employers Kastrioti Krujë . Six days later , Lika kept his second consecutive clean-sheet with a fine display in the capital derby versus Partizani , meaning that Tirana has won for the first time in nine matches . He played 12 matches in his second spell at Tirana , collecting 1080 minutes and 4 clean-sheets as Tirana avoided relegation by earning a 2–2 draw versus Flamutari Vlorë on 4 May . Following the end of the season , Lika was presented with Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award . He left the club in June 2014 after the club didnt pay him an old debt which Lika won at Conflict Resolution Room at FSHF . Flamurtari Vlorë . On 5 June 2014 , shortly after the end of the season , Lika left Tirana and joined Flamurtari Vlorë by penning a two-year contract . He was projected as starter in the teams European campaign , playing his first match in the first leg of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round against Sioni Bolnisi , playing full-90 minutes as Flamurtari to win 3–2 away . In the returning leg , despite losing 2–1 , Flamurtari went through on away goal rule . Lika remained on goal for the next two matches of the second qualifying round as the team was knocked out 5–1 on aggregate by Petrolul Ploiești , ending thus his European campaign with four matches . Second return at Tirana . In June 2016 , Lika completed a transfer to Tirana by penning a contract for the 2016–17 season , marking thus his second return . He took his old squad number 1 , and commenced the season on 7 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the opening league match versus Teuta Durrës which ended in a goalless draw . Lika enjoyed a strong run in the first games of the season , keeping five clean-sheets in the opening six league matches , as Tirana become a title contender . However , the team declined and didnt won a league match in six months , starting the negative streak in the goalless draw against Vllaznia Shkodër on 22 December and finishing on 10 May of the following year by winning 2–0 versus Korabi Peshkopi , eventually becoming a potential contender for relegation . In the final matchday of the season against fellow relegation struggelers Vllaznia Shkodër , Tirana didnt earn more than a goalless draw , meaning that they have been relegated for the first time in history . Lika was ever-present in league , playing every minute from 36 appearances , keeping 17 clean-sheets in the process . In the Albanian Cup final on 31 May , Lika was on goal as Tirana defeated 3–1 Skënderbeu Korçë at Elbasan Arena to win the title for a record 16th time . The cup success meant the return of Tirana in European competitions after five years , with Lika being included in new coach Zé Marias list for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round . He played in both matches as Tirana was easily eliminated by Israelis Maccabi Tel Aviv 5–0 on aggregate . Following the end of the European campaign , Lika was one of the players to show loyalty to the club , agreeing a new one-year contract extension in clubs first ever Albanian First Division season . He begun the domestic season on 7 September by winning the Albanian Supercup , this third overall , as Tirana scored a late goal for a 1–0 win over Superliga champions Kukësi . He made his first ever Albanian First Division appearance on 16 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 home win over Iliria Fushë-Krujë . Lika didnt concede in the first 5 matches , and was beaten for the first time on 4 November when Bylis Ballshs Niko Zisi scored the lone goal for Tiranas first loss in First Division . Tirana went to dominate with hammering results in either home or away matches , such as the 6–0 win at Shkumbini Peqin were Lika also saved a penalty kick , or another 6–0 win , this time at home versus Pogradeci . Lika was injured on 17 March 2018 during the 2–1 home win versus Tomori Berat after a collision with an opposition player ; he was taken off with a stretcher afterwards , returning in action only on 12 May in the final promotion play-off match against Bylis Ballsh , with Tirana already promoted . Four days later , in the First Division final against the Group A winners Kastrioti Krujë , Lika kept a clean-sheet and helped Tirana to a 2–0 win to seal the trophy of Albanian First Division for 2017–18 season . He finished the 2017–18 season by making 29 appearances in all competitions , including 20 in league , keeping 17 clean-sheets , 14 of them in league . Lika commenced the 2018–19 season initially as a starter , but in November 2018 , he submitted his starting post to younger keeper Alessio Abibi . However , in May 2019 , Lika returned as starter once again and helped Tirana escape relegation by keeping two clean-sheets in the last three matches . In the match against Laçi on 26 May , he made a decisive penalty save to deny the hosts the equalizing goal , in an eventual 3–1 win . Lika concluded the season by making 14 appearances between league and cup . On 10 July 2019 , he signed a new one-year contract , extending his stay with the capital side until 2020 . International career . Lika was first approached to Albania senior team in January 2002 for the Bahrain Shoot Soccer Tournament , held at Riffa . He earned his first international cap on 10 January in the third match against the hosts , conceding three times as Albania lost 3–0 ; they finished in the third place tied on points with Macedonia but with better goal average . Lika was the starting goalkeeper in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . He played seven matches in the Group 2 , keeping no clean-sheets as Albania finished in 5th position . Lika continued to be part of the team in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers , where Albania was placed in Group G . He was called up for the opening two matches against Belarus and Romania in September 2006 , starting in the opening match which ended in a 2–2 draw . Otto Barić then removed Lika from the team in March 2007 due to problems with his club Dinamo Tirana , as he was forced to become a free agent until the end of the season . Arjan Beqaj was used as the starting keeper with Isli Hidi as his backup . He returned to the national team in October 2007 after half a year absence for the match versus Slovenia due to an injury of Beqaj . Speaking about that , Lika stated return to the national team was an indescribable joy . Under new manager Arie Haan , Lika received another call-up in January 2008 for gathering between 14–23 January in Antalya , Turkey . He was the third goalkeeper in Albanias unsuccessful 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Lika returned to the national team in February 2010 where he was named in the squad for the unofficial friendly versus Kosovo . He played as a substitute in the match which ended in a 3–2 win for Likas side . It was his final call-up to the national team , as he was no longer part in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign , with his spot occupied by youngster Samir Ujkani . Personal life . Lika is a practicing Muslim . He has also spoken out strongly against homosexuality , calling it dangerous , as it violates the family . Honours . Club . - Dinamo Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2001–02 - Albanian Cup : 2002–03 - Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2019–20 - Albanian Cup : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 - runner-up ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Albanian Supercup: ( 3 ) 2011 , 2012 , 2017 - Albanian First Division : 2017–18 Individual . - Albanian Superliga Player of the Month : April 2014 - Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award : 2013–14
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[
"Tiranas"
] |
easy
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Ilion Lika played for which team from 2010 to 2013?
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/wiki/Ilion_Lika#P54#4
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Ilion Lika Ilion Lika ( born 17 May 1980 ) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and also is goalkeeping coach of Albanian club Tirana in the Albanian Superliga . During his 19-year career span , Lika has played more than 500 matches on club level . He begun his professional career in 1999 with Dinamo Tirana , recording more than 200 appearances in all competitions before leaving for Elbasani in 2007 . Lika moved for the first time aboard in January 2008 by joining Terek Grozny of Russian Premier League . He returned in Albania in January 2010 , representing in quick succession Vllaznia Shkodër and Kastrioti Krujë before joining Tirana in the summer of that year where he went on to play for the next three years . In the following years , the now veteran goalie had spells again with Kastrioti Krujë and Tirana , before joining Flamurtari Vlorë in June 2014 where he played in the next two years . He was also a member of the Albania national team between 2002 and 2010 , earning 14 senior international caps . Club career . Early career . Lika played for Dinamo Tirana from 1999 to June 2007 . He became a fan favourite during his time at Dinamo Tirana and was considered as being one of the best goalkeepers in the Albanian Superliga . Lika was tested by the Danish side Odense BK but he wasnt offered a contract at the club . His failed trial in Denmark paved the way for him to be transferred to the 2005–06 Albanian Superliga champions , Elbasani in August 2007 where he signed a 1-year contract . He played just under 6 months in at Elbasani before looking for a new team . It emerged in January that Tirana were interested in signing the Albanian international and that Lika had spoken to one of the clubs owners about a possible switch back to the capital , however Lika himself quickly squashed these rumours insisting that he had never spoken to anyone about a move to Tirana and that it was all speculation . He also had offers from abroad as well with Vorskla Poltava apparently leading the chase for the goalkeepers signature , although he had other clubs from Turkey and the rest of Europe interested in him . According to his agent , he was in contact with Vorskla Poltava and he stated that Lika had been offered a very good contract but it was still hard to accept because the location and the weather of Ukraine would have been a problem for Lika . Terek Grozny . Even though he had turned down a move to Ukraine , Lika was still wanted by Tom Tomsk and Terek Grozny , both in Russia . Both clubs had offered him a contract but Lika chose the one from Grozny side as it was too hard to refuse . He completed his move to the club on 29 January 2008 and he signed a two-year contract worth $500,000 . During his presentation , Lika stated that one of the main reasons for his move was that he hoped to one day become the Albania national teams first choice goalkeeper . Lika quickly became the clubs 1st choice goalkeeper and put in many impressive performances throughout the 2008–09 season including one against CSKA Moscow where he impressed even the CSKA Moscows coach with his performance , he also kept a clean sheet in the historic 1–0 victory over one of the biggest clubs in Russia . He managed 9 clean sheets in 27 games during the 2008–09 season . Following a very impressive first season in Russia , Lika has been offered to receive Chechenyan citizenship by the president of Chechnya , Ramzan Kadyrov . The president of Chechenya had expressed his desire for Lika to spend the rest of his career with Terek Grozny and had stated that he is a huge fan of the Albanian goalkeeper . He also gave Lika a brand new Land Rover worth $110,000 as a present during the 2008–09 season . In an interview with Ora News in Albania , Lika explained that if any of his teammates call him by his given name Ilion , then they will be fined by the clubs owner and president of Chechenya , Ramzan Kadyrov who is one of Likas biggest fans . The president wanted the team and its supporters to call him Iljaz Lika instead of his official name , Ilion Lika . The chairman and Lika formed a special relationship and understanding of each other based on their Islamic beliefs because according to Lika the chairman is a very religious man and after realising that Lika is a Muslim as well he has treated him differently from the other players . Besides the Land Rover , he had also bought Lika a house in Chechenya . Lika and the chairman have also travelled to Dubai on holiday together and they also went to Mecca and that is how they have built a much closer relationship . He also says that he is treated like a king at the club and is a fan favourite already . Injury . Lika suffered an injury that would keep him out of action for over five months in February 2009 . The vice-president of Terek Grozny announced that Lika would miss at least five months of football after damaging his Achilles tendon . The injury meant that he missed the start of the Russian Premier League and also three crucial 2010 World Cup qualifiers and with first choice goalkeeper Arjan Beqaj already out for a lengthy period , this would have meant that Lika would have been the first choice keeper and would have been back in the squad after spending more than 2 years out of the national squad . Terek Grozny quickly brought in a goalkeeper to take the injured Likas place , that goalkeeper was Andriy Dikan and he was the clubs main goalkeeper for the start of the 2009–10 season . Lika spent five weeks rehabilitating in Macedonia in 2009 to try to get him back to full fitness . Departure . On 1 December 2009 , Lika left the club officially along with six other players . All five others were foreign the Slovakian defender Radoslav Zabavnik , Brazilian defender Cléber Guedes de Lima and Romanians Florentin Petre , Andrei Margaritescu and Daniel Pancu ; the players left for free after that the club decided to not renew their contracts . Vllaznia Shkodër . Lika returned in Albania in January 2010 now as a free agent , agreeing to a short-term contract with Albanian Superliga strugglers Vllaznia Shkodër . He was placed only the teams third choice keeper behind veteran Armir Grimaj and youngster Olti Bishani , making his debut for the club on 23 January in the 2–1 loss at Shkumbini Peqin . Five days later , Lika was released from his contract by the club president Valter Fushaj , with the goalkeeper being unhappy with his contract and clauses , thus becoming a free agent again . Kastrioti Krujë . One the same after his departure from Vllaznia Shkodër , Lika signed to fellow top flight side Kastrioti Krujë on a contract until the end of 2009–10 season . He played his first game for the club the next day by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 win over Gramozi Ersekë . He concluded the second half of the season by making 16 league appearances , 15 of them with Kastrioti . He became a free agent after his contract ran out . Tirana . On 17 June 2010 , Lika was presented as Tiranas newest player by signing a contract for the upcoming season . He played with the club in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds , collecting three appearances ; he kept two clean-sheets in the first qualifying round tie versus Hungarys Zalaegerszegi TE as Tirana won 1–0 on aggregate thanks to a golden goal scored by Erando Karabeci in the 107th minute of the second leg at ZTE Arena . Lika was also on goal in the 4–0 away defeat to Utrecht in the first leg of second qualifying round . He was accused by coach and club directors as one of the players to influence the defeat , and was not in the squad for the returning leg at Qemal Stafa Stadium which finished in a 1–1 draw . Lika however denied the accusations by stating that he has always defended the Tirana jersey with heart . Return to Kastrioti Krujë . On 14 August 2013 , Lika joined Kastrioti Krujë by penning a contract until the end of 2013–14 season . He played 16 league games in the first part of the season before leaving in January of the following year . Return to Tirana . On 5 January 2014 , Lika agreed terms with Tirana to join the Albanian Superliga strugglers for the second part of 2013–14 season . He signed an initial 6-month contract with the option of a further one year . He made his return debut on 1 February by keeping his goal intact in the goalless draw versus his former employers Kastrioti Krujë . Six days later , Lika kept his second consecutive clean-sheet with a fine display in the capital derby versus Partizani , meaning that Tirana has won for the first time in nine matches . He played 12 matches in his second spell at Tirana , collecting 1080 minutes and 4 clean-sheets as Tirana avoided relegation by earning a 2–2 draw versus Flamutari Vlorë on 4 May . Following the end of the season , Lika was presented with Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award . He left the club in June 2014 after the club didnt pay him an old debt which Lika won at Conflict Resolution Room at FSHF . Flamurtari Vlorë . On 5 June 2014 , shortly after the end of the season , Lika left Tirana and joined Flamurtari Vlorë by penning a two-year contract . He was projected as starter in the teams European campaign , playing his first match in the first leg of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round against Sioni Bolnisi , playing full-90 minutes as Flamurtari to win 3–2 away . In the returning leg , despite losing 2–1 , Flamurtari went through on away goal rule . Lika remained on goal for the next two matches of the second qualifying round as the team was knocked out 5–1 on aggregate by Petrolul Ploiești , ending thus his European campaign with four matches . Second return at Tirana . In June 2016 , Lika completed a transfer to Tirana by penning a contract for the 2016–17 season , marking thus his second return . He took his old squad number 1 , and commenced the season on 7 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the opening league match versus Teuta Durrës which ended in a goalless draw . Lika enjoyed a strong run in the first games of the season , keeping five clean-sheets in the opening six league matches , as Tirana become a title contender . However , the team declined and didnt won a league match in six months , starting the negative streak in the goalless draw against Vllaznia Shkodër on 22 December and finishing on 10 May of the following year by winning 2–0 versus Korabi Peshkopi , eventually becoming a potential contender for relegation . In the final matchday of the season against fellow relegation struggelers Vllaznia Shkodër , Tirana didnt earn more than a goalless draw , meaning that they have been relegated for the first time in history . Lika was ever-present in league , playing every minute from 36 appearances , keeping 17 clean-sheets in the process . In the Albanian Cup final on 31 May , Lika was on goal as Tirana defeated 3–1 Skënderbeu Korçë at Elbasan Arena to win the title for a record 16th time . The cup success meant the return of Tirana in European competitions after five years , with Lika being included in new coach Zé Marias list for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round . He played in both matches as Tirana was easily eliminated by Israelis Maccabi Tel Aviv 5–0 on aggregate . Following the end of the European campaign , Lika was one of the players to show loyalty to the club , agreeing a new one-year contract extension in clubs first ever Albanian First Division season . He begun the domestic season on 7 September by winning the Albanian Supercup , this third overall , as Tirana scored a late goal for a 1–0 win over Superliga champions Kukësi . He made his first ever Albanian First Division appearance on 16 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 home win over Iliria Fushë-Krujë . Lika didnt concede in the first 5 matches , and was beaten for the first time on 4 November when Bylis Ballshs Niko Zisi scored the lone goal for Tiranas first loss in First Division . Tirana went to dominate with hammering results in either home or away matches , such as the 6–0 win at Shkumbini Peqin were Lika also saved a penalty kick , or another 6–0 win , this time at home versus Pogradeci . Lika was injured on 17 March 2018 during the 2–1 home win versus Tomori Berat after a collision with an opposition player ; he was taken off with a stretcher afterwards , returning in action only on 12 May in the final promotion play-off match against Bylis Ballsh , with Tirana already promoted . Four days later , in the First Division final against the Group A winners Kastrioti Krujë , Lika kept a clean-sheet and helped Tirana to a 2–0 win to seal the trophy of Albanian First Division for 2017–18 season . He finished the 2017–18 season by making 29 appearances in all competitions , including 20 in league , keeping 17 clean-sheets , 14 of them in league . Lika commenced the 2018–19 season initially as a starter , but in November 2018 , he submitted his starting post to younger keeper Alessio Abibi . However , in May 2019 , Lika returned as starter once again and helped Tirana escape relegation by keeping two clean-sheets in the last three matches . In the match against Laçi on 26 May , he made a decisive penalty save to deny the hosts the equalizing goal , in an eventual 3–1 win . Lika concluded the season by making 14 appearances between league and cup . On 10 July 2019 , he signed a new one-year contract , extending his stay with the capital side until 2020 . International career . Lika was first approached to Albania senior team in January 2002 for the Bahrain Shoot Soccer Tournament , held at Riffa . He earned his first international cap on 10 January in the third match against the hosts , conceding three times as Albania lost 3–0 ; they finished in the third place tied on points with Macedonia but with better goal average . Lika was the starting goalkeeper in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . He played seven matches in the Group 2 , keeping no clean-sheets as Albania finished in 5th position . Lika continued to be part of the team in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers , where Albania was placed in Group G . He was called up for the opening two matches against Belarus and Romania in September 2006 , starting in the opening match which ended in a 2–2 draw . Otto Barić then removed Lika from the team in March 2007 due to problems with his club Dinamo Tirana , as he was forced to become a free agent until the end of the season . Arjan Beqaj was used as the starting keeper with Isli Hidi as his backup . He returned to the national team in October 2007 after half a year absence for the match versus Slovenia due to an injury of Beqaj . Speaking about that , Lika stated return to the national team was an indescribable joy . Under new manager Arie Haan , Lika received another call-up in January 2008 for gathering between 14–23 January in Antalya , Turkey . He was the third goalkeeper in Albanias unsuccessful 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Lika returned to the national team in February 2010 where he was named in the squad for the unofficial friendly versus Kosovo . He played as a substitute in the match which ended in a 3–2 win for Likas side . It was his final call-up to the national team , as he was no longer part in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign , with his spot occupied by youngster Samir Ujkani . Personal life . Lika is a practicing Muslim . He has also spoken out strongly against homosexuality , calling it dangerous , as it violates the family . Honours . Club . - Dinamo Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2001–02 - Albanian Cup : 2002–03 - Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2019–20 - Albanian Cup : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 - runner-up ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Albanian Supercup: ( 3 ) 2011 , 2012 , 2017 - Albanian First Division : 2017–18 Individual . - Albanian Superliga Player of the Month : April 2014 - Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award : 2013–14
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[
"Flamurtari Vlorë"
] |
easy
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Which team did Ilion Lika play for from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Ilion_Lika#P54#5
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Ilion Lika Ilion Lika ( born 17 May 1980 ) is an Albanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper and also is goalkeeping coach of Albanian club Tirana in the Albanian Superliga . During his 19-year career span , Lika has played more than 500 matches on club level . He begun his professional career in 1999 with Dinamo Tirana , recording more than 200 appearances in all competitions before leaving for Elbasani in 2007 . Lika moved for the first time aboard in January 2008 by joining Terek Grozny of Russian Premier League . He returned in Albania in January 2010 , representing in quick succession Vllaznia Shkodër and Kastrioti Krujë before joining Tirana in the summer of that year where he went on to play for the next three years . In the following years , the now veteran goalie had spells again with Kastrioti Krujë and Tirana , before joining Flamurtari Vlorë in June 2014 where he played in the next two years . He was also a member of the Albania national team between 2002 and 2010 , earning 14 senior international caps . Club career . Early career . Lika played for Dinamo Tirana from 1999 to June 2007 . He became a fan favourite during his time at Dinamo Tirana and was considered as being one of the best goalkeepers in the Albanian Superliga . Lika was tested by the Danish side Odense BK but he wasnt offered a contract at the club . His failed trial in Denmark paved the way for him to be transferred to the 2005–06 Albanian Superliga champions , Elbasani in August 2007 where he signed a 1-year contract . He played just under 6 months in at Elbasani before looking for a new team . It emerged in January that Tirana were interested in signing the Albanian international and that Lika had spoken to one of the clubs owners about a possible switch back to the capital , however Lika himself quickly squashed these rumours insisting that he had never spoken to anyone about a move to Tirana and that it was all speculation . He also had offers from abroad as well with Vorskla Poltava apparently leading the chase for the goalkeepers signature , although he had other clubs from Turkey and the rest of Europe interested in him . According to his agent , he was in contact with Vorskla Poltava and he stated that Lika had been offered a very good contract but it was still hard to accept because the location and the weather of Ukraine would have been a problem for Lika . Terek Grozny . Even though he had turned down a move to Ukraine , Lika was still wanted by Tom Tomsk and Terek Grozny , both in Russia . Both clubs had offered him a contract but Lika chose the one from Grozny side as it was too hard to refuse . He completed his move to the club on 29 January 2008 and he signed a two-year contract worth $500,000 . During his presentation , Lika stated that one of the main reasons for his move was that he hoped to one day become the Albania national teams first choice goalkeeper . Lika quickly became the clubs 1st choice goalkeeper and put in many impressive performances throughout the 2008–09 season including one against CSKA Moscow where he impressed even the CSKA Moscows coach with his performance , he also kept a clean sheet in the historic 1–0 victory over one of the biggest clubs in Russia . He managed 9 clean sheets in 27 games during the 2008–09 season . Following a very impressive first season in Russia , Lika has been offered to receive Chechenyan citizenship by the president of Chechnya , Ramzan Kadyrov . The president of Chechenya had expressed his desire for Lika to spend the rest of his career with Terek Grozny and had stated that he is a huge fan of the Albanian goalkeeper . He also gave Lika a brand new Land Rover worth $110,000 as a present during the 2008–09 season . In an interview with Ora News in Albania , Lika explained that if any of his teammates call him by his given name Ilion , then they will be fined by the clubs owner and president of Chechenya , Ramzan Kadyrov who is one of Likas biggest fans . The president wanted the team and its supporters to call him Iljaz Lika instead of his official name , Ilion Lika . The chairman and Lika formed a special relationship and understanding of each other based on their Islamic beliefs because according to Lika the chairman is a very religious man and after realising that Lika is a Muslim as well he has treated him differently from the other players . Besides the Land Rover , he had also bought Lika a house in Chechenya . Lika and the chairman have also travelled to Dubai on holiday together and they also went to Mecca and that is how they have built a much closer relationship . He also says that he is treated like a king at the club and is a fan favourite already . Injury . Lika suffered an injury that would keep him out of action for over five months in February 2009 . The vice-president of Terek Grozny announced that Lika would miss at least five months of football after damaging his Achilles tendon . The injury meant that he missed the start of the Russian Premier League and also three crucial 2010 World Cup qualifiers and with first choice goalkeeper Arjan Beqaj already out for a lengthy period , this would have meant that Lika would have been the first choice keeper and would have been back in the squad after spending more than 2 years out of the national squad . Terek Grozny quickly brought in a goalkeeper to take the injured Likas place , that goalkeeper was Andriy Dikan and he was the clubs main goalkeeper for the start of the 2009–10 season . Lika spent five weeks rehabilitating in Macedonia in 2009 to try to get him back to full fitness . Departure . On 1 December 2009 , Lika left the club officially along with six other players . All five others were foreign the Slovakian defender Radoslav Zabavnik , Brazilian defender Cléber Guedes de Lima and Romanians Florentin Petre , Andrei Margaritescu and Daniel Pancu ; the players left for free after that the club decided to not renew their contracts . Vllaznia Shkodër . Lika returned in Albania in January 2010 now as a free agent , agreeing to a short-term contract with Albanian Superliga strugglers Vllaznia Shkodër . He was placed only the teams third choice keeper behind veteran Armir Grimaj and youngster Olti Bishani , making his debut for the club on 23 January in the 2–1 loss at Shkumbini Peqin . Five days later , Lika was released from his contract by the club president Valter Fushaj , with the goalkeeper being unhappy with his contract and clauses , thus becoming a free agent again . Kastrioti Krujë . One the same after his departure from Vllaznia Shkodër , Lika signed to fellow top flight side Kastrioti Krujë on a contract until the end of 2009–10 season . He played his first game for the club the next day by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 win over Gramozi Ersekë . He concluded the second half of the season by making 16 league appearances , 15 of them with Kastrioti . He became a free agent after his contract ran out . Tirana . On 17 June 2010 , Lika was presented as Tiranas newest player by signing a contract for the upcoming season . He played with the club in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds , collecting three appearances ; he kept two clean-sheets in the first qualifying round tie versus Hungarys Zalaegerszegi TE as Tirana won 1–0 on aggregate thanks to a golden goal scored by Erando Karabeci in the 107th minute of the second leg at ZTE Arena . Lika was also on goal in the 4–0 away defeat to Utrecht in the first leg of second qualifying round . He was accused by coach and club directors as one of the players to influence the defeat , and was not in the squad for the returning leg at Qemal Stafa Stadium which finished in a 1–1 draw . Lika however denied the accusations by stating that he has always defended the Tirana jersey with heart . Return to Kastrioti Krujë . On 14 August 2013 , Lika joined Kastrioti Krujë by penning a contract until the end of 2013–14 season . He played 16 league games in the first part of the season before leaving in January of the following year . Return to Tirana . On 5 January 2014 , Lika agreed terms with Tirana to join the Albanian Superliga strugglers for the second part of 2013–14 season . He signed an initial 6-month contract with the option of a further one year . He made his return debut on 1 February by keeping his goal intact in the goalless draw versus his former employers Kastrioti Krujë . Six days later , Lika kept his second consecutive clean-sheet with a fine display in the capital derby versus Partizani , meaning that Tirana has won for the first time in nine matches . He played 12 matches in his second spell at Tirana , collecting 1080 minutes and 4 clean-sheets as Tirana avoided relegation by earning a 2–2 draw versus Flamutari Vlorë on 4 May . Following the end of the season , Lika was presented with Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award . He left the club in June 2014 after the club didnt pay him an old debt which Lika won at Conflict Resolution Room at FSHF . Flamurtari Vlorë . On 5 June 2014 , shortly after the end of the season , Lika left Tirana and joined Flamurtari Vlorë by penning a two-year contract . He was projected as starter in the teams European campaign , playing his first match in the first leg of 2014–15 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round against Sioni Bolnisi , playing full-90 minutes as Flamurtari to win 3–2 away . In the returning leg , despite losing 2–1 , Flamurtari went through on away goal rule . Lika remained on goal for the next two matches of the second qualifying round as the team was knocked out 5–1 on aggregate by Petrolul Ploiești , ending thus his European campaign with four matches . Second return at Tirana . In June 2016 , Lika completed a transfer to Tirana by penning a contract for the 2016–17 season , marking thus his second return . He took his old squad number 1 , and commenced the season on 7 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the opening league match versus Teuta Durrës which ended in a goalless draw . Lika enjoyed a strong run in the first games of the season , keeping five clean-sheets in the opening six league matches , as Tirana become a title contender . However , the team declined and didnt won a league match in six months , starting the negative streak in the goalless draw against Vllaznia Shkodër on 22 December and finishing on 10 May of the following year by winning 2–0 versus Korabi Peshkopi , eventually becoming a potential contender for relegation . In the final matchday of the season against fellow relegation struggelers Vllaznia Shkodër , Tirana didnt earn more than a goalless draw , meaning that they have been relegated for the first time in history . Lika was ever-present in league , playing every minute from 36 appearances , keeping 17 clean-sheets in the process . In the Albanian Cup final on 31 May , Lika was on goal as Tirana defeated 3–1 Skënderbeu Korçë at Elbasan Arena to win the title for a record 16th time . The cup success meant the return of Tirana in European competitions after five years , with Lika being included in new coach Zé Marias list for the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round . He played in both matches as Tirana was easily eliminated by Israelis Maccabi Tel Aviv 5–0 on aggregate . Following the end of the European campaign , Lika was one of the players to show loyalty to the club , agreeing a new one-year contract extension in clubs first ever Albanian First Division season . He begun the domestic season on 7 September by winning the Albanian Supercup , this third overall , as Tirana scored a late goal for a 1–0 win over Superliga champions Kukësi . He made his first ever Albanian First Division appearance on 16 September by keeping a clean-sheet in the 1–0 home win over Iliria Fushë-Krujë . Lika didnt concede in the first 5 matches , and was beaten for the first time on 4 November when Bylis Ballshs Niko Zisi scored the lone goal for Tiranas first loss in First Division . Tirana went to dominate with hammering results in either home or away matches , such as the 6–0 win at Shkumbini Peqin were Lika also saved a penalty kick , or another 6–0 win , this time at home versus Pogradeci . Lika was injured on 17 March 2018 during the 2–1 home win versus Tomori Berat after a collision with an opposition player ; he was taken off with a stretcher afterwards , returning in action only on 12 May in the final promotion play-off match against Bylis Ballsh , with Tirana already promoted . Four days later , in the First Division final against the Group A winners Kastrioti Krujë , Lika kept a clean-sheet and helped Tirana to a 2–0 win to seal the trophy of Albanian First Division for 2017–18 season . He finished the 2017–18 season by making 29 appearances in all competitions , including 20 in league , keeping 17 clean-sheets , 14 of them in league . Lika commenced the 2018–19 season initially as a starter , but in November 2018 , he submitted his starting post to younger keeper Alessio Abibi . However , in May 2019 , Lika returned as starter once again and helped Tirana escape relegation by keeping two clean-sheets in the last three matches . In the match against Laçi on 26 May , he made a decisive penalty save to deny the hosts the equalizing goal , in an eventual 3–1 win . Lika concluded the season by making 14 appearances between league and cup . On 10 July 2019 , he signed a new one-year contract , extending his stay with the capital side until 2020 . International career . Lika was first approached to Albania senior team in January 2002 for the Bahrain Shoot Soccer Tournament , held at Riffa . He earned his first international cap on 10 January in the third match against the hosts , conceding three times as Albania lost 3–0 ; they finished in the third place tied on points with Macedonia but with better goal average . Lika was the starting goalkeeper in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . He played seven matches in the Group 2 , keeping no clean-sheets as Albania finished in 5th position . Lika continued to be part of the team in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers , where Albania was placed in Group G . He was called up for the opening two matches against Belarus and Romania in September 2006 , starting in the opening match which ended in a 2–2 draw . Otto Barić then removed Lika from the team in March 2007 due to problems with his club Dinamo Tirana , as he was forced to become a free agent until the end of the season . Arjan Beqaj was used as the starting keeper with Isli Hidi as his backup . He returned to the national team in October 2007 after half a year absence for the match versus Slovenia due to an injury of Beqaj . Speaking about that , Lika stated return to the national team was an indescribable joy . Under new manager Arie Haan , Lika received another call-up in January 2008 for gathering between 14–23 January in Antalya , Turkey . He was the third goalkeeper in Albanias unsuccessful 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Lika returned to the national team in February 2010 where he was named in the squad for the unofficial friendly versus Kosovo . He played as a substitute in the match which ended in a 3–2 win for Likas side . It was his final call-up to the national team , as he was no longer part in the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign , with his spot occupied by youngster Samir Ujkani . Personal life . Lika is a practicing Muslim . He has also spoken out strongly against homosexuality , calling it dangerous , as it violates the family . Honours . Club . - Dinamo Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2001–02 - Albanian Cup : 2002–03 - Tirana - Albanian Superliga : 2019–20 - Albanian Cup : 2010–11 , 2011–12 , 2016–17 - runner-up ( 2 ) : 2018–19 , 2019–20 - Albanian Supercup: ( 3 ) 2011 , 2012 , 2017 - Albanian First Division : 2017–18 Individual . - Albanian Superliga Player of the Month : April 2014 - Albanian Superliga Fair Play Award : 2013–14
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[
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easy
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Which party was Bernd Lucke a member of from 2010 to 2011?
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/wiki/Bernd_Lucke#P102#0
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Bernd Lucke Bernd Lucke ( born 19 August 1962 ) is a German economist and politician . Lucke was elected as Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Alternative für Deutschland ( AfD ) in 2014 . He failed to get reelected in 2019 . He is a professor of macroeconomics at the University of Hamburg , a co-founder of Wahlalternative 2013 ( translated : Electoral Alternative 2013 ) , and a founding member of the Alternative for Germany . Lucke lost out on the leadership of the AfD against Frauke Petry in July 2015 , which was considered a shift of the party to extremist positions ; he subsequently left the party . In July 2015 he and other former AfD members founded the political party Liberal-Konservative Reformer ( formerly ALFA ) . Biography . Between 1982 and 1984 , Lucke studied economics , history , and philosophy at the University of Bonn and attended graduate studies in economics at the universities of Bonn and Berkeley between 1984 and 1987 . He completed his doctorate in 1991 with a thesis on price stabilization in world agricultural markets . His thesis director was Jürgen Wolters of the Free University of Berlin . After the fall of the Berlin Wall , he worked in the Council of Economic Experts of the East German Government and , after reunification , as an assistant to the Senate of Berlin . His research interests include sovereign default , news-driven business cycles , growth in developing countries , dynamic CGE models , and applied econometrics . Lucke was an advisor to the World Bank and a visiting scholar at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver . Lucke is a frequent guest on political talk shows in Germany . He is married and has five children . During a campaign speech in Bremen on 24 August 2013 , Lucke was attacked with pepper spray by two members of Anti-fascist Action . Several people in the audience were treated for irritation of the eyes and throat . On 4 July 2015 , he was displaced as leader of the Alternative for Germany by his former deputy , Frauke Petry , after several months of factional infighting within the party . On 9 July 2015 , Lucke left the Alternative for Germany , saying that the party had fallen irretrievably into the wrong hands after Petrys election , and on 19 July , he and other former members of the AfD established a new party , the Alliance for Progress and Renewal ( ALFA ) . ALFA has since been renamed Liberal-Konservative Reformer ( Liberal Conservative Reformers ) . External links . - University of Hamburg , Bernd Lucke ( de ) - Homepage of Plenum of Economists - Homepage of Bündnis Bürgerwille ( Alliance of Citizens Will ) - Cofounder of Wahlalternative 2013 ( Election Alternative 2013 ) - Party Hompeage Lucke speaker of Alternative für Deutschland ( Alternative for Germany ) - Marsh , David , New anti-euro party intensifies pressure on Merkel , MarketWatch , 15 April 2013 . - Spiegel portrait of Bernd Lucke and AfD , May 2014 - Business Insider : Meet The Influential German Professor Who Wants To Get Rid Of The Euro In Order To Save Europe retrieved 30 March 2013 . - Deutsche Welle interview with Bernd Lucke : Where is the German Euroskeptic party AfD headed ? retrieved July 2015 .
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[
"Alliance for Progress and Renewal",
"Liberal-Konservative Reformer ( Liberal Conservative Reformers )"
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easy
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Which party was Bernd Lucke a member of from 2015 to 2016?
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/wiki/Bernd_Lucke#P102#1
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Bernd Lucke Bernd Lucke ( born 19 August 1962 ) is a German economist and politician . Lucke was elected as Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) for the Alternative für Deutschland ( AfD ) in 2014 . He failed to get reelected in 2019 . He is a professor of macroeconomics at the University of Hamburg , a co-founder of Wahlalternative 2013 ( translated : Electoral Alternative 2013 ) , and a founding member of the Alternative for Germany . Lucke lost out on the leadership of the AfD against Frauke Petry in July 2015 , which was considered a shift of the party to extremist positions ; he subsequently left the party . In July 2015 he and other former AfD members founded the political party Liberal-Konservative Reformer ( formerly ALFA ) . Biography . Between 1982 and 1984 , Lucke studied economics , history , and philosophy at the University of Bonn and attended graduate studies in economics at the universities of Bonn and Berkeley between 1984 and 1987 . He completed his doctorate in 1991 with a thesis on price stabilization in world agricultural markets . His thesis director was Jürgen Wolters of the Free University of Berlin . After the fall of the Berlin Wall , he worked in the Council of Economic Experts of the East German Government and , after reunification , as an assistant to the Senate of Berlin . His research interests include sovereign default , news-driven business cycles , growth in developing countries , dynamic CGE models , and applied econometrics . Lucke was an advisor to the World Bank and a visiting scholar at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver . Lucke is a frequent guest on political talk shows in Germany . He is married and has five children . During a campaign speech in Bremen on 24 August 2013 , Lucke was attacked with pepper spray by two members of Anti-fascist Action . Several people in the audience were treated for irritation of the eyes and throat . On 4 July 2015 , he was displaced as leader of the Alternative for Germany by his former deputy , Frauke Petry , after several months of factional infighting within the party . On 9 July 2015 , Lucke left the Alternative for Germany , saying that the party had fallen irretrievably into the wrong hands after Petrys election , and on 19 July , he and other former members of the AfD established a new party , the Alliance for Progress and Renewal ( ALFA ) . ALFA has since been renamed Liberal-Konservative Reformer ( Liberal Conservative Reformers ) . External links . - University of Hamburg , Bernd Lucke ( de ) - Homepage of Plenum of Economists - Homepage of Bündnis Bürgerwille ( Alliance of Citizens Will ) - Cofounder of Wahlalternative 2013 ( Election Alternative 2013 ) - Party Hompeage Lucke speaker of Alternative für Deutschland ( Alternative for Germany ) - Marsh , David , New anti-euro party intensifies pressure on Merkel , MarketWatch , 15 April 2013 . - Spiegel portrait of Bernd Lucke and AfD , May 2014 - Business Insider : Meet The Influential German Professor Who Wants To Get Rid Of The Euro In Order To Save Europe retrieved 30 March 2013 . - Deutsche Welle interview with Bernd Lucke : Where is the German Euroskeptic party AfD headed ? retrieved July 2015 .
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easy
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Who did Federigo Enriques work for from 1892 to 1893?
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/wiki/Federigo_Enriques#P108#0
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Federigo Enriques Abramo Giulio Umberto Federigo Enriques ( 5 January 1871 – 14 June 1946 ) was an Italian mathematician , now known principally as the first to give a classification of algebraic surfaces in birational geometry , and other contributions in algebraic geometry . Biography . Enriques was born in Livorno , and brought up in Pisa , in a Sephardi Jewish family of Portuguese descent . His younger brother was zoologist Paolo Enriques who was also the father of Enzo Enriques Agnoletti and Anna Maria Enriques Agnoletti . He became a student of Guido Castelnuovo ( who later became his brother-in-law after marrying his sister Elbina ) , and became an important member of the Italian school of algebraic geometry . He also worked on differential geometry . He collaborated with Castelnuovo , Corrado Segre and Francesco Severi . He had positions at the University of Bologna , and then the University of Rome La Sapienza . He lost his position in 1938 , when the Fascist government enacted the leggi razziali ( racial laws ) , which in particular banned Jews from holding professorships in Universities . The Enriques classification , of complex algebraic surfaces up to birational equivalence , was into five main classes , and was background to further work until Kunihiko Kodaira reconsidered the matter in the 1950s . The largest class , in some sense , was that of surfaces of general type : those for which the consideration of differential forms provides linear systems that are large enough to make all the geometry visible . The work of the Italian school had provided enough insight to recognise the other main birational classes . Rational surfaces and more generally ruled surfaces ( these include quadrics and cubic surfaces in projective 3-space ) have the simplest geometry . Quartic surfaces in 3-spaces are now classified ( when non-singular ) as cases of K3 surfaces ; the classical approach was to look at the Kummer surfaces , which are singular at 16 points . Abelian surfaces give rise to Kummer surfaces as quotients . There remains the class of elliptic surfaces , which are fiber bundles over a curve with elliptic curves as fiber , having a finite number of modifications ( so there is a bundle that is locally trivial actually over a curve less some points ) . The question of classification is to show that any surface , lying in projective space of any dimension , is in the birational sense ( after blowing up and blowing down of some curves , that is ) accounted for by the models already mentioned . No more than other work in the Italian school would the proofs by Enriques now be counted as complete and rigorous . Not enough was known about some of the technical issues : the geometers worked by a mixture of inspired guesswork and close familiarity with examples . Oscar Zariski started to work in the 1930s on a more refined theory of birational mappings , incorporating commutative algebra methods . He also began work on the question of the classification for characteristic p , where new phenomena arise . The schools of Kunihiko Kodaira and Igor Shafarevich had put Enriques work on a sound footing by about 1960 . Works . - Enriques F . Lezioni di geometria descrittiva . Bologna , 1920 . - Enriques F . Lezioni di geometria proiettiva . Italian ed . 1898 and German ed . 1903 . - Enriques F . & Chisini , O . Lezioni sulla teoria geometrica delle equazioni e delle funzioni algebriche . Bologna , 1915-1934 . Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Vol . 3 , 1924 ; Vol . 4 , 1934 . - Severi F . Lezioni di geometria algebrica : geometria sopra una curva , superficie di Riemann-integrali abeliani . Italian ed . 1908 . - Enriques F . Problems of Science ( trans . Problemi di Scienza ) . Chicago , 1914 . - Enriques F . Zur Geschichte der Logik . Leipzig , 1927 . - Castelnouvo G. , Enriques F . Die algebraischen Flaechen// Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften , III C 6 - Enriques F . Le superficie algebriche . Bologna , 1949 . Articles . On Scientia . - Eredità ed evoluzione - I numeri e linfinito - Il pragmatismo - Il principio di ragion sufficiente nel pensiero greco - Il problema della realtà - Il significato della critica dei principii nello sviluppo delle matematiche - Importanza della storia del pensiero scientifico nella cultura nazionale - Linfini dans la pensee des grecs - Linfinito nella storia del pensiero - Loeuvre mathematique de Klein - La connaissance historique et la connaissance scientifique dans la critique de Enrico De Michelis - La filosofia positiva e la classificazione delle scienze - I motivi della filosofia di Eugenio Rignano External links . - Reviews of the works of Federigo Enriques , MacTutor History - PRISTEM page ( Italian language ) - Official home page of center for Enriques studies ( Italian language )
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easy
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Who did Federigo Enriques work for from 1894 to 1922?
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/wiki/Federigo_Enriques#P108#1
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Federigo Enriques Abramo Giulio Umberto Federigo Enriques ( 5 January 1871 – 14 June 1946 ) was an Italian mathematician , now known principally as the first to give a classification of algebraic surfaces in birational geometry , and other contributions in algebraic geometry . Biography . Enriques was born in Livorno , and brought up in Pisa , in a Sephardi Jewish family of Portuguese descent . His younger brother was zoologist Paolo Enriques who was also the father of Enzo Enriques Agnoletti and Anna Maria Enriques Agnoletti . He became a student of Guido Castelnuovo ( who later became his brother-in-law after marrying his sister Elbina ) , and became an important member of the Italian school of algebraic geometry . He also worked on differential geometry . He collaborated with Castelnuovo , Corrado Segre and Francesco Severi . He had positions at the University of Bologna , and then the University of Rome La Sapienza . He lost his position in 1938 , when the Fascist government enacted the leggi razziali ( racial laws ) , which in particular banned Jews from holding professorships in Universities . The Enriques classification , of complex algebraic surfaces up to birational equivalence , was into five main classes , and was background to further work until Kunihiko Kodaira reconsidered the matter in the 1950s . The largest class , in some sense , was that of surfaces of general type : those for which the consideration of differential forms provides linear systems that are large enough to make all the geometry visible . The work of the Italian school had provided enough insight to recognise the other main birational classes . Rational surfaces and more generally ruled surfaces ( these include quadrics and cubic surfaces in projective 3-space ) have the simplest geometry . Quartic surfaces in 3-spaces are now classified ( when non-singular ) as cases of K3 surfaces ; the classical approach was to look at the Kummer surfaces , which are singular at 16 points . Abelian surfaces give rise to Kummer surfaces as quotients . There remains the class of elliptic surfaces , which are fiber bundles over a curve with elliptic curves as fiber , having a finite number of modifications ( so there is a bundle that is locally trivial actually over a curve less some points ) . The question of classification is to show that any surface , lying in projective space of any dimension , is in the birational sense ( after blowing up and blowing down of some curves , that is ) accounted for by the models already mentioned . No more than other work in the Italian school would the proofs by Enriques now be counted as complete and rigorous . Not enough was known about some of the technical issues : the geometers worked by a mixture of inspired guesswork and close familiarity with examples . Oscar Zariski started to work in the 1930s on a more refined theory of birational mappings , incorporating commutative algebra methods . He also began work on the question of the classification for characteristic p , where new phenomena arise . The schools of Kunihiko Kodaira and Igor Shafarevich had put Enriques work on a sound footing by about 1960 . Works . - Enriques F . Lezioni di geometria descrittiva . Bologna , 1920 . - Enriques F . Lezioni di geometria proiettiva . Italian ed . 1898 and German ed . 1903 . - Enriques F . & Chisini , O . Lezioni sulla teoria geometrica delle equazioni e delle funzioni algebriche . Bologna , 1915-1934 . Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Vol . 3 , 1924 ; Vol . 4 , 1934 . - Severi F . Lezioni di geometria algebrica : geometria sopra una curva , superficie di Riemann-integrali abeliani . Italian ed . 1908 . - Enriques F . Problems of Science ( trans . Problemi di Scienza ) . Chicago , 1914 . - Enriques F . Zur Geschichte der Logik . Leipzig , 1927 . - Castelnouvo G. , Enriques F . Die algebraischen Flaechen// Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften , III C 6 - Enriques F . Le superficie algebriche . Bologna , 1949 . Articles . On Scientia . - Eredità ed evoluzione - I numeri e linfinito - Il pragmatismo - Il principio di ragion sufficiente nel pensiero greco - Il problema della realtà - Il significato della critica dei principii nello sviluppo delle matematiche - Importanza della storia del pensiero scientifico nella cultura nazionale - Linfini dans la pensee des grecs - Linfinito nella storia del pensiero - Loeuvre mathematique de Klein - La connaissance historique et la connaissance scientifique dans la critique de Enrico De Michelis - La filosofia positiva e la classificazione delle scienze - I motivi della filosofia di Eugenio Rignano External links . - Reviews of the works of Federigo Enriques , MacTutor History - PRISTEM page ( Italian language ) - Official home page of center for Enriques studies ( Italian language )
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[
"University of Bologna , and then the University of Rome La Sapienza"
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easy
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Federigo Enriques was an employee for whom from 1922 to 1938?
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/wiki/Federigo_Enriques#P108#2
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Federigo Enriques Abramo Giulio Umberto Federigo Enriques ( 5 January 1871 – 14 June 1946 ) was an Italian mathematician , now known principally as the first to give a classification of algebraic surfaces in birational geometry , and other contributions in algebraic geometry . Biography . Enriques was born in Livorno , and brought up in Pisa , in a Sephardi Jewish family of Portuguese descent . His younger brother was zoologist Paolo Enriques who was also the father of Enzo Enriques Agnoletti and Anna Maria Enriques Agnoletti . He became a student of Guido Castelnuovo ( who later became his brother-in-law after marrying his sister Elbina ) , and became an important member of the Italian school of algebraic geometry . He also worked on differential geometry . He collaborated with Castelnuovo , Corrado Segre and Francesco Severi . He had positions at the University of Bologna , and then the University of Rome La Sapienza . He lost his position in 1938 , when the Fascist government enacted the leggi razziali ( racial laws ) , which in particular banned Jews from holding professorships in Universities . The Enriques classification , of complex algebraic surfaces up to birational equivalence , was into five main classes , and was background to further work until Kunihiko Kodaira reconsidered the matter in the 1950s . The largest class , in some sense , was that of surfaces of general type : those for which the consideration of differential forms provides linear systems that are large enough to make all the geometry visible . The work of the Italian school had provided enough insight to recognise the other main birational classes . Rational surfaces and more generally ruled surfaces ( these include quadrics and cubic surfaces in projective 3-space ) have the simplest geometry . Quartic surfaces in 3-spaces are now classified ( when non-singular ) as cases of K3 surfaces ; the classical approach was to look at the Kummer surfaces , which are singular at 16 points . Abelian surfaces give rise to Kummer surfaces as quotients . There remains the class of elliptic surfaces , which are fiber bundles over a curve with elliptic curves as fiber , having a finite number of modifications ( so there is a bundle that is locally trivial actually over a curve less some points ) . The question of classification is to show that any surface , lying in projective space of any dimension , is in the birational sense ( after blowing up and blowing down of some curves , that is ) accounted for by the models already mentioned . No more than other work in the Italian school would the proofs by Enriques now be counted as complete and rigorous . Not enough was known about some of the technical issues : the geometers worked by a mixture of inspired guesswork and close familiarity with examples . Oscar Zariski started to work in the 1930s on a more refined theory of birational mappings , incorporating commutative algebra methods . He also began work on the question of the classification for characteristic p , where new phenomena arise . The schools of Kunihiko Kodaira and Igor Shafarevich had put Enriques work on a sound footing by about 1960 . Works . - Enriques F . Lezioni di geometria descrittiva . Bologna , 1920 . - Enriques F . Lezioni di geometria proiettiva . Italian ed . 1898 and German ed . 1903 . - Enriques F . & Chisini , O . Lezioni sulla teoria geometrica delle equazioni e delle funzioni algebriche . Bologna , 1915-1934 . Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Vol . 3 , 1924 ; Vol . 4 , 1934 . - Severi F . Lezioni di geometria algebrica : geometria sopra una curva , superficie di Riemann-integrali abeliani . Italian ed . 1908 . - Enriques F . Problems of Science ( trans . Problemi di Scienza ) . Chicago , 1914 . - Enriques F . Zur Geschichte der Logik . Leipzig , 1927 . - Castelnouvo G. , Enriques F . Die algebraischen Flaechen// Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften , III C 6 - Enriques F . Le superficie algebriche . Bologna , 1949 . Articles . On Scientia . - Eredità ed evoluzione - I numeri e linfinito - Il pragmatismo - Il principio di ragion sufficiente nel pensiero greco - Il problema della realtà - Il significato della critica dei principii nello sviluppo delle matematiche - Importanza della storia del pensiero scientifico nella cultura nazionale - Linfini dans la pensee des grecs - Linfinito nella storia del pensiero - Loeuvre mathematique de Klein - La connaissance historique et la connaissance scientifique dans la critique de Enrico De Michelis - La filosofia positiva e la classificazione delle scienze - I motivi della filosofia di Eugenio Rignano External links . - Reviews of the works of Federigo Enriques , MacTutor History - PRISTEM page ( Italian language ) - Official home page of center for Enriques studies ( Italian language )
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[
"National Salvation"
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easy
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Which political party did Radu Berceanu belong to from 1990 to 1992?
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/wiki/Radu_Berceanu#P102#0
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Radu Berceanu Radu Mircea Berceanu ( ; born 5 March 1953 ) is a Romanian engineer and politician . A member of the Democratic Liberal Party ( PD-L ) , he was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Dolj County from 1990 to 2004 , and sat in the Romanian Senate from 2004 to 2012 ( except for the period of April–December 2008 ) , representing the same county . In the Radu Vasile and Mugur Isărescu cabinets , he was Minister of Industry and Commerce from 1998 to 2000 ; in the first Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet , he was Minister of Transport , Construction and Tourism from 2006 to 2007 ; and in the Emil Boc cabinet , he was Minister of Transport and Infrastructure from December 2008 to September 2010 . From October to December 2009 , he was also acting Minister of Agriculture following the political crisis that led to the withdrawal of the Social Democratic Party from government . In 1978 , he married Mihaela-Marinela Bădîrcea ( b . 1954 ) . The couple have two sons , Victor ( b . 1981 ) and Andrei ( b . 1984 ) . Biography . He was born in Râmnicu Vâlcea ; his father was an aviator and his mother a nurse . After completing secondary studies in 1972 at the citys Vasile Roaită Theoretical High School ( now called Mircea cel Bătrân ) , he enrolled at the Polytehnic Institute of Bucharest , studying Aerospace Design and graduating in 1978 . He also took courses on parliamentarism in Canada in 1990 and on democratic institutions in the United States in 1991 . Following university , Berceanu worked as an engineer in Craiova from 1978 to 1981 at a flight testing centre . From 1984 to 1989 he also worked as an engineer at the citys airplane factory . Between 1980 and 1989 , he taught at an industrial high school in Craiova . He also took up scale modeling , and has won prizes for both his ship and aircraft models . During the 1980s , he set up an amateur scale modeling circle for students , which was notably attended by future literary critic Angelo Mitchievici . According to Mitchievicis memoir of life under the communist regime , these circumstances allowed Berceanu to attend workshops in various Eastern Bloc countries , and he probably thus had the opportunity to engage in some bişniţă [ roughly , grey market transactions ] . Right after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 , Berceanu entered politics . He was Dolj County vice president of the Council of the National Salvation Front in December 1989-January 1990 . From February to May 1990 , he was president of his countys Provisional Council of National Unity , as well as belonging to the main council in Bucharest . From its founding in February 1990 until his resignation in 2012 to make way for a younger leadership , he headed the Dolj County PD-L chapter and that of its predecessor , the Democratic Party ( PD ) , of which he was a founding member . At the May 1990 election , he won a seat in the Chamber , doing so again in 1992 , 1996 and 2000 . While there , he served as the bodys vice president at various times between 1992 and 2004 . From his election in 2004 until April 2008 , he sat in the Senate and was vice president there as well . He then resigned in order to run in the June local election for President of the Dolj County Council , and while gaining a seat as a county councillor , was defeated on a 42–33.8 margin by a Social Democratic candidate . At the November 2008 parliamentary election , Berceanu regained his Senate seat , as well as being named Transport Minister the following month . From October 2009 , when the Social Democrats left the cabinet due to a political crisis , until that December , when a new cabinet was approved , he was also acting Agriculture Minister . After re-assuming ministerial office in 2008 , Berceanu announced motorway construction as his priority ( in spite of serious budget cuts brought about by the financial crisis ) , although acknowledging the poor state of national roads and the state railway Căile Ferate Române ( CFR ) , as well as the need to focus on airports ( such as the Braşov Airport currently under construction ) . He vowed to complete the A2 motorway by 2011 ( notwithstanding a 2006 promise to complete it by summer 2008 ) , and a Bucharest-Braşov motorway as well as a Bucharest-Calafat one ( ending at the Calafat-Vidin Bridge ) by 2014 . This emphasis meant plans for twelve express roads had to be scrapped . Also planned by him is an hourly train from Gara de Nord to Otopeni , with a bus transfer to the nearby airport . He has been a strong critic of his predecessor Ludovic Orban , whom he accused of spending substantial amounts of money on studies for express roads , not one metre of which was built under Orban ( and which , as a motorway advocate , he derided as being outdated ) . He has announced plans for major restructuring at the CFR , including a potential 12,000 layoffs , for which he again blamed the previous government . Orban fired back , labelling the 2009 transport budget a cruel mockery from an infrastructure development standpoint , accusing Berceanu of blocking the Calafat-Vidin project and of not lifting a finger on the Craiova-Piteşti express road , and stating his personal feeling that Berceanus days as minister were numbered . He was dismissed a year and a half later , following a cabinet reshuffle . In April 2012 , Berceanu announced his decision to retire from politics , and he did not run at the December election . Berceanus wealth has drawn attention : in 2008 , his declared assets included bank accounts worth over €800,000 , three apartments ( including one in Spain ) , a Toyota RAV4 and a Mercedes-Benz W220 . In 2006 , he made public his 300-page Securitate file , revealing that the communist secret police agency had harassed and threatened him and his wife in the autumn of 1989 for allegedly intending to flee the country using a hang glider he had built . He noted having given about two ink cartridges worth of declarations , that he was almost excluded from the Romanian Communist Party in 1981 , and that , despite being the first party member in his family , he was known for his anti-regime position and never informed on his colleagues . In 2000 , French President Jacques Chirac conferred the rank of Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite upon Berceanu . Within his party , he has been secretary , vice president for organisational affairs , and vice president . He has also served as a delegate from the Romanian Parliament to the Council of Europe ( 1996–1998 , 2000–2006 , 2007–2008 ) . External links . - Official site - Profile at the Romanian Senate site - Profile at the Romanian Chamber of Deputies site
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Which party was Radu Berceanu a member of from 1992 to 2009?
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/wiki/Radu_Berceanu#P102#1
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Radu Berceanu Radu Mircea Berceanu ( ; born 5 March 1953 ) is a Romanian engineer and politician . A member of the Democratic Liberal Party ( PD-L ) , he was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Dolj County from 1990 to 2004 , and sat in the Romanian Senate from 2004 to 2012 ( except for the period of April–December 2008 ) , representing the same county . In the Radu Vasile and Mugur Isărescu cabinets , he was Minister of Industry and Commerce from 1998 to 2000 ; in the first Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet , he was Minister of Transport , Construction and Tourism from 2006 to 2007 ; and in the Emil Boc cabinet , he was Minister of Transport and Infrastructure from December 2008 to September 2010 . From October to December 2009 , he was also acting Minister of Agriculture following the political crisis that led to the withdrawal of the Social Democratic Party from government . In 1978 , he married Mihaela-Marinela Bădîrcea ( b . 1954 ) . The couple have two sons , Victor ( b . 1981 ) and Andrei ( b . 1984 ) . Biography . He was born in Râmnicu Vâlcea ; his father was an aviator and his mother a nurse . After completing secondary studies in 1972 at the citys Vasile Roaită Theoretical High School ( now called Mircea cel Bătrân ) , he enrolled at the Polytehnic Institute of Bucharest , studying Aerospace Design and graduating in 1978 . He also took courses on parliamentarism in Canada in 1990 and on democratic institutions in the United States in 1991 . Following university , Berceanu worked as an engineer in Craiova from 1978 to 1981 at a flight testing centre . From 1984 to 1989 he also worked as an engineer at the citys airplane factory . Between 1980 and 1989 , he taught at an industrial high school in Craiova . He also took up scale modeling , and has won prizes for both his ship and aircraft models . During the 1980s , he set up an amateur scale modeling circle for students , which was notably attended by future literary critic Angelo Mitchievici . According to Mitchievicis memoir of life under the communist regime , these circumstances allowed Berceanu to attend workshops in various Eastern Bloc countries , and he probably thus had the opportunity to engage in some bişniţă [ roughly , grey market transactions ] . Right after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 , Berceanu entered politics . He was Dolj County vice president of the Council of the National Salvation Front in December 1989-January 1990 . From February to May 1990 , he was president of his countys Provisional Council of National Unity , as well as belonging to the main council in Bucharest . From its founding in February 1990 until his resignation in 2012 to make way for a younger leadership , he headed the Dolj County PD-L chapter and that of its predecessor , the Democratic Party ( PD ) , of which he was a founding member . At the May 1990 election , he won a seat in the Chamber , doing so again in 1992 , 1996 and 2000 . While there , he served as the bodys vice president at various times between 1992 and 2004 . From his election in 2004 until April 2008 , he sat in the Senate and was vice president there as well . He then resigned in order to run in the June local election for President of the Dolj County Council , and while gaining a seat as a county councillor , was defeated on a 42–33.8 margin by a Social Democratic candidate . At the November 2008 parliamentary election , Berceanu regained his Senate seat , as well as being named Transport Minister the following month . From October 2009 , when the Social Democrats left the cabinet due to a political crisis , until that December , when a new cabinet was approved , he was also acting Agriculture Minister . After re-assuming ministerial office in 2008 , Berceanu announced motorway construction as his priority ( in spite of serious budget cuts brought about by the financial crisis ) , although acknowledging the poor state of national roads and the state railway Căile Ferate Române ( CFR ) , as well as the need to focus on airports ( such as the Braşov Airport currently under construction ) . He vowed to complete the A2 motorway by 2011 ( notwithstanding a 2006 promise to complete it by summer 2008 ) , and a Bucharest-Braşov motorway as well as a Bucharest-Calafat one ( ending at the Calafat-Vidin Bridge ) by 2014 . This emphasis meant plans for twelve express roads had to be scrapped . Also planned by him is an hourly train from Gara de Nord to Otopeni , with a bus transfer to the nearby airport . He has been a strong critic of his predecessor Ludovic Orban , whom he accused of spending substantial amounts of money on studies for express roads , not one metre of which was built under Orban ( and which , as a motorway advocate , he derided as being outdated ) . He has announced plans for major restructuring at the CFR , including a potential 12,000 layoffs , for which he again blamed the previous government . Orban fired back , labelling the 2009 transport budget a cruel mockery from an infrastructure development standpoint , accusing Berceanu of blocking the Calafat-Vidin project and of not lifting a finger on the Craiova-Piteşti express road , and stating his personal feeling that Berceanus days as minister were numbered . He was dismissed a year and a half later , following a cabinet reshuffle . In April 2012 , Berceanu announced his decision to retire from politics , and he did not run at the December election . Berceanus wealth has drawn attention : in 2008 , his declared assets included bank accounts worth over €800,000 , three apartments ( including one in Spain ) , a Toyota RAV4 and a Mercedes-Benz W220 . In 2006 , he made public his 300-page Securitate file , revealing that the communist secret police agency had harassed and threatened him and his wife in the autumn of 1989 for allegedly intending to flee the country using a hang glider he had built . He noted having given about two ink cartridges worth of declarations , that he was almost excluded from the Romanian Communist Party in 1981 , and that , despite being the first party member in his family , he was known for his anti-regime position and never informed on his colleagues . In 2000 , French President Jacques Chirac conferred the rank of Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite upon Berceanu . Within his party , he has been secretary , vice president for organisational affairs , and vice president . He has also served as a delegate from the Romanian Parliament to the Council of Europe ( 1996–1998 , 2000–2006 , 2007–2008 ) . External links . - Official site - Profile at the Romanian Senate site - Profile at the Romanian Chamber of Deputies site
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"University of Bristol"
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Who did Peter Mathieson (nephrologist) work for from 1995 to 2014?
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/wiki/Peter_Mathieson_(nephrologist)#P108#0
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Peter Mathieson ( nephrologist ) Peter William Mathieson ( ; born 18 April 1959 ) is an English nephrologist and current principal and vice-chancellor of the University of Edinburgh . Previously , he served as the vice-chancellor and president of the University of Hong Kong ( HKU ) . He was the dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of the University of Bristol before he assumed office at the HKU in April 2014 , and was previously director of studies at Christs College , Cambridge . Biography . Mathieson went to school in Penzance , Cornwall . He studied medicine at London Hospital Medical College and earned Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery with first class honours awarded from University of London in 1983 . After junior posts in and around the West End of London , he went to Christs College , Cambridge as a Medical Research Council ( MRC ) training fellow , studying for a PhD which was awarded in 1992 . His thesis was titled Role of T lymphocytes in autoimmune responses . While studying for his PhD , Mathieson also taught at Cambridge and was named Teacher of the Year in 1992 by the universitys medical students . Mathieson was awarded a second MRC fellowship during which he worked on complement/immunology with Doug Fearon and Peter Lachmann . He was also Director of Studies for Clinical Medicine at Christs College , Cambridge . Career . University of Bristol . Mathieson joined the University of Bristol in 1995 as the foundation professor of renal medicine . He was also honorary consultant nephrologist with the North Bristol NHS Trust . In 1999 he was elected as a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences , United Kingdom . While at the University of Bristol , Mathieson ran The cellular basis of albuminuria research project , with £585,000 funding from the MRC from 2005 to 2008 . The project aimed to develop ways of detecting and treating early kidney and heart disease . In 2007 he was elected as the youngest ever president of the Renal Association and also became head of the University Department of Clinical Science at North Bristol . He was also appointed as director of research & development for the North Bristol NHS Trust . Between 2003 and 2007 he chaired the Research Grants Committee of Kidney Research UK [ formerly National Kidney Research Fund ] . He was a member of the Renal Association Clinical Trials committee from 1996 to 2007 and its chairman between 2000 and 2003 . In 2008 he was appointed dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Bristol . He was appointed Dean of the universitys Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry in 2008 . Foundation doctors at University Hospitals Bristol voted Mathieson as Top Teacher for 2011–12 . A further MRC-funded research project on treatment of patients with membranous nephropathy ( a type of kidney disease ) found a treatment which mitigated against deterioration ; the results were published in The Lancet . University of Hong Kong . In October 2013 , Mathieson was appointed vice chancellor of the University of Hong Kong , replacing Lap-Chee Tsui . His appointment was controversial as some staff felt that Mathieson lacked management experience and familiarity with Chinese society . Leong Che-hung , who headed the committee that appointed Mathieson noted that he had experience running a faculty at the University of Bristol , while Mathieson himself suggested his unfamiliarity with China gave the opportunity for a fresh start . His tenure at HKU was described to be full of tension and clashes between the universitys governing body and students . Five months into his vice-chancellorship , a students-led class boycott , protesting against Beijing authorities decision of Hong Kongs suffrage , evolved into a 79-day occupy protest . During the crisis , he stated that independence was not a realistic political option for Hong Kong , but defended the rights of students to protest in favour of Hong Kongs democratic values . In 2015 , Mathieson was elected as an honorary fellow of Hughes Hall , University of Cambridge . That year , a University of Hong Kong panel led by Mathieson selected Johannes Chan as pro-vice-chancellor , however the appointment was blocked by the universitys governing council . Chan is pro-democracy , supports human rights , and had supported the student occupy protest in 2014 , and was unpopular with the government . The episode was viewed as an incident in which the universitys academic freedom was under threat , and Mathiesons authority suffered as a result ; in a staff survey , 78% of people did not feel Mathieson had effectively protected academic freedom . Addressing the results of the survey , Mathieson acknowledged the unpopularity of some of his actions and questioned the surveys methodology . On 2 February 2017 , two years before the original expiry of his contract , Mathieson resigned from the post of HKU . Mathieson claimed that he was squeezed out of the position by HKUs Chairman of the Governing Council , Arthur Li . The Chairman of the Staff Association , William Cheung , stated you may now appreciate why we thank you [ University of Edinburgh ] so many times for taking Professor Mathieson on board after claims that Mathieson failed to uphold academic freedom , discouraged debate on campus , and did not understand the needs of students emerged from a staff survey . Addressing the results of the survey , Mathieson described the survey as flawed in its methodology . University of Edinburgh . Mathieson became Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh in February 2018 . He will be the highest paid figure in Scottish Higher Education with a benefits package exceeding £400,000 . While the university said the salary was set in relation to vice chancellor pay at similar sized universities , it was criticised by the University and College Union during the UK-wide dispute between university staff and management over pensions . The £342,000 salary is less than Mathieson was paid at HKU . He has lectured to undergraduate medical students on his specialism in kidney disease at Edinburgh . Research . According to Mathiesons profile on the University of Bristol website : External links . - Professor Peter Mathieson – School of Clinical Sciences - Professor Peter Mathieson – President and Vice-Chancellor – Officers of the University – About HKU – HKU - Professor Peter William Mathieson – CV
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"University of Hong Kong"
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Peter Mathieson (nephrologist) was an employee for whom from 2014 to 2018?
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/wiki/Peter_Mathieson_(nephrologist)#P108#1
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Peter Mathieson ( nephrologist ) Peter William Mathieson ( ; born 18 April 1959 ) is an English nephrologist and current principal and vice-chancellor of the University of Edinburgh . Previously , he served as the vice-chancellor and president of the University of Hong Kong ( HKU ) . He was the dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of the University of Bristol before he assumed office at the HKU in April 2014 , and was previously director of studies at Christs College , Cambridge . Biography . Mathieson went to school in Penzance , Cornwall . He studied medicine at London Hospital Medical College and earned Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery with first class honours awarded from University of London in 1983 . After junior posts in and around the West End of London , he went to Christs College , Cambridge as a Medical Research Council ( MRC ) training fellow , studying for a PhD which was awarded in 1992 . His thesis was titled Role of T lymphocytes in autoimmune responses . While studying for his PhD , Mathieson also taught at Cambridge and was named Teacher of the Year in 1992 by the universitys medical students . Mathieson was awarded a second MRC fellowship during which he worked on complement/immunology with Doug Fearon and Peter Lachmann . He was also Director of Studies for Clinical Medicine at Christs College , Cambridge . Career . University of Bristol . Mathieson joined the University of Bristol in 1995 as the foundation professor of renal medicine . He was also honorary consultant nephrologist with the North Bristol NHS Trust . In 1999 he was elected as a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences , United Kingdom . While at the University of Bristol , Mathieson ran The cellular basis of albuminuria research project , with £585,000 funding from the MRC from 2005 to 2008 . The project aimed to develop ways of detecting and treating early kidney and heart disease . In 2007 he was elected as the youngest ever president of the Renal Association and also became head of the University Department of Clinical Science at North Bristol . He was also appointed as director of research & development for the North Bristol NHS Trust . Between 2003 and 2007 he chaired the Research Grants Committee of Kidney Research UK [ formerly National Kidney Research Fund ] . He was a member of the Renal Association Clinical Trials committee from 1996 to 2007 and its chairman between 2000 and 2003 . In 2008 he was appointed dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Bristol . He was appointed Dean of the universitys Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry in 2008 . Foundation doctors at University Hospitals Bristol voted Mathieson as Top Teacher for 2011–12 . A further MRC-funded research project on treatment of patients with membranous nephropathy ( a type of kidney disease ) found a treatment which mitigated against deterioration ; the results were published in The Lancet . University of Hong Kong . In October 2013 , Mathieson was appointed vice chancellor of the University of Hong Kong , replacing Lap-Chee Tsui . His appointment was controversial as some staff felt that Mathieson lacked management experience and familiarity with Chinese society . Leong Che-hung , who headed the committee that appointed Mathieson noted that he had experience running a faculty at the University of Bristol , while Mathieson himself suggested his unfamiliarity with China gave the opportunity for a fresh start . His tenure at HKU was described to be full of tension and clashes between the universitys governing body and students . Five months into his vice-chancellorship , a students-led class boycott , protesting against Beijing authorities decision of Hong Kongs suffrage , evolved into a 79-day occupy protest . During the crisis , he stated that independence was not a realistic political option for Hong Kong , but defended the rights of students to protest in favour of Hong Kongs democratic values . In 2015 , Mathieson was elected as an honorary fellow of Hughes Hall , University of Cambridge . That year , a University of Hong Kong panel led by Mathieson selected Johannes Chan as pro-vice-chancellor , however the appointment was blocked by the universitys governing council . Chan is pro-democracy , supports human rights , and had supported the student occupy protest in 2014 , and was unpopular with the government . The episode was viewed as an incident in which the universitys academic freedom was under threat , and Mathiesons authority suffered as a result ; in a staff survey , 78% of people did not feel Mathieson had effectively protected academic freedom . Addressing the results of the survey , Mathieson acknowledged the unpopularity of some of his actions and questioned the surveys methodology . On 2 February 2017 , two years before the original expiry of his contract , Mathieson resigned from the post of HKU . Mathieson claimed that he was squeezed out of the position by HKUs Chairman of the Governing Council , Arthur Li . The Chairman of the Staff Association , William Cheung , stated you may now appreciate why we thank you [ University of Edinburgh ] so many times for taking Professor Mathieson on board after claims that Mathieson failed to uphold academic freedom , discouraged debate on campus , and did not understand the needs of students emerged from a staff survey . Addressing the results of the survey , Mathieson described the survey as flawed in its methodology . University of Edinburgh . Mathieson became Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh in February 2018 . He will be the highest paid figure in Scottish Higher Education with a benefits package exceeding £400,000 . While the university said the salary was set in relation to vice chancellor pay at similar sized universities , it was criticised by the University and College Union during the UK-wide dispute between university staff and management over pensions . The £342,000 salary is less than Mathieson was paid at HKU . He has lectured to undergraduate medical students on his specialism in kidney disease at Edinburgh . Research . According to Mathiesons profile on the University of Bristol website : External links . - Professor Peter Mathieson – School of Clinical Sciences - Professor Peter Mathieson – President and Vice-Chancellor – Officers of the University – About HKU – HKU - Professor Peter William Mathieson – CV
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"University of Edinburgh"
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Which employer did Peter Mathieson (nephrologist) work for from 2018 to 2019?
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/wiki/Peter_Mathieson_(nephrologist)#P108#2
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Peter Mathieson ( nephrologist ) Peter William Mathieson ( ; born 18 April 1959 ) is an English nephrologist and current principal and vice-chancellor of the University of Edinburgh . Previously , he served as the vice-chancellor and president of the University of Hong Kong ( HKU ) . He was the dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of the University of Bristol before he assumed office at the HKU in April 2014 , and was previously director of studies at Christs College , Cambridge . Biography . Mathieson went to school in Penzance , Cornwall . He studied medicine at London Hospital Medical College and earned Bachelor of Medicine , Bachelor of Surgery with first class honours awarded from University of London in 1983 . After junior posts in and around the West End of London , he went to Christs College , Cambridge as a Medical Research Council ( MRC ) training fellow , studying for a PhD which was awarded in 1992 . His thesis was titled Role of T lymphocytes in autoimmune responses . While studying for his PhD , Mathieson also taught at Cambridge and was named Teacher of the Year in 1992 by the universitys medical students . Mathieson was awarded a second MRC fellowship during which he worked on complement/immunology with Doug Fearon and Peter Lachmann . He was also Director of Studies for Clinical Medicine at Christs College , Cambridge . Career . University of Bristol . Mathieson joined the University of Bristol in 1995 as the foundation professor of renal medicine . He was also honorary consultant nephrologist with the North Bristol NHS Trust . In 1999 he was elected as a fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences , United Kingdom . While at the University of Bristol , Mathieson ran The cellular basis of albuminuria research project , with £585,000 funding from the MRC from 2005 to 2008 . The project aimed to develop ways of detecting and treating early kidney and heart disease . In 2007 he was elected as the youngest ever president of the Renal Association and also became head of the University Department of Clinical Science at North Bristol . He was also appointed as director of research & development for the North Bristol NHS Trust . Between 2003 and 2007 he chaired the Research Grants Committee of Kidney Research UK [ formerly National Kidney Research Fund ] . He was a member of the Renal Association Clinical Trials committee from 1996 to 2007 and its chairman between 2000 and 2003 . In 2008 he was appointed dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Bristol . He was appointed Dean of the universitys Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry in 2008 . Foundation doctors at University Hospitals Bristol voted Mathieson as Top Teacher for 2011–12 . A further MRC-funded research project on treatment of patients with membranous nephropathy ( a type of kidney disease ) found a treatment which mitigated against deterioration ; the results were published in The Lancet . University of Hong Kong . In October 2013 , Mathieson was appointed vice chancellor of the University of Hong Kong , replacing Lap-Chee Tsui . His appointment was controversial as some staff felt that Mathieson lacked management experience and familiarity with Chinese society . Leong Che-hung , who headed the committee that appointed Mathieson noted that he had experience running a faculty at the University of Bristol , while Mathieson himself suggested his unfamiliarity with China gave the opportunity for a fresh start . His tenure at HKU was described to be full of tension and clashes between the universitys governing body and students . Five months into his vice-chancellorship , a students-led class boycott , protesting against Beijing authorities decision of Hong Kongs suffrage , evolved into a 79-day occupy protest . During the crisis , he stated that independence was not a realistic political option for Hong Kong , but defended the rights of students to protest in favour of Hong Kongs democratic values . In 2015 , Mathieson was elected as an honorary fellow of Hughes Hall , University of Cambridge . That year , a University of Hong Kong panel led by Mathieson selected Johannes Chan as pro-vice-chancellor , however the appointment was blocked by the universitys governing council . Chan is pro-democracy , supports human rights , and had supported the student occupy protest in 2014 , and was unpopular with the government . The episode was viewed as an incident in which the universitys academic freedom was under threat , and Mathiesons authority suffered as a result ; in a staff survey , 78% of people did not feel Mathieson had effectively protected academic freedom . Addressing the results of the survey , Mathieson acknowledged the unpopularity of some of his actions and questioned the surveys methodology . On 2 February 2017 , two years before the original expiry of his contract , Mathieson resigned from the post of HKU . Mathieson claimed that he was squeezed out of the position by HKUs Chairman of the Governing Council , Arthur Li . The Chairman of the Staff Association , William Cheung , stated you may now appreciate why we thank you [ University of Edinburgh ] so many times for taking Professor Mathieson on board after claims that Mathieson failed to uphold academic freedom , discouraged debate on campus , and did not understand the needs of students emerged from a staff survey . Addressing the results of the survey , Mathieson described the survey as flawed in its methodology . University of Edinburgh . Mathieson became Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh in February 2018 . He will be the highest paid figure in Scottish Higher Education with a benefits package exceeding £400,000 . While the university said the salary was set in relation to vice chancellor pay at similar sized universities , it was criticised by the University and College Union during the UK-wide dispute between university staff and management over pensions . The £342,000 salary is less than Mathieson was paid at HKU . He has lectured to undergraduate medical students on his specialism in kidney disease at Edinburgh . Research . According to Mathiesons profile on the University of Bristol website : External links . - Professor Peter Mathieson – School of Clinical Sciences - Professor Peter Mathieson – President and Vice-Chancellor – Officers of the University – About HKU – HKU - Professor Peter William Mathieson – CV
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"Member of Parliament for Perthshire"
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What position did Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet take from Jul 1852 to Nov 1868?
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/wiki/Sir_William_Stirling-Maxwell,_9th_Baronet#P39#0
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Sir William Stirling-Maxwell , 9th Baronet Sir William Stirling-Maxwell , 9th Baronet MP KT , of Pollok FRSE DCL LLD ( 8 March 181815 January 1878 ) , was a Scottish historical writer and art historian , politician , and virtuoso . Until 1865 he was known as William Stirling , and several of his books were published under that name . He was Chancellor of the University of Glasgow from 1875 until his death and was also a Knight of the Thistle , considered the highest honour that can be conferred by the Crown on a Scotsman . Life . He was born at Kenmure , the son of Sir Archibald Stirling , Esq. , of Keir and Cawder , and Elizabeth Maxwell , sister of Sir John Maxwell , 8th Baronet , and Harriet Maxwell ( died 1812 ) and daughter of Sir John Maxwell , 7th Baronet and Hannah or Anne Gardiner , daughter of Richard Gardiner , of Aldborough , Suffolk . He was privately educated at Olney in Buckinghamshire then studied at Trinity College , Cambridge , graduating with a BA degree in 1839 and proceeding to MA in 1843 . He travelled in Spain and the Levant and contributed to Frasers Magazine and the Examiner . In 1848 he published his pioneering Annals of the Artists of Spain . He succeeded to the Keir estates in 1847 . In 1849 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being John Russell . He served as the Societys vice president from 1871 to 1875 . He served as Member of Parliament for Perthshire from 1852 to 1868 and again from 1874 to 1878 . He was appointed a Member of the Universities Commission in 1859 and of the Historical Manuscripts Commission from 1872 to 1878 , as well as of the Scottish Education Board ( a forerunner to the Scottish Office ) . He was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews in 1862 and of the University of Edinburgh in 1871 . He succeeded to the Maxwell Baronetcy ( in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia ) in 1865 , assuming the additional name of Maxwell . He was elected Chancellor of the University of Glasgow in 1875 , the first to have been elected by members of the General Council ( previous Chancellors having been elected by members of the Senate ) , and was awarded an Honorary DCL from the University of Oxford in the following year . He was a member of the University of London Senate and a trustee of the British Museum and the National Gallery . He lived at Keir House near Dunblane . He was a breeder of shorthorns and Clydesdale horses , an ardent bibliographer and collector of works of art . He died on holiday in Venice on 15 January 1878 but his body was returned to Britain and he is buried in the Lecropt Churchyard near Stirling . Marriages and issue . He married firstly Lady Anna Maria Leslie-Melville ( died 8 December 1874 ) , daughter of David Leslie-Melville , 8th Earl of Leven and Elizabeth Anne Campbell , and had , at least : - Sir John Stirling-Maxwell , 10th Baronet , of Pollok - Brigadier General Archibald Stirling , of Keir ( 14 September 186718 February 1931 ) , married on 14 April 1910 The Hon . Margaret Mary Fraser ( 25 June 18814 August 1972 ) , daughter of Simon Fraser , 13th Lord Lovat and Alice Mary Weld-Blundell , and had six children : - William Joseph Stirling , of Keir ( 9 May 19111983 ) , married on 22 November 1940 Susan Rachel Bligh ( 12 August 19161983 ) , daughter of The Hon . Noel Gervase Bligh and Mary Frost and granddaughter of Ivo Bligh , 8th Earl of Darnley and Florence Rose Morphy , and had five children : - Archibald Hugh Stirling , of Keir ( born 18 September 1941 ) - James Joseph Stirling ( 1943–1943 ) - Hannah Ann Stirling ( born 29 May 1944 ) , married on 7 January 1970 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil , 7th Marquess of Salisbury ( born 30 September 1946 ) - Magdalen Stirling ( born 25 November 1945 ) , married in 1969 Patrick Petit , and had issue - John Alexander Stirling ( born 26 February 1948 ) , married first in 1971 Susan Black , without issue , and married secondly in 1985 Olivia Louise Waller , and had three children : - Joseph Patrick William Stirling ( born 1985 ) - Christabel Georgia Stirling ( born 1987 ) - Hugh David Archibald Stirling ( born 1993 ) - Peter John Stirling ( born 1 February 1913 ) , married on 6 February 1963 Mahin Feli - Colonel Sir Archibald David Stirling ( 15 November 19154 November 1990 ) - Hugh Joseph Stirling ( 4 May 1917k.i.a. , World War II , Libya , 22 April 1941 ) , unmarried and without issue - Margaret Elizabeth Mary Stirling ( 4 July 19149 February 1997 ) , married on 26 June 1940 Simon Ramsay , 16th Earl of Dalhousie ( 17 October 19141999 ) - Irene Katharine Teresa Stirling ( 9 March 19191992 ) In March 1877 , Stirling Maxwell married secondly noted author and society figure Caroline Norton , a granddaughter of the famous Irish playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan . She died three months later . Selected publications . Anonymous . - Songs of the Holy Land ( privately printed , 1846 ) - An Essay towards a Collection of Books Relating to Proverbs , Emblems , Apophthegms , Epitaphs , and Ana ( privately printed , 1860 ) As William Stirling . - Annals of the Artists of Spain ( 1847 ) - The Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles the Fifth ( London : John W . Parker & Son , 1852 ) - Velazquez and his Works ( 1855 ) - Napoleons Bequest to Cantillon : a Fragment of International History ( 1858 ) As Sir William Stirling-Maxwell . - Don John of Austria ( two volumes , 1883 ) Further reading . - Enriqueta Harris , Sir William Stirling-Maxwell and the History of Spanish Art ( 1964 ) - Hilary Macartney , Sir William Stirling Maxwell as Historian of Spanish Art ( Courtauld Institute of Art , 2003 ) References . - Kidd , Charles , Williamson , David ( editors ) . Debretts Peerage and Baronetage ( 1990 edition ) . New York : St Martins Press , 1990 , Sources .
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"Member of Parliament for Perthshire"
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Which position did Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet hold from 1874 to 1878?
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/wiki/Sir_William_Stirling-Maxwell,_9th_Baronet#P39#1
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Sir William Stirling-Maxwell , 9th Baronet Sir William Stirling-Maxwell , 9th Baronet MP KT , of Pollok FRSE DCL LLD ( 8 March 181815 January 1878 ) , was a Scottish historical writer and art historian , politician , and virtuoso . Until 1865 he was known as William Stirling , and several of his books were published under that name . He was Chancellor of the University of Glasgow from 1875 until his death and was also a Knight of the Thistle , considered the highest honour that can be conferred by the Crown on a Scotsman . Life . He was born at Kenmure , the son of Sir Archibald Stirling , Esq. , of Keir and Cawder , and Elizabeth Maxwell , sister of Sir John Maxwell , 8th Baronet , and Harriet Maxwell ( died 1812 ) and daughter of Sir John Maxwell , 7th Baronet and Hannah or Anne Gardiner , daughter of Richard Gardiner , of Aldborough , Suffolk . He was privately educated at Olney in Buckinghamshire then studied at Trinity College , Cambridge , graduating with a BA degree in 1839 and proceeding to MA in 1843 . He travelled in Spain and the Levant and contributed to Frasers Magazine and the Examiner . In 1848 he published his pioneering Annals of the Artists of Spain . He succeeded to the Keir estates in 1847 . In 1849 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being John Russell . He served as the Societys vice president from 1871 to 1875 . He served as Member of Parliament for Perthshire from 1852 to 1868 and again from 1874 to 1878 . He was appointed a Member of the Universities Commission in 1859 and of the Historical Manuscripts Commission from 1872 to 1878 , as well as of the Scottish Education Board ( a forerunner to the Scottish Office ) . He was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews in 1862 and of the University of Edinburgh in 1871 . He succeeded to the Maxwell Baronetcy ( in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia ) in 1865 , assuming the additional name of Maxwell . He was elected Chancellor of the University of Glasgow in 1875 , the first to have been elected by members of the General Council ( previous Chancellors having been elected by members of the Senate ) , and was awarded an Honorary DCL from the University of Oxford in the following year . He was a member of the University of London Senate and a trustee of the British Museum and the National Gallery . He lived at Keir House near Dunblane . He was a breeder of shorthorns and Clydesdale horses , an ardent bibliographer and collector of works of art . He died on holiday in Venice on 15 January 1878 but his body was returned to Britain and he is buried in the Lecropt Churchyard near Stirling . Marriages and issue . He married firstly Lady Anna Maria Leslie-Melville ( died 8 December 1874 ) , daughter of David Leslie-Melville , 8th Earl of Leven and Elizabeth Anne Campbell , and had , at least : - Sir John Stirling-Maxwell , 10th Baronet , of Pollok - Brigadier General Archibald Stirling , of Keir ( 14 September 186718 February 1931 ) , married on 14 April 1910 The Hon . Margaret Mary Fraser ( 25 June 18814 August 1972 ) , daughter of Simon Fraser , 13th Lord Lovat and Alice Mary Weld-Blundell , and had six children : - William Joseph Stirling , of Keir ( 9 May 19111983 ) , married on 22 November 1940 Susan Rachel Bligh ( 12 August 19161983 ) , daughter of The Hon . Noel Gervase Bligh and Mary Frost and granddaughter of Ivo Bligh , 8th Earl of Darnley and Florence Rose Morphy , and had five children : - Archibald Hugh Stirling , of Keir ( born 18 September 1941 ) - James Joseph Stirling ( 1943–1943 ) - Hannah Ann Stirling ( born 29 May 1944 ) , married on 7 January 1970 Robert Gascoyne-Cecil , 7th Marquess of Salisbury ( born 30 September 1946 ) - Magdalen Stirling ( born 25 November 1945 ) , married in 1969 Patrick Petit , and had issue - John Alexander Stirling ( born 26 February 1948 ) , married first in 1971 Susan Black , without issue , and married secondly in 1985 Olivia Louise Waller , and had three children : - Joseph Patrick William Stirling ( born 1985 ) - Christabel Georgia Stirling ( born 1987 ) - Hugh David Archibald Stirling ( born 1993 ) - Peter John Stirling ( born 1 February 1913 ) , married on 6 February 1963 Mahin Feli - Colonel Sir Archibald David Stirling ( 15 November 19154 November 1990 ) - Hugh Joseph Stirling ( 4 May 1917k.i.a. , World War II , Libya , 22 April 1941 ) , unmarried and without issue - Margaret Elizabeth Mary Stirling ( 4 July 19149 February 1997 ) , married on 26 June 1940 Simon Ramsay , 16th Earl of Dalhousie ( 17 October 19141999 ) - Irene Katharine Teresa Stirling ( 9 March 19191992 ) In March 1877 , Stirling Maxwell married secondly noted author and society figure Caroline Norton , a granddaughter of the famous Irish playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan . She died three months later . Selected publications . Anonymous . - Songs of the Holy Land ( privately printed , 1846 ) - An Essay towards a Collection of Books Relating to Proverbs , Emblems , Apophthegms , Epitaphs , and Ana ( privately printed , 1860 ) As William Stirling . - Annals of the Artists of Spain ( 1847 ) - The Cloister Life of the Emperor Charles the Fifth ( London : John W . Parker & Son , 1852 ) - Velazquez and his Works ( 1855 ) - Napoleons Bequest to Cantillon : a Fragment of International History ( 1858 ) As Sir William Stirling-Maxwell . - Don John of Austria ( two volumes , 1883 ) Further reading . - Enriqueta Harris , Sir William Stirling-Maxwell and the History of Spanish Art ( 1964 ) - Hilary Macartney , Sir William Stirling Maxwell as Historian of Spanish Art ( Courtauld Institute of Art , 2003 ) References . - Kidd , Charles , Williamson , David ( editors ) . Debretts Peerage and Baronetage ( 1990 edition ) . New York : St Martins Press , 1990 , Sources .
|
[
"Wolverhampton Wanderers"
] |
easy
|
Kevin O'Connor (footballer, born 1985) played for which team from 2004 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Kevin_O'Connor_(footballer,_born_1985)#P54#0
|
Kevin OConnor ( footballer , born 1985 ) Kevin OConnor ( born 19 October 1985 ) is a retired Irish footballer . Career . Football League . OConnor began his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers Youth Academy and became a regular in the reserve team . He was never considered for the first team under Glenn Hoddle , and he instead joined League Two Stockport County on loan in March 2006 , making seven appearances and scoring one goal . His league debut came on 8 April when he appeared as a substitute in a 3–3 draw at Cheltenham Town . The appointment of Mick McCarthy as manager saw him promoted to the first team , making his senior debut for Wolves on 5 August 2006 at Plymouth Argyle , where he created Wolves equaliser when his shot was deflected in to earn a 1–1 draw ( later credited as an own-goal by Mathias Kouo-Doumbé ) . However , after playing in the opening three games , his season was ended by a long-term hamstring injury . He was approaching fitness by the start of the 2007–08 season and given another one-year contract , as Wolves lined up a loan move to Gillingham for him ; which he later rejected after becoming a father due to the long travelling distance . However , his hamstring problems again soon flared up and he spent the season again on the sidelines after having surgery in November 2007 . In May 2008 it was announced he would not be re-signed but would remain at the club continuing his rehabilitation in the short-term . He went on trial to League Two Port Vale . Move into non-League . On 18 January 2010 , OConnor signed for Conference North team AFC Telford United , after having trained them for three weeks to regain fitness . In June 2010 , it was announced that OConnor had signed for Conference North club Worcester City and in 2011 signed a new contract with the club . Return to Ireland . In June 2012 OConnor returned to his homeland when he signed for Bray Wanderers where he linked up with his brother Danny OConnor already a key member of Pat Devlin and Keith Longs Wanderers squad . In January 2014 , he signed for League of Ireland side Longford Town . He played a key role in helping De Town lift the 2014 First Division title . OConnor played for a further 3 seasons with Longford before leaving at the end of 2017 . International career . OConnor has been recognised by his country , being selected for Republic of Ireland Under-18 , Under-20 and Under-21 squads . Personal life . He has two footballer brothers : James , who played for Orlando City until named the head coach for Louisville City FC ; whilst Danny was his teammate at Bray .
|
[
"Stockport County",
"Wolverhampton Wanderers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Kevin O'Connor (footballer, born 1985) belong to from 2005 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Kevin_O'Connor_(footballer,_born_1985)#P54#1
|
Kevin OConnor ( footballer , born 1985 ) Kevin OConnor ( born 19 October 1985 ) is a retired Irish footballer . Career . Football League . OConnor began his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers Youth Academy and became a regular in the reserve team . He was never considered for the first team under Glenn Hoddle , and he instead joined League Two Stockport County on loan in March 2006 , making seven appearances and scoring one goal . His league debut came on 8 April when he appeared as a substitute in a 3–3 draw at Cheltenham Town . The appointment of Mick McCarthy as manager saw him promoted to the first team , making his senior debut for Wolves on 5 August 2006 at Plymouth Argyle , where he created Wolves equaliser when his shot was deflected in to earn a 1–1 draw ( later credited as an own-goal by Mathias Kouo-Doumbé ) . However , after playing in the opening three games , his season was ended by a long-term hamstring injury . He was approaching fitness by the start of the 2007–08 season and given another one-year contract , as Wolves lined up a loan move to Gillingham for him ; which he later rejected after becoming a father due to the long travelling distance . However , his hamstring problems again soon flared up and he spent the season again on the sidelines after having surgery in November 2007 . In May 2008 it was announced he would not be re-signed but would remain at the club continuing his rehabilitation in the short-term . He went on trial to League Two Port Vale . Move into non-League . On 18 January 2010 , OConnor signed for Conference North team AFC Telford United , after having trained them for three weeks to regain fitness . In June 2010 , it was announced that OConnor had signed for Conference North club Worcester City and in 2011 signed a new contract with the club . Return to Ireland . In June 2012 OConnor returned to his homeland when he signed for Bray Wanderers where he linked up with his brother Danny OConnor already a key member of Pat Devlin and Keith Longs Wanderers squad . In January 2014 , he signed for League of Ireland side Longford Town . He played a key role in helping De Town lift the 2014 First Division title . OConnor played for a further 3 seasons with Longford before leaving at the end of 2017 . International career . OConnor has been recognised by his country , being selected for Republic of Ireland Under-18 , Under-20 and Under-21 squads . Personal life . He has two footballer brothers : James , who played for Orlando City until named the head coach for Louisville City FC ; whilst Danny was his teammate at Bray .
|
[
"Wolverhampton Wanderers"
] |
easy
|
Kevin O'Connor (footballer, born 1985) played for which team from 2007 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Kevin_O'Connor_(footballer,_born_1985)#P54#2
|
Kevin OConnor ( footballer , born 1985 ) Kevin OConnor ( born 19 October 1985 ) is a retired Irish footballer . Career . Football League . OConnor began his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers Youth Academy and became a regular in the reserve team . He was never considered for the first team under Glenn Hoddle , and he instead joined League Two Stockport County on loan in March 2006 , making seven appearances and scoring one goal . His league debut came on 8 April when he appeared as a substitute in a 3–3 draw at Cheltenham Town . The appointment of Mick McCarthy as manager saw him promoted to the first team , making his senior debut for Wolves on 5 August 2006 at Plymouth Argyle , where he created Wolves equaliser when his shot was deflected in to earn a 1–1 draw ( later credited as an own-goal by Mathias Kouo-Doumbé ) . However , after playing in the opening three games , his season was ended by a long-term hamstring injury . He was approaching fitness by the start of the 2007–08 season and given another one-year contract , as Wolves lined up a loan move to Gillingham for him ; which he later rejected after becoming a father due to the long travelling distance . However , his hamstring problems again soon flared up and he spent the season again on the sidelines after having surgery in November 2007 . In May 2008 it was announced he would not be re-signed but would remain at the club continuing his rehabilitation in the short-term . He went on trial to League Two Port Vale . Move into non-League . On 18 January 2010 , OConnor signed for Conference North team AFC Telford United , after having trained them for three weeks to regain fitness . In June 2010 , it was announced that OConnor had signed for Conference North club Worcester City and in 2011 signed a new contract with the club . Return to Ireland . In June 2012 OConnor returned to his homeland when he signed for Bray Wanderers where he linked up with his brother Danny OConnor already a key member of Pat Devlin and Keith Longs Wanderers squad . In January 2014 , he signed for League of Ireland side Longford Town . He played a key role in helping De Town lift the 2014 First Division title . OConnor played for a further 3 seasons with Longford before leaving at the end of 2017 . International career . OConnor has been recognised by his country , being selected for Republic of Ireland Under-18 , Under-20 and Under-21 squads . Personal life . He has two footballer brothers : James , who played for Orlando City until named the head coach for Louisville City FC ; whilst Danny was his teammate at Bray .
|
[
"Worcester City"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Kevin O'Connor (footballer, born 1985) play for from 2010 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Kevin_O'Connor_(footballer,_born_1985)#P54#3
|
Kevin OConnor ( footballer , born 1985 ) Kevin OConnor ( born 19 October 1985 ) is a retired Irish footballer . Career . Football League . OConnor began his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers Youth Academy and became a regular in the reserve team . He was never considered for the first team under Glenn Hoddle , and he instead joined League Two Stockport County on loan in March 2006 , making seven appearances and scoring one goal . His league debut came on 8 April when he appeared as a substitute in a 3–3 draw at Cheltenham Town . The appointment of Mick McCarthy as manager saw him promoted to the first team , making his senior debut for Wolves on 5 August 2006 at Plymouth Argyle , where he created Wolves equaliser when his shot was deflected in to earn a 1–1 draw ( later credited as an own-goal by Mathias Kouo-Doumbé ) . However , after playing in the opening three games , his season was ended by a long-term hamstring injury . He was approaching fitness by the start of the 2007–08 season and given another one-year contract , as Wolves lined up a loan move to Gillingham for him ; which he later rejected after becoming a father due to the long travelling distance . However , his hamstring problems again soon flared up and he spent the season again on the sidelines after having surgery in November 2007 . In May 2008 it was announced he would not be re-signed but would remain at the club continuing his rehabilitation in the short-term . He went on trial to League Two Port Vale . Move into non-League . On 18 January 2010 , OConnor signed for Conference North team AFC Telford United , after having trained them for three weeks to regain fitness . In June 2010 , it was announced that OConnor had signed for Conference North club Worcester City and in 2011 signed a new contract with the club . Return to Ireland . In June 2012 OConnor returned to his homeland when he signed for Bray Wanderers where he linked up with his brother Danny OConnor already a key member of Pat Devlin and Keith Longs Wanderers squad . In January 2014 , he signed for League of Ireland side Longford Town . He played a key role in helping De Town lift the 2014 First Division title . OConnor played for a further 3 seasons with Longford before leaving at the end of 2017 . International career . OConnor has been recognised by his country , being selected for Republic of Ireland Under-18 , Under-20 and Under-21 squads . Personal life . He has two footballer brothers : James , who played for Orlando City until named the head coach for Louisville City FC ; whilst Danny was his teammate at Bray .
|
[
"Bray Wanderers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Kevin O'Connor (footballer, born 1985) play for from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Kevin_O'Connor_(footballer,_born_1985)#P54#4
|
Kevin OConnor ( footballer , born 1985 ) Kevin OConnor ( born 19 October 1985 ) is a retired Irish footballer . Career . Football League . OConnor began his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers Youth Academy and became a regular in the reserve team . He was never considered for the first team under Glenn Hoddle , and he instead joined League Two Stockport County on loan in March 2006 , making seven appearances and scoring one goal . His league debut came on 8 April when he appeared as a substitute in a 3–3 draw at Cheltenham Town . The appointment of Mick McCarthy as manager saw him promoted to the first team , making his senior debut for Wolves on 5 August 2006 at Plymouth Argyle , where he created Wolves equaliser when his shot was deflected in to earn a 1–1 draw ( later credited as an own-goal by Mathias Kouo-Doumbé ) . However , after playing in the opening three games , his season was ended by a long-term hamstring injury . He was approaching fitness by the start of the 2007–08 season and given another one-year contract , as Wolves lined up a loan move to Gillingham for him ; which he later rejected after becoming a father due to the long travelling distance . However , his hamstring problems again soon flared up and he spent the season again on the sidelines after having surgery in November 2007 . In May 2008 it was announced he would not be re-signed but would remain at the club continuing his rehabilitation in the short-term . He went on trial to League Two Port Vale . Move into non-League . On 18 January 2010 , OConnor signed for Conference North team AFC Telford United , after having trained them for three weeks to regain fitness . In June 2010 , it was announced that OConnor had signed for Conference North club Worcester City and in 2011 signed a new contract with the club . Return to Ireland . In June 2012 OConnor returned to his homeland when he signed for Bray Wanderers where he linked up with his brother Danny OConnor already a key member of Pat Devlin and Keith Longs Wanderers squad . In January 2014 , he signed for League of Ireland side Longford Town . He played a key role in helping De Town lift the 2014 First Division title . OConnor played for a further 3 seasons with Longford before leaving at the end of 2017 . International career . OConnor has been recognised by his country , being selected for Republic of Ireland Under-18 , Under-20 and Under-21 squads . Personal life . He has two footballer brothers : James , who played for Orlando City until named the head coach for Louisville City FC ; whilst Danny was his teammate at Bray .
|
[
"Longford Town"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Kevin O'Connor (footballer, born 1985) belong to from 2014 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Kevin_O'Connor_(footballer,_born_1985)#P54#5
|
Kevin OConnor ( footballer , born 1985 ) Kevin OConnor ( born 19 October 1985 ) is a retired Irish footballer . Career . Football League . OConnor began his career at Wolverhampton Wanderers Youth Academy and became a regular in the reserve team . He was never considered for the first team under Glenn Hoddle , and he instead joined League Two Stockport County on loan in March 2006 , making seven appearances and scoring one goal . His league debut came on 8 April when he appeared as a substitute in a 3–3 draw at Cheltenham Town . The appointment of Mick McCarthy as manager saw him promoted to the first team , making his senior debut for Wolves on 5 August 2006 at Plymouth Argyle , where he created Wolves equaliser when his shot was deflected in to earn a 1–1 draw ( later credited as an own-goal by Mathias Kouo-Doumbé ) . However , after playing in the opening three games , his season was ended by a long-term hamstring injury . He was approaching fitness by the start of the 2007–08 season and given another one-year contract , as Wolves lined up a loan move to Gillingham for him ; which he later rejected after becoming a father due to the long travelling distance . However , his hamstring problems again soon flared up and he spent the season again on the sidelines after having surgery in November 2007 . In May 2008 it was announced he would not be re-signed but would remain at the club continuing his rehabilitation in the short-term . He went on trial to League Two Port Vale . Move into non-League . On 18 January 2010 , OConnor signed for Conference North team AFC Telford United , after having trained them for three weeks to regain fitness . In June 2010 , it was announced that OConnor had signed for Conference North club Worcester City and in 2011 signed a new contract with the club . Return to Ireland . In June 2012 OConnor returned to his homeland when he signed for Bray Wanderers where he linked up with his brother Danny OConnor already a key member of Pat Devlin and Keith Longs Wanderers squad . In January 2014 , he signed for League of Ireland side Longford Town . He played a key role in helping De Town lift the 2014 First Division title . OConnor played for a further 3 seasons with Longford before leaving at the end of 2017 . International career . OConnor has been recognised by his country , being selected for Republic of Ireland Under-18 , Under-20 and Under-21 squads . Personal life . He has two footballer brothers : James , who played for Orlando City until named the head coach for Louisville City FC ; whilst Danny was his teammate at Bray .
|
[
"executive deputy director of the General Office"
] |
easy
|
What position did Li Zhanshu take from Aug 2012 to 2017?
|
/wiki/Li_Zhanshu#P39#0
|
Li Zhanshu Li Zhanshu ( born August 30 , 1950 ) ( ) is a Chinese politician , and the current Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress , head of the de facto legislative body of the Peoples Republic of China . He is a No.3 member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , Chinas top decision-making body . Li began his political career in rural regions of his native Hebei province , rising through the ranks as the Communist Party Secretary of Xian , Governor of Heilongjiang province , and the Party Secretary of Guizhou province . In 2012 , he became chief of the General Office of the Communist Party of China . Following the 18th Party Congress , Li became one of the top advisors to party General Secretary Xi Jinping . He is regarded by the media as a senior member of “Xi Jinping Clique” , one of the main political factions within the Chinese Communist Party . Early career . Li was born in Pingshan County , Hebei province on August 30 , 1950 . He became a member of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in 1975 . He started his career as an ordinary functionary in the capital of his home province , Shijiazhuang , working as an office worker for the Shijiazhuang commercial bureau and the Shijiazhuang party committee . In 1980 , Li studied night school at the Hebei Normal University . After graduating , he was promoted to Party Secretary of Wuji County ( at around the same time , the party chief of neighbouring Zhengding County was Xi Jinping , current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ) . For the next decade , Li took on progressively senior roles in Hebei province , including deputy party chief and Commissioner of Shijiazhuang prefecture ( not equivalent to mayor ) , head of the provincial Communist Youth League organization , Commissioner of Chengde prefecture , member of the Party Standing Committee of Hebei and Secretary-General of the provincial party committee . Regional leadership . In 1998 , Li was transferred to Shaanxi province to serve on its party leadership council and become the head of its provincial Organization Department . Beginning in January 2002 , Li became the Party Secretary of Xian . In May , he concurrently took on the role of deputy party chief of Shaanxi province . During his term in Xian , Li was known to have set the goal for Xian to become the best city in the western interior . In December 2003 , Li became Deputy Party Secretary of Heilongjiang , and assumed the post of Vice Governor about a year later . At the time , outside observers classified Li as a member of the Tuanpai , i.e. , officials with a background in the Communist Youth League . On December 25 , 2007 , then Governor Zhang Zuoji resigned , and Li took over as acting Governor , confirmed in January 2008 . In August 2010 , Li became the Party Secretary of Guizhou province , taking on his first role in the top office of a province . At the time , Li was not yet a full member of the Central Committee ; it was considered very rare for someone to hold office as a provincial party chief without a full seat on the Central Committee . General Office . In July 2012 , Li was transferred to Beijing to serve as the executive deputy director of the General Office of the Communist Party of China , being groomed to replace Ling Jihua . He assumed office as Director of the General Office two months later . Li has played a major role in facilitating a strong relationship between China and Russia , and is the first General Office chief in post-Mao China to have played such an active role in foreign affairs . For example , in 2015 Li was sent as a special representative of Xi Jinping to meet with Vladimir Putin in Moscow . During the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade held in Moscow , Li was a member of the Chinese delegation . Li was known to have accompanied Xi on the leaders various meetings with foreign guests , including on Xis 2015 state visit to the United States . Li , seen as one of the most influential members of Xi Jinpings inner circle , was considered a dark horse candidate for the 19th Politburo Standing Committee , Chinas top decision-making body which will take office in 2017 . Li was an alternate member of the 16th and 17th Central Committees of the Communist Party of China and was a full member of the 18th Central Committee . Standing Committee . Li was chosen to be a member of the 19th Politburo Standing Committee , Chinas top decision-making body , at the 1st Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on 25 October 2017 . On March 17 , 2018 , Li was elected as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress . On September 8 , 2018 , Li acted as special representative to General Secretary Xi Jinping on a visit to North Korea to participate in the 70th anniversary celebrations of the founding of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea . Regarding his work , Li claims to abide by a three-nos principle : they are : no messing around with other people , no playing games , no loafing on the job . In November 2020 , following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers in the Hong Kong Legislative Council , Li defended the expulsion and said the decision was both necessary and appropriate . Family . Lis great-uncle ( ; 1908–1967 ) served as Vice Governor of Shandong province . Lis wife , Wang Jinfeng ( ) , was born on October 30 , 1953 . Li Qianxin . Lis eldest daughter , Li Qianxin ( ; born 20 June 1982 ) , also known as Naomi Li , has been reported by Chinese-language media as being active in Hong Kong , and is one of the Vice-Chairs of the Hua Jing Society , a youth organization promoting mainland-Hong Kong cooperation . Li Qianxin reportedly bought a townhouse in Hong Kongs Stanley Beach for $15 million in 2013 . According to a New York Times investigation , Li Qianxin bought a 4-story property at 6 Stanley Beach Road in the Southern District of Hong Kong Island in 2013 for USD $15 million through Century Joy Holdings Ltd. , a company registered in Hong Kong with Li Qianxin as the sole director , and incorporated in the British Virgin Islands . In October 2019 , when the New York Times contacted her regarding a scandal involving Deutsche Bank and their illicit hiring practices , she dissolved Century Joy Holdings Ltd . within a matter of hours . Li Qianxin was found to have pushed Deutsche Bank to hire her younger sister , who was deemed unqualified for the banks corporate communications team , but received the job offer anyway . Her husband , Chua Hwa Por ( ; born 17 May 1985 ) , was also part of the report . Chua owned a racehorse called Limitless , and also took over a company named Tai United in early 2017 , when he was appointed as chairman . Under his supervision , Tai United bought a large share in the Peninsula Hotel , as well as the entire 79th floor of a Hong Kong skyscraper ( reported earlier by SCMP to be at The Center ) . Chua stepped down from Tai United shortly afterwards in July 2017 , when Next Magazine reported on the purchases and Chuas potential ties to Li Qianxins father , Li Zhanshu . In January 2018 , Chua then sold the majority of his Tai United shares . Together , Li Qianxin and Chua jointly own another company , named Chua & Li Membership . Li Qianxin and Chua both had listed the 6 Stanley Beach Road unit as their residence until early 2020 , when Li Qianxin changed her address to another apartment Chua owns in Hong Kong , located on the 60th floor of a building . Also according to the investigation , Li Qianxin joined networks such as the Hua Jing Society in Hong Kong , a group that networks princelings and tycoons . Li Duoxi . Lis youngest daughter , Li Duoxi ( ; born 25 May 1987 ) , works at Deutsche Bank .
|
[
"member of the 19th Politburo Standing Committee"
] |
easy
|
Li Zhanshu took which position from Oct 2017 to Mar 2018?
|
/wiki/Li_Zhanshu#P39#1
|
Li Zhanshu Li Zhanshu ( born August 30 , 1950 ) ( ) is a Chinese politician , and the current Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress , head of the de facto legislative body of the Peoples Republic of China . He is a No.3 member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , Chinas top decision-making body . Li began his political career in rural regions of his native Hebei province , rising through the ranks as the Communist Party Secretary of Xian , Governor of Heilongjiang province , and the Party Secretary of Guizhou province . In 2012 , he became chief of the General Office of the Communist Party of China . Following the 18th Party Congress , Li became one of the top advisors to party General Secretary Xi Jinping . He is regarded by the media as a senior member of “Xi Jinping Clique” , one of the main political factions within the Chinese Communist Party . Early career . Li was born in Pingshan County , Hebei province on August 30 , 1950 . He became a member of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in 1975 . He started his career as an ordinary functionary in the capital of his home province , Shijiazhuang , working as an office worker for the Shijiazhuang commercial bureau and the Shijiazhuang party committee . In 1980 , Li studied night school at the Hebei Normal University . After graduating , he was promoted to Party Secretary of Wuji County ( at around the same time , the party chief of neighbouring Zhengding County was Xi Jinping , current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ) . For the next decade , Li took on progressively senior roles in Hebei province , including deputy party chief and Commissioner of Shijiazhuang prefecture ( not equivalent to mayor ) , head of the provincial Communist Youth League organization , Commissioner of Chengde prefecture , member of the Party Standing Committee of Hebei and Secretary-General of the provincial party committee . Regional leadership . In 1998 , Li was transferred to Shaanxi province to serve on its party leadership council and become the head of its provincial Organization Department . Beginning in January 2002 , Li became the Party Secretary of Xian . In May , he concurrently took on the role of deputy party chief of Shaanxi province . During his term in Xian , Li was known to have set the goal for Xian to become the best city in the western interior . In December 2003 , Li became Deputy Party Secretary of Heilongjiang , and assumed the post of Vice Governor about a year later . At the time , outside observers classified Li as a member of the Tuanpai , i.e. , officials with a background in the Communist Youth League . On December 25 , 2007 , then Governor Zhang Zuoji resigned , and Li took over as acting Governor , confirmed in January 2008 . In August 2010 , Li became the Party Secretary of Guizhou province , taking on his first role in the top office of a province . At the time , Li was not yet a full member of the Central Committee ; it was considered very rare for someone to hold office as a provincial party chief without a full seat on the Central Committee . General Office . In July 2012 , Li was transferred to Beijing to serve as the executive deputy director of the General Office of the Communist Party of China , being groomed to replace Ling Jihua . He assumed office as Director of the General Office two months later . Li has played a major role in facilitating a strong relationship between China and Russia , and is the first General Office chief in post-Mao China to have played such an active role in foreign affairs . For example , in 2015 Li was sent as a special representative of Xi Jinping to meet with Vladimir Putin in Moscow . During the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade held in Moscow , Li was a member of the Chinese delegation . Li was known to have accompanied Xi on the leaders various meetings with foreign guests , including on Xis 2015 state visit to the United States . Li , seen as one of the most influential members of Xi Jinpings inner circle , was considered a dark horse candidate for the 19th Politburo Standing Committee , Chinas top decision-making body which will take office in 2017 . Li was an alternate member of the 16th and 17th Central Committees of the Communist Party of China and was a full member of the 18th Central Committee . Standing Committee . Li was chosen to be a member of the 19th Politburo Standing Committee , Chinas top decision-making body , at the 1st Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on 25 October 2017 . On March 17 , 2018 , Li was elected as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress . On September 8 , 2018 , Li acted as special representative to General Secretary Xi Jinping on a visit to North Korea to participate in the 70th anniversary celebrations of the founding of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea . Regarding his work , Li claims to abide by a three-nos principle : they are : no messing around with other people , no playing games , no loafing on the job . In November 2020 , following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers in the Hong Kong Legislative Council , Li defended the expulsion and said the decision was both necessary and appropriate . Family . Lis great-uncle ( ; 1908–1967 ) served as Vice Governor of Shandong province . Lis wife , Wang Jinfeng ( ) , was born on October 30 , 1953 . Li Qianxin . Lis eldest daughter , Li Qianxin ( ; born 20 June 1982 ) , also known as Naomi Li , has been reported by Chinese-language media as being active in Hong Kong , and is one of the Vice-Chairs of the Hua Jing Society , a youth organization promoting mainland-Hong Kong cooperation . Li Qianxin reportedly bought a townhouse in Hong Kongs Stanley Beach for $15 million in 2013 . According to a New York Times investigation , Li Qianxin bought a 4-story property at 6 Stanley Beach Road in the Southern District of Hong Kong Island in 2013 for USD $15 million through Century Joy Holdings Ltd. , a company registered in Hong Kong with Li Qianxin as the sole director , and incorporated in the British Virgin Islands . In October 2019 , when the New York Times contacted her regarding a scandal involving Deutsche Bank and their illicit hiring practices , she dissolved Century Joy Holdings Ltd . within a matter of hours . Li Qianxin was found to have pushed Deutsche Bank to hire her younger sister , who was deemed unqualified for the banks corporate communications team , but received the job offer anyway . Her husband , Chua Hwa Por ( ; born 17 May 1985 ) , was also part of the report . Chua owned a racehorse called Limitless , and also took over a company named Tai United in early 2017 , when he was appointed as chairman . Under his supervision , Tai United bought a large share in the Peninsula Hotel , as well as the entire 79th floor of a Hong Kong skyscraper ( reported earlier by SCMP to be at The Center ) . Chua stepped down from Tai United shortly afterwards in July 2017 , when Next Magazine reported on the purchases and Chuas potential ties to Li Qianxins father , Li Zhanshu . In January 2018 , Chua then sold the majority of his Tai United shares . Together , Li Qianxin and Chua jointly own another company , named Chua & Li Membership . Li Qianxin and Chua both had listed the 6 Stanley Beach Road unit as their residence until early 2020 , when Li Qianxin changed her address to another apartment Chua owns in Hong Kong , located on the 60th floor of a building . Also according to the investigation , Li Qianxin joined networks such as the Hua Jing Society in Hong Kong , a group that networks princelings and tycoons . Li Duoxi . Lis youngest daughter , Li Duoxi ( ; born 25 May 1987 ) , works at Deutsche Bank .
|
[
"special representative to General Secretary"
] |
easy
|
Li Zhanshu took which position from Mar 2018 to Mar 2019?
|
/wiki/Li_Zhanshu#P39#2
|
Li Zhanshu Li Zhanshu ( born August 30 , 1950 ) ( ) is a Chinese politician , and the current Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress , head of the de facto legislative body of the Peoples Republic of China . He is a No.3 member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party , Chinas top decision-making body . Li began his political career in rural regions of his native Hebei province , rising through the ranks as the Communist Party Secretary of Xian , Governor of Heilongjiang province , and the Party Secretary of Guizhou province . In 2012 , he became chief of the General Office of the Communist Party of China . Following the 18th Party Congress , Li became one of the top advisors to party General Secretary Xi Jinping . He is regarded by the media as a senior member of “Xi Jinping Clique” , one of the main political factions within the Chinese Communist Party . Early career . Li was born in Pingshan County , Hebei province on August 30 , 1950 . He became a member of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) in 1975 . He started his career as an ordinary functionary in the capital of his home province , Shijiazhuang , working as an office worker for the Shijiazhuang commercial bureau and the Shijiazhuang party committee . In 1980 , Li studied night school at the Hebei Normal University . After graduating , he was promoted to Party Secretary of Wuji County ( at around the same time , the party chief of neighbouring Zhengding County was Xi Jinping , current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ) . For the next decade , Li took on progressively senior roles in Hebei province , including deputy party chief and Commissioner of Shijiazhuang prefecture ( not equivalent to mayor ) , head of the provincial Communist Youth League organization , Commissioner of Chengde prefecture , member of the Party Standing Committee of Hebei and Secretary-General of the provincial party committee . Regional leadership . In 1998 , Li was transferred to Shaanxi province to serve on its party leadership council and become the head of its provincial Organization Department . Beginning in January 2002 , Li became the Party Secretary of Xian . In May , he concurrently took on the role of deputy party chief of Shaanxi province . During his term in Xian , Li was known to have set the goal for Xian to become the best city in the western interior . In December 2003 , Li became Deputy Party Secretary of Heilongjiang , and assumed the post of Vice Governor about a year later . At the time , outside observers classified Li as a member of the Tuanpai , i.e. , officials with a background in the Communist Youth League . On December 25 , 2007 , then Governor Zhang Zuoji resigned , and Li took over as acting Governor , confirmed in January 2008 . In August 2010 , Li became the Party Secretary of Guizhou province , taking on his first role in the top office of a province . At the time , Li was not yet a full member of the Central Committee ; it was considered very rare for someone to hold office as a provincial party chief without a full seat on the Central Committee . General Office . In July 2012 , Li was transferred to Beijing to serve as the executive deputy director of the General Office of the Communist Party of China , being groomed to replace Ling Jihua . He assumed office as Director of the General Office two months later . Li has played a major role in facilitating a strong relationship between China and Russia , and is the first General Office chief in post-Mao China to have played such an active role in foreign affairs . For example , in 2015 Li was sent as a special representative of Xi Jinping to meet with Vladimir Putin in Moscow . During the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade held in Moscow , Li was a member of the Chinese delegation . Li was known to have accompanied Xi on the leaders various meetings with foreign guests , including on Xis 2015 state visit to the United States . Li , seen as one of the most influential members of Xi Jinpings inner circle , was considered a dark horse candidate for the 19th Politburo Standing Committee , Chinas top decision-making body which will take office in 2017 . Li was an alternate member of the 16th and 17th Central Committees of the Communist Party of China and was a full member of the 18th Central Committee . Standing Committee . Li was chosen to be a member of the 19th Politburo Standing Committee , Chinas top decision-making body , at the 1st Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on 25 October 2017 . On March 17 , 2018 , Li was elected as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress . On September 8 , 2018 , Li acted as special representative to General Secretary Xi Jinping on a visit to North Korea to participate in the 70th anniversary celebrations of the founding of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea . Regarding his work , Li claims to abide by a three-nos principle : they are : no messing around with other people , no playing games , no loafing on the job . In November 2020 , following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers in the Hong Kong Legislative Council , Li defended the expulsion and said the decision was both necessary and appropriate . Family . Lis great-uncle ( ; 1908–1967 ) served as Vice Governor of Shandong province . Lis wife , Wang Jinfeng ( ) , was born on October 30 , 1953 . Li Qianxin . Lis eldest daughter , Li Qianxin ( ; born 20 June 1982 ) , also known as Naomi Li , has been reported by Chinese-language media as being active in Hong Kong , and is one of the Vice-Chairs of the Hua Jing Society , a youth organization promoting mainland-Hong Kong cooperation . Li Qianxin reportedly bought a townhouse in Hong Kongs Stanley Beach for $15 million in 2013 . According to a New York Times investigation , Li Qianxin bought a 4-story property at 6 Stanley Beach Road in the Southern District of Hong Kong Island in 2013 for USD $15 million through Century Joy Holdings Ltd. , a company registered in Hong Kong with Li Qianxin as the sole director , and incorporated in the British Virgin Islands . In October 2019 , when the New York Times contacted her regarding a scandal involving Deutsche Bank and their illicit hiring practices , she dissolved Century Joy Holdings Ltd . within a matter of hours . Li Qianxin was found to have pushed Deutsche Bank to hire her younger sister , who was deemed unqualified for the banks corporate communications team , but received the job offer anyway . Her husband , Chua Hwa Por ( ; born 17 May 1985 ) , was also part of the report . Chua owned a racehorse called Limitless , and also took over a company named Tai United in early 2017 , when he was appointed as chairman . Under his supervision , Tai United bought a large share in the Peninsula Hotel , as well as the entire 79th floor of a Hong Kong skyscraper ( reported earlier by SCMP to be at The Center ) . Chua stepped down from Tai United shortly afterwards in July 2017 , when Next Magazine reported on the purchases and Chuas potential ties to Li Qianxins father , Li Zhanshu . In January 2018 , Chua then sold the majority of his Tai United shares . Together , Li Qianxin and Chua jointly own another company , named Chua & Li Membership . Li Qianxin and Chua both had listed the 6 Stanley Beach Road unit as their residence until early 2020 , when Li Qianxin changed her address to another apartment Chua owns in Hong Kong , located on the 60th floor of a building . Also according to the investigation , Li Qianxin joined networks such as the Hua Jing Society in Hong Kong , a group that networks princelings and tycoons . Li Duoxi . Lis youngest daughter , Li Duoxi ( ; born 25 May 1987 ) , works at Deutsche Bank .
|
[
"Bundesliga"
] |
easy
|
Which league did Alemannia Aachen play for from 2005 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Alemannia_Aachen#P118#0
|
Alemannia Aachen Alemannia Aachen ( ) or ATSV Alemannia 1900 is a German football club from the western city of Aachen , North Rhine-Westphalia . A long term fixture of the countrys second division , Alemannia enjoyed a three-year turn in the Bundesliga in the late 1960s and , after a successful 2005–06 campaign , returned to the first division for a single season . The club has since slipped to third division play and in late 2012 entered into bankruptcy . They finished their 2012–13 3 . Liga schedule before resuming play in the tier IV Regionalliga West in 2013–14 . Alemannia carries the nickname the potato beetles ( Kartoffelkäfer ) because of their striped yellow-black jerseys , which make them look like the particular insects . History . Foundation to World War II . In the second half of the 19th century , resident English merchants and industrialists brought football , in addition to the traditional equestrian sports , into the western Rhineland . The club was founded on 16 December 1900 by a group of eighteen high school students . Knowing that another team had already taken the name 1 . FC Aachen , the new club was christened FC Alemannia using a Latin word for Germany ( see Alamannia ) . The First World War devastated the club : the pre-war membership of 200 was reduced to just 37 by the conflict . In early 1919 Alemannia merged with Aachener Turnverein 1847 to become TSV Alemannia Aachen 1900 . Their new partners interest was primarily in gymnastics and the union was short-lived , with the clubs splitting again in 1924 . The city of Aachen is near the Belgian and Dutch borders and as a result Alemannia has had frequent contact with clubs from those countries . Their first game was against the Belgian side R . Dolhain F.C. , one of that countrys earliest clubs . There are intensive and friendly contacts with the Dutch professional club Roda JC Kerkrade . Both clubs have the same club colors . The team played in the Rhineland-Westphalia FA and won its first championship there in 1907 , before joining the newly formed Westdeutsche Fussball Verband in 1909 . The club grew steadily as interest in football increased . They qualified for the Rheingauliga in 1921 , built their own stadium in 1928 , and earned admittance to the Oberliga the following year . The club enjoyed some success in the early 1930s by advancing to the final four of the Westdeutsche championship playoffs . In 1933 , German football was re-organized under the Third Reich into sixteen top-flight Gauligen . Alemannia played several seasons in the Gauliga Mittelrhein in the late 1930s and early 1940s . They finished atop their division in 1938 and advanced to the national final rounds . This was in spite of a protest by SV Beuel 06 which ultimately saw that club awarded the division championship , but too late to allow Beuel to play in the national playoff in Aachens stead . Alemannia is known as one of the few of this era to offer any challenge to the Nazi regimes purge of Jews from the countrys sports organizations by demanding the release of a jailed Jewish member . Postwar and entry to the Bundesliga . In 1946 , after World War II and the lifting of the ban placed by Allied occupation authorities on most types of organizations in Germany , Alemannia re-constituted itself and began play in second tier Rheinbezirk . They returned to first division play in the Oberliga West the next year , but ran into financial difficulty . They remained a steady , but unspectacular second division side , generally finishing mid-table . Aachens first measure of success came with an advance to the DFB-Pokal final in 1953 where they lost a 1–2 decision to Rot-Weiss Essen . After the formation of the Bundesliga , Germanys new professional football league , in 1963 , Alemannia found themselves in Regionalliga West ( II ) . In 1965 , they had another good run in German Cup competition , earning another final appearance – but were once again unsuccessful – this time losing 0–2 to Borussia Dortmund . The club captured their division in 1967 and were promoted to the Bundesliga ( I ) for the 1967–68 season . They enjoyed their best ever result the next year with a second-place finish behind champion Bayern Munich . However , the following season was a disaster : the team earned only one point in play away from home and toppled to an 18th-place finish . They returned to play in the Regionalliga West ( II ) , and in 1990 fell still further to the third division . Road to recovery . After several mediocre seasons in the second half of the 1990s , trainer Werner Fuchs rejuvenated the Alemannia squad by playing 4–4–2 without a libero ( sweeper ) , creating a side that played an attractive , fluid offense . In 1999 , the team played well and delivered an especially strong second half . They were atop the table , just weeks away from the end of the season , when tragedy struck with the unexpected death of Fuchs . The whole city was in shock , but the club managed to pull through , dedicating their promotion to their late trainer and winning the Regionalliga West/Südwest ( III ) . The first years in the 2 . Bundesliga were tough for Aachen , both on the field and financially . The club struggled for several seasons and the situation was worsened when financial irregularities were uncovered showing the club was near bankruptcy . The turnaround came with a new executive board under president Horst Heinrichs , trainer Dieter Hecking and manager Jörg Schmadtke . Through improved financial management , shrewd player signings , and clever game tactics , Aachen became a power once again in the 2003–04 season . They played their way to their third DFB-Pokal final appearance , knocking off TSV 1860 Munich , Bayern Munich , and Borussia Mönchengladbach , before losing 2–3 to Bundesliga champions Werder Bremen . As league champions Bremen already held a place in the UEFA Champions League , thereby making room for Aachen to take part in the UEFA Cup competition . They delivered a decent performance , advancing to the Round of 32 before going out to eventual semi-finalists AZ Alkmaar . The clubs participation in the German Cup and UEFA Cup play helped to significantly improve their financial situation . Bundesliga and 2 . Bundesliga . On 16 April 2006 , Alemannia became the first team to earn promotion to the Bundesliga in 2005–06 , ending Aachens 36-year absence from top-flight football . However , they stayed up only a single season as they took only one point from their last eight matches of the campaign . In the middle of 2007 , the club appointed former German international defender and 1990 FIFA World Champion Guido Buchwald as manager trainer , who was fired after only 14 matches . After a short interim with Alemannias Sportsmanger Jörg Schmadtke as headcoach , he was then replaced by Jürgen Seeberger , hardly known in Germany , in the winter break of the season . The club suffered a rapid decline after its single Bundesliga season , being relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in 2012 and from the 3 . Liga the season after . Alemannia consequently now plays in the tier four Regionalliga West . Honours . The clubs honours : - Bundesliga - Runner-up 1968–69 , - 2 . Bundesliga - Runner-up 2005–06 - Regionalliga West ( II ) - Champions : 1964 , 1966–67 - DFB-Pokal - Runner-up 1952–53 , 1964–65 , 2003–04 - Middle Rhine Cup ( Tiers III-V ) - Winners : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1998–99 , 2002 , 2006 , 2019 Notable players . - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ivica Grlić - Denis Pozder - Germany - Reinhold Yabo - Lewis Holtby - Marco Stiepermann - Kai Havertz - Torsten Frings - David Odonkor - Netherlands - Angelo Nijskens Stadium . Alemannia Aachen used to play at the Old Tivoli which had a capacity of 21,632 spectators ( 3,632 seats ) . One of Germanys better known stadiums , it was built in 1908 and was renovated several times . The club played its 2004 UEFA Cup matches , however , in Colognes RheinEnergieStadion in order to meet the stadium capacity requirements in place for the competition . In August 2009 Aachen opened a new stadium , the New Tivoli , which has a capacity of 32,960 spectators ( 11,681 in standing areas ) . External links . - Official club site
|
[
"Bundesliga"
] |
easy
|
Which league did Alemannia Aachen play for from 2007 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Alemannia_Aachen#P118#1
|
Alemannia Aachen Alemannia Aachen ( ) or ATSV Alemannia 1900 is a German football club from the western city of Aachen , North Rhine-Westphalia . A long term fixture of the countrys second division , Alemannia enjoyed a three-year turn in the Bundesliga in the late 1960s and , after a successful 2005–06 campaign , returned to the first division for a single season . The club has since slipped to third division play and in late 2012 entered into bankruptcy . They finished their 2012–13 3 . Liga schedule before resuming play in the tier IV Regionalliga West in 2013–14 . Alemannia carries the nickname the potato beetles ( Kartoffelkäfer ) because of their striped yellow-black jerseys , which make them look like the particular insects . History . Foundation to World War II . In the second half of the 19th century , resident English merchants and industrialists brought football , in addition to the traditional equestrian sports , into the western Rhineland . The club was founded on 16 December 1900 by a group of eighteen high school students . Knowing that another team had already taken the name 1 . FC Aachen , the new club was christened FC Alemannia using a Latin word for Germany ( see Alamannia ) . The First World War devastated the club : the pre-war membership of 200 was reduced to just 37 by the conflict . In early 1919 Alemannia merged with Aachener Turnverein 1847 to become TSV Alemannia Aachen 1900 . Their new partners interest was primarily in gymnastics and the union was short-lived , with the clubs splitting again in 1924 . The city of Aachen is near the Belgian and Dutch borders and as a result Alemannia has had frequent contact with clubs from those countries . Their first game was against the Belgian side R . Dolhain F.C. , one of that countrys earliest clubs . There are intensive and friendly contacts with the Dutch professional club Roda JC Kerkrade . Both clubs have the same club colors . The team played in the Rhineland-Westphalia FA and won its first championship there in 1907 , before joining the newly formed Westdeutsche Fussball Verband in 1909 . The club grew steadily as interest in football increased . They qualified for the Rheingauliga in 1921 , built their own stadium in 1928 , and earned admittance to the Oberliga the following year . The club enjoyed some success in the early 1930s by advancing to the final four of the Westdeutsche championship playoffs . In 1933 , German football was re-organized under the Third Reich into sixteen top-flight Gauligen . Alemannia played several seasons in the Gauliga Mittelrhein in the late 1930s and early 1940s . They finished atop their division in 1938 and advanced to the national final rounds . This was in spite of a protest by SV Beuel 06 which ultimately saw that club awarded the division championship , but too late to allow Beuel to play in the national playoff in Aachens stead . Alemannia is known as one of the few of this era to offer any challenge to the Nazi regimes purge of Jews from the countrys sports organizations by demanding the release of a jailed Jewish member . Postwar and entry to the Bundesliga . In 1946 , after World War II and the lifting of the ban placed by Allied occupation authorities on most types of organizations in Germany , Alemannia re-constituted itself and began play in second tier Rheinbezirk . They returned to first division play in the Oberliga West the next year , but ran into financial difficulty . They remained a steady , but unspectacular second division side , generally finishing mid-table . Aachens first measure of success came with an advance to the DFB-Pokal final in 1953 where they lost a 1–2 decision to Rot-Weiss Essen . After the formation of the Bundesliga , Germanys new professional football league , in 1963 , Alemannia found themselves in Regionalliga West ( II ) . In 1965 , they had another good run in German Cup competition , earning another final appearance – but were once again unsuccessful – this time losing 0–2 to Borussia Dortmund . The club captured their division in 1967 and were promoted to the Bundesliga ( I ) for the 1967–68 season . They enjoyed their best ever result the next year with a second-place finish behind champion Bayern Munich . However , the following season was a disaster : the team earned only one point in play away from home and toppled to an 18th-place finish . They returned to play in the Regionalliga West ( II ) , and in 1990 fell still further to the third division . Road to recovery . After several mediocre seasons in the second half of the 1990s , trainer Werner Fuchs rejuvenated the Alemannia squad by playing 4–4–2 without a libero ( sweeper ) , creating a side that played an attractive , fluid offense . In 1999 , the team played well and delivered an especially strong second half . They were atop the table , just weeks away from the end of the season , when tragedy struck with the unexpected death of Fuchs . The whole city was in shock , but the club managed to pull through , dedicating their promotion to their late trainer and winning the Regionalliga West/Südwest ( III ) . The first years in the 2 . Bundesliga were tough for Aachen , both on the field and financially . The club struggled for several seasons and the situation was worsened when financial irregularities were uncovered showing the club was near bankruptcy . The turnaround came with a new executive board under president Horst Heinrichs , trainer Dieter Hecking and manager Jörg Schmadtke . Through improved financial management , shrewd player signings , and clever game tactics , Aachen became a power once again in the 2003–04 season . They played their way to their third DFB-Pokal final appearance , knocking off TSV 1860 Munich , Bayern Munich , and Borussia Mönchengladbach , before losing 2–3 to Bundesliga champions Werder Bremen . As league champions Bremen already held a place in the UEFA Champions League , thereby making room for Aachen to take part in the UEFA Cup competition . They delivered a decent performance , advancing to the Round of 32 before going out to eventual semi-finalists AZ Alkmaar . The clubs participation in the German Cup and UEFA Cup play helped to significantly improve their financial situation . Bundesliga and 2 . Bundesliga . On 16 April 2006 , Alemannia became the first team to earn promotion to the Bundesliga in 2005–06 , ending Aachens 36-year absence from top-flight football . However , they stayed up only a single season as they took only one point from their last eight matches of the campaign . In the middle of 2007 , the club appointed former German international defender and 1990 FIFA World Champion Guido Buchwald as manager trainer , who was fired after only 14 matches . After a short interim with Alemannias Sportsmanger Jörg Schmadtke as headcoach , he was then replaced by Jürgen Seeberger , hardly known in Germany , in the winter break of the season . The club suffered a rapid decline after its single Bundesliga season , being relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in 2012 and from the 3 . Liga the season after . Alemannia consequently now plays in the tier four Regionalliga West . Honours . The clubs honours : - Bundesliga - Runner-up 1968–69 , - 2 . Bundesliga - Runner-up 2005–06 - Regionalliga West ( II ) - Champions : 1964 , 1966–67 - DFB-Pokal - Runner-up 1952–53 , 1964–65 , 2003–04 - Middle Rhine Cup ( Tiers III-V ) - Winners : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1998–99 , 2002 , 2006 , 2019 Notable players . - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ivica Grlić - Denis Pozder - Germany - Reinhold Yabo - Lewis Holtby - Marco Stiepermann - Kai Havertz - Torsten Frings - David Odonkor - Netherlands - Angelo Nijskens Stadium . Alemannia Aachen used to play at the Old Tivoli which had a capacity of 21,632 spectators ( 3,632 seats ) . One of Germanys better known stadiums , it was built in 1908 and was renovated several times . The club played its 2004 UEFA Cup matches , however , in Colognes RheinEnergieStadion in order to meet the stadium capacity requirements in place for the competition . In August 2009 Aachen opened a new stadium , the New Tivoli , which has a capacity of 32,960 spectators ( 11,681 in standing areas ) . External links . - Official club site
|
[
"Liga"
] |
easy
|
Which league did Alemannia Aachen play for from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Alemannia_Aachen#P118#2
|
Alemannia Aachen Alemannia Aachen ( ) or ATSV Alemannia 1900 is a German football club from the western city of Aachen , North Rhine-Westphalia . A long term fixture of the countrys second division , Alemannia enjoyed a three-year turn in the Bundesliga in the late 1960s and , after a successful 2005–06 campaign , returned to the first division for a single season . The club has since slipped to third division play and in late 2012 entered into bankruptcy . They finished their 2012–13 3 . Liga schedule before resuming play in the tier IV Regionalliga West in 2013–14 . Alemannia carries the nickname the potato beetles ( Kartoffelkäfer ) because of their striped yellow-black jerseys , which make them look like the particular insects . History . Foundation to World War II . In the second half of the 19th century , resident English merchants and industrialists brought football , in addition to the traditional equestrian sports , into the western Rhineland . The club was founded on 16 December 1900 by a group of eighteen high school students . Knowing that another team had already taken the name 1 . FC Aachen , the new club was christened FC Alemannia using a Latin word for Germany ( see Alamannia ) . The First World War devastated the club : the pre-war membership of 200 was reduced to just 37 by the conflict . In early 1919 Alemannia merged with Aachener Turnverein 1847 to become TSV Alemannia Aachen 1900 . Their new partners interest was primarily in gymnastics and the union was short-lived , with the clubs splitting again in 1924 . The city of Aachen is near the Belgian and Dutch borders and as a result Alemannia has had frequent contact with clubs from those countries . Their first game was against the Belgian side R . Dolhain F.C. , one of that countrys earliest clubs . There are intensive and friendly contacts with the Dutch professional club Roda JC Kerkrade . Both clubs have the same club colors . The team played in the Rhineland-Westphalia FA and won its first championship there in 1907 , before joining the newly formed Westdeutsche Fussball Verband in 1909 . The club grew steadily as interest in football increased . They qualified for the Rheingauliga in 1921 , built their own stadium in 1928 , and earned admittance to the Oberliga the following year . The club enjoyed some success in the early 1930s by advancing to the final four of the Westdeutsche championship playoffs . In 1933 , German football was re-organized under the Third Reich into sixteen top-flight Gauligen . Alemannia played several seasons in the Gauliga Mittelrhein in the late 1930s and early 1940s . They finished atop their division in 1938 and advanced to the national final rounds . This was in spite of a protest by SV Beuel 06 which ultimately saw that club awarded the division championship , but too late to allow Beuel to play in the national playoff in Aachens stead . Alemannia is known as one of the few of this era to offer any challenge to the Nazi regimes purge of Jews from the countrys sports organizations by demanding the release of a jailed Jewish member . Postwar and entry to the Bundesliga . In 1946 , after World War II and the lifting of the ban placed by Allied occupation authorities on most types of organizations in Germany , Alemannia re-constituted itself and began play in second tier Rheinbezirk . They returned to first division play in the Oberliga West the next year , but ran into financial difficulty . They remained a steady , but unspectacular second division side , generally finishing mid-table . Aachens first measure of success came with an advance to the DFB-Pokal final in 1953 where they lost a 1–2 decision to Rot-Weiss Essen . After the formation of the Bundesliga , Germanys new professional football league , in 1963 , Alemannia found themselves in Regionalliga West ( II ) . In 1965 , they had another good run in German Cup competition , earning another final appearance – but were once again unsuccessful – this time losing 0–2 to Borussia Dortmund . The club captured their division in 1967 and were promoted to the Bundesliga ( I ) for the 1967–68 season . They enjoyed their best ever result the next year with a second-place finish behind champion Bayern Munich . However , the following season was a disaster : the team earned only one point in play away from home and toppled to an 18th-place finish . They returned to play in the Regionalliga West ( II ) , and in 1990 fell still further to the third division . Road to recovery . After several mediocre seasons in the second half of the 1990s , trainer Werner Fuchs rejuvenated the Alemannia squad by playing 4–4–2 without a libero ( sweeper ) , creating a side that played an attractive , fluid offense . In 1999 , the team played well and delivered an especially strong second half . They were atop the table , just weeks away from the end of the season , when tragedy struck with the unexpected death of Fuchs . The whole city was in shock , but the club managed to pull through , dedicating their promotion to their late trainer and winning the Regionalliga West/Südwest ( III ) . The first years in the 2 . Bundesliga were tough for Aachen , both on the field and financially . The club struggled for several seasons and the situation was worsened when financial irregularities were uncovered showing the club was near bankruptcy . The turnaround came with a new executive board under president Horst Heinrichs , trainer Dieter Hecking and manager Jörg Schmadtke . Through improved financial management , shrewd player signings , and clever game tactics , Aachen became a power once again in the 2003–04 season . They played their way to their third DFB-Pokal final appearance , knocking off TSV 1860 Munich , Bayern Munich , and Borussia Mönchengladbach , before losing 2–3 to Bundesliga champions Werder Bremen . As league champions Bremen already held a place in the UEFA Champions League , thereby making room for Aachen to take part in the UEFA Cup competition . They delivered a decent performance , advancing to the Round of 32 before going out to eventual semi-finalists AZ Alkmaar . The clubs participation in the German Cup and UEFA Cup play helped to significantly improve their financial situation . Bundesliga and 2 . Bundesliga . On 16 April 2006 , Alemannia became the first team to earn promotion to the Bundesliga in 2005–06 , ending Aachens 36-year absence from top-flight football . However , they stayed up only a single season as they took only one point from their last eight matches of the campaign . In the middle of 2007 , the club appointed former German international defender and 1990 FIFA World Champion Guido Buchwald as manager trainer , who was fired after only 14 matches . After a short interim with Alemannias Sportsmanger Jörg Schmadtke as headcoach , he was then replaced by Jürgen Seeberger , hardly known in Germany , in the winter break of the season . The club suffered a rapid decline after its single Bundesliga season , being relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in 2012 and from the 3 . Liga the season after . Alemannia consequently now plays in the tier four Regionalliga West . Honours . The clubs honours : - Bundesliga - Runner-up 1968–69 , - 2 . Bundesliga - Runner-up 2005–06 - Regionalliga West ( II ) - Champions : 1964 , 1966–67 - DFB-Pokal - Runner-up 1952–53 , 1964–65 , 2003–04 - Middle Rhine Cup ( Tiers III-V ) - Winners : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1998–99 , 2002 , 2006 , 2019 Notable players . - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ivica Grlić - Denis Pozder - Germany - Reinhold Yabo - Lewis Holtby - Marco Stiepermann - Kai Havertz - Torsten Frings - David Odonkor - Netherlands - Angelo Nijskens Stadium . Alemannia Aachen used to play at the Old Tivoli which had a capacity of 21,632 spectators ( 3,632 seats ) . One of Germanys better known stadiums , it was built in 1908 and was renovated several times . The club played its 2004 UEFA Cup matches , however , in Colognes RheinEnergieStadion in order to meet the stadium capacity requirements in place for the competition . In August 2009 Aachen opened a new stadium , the New Tivoli , which has a capacity of 32,960 spectators ( 11,681 in standing areas ) . External links . - Official club site
|
[
"Regionalliga West"
] |
easy
|
Which league did Alemannia Aachen play for from 2013 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Alemannia_Aachen#P118#3
|
Alemannia Aachen Alemannia Aachen ( ) or ATSV Alemannia 1900 is a German football club from the western city of Aachen , North Rhine-Westphalia . A long term fixture of the countrys second division , Alemannia enjoyed a three-year turn in the Bundesliga in the late 1960s and , after a successful 2005–06 campaign , returned to the first division for a single season . The club has since slipped to third division play and in late 2012 entered into bankruptcy . They finished their 2012–13 3 . Liga schedule before resuming play in the tier IV Regionalliga West in 2013–14 . Alemannia carries the nickname the potato beetles ( Kartoffelkäfer ) because of their striped yellow-black jerseys , which make them look like the particular insects . History . Foundation to World War II . In the second half of the 19th century , resident English merchants and industrialists brought football , in addition to the traditional equestrian sports , into the western Rhineland . The club was founded on 16 December 1900 by a group of eighteen high school students . Knowing that another team had already taken the name 1 . FC Aachen , the new club was christened FC Alemannia using a Latin word for Germany ( see Alamannia ) . The First World War devastated the club : the pre-war membership of 200 was reduced to just 37 by the conflict . In early 1919 Alemannia merged with Aachener Turnverein 1847 to become TSV Alemannia Aachen 1900 . Their new partners interest was primarily in gymnastics and the union was short-lived , with the clubs splitting again in 1924 . The city of Aachen is near the Belgian and Dutch borders and as a result Alemannia has had frequent contact with clubs from those countries . Their first game was against the Belgian side R . Dolhain F.C. , one of that countrys earliest clubs . There are intensive and friendly contacts with the Dutch professional club Roda JC Kerkrade . Both clubs have the same club colors . The team played in the Rhineland-Westphalia FA and won its first championship there in 1907 , before joining the newly formed Westdeutsche Fussball Verband in 1909 . The club grew steadily as interest in football increased . They qualified for the Rheingauliga in 1921 , built their own stadium in 1928 , and earned admittance to the Oberliga the following year . The club enjoyed some success in the early 1930s by advancing to the final four of the Westdeutsche championship playoffs . In 1933 , German football was re-organized under the Third Reich into sixteen top-flight Gauligen . Alemannia played several seasons in the Gauliga Mittelrhein in the late 1930s and early 1940s . They finished atop their division in 1938 and advanced to the national final rounds . This was in spite of a protest by SV Beuel 06 which ultimately saw that club awarded the division championship , but too late to allow Beuel to play in the national playoff in Aachens stead . Alemannia is known as one of the few of this era to offer any challenge to the Nazi regimes purge of Jews from the countrys sports organizations by demanding the release of a jailed Jewish member . Postwar and entry to the Bundesliga . In 1946 , after World War II and the lifting of the ban placed by Allied occupation authorities on most types of organizations in Germany , Alemannia re-constituted itself and began play in second tier Rheinbezirk . They returned to first division play in the Oberliga West the next year , but ran into financial difficulty . They remained a steady , but unspectacular second division side , generally finishing mid-table . Aachens first measure of success came with an advance to the DFB-Pokal final in 1953 where they lost a 1–2 decision to Rot-Weiss Essen . After the formation of the Bundesliga , Germanys new professional football league , in 1963 , Alemannia found themselves in Regionalliga West ( II ) . In 1965 , they had another good run in German Cup competition , earning another final appearance – but were once again unsuccessful – this time losing 0–2 to Borussia Dortmund . The club captured their division in 1967 and were promoted to the Bundesliga ( I ) for the 1967–68 season . They enjoyed their best ever result the next year with a second-place finish behind champion Bayern Munich . However , the following season was a disaster : the team earned only one point in play away from home and toppled to an 18th-place finish . They returned to play in the Regionalliga West ( II ) , and in 1990 fell still further to the third division . Road to recovery . After several mediocre seasons in the second half of the 1990s , trainer Werner Fuchs rejuvenated the Alemannia squad by playing 4–4–2 without a libero ( sweeper ) , creating a side that played an attractive , fluid offense . In 1999 , the team played well and delivered an especially strong second half . They were atop the table , just weeks away from the end of the season , when tragedy struck with the unexpected death of Fuchs . The whole city was in shock , but the club managed to pull through , dedicating their promotion to their late trainer and winning the Regionalliga West/Südwest ( III ) . The first years in the 2 . Bundesliga were tough for Aachen , both on the field and financially . The club struggled for several seasons and the situation was worsened when financial irregularities were uncovered showing the club was near bankruptcy . The turnaround came with a new executive board under president Horst Heinrichs , trainer Dieter Hecking and manager Jörg Schmadtke . Through improved financial management , shrewd player signings , and clever game tactics , Aachen became a power once again in the 2003–04 season . They played their way to their third DFB-Pokal final appearance , knocking off TSV 1860 Munich , Bayern Munich , and Borussia Mönchengladbach , before losing 2–3 to Bundesliga champions Werder Bremen . As league champions Bremen already held a place in the UEFA Champions League , thereby making room for Aachen to take part in the UEFA Cup competition . They delivered a decent performance , advancing to the Round of 32 before going out to eventual semi-finalists AZ Alkmaar . The clubs participation in the German Cup and UEFA Cup play helped to significantly improve their financial situation . Bundesliga and 2 . Bundesliga . On 16 April 2006 , Alemannia became the first team to earn promotion to the Bundesliga in 2005–06 , ending Aachens 36-year absence from top-flight football . However , they stayed up only a single season as they took only one point from their last eight matches of the campaign . In the middle of 2007 , the club appointed former German international defender and 1990 FIFA World Champion Guido Buchwald as manager trainer , who was fired after only 14 matches . After a short interim with Alemannias Sportsmanger Jörg Schmadtke as headcoach , he was then replaced by Jürgen Seeberger , hardly known in Germany , in the winter break of the season . The club suffered a rapid decline after its single Bundesliga season , being relegated from the 2 . Bundesliga in 2012 and from the 3 . Liga the season after . Alemannia consequently now plays in the tier four Regionalliga West . Honours . The clubs honours : - Bundesliga - Runner-up 1968–69 , - 2 . Bundesliga - Runner-up 2005–06 - Regionalliga West ( II ) - Champions : 1964 , 1966–67 - DFB-Pokal - Runner-up 1952–53 , 1964–65 , 2003–04 - Middle Rhine Cup ( Tiers III-V ) - Winners : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1998–99 , 2002 , 2006 , 2019 Notable players . - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Ivica Grlić - Denis Pozder - Germany - Reinhold Yabo - Lewis Holtby - Marco Stiepermann - Kai Havertz - Torsten Frings - David Odonkor - Netherlands - Angelo Nijskens Stadium . Alemannia Aachen used to play at the Old Tivoli which had a capacity of 21,632 spectators ( 3,632 seats ) . One of Germanys better known stadiums , it was built in 1908 and was renovated several times . The club played its 2004 UEFA Cup matches , however , in Colognes RheinEnergieStadion in order to meet the stadium capacity requirements in place for the competition . In August 2009 Aachen opened a new stadium , the New Tivoli , which has a capacity of 32,960 spectators ( 11,681 in standing areas ) . External links . - Official club site
|
[
"Melenki"
] |
easy
|
Where did Olga Rozanova live from Jun 1886 to 1896?
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/wiki/Olga_Rozanova#P551#0
|
Olga Rozanova Olga Vladimirovna Rozanova ( also spelled Rosanova , Russian : Ольга Владимировна Розанова ) ( 22 June , 1886 – 7 November , 1918 , Moscow ) was a Russian avant-garde artist painting in the styles of Suprematism , Neo-Primitivism , and Cubo-Futurism . Biography . Early life . Olga Rozanova was born in Melenki , a small town near Vladimir . Her father , Vladimir Rozanov , was a district police officer and her mother , Elizaveta Rozanova , was the daughter of an Orthodox priest . She was the familys fifth child ; she had two sisters , Anna and Alevtina , and two brothers , Anatolii and Vladimir . Rozanovas father died in 1903 , and her mother became the head of the household . She graduated from the Vladimir Womens Gymnasium in 1904 . Due to her interest in the avant-garde movement , she moved to Moscow to study painting . Artistic career . After arriving in Moscow , she attended the Bolshakov Art School , where she worked under Nikolai Ulyanov and sculptor Andrey Matveev . She audited courses at the Stroganov School of Applied Art in 1907 but was not accepted for admission . After this , she trained in the private studio of Konstantin Yuon . From 1907 to 1910 , fellow drawing and painting students studying in these private studios included Lyubov Popova , Nadezhda Udaltsova , Aleksei Kruchenykh , and Serge Charchoune . Unlike most of the other female avant-garde artists , Rozanova was the only one who did not study abroad to learn about European art . By 1910 , she was fairly well-known in Russian art circles . She moved to St . Petersburg and joined Soyuz Molodyozhi ( Union of Youth ) in 1911 . She became one of the most active members of this organization , which organized art exhibitions , lectures , and discussions . Two of her canvases , Nature-morte and The Cafe debuted at the second Soyuz Molodyozhi exhibition in April 1911 . She would submit her canvases to their group exhibitions until 1913 . Razanova briefly studied at the art school of Elizabeta Zvantseva , which housed many Russian art nouveau artists . In January 1912 , her two works , Portrait and Still-Life , appeared at the next Soyuz Molodyozhi exhibition in January 1912 . This exhibition was the first appearance of the Donkeys Tail , a Moscow-based artistic group led by Mikhail Larionov . Rozanova later traveled to Moscow to try to establish joint projects between the two groups ; these negotiations proved to be unsuccessful . Soyuz Molodyozhi disbanded in 1914 . From 1913 to 1914 , Cubo-Futurist ideas appeared in her work , but she appears to have been especially inspired by Futurism . Of all of the Russian Cubo-Futurists , Rozanovas work most closely upholds the ideals of Italian Futurism . During Filippo Tommaso Marinettis visit to Russia in 1914 , he was very impressed with her work . Rozanova later exhibited four works in the First Free International Futurist Exhibition in Rome , which took place from April 13 to May 25 , 1914 . Other Russian artists featured in the exhibition included Alexander Archipenko , Nikolai Kulbin , and Aleksandra Ekster . She met the poet Aleksei Kruchenykh in 1912 ; he then introduced her to the Russian Futurist concept of zaum ( translated as beyonsence ) poetry , a language with no fixed meanings and constant neologisms , which is probably used by birds . Rozanova would write her own poetry in that style , and also illustrated books of zaum poetry , two examples being A Little Ducks Nest of Bad Words and Explodity ( both 1913 ) . With Kruchenykh , she would invent a new kind of Futurist book , the samopismo , where the illustrations and the text would he literally connected . Rozanova joined the avant-garde group Supremus that year , which was led by former fellow Cubo-Futurist Kazimir Malevich . By this time , her paintings has developed from the influences of Cubism and Futurism , and took an original departure into pure abstraction , where the composition is organized by the visual weight and relationship of color . In the same year she exhibited at the 0,10 Exhibition , and , together with other Suprematist artists ( Kazimir Malevich , Aleksandra Ekster , Nina Genke , Liubov Popova , Ksenia Boguslavskaya , Nadezhda Udaltsova , Ivan Kliun , Ivan Puni and others ) worked at the Verbovka Village Folk Centre . From 1917 to 1918 she created a series of non-objective paintings which she called tsvetopis . Her Non-objective composition , 1918 also known as Green stripe anticipates the flat picture plane and poetic nuancing of color of some Abstract Expressionists . Rozanova also published literary works , which included the essay The Bases of the New Creation and the Reasons Why it is Misunderstood . This was written in response to critics of modern art and held that the world is a raw material - that it is the back of a mirror for the unreceptive soul and a mirror of images for the reflective soul . She maintained that the creation of pictures based on the Abstract Principle constitute three stages : the intuitive principle ; the individual transformation of the visible ; and , abstract creation . In her criticism of photography , Rozanova agreed with Oscar Wilde that photography is for the servile artist . Death and legacy . She died of diphtheria at the age of 32 in Moscow in 1918 , following a cold she contracted while working on preparations for the first anniversary of the October Revolution . Her work is now in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art , the Philadelphia Museum of Art , the Carnegie Museum of Art , and the Harvard Art Museums . Major Works . - ( c.1911-1912 ) - One of Rozanovas earlier pieces , In a Cafe , depicts a man and a woman on opposing sides of a table , the man with his head in his hand and the women with a drink in hers . Rozanova makes use of vibrant colors and thick lines to create a piece with aspects of French avant-garde and Russian Neo-Primitivistic art . - ( c . 1913 ) - The Factory and the Bridge was included in the First Free International Futurist Exhibition in 1914 . This piece had inspiration from the Italian Futurism movement , and its bright colors gives it an expressionist tone . - ( c . 1914 ) - A piece from the middle of her career , Metronome was displayed at the Last Futurist Exhibition 0,10 in Petrograd in 1915 . - ( 1915 ) - One of her most famous works , the series represents the height of her artistic career . It consists of portraits of her peers set as designs for playing cards . References . Sources . - Russian avant-garde , Andrei Nakov , Art Data , 1986 - Abstract Art , Mel Gooding , Tate Publishing , 2001 - Shishanov V.A . Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art history of creation and collection . 1918–1941 . – Minsk : Medisont , 2007 . – 144 p . Russian Books Catalog . Vitebskii muzei sovremennogo iskusstva : istoriia sozdaniia i kollektsii , ( 1918--1941 ) , Visual Arts , Belarus , Минск , Belarus , Russian , - Further Reading Olga Rozanova Paintings , Bio , Ideas Rozanova , Olga - Tedman , Gary . Soviet Avant Garde Aesthetics , chapter from Aesthetics & Alienation . pp 203–229 . Zero Books . 2012 . External links . - 50 pictures of art-works by Olga Rozanova , on Wikiart
|
[
"Moscow"
] |
easy
|
What was the residence of Olga Rozanova from 1896 to 1910?
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/wiki/Olga_Rozanova#P551#1
|
Olga Rozanova Olga Vladimirovna Rozanova ( also spelled Rosanova , Russian : Ольга Владимировна Розанова ) ( 22 June , 1886 – 7 November , 1918 , Moscow ) was a Russian avant-garde artist painting in the styles of Suprematism , Neo-Primitivism , and Cubo-Futurism . Biography . Early life . Olga Rozanova was born in Melenki , a small town near Vladimir . Her father , Vladimir Rozanov , was a district police officer and her mother , Elizaveta Rozanova , was the daughter of an Orthodox priest . She was the familys fifth child ; she had two sisters , Anna and Alevtina , and two brothers , Anatolii and Vladimir . Rozanovas father died in 1903 , and her mother became the head of the household . She graduated from the Vladimir Womens Gymnasium in 1904 . Due to her interest in the avant-garde movement , she moved to Moscow to study painting . Artistic career . After arriving in Moscow , she attended the Bolshakov Art School , where she worked under Nikolai Ulyanov and sculptor Andrey Matveev . She audited courses at the Stroganov School of Applied Art in 1907 but was not accepted for admission . After this , she trained in the private studio of Konstantin Yuon . From 1907 to 1910 , fellow drawing and painting students studying in these private studios included Lyubov Popova , Nadezhda Udaltsova , Aleksei Kruchenykh , and Serge Charchoune . Unlike most of the other female avant-garde artists , Rozanova was the only one who did not study abroad to learn about European art . By 1910 , she was fairly well-known in Russian art circles . She moved to St . Petersburg and joined Soyuz Molodyozhi ( Union of Youth ) in 1911 . She became one of the most active members of this organization , which organized art exhibitions , lectures , and discussions . Two of her canvases , Nature-morte and The Cafe debuted at the second Soyuz Molodyozhi exhibition in April 1911 . She would submit her canvases to their group exhibitions until 1913 . Razanova briefly studied at the art school of Elizabeta Zvantseva , which housed many Russian art nouveau artists . In January 1912 , her two works , Portrait and Still-Life , appeared at the next Soyuz Molodyozhi exhibition in January 1912 . This exhibition was the first appearance of the Donkeys Tail , a Moscow-based artistic group led by Mikhail Larionov . Rozanova later traveled to Moscow to try to establish joint projects between the two groups ; these negotiations proved to be unsuccessful . Soyuz Molodyozhi disbanded in 1914 . From 1913 to 1914 , Cubo-Futurist ideas appeared in her work , but she appears to have been especially inspired by Futurism . Of all of the Russian Cubo-Futurists , Rozanovas work most closely upholds the ideals of Italian Futurism . During Filippo Tommaso Marinettis visit to Russia in 1914 , he was very impressed with her work . Rozanova later exhibited four works in the First Free International Futurist Exhibition in Rome , which took place from April 13 to May 25 , 1914 . Other Russian artists featured in the exhibition included Alexander Archipenko , Nikolai Kulbin , and Aleksandra Ekster . She met the poet Aleksei Kruchenykh in 1912 ; he then introduced her to the Russian Futurist concept of zaum ( translated as beyonsence ) poetry , a language with no fixed meanings and constant neologisms , which is probably used by birds . Rozanova would write her own poetry in that style , and also illustrated books of zaum poetry , two examples being A Little Ducks Nest of Bad Words and Explodity ( both 1913 ) . With Kruchenykh , she would invent a new kind of Futurist book , the samopismo , where the illustrations and the text would he literally connected . Rozanova joined the avant-garde group Supremus that year , which was led by former fellow Cubo-Futurist Kazimir Malevich . By this time , her paintings has developed from the influences of Cubism and Futurism , and took an original departure into pure abstraction , where the composition is organized by the visual weight and relationship of color . In the same year she exhibited at the 0,10 Exhibition , and , together with other Suprematist artists ( Kazimir Malevich , Aleksandra Ekster , Nina Genke , Liubov Popova , Ksenia Boguslavskaya , Nadezhda Udaltsova , Ivan Kliun , Ivan Puni and others ) worked at the Verbovka Village Folk Centre . From 1917 to 1918 she created a series of non-objective paintings which she called tsvetopis . Her Non-objective composition , 1918 also known as Green stripe anticipates the flat picture plane and poetic nuancing of color of some Abstract Expressionists . Rozanova also published literary works , which included the essay The Bases of the New Creation and the Reasons Why it is Misunderstood . This was written in response to critics of modern art and held that the world is a raw material - that it is the back of a mirror for the unreceptive soul and a mirror of images for the reflective soul . She maintained that the creation of pictures based on the Abstract Principle constitute three stages : the intuitive principle ; the individual transformation of the visible ; and , abstract creation . In her criticism of photography , Rozanova agreed with Oscar Wilde that photography is for the servile artist . Death and legacy . She died of diphtheria at the age of 32 in Moscow in 1918 , following a cold she contracted while working on preparations for the first anniversary of the October Revolution . Her work is now in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art , the Philadelphia Museum of Art , the Carnegie Museum of Art , and the Harvard Art Museums . Major Works . - ( c.1911-1912 ) - One of Rozanovas earlier pieces , In a Cafe , depicts a man and a woman on opposing sides of a table , the man with his head in his hand and the women with a drink in hers . Rozanova makes use of vibrant colors and thick lines to create a piece with aspects of French avant-garde and Russian Neo-Primitivistic art . - ( c . 1913 ) - The Factory and the Bridge was included in the First Free International Futurist Exhibition in 1914 . This piece had inspiration from the Italian Futurism movement , and its bright colors gives it an expressionist tone . - ( c . 1914 ) - A piece from the middle of her career , Metronome was displayed at the Last Futurist Exhibition 0,10 in Petrograd in 1915 . - ( 1915 ) - One of her most famous works , the series represents the height of her artistic career . It consists of portraits of her peers set as designs for playing cards . References . Sources . - Russian avant-garde , Andrei Nakov , Art Data , 1986 - Abstract Art , Mel Gooding , Tate Publishing , 2001 - Shishanov V.A . Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art history of creation and collection . 1918–1941 . – Minsk : Medisont , 2007 . – 144 p . Russian Books Catalog . Vitebskii muzei sovremennogo iskusstva : istoriia sozdaniia i kollektsii , ( 1918--1941 ) , Visual Arts , Belarus , Минск , Belarus , Russian , - Further Reading Olga Rozanova Paintings , Bio , Ideas Rozanova , Olga - Tedman , Gary . Soviet Avant Garde Aesthetics , chapter from Aesthetics & Alienation . pp 203–229 . Zero Books . 2012 . External links . - 50 pictures of art-works by Olga Rozanova , on Wikiart
|
[
"St . Petersburg"
] |
easy
|
What was the residence of Olga Rozanova from 1911 to 1916?
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/wiki/Olga_Rozanova#P551#2
|
Olga Rozanova Olga Vladimirovna Rozanova ( also spelled Rosanova , Russian : Ольга Владимировна Розанова ) ( 22 June , 1886 – 7 November , 1918 , Moscow ) was a Russian avant-garde artist painting in the styles of Suprematism , Neo-Primitivism , and Cubo-Futurism . Biography . Early life . Olga Rozanova was born in Melenki , a small town near Vladimir . Her father , Vladimir Rozanov , was a district police officer and her mother , Elizaveta Rozanova , was the daughter of an Orthodox priest . She was the familys fifth child ; she had two sisters , Anna and Alevtina , and two brothers , Anatolii and Vladimir . Rozanovas father died in 1903 , and her mother became the head of the household . She graduated from the Vladimir Womens Gymnasium in 1904 . Due to her interest in the avant-garde movement , she moved to Moscow to study painting . Artistic career . After arriving in Moscow , she attended the Bolshakov Art School , where she worked under Nikolai Ulyanov and sculptor Andrey Matveev . She audited courses at the Stroganov School of Applied Art in 1907 but was not accepted for admission . After this , she trained in the private studio of Konstantin Yuon . From 1907 to 1910 , fellow drawing and painting students studying in these private studios included Lyubov Popova , Nadezhda Udaltsova , Aleksei Kruchenykh , and Serge Charchoune . Unlike most of the other female avant-garde artists , Rozanova was the only one who did not study abroad to learn about European art . By 1910 , she was fairly well-known in Russian art circles . She moved to St . Petersburg and joined Soyuz Molodyozhi ( Union of Youth ) in 1911 . She became one of the most active members of this organization , which organized art exhibitions , lectures , and discussions . Two of her canvases , Nature-morte and The Cafe debuted at the second Soyuz Molodyozhi exhibition in April 1911 . She would submit her canvases to their group exhibitions until 1913 . Razanova briefly studied at the art school of Elizabeta Zvantseva , which housed many Russian art nouveau artists . In January 1912 , her two works , Portrait and Still-Life , appeared at the next Soyuz Molodyozhi exhibition in January 1912 . This exhibition was the first appearance of the Donkeys Tail , a Moscow-based artistic group led by Mikhail Larionov . Rozanova later traveled to Moscow to try to establish joint projects between the two groups ; these negotiations proved to be unsuccessful . Soyuz Molodyozhi disbanded in 1914 . From 1913 to 1914 , Cubo-Futurist ideas appeared in her work , but she appears to have been especially inspired by Futurism . Of all of the Russian Cubo-Futurists , Rozanovas work most closely upholds the ideals of Italian Futurism . During Filippo Tommaso Marinettis visit to Russia in 1914 , he was very impressed with her work . Rozanova later exhibited four works in the First Free International Futurist Exhibition in Rome , which took place from April 13 to May 25 , 1914 . Other Russian artists featured in the exhibition included Alexander Archipenko , Nikolai Kulbin , and Aleksandra Ekster . She met the poet Aleksei Kruchenykh in 1912 ; he then introduced her to the Russian Futurist concept of zaum ( translated as beyonsence ) poetry , a language with no fixed meanings and constant neologisms , which is probably used by birds . Rozanova would write her own poetry in that style , and also illustrated books of zaum poetry , two examples being A Little Ducks Nest of Bad Words and Explodity ( both 1913 ) . With Kruchenykh , she would invent a new kind of Futurist book , the samopismo , where the illustrations and the text would he literally connected . Rozanova joined the avant-garde group Supremus that year , which was led by former fellow Cubo-Futurist Kazimir Malevich . By this time , her paintings has developed from the influences of Cubism and Futurism , and took an original departure into pure abstraction , where the composition is organized by the visual weight and relationship of color . In the same year she exhibited at the 0,10 Exhibition , and , together with other Suprematist artists ( Kazimir Malevich , Aleksandra Ekster , Nina Genke , Liubov Popova , Ksenia Boguslavskaya , Nadezhda Udaltsova , Ivan Kliun , Ivan Puni and others ) worked at the Verbovka Village Folk Centre . From 1917 to 1918 she created a series of non-objective paintings which she called tsvetopis . Her Non-objective composition , 1918 also known as Green stripe anticipates the flat picture plane and poetic nuancing of color of some Abstract Expressionists . Rozanova also published literary works , which included the essay The Bases of the New Creation and the Reasons Why it is Misunderstood . This was written in response to critics of modern art and held that the world is a raw material - that it is the back of a mirror for the unreceptive soul and a mirror of images for the reflective soul . She maintained that the creation of pictures based on the Abstract Principle constitute three stages : the intuitive principle ; the individual transformation of the visible ; and , abstract creation . In her criticism of photography , Rozanova agreed with Oscar Wilde that photography is for the servile artist . Death and legacy . She died of diphtheria at the age of 32 in Moscow in 1918 , following a cold she contracted while working on preparations for the first anniversary of the October Revolution . Her work is now in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art , the Philadelphia Museum of Art , the Carnegie Museum of Art , and the Harvard Art Museums . Major Works . - ( c.1911-1912 ) - One of Rozanovas earlier pieces , In a Cafe , depicts a man and a woman on opposing sides of a table , the man with his head in his hand and the women with a drink in hers . Rozanova makes use of vibrant colors and thick lines to create a piece with aspects of French avant-garde and Russian Neo-Primitivistic art . - ( c . 1913 ) - The Factory and the Bridge was included in the First Free International Futurist Exhibition in 1914 . This piece had inspiration from the Italian Futurism movement , and its bright colors gives it an expressionist tone . - ( c . 1914 ) - A piece from the middle of her career , Metronome was displayed at the Last Futurist Exhibition 0,10 in Petrograd in 1915 . - ( 1915 ) - One of her most famous works , the series represents the height of her artistic career . It consists of portraits of her peers set as designs for playing cards . References . Sources . - Russian avant-garde , Andrei Nakov , Art Data , 1986 - Abstract Art , Mel Gooding , Tate Publishing , 2001 - Shishanov V.A . Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art history of creation and collection . 1918–1941 . – Minsk : Medisont , 2007 . – 144 p . Russian Books Catalog . Vitebskii muzei sovremennogo iskusstva : istoriia sozdaniia i kollektsii , ( 1918--1941 ) , Visual Arts , Belarus , Минск , Belarus , Russian , - Further Reading Olga Rozanova Paintings , Bio , Ideas Rozanova , Olga - Tedman , Gary . Soviet Avant Garde Aesthetics , chapter from Aesthetics & Alienation . pp 203–229 . Zero Books . 2012 . External links . - 50 pictures of art-works by Olga Rozanova , on Wikiart
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Where did Olga Rozanova live from 1916 to Nov 1918?
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/wiki/Olga_Rozanova#P551#3
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Olga Rozanova Olga Vladimirovna Rozanova ( also spelled Rosanova , Russian : Ольга Владимировна Розанова ) ( 22 June , 1886 – 7 November , 1918 , Moscow ) was a Russian avant-garde artist painting in the styles of Suprematism , Neo-Primitivism , and Cubo-Futurism . Biography . Early life . Olga Rozanova was born in Melenki , a small town near Vladimir . Her father , Vladimir Rozanov , was a district police officer and her mother , Elizaveta Rozanova , was the daughter of an Orthodox priest . She was the familys fifth child ; she had two sisters , Anna and Alevtina , and two brothers , Anatolii and Vladimir . Rozanovas father died in 1903 , and her mother became the head of the household . She graduated from the Vladimir Womens Gymnasium in 1904 . Due to her interest in the avant-garde movement , she moved to Moscow to study painting . Artistic career . After arriving in Moscow , she attended the Bolshakov Art School , where she worked under Nikolai Ulyanov and sculptor Andrey Matveev . She audited courses at the Stroganov School of Applied Art in 1907 but was not accepted for admission . After this , she trained in the private studio of Konstantin Yuon . From 1907 to 1910 , fellow drawing and painting students studying in these private studios included Lyubov Popova , Nadezhda Udaltsova , Aleksei Kruchenykh , and Serge Charchoune . Unlike most of the other female avant-garde artists , Rozanova was the only one who did not study abroad to learn about European art . By 1910 , she was fairly well-known in Russian art circles . She moved to St . Petersburg and joined Soyuz Molodyozhi ( Union of Youth ) in 1911 . She became one of the most active members of this organization , which organized art exhibitions , lectures , and discussions . Two of her canvases , Nature-morte and The Cafe debuted at the second Soyuz Molodyozhi exhibition in April 1911 . She would submit her canvases to their group exhibitions until 1913 . Razanova briefly studied at the art school of Elizabeta Zvantseva , which housed many Russian art nouveau artists . In January 1912 , her two works , Portrait and Still-Life , appeared at the next Soyuz Molodyozhi exhibition in January 1912 . This exhibition was the first appearance of the Donkeys Tail , a Moscow-based artistic group led by Mikhail Larionov . Rozanova later traveled to Moscow to try to establish joint projects between the two groups ; these negotiations proved to be unsuccessful . Soyuz Molodyozhi disbanded in 1914 . From 1913 to 1914 , Cubo-Futurist ideas appeared in her work , but she appears to have been especially inspired by Futurism . Of all of the Russian Cubo-Futurists , Rozanovas work most closely upholds the ideals of Italian Futurism . During Filippo Tommaso Marinettis visit to Russia in 1914 , he was very impressed with her work . Rozanova later exhibited four works in the First Free International Futurist Exhibition in Rome , which took place from April 13 to May 25 , 1914 . Other Russian artists featured in the exhibition included Alexander Archipenko , Nikolai Kulbin , and Aleksandra Ekster . She met the poet Aleksei Kruchenykh in 1912 ; he then introduced her to the Russian Futurist concept of zaum ( translated as beyonsence ) poetry , a language with no fixed meanings and constant neologisms , which is probably used by birds . Rozanova would write her own poetry in that style , and also illustrated books of zaum poetry , two examples being A Little Ducks Nest of Bad Words and Explodity ( both 1913 ) . With Kruchenykh , she would invent a new kind of Futurist book , the samopismo , where the illustrations and the text would he literally connected . Rozanova joined the avant-garde group Supremus that year , which was led by former fellow Cubo-Futurist Kazimir Malevich . By this time , her paintings has developed from the influences of Cubism and Futurism , and took an original departure into pure abstraction , where the composition is organized by the visual weight and relationship of color . In the same year she exhibited at the 0,10 Exhibition , and , together with other Suprematist artists ( Kazimir Malevich , Aleksandra Ekster , Nina Genke , Liubov Popova , Ksenia Boguslavskaya , Nadezhda Udaltsova , Ivan Kliun , Ivan Puni and others ) worked at the Verbovka Village Folk Centre . From 1917 to 1918 she created a series of non-objective paintings which she called tsvetopis . Her Non-objective composition , 1918 also known as Green stripe anticipates the flat picture plane and poetic nuancing of color of some Abstract Expressionists . Rozanova also published literary works , which included the essay The Bases of the New Creation and the Reasons Why it is Misunderstood . This was written in response to critics of modern art and held that the world is a raw material - that it is the back of a mirror for the unreceptive soul and a mirror of images for the reflective soul . She maintained that the creation of pictures based on the Abstract Principle constitute three stages : the intuitive principle ; the individual transformation of the visible ; and , abstract creation . In her criticism of photography , Rozanova agreed with Oscar Wilde that photography is for the servile artist . Death and legacy . She died of diphtheria at the age of 32 in Moscow in 1918 , following a cold she contracted while working on preparations for the first anniversary of the October Revolution . Her work is now in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art , the Philadelphia Museum of Art , the Carnegie Museum of Art , and the Harvard Art Museums . Major Works . - ( c.1911-1912 ) - One of Rozanovas earlier pieces , In a Cafe , depicts a man and a woman on opposing sides of a table , the man with his head in his hand and the women with a drink in hers . Rozanova makes use of vibrant colors and thick lines to create a piece with aspects of French avant-garde and Russian Neo-Primitivistic art . - ( c . 1913 ) - The Factory and the Bridge was included in the First Free International Futurist Exhibition in 1914 . This piece had inspiration from the Italian Futurism movement , and its bright colors gives it an expressionist tone . - ( c . 1914 ) - A piece from the middle of her career , Metronome was displayed at the Last Futurist Exhibition 0,10 in Petrograd in 1915 . - ( 1915 ) - One of her most famous works , the series represents the height of her artistic career . It consists of portraits of her peers set as designs for playing cards . References . Sources . - Russian avant-garde , Andrei Nakov , Art Data , 1986 - Abstract Art , Mel Gooding , Tate Publishing , 2001 - Shishanov V.A . Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art history of creation and collection . 1918–1941 . – Minsk : Medisont , 2007 . – 144 p . Russian Books Catalog . Vitebskii muzei sovremennogo iskusstva : istoriia sozdaniia i kollektsii , ( 1918--1941 ) , Visual Arts , Belarus , Минск , Belarus , Russian , - Further Reading Olga Rozanova Paintings , Bio , Ideas Rozanova , Olga - Tedman , Gary . Soviet Avant Garde Aesthetics , chapter from Aesthetics & Alienation . pp 203–229 . Zero Books . 2012 . External links . - 50 pictures of art-works by Olga Rozanova , on Wikiart
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Which position did Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah hold from 1962 to Feb 1963?
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/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah#P39#0
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Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah ( 29 June 1926 – 15 January 2006 ) ( ) of the al-Sabah dynasty was the autocratic Emir of Kuwait and Commander of the military of Kuwait who served in the posts from 31 December 1977 until his death on 15 January 2006 due to cerebral hemorrhage . The third monarch to rule Kuwait since its independence from Britain , Jaber had previously served as minister of finance and economy from 1962 to 1965 when he was appointed prime minister prior to becoming Kuwaits ruler . Early life and education . Jaber was born on 29 June 1926 in Kuwait City . He was the third son of Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah . Jaber received his early education at Al-Mubarakiya School , Al-Ahmediya School , and Al-Sharqiya School , and was subsequently tutored privately in religion , English , Arabic , and the sciences . His brother Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was killed in 1990 in the Persian Gulf War in front of Dasman Palace . Career . Early career . In 1962 , he was appointed as Kuwaits minister of finance when the ministry was established . In this position , Jaber was tasked with putting the new Kuwaiti dinar into circulation and establishing the Kuwaiti Currency Board , of which he was the chair . As minister , Jaber adopted , and was the first chairman of , the Kuwaiti Fund for Arab Economic Development from 1962–1964 . The Fund provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries . The countrys oil revenues transformed it from a largely urban seafaring society to a modern state . During this time , the Fund expanded to aid five countries and gave loans to another eight . The money going into the fund came from oil earnings , with virtually all of it being sent outside Kuwait . Iran–Iraq War . Kuwait found itself geographically in the middle of the Iran–Iraq War that took place from 1980 to 1988 . Throughout the war , the country suffered from many security threats , including a series of bombings . In 1986 , one year after an attack on Jabers motorcade , there was an attack on an oil installation , which almost caused the shutdown of Kuwaits oil industry . Persian Gulf War . Some sources claim that the task of the invading Iraqi forces was to capture or kill Jaber . However , such a claimed plan was not possible with the exile of Jaber and his government to Saudi Arabia within hours of the invasion where they ran the Kuwaiti exiled government from a hotel in Taif , Saudi Arabia . From Taif , Jaber set up his government so that its ministers were in communication with the people still in Kuwait . The government was able to direct an underground armed resistance made up of both military and civilian forces and was able to provide public services to the Kuwaiti people who remained , such as emergency care through the funds that it had saved from oil revenues . In the meantime , Jaber and his government lobbied to receive military support action against Iraq before and during the Gulf War . When the war ended on 28 February 1991 , Jaber remained in Saudi Arabia while declaring three months of martial law , causing the accusation that he was trying to monopolize too much power for the small constitutional monarchy . By imposing martial law , government officials were able to ensure that there were no Iraqis still in Kuwait who may have attempted to once again overthrow the government . They were also tasked with making sure that the country was safe enough for Jaber and his government to return , which they eventually did on 15 March 1991 . Personal life and death . His actual family is quite complex . He had 40 wives by 1997 , and 70 children . In September 2001 , Jaber suffered from a stroke and went to the United Kingdom for treatment . Five years later , he died on 15 January 2006 , aged 79 , from a cerebral hemorrhage that he had suffered since 2001 . He was succeeded by the Crown Prince Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah . The government announced a 40-day period of mourning and closed for three days . He was buried at Sulaibikhat cemetery alongside his kin . Honours and awards . Jaber was given the following honors and awards . National honours . - Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Mubarak the Great - Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Kuwait - Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of the Liberation
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What was the position of Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah from Nov 1965 to Feb 1978?
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/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah#P39#1
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Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah ( 29 June 1926 – 15 January 2006 ) ( ) of the al-Sabah dynasty was the autocratic Emir of Kuwait and Commander of the military of Kuwait who served in the posts from 31 December 1977 until his death on 15 January 2006 due to cerebral hemorrhage . The third monarch to rule Kuwait since its independence from Britain , Jaber had previously served as minister of finance and economy from 1962 to 1965 when he was appointed prime minister prior to becoming Kuwaits ruler . Early life and education . Jaber was born on 29 June 1926 in Kuwait City . He was the third son of Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah . Jaber received his early education at Al-Mubarakiya School , Al-Ahmediya School , and Al-Sharqiya School , and was subsequently tutored privately in religion , English , Arabic , and the sciences . His brother Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was killed in 1990 in the Persian Gulf War in front of Dasman Palace . Career . Early career . In 1962 , he was appointed as Kuwaits minister of finance when the ministry was established . In this position , Jaber was tasked with putting the new Kuwaiti dinar into circulation and establishing the Kuwaiti Currency Board , of which he was the chair . As minister , Jaber adopted , and was the first chairman of , the Kuwaiti Fund for Arab Economic Development from 1962–1964 . The Fund provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries . The countrys oil revenues transformed it from a largely urban seafaring society to a modern state . During this time , the Fund expanded to aid five countries and gave loans to another eight . The money going into the fund came from oil earnings , with virtually all of it being sent outside Kuwait . Iran–Iraq War . Kuwait found itself geographically in the middle of the Iran–Iraq War that took place from 1980 to 1988 . Throughout the war , the country suffered from many security threats , including a series of bombings . In 1986 , one year after an attack on Jabers motorcade , there was an attack on an oil installation , which almost caused the shutdown of Kuwaits oil industry . Persian Gulf War . Some sources claim that the task of the invading Iraqi forces was to capture or kill Jaber . However , such a claimed plan was not possible with the exile of Jaber and his government to Saudi Arabia within hours of the invasion where they ran the Kuwaiti exiled government from a hotel in Taif , Saudi Arabia . From Taif , Jaber set up his government so that its ministers were in communication with the people still in Kuwait . The government was able to direct an underground armed resistance made up of both military and civilian forces and was able to provide public services to the Kuwaiti people who remained , such as emergency care through the funds that it had saved from oil revenues . In the meantime , Jaber and his government lobbied to receive military support action against Iraq before and during the Gulf War . When the war ended on 28 February 1991 , Jaber remained in Saudi Arabia while declaring three months of martial law , causing the accusation that he was trying to monopolize too much power for the small constitutional monarchy . By imposing martial law , government officials were able to ensure that there were no Iraqis still in Kuwait who may have attempted to once again overthrow the government . They were also tasked with making sure that the country was safe enough for Jaber and his government to return , which they eventually did on 15 March 1991 . Personal life and death . His actual family is quite complex . He had 40 wives by 1997 , and 70 children . In September 2001 , Jaber suffered from a stroke and went to the United Kingdom for treatment . Five years later , he died on 15 January 2006 , aged 79 , from a cerebral hemorrhage that he had suffered since 2001 . He was succeeded by the Crown Prince Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah . The government announced a 40-day period of mourning and closed for three days . He was buried at Sulaibikhat cemetery alongside his kin . Honours and awards . Jaber was given the following honors and awards . National honours . - Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Mubarak the Great - Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Kuwait - Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of the Liberation
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"Reserve Fighter Squadron VF-713"
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What was the official name of VA-152 (U.S. Navy) from 1940 to Feb 1953?
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/wiki/VA-152_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#0
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VA-152 ( U.S . Navy ) VA-152 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy , nicknamed the Fighting Aces from 1953-1956 , the Friendly Squadron or Friendlies from 1957-1968 , and the Mavericks thereafter . The squadron was established as Reserve Fighter Squadron VF-713 sometime in the late 1940s , and called to active duty on 1 February 1951 . It was redesignated as VF-152 on 4 February 1953 , and finally as VA-152 on 1 August 1958 . The squadron was disestablished on 29 January 1971 , after twenty years of service . Operational history . - 15 October 1951 : The squadron participated in its first combat operations in the Korean War . - 31 December 1951 : Squadron aircraft were used for Operation Pin Wheel . The aircraft were secured to the flight deck , with engines running , and the thrust provided by the aircraft was used to assist in the docking of . - February 1955 : Squadron aircraft flew night surveillance operations supporting the evacuation of Chinese Nationalists from the Tachen Islands during the First Taiwan Straits Crisis . - March 1958 : Due to revolts and unsettled conditions in Indonesia and the concern for the safety of Americans in the country , , with VF-152 embarked , departed Hong Kong to operate in the South China Sea . - September–October 1958 : During the Second Taiwan Straits Crisis , , with VF-152 embarked , operated in the area of Taiwan . - January 1961 : Due to the crisis in Laos and the capture of strategic positions in the country by the Pathet Lao force , , with VA-152 embarked , was directed to operate in the South China Sea . - 11–12 July 1962 : The squadron participated in the first carrier flight operations in the Bering Sea since the end of World War II . - April–December 1964 : Squadron personnel , while based at Bien Hoa Air Base , South Vietnam , trained South Vietnamese pilots to fly the A-1 . - 6 and 7 November 1965 : Commander Gordon H . Smith was awarded the Silver Star for his participation as Flight Leader in directing and assisting in the first night rescue of a downed aviator in enemy territory on 6 November . This was followed by an attempt to rescue another aviator the following day in the same area . - 7 November 1965 : Lieutenant Gordon C . Wileen was awarded the Silver Star for his participation in an attempted air rescue of a downed aviator deep in enemy territory . - 13 November 1965 : Commander Albert E . Knutson was awarded the Silver Star for his attempt to locate and rescue a downed pilot in enemy territory . During the rescue attempt his aircraft sustained 26 hits . - 26 October 1966 : While on Yankee Station and preparing to launch her first strike of the day , suffered a disastrous fire . The squadron lost two personnel in the fire and the damage to the carrier was so extensive that it returned to the States for repairs . - 16 June 1967 - 31 January 1968 : VA-152 is the second-to-last US Navy attack squadron to fly the single-seat A-1H/J Skyraider in combat , as part of Carrier Air Wing 16 ( embarked aboard the Oriskany ) , during the squadrons and carriers third combat cruise to Southeast Asia . VA-152 loses one aircraft and its pilot during this last A-1 cruise , on 15 July 1967 . ( VA-25 is the very last USN squadron to fly the A-1H/J in combat , completing its third and final combat cruise in early April 1968 , aboard the Coral Sea ) . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Denver – Assigned prior to 1951 . Exact date unknown . - NAS Alameda – 11 Apr 1951 - NAS Moffett Field – 05 Jun 1952 - NAS Alameda – Nov 1963 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - F4U-4 Corsair – 16 Apr 1951 - FG-1D Corsair – 12 Jun 1952 - F2H-3 Banshee – 3 Oct 1953 - AD-6/AD-1H Skyraider – 05 Feb 1959 - A-1J Skyraider – Dec 1962 - A-4B Skyhawk – Feb 1968 - A-4C Skyhawk – Feb 1968 - A-4E Skyhawk – May 1969
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"Fighting Aces",
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VA-152 (U.S. Navy) was officially named what from Feb 1953 to Aug 1958?
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/wiki/VA-152_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#1
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VA-152 ( U.S . Navy ) VA-152 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy , nicknamed the Fighting Aces from 1953-1956 , the Friendly Squadron or Friendlies from 1957-1968 , and the Mavericks thereafter . The squadron was established as Reserve Fighter Squadron VF-713 sometime in the late 1940s , and called to active duty on 1 February 1951 . It was redesignated as VF-152 on 4 February 1953 , and finally as VA-152 on 1 August 1958 . The squadron was disestablished on 29 January 1971 , after twenty years of service . Operational history . - 15 October 1951 : The squadron participated in its first combat operations in the Korean War . - 31 December 1951 : Squadron aircraft were used for Operation Pin Wheel . The aircraft were secured to the flight deck , with engines running , and the thrust provided by the aircraft was used to assist in the docking of . - February 1955 : Squadron aircraft flew night surveillance operations supporting the evacuation of Chinese Nationalists from the Tachen Islands during the First Taiwan Straits Crisis . - March 1958 : Due to revolts and unsettled conditions in Indonesia and the concern for the safety of Americans in the country , , with VF-152 embarked , departed Hong Kong to operate in the South China Sea . - September–October 1958 : During the Second Taiwan Straits Crisis , , with VF-152 embarked , operated in the area of Taiwan . - January 1961 : Due to the crisis in Laos and the capture of strategic positions in the country by the Pathet Lao force , , with VA-152 embarked , was directed to operate in the South China Sea . - 11–12 July 1962 : The squadron participated in the first carrier flight operations in the Bering Sea since the end of World War II . - April–December 1964 : Squadron personnel , while based at Bien Hoa Air Base , South Vietnam , trained South Vietnamese pilots to fly the A-1 . - 6 and 7 November 1965 : Commander Gordon H . Smith was awarded the Silver Star for his participation as Flight Leader in directing and assisting in the first night rescue of a downed aviator in enemy territory on 6 November . This was followed by an attempt to rescue another aviator the following day in the same area . - 7 November 1965 : Lieutenant Gordon C . Wileen was awarded the Silver Star for his participation in an attempted air rescue of a downed aviator deep in enemy territory . - 13 November 1965 : Commander Albert E . Knutson was awarded the Silver Star for his attempt to locate and rescue a downed pilot in enemy territory . During the rescue attempt his aircraft sustained 26 hits . - 26 October 1966 : While on Yankee Station and preparing to launch her first strike of the day , suffered a disastrous fire . The squadron lost two personnel in the fire and the damage to the carrier was so extensive that it returned to the States for repairs . - 16 June 1967 - 31 January 1968 : VA-152 is the second-to-last US Navy attack squadron to fly the single-seat A-1H/J Skyraider in combat , as part of Carrier Air Wing 16 ( embarked aboard the Oriskany ) , during the squadrons and carriers third combat cruise to Southeast Asia . VA-152 loses one aircraft and its pilot during this last A-1 cruise , on 15 July 1967 . ( VA-25 is the very last USN squadron to fly the A-1H/J in combat , completing its third and final combat cruise in early April 1968 , aboard the Coral Sea ) . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Denver – Assigned prior to 1951 . Exact date unknown . - NAS Alameda – 11 Apr 1951 - NAS Moffett Field – 05 Jun 1952 - NAS Alameda – Nov 1963 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - F4U-4 Corsair – 16 Apr 1951 - FG-1D Corsair – 12 Jun 1952 - F2H-3 Banshee – 3 Oct 1953 - AD-6/AD-1H Skyraider – 05 Feb 1959 - A-1J Skyraider – Dec 1962 - A-4B Skyhawk – Feb 1968 - A-4C Skyhawk – Feb 1968 - A-4E Skyhawk – May 1969
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"VA-152"
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What was the official name of VA-152 (U.S. Navy) from Aug 1958 to 1971?
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/wiki/VA-152_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#2
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VA-152 ( U.S . Navy ) VA-152 was an Attack Squadron of the U.S . Navy , nicknamed the Fighting Aces from 1953-1956 , the Friendly Squadron or Friendlies from 1957-1968 , and the Mavericks thereafter . The squadron was established as Reserve Fighter Squadron VF-713 sometime in the late 1940s , and called to active duty on 1 February 1951 . It was redesignated as VF-152 on 4 February 1953 , and finally as VA-152 on 1 August 1958 . The squadron was disestablished on 29 January 1971 , after twenty years of service . Operational history . - 15 October 1951 : The squadron participated in its first combat operations in the Korean War . - 31 December 1951 : Squadron aircraft were used for Operation Pin Wheel . The aircraft were secured to the flight deck , with engines running , and the thrust provided by the aircraft was used to assist in the docking of . - February 1955 : Squadron aircraft flew night surveillance operations supporting the evacuation of Chinese Nationalists from the Tachen Islands during the First Taiwan Straits Crisis . - March 1958 : Due to revolts and unsettled conditions in Indonesia and the concern for the safety of Americans in the country , , with VF-152 embarked , departed Hong Kong to operate in the South China Sea . - September–October 1958 : During the Second Taiwan Straits Crisis , , with VF-152 embarked , operated in the area of Taiwan . - January 1961 : Due to the crisis in Laos and the capture of strategic positions in the country by the Pathet Lao force , , with VA-152 embarked , was directed to operate in the South China Sea . - 11–12 July 1962 : The squadron participated in the first carrier flight operations in the Bering Sea since the end of World War II . - April–December 1964 : Squadron personnel , while based at Bien Hoa Air Base , South Vietnam , trained South Vietnamese pilots to fly the A-1 . - 6 and 7 November 1965 : Commander Gordon H . Smith was awarded the Silver Star for his participation as Flight Leader in directing and assisting in the first night rescue of a downed aviator in enemy territory on 6 November . This was followed by an attempt to rescue another aviator the following day in the same area . - 7 November 1965 : Lieutenant Gordon C . Wileen was awarded the Silver Star for his participation in an attempted air rescue of a downed aviator deep in enemy territory . - 13 November 1965 : Commander Albert E . Knutson was awarded the Silver Star for his attempt to locate and rescue a downed pilot in enemy territory . During the rescue attempt his aircraft sustained 26 hits . - 26 October 1966 : While on Yankee Station and preparing to launch her first strike of the day , suffered a disastrous fire . The squadron lost two personnel in the fire and the damage to the carrier was so extensive that it returned to the States for repairs . - 16 June 1967 - 31 January 1968 : VA-152 is the second-to-last US Navy attack squadron to fly the single-seat A-1H/J Skyraider in combat , as part of Carrier Air Wing 16 ( embarked aboard the Oriskany ) , during the squadrons and carriers third combat cruise to Southeast Asia . VA-152 loses one aircraft and its pilot during this last A-1 cruise , on 15 July 1967 . ( VA-25 is the very last USN squadron to fly the A-1H/J in combat , completing its third and final combat cruise in early April 1968 , aboard the Coral Sea ) . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Denver – Assigned prior to 1951 . Exact date unknown . - NAS Alameda – 11 Apr 1951 - NAS Moffett Field – 05 Jun 1952 - NAS Alameda – Nov 1963 Aircraft Assignment . The squadron first received the following aircraft on the dates shown : - F4U-4 Corsair – 16 Apr 1951 - FG-1D Corsair – 12 Jun 1952 - F2H-3 Banshee – 3 Oct 1953 - AD-6/AD-1H Skyraider – 05 Feb 1959 - A-1J Skyraider – Dec 1962 - A-4B Skyhawk – Feb 1968 - A-4C Skyhawk – Feb 1968 - A-4E Skyhawk – May 1969
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"Lindsay Korman"
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Who was the spouse of Justin Hartley from 2004 to 2012?
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/wiki/Justin_Hartley#P26#0
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Justin Hartley Justin Scott Hartley ( born January 29 , 1977 ) is an American actor . He is known for his television roles that include Fox Crane on the NBC daytime soap opera Passions ( 2002–2006 ) , Oliver Queen/Green Arrow on The CW television series Smallville ( 2006–2011 ) , and Adam Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless ( 2014–2016 ) which earned him an Emmy nomination . Hartley appeared in the recurring role of Patrick Osbourne in the third season of the television series Revenge . Since 2016 , he has starred as Kevin Pearson in the NBC drama series This Is Us , for which he was nominated for the Critics Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . Early life . Hartley was born when his family was residing in Knoxville , Illinois and born at the nearby hospital in Galesburg . He was raised in the Chicago suburb of Orland Park , with his brother Nathan , and sisters Megan and Gabriela . After graduating from Carl Sandburg High School , he attended Southern Illinois University Carbondale and University of Illinois at Chicago where he majored in history and theater . Career . Justin Hartley portrayed Fox Crane on the NBC daytime soap opera Passions from 2002 to 2006 . In 2006 , he played the starring role as Aquaman in a television pilot for The CW titled Aquaman ( or Mercy Reef ) , but it was not picked up as a series . Hartley did a seven-episode run as billionaire Oliver Queen on the CW series Smallville later that year . In 2008 , he returned to Smallville as a regular cast member , following the departures of Kristin Kreuk , Michael Rosenbaum , Laura Vandervoort , and John Glover . Hartley also co-wrote the 2010 episode Sacrifice and directed the 2011 episode Dominion . In 2008 , he starred as Tom in the film Red Canyon , filmed in the badlands of Utah . After Smallville , Hartley starred opposite Mamie Gummer in The CW comedy-drama Emily Owens , M.D. , but the show was cancelled after one season . He also guest-starred on Chuck , Castle , and Hart of Dixie , and from 2013–14 , he had a recurring role as Victoria Graysons ( Madeleine Stowe ) illegitimate son , Patrick Osbourne , on the ABC primetime soap opera Revenge . In February 2014 , Hartley landed the lead role of Tim opposite Anna Camp in the ABC comedy pilot Damaged Goods , but the show was never picked up to series . In March 2014 , he was cast in a recurring role in the second season of the ABC drama series Mistresses as plastic surgeon Scott Trosman , a love interest for Josslyn Carver ( Jes Macallan ) . In November 2014 , Hartley took over the role of Adam Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless , and played the role until September 2016 . In 2015 , it was announced that Hartley had been cast in a series regular role on the NBC drama series This Is Us , which debuted in September 2016 . He and the cast won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards . In 2017 , he had a co-starring role in the comedy film A Bad Moms Christmas . In August 2020 Hartley signed on to star and executive produce a film adaptation of The Noel Diary , based on the novel of the same name . Personal life . In 2003 , Hartley began dating his Passions co-star Lindsay Korman ( who played Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald ) . After six months , the two became engaged on November 13 , 2003 , and on May 1 , 2004 , they married in a small ceremony . On July 3 , 2004 , Korman gave birth to their daughter . On May 6 , 2012 , after eight years of marriage , it was announced that she had filed for divorce in the Los Angeles County Superior Court , citing irreconcilable differences . They remain on amicable terms and share joint custody of their daughter . In January 2014 , actress Chrishell Stauses representation confirmed that Hartley and Stause were dating and in July 2016 , they announced their engagement . They were married on October 28 , 2017 . Hartley and Stause resided in Valley Glen , Los Angeles . In November 2019 , Hartley filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences . Stause filed for dissolution of the marriage in December 2019 . The divorce was finalized on February 22 , 2021 . In May 2021 , Hartley married his former co-star Sofia Pernas . The two had been dating since June 2020 . External links . - The Young and the Restless site for Hartley
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"On May 6 , 2012 , after eight years of marriage , it was announced that she had filed for divorce in the Los Angeles County Superior Court , citing irreconcilable differences"
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Who was Justin Hartley 's spouse in 2012?
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/wiki/Justin_Hartley#P26#1
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Justin Hartley Justin Scott Hartley ( born January 29 , 1977 ) is an American actor . He is known for his television roles that include Fox Crane on the NBC daytime soap opera Passions ( 2002–2006 ) , Oliver Queen/Green Arrow on The CW television series Smallville ( 2006–2011 ) , and Adam Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless ( 2014–2016 ) which earned him an Emmy nomination . Hartley appeared in the recurring role of Patrick Osbourne in the third season of the television series Revenge . Since 2016 , he has starred as Kevin Pearson in the NBC drama series This Is Us , for which he was nominated for the Critics Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . Early life . Hartley was born when his family was residing in Knoxville , Illinois and born at the nearby hospital in Galesburg . He was raised in the Chicago suburb of Orland Park , with his brother Nathan , and sisters Megan and Gabriela . After graduating from Carl Sandburg High School , he attended Southern Illinois University Carbondale and University of Illinois at Chicago where he majored in history and theater . Career . Justin Hartley portrayed Fox Crane on the NBC daytime soap opera Passions from 2002 to 2006 . In 2006 , he played the starring role as Aquaman in a television pilot for The CW titled Aquaman ( or Mercy Reef ) , but it was not picked up as a series . Hartley did a seven-episode run as billionaire Oliver Queen on the CW series Smallville later that year . In 2008 , he returned to Smallville as a regular cast member , following the departures of Kristin Kreuk , Michael Rosenbaum , Laura Vandervoort , and John Glover . Hartley also co-wrote the 2010 episode Sacrifice and directed the 2011 episode Dominion . In 2008 , he starred as Tom in the film Red Canyon , filmed in the badlands of Utah . After Smallville , Hartley starred opposite Mamie Gummer in The CW comedy-drama Emily Owens , M.D. , but the show was cancelled after one season . He also guest-starred on Chuck , Castle , and Hart of Dixie , and from 2013–14 , he had a recurring role as Victoria Graysons ( Madeleine Stowe ) illegitimate son , Patrick Osbourne , on the ABC primetime soap opera Revenge . In February 2014 , Hartley landed the lead role of Tim opposite Anna Camp in the ABC comedy pilot Damaged Goods , but the show was never picked up to series . In March 2014 , he was cast in a recurring role in the second season of the ABC drama series Mistresses as plastic surgeon Scott Trosman , a love interest for Josslyn Carver ( Jes Macallan ) . In November 2014 , Hartley took over the role of Adam Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless , and played the role until September 2016 . In 2015 , it was announced that Hartley had been cast in a series regular role on the NBC drama series This Is Us , which debuted in September 2016 . He and the cast won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards . In 2017 , he had a co-starring role in the comedy film A Bad Moms Christmas . In August 2020 Hartley signed on to star and executive produce a film adaptation of The Noel Diary , based on the novel of the same name . Personal life . In 2003 , Hartley began dating his Passions co-star Lindsay Korman ( who played Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald ) . After six months , the two became engaged on November 13 , 2003 , and on May 1 , 2004 , they married in a small ceremony . On July 3 , 2004 , Korman gave birth to their daughter . On May 6 , 2012 , after eight years of marriage , it was announced that she had filed for divorce in the Los Angeles County Superior Court , citing irreconcilable differences . They remain on amicable terms and share joint custody of their daughter . In January 2014 , actress Chrishell Stauses representation confirmed that Hartley and Stause were dating and in July 2016 , they announced their engagement . They were married on October 28 , 2017 . Hartley and Stause resided in Valley Glen , Los Angeles . In November 2019 , Hartley filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences . Stause filed for dissolution of the marriage in December 2019 . The divorce was finalized on February 22 , 2021 . In May 2021 , Hartley married his former co-star Sofia Pernas . The two had been dating since June 2020 . External links . - The Young and the Restless site for Hartley
|
[
"Chrishell Stauses"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Justin Hartley from 2017 to 2018?
|
/wiki/Justin_Hartley#P26#2
|
Justin Hartley Justin Scott Hartley ( born January 29 , 1977 ) is an American actor . He is known for his television roles that include Fox Crane on the NBC daytime soap opera Passions ( 2002–2006 ) , Oliver Queen/Green Arrow on The CW television series Smallville ( 2006–2011 ) , and Adam Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless ( 2014–2016 ) which earned him an Emmy nomination . Hartley appeared in the recurring role of Patrick Osbourne in the third season of the television series Revenge . Since 2016 , he has starred as Kevin Pearson in the NBC drama series This Is Us , for which he was nominated for the Critics Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . Early life . Hartley was born when his family was residing in Knoxville , Illinois and born at the nearby hospital in Galesburg . He was raised in the Chicago suburb of Orland Park , with his brother Nathan , and sisters Megan and Gabriela . After graduating from Carl Sandburg High School , he attended Southern Illinois University Carbondale and University of Illinois at Chicago where he majored in history and theater . Career . Justin Hartley portrayed Fox Crane on the NBC daytime soap opera Passions from 2002 to 2006 . In 2006 , he played the starring role as Aquaman in a television pilot for The CW titled Aquaman ( or Mercy Reef ) , but it was not picked up as a series . Hartley did a seven-episode run as billionaire Oliver Queen on the CW series Smallville later that year . In 2008 , he returned to Smallville as a regular cast member , following the departures of Kristin Kreuk , Michael Rosenbaum , Laura Vandervoort , and John Glover . Hartley also co-wrote the 2010 episode Sacrifice and directed the 2011 episode Dominion . In 2008 , he starred as Tom in the film Red Canyon , filmed in the badlands of Utah . After Smallville , Hartley starred opposite Mamie Gummer in The CW comedy-drama Emily Owens , M.D. , but the show was cancelled after one season . He also guest-starred on Chuck , Castle , and Hart of Dixie , and from 2013–14 , he had a recurring role as Victoria Graysons ( Madeleine Stowe ) illegitimate son , Patrick Osbourne , on the ABC primetime soap opera Revenge . In February 2014 , Hartley landed the lead role of Tim opposite Anna Camp in the ABC comedy pilot Damaged Goods , but the show was never picked up to series . In March 2014 , he was cast in a recurring role in the second season of the ABC drama series Mistresses as plastic surgeon Scott Trosman , a love interest for Josslyn Carver ( Jes Macallan ) . In November 2014 , Hartley took over the role of Adam Newman on the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless , and played the role until September 2016 . In 2015 , it was announced that Hartley had been cast in a series regular role on the NBC drama series This Is Us , which debuted in September 2016 . He and the cast won Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards . In 2017 , he had a co-starring role in the comedy film A Bad Moms Christmas . In August 2020 Hartley signed on to star and executive produce a film adaptation of The Noel Diary , based on the novel of the same name . Personal life . In 2003 , Hartley began dating his Passions co-star Lindsay Korman ( who played Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald ) . After six months , the two became engaged on November 13 , 2003 , and on May 1 , 2004 , they married in a small ceremony . On July 3 , 2004 , Korman gave birth to their daughter . On May 6 , 2012 , after eight years of marriage , it was announced that she had filed for divorce in the Los Angeles County Superior Court , citing irreconcilable differences . They remain on amicable terms and share joint custody of their daughter . In January 2014 , actress Chrishell Stauses representation confirmed that Hartley and Stause were dating and in July 2016 , they announced their engagement . They were married on October 28 , 2017 . Hartley and Stause resided in Valley Glen , Los Angeles . In November 2019 , Hartley filed for divorce , citing irreconcilable differences . Stause filed for dissolution of the marriage in December 2019 . The divorce was finalized on February 22 , 2021 . In May 2021 , Hartley married his former co-star Sofia Pernas . The two had been dating since June 2020 . External links . - The Young and the Restless site for Hartley
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[
"Hannover Medical School"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Sandra Ciesek work for from 2004 to 2009?
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/wiki/Sandra_Ciesek#P108#0
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Sandra Ciesek Sandra Ciesek ( born 1978 ) is a German physician and virologist . She is the director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt and professor of medical virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . Her main areas of research include new forms of therapy for hepatitis C and , more recently , the search for drugs against COVID-19 . Career . Ciesek was born in Goslar in 1978 . She studied medicine from 1997 to 2003 at the University of Göttingen and at the Hannover Medical School ( MHH ) , where she received her doctorate in 2004 with a thesis on the influence of certain dendritic cells on hepatitis C infection . She was able to prove that these cells can destroy infected cells - which is no longer the case in hepatitis C patients , so that this could be a cause for the development of a chronic hepatitis C infection . The dissertation was awarded several prizes Following her doctorate , she worked there until 2009 , initially as an assistant doctor From 2009 to 2012 , she worked as a research assistant in a DFG-funded project at Twincore , a joint research facility of the MHH and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , where she researched new therapeutic approaches for hepatitis C . At the same time , she habilitated in experimental gastroenterology in 2011 with a thesis on optimal immunsuppression in hepatitis C patients after liver transplantation . In 2013 , she completed her specialist examination in Internal medicine and gastroenterology . From 2011 to 2016 , Ciesek has been head of the Viral Hepatitis Research Group at the MHH , where she was appointed associate professor of internal medicine at the beginning of 2016 Shortly afterwards , in March 2016 , she was appointed Professor of Virology at the Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen and became deputy head of the Institute of Virology . She completed a second specialist training in microbiology , virology and infectious disease epidemiology Infektionsepidemiologie by 2018 , at about the same time as she obtained her Masters degree in Public Health Administration at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg . Since spring 2019 , Sandra Ciesek is the Director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the University Hospital Frankfurt and is Professor of Medical Virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . In 2020 , she plays a key role in research on SARS-CoV-2 , the novel coronavirus . In February 2020 , she and her team were able to prove that symptom-free individuals can also be carriers and thus vectors of the virus . After the outbreak of the pandemic Ciesek received a grant of 250,000 euros from the Johanna-Quandt-Stiftung in March 2020 within 24 hours of the application being submitted for the search for effective drugs against COVID-19 . Ciesek is a member of various guideline groups as well as national and international professional societies She is married and mother of a daughter ( * 2013 ) Awards . - 2004 : Doctoral Prize of the Society of Friends of the Hannover Medical School - 2004 : Ismar Boas Prize for outstanding dissertations of the - 2010 : Martin-Gülzow-Preis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie , Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten - 2011 : Präventionspreis der Publications ( choice ) . - in The New England Journal of Medicine - in Transfusion External links . - Pubmed Publications
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[
"Twincore"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Sandra Ciesek work for from 2009 to 2011?
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/wiki/Sandra_Ciesek#P108#1
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Sandra Ciesek Sandra Ciesek ( born 1978 ) is a German physician and virologist . She is the director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt and professor of medical virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . Her main areas of research include new forms of therapy for hepatitis C and , more recently , the search for drugs against COVID-19 . Career . Ciesek was born in Goslar in 1978 . She studied medicine from 1997 to 2003 at the University of Göttingen and at the Hannover Medical School ( MHH ) , where she received her doctorate in 2004 with a thesis on the influence of certain dendritic cells on hepatitis C infection . She was able to prove that these cells can destroy infected cells - which is no longer the case in hepatitis C patients , so that this could be a cause for the development of a chronic hepatitis C infection . The dissertation was awarded several prizes Following her doctorate , she worked there until 2009 , initially as an assistant doctor From 2009 to 2012 , she worked as a research assistant in a DFG-funded project at Twincore , a joint research facility of the MHH and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , where she researched new therapeutic approaches for hepatitis C . At the same time , she habilitated in experimental gastroenterology in 2011 with a thesis on optimal immunsuppression in hepatitis C patients after liver transplantation . In 2013 , she completed her specialist examination in Internal medicine and gastroenterology . From 2011 to 2016 , Ciesek has been head of the Viral Hepatitis Research Group at the MHH , where she was appointed associate professor of internal medicine at the beginning of 2016 Shortly afterwards , in March 2016 , she was appointed Professor of Virology at the Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen and became deputy head of the Institute of Virology . She completed a second specialist training in microbiology , virology and infectious disease epidemiology Infektionsepidemiologie by 2018 , at about the same time as she obtained her Masters degree in Public Health Administration at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg . Since spring 2019 , Sandra Ciesek is the Director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the University Hospital Frankfurt and is Professor of Medical Virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . In 2020 , she plays a key role in research on SARS-CoV-2 , the novel coronavirus . In February 2020 , she and her team were able to prove that symptom-free individuals can also be carriers and thus vectors of the virus . After the outbreak of the pandemic Ciesek received a grant of 250,000 euros from the Johanna-Quandt-Stiftung in March 2020 within 24 hours of the application being submitted for the search for effective drugs against COVID-19 . Ciesek is a member of various guideline groups as well as national and international professional societies She is married and mother of a daughter ( * 2013 ) Awards . - 2004 : Doctoral Prize of the Society of Friends of the Hannover Medical School - 2004 : Ismar Boas Prize for outstanding dissertations of the - 2010 : Martin-Gülzow-Preis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie , Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten - 2011 : Präventionspreis der Publications ( choice ) . - in The New England Journal of Medicine - in Transfusion External links . - Pubmed Publications
|
[
"Hannover Medical School"
] |
easy
|
Who did Sandra Ciesek work for from 2011 to 2016?
|
/wiki/Sandra_Ciesek#P108#2
|
Sandra Ciesek Sandra Ciesek ( born 1978 ) is a German physician and virologist . She is the director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt and professor of medical virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . Her main areas of research include new forms of therapy for hepatitis C and , more recently , the search for drugs against COVID-19 . Career . Ciesek was born in Goslar in 1978 . She studied medicine from 1997 to 2003 at the University of Göttingen and at the Hannover Medical School ( MHH ) , where she received her doctorate in 2004 with a thesis on the influence of certain dendritic cells on hepatitis C infection . She was able to prove that these cells can destroy infected cells - which is no longer the case in hepatitis C patients , so that this could be a cause for the development of a chronic hepatitis C infection . The dissertation was awarded several prizes Following her doctorate , she worked there until 2009 , initially as an assistant doctor From 2009 to 2012 , she worked as a research assistant in a DFG-funded project at Twincore , a joint research facility of the MHH and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , where she researched new therapeutic approaches for hepatitis C . At the same time , she habilitated in experimental gastroenterology in 2011 with a thesis on optimal immunsuppression in hepatitis C patients after liver transplantation . In 2013 , she completed her specialist examination in Internal medicine and gastroenterology . From 2011 to 2016 , Ciesek has been head of the Viral Hepatitis Research Group at the MHH , where she was appointed associate professor of internal medicine at the beginning of 2016 Shortly afterwards , in March 2016 , she was appointed Professor of Virology at the Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen and became deputy head of the Institute of Virology . She completed a second specialist training in microbiology , virology and infectious disease epidemiology Infektionsepidemiologie by 2018 , at about the same time as she obtained her Masters degree in Public Health Administration at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg . Since spring 2019 , Sandra Ciesek is the Director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the University Hospital Frankfurt and is Professor of Medical Virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . In 2020 , she plays a key role in research on SARS-CoV-2 , the novel coronavirus . In February 2020 , she and her team were able to prove that symptom-free individuals can also be carriers and thus vectors of the virus . After the outbreak of the pandemic Ciesek received a grant of 250,000 euros from the Johanna-Quandt-Stiftung in March 2020 within 24 hours of the application being submitted for the search for effective drugs against COVID-19 . Ciesek is a member of various guideline groups as well as national and international professional societies She is married and mother of a daughter ( * 2013 ) Awards . - 2004 : Doctoral Prize of the Society of Friends of the Hannover Medical School - 2004 : Ismar Boas Prize for outstanding dissertations of the - 2010 : Martin-Gülzow-Preis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie , Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten - 2011 : Präventionspreis der Publications ( choice ) . - in The New England Journal of Medicine - in Transfusion External links . - Pubmed Publications
|
[
"University of Duisburg-Essen"
] |
easy
|
Who did Sandra Ciesek work for from 2016 to 2019?
|
/wiki/Sandra_Ciesek#P108#3
|
Sandra Ciesek Sandra Ciesek ( born 1978 ) is a German physician and virologist . She is the director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt and professor of medical virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . Her main areas of research include new forms of therapy for hepatitis C and , more recently , the search for drugs against COVID-19 . Career . Ciesek was born in Goslar in 1978 . She studied medicine from 1997 to 2003 at the University of Göttingen and at the Hannover Medical School ( MHH ) , where she received her doctorate in 2004 with a thesis on the influence of certain dendritic cells on hepatitis C infection . She was able to prove that these cells can destroy infected cells - which is no longer the case in hepatitis C patients , so that this could be a cause for the development of a chronic hepatitis C infection . The dissertation was awarded several prizes Following her doctorate , she worked there until 2009 , initially as an assistant doctor From 2009 to 2012 , she worked as a research assistant in a DFG-funded project at Twincore , a joint research facility of the MHH and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , where she researched new therapeutic approaches for hepatitis C . At the same time , she habilitated in experimental gastroenterology in 2011 with a thesis on optimal immunsuppression in hepatitis C patients after liver transplantation . In 2013 , she completed her specialist examination in Internal medicine and gastroenterology . From 2011 to 2016 , Ciesek has been head of the Viral Hepatitis Research Group at the MHH , where she was appointed associate professor of internal medicine at the beginning of 2016 Shortly afterwards , in March 2016 , she was appointed Professor of Virology at the Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen and became deputy head of the Institute of Virology . She completed a second specialist training in microbiology , virology and infectious disease epidemiology Infektionsepidemiologie by 2018 , at about the same time as she obtained her Masters degree in Public Health Administration at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg . Since spring 2019 , Sandra Ciesek is the Director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the University Hospital Frankfurt and is Professor of Medical Virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . In 2020 , she plays a key role in research on SARS-CoV-2 , the novel coronavirus . In February 2020 , she and her team were able to prove that symptom-free individuals can also be carriers and thus vectors of the virus . After the outbreak of the pandemic Ciesek received a grant of 250,000 euros from the Johanna-Quandt-Stiftung in March 2020 within 24 hours of the application being submitted for the search for effective drugs against COVID-19 . Ciesek is a member of various guideline groups as well as national and international professional societies She is married and mother of a daughter ( * 2013 ) Awards . - 2004 : Doctoral Prize of the Society of Friends of the Hannover Medical School - 2004 : Ismar Boas Prize for outstanding dissertations of the - 2010 : Martin-Gülzow-Preis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie , Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten - 2011 : Präventionspreis der Publications ( choice ) . - in The New England Journal of Medicine - in Transfusion External links . - Pubmed Publications
|
[
"University Hospital Frankfurt",
"Goethe University Frankfurt"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Sandra Ciesek work for from 2019 to 2020?
|
/wiki/Sandra_Ciesek#P108#4
|
Sandra Ciesek Sandra Ciesek ( born 1978 ) is a German physician and virologist . She is the director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt and professor of medical virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . Her main areas of research include new forms of therapy for hepatitis C and , more recently , the search for drugs against COVID-19 . Career . Ciesek was born in Goslar in 1978 . She studied medicine from 1997 to 2003 at the University of Göttingen and at the Hannover Medical School ( MHH ) , where she received her doctorate in 2004 with a thesis on the influence of certain dendritic cells on hepatitis C infection . She was able to prove that these cells can destroy infected cells - which is no longer the case in hepatitis C patients , so that this could be a cause for the development of a chronic hepatitis C infection . The dissertation was awarded several prizes Following her doctorate , she worked there until 2009 , initially as an assistant doctor From 2009 to 2012 , she worked as a research assistant in a DFG-funded project at Twincore , a joint research facility of the MHH and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , where she researched new therapeutic approaches for hepatitis C . At the same time , she habilitated in experimental gastroenterology in 2011 with a thesis on optimal immunsuppression in hepatitis C patients after liver transplantation . In 2013 , she completed her specialist examination in Internal medicine and gastroenterology . From 2011 to 2016 , Ciesek has been head of the Viral Hepatitis Research Group at the MHH , where she was appointed associate professor of internal medicine at the beginning of 2016 Shortly afterwards , in March 2016 , she was appointed Professor of Virology at the Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen and became deputy head of the Institute of Virology . She completed a second specialist training in microbiology , virology and infectious disease epidemiology Infektionsepidemiologie by 2018 , at about the same time as she obtained her Masters degree in Public Health Administration at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg . Since spring 2019 , Sandra Ciesek is the Director of the Institute of Medical Virology at the University Hospital Frankfurt and is Professor of Medical Virology at the Goethe University Frankfurt . In 2020 , she plays a key role in research on SARS-CoV-2 , the novel coronavirus . In February 2020 , she and her team were able to prove that symptom-free individuals can also be carriers and thus vectors of the virus . After the outbreak of the pandemic Ciesek received a grant of 250,000 euros from the Johanna-Quandt-Stiftung in March 2020 within 24 hours of the application being submitted for the search for effective drugs against COVID-19 . Ciesek is a member of various guideline groups as well as national and international professional societies She is married and mother of a daughter ( * 2013 ) Awards . - 2004 : Doctoral Prize of the Society of Friends of the Hannover Medical School - 2004 : Ismar Boas Prize for outstanding dissertations of the - 2010 : Martin-Gülzow-Preis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie , Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten - 2011 : Präventionspreis der Publications ( choice ) . - in The New England Journal of Medicine - in Transfusion External links . - Pubmed Publications
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
What was the position of John Boccieri from 2001 to 2007?
|
/wiki/John_Boccieri#P39#0
|
John Boccieri John Stephen A . Boccieri ( born October 5 , 1969 ) is an American politician who was appointed to fill the 59th district seat in the Ohio House of Representatives on September 29 , 2015 . He left office after an unsuccessful run for Ohio State Senate in 2018 . He served as the U.S . Representative for from 2009 to 2011 , and lost his 2010 bid for reelection to Republican Jim Renacci . He is a member of the Democratic Party , and previously served in the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives . Boccieri resides in Poland , Ohio . Early life and career . Boccieri was born in Youngstown where he graduated from Ursuline High School in 1988 . He attended St . Bonaventure University in New York , graduating with a B.S . in 1992 , after which he played minor league baseball in the Frontier League . Following one season of baseball , he began his career in government . After working as staff for several members of the Ohio House of Representatives , Boccieri joined the United States Air Force as a second lieutenant . He also earned two masters degrees ( M.A . 1992 , M.P.A . 1996 ) from Webster University in St . Louis , Missouri . Boccieri flew the C-130 Hercules as a member of the Air Force Reserve . He has been forward deployed several times and served in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom , causing him to take leaves of absence from the Ohio Legislature . After leaving the active duty Air Force , he re-entered politics , running for and winning the 61st District of the Ohio House of Representatives in 2000 . In 2006 , he won a seat in the Ohio State Senate in District 33 ; he was unopposed . United States Congress . There had been speculation throughout 2007 that Boccieri would challenge U.S . Representative Ralph Regula to represent the 16th District in the U.S . House , a seat Regula had held for 36 years . When Regula announced his retirement in late 2007 , Boccieri faced an open field . He defeated State Representative Mary Cirelli with 64% of the vote in the Democratic primary . He faced and defeated State Senator Kirk Schuring in the general election . He was the first Democrat to represent this district in 58 years . On October 30 , 2010 , Boccieri ran offstage while former President Bill Clinton was giving a speech after learning that his pregnant wife was in labor . On November 2 , 2010 , Boccieri lost his bid for a second term in Congress after being defeated by Republican businessman Jim Renacci . He was defeated handily in an overwhelmingly Republican year ; Boccieri received only 40% of the vote , compared to 52% for Renacci ( a Libertarian candidate took the remaining votes ) . Return to Ohio House of Representatives . On September 29 , 2015 Boccieri was appointed to the Ohio House of Representatives , filling the 59th District vacancy caused by the resignation of Ron Gerberry . He did not run for re-election in 2018 , instead opting to run for the 33rd District seat in the Ohio State Senate , losing to Michael Rulli in the general election .
|
[
"Ohio State Senate"
] |
easy
|
What position did John Boccieri take from 2007 to 2008?
|
/wiki/John_Boccieri#P39#1
|
John Boccieri John Stephen A . Boccieri ( born October 5 , 1969 ) is an American politician who was appointed to fill the 59th district seat in the Ohio House of Representatives on September 29 , 2015 . He left office after an unsuccessful run for Ohio State Senate in 2018 . He served as the U.S . Representative for from 2009 to 2011 , and lost his 2010 bid for reelection to Republican Jim Renacci . He is a member of the Democratic Party , and previously served in the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives . Boccieri resides in Poland , Ohio . Early life and career . Boccieri was born in Youngstown where he graduated from Ursuline High School in 1988 . He attended St . Bonaventure University in New York , graduating with a B.S . in 1992 , after which he played minor league baseball in the Frontier League . Following one season of baseball , he began his career in government . After working as staff for several members of the Ohio House of Representatives , Boccieri joined the United States Air Force as a second lieutenant . He also earned two masters degrees ( M.A . 1992 , M.P.A . 1996 ) from Webster University in St . Louis , Missouri . Boccieri flew the C-130 Hercules as a member of the Air Force Reserve . He has been forward deployed several times and served in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom , causing him to take leaves of absence from the Ohio Legislature . After leaving the active duty Air Force , he re-entered politics , running for and winning the 61st District of the Ohio House of Representatives in 2000 . In 2006 , he won a seat in the Ohio State Senate in District 33 ; he was unopposed . United States Congress . There had been speculation throughout 2007 that Boccieri would challenge U.S . Representative Ralph Regula to represent the 16th District in the U.S . House , a seat Regula had held for 36 years . When Regula announced his retirement in late 2007 , Boccieri faced an open field . He defeated State Representative Mary Cirelli with 64% of the vote in the Democratic primary . He faced and defeated State Senator Kirk Schuring in the general election . He was the first Democrat to represent this district in 58 years . On October 30 , 2010 , Boccieri ran offstage while former President Bill Clinton was giving a speech after learning that his pregnant wife was in labor . On November 2 , 2010 , Boccieri lost his bid for a second term in Congress after being defeated by Republican businessman Jim Renacci . He was defeated handily in an overwhelmingly Republican year ; Boccieri received only 40% of the vote , compared to 52% for Renacci ( a Libertarian candidate took the remaining votes ) . Return to Ohio House of Representatives . On September 29 , 2015 Boccieri was appointed to the Ohio House of Representatives , filling the 59th District vacancy caused by the resignation of Ron Gerberry . He did not run for re-election in 2018 , instead opting to run for the 33rd District seat in the Ohio State Senate , losing to Michael Rulli in the general election .
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
What position did John Boccieri take from 2009 to 2011?
|
/wiki/John_Boccieri#P39#2
|
John Boccieri John Stephen A . Boccieri ( born October 5 , 1969 ) is an American politician who was appointed to fill the 59th district seat in the Ohio House of Representatives on September 29 , 2015 . He left office after an unsuccessful run for Ohio State Senate in 2018 . He served as the U.S . Representative for from 2009 to 2011 , and lost his 2010 bid for reelection to Republican Jim Renacci . He is a member of the Democratic Party , and previously served in the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives . Boccieri resides in Poland , Ohio . Early life and career . Boccieri was born in Youngstown where he graduated from Ursuline High School in 1988 . He attended St . Bonaventure University in New York , graduating with a B.S . in 1992 , after which he played minor league baseball in the Frontier League . Following one season of baseball , he began his career in government . After working as staff for several members of the Ohio House of Representatives , Boccieri joined the United States Air Force as a second lieutenant . He also earned two masters degrees ( M.A . 1992 , M.P.A . 1996 ) from Webster University in St . Louis , Missouri . Boccieri flew the C-130 Hercules as a member of the Air Force Reserve . He has been forward deployed several times and served in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom , causing him to take leaves of absence from the Ohio Legislature . After leaving the active duty Air Force , he re-entered politics , running for and winning the 61st District of the Ohio House of Representatives in 2000 . In 2006 , he won a seat in the Ohio State Senate in District 33 ; he was unopposed . United States Congress . There had been speculation throughout 2007 that Boccieri would challenge U.S . Representative Ralph Regula to represent the 16th District in the U.S . House , a seat Regula had held for 36 years . When Regula announced his retirement in late 2007 , Boccieri faced an open field . He defeated State Representative Mary Cirelli with 64% of the vote in the Democratic primary . He faced and defeated State Senator Kirk Schuring in the general election . He was the first Democrat to represent this district in 58 years . On October 30 , 2010 , Boccieri ran offstage while former President Bill Clinton was giving a speech after learning that his pregnant wife was in labor . On November 2 , 2010 , Boccieri lost his bid for a second term in Congress after being defeated by Republican businessman Jim Renacci . He was defeated handily in an overwhelmingly Republican year ; Boccieri received only 40% of the vote , compared to 52% for Renacci ( a Libertarian candidate took the remaining votes ) . Return to Ohio House of Representatives . On September 29 , 2015 Boccieri was appointed to the Ohio House of Representatives , filling the 59th District vacancy caused by the resignation of Ron Gerberry . He did not run for re-election in 2018 , instead opting to run for the 33rd District seat in the Ohio State Senate , losing to Michael Rulli in the general election .
|
[
"Duchy of Warsaw"
] |
easy
|
What citizenship did Ernestine Rose hold from 1810 to 1815?
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/wiki/Ernestine_Rose#P27#0
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Ernestine Rose Ernestine Louise Rose ( January 13 , 1810 – August 4 , 1892 ) was a suffragist , abolitionist , and freethinker who has been called the “first Jewish feminist.” Her career spanned from the 1830s to the 1870s , making her a contemporary to the more famous suffragists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B . Anthony . Largely forgotten in contemporary discussions of the American womens rights movement , she was one of its major intellectual forces in nineteenth-century America . Her relationship with Judaism is a debated motivation for her advocacy . Although less well remembered than her fellow suffragists and abolitionists , in 1996 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame , and in 1998 the Ernestine Rose Society was founded to “revive the legacy of this important early nineteenth century reformer by recognizing her pioneering role in the first wave of feminism.” Early life . She was born on 13 January 1810 in Piotrków Trybunalski , Duchy of Warsaw , as Ernestine Louise Potowska . Her father was a wealthy rabbi . Unusual for the time , she was educated and learned Hebrew . There is no information about her mother . At the age of five , Rose began to question the justice of a God who would exact such hardships as the frequent fasts that her father performed . I was a rebel at the age of five . As she grew older , she began to question her father more and more on religious matters . He told her , A young girl does not want to understand the object of her creed , but to accept and believe it . She later said that she dated her disbelief and womens rights principles from that event . When she was sixteen her mother died and left her an inheritance . Her father , without her consent , betrothed her to a Jewish friend of his , to bind her more closely to the bosom of the synagogue . Rose , not wanting to enter a marriage with a man she neither chose nor loved , confronted him , professing her lack of affection towards him and begging for release . However , Rose was a woman from a rich family , and he denied her plea . In a highly unusual move , Rose traveled to the secular civil court — a difficult trip in winter — where she pleaded her case herself . The court ruled in her favor , not only freeing her from her betrothal , but ruling that she could retain the full inheritance she received from her mother . Although she decided to relinquish the fortune to her father , she gladly took her freedom from betrothal . She returned home only to discover that in her absence her father had remarried , to a sixteen-year-old girl . The tension that developed eventually forced her to leave home at the age of seventeen . Rose then traveled to Berlin , where she found herself hampered by an anti-Semitic law that required all non-Prussian Jews to have a Prussian sponsor . She appealed directly to the king and was granted an exemption from the rule . Soon afterward , she invented perfumed paper for use as a room deodorizer , which she sold to fund her travels . England and the United States . She traveled to Belgium , the Netherlands , France , and finally England . Her arrival in England was less than smooth , however , as the ship in which she was sailing was shipwrecked . Although Rose did make it to England safely , all her possessions had been destroyed , and she found herself destitute . In order to support herself , she sought work teaching German and Hebrew ; she also continued to sell her perfumed paper . While in England , she met Robert Owen , a Utopian socialist , who was so impressed by her that he invited her to speak in a large hall for radical speakers . In spite of her limited knowledge of English , the audience was so impressed that from then on her appearances were regular . She and Owen were close friends , and she even helped him to found the Association of All Classes of All Nations , a group that espoused human rights for all people of all nations , sexes , races , and classes . He called her his daughter . During her time there she also met William Ella Rose , a Christian jeweler and silversmith , an Englishman , and a fervent disciple of Owen . They were soon married by a civil magistrate , and both made it plain that they considered the marriage a civil contract rather than a religious one . In May 1836 the Roses emigrated to the United States , where they later became naturalized citizens and settled in a house in New York City in 1837 . The Roses soon opened a small Fancy and Perfumery store in their home , where Rose sold her perfumed toilet water and William ran a silversmith shop . Abolitionist , atheist , feminist , suffragette . Rose soon began to give lectures on the subjects that most interested her , joining the Society for Moral Philanthropists and traveling to different states to espouse her causes : the abolition of slavery , religious tolerance , public education , and equality for women . Her lectures were met with controversy . When she was in the South to speak out against slavery , one slaveholder told her he would have tarred and feathered her if she had been a man . When , in 1855 , she was invited to deliver an anti-slavery lecture in Bangor , Maine , a local newspaper called her a female Atheist.. . a thousand times below a prostitute . When Rose responded to the slur in a letter to the competing paper , she sparked off a town feud that created such publicity that , by the time she arrived , everyone in town was eager to hear her . Her most ill-received lecture was likely in Charleston , West Virginia , where her lecture on the evils of slavery was met with such vehement opposition and outrage that she was forced to exercise considerable influence to get out of the city safely . In the 1840s and 1850s , Rose joined the pantheon of great American women , a group that included such influential women as Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Susan B . Anthony , Lucretia Mott , Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis , and Sojourner Truth , along with William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass , to fight for womens rights and abolition . In the winter of 1836 , Judge Thomas Hertell submitted a married womens property act to the New York State Legislature to investigate methods of improving the civil and property rights of married women , and to allow them to hold real estate in their own name . When Rose heard of this resolution , she drew up a petition and began to solicit names in support of it . In 1838 , this petition was sent to the state legislature in spite of having five signatures . This was the first petition ever introduced in favor of rights for women . During the following years , she increased both the number of petitions and the number of signatures . In 1849 , these rights were finally won . Rose also attended and spoke at numerous conferences and conventions , including , but not limited to the First National Convention of Infidels , the Hartford Bible Convention , the Womens Rights Convention in the Tabernacle , New York City , the tenth national convention of the National Womens Rights Convention in Cooper Institute , New York City , the State Womens Rights Convention in Albany , New York , and the Equal Rights Association meeting in which there was a schism . Rose was elected president of the National Womens Rights Convention in October , 1854 , in spite of objections that she was an atheist . Her election was heavily supported by Susan B . Anthony , who declared that every religion – or none – should have an equal right on the platform . Although she never seemed to attach great importance to her Jewish background , in 1863 Rose had a published debate with Horace Seaver , the abolitionist editor of the Boston Investigator , whom she accused of being antisemitic . In 1869 , she successfully lobbied for legislation in New York that allowed married women to retain their own property and have equal guardianship of children . In her later years , after a six-month trip to Europe , she attempted to stay away from platforms and controversy . However , within 6 months , she made the closing address at the nationwide Womens Rights Convention . Her health once again took a downward turn , and on June 8 , 1869 , she and her husband set sail for England . Susan B . Anthony arranged a farewell party for them , and the couple received many gifts from friends and admirers , including a substantial amount of money . After 1873 , her health improved , and she began to advocate womens suffrage in England , even attending the Conference of the Womans Suffrage Movement in London and speaking in Edinburgh , Scotland at a large public meeting in favor of womans suffrage . She died in Brighton , England , in 1892 . Sources . Primary materials . - Mistress of Herself : Speeches and Letters of Ernestine Rose , Early Womens Rights Leader , Paula Doress-Worters , ed . Feminist Press , 2008 , - History of Woman Suffrage Vol 1 . ( Internet Archive ) Secondary materials . - Jacoby , Susan ( 2005 ) . Freethinkers : A History of American Secularism , Lost Connections : Anticlericalism , Abolitionism , and Feminism . Henry Holt And Company , New York , - Great Minds Ernestine L . Rose : Freethinking Rebel , Carol Kolmerten , Summer , 2002 , ( Volume 22 , No . 3 ) , p53-55 , Free Inquiry - Kolmerten , Carol ( 1998 ) . The American Life of Ernestine L . Rose . Syracuse University Press , - Anderson , Bonnie S . ( 2017 ) The Rabbis Atheist Daughter : Ernestine Rose , International Feminist Pioneer . Oxford University Press , Further reading . - Yuri , Suhl ( 1990 ) . Ernestine L . Rose : Womens Rights Pioneer . New York : Biblio Press . External links . - Ernestine Louise Rose - Ernestine Rose - Quotations from Roses Speeches - The Ernestine Rose Society - Jewish Heroes in America
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easy
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What citizenship did Ernestine Rose hold from 1815 to 1837?
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/wiki/Ernestine_Rose#P27#1
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Ernestine Rose Ernestine Louise Rose ( January 13 , 1810 – August 4 , 1892 ) was a suffragist , abolitionist , and freethinker who has been called the “first Jewish feminist.” Her career spanned from the 1830s to the 1870s , making her a contemporary to the more famous suffragists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B . Anthony . Largely forgotten in contemporary discussions of the American womens rights movement , she was one of its major intellectual forces in nineteenth-century America . Her relationship with Judaism is a debated motivation for her advocacy . Although less well remembered than her fellow suffragists and abolitionists , in 1996 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame , and in 1998 the Ernestine Rose Society was founded to “revive the legacy of this important early nineteenth century reformer by recognizing her pioneering role in the first wave of feminism.” Early life . She was born on 13 January 1810 in Piotrków Trybunalski , Duchy of Warsaw , as Ernestine Louise Potowska . Her father was a wealthy rabbi . Unusual for the time , she was educated and learned Hebrew . There is no information about her mother . At the age of five , Rose began to question the justice of a God who would exact such hardships as the frequent fasts that her father performed . I was a rebel at the age of five . As she grew older , she began to question her father more and more on religious matters . He told her , A young girl does not want to understand the object of her creed , but to accept and believe it . She later said that she dated her disbelief and womens rights principles from that event . When she was sixteen her mother died and left her an inheritance . Her father , without her consent , betrothed her to a Jewish friend of his , to bind her more closely to the bosom of the synagogue . Rose , not wanting to enter a marriage with a man she neither chose nor loved , confronted him , professing her lack of affection towards him and begging for release . However , Rose was a woman from a rich family , and he denied her plea . In a highly unusual move , Rose traveled to the secular civil court — a difficult trip in winter — where she pleaded her case herself . The court ruled in her favor , not only freeing her from her betrothal , but ruling that she could retain the full inheritance she received from her mother . Although she decided to relinquish the fortune to her father , she gladly took her freedom from betrothal . She returned home only to discover that in her absence her father had remarried , to a sixteen-year-old girl . The tension that developed eventually forced her to leave home at the age of seventeen . Rose then traveled to Berlin , where she found herself hampered by an anti-Semitic law that required all non-Prussian Jews to have a Prussian sponsor . She appealed directly to the king and was granted an exemption from the rule . Soon afterward , she invented perfumed paper for use as a room deodorizer , which she sold to fund her travels . England and the United States . She traveled to Belgium , the Netherlands , France , and finally England . Her arrival in England was less than smooth , however , as the ship in which she was sailing was shipwrecked . Although Rose did make it to England safely , all her possessions had been destroyed , and she found herself destitute . In order to support herself , she sought work teaching German and Hebrew ; she also continued to sell her perfumed paper . While in England , she met Robert Owen , a Utopian socialist , who was so impressed by her that he invited her to speak in a large hall for radical speakers . In spite of her limited knowledge of English , the audience was so impressed that from then on her appearances were regular . She and Owen were close friends , and she even helped him to found the Association of All Classes of All Nations , a group that espoused human rights for all people of all nations , sexes , races , and classes . He called her his daughter . During her time there she also met William Ella Rose , a Christian jeweler and silversmith , an Englishman , and a fervent disciple of Owen . They were soon married by a civil magistrate , and both made it plain that they considered the marriage a civil contract rather than a religious one . In May 1836 the Roses emigrated to the United States , where they later became naturalized citizens and settled in a house in New York City in 1837 . The Roses soon opened a small Fancy and Perfumery store in their home , where Rose sold her perfumed toilet water and William ran a silversmith shop . Abolitionist , atheist , feminist , suffragette . Rose soon began to give lectures on the subjects that most interested her , joining the Society for Moral Philanthropists and traveling to different states to espouse her causes : the abolition of slavery , religious tolerance , public education , and equality for women . Her lectures were met with controversy . When she was in the South to speak out against slavery , one slaveholder told her he would have tarred and feathered her if she had been a man . When , in 1855 , she was invited to deliver an anti-slavery lecture in Bangor , Maine , a local newspaper called her a female Atheist.. . a thousand times below a prostitute . When Rose responded to the slur in a letter to the competing paper , she sparked off a town feud that created such publicity that , by the time she arrived , everyone in town was eager to hear her . Her most ill-received lecture was likely in Charleston , West Virginia , where her lecture on the evils of slavery was met with such vehement opposition and outrage that she was forced to exercise considerable influence to get out of the city safely . In the 1840s and 1850s , Rose joined the pantheon of great American women , a group that included such influential women as Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Susan B . Anthony , Lucretia Mott , Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis , and Sojourner Truth , along with William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass , to fight for womens rights and abolition . In the winter of 1836 , Judge Thomas Hertell submitted a married womens property act to the New York State Legislature to investigate methods of improving the civil and property rights of married women , and to allow them to hold real estate in their own name . When Rose heard of this resolution , she drew up a petition and began to solicit names in support of it . In 1838 , this petition was sent to the state legislature in spite of having five signatures . This was the first petition ever introduced in favor of rights for women . During the following years , she increased both the number of petitions and the number of signatures . In 1849 , these rights were finally won . Rose also attended and spoke at numerous conferences and conventions , including , but not limited to the First National Convention of Infidels , the Hartford Bible Convention , the Womens Rights Convention in the Tabernacle , New York City , the tenth national convention of the National Womens Rights Convention in Cooper Institute , New York City , the State Womens Rights Convention in Albany , New York , and the Equal Rights Association meeting in which there was a schism . Rose was elected president of the National Womens Rights Convention in October , 1854 , in spite of objections that she was an atheist . Her election was heavily supported by Susan B . Anthony , who declared that every religion – or none – should have an equal right on the platform . Although she never seemed to attach great importance to her Jewish background , in 1863 Rose had a published debate with Horace Seaver , the abolitionist editor of the Boston Investigator , whom she accused of being antisemitic . In 1869 , she successfully lobbied for legislation in New York that allowed married women to retain their own property and have equal guardianship of children . In her later years , after a six-month trip to Europe , she attempted to stay away from platforms and controversy . However , within 6 months , she made the closing address at the nationwide Womens Rights Convention . Her health once again took a downward turn , and on June 8 , 1869 , she and her husband set sail for England . Susan B . Anthony arranged a farewell party for them , and the couple received many gifts from friends and admirers , including a substantial amount of money . After 1873 , her health improved , and she began to advocate womens suffrage in England , even attending the Conference of the Womans Suffrage Movement in London and speaking in Edinburgh , Scotland at a large public meeting in favor of womans suffrage . She died in Brighton , England , in 1892 . Sources . Primary materials . - Mistress of Herself : Speeches and Letters of Ernestine Rose , Early Womens Rights Leader , Paula Doress-Worters , ed . Feminist Press , 2008 , - History of Woman Suffrage Vol 1 . ( Internet Archive ) Secondary materials . - Jacoby , Susan ( 2005 ) . Freethinkers : A History of American Secularism , Lost Connections : Anticlericalism , Abolitionism , and Feminism . Henry Holt And Company , New York , - Great Minds Ernestine L . Rose : Freethinking Rebel , Carol Kolmerten , Summer , 2002 , ( Volume 22 , No . 3 ) , p53-55 , Free Inquiry - Kolmerten , Carol ( 1998 ) . The American Life of Ernestine L . Rose . Syracuse University Press , - Anderson , Bonnie S . ( 2017 ) The Rabbis Atheist Daughter : Ernestine Rose , International Feminist Pioneer . Oxford University Press , Further reading . - Yuri , Suhl ( 1990 ) . Ernestine L . Rose : Womens Rights Pioneer . New York : Biblio Press . External links . - Ernestine Louise Rose - Ernestine Rose - Quotations from Roses Speeches - The Ernestine Rose Society - Jewish Heroes in America
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What citizenship did Ernestine Rose hold from 1837 to 1838?
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/wiki/Ernestine_Rose#P27#2
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Ernestine Rose Ernestine Louise Rose ( January 13 , 1810 – August 4 , 1892 ) was a suffragist , abolitionist , and freethinker who has been called the “first Jewish feminist.” Her career spanned from the 1830s to the 1870s , making her a contemporary to the more famous suffragists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B . Anthony . Largely forgotten in contemporary discussions of the American womens rights movement , she was one of its major intellectual forces in nineteenth-century America . Her relationship with Judaism is a debated motivation for her advocacy . Although less well remembered than her fellow suffragists and abolitionists , in 1996 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame , and in 1998 the Ernestine Rose Society was founded to “revive the legacy of this important early nineteenth century reformer by recognizing her pioneering role in the first wave of feminism.” Early life . She was born on 13 January 1810 in Piotrków Trybunalski , Duchy of Warsaw , as Ernestine Louise Potowska . Her father was a wealthy rabbi . Unusual for the time , she was educated and learned Hebrew . There is no information about her mother . At the age of five , Rose began to question the justice of a God who would exact such hardships as the frequent fasts that her father performed . I was a rebel at the age of five . As she grew older , she began to question her father more and more on religious matters . He told her , A young girl does not want to understand the object of her creed , but to accept and believe it . She later said that she dated her disbelief and womens rights principles from that event . When she was sixteen her mother died and left her an inheritance . Her father , without her consent , betrothed her to a Jewish friend of his , to bind her more closely to the bosom of the synagogue . Rose , not wanting to enter a marriage with a man she neither chose nor loved , confronted him , professing her lack of affection towards him and begging for release . However , Rose was a woman from a rich family , and he denied her plea . In a highly unusual move , Rose traveled to the secular civil court — a difficult trip in winter — where she pleaded her case herself . The court ruled in her favor , not only freeing her from her betrothal , but ruling that she could retain the full inheritance she received from her mother . Although she decided to relinquish the fortune to her father , she gladly took her freedom from betrothal . She returned home only to discover that in her absence her father had remarried , to a sixteen-year-old girl . The tension that developed eventually forced her to leave home at the age of seventeen . Rose then traveled to Berlin , where she found herself hampered by an anti-Semitic law that required all non-Prussian Jews to have a Prussian sponsor . She appealed directly to the king and was granted an exemption from the rule . Soon afterward , she invented perfumed paper for use as a room deodorizer , which she sold to fund her travels . England and the United States . She traveled to Belgium , the Netherlands , France , and finally England . Her arrival in England was less than smooth , however , as the ship in which she was sailing was shipwrecked . Although Rose did make it to England safely , all her possessions had been destroyed , and she found herself destitute . In order to support herself , she sought work teaching German and Hebrew ; she also continued to sell her perfumed paper . While in England , she met Robert Owen , a Utopian socialist , who was so impressed by her that he invited her to speak in a large hall for radical speakers . In spite of her limited knowledge of English , the audience was so impressed that from then on her appearances were regular . She and Owen were close friends , and she even helped him to found the Association of All Classes of All Nations , a group that espoused human rights for all people of all nations , sexes , races , and classes . He called her his daughter . During her time there she also met William Ella Rose , a Christian jeweler and silversmith , an Englishman , and a fervent disciple of Owen . They were soon married by a civil magistrate , and both made it plain that they considered the marriage a civil contract rather than a religious one . In May 1836 the Roses emigrated to the United States , where they later became naturalized citizens and settled in a house in New York City in 1837 . The Roses soon opened a small Fancy and Perfumery store in their home , where Rose sold her perfumed toilet water and William ran a silversmith shop . Abolitionist , atheist , feminist , suffragette . Rose soon began to give lectures on the subjects that most interested her , joining the Society for Moral Philanthropists and traveling to different states to espouse her causes : the abolition of slavery , religious tolerance , public education , and equality for women . Her lectures were met with controversy . When she was in the South to speak out against slavery , one slaveholder told her he would have tarred and feathered her if she had been a man . When , in 1855 , she was invited to deliver an anti-slavery lecture in Bangor , Maine , a local newspaper called her a female Atheist.. . a thousand times below a prostitute . When Rose responded to the slur in a letter to the competing paper , she sparked off a town feud that created such publicity that , by the time she arrived , everyone in town was eager to hear her . Her most ill-received lecture was likely in Charleston , West Virginia , where her lecture on the evils of slavery was met with such vehement opposition and outrage that she was forced to exercise considerable influence to get out of the city safely . In the 1840s and 1850s , Rose joined the pantheon of great American women , a group that included such influential women as Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Susan B . Anthony , Lucretia Mott , Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis , and Sojourner Truth , along with William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass , to fight for womens rights and abolition . In the winter of 1836 , Judge Thomas Hertell submitted a married womens property act to the New York State Legislature to investigate methods of improving the civil and property rights of married women , and to allow them to hold real estate in their own name . When Rose heard of this resolution , she drew up a petition and began to solicit names in support of it . In 1838 , this petition was sent to the state legislature in spite of having five signatures . This was the first petition ever introduced in favor of rights for women . During the following years , she increased both the number of petitions and the number of signatures . In 1849 , these rights were finally won . Rose also attended and spoke at numerous conferences and conventions , including , but not limited to the First National Convention of Infidels , the Hartford Bible Convention , the Womens Rights Convention in the Tabernacle , New York City , the tenth national convention of the National Womens Rights Convention in Cooper Institute , New York City , the State Womens Rights Convention in Albany , New York , and the Equal Rights Association meeting in which there was a schism . Rose was elected president of the National Womens Rights Convention in October , 1854 , in spite of objections that she was an atheist . Her election was heavily supported by Susan B . Anthony , who declared that every religion – or none – should have an equal right on the platform . Although she never seemed to attach great importance to her Jewish background , in 1863 Rose had a published debate with Horace Seaver , the abolitionist editor of the Boston Investigator , whom she accused of being antisemitic . In 1869 , she successfully lobbied for legislation in New York that allowed married women to retain their own property and have equal guardianship of children . In her later years , after a six-month trip to Europe , she attempted to stay away from platforms and controversy . However , within 6 months , she made the closing address at the nationwide Womens Rights Convention . Her health once again took a downward turn , and on June 8 , 1869 , she and her husband set sail for England . Susan B . Anthony arranged a farewell party for them , and the couple received many gifts from friends and admirers , including a substantial amount of money . After 1873 , her health improved , and she began to advocate womens suffrage in England , even attending the Conference of the Womans Suffrage Movement in London and speaking in Edinburgh , Scotland at a large public meeting in favor of womans suffrage . She died in Brighton , England , in 1892 . Sources . Primary materials . - Mistress of Herself : Speeches and Letters of Ernestine Rose , Early Womens Rights Leader , Paula Doress-Worters , ed . Feminist Press , 2008 , - History of Woman Suffrage Vol 1 . ( Internet Archive ) Secondary materials . - Jacoby , Susan ( 2005 ) . Freethinkers : A History of American Secularism , Lost Connections : Anticlericalism , Abolitionism , and Feminism . Henry Holt And Company , New York , - Great Minds Ernestine L . Rose : Freethinking Rebel , Carol Kolmerten , Summer , 2002 , ( Volume 22 , No . 3 ) , p53-55 , Free Inquiry - Kolmerten , Carol ( 1998 ) . The American Life of Ernestine L . Rose . Syracuse University Press , - Anderson , Bonnie S . ( 2017 ) The Rabbis Atheist Daughter : Ernestine Rose , International Feminist Pioneer . Oxford University Press , Further reading . - Yuri , Suhl ( 1990 ) . Ernestine L . Rose : Womens Rights Pioneer . New York : Biblio Press . External links . - Ernestine Louise Rose - Ernestine Rose - Quotations from Roses Speeches - The Ernestine Rose Society - Jewish Heroes in America
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What organization did Cape Verdean Football Federation join in 1986?
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/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Football_Federation#P463#0
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Cape Verdean Football Federation The Cape Verdean Football Federation ( ) is the governing body of football in Cape Verde . It was founded in 1982 , affiliated to FIFA in 1986 and to CAF in 2000 . It organizes the national football league and the national team . Its current president is Victor Osório since 2015 . The federation is headquartered in the capital city of Praia and is located on Avenida Cidade de Lisboa in the subdivision of Várzea where the sport complexes are located . Its office is just south of Estádio da Várzea and features a small field on the east part . The building was completed in 2006 after the nearby stadium was also repaired . Since 2013 , the Caixa building is adjacent to its offices . Premier League or Interisland league . The Capeverdean Premier division are made up of two groups , Groups A and B and the team with the most points in the island but Santiago and Santo Antão are divided into two zones in the island qualifies into the premier division and not the top teams from the second or third divisions in other places . There are only about five to six rounds before heading to the playoffs and are played in the months of May or June . The premier league as well as the island divisions has several teams , more teams can be seen at another title below this one : - Cutelin dos Mosteiros Trás - Fogo - Nô Pintcha Mosteiros - Fogo - Grito Povo de Ribeira do Ilheu - Fogo - ABC de Patim - Fogo - Académica ( Praia ) - Praia - Académica ( Mindelo ) - Mindelo - Académica Sal-Rei - Sal-Rei - Académico do Aeroporto - Espargos on Sal Island - Académica ( Espargos ) - Espargos on Sal Island - Académico Sal Rei - Sal Rei on Boa Vista Island - GD Amarantes - Barreirense - África Show - Boa Vista - SC Atlético - Botafogo - Castilho - Mindelo - Derby FC - Mindelo - Juventude - Fogo - CS Mindelense - Mindelo - No Pintcha - Brava - Onze Unidos - Vila do Maio - Sal-Rei - Sal Rei - Sanantonense ? - Santo Antão - Sanjoanense ? - Sport Club Santa Maria - Santa Maria in the island of Sal - Spartak dAguadinha - Fogo - Sporting Clube do Porto Novo - Porto Novo - Sporting Praia - Praia - Tchadense - Praia - CD Travadores - Praia - Ultramarina - São Nicolau - União - Fogo - Unidos do Norte - Paiol , Ponta dÁgua Achada São Filipe , Praia - Verdun - Vulcânicos - Fogo Island Leagues including the two zones of Santiago and Santo Antão . Unlike other leagues throughout the world in which is the second , third and fourth , the lowest is mainly the second division or secondary leagues and are split into ten leagues of which are played in the nine main islands , Santiago and Santo Antão is split into two , the North Zone and the South Zone ; the tenth main island of Santa Luzia is uninhabited . The team of each league with the most points qualifies and advances into the premier division . One of these examples includes these islands and zones . In the 2005-06 season , the Santiago North Zone did not have a champion which meant that the champion of the previous season automatically entered the premier division : - Boa Vista : - Académica Sal-Rei , Académica Operária , África Show , Sal-Rei - Brava : - Académica , Benfica , Corôa , Morabeza , No Pintcha , Sporting - Fogo : - ABC , Cutelinho , Juventude , No Pintcha do Mosteiros , Spartak , União , Vulcânicos - Maio : - Barreirense? , Onze Unidos - Sal - Académico do Aeroporto , Académica ( Espargos ) , Juventude , Palmeira , Santa Maria , Verdun - São Nicolau : - SC Atletico , FC Ultramarina , Desportivo Ribeira Brava - Santiago ( South Zone ) : - Académica , Boavista , Praia Rural , Sporting Praia , Tchadense , CD Travadores , FC Ultramarina , etc . - Santo Antão ( South Zone ) : - Sporting Clube do Porto Novo - São Vicente : - Académica ( Mindelo ) , Castilho , FC Derby , CS Mindelense , etc . The island divisions including the two islands two zones varies from each month that play and plays in the month of April and May and May in most islands , Santiago begins from December until May . External links . - Official site
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"CAF"
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What organization did Cape Verdean Football Federation join in 2000?
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/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Football_Federation#P463#1
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Cape Verdean Football Federation The Cape Verdean Football Federation ( ) is the governing body of football in Cape Verde . It was founded in 1982 , affiliated to FIFA in 1986 and to CAF in 2000 . It organizes the national football league and the national team . Its current president is Victor Osório since 2015 . The federation is headquartered in the capital city of Praia and is located on Avenida Cidade de Lisboa in the subdivision of Várzea where the sport complexes are located . Its office is just south of Estádio da Várzea and features a small field on the east part . The building was completed in 2006 after the nearby stadium was also repaired . Since 2013 , the Caixa building is adjacent to its offices . Premier League or Interisland league . The Capeverdean Premier division are made up of two groups , Groups A and B and the team with the most points in the island but Santiago and Santo Antão are divided into two zones in the island qualifies into the premier division and not the top teams from the second or third divisions in other places . There are only about five to six rounds before heading to the playoffs and are played in the months of May or June . The premier league as well as the island divisions has several teams , more teams can be seen at another title below this one : - Cutelin dos Mosteiros Trás - Fogo - Nô Pintcha Mosteiros - Fogo - Grito Povo de Ribeira do Ilheu - Fogo - ABC de Patim - Fogo - Académica ( Praia ) - Praia - Académica ( Mindelo ) - Mindelo - Académica Sal-Rei - Sal-Rei - Académico do Aeroporto - Espargos on Sal Island - Académica ( Espargos ) - Espargos on Sal Island - Académico Sal Rei - Sal Rei on Boa Vista Island - GD Amarantes - Barreirense - África Show - Boa Vista - SC Atlético - Botafogo - Castilho - Mindelo - Derby FC - Mindelo - Juventude - Fogo - CS Mindelense - Mindelo - No Pintcha - Brava - Onze Unidos - Vila do Maio - Sal-Rei - Sal Rei - Sanantonense ? - Santo Antão - Sanjoanense ? - Sport Club Santa Maria - Santa Maria in the island of Sal - Spartak dAguadinha - Fogo - Sporting Clube do Porto Novo - Porto Novo - Sporting Praia - Praia - Tchadense - Praia - CD Travadores - Praia - Ultramarina - São Nicolau - União - Fogo - Unidos do Norte - Paiol , Ponta dÁgua Achada São Filipe , Praia - Verdun - Vulcânicos - Fogo Island Leagues including the two zones of Santiago and Santo Antão . Unlike other leagues throughout the world in which is the second , third and fourth , the lowest is mainly the second division or secondary leagues and are split into ten leagues of which are played in the nine main islands , Santiago and Santo Antão is split into two , the North Zone and the South Zone ; the tenth main island of Santa Luzia is uninhabited . The team of each league with the most points qualifies and advances into the premier division . One of these examples includes these islands and zones . In the 2005-06 season , the Santiago North Zone did not have a champion which meant that the champion of the previous season automatically entered the premier division : - Boa Vista : - Académica Sal-Rei , Académica Operária , África Show , Sal-Rei - Brava : - Académica , Benfica , Corôa , Morabeza , No Pintcha , Sporting - Fogo : - ABC , Cutelinho , Juventude , No Pintcha do Mosteiros , Spartak , União , Vulcânicos - Maio : - Barreirense? , Onze Unidos - Sal - Académico do Aeroporto , Académica ( Espargos ) , Juventude , Palmeira , Santa Maria , Verdun - São Nicolau : - SC Atletico , FC Ultramarina , Desportivo Ribeira Brava - Santiago ( South Zone ) : - Académica , Boavista , Praia Rural , Sporting Praia , Tchadense , CD Travadores , FC Ultramarina , etc . - Santo Antão ( South Zone ) : - Sporting Clube do Porto Novo - São Vicente : - Académica ( Mindelo ) , Castilho , FC Derby , CS Mindelense , etc . The island divisions including the two islands two zones varies from each month that play and plays in the month of April and May and May in most islands , Santiago begins from December until May . External links . - Official site
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[
""
] |
easy
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Cape Verdean Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1975?
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/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Football_Federation#P463#2
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Cape Verdean Football Federation The Cape Verdean Football Federation ( ) is the governing body of football in Cape Verde . It was founded in 1982 , affiliated to FIFA in 1986 and to CAF in 2000 . It organizes the national football league and the national team . Its current president is Victor Osório since 2015 . The federation is headquartered in the capital city of Praia and is located on Avenida Cidade de Lisboa in the subdivision of Várzea where the sport complexes are located . Its office is just south of Estádio da Várzea and features a small field on the east part . The building was completed in 2006 after the nearby stadium was also repaired . Since 2013 , the Caixa building is adjacent to its offices . Premier League or Interisland league . The Capeverdean Premier division are made up of two groups , Groups A and B and the team with the most points in the island but Santiago and Santo Antão are divided into two zones in the island qualifies into the premier division and not the top teams from the second or third divisions in other places . There are only about five to six rounds before heading to the playoffs and are played in the months of May or June . The premier league as well as the island divisions has several teams , more teams can be seen at another title below this one : - Cutelin dos Mosteiros Trás - Fogo - Nô Pintcha Mosteiros - Fogo - Grito Povo de Ribeira do Ilheu - Fogo - ABC de Patim - Fogo - Académica ( Praia ) - Praia - Académica ( Mindelo ) - Mindelo - Académica Sal-Rei - Sal-Rei - Académico do Aeroporto - Espargos on Sal Island - Académica ( Espargos ) - Espargos on Sal Island - Académico Sal Rei - Sal Rei on Boa Vista Island - GD Amarantes - Barreirense - África Show - Boa Vista - SC Atlético - Botafogo - Castilho - Mindelo - Derby FC - Mindelo - Juventude - Fogo - CS Mindelense - Mindelo - No Pintcha - Brava - Onze Unidos - Vila do Maio - Sal-Rei - Sal Rei - Sanantonense ? - Santo Antão - Sanjoanense ? - Sport Club Santa Maria - Santa Maria in the island of Sal - Spartak dAguadinha - Fogo - Sporting Clube do Porto Novo - Porto Novo - Sporting Praia - Praia - Tchadense - Praia - CD Travadores - Praia - Ultramarina - São Nicolau - União - Fogo - Unidos do Norte - Paiol , Ponta dÁgua Achada São Filipe , Praia - Verdun - Vulcânicos - Fogo Island Leagues including the two zones of Santiago and Santo Antão . Unlike other leagues throughout the world in which is the second , third and fourth , the lowest is mainly the second division or secondary leagues and are split into ten leagues of which are played in the nine main islands , Santiago and Santo Antão is split into two , the North Zone and the South Zone ; the tenth main island of Santa Luzia is uninhabited . The team of each league with the most points qualifies and advances into the premier division . One of these examples includes these islands and zones . In the 2005-06 season , the Santiago North Zone did not have a champion which meant that the champion of the previous season automatically entered the premier division : - Boa Vista : - Académica Sal-Rei , Académica Operária , África Show , Sal-Rei - Brava : - Académica , Benfica , Corôa , Morabeza , No Pintcha , Sporting - Fogo : - ABC , Cutelinho , Juventude , No Pintcha do Mosteiros , Spartak , União , Vulcânicos - Maio : - Barreirense? , Onze Unidos - Sal - Académico do Aeroporto , Académica ( Espargos ) , Juventude , Palmeira , Santa Maria , Verdun - São Nicolau : - SC Atletico , FC Ultramarina , Desportivo Ribeira Brava - Santiago ( South Zone ) : - Académica , Boavista , Praia Rural , Sporting Praia , Tchadense , CD Travadores , FC Ultramarina , etc . - Santo Antão ( South Zone ) : - Sporting Clube do Porto Novo - São Vicente : - Académica ( Mindelo ) , Castilho , FC Derby , CS Mindelense , etc . The island divisions including the two islands two zones varies from each month that play and plays in the month of April and May and May in most islands , Santiago begins from December until May . External links . - Official site
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[
"Cowdenbeath"
] |
easy
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Which team did Craig Levein play for from 1981 to 1983?
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/wiki/Craig_Levein#P54#0
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Craig Levein Craig William Levein ( born 22 October 1964 ) is a Scottish professional football player and coach . During his playing career he played for Cowdenbeath and Heart of Midlothian , making over 300 league appearances for the Edinburgh club until he was forced to retire by injury . He also won 16 caps for Scotland and was part of their 1990 FIFA World Cup squad . After retiring as a player Levein became a manager , working at club level for Cowdenbeath , Heart of Midlothian , Leicester City , Raith Rovers and Dundee United . Levein was appointed Scotland manager in 2009 , but he left this position after the team failed to win any of its first four matches in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification . He returned to Hearts in 2014 as director of football , then served as their manager from August 2017 to October 2019 . Playing career . Early career . Levein was born in Dunfermline and attended Inverkeithing High School , where he was in the football team alongside another future Scottish international footballer , Gordon Durie . He was a supporter of Raith Rovers . His early football career saw him turn out for Dalgety Bay , Leven Royals and Inverkeithing under-16s . At the age of 15 , however , he gave up football for a year , only resuming when his brother , who played for junior club Lochore Welfare invited him to training there . Levein subsequently signed for Lochore and after trials with several senior clubs he finally joined Cowdenbeath in 1981 . He quickly established himself in the first team and soon became a target for larger clubs . Hearts . In 1983 , he moved to Heart of Midlothian for a fee of £40,000 and soon found himself a regular place in their first team . Levein won the SPFA Young Player of the Year award in 1985 and 1986 , becoming the first player to retain the title . In the latter season Hearts chased a league and cup double . Two goals in the last 10 minutes of the season by Albert Kidd gave Hearts their first league defeat in 31 games , which handed the league title to Celtic . Levein missed that game through illness . He returned to the Hearts team the following week in the 1986 Scottish Cup Final , which Hearts lost 3–0 to Aberdeen . 1986 brought further woe for the young Levein when he picked up a serious knee injury in a reserve team game against Hibernian . The injury was to change his life . He had a recurrence of the injury in 1988 when he collapsed unchallenged in a game against Rangers and spent a second year out of the game . It was not just injuries that kept Levein from playing during his time at Hearts : he was given a 12-game ban after punching , and breaking the nose of , Hearts teammate Graeme Hogg during a pre-season friendly against Raith Rovers . Levein was forced to retire from playing in 1997 , due to another serious knee injury . He made 401 appearances for Hearts . Scotland . He made his Scotland debut in March 1990 , a 1–0 win against reigning world champions , Argentina , at Hampden Park and played well enough to earn a place in Scotlands 1990 World Cup squad . Levein won 16 caps for the Scotland national team . Coaching and managerial career . After being forced into retirement as a player , Levein had coaching positions at Hearts and at Livingston . In November 1997 he was appointed as manager of Cowdenbeath and turned a struggling team into one that could challenge for promotion . Cowdenbeath were promoted in 2001 , but Levein had left in December 2000 to take over as manager at Hearts . Hearts manager . His time in charge of Hearts was successful , where he guided them to third place in the SPL in two successive seasons and thus into European competition . He was the first manager to take Hearts into Europe in successive seasons since the 1960s . Leicester City . His impressive record in Scotland caught the attention of Leicester City , who appointed Levein as manager on 29 October 2004 . However , after a poor start to the 2005–06 season , which left the club third from bottom in the Championship relegation zone , he was sacked as manager on 25 January 2006 . Raith Rovers . Levein was appointed as manager of his boyhood heroes , Scottish Second Division club Raith Rovers , on 5 September 2006 , on a non-contract basis . However , after Dundee United parted company with Craig Brewster , Levein left his non-contract role at Raith Rovers to take up the job at Tannadice . Dundee United . He was unveiled to the press on 30 October 2006 . Levein guided United to four successive home victories , earning him Manager of the Month for November 2006 , later repeating the award in March 2007 and again in October 2007 . On 21 January 2008 he was appointed Director of Football at the club , giving him a seat on the Board of Directors in addition to his existing managerial responsibilities . In August 2008 , he was fined £5000 by the SFA for accusing a referee ( Mike McCurry ) of bias after a game against Rangers . During his tenure , United regularly finished in the top half of the Scottish Premier League . The club reached the 2008 Scottish League Cup Final , which United led twice before losing to Rangers on a penalty shootout . Levein signed a new contract with United in December 2008 , but he left the job in December 2009 to become Scotland national football team manager . United went on to win the 2009–10 Scottish Cup under his successor Peter Houston , who had been Leveins assistant . Levein overhauled the clubs youth system , which subsequently brought through players such as Ryan Gauld and John Souttar . Scotland manager . On 23 December 2009 , Levein left Dundee United to become the new Scotland manager . He agreed to a -year deal . Scotland won 1–0 in his first match in charge , a friendly against the Czech Republic , with the goal coming from Celtic captain Scott Brown . However , his second game in charge would not be as successful , with Scotland going down 3–0 to Sweden on 12 August 2010 . This was also followed by a disappointing 0–0 draw with Lithuania and an unconvincing 2–1 victory over Liechtenstein in the first two Euro 2012 qualifying matches . Levein dropped in-form striker Kenny Miller and played an ultra-defensive 4–6–0 against Czech Republic in their third game . The match ended in a 1–0 defeat , with Levein attracting criticism for his negative tactics . Levein later said that he had adopted the formation after seeing Russian club Rubin Kazan achieve a good result against FC Barcelona with that approach . He also conceded that he perhaps should not have done this without knowing the players well , early in his tenure as manager . In the following game , against World and European champions Spain , Levein adopted a more conventional 4–5–1 formation with Miller in attack . Scotland lost 2–3 despite coming back from 0–2 down to draw level at 2–2 . Scotland then beat Faroe Islands 3–0 in a friendly where Levein gave seven debuts due to 9 withdrawals from the initial squad . Scotland won the first two matches of the 2011 Nations Cup with ease , beating Northern Ireland 3–0 and Wales 3–1 . The Scots lost 1–0 to the Republic of Ireland in their third game , meaning that the Republic won the tournament . In order to reach the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying play-offs , Scotland realistically needed to beat the Czech Republic in their next qualifier . The match ended in a 2–2 draw , after two late controversial penalty kick decisions by Dutch referee Kevin Blom both went against Scotland . 1–0 wins in the next two qualifiers against Lithuania and Liechtenstein kept their chances mathematically alive , but a 3–1 defeat by Spain coupled with the Czech Republic winning in Lithuania eliminated Scotland . For the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Scotland were drawn into UEFA qualifying Group A with Belgium , Croatia , Macedonia , Serbia and Wales . Preparations started with a 1–1 draw in Slovenia , but the team suffered a 5–1 defeat by the United States in May . Scotland bounced back with a 3–1 friendly win against Australia in August . Levein attracted criticism for selecting Ian Black for that match , despite him playing in the fourth-tier Scottish Third Division . Levein had previously said that it would be very difficult for any player to go from playing in the Third Division to an international match , and had left out Lee Wallace for that reason . Black received a mixed reception when he appeared as a late substitute , with some sections of the crowd booing him . Levein stated his belief that Scotland were capable of winning all of their qualifying games , but the first two matches ended in home draws against Serbia and Macedonia . Levein was again criticised for adopting negative tactics . Levein then recalled Steven Fletcher and Kris Commons , but Scotland fell to two away defeats against Wales and Belgium , which left the Scots bottom of Group A with only 2 points from 4 games . He was relieved of his duties on 5 November 2012 , following talks with the Scottish Football Association . Return to Hearts . Levein returned to Hearts in May 2014 , as he was appointed director of football by new owner Ann Budge . In that role , Levein oversaw the appointments of Robbie Neilson and Ian Cathro as head coach of Hearts . Four weeks after Cathro was sacked in August 2017 , Levein was appointed first team manager . He signed a three-year contract as manager , while also continuing as director of football . Levein was sacked as Hearts manager and director of football on 31 October 2019 , although he was retained in an advisory role until May 2020 . Honours . Player . - Hearts - Scottish Cup runner-up : 1985–86 - Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year : 1985 , 1986 Manager . - Dundee United - SPL Manager of the Month : November 2006 , March 2007 , October 2007 , November 2009 - Scottish League Cup runner-up : 2007–08 - Hearts - SPL Manager of the Month : December 2001 , April 2003 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2018 - Scottish Cup runner-up : 2018–19
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[
"Heart of Midlothian"
] |
easy
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Craig Levein played for which team from 1983 to 1990?
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/wiki/Craig_Levein#P54#1
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Craig Levein Craig William Levein ( born 22 October 1964 ) is a Scottish professional football player and coach . During his playing career he played for Cowdenbeath and Heart of Midlothian , making over 300 league appearances for the Edinburgh club until he was forced to retire by injury . He also won 16 caps for Scotland and was part of their 1990 FIFA World Cup squad . After retiring as a player Levein became a manager , working at club level for Cowdenbeath , Heart of Midlothian , Leicester City , Raith Rovers and Dundee United . Levein was appointed Scotland manager in 2009 , but he left this position after the team failed to win any of its first four matches in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification . He returned to Hearts in 2014 as director of football , then served as their manager from August 2017 to October 2019 . Playing career . Early career . Levein was born in Dunfermline and attended Inverkeithing High School , where he was in the football team alongside another future Scottish international footballer , Gordon Durie . He was a supporter of Raith Rovers . His early football career saw him turn out for Dalgety Bay , Leven Royals and Inverkeithing under-16s . At the age of 15 , however , he gave up football for a year , only resuming when his brother , who played for junior club Lochore Welfare invited him to training there . Levein subsequently signed for Lochore and after trials with several senior clubs he finally joined Cowdenbeath in 1981 . He quickly established himself in the first team and soon became a target for larger clubs . Hearts . In 1983 , he moved to Heart of Midlothian for a fee of £40,000 and soon found himself a regular place in their first team . Levein won the SPFA Young Player of the Year award in 1985 and 1986 , becoming the first player to retain the title . In the latter season Hearts chased a league and cup double . Two goals in the last 10 minutes of the season by Albert Kidd gave Hearts their first league defeat in 31 games , which handed the league title to Celtic . Levein missed that game through illness . He returned to the Hearts team the following week in the 1986 Scottish Cup Final , which Hearts lost 3–0 to Aberdeen . 1986 brought further woe for the young Levein when he picked up a serious knee injury in a reserve team game against Hibernian . The injury was to change his life . He had a recurrence of the injury in 1988 when he collapsed unchallenged in a game against Rangers and spent a second year out of the game . It was not just injuries that kept Levein from playing during his time at Hearts : he was given a 12-game ban after punching , and breaking the nose of , Hearts teammate Graeme Hogg during a pre-season friendly against Raith Rovers . Levein was forced to retire from playing in 1997 , due to another serious knee injury . He made 401 appearances for Hearts . Scotland . He made his Scotland debut in March 1990 , a 1–0 win against reigning world champions , Argentina , at Hampden Park and played well enough to earn a place in Scotlands 1990 World Cup squad . Levein won 16 caps for the Scotland national team . Coaching and managerial career . After being forced into retirement as a player , Levein had coaching positions at Hearts and at Livingston . In November 1997 he was appointed as manager of Cowdenbeath and turned a struggling team into one that could challenge for promotion . Cowdenbeath were promoted in 2001 , but Levein had left in December 2000 to take over as manager at Hearts . Hearts manager . His time in charge of Hearts was successful , where he guided them to third place in the SPL in two successive seasons and thus into European competition . He was the first manager to take Hearts into Europe in successive seasons since the 1960s . Leicester City . His impressive record in Scotland caught the attention of Leicester City , who appointed Levein as manager on 29 October 2004 . However , after a poor start to the 2005–06 season , which left the club third from bottom in the Championship relegation zone , he was sacked as manager on 25 January 2006 . Raith Rovers . Levein was appointed as manager of his boyhood heroes , Scottish Second Division club Raith Rovers , on 5 September 2006 , on a non-contract basis . However , after Dundee United parted company with Craig Brewster , Levein left his non-contract role at Raith Rovers to take up the job at Tannadice . Dundee United . He was unveiled to the press on 30 October 2006 . Levein guided United to four successive home victories , earning him Manager of the Month for November 2006 , later repeating the award in March 2007 and again in October 2007 . On 21 January 2008 he was appointed Director of Football at the club , giving him a seat on the Board of Directors in addition to his existing managerial responsibilities . In August 2008 , he was fined £5000 by the SFA for accusing a referee ( Mike McCurry ) of bias after a game against Rangers . During his tenure , United regularly finished in the top half of the Scottish Premier League . The club reached the 2008 Scottish League Cup Final , which United led twice before losing to Rangers on a penalty shootout . Levein signed a new contract with United in December 2008 , but he left the job in December 2009 to become Scotland national football team manager . United went on to win the 2009–10 Scottish Cup under his successor Peter Houston , who had been Leveins assistant . Levein overhauled the clubs youth system , which subsequently brought through players such as Ryan Gauld and John Souttar . Scotland manager . On 23 December 2009 , Levein left Dundee United to become the new Scotland manager . He agreed to a -year deal . Scotland won 1–0 in his first match in charge , a friendly against the Czech Republic , with the goal coming from Celtic captain Scott Brown . However , his second game in charge would not be as successful , with Scotland going down 3–0 to Sweden on 12 August 2010 . This was also followed by a disappointing 0–0 draw with Lithuania and an unconvincing 2–1 victory over Liechtenstein in the first two Euro 2012 qualifying matches . Levein dropped in-form striker Kenny Miller and played an ultra-defensive 4–6–0 against Czech Republic in their third game . The match ended in a 1–0 defeat , with Levein attracting criticism for his negative tactics . Levein later said that he had adopted the formation after seeing Russian club Rubin Kazan achieve a good result against FC Barcelona with that approach . He also conceded that he perhaps should not have done this without knowing the players well , early in his tenure as manager . In the following game , against World and European champions Spain , Levein adopted a more conventional 4–5–1 formation with Miller in attack . Scotland lost 2–3 despite coming back from 0–2 down to draw level at 2–2 . Scotland then beat Faroe Islands 3–0 in a friendly where Levein gave seven debuts due to 9 withdrawals from the initial squad . Scotland won the first two matches of the 2011 Nations Cup with ease , beating Northern Ireland 3–0 and Wales 3–1 . The Scots lost 1–0 to the Republic of Ireland in their third game , meaning that the Republic won the tournament . In order to reach the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying play-offs , Scotland realistically needed to beat the Czech Republic in their next qualifier . The match ended in a 2–2 draw , after two late controversial penalty kick decisions by Dutch referee Kevin Blom both went against Scotland . 1–0 wins in the next two qualifiers against Lithuania and Liechtenstein kept their chances mathematically alive , but a 3–1 defeat by Spain coupled with the Czech Republic winning in Lithuania eliminated Scotland . For the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Scotland were drawn into UEFA qualifying Group A with Belgium , Croatia , Macedonia , Serbia and Wales . Preparations started with a 1–1 draw in Slovenia , but the team suffered a 5–1 defeat by the United States in May . Scotland bounced back with a 3–1 friendly win against Australia in August . Levein attracted criticism for selecting Ian Black for that match , despite him playing in the fourth-tier Scottish Third Division . Levein had previously said that it would be very difficult for any player to go from playing in the Third Division to an international match , and had left out Lee Wallace for that reason . Black received a mixed reception when he appeared as a late substitute , with some sections of the crowd booing him . Levein stated his belief that Scotland were capable of winning all of their qualifying games , but the first two matches ended in home draws against Serbia and Macedonia . Levein was again criticised for adopting negative tactics . Levein then recalled Steven Fletcher and Kris Commons , but Scotland fell to two away defeats against Wales and Belgium , which left the Scots bottom of Group A with only 2 points from 4 games . He was relieved of his duties on 5 November 2012 , following talks with the Scottish Football Association . Return to Hearts . Levein returned to Hearts in May 2014 , as he was appointed director of football by new owner Ann Budge . In that role , Levein oversaw the appointments of Robbie Neilson and Ian Cathro as head coach of Hearts . Four weeks after Cathro was sacked in August 2017 , Levein was appointed first team manager . He signed a three-year contract as manager , while also continuing as director of football . Levein was sacked as Hearts manager and director of football on 31 October 2019 , although he was retained in an advisory role until May 2020 . Honours . Player . - Hearts - Scottish Cup runner-up : 1985–86 - Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year : 1985 , 1986 Manager . - Dundee United - SPL Manager of the Month : November 2006 , March 2007 , October 2007 , November 2009 - Scottish League Cup runner-up : 2007–08 - Hearts - SPL Manager of the Month : December 2001 , April 2003 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2018 - Scottish Cup runner-up : 2018–19
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[
"Hearts"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Craig Levein belong to from 1990 to 1994?
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/wiki/Craig_Levein#P54#2
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Craig Levein Craig William Levein ( born 22 October 1964 ) is a Scottish professional football player and coach . During his playing career he played for Cowdenbeath and Heart of Midlothian , making over 300 league appearances for the Edinburgh club until he was forced to retire by injury . He also won 16 caps for Scotland and was part of their 1990 FIFA World Cup squad . After retiring as a player Levein became a manager , working at club level for Cowdenbeath , Heart of Midlothian , Leicester City , Raith Rovers and Dundee United . Levein was appointed Scotland manager in 2009 , but he left this position after the team failed to win any of its first four matches in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification . He returned to Hearts in 2014 as director of football , then served as their manager from August 2017 to October 2019 . Playing career . Early career . Levein was born in Dunfermline and attended Inverkeithing High School , where he was in the football team alongside another future Scottish international footballer , Gordon Durie . He was a supporter of Raith Rovers . His early football career saw him turn out for Dalgety Bay , Leven Royals and Inverkeithing under-16s . At the age of 15 , however , he gave up football for a year , only resuming when his brother , who played for junior club Lochore Welfare invited him to training there . Levein subsequently signed for Lochore and after trials with several senior clubs he finally joined Cowdenbeath in 1981 . He quickly established himself in the first team and soon became a target for larger clubs . Hearts . In 1983 , he moved to Heart of Midlothian for a fee of £40,000 and soon found himself a regular place in their first team . Levein won the SPFA Young Player of the Year award in 1985 and 1986 , becoming the first player to retain the title . In the latter season Hearts chased a league and cup double . Two goals in the last 10 minutes of the season by Albert Kidd gave Hearts their first league defeat in 31 games , which handed the league title to Celtic . Levein missed that game through illness . He returned to the Hearts team the following week in the 1986 Scottish Cup Final , which Hearts lost 3–0 to Aberdeen . 1986 brought further woe for the young Levein when he picked up a serious knee injury in a reserve team game against Hibernian . The injury was to change his life . He had a recurrence of the injury in 1988 when he collapsed unchallenged in a game against Rangers and spent a second year out of the game . It was not just injuries that kept Levein from playing during his time at Hearts : he was given a 12-game ban after punching , and breaking the nose of , Hearts teammate Graeme Hogg during a pre-season friendly against Raith Rovers . Levein was forced to retire from playing in 1997 , due to another serious knee injury . He made 401 appearances for Hearts . Scotland . He made his Scotland debut in March 1990 , a 1–0 win against reigning world champions , Argentina , at Hampden Park and played well enough to earn a place in Scotlands 1990 World Cup squad . Levein won 16 caps for the Scotland national team . Coaching and managerial career . After being forced into retirement as a player , Levein had coaching positions at Hearts and at Livingston . In November 1997 he was appointed as manager of Cowdenbeath and turned a struggling team into one that could challenge for promotion . Cowdenbeath were promoted in 2001 , but Levein had left in December 2000 to take over as manager at Hearts . Hearts manager . His time in charge of Hearts was successful , where he guided them to third place in the SPL in two successive seasons and thus into European competition . He was the first manager to take Hearts into Europe in successive seasons since the 1960s . Leicester City . His impressive record in Scotland caught the attention of Leicester City , who appointed Levein as manager on 29 October 2004 . However , after a poor start to the 2005–06 season , which left the club third from bottom in the Championship relegation zone , he was sacked as manager on 25 January 2006 . Raith Rovers . Levein was appointed as manager of his boyhood heroes , Scottish Second Division club Raith Rovers , on 5 September 2006 , on a non-contract basis . However , after Dundee United parted company with Craig Brewster , Levein left his non-contract role at Raith Rovers to take up the job at Tannadice . Dundee United . He was unveiled to the press on 30 October 2006 . Levein guided United to four successive home victories , earning him Manager of the Month for November 2006 , later repeating the award in March 2007 and again in October 2007 . On 21 January 2008 he was appointed Director of Football at the club , giving him a seat on the Board of Directors in addition to his existing managerial responsibilities . In August 2008 , he was fined £5000 by the SFA for accusing a referee ( Mike McCurry ) of bias after a game against Rangers . During his tenure , United regularly finished in the top half of the Scottish Premier League . The club reached the 2008 Scottish League Cup Final , which United led twice before losing to Rangers on a penalty shootout . Levein signed a new contract with United in December 2008 , but he left the job in December 2009 to become Scotland national football team manager . United went on to win the 2009–10 Scottish Cup under his successor Peter Houston , who had been Leveins assistant . Levein overhauled the clubs youth system , which subsequently brought through players such as Ryan Gauld and John Souttar . Scotland manager . On 23 December 2009 , Levein left Dundee United to become the new Scotland manager . He agreed to a -year deal . Scotland won 1–0 in his first match in charge , a friendly against the Czech Republic , with the goal coming from Celtic captain Scott Brown . However , his second game in charge would not be as successful , with Scotland going down 3–0 to Sweden on 12 August 2010 . This was also followed by a disappointing 0–0 draw with Lithuania and an unconvincing 2–1 victory over Liechtenstein in the first two Euro 2012 qualifying matches . Levein dropped in-form striker Kenny Miller and played an ultra-defensive 4–6–0 against Czech Republic in their third game . The match ended in a 1–0 defeat , with Levein attracting criticism for his negative tactics . Levein later said that he had adopted the formation after seeing Russian club Rubin Kazan achieve a good result against FC Barcelona with that approach . He also conceded that he perhaps should not have done this without knowing the players well , early in his tenure as manager . In the following game , against World and European champions Spain , Levein adopted a more conventional 4–5–1 formation with Miller in attack . Scotland lost 2–3 despite coming back from 0–2 down to draw level at 2–2 . Scotland then beat Faroe Islands 3–0 in a friendly where Levein gave seven debuts due to 9 withdrawals from the initial squad . Scotland won the first two matches of the 2011 Nations Cup with ease , beating Northern Ireland 3–0 and Wales 3–1 . The Scots lost 1–0 to the Republic of Ireland in their third game , meaning that the Republic won the tournament . In order to reach the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying play-offs , Scotland realistically needed to beat the Czech Republic in their next qualifier . The match ended in a 2–2 draw , after two late controversial penalty kick decisions by Dutch referee Kevin Blom both went against Scotland . 1–0 wins in the next two qualifiers against Lithuania and Liechtenstein kept their chances mathematically alive , but a 3–1 defeat by Spain coupled with the Czech Republic winning in Lithuania eliminated Scotland . For the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Scotland were drawn into UEFA qualifying Group A with Belgium , Croatia , Macedonia , Serbia and Wales . Preparations started with a 1–1 draw in Slovenia , but the team suffered a 5–1 defeat by the United States in May . Scotland bounced back with a 3–1 friendly win against Australia in August . Levein attracted criticism for selecting Ian Black for that match , despite him playing in the fourth-tier Scottish Third Division . Levein had previously said that it would be very difficult for any player to go from playing in the Third Division to an international match , and had left out Lee Wallace for that reason . Black received a mixed reception when he appeared as a late substitute , with some sections of the crowd booing him . Levein stated his belief that Scotland were capable of winning all of their qualifying games , but the first two matches ended in home draws against Serbia and Macedonia . Levein was again criticised for adopting negative tactics . Levein then recalled Steven Fletcher and Kris Commons , but Scotland fell to two away defeats against Wales and Belgium , which left the Scots bottom of Group A with only 2 points from 4 games . He was relieved of his duties on 5 November 2012 , following talks with the Scottish Football Association . Return to Hearts . Levein returned to Hearts in May 2014 , as he was appointed director of football by new owner Ann Budge . In that role , Levein oversaw the appointments of Robbie Neilson and Ian Cathro as head coach of Hearts . Four weeks after Cathro was sacked in August 2017 , Levein was appointed first team manager . He signed a three-year contract as manager , while also continuing as director of football . Levein was sacked as Hearts manager and director of football on 31 October 2019 , although he was retained in an advisory role until May 2020 . Honours . Player . - Hearts - Scottish Cup runner-up : 1985–86 - Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year : 1985 , 1986 Manager . - Dundee United - SPL Manager of the Month : November 2006 , March 2007 , October 2007 , November 2009 - Scottish League Cup runner-up : 2007–08 - Hearts - SPL Manager of the Month : December 2001 , April 2003 - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : August 2018 - Scottish Cup runner-up : 2018–19
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[
""
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easy
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Which school did Dave Camp go to from 1972 to 1973?
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/wiki/Dave_Camp#P69#0
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Dave Camp David Lee Camp ( born July 9 , 1953 ) is a former American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 2015 . Camp represented since 1993 , and previously served one term representing . A member of the Republican Party , Camp was chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means , serving from 2011–2015 . In March 2014 , he announced that he would not run for re-election . Early life , education , and law career . Camp was born in Midland , Michigan , the son of Norma L . ( Nehil ) and Robert D . Camp . He graduated from H.H . Dow High School in 1971 . He attended the University of Sussex , Brighton , England , 1973–1974 and earned his Bachelor of Arts , magna cum laude , in 1975 from Albion College in Albion , Michigan . He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of San Diego School of Law in 1978 . From 1979-91 , he was a partner with the law firm Riecker , Van Dam & Barker in Midland , Michigan . Camp was diagnosed with early-stage non-Hodgkins large B-cell lymphoma in 2012 . After several months of chemotherapy , Camp announced he was cancer-free in December 2012 . Early political career . Camp worked as a member of the Midland County , Michigan board of canvassers and a member of the Midland County Republican executive committee . For 4 years he was special assistant to the Michigan attorney general from 1980 to 1984 . He served another 4 years on the staff of his boyhood friend U.S . Representative Bill Schuette ( R-MI ) from 1984 to 1987 , before running and winning the 102nd District of the Michigan House of Representatives in 1988 and serving one term . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . When U.S . Congressman Schuette of Michigans 10th congressional district decided in 1990 to run for the U.S . Senate against incumbent U.S . Senator Carl Levin , Camp ran to replace him and won the endorsement of his former boss . In the Republican primary he faced former U.S . Congressman James Dunn and former State Senator Alan Cropsey . Despite trailing Dunn in early polls , Camp won the Republican primary with a plurality of 33% . He defeated Cropsey ( 30% ) , Allen ( 19% ) , Dunn ( 18% ) , and Simcox ( 1% ) . He won the general election with 65% of the vote . After redistricting , he decided to run in Michigans 4th congressional district . He won the general election with 62% of the vote . He never won re-election with less than 61% of the vote and never had a primary challenge . Tenure . 102nd Congress . Camp served on the House Committee on Agriculture . For his work on behalf of Michigan agriculture , Camp received the Golden Plow Award in 1998 , the American Farm Bureau Federations highest honor given to only one Member of the House in each Congress . 108th Congress . In the 108th Congress , he served as a deputy majority whip and served on the House Ways and Means Committee . Speaker Denny Hastert chose Camp to serve on the Select United States House Committee on Homeland Security , which had been created by the House of Representatives on January 7 , 2003 . While on the committee Camp was the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Infrastructure and Border Security , where he helped develop policies to secure U.S . land and maritime borders in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . 109th and 110th Congresses . Camp was the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Health , and Chairman of the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures , respectively . He served seven terms as a Member of the Subcommittee on Human Resources , and six terms as a Member of the Subcommittee on Trade . As a junior Member of the committee in 1996 , Camp played a role in the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act . 111th Congress . Camp served as Ranking Member of the full committee on Ways and Means . During his tenure as Ranking Member , Camp helped advance Republican alternatives to the 2009 stimulus law and 2010 health care law . The Camp alternative to the 2009 stimulus law would have cut taxes and provided incentives for small businesses to hire new employees . He also offered an alternative plan during the 2010 debate on health care reform . Camp was one of three House Republicans appointed by then-Minority Leader John Boehner ( R-OH ) to serve on the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , known as the Bowles-Simpson Commission , formed in February 2010 . It was charged with identifying policies to improve the U.S . fiscal situation in the medium term , and to achieve fiscal sustainability over the long term . While on the Commission , Camp co-led the Tax Reform Working Group and was a member of the Mandatory Spending Working Group . 112th Congress . Camp was involved in the House Republicans January 2011 repeal efforts of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Camp lead the repeal of the health care laws 1099 tax reporting requirement , which some small businesses said would hurt their operations and ability to employ workers . 113th Congress . Camp introduced the Promoting Adoption and Legal Guardianship for Children in Foster Care Act into the House on September 27 , 2013 . The bill reauthorized the Adoption Incentives Program that focuses on helping states to find adoptive parents for foster children and passed the House on October 22 , 2013 . Camp later introduced the Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act ( H.R . 4980 ; 113th Congress ) which passed the House on July 23 , 2014 . On June 26 , 2014 , Camp introduced the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4994 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill intended to change and improve Medicares post-acute care ( PAC ) services and how they are reported on . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways and Means ( Chairman ) - Joint Committee on Taxation ( Chairman ) - Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Caucus memberships . - Building a Better America Caucus - International Conservation Caucus - Life Insurance Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus - Zero Capital Gains Tax Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus Positions and policies . Im a conservative on fiscal policy , but Im a moderate on some other issues , he told Congressional Quarterly in 2006 . He told National Review in 2007 that he feels more at home with the conservative Republican Steering Committee . Camp is part of the moderate bloc through his participation in the Main Street Partnership . He generally voted along party lines in the House , siding with Republicans 93.7 percent of the time during the 111th Congress . The American Conservative Union gave him a lifetime rating of 89 percent , his score with the Club for Growth is considerably lower . Camp voted for both the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Central American Free Trade Agreement . Camp opposes abortion and same-sex marriage . He voted twice for President George W . Bushs tax cuts , and supports their full extension . He pushed for private accounts for Social Security and he supports drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . Camp supported the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq , and he backed President Bushs decision to send more troops to Iraq in 2007 with some reservations . In August 2013 Camp announced his support for reforming welfare again . He believes that many safety net programs do not have enough requirements attached to them for people to receive benefits . Camp introduced the Tax Reform Act of 2014 on February 26 , 2014 . The congressional nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation calculated the bill would allow 95 percent of filers to get the lowest tax rate possible by claiming the standard deduction , would create up to 1.8 million jobs and increase gross domestic product by up to 1.4% in 2023 . Post-political career . Approximately one year after announcing his decision not to run for re-election to Congress , it was announced that Camp would be joining prominent accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers as a senior policy advisor .
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[
"University of Sussex , Brighton , England"
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easy
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Where was Dave Camp educated from 1973 to 1974?
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/wiki/Dave_Camp#P69#1
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Dave Camp David Lee Camp ( born July 9 , 1953 ) is a former American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 2015 . Camp represented since 1993 , and previously served one term representing . A member of the Republican Party , Camp was chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means , serving from 2011–2015 . In March 2014 , he announced that he would not run for re-election . Early life , education , and law career . Camp was born in Midland , Michigan , the son of Norma L . ( Nehil ) and Robert D . Camp . He graduated from H.H . Dow High School in 1971 . He attended the University of Sussex , Brighton , England , 1973–1974 and earned his Bachelor of Arts , magna cum laude , in 1975 from Albion College in Albion , Michigan . He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of San Diego School of Law in 1978 . From 1979-91 , he was a partner with the law firm Riecker , Van Dam & Barker in Midland , Michigan . Camp was diagnosed with early-stage non-Hodgkins large B-cell lymphoma in 2012 . After several months of chemotherapy , Camp announced he was cancer-free in December 2012 . Early political career . Camp worked as a member of the Midland County , Michigan board of canvassers and a member of the Midland County Republican executive committee . For 4 years he was special assistant to the Michigan attorney general from 1980 to 1984 . He served another 4 years on the staff of his boyhood friend U.S . Representative Bill Schuette ( R-MI ) from 1984 to 1987 , before running and winning the 102nd District of the Michigan House of Representatives in 1988 and serving one term . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . When U.S . Congressman Schuette of Michigans 10th congressional district decided in 1990 to run for the U.S . Senate against incumbent U.S . Senator Carl Levin , Camp ran to replace him and won the endorsement of his former boss . In the Republican primary he faced former U.S . Congressman James Dunn and former State Senator Alan Cropsey . Despite trailing Dunn in early polls , Camp won the Republican primary with a plurality of 33% . He defeated Cropsey ( 30% ) , Allen ( 19% ) , Dunn ( 18% ) , and Simcox ( 1% ) . He won the general election with 65% of the vote . After redistricting , he decided to run in Michigans 4th congressional district . He won the general election with 62% of the vote . He never won re-election with less than 61% of the vote and never had a primary challenge . Tenure . 102nd Congress . Camp served on the House Committee on Agriculture . For his work on behalf of Michigan agriculture , Camp received the Golden Plow Award in 1998 , the American Farm Bureau Federations highest honor given to only one Member of the House in each Congress . 108th Congress . In the 108th Congress , he served as a deputy majority whip and served on the House Ways and Means Committee . Speaker Denny Hastert chose Camp to serve on the Select United States House Committee on Homeland Security , which had been created by the House of Representatives on January 7 , 2003 . While on the committee Camp was the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Infrastructure and Border Security , where he helped develop policies to secure U.S . land and maritime borders in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . 109th and 110th Congresses . Camp was the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Health , and Chairman of the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures , respectively . He served seven terms as a Member of the Subcommittee on Human Resources , and six terms as a Member of the Subcommittee on Trade . As a junior Member of the committee in 1996 , Camp played a role in the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act . 111th Congress . Camp served as Ranking Member of the full committee on Ways and Means . During his tenure as Ranking Member , Camp helped advance Republican alternatives to the 2009 stimulus law and 2010 health care law . The Camp alternative to the 2009 stimulus law would have cut taxes and provided incentives for small businesses to hire new employees . He also offered an alternative plan during the 2010 debate on health care reform . Camp was one of three House Republicans appointed by then-Minority Leader John Boehner ( R-OH ) to serve on the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , known as the Bowles-Simpson Commission , formed in February 2010 . It was charged with identifying policies to improve the U.S . fiscal situation in the medium term , and to achieve fiscal sustainability over the long term . While on the Commission , Camp co-led the Tax Reform Working Group and was a member of the Mandatory Spending Working Group . 112th Congress . Camp was involved in the House Republicans January 2011 repeal efforts of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Camp lead the repeal of the health care laws 1099 tax reporting requirement , which some small businesses said would hurt their operations and ability to employ workers . 113th Congress . Camp introduced the Promoting Adoption and Legal Guardianship for Children in Foster Care Act into the House on September 27 , 2013 . The bill reauthorized the Adoption Incentives Program that focuses on helping states to find adoptive parents for foster children and passed the House on October 22 , 2013 . Camp later introduced the Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act ( H.R . 4980 ; 113th Congress ) which passed the House on July 23 , 2014 . On June 26 , 2014 , Camp introduced the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4994 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill intended to change and improve Medicares post-acute care ( PAC ) services and how they are reported on . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways and Means ( Chairman ) - Joint Committee on Taxation ( Chairman ) - Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Caucus memberships . - Building a Better America Caucus - International Conservation Caucus - Life Insurance Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus - Zero Capital Gains Tax Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus Positions and policies . Im a conservative on fiscal policy , but Im a moderate on some other issues , he told Congressional Quarterly in 2006 . He told National Review in 2007 that he feels more at home with the conservative Republican Steering Committee . Camp is part of the moderate bloc through his participation in the Main Street Partnership . He generally voted along party lines in the House , siding with Republicans 93.7 percent of the time during the 111th Congress . The American Conservative Union gave him a lifetime rating of 89 percent , his score with the Club for Growth is considerably lower . Camp voted for both the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Central American Free Trade Agreement . Camp opposes abortion and same-sex marriage . He voted twice for President George W . Bushs tax cuts , and supports their full extension . He pushed for private accounts for Social Security and he supports drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . Camp supported the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq , and he backed President Bushs decision to send more troops to Iraq in 2007 with some reservations . In August 2013 Camp announced his support for reforming welfare again . He believes that many safety net programs do not have enough requirements attached to them for people to receive benefits . Camp introduced the Tax Reform Act of 2014 on February 26 , 2014 . The congressional nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation calculated the bill would allow 95 percent of filers to get the lowest tax rate possible by claiming the standard deduction , would create up to 1.8 million jobs and increase gross domestic product by up to 1.4% in 2023 . Post-political career . Approximately one year after announcing his decision not to run for re-election to Congress , it was announced that Camp would be joining prominent accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers as a senior policy advisor .
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easy
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Dave Camp went to which school from 1974 to 1978?
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/wiki/Dave_Camp#P69#2
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Dave Camp David Lee Camp ( born July 9 , 1953 ) is a former American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 2015 . Camp represented since 1993 , and previously served one term representing . A member of the Republican Party , Camp was chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means , serving from 2011–2015 . In March 2014 , he announced that he would not run for re-election . Early life , education , and law career . Camp was born in Midland , Michigan , the son of Norma L . ( Nehil ) and Robert D . Camp . He graduated from H.H . Dow High School in 1971 . He attended the University of Sussex , Brighton , England , 1973–1974 and earned his Bachelor of Arts , magna cum laude , in 1975 from Albion College in Albion , Michigan . He earned a Juris Doctor from the University of San Diego School of Law in 1978 . From 1979-91 , he was a partner with the law firm Riecker , Van Dam & Barker in Midland , Michigan . Camp was diagnosed with early-stage non-Hodgkins large B-cell lymphoma in 2012 . After several months of chemotherapy , Camp announced he was cancer-free in December 2012 . Early political career . Camp worked as a member of the Midland County , Michigan board of canvassers and a member of the Midland County Republican executive committee . For 4 years he was special assistant to the Michigan attorney general from 1980 to 1984 . He served another 4 years on the staff of his boyhood friend U.S . Representative Bill Schuette ( R-MI ) from 1984 to 1987 , before running and winning the 102nd District of the Michigan House of Representatives in 1988 and serving one term . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . When U.S . Congressman Schuette of Michigans 10th congressional district decided in 1990 to run for the U.S . Senate against incumbent U.S . Senator Carl Levin , Camp ran to replace him and won the endorsement of his former boss . In the Republican primary he faced former U.S . Congressman James Dunn and former State Senator Alan Cropsey . Despite trailing Dunn in early polls , Camp won the Republican primary with a plurality of 33% . He defeated Cropsey ( 30% ) , Allen ( 19% ) , Dunn ( 18% ) , and Simcox ( 1% ) . He won the general election with 65% of the vote . After redistricting , he decided to run in Michigans 4th congressional district . He won the general election with 62% of the vote . He never won re-election with less than 61% of the vote and never had a primary challenge . Tenure . 102nd Congress . Camp served on the House Committee on Agriculture . For his work on behalf of Michigan agriculture , Camp received the Golden Plow Award in 1998 , the American Farm Bureau Federations highest honor given to only one Member of the House in each Congress . 108th Congress . In the 108th Congress , he served as a deputy majority whip and served on the House Ways and Means Committee . Speaker Denny Hastert chose Camp to serve on the Select United States House Committee on Homeland Security , which had been created by the House of Representatives on January 7 , 2003 . While on the committee Camp was the Chairman of the Subcommittee on Infrastructure and Border Security , where he helped develop policies to secure U.S . land and maritime borders in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . 109th and 110th Congresses . Camp was the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Health , and Chairman of the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures , respectively . He served seven terms as a Member of the Subcommittee on Human Resources , and six terms as a Member of the Subcommittee on Trade . As a junior Member of the committee in 1996 , Camp played a role in the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act . 111th Congress . Camp served as Ranking Member of the full committee on Ways and Means . During his tenure as Ranking Member , Camp helped advance Republican alternatives to the 2009 stimulus law and 2010 health care law . The Camp alternative to the 2009 stimulus law would have cut taxes and provided incentives for small businesses to hire new employees . He also offered an alternative plan during the 2010 debate on health care reform . Camp was one of three House Republicans appointed by then-Minority Leader John Boehner ( R-OH ) to serve on the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , known as the Bowles-Simpson Commission , formed in February 2010 . It was charged with identifying policies to improve the U.S . fiscal situation in the medium term , and to achieve fiscal sustainability over the long term . While on the Commission , Camp co-led the Tax Reform Working Group and was a member of the Mandatory Spending Working Group . 112th Congress . Camp was involved in the House Republicans January 2011 repeal efforts of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Camp lead the repeal of the health care laws 1099 tax reporting requirement , which some small businesses said would hurt their operations and ability to employ workers . 113th Congress . Camp introduced the Promoting Adoption and Legal Guardianship for Children in Foster Care Act into the House on September 27 , 2013 . The bill reauthorized the Adoption Incentives Program that focuses on helping states to find adoptive parents for foster children and passed the House on October 22 , 2013 . Camp later introduced the Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act ( H.R . 4980 ; 113th Congress ) which passed the House on July 23 , 2014 . On June 26 , 2014 , Camp introduced the Improving Medicare Post-Acute Care Transformation Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4994 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill intended to change and improve Medicares post-acute care ( PAC ) services and how they are reported on . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways and Means ( Chairman ) - Joint Committee on Taxation ( Chairman ) - Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Caucus memberships . - Building a Better America Caucus - International Conservation Caucus - Life Insurance Caucus - Sportsmens Caucus - Zero Capital Gains Tax Caucus - Congressional Cement Caucus Positions and policies . Im a conservative on fiscal policy , but Im a moderate on some other issues , he told Congressional Quarterly in 2006 . He told National Review in 2007 that he feels more at home with the conservative Republican Steering Committee . Camp is part of the moderate bloc through his participation in the Main Street Partnership . He generally voted along party lines in the House , siding with Republicans 93.7 percent of the time during the 111th Congress . The American Conservative Union gave him a lifetime rating of 89 percent , his score with the Club for Growth is considerably lower . Camp voted for both the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Central American Free Trade Agreement . Camp opposes abortion and same-sex marriage . He voted twice for President George W . Bushs tax cuts , and supports their full extension . He pushed for private accounts for Social Security and he supports drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . Camp supported the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq , and he backed President Bushs decision to send more troops to Iraq in 2007 with some reservations . In August 2013 Camp announced his support for reforming welfare again . He believes that many safety net programs do not have enough requirements attached to them for people to receive benefits . Camp introduced the Tax Reform Act of 2014 on February 26 , 2014 . The congressional nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation calculated the bill would allow 95 percent of filers to get the lowest tax rate possible by claiming the standard deduction , would create up to 1.8 million jobs and increase gross domestic product by up to 1.4% in 2023 . Post-political career . Approximately one year after announcing his decision not to run for re-election to Congress , it was announced that Camp would be joining prominent accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers as a senior policy advisor .
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"United Australia Party",
"Palmer United Party"
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What was the official name of Clive Palmer's United Australia Party from 2013 to May 2013?
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/wiki/Clive_Palmer's_United_Australia_Party#P1448#0
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Clive Palmers United Australia Party Clive Palmers United Australia Party ( Clive Palmers UAP ) , formerly known as the United Australia Party ( UAP ) and Palmer United Party ( PUP ) , is an Australian political party formed by mining magnate Clive Palmer in April 2013 . It was deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission in 2017 , but revived and re-registered in 2018 . It brands itself as a revival of the original United Australia Party , which had been the main non-Labor federal party from 1931 to 1945 . However , it was known as the Palmer United Party from May 2013 until it was briefly deregistered . The party fielded candidates in all 150 House of Representatives seats at the September 2013 federal election . Palmer , the partys leader , was elected to the Division of Fairfax and it reached a peak of three Senators following the rerun of the Western Australian senate election in 2014 . At state and territory level , the party has been represented in the Parliament of the Northern Territory ( NT ) and the Parliament of Queensland . Two former Liberal National ( and later independent ) members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly joined the PUP in April 2013 , while three former Country Liberal ( CLP ) ( and briefly independent ) members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly , joined the party in April 2014 . Both of the Queensland members left to become independents again during 2014 , and all the NT members left the party that same year , with two becoming independents and one re-joining the CLP . The party unsuccessfully contested the South Australian , Tasmanian , and Victorian state elections in 2014 . Thus far ( May 2019 ) , no PUP or UAP candidates have been elected to a state or territory parliament . The party was revived under its original name in 2018 , with ex-One Nation senator Brian Burston representing it in parliament . The second incarnation of the party was registered by the Australian Electoral Commission on 12 December 2018 , with a Brisbane address and Palmer as the registered officer . As of 17 September 2020 , the party is facing deregistration for failure to comply with the minimum 500-member requirement . Background . Palmer announced in November 2012 he was considering re-forming the United Australia Party , which had been folded into the present-day Liberal Party of Australia in 1945 . He had been a longtime supporter of the federal National Party and the Liberal National Party of Queensland ( LNP ) . Palmers nephew , Blair Brewster , had applied to trademark the party name two months earlier . There was speculation it would join forces with Katters Australian Party . A month following the partys founding , Palmer announced that the party would be renamed the Palmer United Party to ease registration and to avoid confusion with a separate party already registered with the Australian Electoral Commission , the Uniting Australia Party . Despite its name change , the party still branded itself as a revival of the old UAP . According to its Website , the party reckons the three leaders of the original party—Joseph Lyons , Robert Menzies and Billy Hughes—as its former leaders . Federal politics . 2013 election . In April 2013 , Palmer announced he was relaunching the UAP with the goal of running candidates in the 2013 federal election and had applied for registration in Queensland . He told Lateline Its a reformation of the original party . The party also endorsed candidates to run in the Senate . In the state of Victoria , two retired sportsmen were announced as Senate candidates : Australian rules football player Doug Hawkins and boxer Barry Michael . Peter Slipper , the independent ( formerly LNP ) member for the Division of Fisher ( and previously Speaker of the House of Representatives ) , joined the party on 11 May 2013 . Hours after announcing his membership had been accepted , the party released a statement on its website announcing members had decided to revoke Mr Slippers membership under clause D26 of the constitution of the party . In the 2013 election , Palmer won the Sunshine Coast-area seat of Fairfax with a 26.49 percent primary and 50.03 percent two-candidate preferred vote , a margin of 53 votes . Senate candidates Glenn Lazarus ( a former player of the National Rugby Leagues Canberra Raiders , Brisbane Broncos and Melbourne Storm ) and Jacqui Lambie were elected for Queensland and Tasmania on votes of 9.89 percent and 6.58 percent respectively . The nationwide vote in the Senate was 4.91 percent . The outcome of the Senate vote in Western Australia was disputed and the Australian Electoral Commission ordered a re-run of the vote for 5 April 2014 . Two candidates ( Glenn Lazarus of Queensland and Jacqui Lambie of Tasmania ) were elected to the Senate . Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party senator-elect Ricky Muir , of Victoria , later agreed to enter into an informal alliance with the PUP . Dio Wang of Western Australia was elected to the Senate at a special election held in April 2014 , after the original Senate election in the state was voided by the Court of Disputed Returns . The PUP bloc thus had four senators ( 3 PUPs plus Muir ) when new members took their seats in July 2014 . However , Muir soon left the alliance , followed by Lambie who resigned to sit as an independent in November 2014 , and similarly , Lazarus in March 2015 . 2014 Western Australia Senate election . With a 12.34 percent vote , an increase of 7.33 percent , the party won a Senate seat at the Western Australian special Senate elections of April 2014 . The Palmer United Partys candidate , Zhenya ( Dio ) Wang won the fifth of six available seats . The publicity for Wang was minor , while the partys advertising was prominent . Following the April 2014 election , advertising monitoring company Ebiquity reported that PUP spent A$477,000 on 788 television commercial slots during the partys re-election campaign . The amount exceeded the combined spending of the Liberal , Labor and Greens parties on campaign advertising . Resignations . On 11 August 2014 , Queensland Palmer United Party MP Alex Douglas resigned from the party to become an independent citing cronyism : When I resigned from the LNP in November , 2012 , I publicly stated there was a culture in the LNP , and there still is , of looking after mates and relatives , and that I do not support these flawed ideas . On 8 September 2014 , Northern Territory PUP MP Francis Xavier Kurrupuwu resigned from the party and returned to the CLP , saying there is no party structure in PUP and no help available . He said that Palmer had promised to give resources and staff to himself , Anderson and Lee , but had gotten nothing at all . He added that Palmer hadnt met with him at all since his initial defection from CLP . On 8 October 2014 , Queenslands only remaining PUP MP Carl Judge resigned from the party to become an independent . On 24 November 2014 , Senator Jacqui Lambie resigned from the PUP , announcing that she would remain in the Senate as an independent . Lambies resignation followed several weeks of disagreements with party leader Clive Palmer , culminating in her voting with a group of senators calling themselves the coalition of common sense in passing a disallowance motion on legislation supported by PUP to repeal the Future of Financial Advice reforms introduced by the previous Labor government . On 29 November 2014 , Northern Territory MPs Alison Anderson and Larisa Lee announced they were resigning from the PUP to sit as independents . Anderson stated that she and Lee could no longer tolerate the absolute chaos in a party that had become a national disgrace . She also accused the PUP of doing almost nothing to connect with them . Lee said that the PUP had just kind of left ( us ) in the dark after promising that she , Anderson and Kurrupuwu would be in a position to carry the partys banner and help them fight for Aboriginal rights . On 13 March 2015 , Queensland Senator Glenn Lazarus announced his resignation from the PUP , accusing Clive Palmer of bullying , swearing and yelling at people . Lazarus stated I have a different view of team work . Given this , I felt it best that I resign from the party and pursue my senate role as an independent senator . His wife Tess Sanders-Lazarus joined in , saying I did make it clear to Clive that I was not happy with being bullied and spoken to using foul language . Palmer responded by sacking her , and then denying their accusations . In a PUP media release , the national director Peter Burke , was quoted as saying ; There is no doubting the timing of Senator Lazaruss defection from the party which came after Tess sacking as a result of her not doing her job . Mr Burke said Tess Lazarus was dismissed for spending her time writing speeches and questions for her husband instead of working on agreed party duties . After repeated efforts to have her engage in the correct party duties were ignored , the party had no alternative but to dismiss her . 2015 federal by-elections and loss of support . Palmer United Party support collapsed at the 2015 federal by-elections , losing more than two thirds of its vote at the December 2015 North Sydney by-election , polling last of 13 candidates with a primary vote of just 0.5 percent , compared to 1.7 percent at the 2013 federal election . The party lost more than half its vote at the September 2015 Canning by-election with a primary vote of 3.1 percent , compared to 6.9 percent at the previous election . 2016 election . Despite having had four parliamentarians elected at the 2013 election and subsequent 2014 Western Australian Senate election , only one , Dio Wang , contested the 2016 federal election for the Palmer United Party . Glenn Lazarus and Jacqui Lambie quit the party mid-term . In early May 2016 , party leader Clive Palmer announced he would not seek re-election to his seat of Fairfax and later that month also ruled out running for a federal senate seat , ending his involvement in Australian electoral politics . The party fielded a single House of Representatives candidate in the Division of Herbert , and senate candidates in every state . Disbandment . In May 2016 , party leader Clive Palmer announced he would not seek re-election to his seat of Fairfax or run for a federal senate seat , ending his official involvement in Australian politics . Two months later , Wang lost his Senate seat in the double dissolution election , as the Party lost all representation in a near-total swing against it , receiving less than 0.01% of the House of Representatives vote . On 23 September 2016 , the PUP applied for deregistration in all states . A party spokesperson stated that the party was always set up primarily as a federal party , but would no longer contest state elections . On 19 April 2017 , Clive Palmer announced that he was formally disbanding the Palmer United Party and would cancel its registration as a federal political party with the Australian Electoral Commission . It was formally deregistered on 5 May 2017 . 2018 revival . On 23 February 2018 , Palmer announced that he would register the party again to contest seats at the next federal election . On 17 June 2018 , he relaunched the party as the United Australia Party . On 18 June 2018 , Clive Palmer announced the reformation of the party as the United Australia Party , with former One Nation senator , Brian Burston joining as its first political member and senate leader . The party contested every lower house seat in the 2019 Australian federal election and did a preference deal with the Liberal party . The UAP failed to win seats in either chamber . However , by directing its preferences to the LNP , the UAP helped the LNP garner a two-seat swing in Queensland , allowing the Coalition to regain its majority . Palmer spent $60 million at the 2019 election . The United Australia Party was renamed as Clive Palmers United Australia Party on 31 January 2020 . State and territory politics . Northern Territory . In April 2014 , three independent members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly – Alison Anderson , Larisa Lee , and Francis Xavier Kurrupuwu – joined Palmer United , with Anderson becoming the partys leader in the Territory . The trio had resigned from the ruling Country Liberal Party ( CLP ) during the previous month , leaving the CLP with a one-seat majority in the unicameral Northern Territory Parliament . After the MPs joined Palmer United , Campbell Newman , the Premier of Queensland , suggested Clive Palmer was attempting to buy votes , which resulted in Palmer initiating defamation proceedings against Newman . The PUP is not registered with the Northern Territory Electoral Commission , but the party already meets the NTECs eligibility requirements for registration because it is registered under the Commonwealth Electoral Act . However , Francis Xavier resigned from the party to rejoin the CLP in September 2014 , and Lee and Anderson resigned to become Independents in November . Queensland . The United Australia Party ( UAP ) was registered with the Electoral Commission of Queensland ( ECQ ) on 5 June 2013 . Alex Douglas and Carl Judge , the members for Gaven and Yeerongpilly , respectively , in the Queensland Legislative Assembly , joined the party the following day , having announced their intention to join the week before . Both had been elected as Liberal National Party MPs at the 2012 state election , but fell out with the LNP and resigned from the party later that year , sitting as independents in the interim . The party remained registered with the ECQ under the United Australia Party name until 28 February 2014 , when its registration was updated to reflect the change to Palmer United Party . The proposed name change had been announced late the previous year , with Douglas announcing it in parliament on 20 November 2013 . Douglas quit the party and sat as an independent from August 2014 , and Judge followed suit two months later . PUP contested its first Queensland state election in 2015 . Its state leader was John Bjelke-Petersen , son of former Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen . PUP had a poor run-up to the election ; although actively stopping a number of federal education and health reforms in the Senate , Lambies decision to leave the party following the departure of Carl Judge and Alex Douglas at the state level , gave an impression that the party was in disarray . This was reflected in the pre-election polling that had PUP at less than 4% . To complicate matters , Clive Palmer was sick during much of the campaign , missing the election launch . This left the inexperienced Bjelke-Petersen to do most of the electioneering . Despite these difficulties , PUP managed to field 50 candidates out of a possible 89 electoral districts in Queensland . PUP policies included : a First Farm Buyers Grant ; to abolish payroll tax for businesses and ; tighter regulation of coal seam gas operations . The PUP received 5.1% of first preference votes . While counting was underway , the PUP candidate for Ferny Grove , Mark Taverner , was revealed to be an undischarged bankrupt . Under Australian electoral law , Taverner was ineligible to run . This led to speculation that a by-election would be required in the seat ; Labor was narrowly ahead on the two-party vote , and Taverner had preferenced Labor . However , when the tally from Ferny Grove was released , Taverners votes had no bearing on the outcome , destroying any chance of a by-election . On 23 September 2016 , The PUP applied for deregistration in Queensland , effectively terminating its operation in that state . A party spokesperson stated that the party was set up as and would remain a federal party , but no longer contest state elections . South Australia . Two independent candidates at the 2014 South Australian state election were endorsed by Palmer United . Ngoc Chau Huynh and Kristian Rees ( a former soccer player who finished his career at the then Clive Palmer-owned Gold Coast United ) ran on a combined ticket for the Legislative Council , and polled 1.6 percent without either being elected . The party had failed to achieve registration by the required date , with the election held on the same date as the Tasmanian state election . Tasmania . After an appeal against the partys registration was dismissed in the Supreme Court of Tasmania , Palmer United was registered with the Tasmanian Electoral Commission ( TEC ) on 17 February 2014 , and was one of seven parties to contest the March 2014 state election . The party polled 4.97 percent of first-preference votes in the House of Assembly , but did not win a seat . It achieved its best result in the Division of Braddon , where its candidates polled 7.18 percent to finish ahead of the Tasmanian Greens , and third overall , behind the Liberals and Labor . Kevin Morgan , a former public servant who stood in Braddon , was the partys leader during the election , while Barbara Etter , the former CEO of the Integrity Commission Tasmania and a former assistant commissioner of Western Australia Police , was deputy leader , standing in Denison . Palmer United and the Liberals were subject to TEC investigations over claims they had breached electoral advertising rules by publishing the name and photos of opposing candidates without their permission . The party reportedly spent more than $1 million on saturation advertising during the campaign . Media relations . As of late 2014 , Andrew Crook and his firm Crook Media were employed to handle media relations for the Palmer United Party and Clive Palmer . Crook has handled public relations for Palmer effectively full-time since 2013 . Andrew Crook is now a person of interest in Queensland Police Taskforce Maxima investigations . Palmer and the party are not implicated in any way . Policies . - Party officials should not be lobbyists , thereby taking a strong position on paid political lobbyists . - Establish an emissions trading scheme , another form of carbon pricing , that will not come into effect until other countries United States , China , European Union , Japan and South Korea also establish such a scheme . - Revising the current Australian government refugee policy to ensure Australia is protected and refugees are given opportunities for a better future and lifestyle . - Creating mineral wealth to continuously contribute to the welfare of the Australian community . This will be achieved by utilising mineral resources from Queensland and Western Australia , and incentives from the Commonwealth of Australia to establish downstream processing in the States of Victoria , New South Wales and South Australia ; and exporting products at a higher dollar value , thereby creating more revenue , jobs , tax and more facilities . - Establishing a system where people create wealth in various parts of the country and for that wealth to flow back to the community that generates the wealth . - Closing down detention centres for asylum-seeker boat arrivals : .. . abolish the detention camps , restore our navy to its traditional role , save the lives of children and families , keep families together and recognise the legitimate rights of those that have a lawful reason for entering Australia . - Moving towards free trade and closer economic relations with Asia . - Decentralisation and regional self-government , such as a new North Queensland state . - Encouraging competitive markets by restricting monopoly and prohibiting unfair trading practices . - Abolish higher education fees . - “There needs to be a fundamental change in Australia to ensure our prosperous future and that is why the Palmer United Party is committed to reducing taxes , stimulating our economy and providing Australians with access to basic services.” - Reduce taxes and abolish the Fringe Benefits Tax ( FBT ) and cut tax on the second job to 50% of what is currently paid . “Reducing taxes will mean more money for Australians and will see people begin to spend again , this will stimulate growth and our economy,” Palmer said . “FBT is a negative tax and by abolishing it we will automatically inject $4 billion into the Australian economy . Our policy to cut tax on the second job to 50 per cent of what is paid at the moment will help hardworking Australians who are trying to provide for their families but are being over-taxed by the government . - Palmer said the party will also move to increase the aged pension by 20 per cent and will inject $80 billion into the health budget right across Australia . “Currently Australian pensioners are paid less than what asylum seekers are paid a fortnight . This is a disgrace and by increasing the aged pension by 20 per cent the Palmer United Party will provide pensioners with an additional $150 a fortnight.” Mr Palmer said another disgrace for Australia is the state of the health system right across the nation . “Australians are dying in hospital corridors and waiting rooms and many families do not have access to the simplest of health services like GPs and dentists,” he said . “This has got to stop , and this is why the Palmer United Party will inject $80 billion into the health budget right across Australia so that all Australians have access to a first class health system wherever they may live . Controversy . As the 2019 federal election approached , it was reported that the nomination papers submitted by at least 19 UAP candidates were too incomplete or inconsistent to demonstrate that they are not dual citizens , which would render them ineligible under section 44 of the Constitution , although the nomination forms require candidates to affirm that they are eligible under s 44 . During the 2019 federal election , a UAP Senate candidate in Queensland , Yodie Batzke , has claimed in her campaign material to be an adjunct lecturer at the Cairns campus of James Cook University . The university has denied this , stating : Yodie Batzke has delivered guest lectures at JCU but is not an adjunct lecturer at JCU . In 2020 the partys founder Clive Palmer was charged with fraud and corporate misconduct offences . Palmer faces up to 12 years in jail over the alleged diversion of at least $10 million to the benefit of the Palmer United party in the weeks before the 2013 election .
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What was the official name of Clive Palmer's United Australia Party from May 2013 to Jun 2018?
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Clive Palmers United Australia Party Clive Palmers United Australia Party ( Clive Palmers UAP ) , formerly known as the United Australia Party ( UAP ) and Palmer United Party ( PUP ) , is an Australian political party formed by mining magnate Clive Palmer in April 2013 . It was deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission in 2017 , but revived and re-registered in 2018 . It brands itself as a revival of the original United Australia Party , which had been the main non-Labor federal party from 1931 to 1945 . However , it was known as the Palmer United Party from May 2013 until it was briefly deregistered . The party fielded candidates in all 150 House of Representatives seats at the September 2013 federal election . Palmer , the partys leader , was elected to the Division of Fairfax and it reached a peak of three Senators following the rerun of the Western Australian senate election in 2014 . At state and territory level , the party has been represented in the Parliament of the Northern Territory ( NT ) and the Parliament of Queensland . Two former Liberal National ( and later independent ) members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly joined the PUP in April 2013 , while three former Country Liberal ( CLP ) ( and briefly independent ) members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly , joined the party in April 2014 . Both of the Queensland members left to become independents again during 2014 , and all the NT members left the party that same year , with two becoming independents and one re-joining the CLP . The party unsuccessfully contested the South Australian , Tasmanian , and Victorian state elections in 2014 . Thus far ( May 2019 ) , no PUP or UAP candidates have been elected to a state or territory parliament . The party was revived under its original name in 2018 , with ex-One Nation senator Brian Burston representing it in parliament . The second incarnation of the party was registered by the Australian Electoral Commission on 12 December 2018 , with a Brisbane address and Palmer as the registered officer . As of 17 September 2020 , the party is facing deregistration for failure to comply with the minimum 500-member requirement . Background . Palmer announced in November 2012 he was considering re-forming the United Australia Party , which had been folded into the present-day Liberal Party of Australia in 1945 . He had been a longtime supporter of the federal National Party and the Liberal National Party of Queensland ( LNP ) . Palmers nephew , Blair Brewster , had applied to trademark the party name two months earlier . There was speculation it would join forces with Katters Australian Party . A month following the partys founding , Palmer announced that the party would be renamed the Palmer United Party to ease registration and to avoid confusion with a separate party already registered with the Australian Electoral Commission , the Uniting Australia Party . Despite its name change , the party still branded itself as a revival of the old UAP . According to its Website , the party reckons the three leaders of the original party—Joseph Lyons , Robert Menzies and Billy Hughes—as its former leaders . Federal politics . 2013 election . In April 2013 , Palmer announced he was relaunching the UAP with the goal of running candidates in the 2013 federal election and had applied for registration in Queensland . He told Lateline Its a reformation of the original party . The party also endorsed candidates to run in the Senate . In the state of Victoria , two retired sportsmen were announced as Senate candidates : Australian rules football player Doug Hawkins and boxer Barry Michael . Peter Slipper , the independent ( formerly LNP ) member for the Division of Fisher ( and previously Speaker of the House of Representatives ) , joined the party on 11 May 2013 . Hours after announcing his membership had been accepted , the party released a statement on its website announcing members had decided to revoke Mr Slippers membership under clause D26 of the constitution of the party . In the 2013 election , Palmer won the Sunshine Coast-area seat of Fairfax with a 26.49 percent primary and 50.03 percent two-candidate preferred vote , a margin of 53 votes . Senate candidates Glenn Lazarus ( a former player of the National Rugby Leagues Canberra Raiders , Brisbane Broncos and Melbourne Storm ) and Jacqui Lambie were elected for Queensland and Tasmania on votes of 9.89 percent and 6.58 percent respectively . The nationwide vote in the Senate was 4.91 percent . The outcome of the Senate vote in Western Australia was disputed and the Australian Electoral Commission ordered a re-run of the vote for 5 April 2014 . Two candidates ( Glenn Lazarus of Queensland and Jacqui Lambie of Tasmania ) were elected to the Senate . Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party senator-elect Ricky Muir , of Victoria , later agreed to enter into an informal alliance with the PUP . Dio Wang of Western Australia was elected to the Senate at a special election held in April 2014 , after the original Senate election in the state was voided by the Court of Disputed Returns . The PUP bloc thus had four senators ( 3 PUPs plus Muir ) when new members took their seats in July 2014 . However , Muir soon left the alliance , followed by Lambie who resigned to sit as an independent in November 2014 , and similarly , Lazarus in March 2015 . 2014 Western Australia Senate election . With a 12.34 percent vote , an increase of 7.33 percent , the party won a Senate seat at the Western Australian special Senate elections of April 2014 . The Palmer United Partys candidate , Zhenya ( Dio ) Wang won the fifth of six available seats . The publicity for Wang was minor , while the partys advertising was prominent . Following the April 2014 election , advertising monitoring company Ebiquity reported that PUP spent A$477,000 on 788 television commercial slots during the partys re-election campaign . The amount exceeded the combined spending of the Liberal , Labor and Greens parties on campaign advertising . Resignations . On 11 August 2014 , Queensland Palmer United Party MP Alex Douglas resigned from the party to become an independent citing cronyism : When I resigned from the LNP in November , 2012 , I publicly stated there was a culture in the LNP , and there still is , of looking after mates and relatives , and that I do not support these flawed ideas . On 8 September 2014 , Northern Territory PUP MP Francis Xavier Kurrupuwu resigned from the party and returned to the CLP , saying there is no party structure in PUP and no help available . He said that Palmer had promised to give resources and staff to himself , Anderson and Lee , but had gotten nothing at all . He added that Palmer hadnt met with him at all since his initial defection from CLP . On 8 October 2014 , Queenslands only remaining PUP MP Carl Judge resigned from the party to become an independent . On 24 November 2014 , Senator Jacqui Lambie resigned from the PUP , announcing that she would remain in the Senate as an independent . Lambies resignation followed several weeks of disagreements with party leader Clive Palmer , culminating in her voting with a group of senators calling themselves the coalition of common sense in passing a disallowance motion on legislation supported by PUP to repeal the Future of Financial Advice reforms introduced by the previous Labor government . On 29 November 2014 , Northern Territory MPs Alison Anderson and Larisa Lee announced they were resigning from the PUP to sit as independents . Anderson stated that she and Lee could no longer tolerate the absolute chaos in a party that had become a national disgrace . She also accused the PUP of doing almost nothing to connect with them . Lee said that the PUP had just kind of left ( us ) in the dark after promising that she , Anderson and Kurrupuwu would be in a position to carry the partys banner and help them fight for Aboriginal rights . On 13 March 2015 , Queensland Senator Glenn Lazarus announced his resignation from the PUP , accusing Clive Palmer of bullying , swearing and yelling at people . Lazarus stated I have a different view of team work . Given this , I felt it best that I resign from the party and pursue my senate role as an independent senator . His wife Tess Sanders-Lazarus joined in , saying I did make it clear to Clive that I was not happy with being bullied and spoken to using foul language . Palmer responded by sacking her , and then denying their accusations . In a PUP media release , the national director Peter Burke , was quoted as saying ; There is no doubting the timing of Senator Lazaruss defection from the party which came after Tess sacking as a result of her not doing her job . Mr Burke said Tess Lazarus was dismissed for spending her time writing speeches and questions for her husband instead of working on agreed party duties . After repeated efforts to have her engage in the correct party duties were ignored , the party had no alternative but to dismiss her . 2015 federal by-elections and loss of support . Palmer United Party support collapsed at the 2015 federal by-elections , losing more than two thirds of its vote at the December 2015 North Sydney by-election , polling last of 13 candidates with a primary vote of just 0.5 percent , compared to 1.7 percent at the 2013 federal election . The party lost more than half its vote at the September 2015 Canning by-election with a primary vote of 3.1 percent , compared to 6.9 percent at the previous election . 2016 election . Despite having had four parliamentarians elected at the 2013 election and subsequent 2014 Western Australian Senate election , only one , Dio Wang , contested the 2016 federal election for the Palmer United Party . Glenn Lazarus and Jacqui Lambie quit the party mid-term . In early May 2016 , party leader Clive Palmer announced he would not seek re-election to his seat of Fairfax and later that month also ruled out running for a federal senate seat , ending his involvement in Australian electoral politics . The party fielded a single House of Representatives candidate in the Division of Herbert , and senate candidates in every state . Disbandment . In May 2016 , party leader Clive Palmer announced he would not seek re-election to his seat of Fairfax or run for a federal senate seat , ending his official involvement in Australian politics . Two months later , Wang lost his Senate seat in the double dissolution election , as the Party lost all representation in a near-total swing against it , receiving less than 0.01% of the House of Representatives vote . On 23 September 2016 , the PUP applied for deregistration in all states . A party spokesperson stated that the party was always set up primarily as a federal party , but would no longer contest state elections . On 19 April 2017 , Clive Palmer announced that he was formally disbanding the Palmer United Party and would cancel its registration as a federal political party with the Australian Electoral Commission . It was formally deregistered on 5 May 2017 . 2018 revival . On 23 February 2018 , Palmer announced that he would register the party again to contest seats at the next federal election . On 17 June 2018 , he relaunched the party as the United Australia Party . On 18 June 2018 , Clive Palmer announced the reformation of the party as the United Australia Party , with former One Nation senator , Brian Burston joining as its first political member and senate leader . The party contested every lower house seat in the 2019 Australian federal election and did a preference deal with the Liberal party . The UAP failed to win seats in either chamber . However , by directing its preferences to the LNP , the UAP helped the LNP garner a two-seat swing in Queensland , allowing the Coalition to regain its majority . Palmer spent $60 million at the 2019 election . The United Australia Party was renamed as Clive Palmers United Australia Party on 31 January 2020 . State and territory politics . Northern Territory . In April 2014 , three independent members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly – Alison Anderson , Larisa Lee , and Francis Xavier Kurrupuwu – joined Palmer United , with Anderson becoming the partys leader in the Territory . The trio had resigned from the ruling Country Liberal Party ( CLP ) during the previous month , leaving the CLP with a one-seat majority in the unicameral Northern Territory Parliament . After the MPs joined Palmer United , Campbell Newman , the Premier of Queensland , suggested Clive Palmer was attempting to buy votes , which resulted in Palmer initiating defamation proceedings against Newman . The PUP is not registered with the Northern Territory Electoral Commission , but the party already meets the NTECs eligibility requirements for registration because it is registered under the Commonwealth Electoral Act . However , Francis Xavier resigned from the party to rejoin the CLP in September 2014 , and Lee and Anderson resigned to become Independents in November . Queensland . The United Australia Party ( UAP ) was registered with the Electoral Commission of Queensland ( ECQ ) on 5 June 2013 . Alex Douglas and Carl Judge , the members for Gaven and Yeerongpilly , respectively , in the Queensland Legislative Assembly , joined the party the following day , having announced their intention to join the week before . Both had been elected as Liberal National Party MPs at the 2012 state election , but fell out with the LNP and resigned from the party later that year , sitting as independents in the interim . The party remained registered with the ECQ under the United Australia Party name until 28 February 2014 , when its registration was updated to reflect the change to Palmer United Party . The proposed name change had been announced late the previous year , with Douglas announcing it in parliament on 20 November 2013 . Douglas quit the party and sat as an independent from August 2014 , and Judge followed suit two months later . PUP contested its first Queensland state election in 2015 . Its state leader was John Bjelke-Petersen , son of former Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen . PUP had a poor run-up to the election ; although actively stopping a number of federal education and health reforms in the Senate , Lambies decision to leave the party following the departure of Carl Judge and Alex Douglas at the state level , gave an impression that the party was in disarray . This was reflected in the pre-election polling that had PUP at less than 4% . To complicate matters , Clive Palmer was sick during much of the campaign , missing the election launch . This left the inexperienced Bjelke-Petersen to do most of the electioneering . Despite these difficulties , PUP managed to field 50 candidates out of a possible 89 electoral districts in Queensland . PUP policies included : a First Farm Buyers Grant ; to abolish payroll tax for businesses and ; tighter regulation of coal seam gas operations . The PUP received 5.1% of first preference votes . While counting was underway , the PUP candidate for Ferny Grove , Mark Taverner , was revealed to be an undischarged bankrupt . Under Australian electoral law , Taverner was ineligible to run . This led to speculation that a by-election would be required in the seat ; Labor was narrowly ahead on the two-party vote , and Taverner had preferenced Labor . However , when the tally from Ferny Grove was released , Taverners votes had no bearing on the outcome , destroying any chance of a by-election . On 23 September 2016 , The PUP applied for deregistration in Queensland , effectively terminating its operation in that state . A party spokesperson stated that the party was set up as and would remain a federal party , but no longer contest state elections . South Australia . Two independent candidates at the 2014 South Australian state election were endorsed by Palmer United . Ngoc Chau Huynh and Kristian Rees ( a former soccer player who finished his career at the then Clive Palmer-owned Gold Coast United ) ran on a combined ticket for the Legislative Council , and polled 1.6 percent without either being elected . The party had failed to achieve registration by the required date , with the election held on the same date as the Tasmanian state election . Tasmania . After an appeal against the partys registration was dismissed in the Supreme Court of Tasmania , Palmer United was registered with the Tasmanian Electoral Commission ( TEC ) on 17 February 2014 , and was one of seven parties to contest the March 2014 state election . The party polled 4.97 percent of first-preference votes in the House of Assembly , but did not win a seat . It achieved its best result in the Division of Braddon , where its candidates polled 7.18 percent to finish ahead of the Tasmanian Greens , and third overall , behind the Liberals and Labor . Kevin Morgan , a former public servant who stood in Braddon , was the partys leader during the election , while Barbara Etter , the former CEO of the Integrity Commission Tasmania and a former assistant commissioner of Western Australia Police , was deputy leader , standing in Denison . Palmer United and the Liberals were subject to TEC investigations over claims they had breached electoral advertising rules by publishing the name and photos of opposing candidates without their permission . The party reportedly spent more than $1 million on saturation advertising during the campaign . Media relations . As of late 2014 , Andrew Crook and his firm Crook Media were employed to handle media relations for the Palmer United Party and Clive Palmer . Crook has handled public relations for Palmer effectively full-time since 2013 . Andrew Crook is now a person of interest in Queensland Police Taskforce Maxima investigations . Palmer and the party are not implicated in any way . Policies . - Party officials should not be lobbyists , thereby taking a strong position on paid political lobbyists . - Establish an emissions trading scheme , another form of carbon pricing , that will not come into effect until other countries United States , China , European Union , Japan and South Korea also establish such a scheme . - Revising the current Australian government refugee policy to ensure Australia is protected and refugees are given opportunities for a better future and lifestyle . - Creating mineral wealth to continuously contribute to the welfare of the Australian community . This will be achieved by utilising mineral resources from Queensland and Western Australia , and incentives from the Commonwealth of Australia to establish downstream processing in the States of Victoria , New South Wales and South Australia ; and exporting products at a higher dollar value , thereby creating more revenue , jobs , tax and more facilities . - Establishing a system where people create wealth in various parts of the country and for that wealth to flow back to the community that generates the wealth . - Closing down detention centres for asylum-seeker boat arrivals : .. . abolish the detention camps , restore our navy to its traditional role , save the lives of children and families , keep families together and recognise the legitimate rights of those that have a lawful reason for entering Australia . - Moving towards free trade and closer economic relations with Asia . - Decentralisation and regional self-government , such as a new North Queensland state . - Encouraging competitive markets by restricting monopoly and prohibiting unfair trading practices . - Abolish higher education fees . - “There needs to be a fundamental change in Australia to ensure our prosperous future and that is why the Palmer United Party is committed to reducing taxes , stimulating our economy and providing Australians with access to basic services.” - Reduce taxes and abolish the Fringe Benefits Tax ( FBT ) and cut tax on the second job to 50% of what is currently paid . “Reducing taxes will mean more money for Australians and will see people begin to spend again , this will stimulate growth and our economy,” Palmer said . “FBT is a negative tax and by abolishing it we will automatically inject $4 billion into the Australian economy . Our policy to cut tax on the second job to 50 per cent of what is paid at the moment will help hardworking Australians who are trying to provide for their families but are being over-taxed by the government . - Palmer said the party will also move to increase the aged pension by 20 per cent and will inject $80 billion into the health budget right across Australia . “Currently Australian pensioners are paid less than what asylum seekers are paid a fortnight . This is a disgrace and by increasing the aged pension by 20 per cent the Palmer United Party will provide pensioners with an additional $150 a fortnight.” Mr Palmer said another disgrace for Australia is the state of the health system right across the nation . “Australians are dying in hospital corridors and waiting rooms and many families do not have access to the simplest of health services like GPs and dentists,” he said . “This has got to stop , and this is why the Palmer United Party will inject $80 billion into the health budget right across Australia so that all Australians have access to a first class health system wherever they may live . Controversy . As the 2019 federal election approached , it was reported that the nomination papers submitted by at least 19 UAP candidates were too incomplete or inconsistent to demonstrate that they are not dual citizens , which would render them ineligible under section 44 of the Constitution , although the nomination forms require candidates to affirm that they are eligible under s 44 . During the 2019 federal election , a UAP Senate candidate in Queensland , Yodie Batzke , has claimed in her campaign material to be an adjunct lecturer at the Cairns campus of James Cook University . The university has denied this , stating : Yodie Batzke has delivered guest lectures at JCU but is not an adjunct lecturer at JCU . In 2020 the partys founder Clive Palmer was charged with fraud and corporate misconduct offences . Palmer faces up to 12 years in jail over the alleged diversion of at least $10 million to the benefit of the Palmer United party in the weeks before the 2013 election .
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Clive Palmer's United Australia Party was officially named what from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019?
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Clive Palmers United Australia Party Clive Palmers United Australia Party ( Clive Palmers UAP ) , formerly known as the United Australia Party ( UAP ) and Palmer United Party ( PUP ) , is an Australian political party formed by mining magnate Clive Palmer in April 2013 . It was deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission in 2017 , but revived and re-registered in 2018 . It brands itself as a revival of the original United Australia Party , which had been the main non-Labor federal party from 1931 to 1945 . However , it was known as the Palmer United Party from May 2013 until it was briefly deregistered . The party fielded candidates in all 150 House of Representatives seats at the September 2013 federal election . Palmer , the partys leader , was elected to the Division of Fairfax and it reached a peak of three Senators following the rerun of the Western Australian senate election in 2014 . At state and territory level , the party has been represented in the Parliament of the Northern Territory ( NT ) and the Parliament of Queensland . Two former Liberal National ( and later independent ) members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly joined the PUP in April 2013 , while three former Country Liberal ( CLP ) ( and briefly independent ) members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly , joined the party in April 2014 . Both of the Queensland members left to become independents again during 2014 , and all the NT members left the party that same year , with two becoming independents and one re-joining the CLP . The party unsuccessfully contested the South Australian , Tasmanian , and Victorian state elections in 2014 . Thus far ( May 2019 ) , no PUP or UAP candidates have been elected to a state or territory parliament . The party was revived under its original name in 2018 , with ex-One Nation senator Brian Burston representing it in parliament . The second incarnation of the party was registered by the Australian Electoral Commission on 12 December 2018 , with a Brisbane address and Palmer as the registered officer . As of 17 September 2020 , the party is facing deregistration for failure to comply with the minimum 500-member requirement . Background . Palmer announced in November 2012 he was considering re-forming the United Australia Party , which had been folded into the present-day Liberal Party of Australia in 1945 . He had been a longtime supporter of the federal National Party and the Liberal National Party of Queensland ( LNP ) . Palmers nephew , Blair Brewster , had applied to trademark the party name two months earlier . There was speculation it would join forces with Katters Australian Party . A month following the partys founding , Palmer announced that the party would be renamed the Palmer United Party to ease registration and to avoid confusion with a separate party already registered with the Australian Electoral Commission , the Uniting Australia Party . Despite its name change , the party still branded itself as a revival of the old UAP . According to its Website , the party reckons the three leaders of the original party—Joseph Lyons , Robert Menzies and Billy Hughes—as its former leaders . Federal politics . 2013 election . In April 2013 , Palmer announced he was relaunching the UAP with the goal of running candidates in the 2013 federal election and had applied for registration in Queensland . He told Lateline Its a reformation of the original party . The party also endorsed candidates to run in the Senate . In the state of Victoria , two retired sportsmen were announced as Senate candidates : Australian rules football player Doug Hawkins and boxer Barry Michael . Peter Slipper , the independent ( formerly LNP ) member for the Division of Fisher ( and previously Speaker of the House of Representatives ) , joined the party on 11 May 2013 . Hours after announcing his membership had been accepted , the party released a statement on its website announcing members had decided to revoke Mr Slippers membership under clause D26 of the constitution of the party . In the 2013 election , Palmer won the Sunshine Coast-area seat of Fairfax with a 26.49 percent primary and 50.03 percent two-candidate preferred vote , a margin of 53 votes . Senate candidates Glenn Lazarus ( a former player of the National Rugby Leagues Canberra Raiders , Brisbane Broncos and Melbourne Storm ) and Jacqui Lambie were elected for Queensland and Tasmania on votes of 9.89 percent and 6.58 percent respectively . The nationwide vote in the Senate was 4.91 percent . The outcome of the Senate vote in Western Australia was disputed and the Australian Electoral Commission ordered a re-run of the vote for 5 April 2014 . Two candidates ( Glenn Lazarus of Queensland and Jacqui Lambie of Tasmania ) were elected to the Senate . Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party senator-elect Ricky Muir , of Victoria , later agreed to enter into an informal alliance with the PUP . Dio Wang of Western Australia was elected to the Senate at a special election held in April 2014 , after the original Senate election in the state was voided by the Court of Disputed Returns . The PUP bloc thus had four senators ( 3 PUPs plus Muir ) when new members took their seats in July 2014 . However , Muir soon left the alliance , followed by Lambie who resigned to sit as an independent in November 2014 , and similarly , Lazarus in March 2015 . 2014 Western Australia Senate election . With a 12.34 percent vote , an increase of 7.33 percent , the party won a Senate seat at the Western Australian special Senate elections of April 2014 . The Palmer United Partys candidate , Zhenya ( Dio ) Wang won the fifth of six available seats . The publicity for Wang was minor , while the partys advertising was prominent . Following the April 2014 election , advertising monitoring company Ebiquity reported that PUP spent A$477,000 on 788 television commercial slots during the partys re-election campaign . The amount exceeded the combined spending of the Liberal , Labor and Greens parties on campaign advertising . Resignations . On 11 August 2014 , Queensland Palmer United Party MP Alex Douglas resigned from the party to become an independent citing cronyism : When I resigned from the LNP in November , 2012 , I publicly stated there was a culture in the LNP , and there still is , of looking after mates and relatives , and that I do not support these flawed ideas . On 8 September 2014 , Northern Territory PUP MP Francis Xavier Kurrupuwu resigned from the party and returned to the CLP , saying there is no party structure in PUP and no help available . He said that Palmer had promised to give resources and staff to himself , Anderson and Lee , but had gotten nothing at all . He added that Palmer hadnt met with him at all since his initial defection from CLP . On 8 October 2014 , Queenslands only remaining PUP MP Carl Judge resigned from the party to become an independent . On 24 November 2014 , Senator Jacqui Lambie resigned from the PUP , announcing that she would remain in the Senate as an independent . Lambies resignation followed several weeks of disagreements with party leader Clive Palmer , culminating in her voting with a group of senators calling themselves the coalition of common sense in passing a disallowance motion on legislation supported by PUP to repeal the Future of Financial Advice reforms introduced by the previous Labor government . On 29 November 2014 , Northern Territory MPs Alison Anderson and Larisa Lee announced they were resigning from the PUP to sit as independents . Anderson stated that she and Lee could no longer tolerate the absolute chaos in a party that had become a national disgrace . She also accused the PUP of doing almost nothing to connect with them . Lee said that the PUP had just kind of left ( us ) in the dark after promising that she , Anderson and Kurrupuwu would be in a position to carry the partys banner and help them fight for Aboriginal rights . On 13 March 2015 , Queensland Senator Glenn Lazarus announced his resignation from the PUP , accusing Clive Palmer of bullying , swearing and yelling at people . Lazarus stated I have a different view of team work . Given this , I felt it best that I resign from the party and pursue my senate role as an independent senator . His wife Tess Sanders-Lazarus joined in , saying I did make it clear to Clive that I was not happy with being bullied and spoken to using foul language . Palmer responded by sacking her , and then denying their accusations . In a PUP media release , the national director Peter Burke , was quoted as saying ; There is no doubting the timing of Senator Lazaruss defection from the party which came after Tess sacking as a result of her not doing her job . Mr Burke said Tess Lazarus was dismissed for spending her time writing speeches and questions for her husband instead of working on agreed party duties . After repeated efforts to have her engage in the correct party duties were ignored , the party had no alternative but to dismiss her . 2015 federal by-elections and loss of support . Palmer United Party support collapsed at the 2015 federal by-elections , losing more than two thirds of its vote at the December 2015 North Sydney by-election , polling last of 13 candidates with a primary vote of just 0.5 percent , compared to 1.7 percent at the 2013 federal election . The party lost more than half its vote at the September 2015 Canning by-election with a primary vote of 3.1 percent , compared to 6.9 percent at the previous election . 2016 election . Despite having had four parliamentarians elected at the 2013 election and subsequent 2014 Western Australian Senate election , only one , Dio Wang , contested the 2016 federal election for the Palmer United Party . Glenn Lazarus and Jacqui Lambie quit the party mid-term . In early May 2016 , party leader Clive Palmer announced he would not seek re-election to his seat of Fairfax and later that month also ruled out running for a federal senate seat , ending his involvement in Australian electoral politics . The party fielded a single House of Representatives candidate in the Division of Herbert , and senate candidates in every state . Disbandment . In May 2016 , party leader Clive Palmer announced he would not seek re-election to his seat of Fairfax or run for a federal senate seat , ending his official involvement in Australian politics . Two months later , Wang lost his Senate seat in the double dissolution election , as the Party lost all representation in a near-total swing against it , receiving less than 0.01% of the House of Representatives vote . On 23 September 2016 , the PUP applied for deregistration in all states . A party spokesperson stated that the party was always set up primarily as a federal party , but would no longer contest state elections . On 19 April 2017 , Clive Palmer announced that he was formally disbanding the Palmer United Party and would cancel its registration as a federal political party with the Australian Electoral Commission . It was formally deregistered on 5 May 2017 . 2018 revival . On 23 February 2018 , Palmer announced that he would register the party again to contest seats at the next federal election . On 17 June 2018 , he relaunched the party as the United Australia Party . On 18 June 2018 , Clive Palmer announced the reformation of the party as the United Australia Party , with former One Nation senator , Brian Burston joining as its first political member and senate leader . The party contested every lower house seat in the 2019 Australian federal election and did a preference deal with the Liberal party . The UAP failed to win seats in either chamber . However , by directing its preferences to the LNP , the UAP helped the LNP garner a two-seat swing in Queensland , allowing the Coalition to regain its majority . Palmer spent $60 million at the 2019 election . The United Australia Party was renamed as Clive Palmers United Australia Party on 31 January 2020 . State and territory politics . Northern Territory . In April 2014 , three independent members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly – Alison Anderson , Larisa Lee , and Francis Xavier Kurrupuwu – joined Palmer United , with Anderson becoming the partys leader in the Territory . The trio had resigned from the ruling Country Liberal Party ( CLP ) during the previous month , leaving the CLP with a one-seat majority in the unicameral Northern Territory Parliament . After the MPs joined Palmer United , Campbell Newman , the Premier of Queensland , suggested Clive Palmer was attempting to buy votes , which resulted in Palmer initiating defamation proceedings against Newman . The PUP is not registered with the Northern Territory Electoral Commission , but the party already meets the NTECs eligibility requirements for registration because it is registered under the Commonwealth Electoral Act . However , Francis Xavier resigned from the party to rejoin the CLP in September 2014 , and Lee and Anderson resigned to become Independents in November . Queensland . The United Australia Party ( UAP ) was registered with the Electoral Commission of Queensland ( ECQ ) on 5 June 2013 . Alex Douglas and Carl Judge , the members for Gaven and Yeerongpilly , respectively , in the Queensland Legislative Assembly , joined the party the following day , having announced their intention to join the week before . Both had been elected as Liberal National Party MPs at the 2012 state election , but fell out with the LNP and resigned from the party later that year , sitting as independents in the interim . The party remained registered with the ECQ under the United Australia Party name until 28 February 2014 , when its registration was updated to reflect the change to Palmer United Party . The proposed name change had been announced late the previous year , with Douglas announcing it in parliament on 20 November 2013 . Douglas quit the party and sat as an independent from August 2014 , and Judge followed suit two months later . PUP contested its first Queensland state election in 2015 . Its state leader was John Bjelke-Petersen , son of former Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen . PUP had a poor run-up to the election ; although actively stopping a number of federal education and health reforms in the Senate , Lambies decision to leave the party following the departure of Carl Judge and Alex Douglas at the state level , gave an impression that the party was in disarray . This was reflected in the pre-election polling that had PUP at less than 4% . To complicate matters , Clive Palmer was sick during much of the campaign , missing the election launch . This left the inexperienced Bjelke-Petersen to do most of the electioneering . Despite these difficulties , PUP managed to field 50 candidates out of a possible 89 electoral districts in Queensland . PUP policies included : a First Farm Buyers Grant ; to abolish payroll tax for businesses and ; tighter regulation of coal seam gas operations . The PUP received 5.1% of first preference votes . While counting was underway , the PUP candidate for Ferny Grove , Mark Taverner , was revealed to be an undischarged bankrupt . Under Australian electoral law , Taverner was ineligible to run . This led to speculation that a by-election would be required in the seat ; Labor was narrowly ahead on the two-party vote , and Taverner had preferenced Labor . However , when the tally from Ferny Grove was released , Taverners votes had no bearing on the outcome , destroying any chance of a by-election . On 23 September 2016 , The PUP applied for deregistration in Queensland , effectively terminating its operation in that state . A party spokesperson stated that the party was set up as and would remain a federal party , but no longer contest state elections . South Australia . Two independent candidates at the 2014 South Australian state election were endorsed by Palmer United . Ngoc Chau Huynh and Kristian Rees ( a former soccer player who finished his career at the then Clive Palmer-owned Gold Coast United ) ran on a combined ticket for the Legislative Council , and polled 1.6 percent without either being elected . The party had failed to achieve registration by the required date , with the election held on the same date as the Tasmanian state election . Tasmania . After an appeal against the partys registration was dismissed in the Supreme Court of Tasmania , Palmer United was registered with the Tasmanian Electoral Commission ( TEC ) on 17 February 2014 , and was one of seven parties to contest the March 2014 state election . The party polled 4.97 percent of first-preference votes in the House of Assembly , but did not win a seat . It achieved its best result in the Division of Braddon , where its candidates polled 7.18 percent to finish ahead of the Tasmanian Greens , and third overall , behind the Liberals and Labor . Kevin Morgan , a former public servant who stood in Braddon , was the partys leader during the election , while Barbara Etter , the former CEO of the Integrity Commission Tasmania and a former assistant commissioner of Western Australia Police , was deputy leader , standing in Denison . Palmer United and the Liberals were subject to TEC investigations over claims they had breached electoral advertising rules by publishing the name and photos of opposing candidates without their permission . The party reportedly spent more than $1 million on saturation advertising during the campaign . Media relations . As of late 2014 , Andrew Crook and his firm Crook Media were employed to handle media relations for the Palmer United Party and Clive Palmer . Crook has handled public relations for Palmer effectively full-time since 2013 . Andrew Crook is now a person of interest in Queensland Police Taskforce Maxima investigations . Palmer and the party are not implicated in any way . Policies . - Party officials should not be lobbyists , thereby taking a strong position on paid political lobbyists . - Establish an emissions trading scheme , another form of carbon pricing , that will not come into effect until other countries United States , China , European Union , Japan and South Korea also establish such a scheme . - Revising the current Australian government refugee policy to ensure Australia is protected and refugees are given opportunities for a better future and lifestyle . - Creating mineral wealth to continuously contribute to the welfare of the Australian community . This will be achieved by utilising mineral resources from Queensland and Western Australia , and incentives from the Commonwealth of Australia to establish downstream processing in the States of Victoria , New South Wales and South Australia ; and exporting products at a higher dollar value , thereby creating more revenue , jobs , tax and more facilities . - Establishing a system where people create wealth in various parts of the country and for that wealth to flow back to the community that generates the wealth . - Closing down detention centres for asylum-seeker boat arrivals : .. . abolish the detention camps , restore our navy to its traditional role , save the lives of children and families , keep families together and recognise the legitimate rights of those that have a lawful reason for entering Australia . - Moving towards free trade and closer economic relations with Asia . - Decentralisation and regional self-government , such as a new North Queensland state . - Encouraging competitive markets by restricting monopoly and prohibiting unfair trading practices . - Abolish higher education fees . - “There needs to be a fundamental change in Australia to ensure our prosperous future and that is why the Palmer United Party is committed to reducing taxes , stimulating our economy and providing Australians with access to basic services.” - Reduce taxes and abolish the Fringe Benefits Tax ( FBT ) and cut tax on the second job to 50% of what is currently paid . “Reducing taxes will mean more money for Australians and will see people begin to spend again , this will stimulate growth and our economy,” Palmer said . “FBT is a negative tax and by abolishing it we will automatically inject $4 billion into the Australian economy . Our policy to cut tax on the second job to 50 per cent of what is paid at the moment will help hardworking Australians who are trying to provide for their families but are being over-taxed by the government . - Palmer said the party will also move to increase the aged pension by 20 per cent and will inject $80 billion into the health budget right across Australia . “Currently Australian pensioners are paid less than what asylum seekers are paid a fortnight . This is a disgrace and by increasing the aged pension by 20 per cent the Palmer United Party will provide pensioners with an additional $150 a fortnight.” Mr Palmer said another disgrace for Australia is the state of the health system right across the nation . “Australians are dying in hospital corridors and waiting rooms and many families do not have access to the simplest of health services like GPs and dentists,” he said . “This has got to stop , and this is why the Palmer United Party will inject $80 billion into the health budget right across Australia so that all Australians have access to a first class health system wherever they may live . Controversy . As the 2019 federal election approached , it was reported that the nomination papers submitted by at least 19 UAP candidates were too incomplete or inconsistent to demonstrate that they are not dual citizens , which would render them ineligible under section 44 of the Constitution , although the nomination forms require candidates to affirm that they are eligible under s 44 . During the 2019 federal election , a UAP Senate candidate in Queensland , Yodie Batzke , has claimed in her campaign material to be an adjunct lecturer at the Cairns campus of James Cook University . The university has denied this , stating : Yodie Batzke has delivered guest lectures at JCU but is not an adjunct lecturer at JCU . In 2020 the partys founder Clive Palmer was charged with fraud and corporate misconduct offences . Palmer faces up to 12 years in jail over the alleged diversion of at least $10 million to the benefit of the Palmer United party in the weeks before the 2013 election .
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Which team did Antonio Donnarumma play for from 2008 to 2010?
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Antonio Donnarumma Antonio Donnarumma ( ; born 7 July 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Milan . Club career . Early career . A native of Castellammare di Stabia , Donnarumma started his football career with local team Juve Stabia , before joining Milan at the age of 15 . He spent five seasons in the clubs youth system and he was a member of the under-17 squad who won the Campionato Nazionale Allievi in 2007 , as well as a member of the under-20 side who claimed the Coppa Italia Primavera in 2010 , 25 years after the teams last success in the competition – though he missed the second leg of the final through suspension . Donnarumma was also selected five times for first-team games since 2008 , but eventually he was never fielded nor named on the bench . In spite of that , Milan Youth Department Manager Filippo Galli hinted that the young goalkeeper might have been ready to join the first team permanently . Piacenza . In the end , however , Donnarumma was loaned out to Serie B club Piacenza for the 2010–11 season , in order to gain some first team experience . He made his official debut for the club on 14 August 2010 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Virtus Lanciano ; he played the whole 120 minutes , as Piacenza won 5–3 after extra time . However , the next week he was dropped in favour of Mario Cassano for the first league game of the season . His second appearance came on 27 October , in the third preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Serie A club Cagliari ; despite his team suffering a 3–0 defeat , Donnarummas performance was considered good . Donnarumma continued to serve as Cassanos understudy throughout the season , but with two games remaining Cassano was given a three-game ban for insulting a referee . This allowed Donnarumma to make his Serie B debut on 21 May 2011 , in a home against Albinoleffe ; although he pulled off some good saves in the first half , Piacenza lost the game 3–1 . The following week , he was still in the starting line up , as his team suffered a 1–0 loss to Varese . Piacenza finished the season in 19th place and set to play a relegation play–off against Albinoleffe . Donnarumma played in the first leg , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw , but he was benched in favor of the returning Cassano for the second leg , a 2–2 away draw , which meant Piacenza were relegated to Prima Divisione . Gubbio . For the 2011–12 season , Milan sent Donnarumma to newly promoted Serie B club Gubbio on another loan spell , with an option to sign the player on a permanent basis the following season . Donnarumma made his official debut for the club on 15 August 2011 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Benevento ; he played the whole 120 minutes of a 2–2 extra time draw and then pulled off two saves in the penalty shoot-out , helping his team to win 3–2 . The following week , he made a couple of crucial saves in a 4–3 win over Atalanta in the third preliminary round . Donnarumma retained his place in the starting line up also for the first league game of the season , a 2–0 away loss to Grosseto , on 27 August . He went on to make 37 league appearances throughout the 42-game season , as Gubbio finished second-to-last in the table and were relegated to Prima Divisione . While answering questions from fans during a live chat session on 30 May 2012 , Donnarumma stated that he was 99.9% sure he would sign an extension to his contract with Milan , which was due to expire the following year . However , he also pointed out that he was not going to stay at Milan to be the third-choice goalkeeper and instead he would prefer to spend another season on loan in order to play regularly , hopefully with a Serie B team that fights for promotion . Genoa . Despite his earlier statements , on 31 August 2012 – transfer deadline day – Donnarumma was transferred to Serie A club Genoa for a €1.8 million transfer fee and a 3-year contract , as a part of a deal which saw youth prospect Johad Ferretti join Milan , also for a €1.8 million transfer fee . Donnarumma spent the season as the third-choice goalkeeper behind Sébastien Frey and Alexandros Tzorvas , making his only one appearance and Serie A debut in a 0–0 draw at Bologna on the last day . He kept the same role in the following season , backing up his new teammates Mattia Perin and Albano Bizzarri . Despite not making a single appearance throughout the season , in February he signed an extension to his contract with Genoa until 2018 . Bari . For the 2014–15 season , Donnarumma moved to Serie B club Bari on loan . He started the season as the regular goalkeeper for the side , before losing out his place in the line-up to Enrico Guarna in mid-February . Asteras Tripolis . On 27 July 2016 , Donnarumma moved to Superleague Greece club Asteras Tripoli on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a home cup game against Veria . Return to Milan . On 12 July 2017 , Donnarumma re-joined his brother Gianluigi at Milan , signing a four-year deal . Due to injuries to both Milans first choice keeper and Donnarummas brother , Gianluigi , as well as the clubs second goalkeeper , Marco Storari , Antonio made his Milan debut on 27 December 2017 against Inter Milan in a Derby della Madonnina match in the Coppa Italia , keeping a clean sheet over 120 minutes in a 1–0 victory after extra time . He made his European debut on 22 February 2018 , in the second leg of a 1–0 home victory over Ludogorets in the round of 32 of the Europa League . After a season without appearances , Donnarumma was rumored to have been placed on the transfer market , primarily due to his unusually high yearly salary of €1 million for a third-choice goalkeeper . However , as no transfer move happened during the summer of 2019 , he remained on the team . On 15 January 2020 , Donnarumma made his third appearance for the club in a 3–0 home win against S.P.A.L . in the round of 16 of Coppa Italia , once again keeping a clean sheet . As a result , he became the first goalkeeper in Milans history not to concede goals within 300 minutes of play since the debut appearance . Personal life . He has a younger brother , Gianluigi , who also is a goalkeeper and plays for Milan . Career statistics . As of match played 17 October 2020 External links . - Antonio Donnarumma at aic.football.it
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Antonio Donnarumma played for which team from 2010 to 2011?
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Antonio Donnarumma Antonio Donnarumma ( ; born 7 July 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Milan . Club career . Early career . A native of Castellammare di Stabia , Donnarumma started his football career with local team Juve Stabia , before joining Milan at the age of 15 . He spent five seasons in the clubs youth system and he was a member of the under-17 squad who won the Campionato Nazionale Allievi in 2007 , as well as a member of the under-20 side who claimed the Coppa Italia Primavera in 2010 , 25 years after the teams last success in the competition – though he missed the second leg of the final through suspension . Donnarumma was also selected five times for first-team games since 2008 , but eventually he was never fielded nor named on the bench . In spite of that , Milan Youth Department Manager Filippo Galli hinted that the young goalkeeper might have been ready to join the first team permanently . Piacenza . In the end , however , Donnarumma was loaned out to Serie B club Piacenza for the 2010–11 season , in order to gain some first team experience . He made his official debut for the club on 14 August 2010 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Virtus Lanciano ; he played the whole 120 minutes , as Piacenza won 5–3 after extra time . However , the next week he was dropped in favour of Mario Cassano for the first league game of the season . His second appearance came on 27 October , in the third preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Serie A club Cagliari ; despite his team suffering a 3–0 defeat , Donnarummas performance was considered good . Donnarumma continued to serve as Cassanos understudy throughout the season , but with two games remaining Cassano was given a three-game ban for insulting a referee . This allowed Donnarumma to make his Serie B debut on 21 May 2011 , in a home against Albinoleffe ; although he pulled off some good saves in the first half , Piacenza lost the game 3–1 . The following week , he was still in the starting line up , as his team suffered a 1–0 loss to Varese . Piacenza finished the season in 19th place and set to play a relegation play–off against Albinoleffe . Donnarumma played in the first leg , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw , but he was benched in favor of the returning Cassano for the second leg , a 2–2 away draw , which meant Piacenza were relegated to Prima Divisione . Gubbio . For the 2011–12 season , Milan sent Donnarumma to newly promoted Serie B club Gubbio on another loan spell , with an option to sign the player on a permanent basis the following season . Donnarumma made his official debut for the club on 15 August 2011 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Benevento ; he played the whole 120 minutes of a 2–2 extra time draw and then pulled off two saves in the penalty shoot-out , helping his team to win 3–2 . The following week , he made a couple of crucial saves in a 4–3 win over Atalanta in the third preliminary round . Donnarumma retained his place in the starting line up also for the first league game of the season , a 2–0 away loss to Grosseto , on 27 August . He went on to make 37 league appearances throughout the 42-game season , as Gubbio finished second-to-last in the table and were relegated to Prima Divisione . While answering questions from fans during a live chat session on 30 May 2012 , Donnarumma stated that he was 99.9% sure he would sign an extension to his contract with Milan , which was due to expire the following year . However , he also pointed out that he was not going to stay at Milan to be the third-choice goalkeeper and instead he would prefer to spend another season on loan in order to play regularly , hopefully with a Serie B team that fights for promotion . Genoa . Despite his earlier statements , on 31 August 2012 – transfer deadline day – Donnarumma was transferred to Serie A club Genoa for a €1.8 million transfer fee and a 3-year contract , as a part of a deal which saw youth prospect Johad Ferretti join Milan , also for a €1.8 million transfer fee . Donnarumma spent the season as the third-choice goalkeeper behind Sébastien Frey and Alexandros Tzorvas , making his only one appearance and Serie A debut in a 0–0 draw at Bologna on the last day . He kept the same role in the following season , backing up his new teammates Mattia Perin and Albano Bizzarri . Despite not making a single appearance throughout the season , in February he signed an extension to his contract with Genoa until 2018 . Bari . For the 2014–15 season , Donnarumma moved to Serie B club Bari on loan . He started the season as the regular goalkeeper for the side , before losing out his place in the line-up to Enrico Guarna in mid-February . Asteras Tripolis . On 27 July 2016 , Donnarumma moved to Superleague Greece club Asteras Tripoli on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a home cup game against Veria . Return to Milan . On 12 July 2017 , Donnarumma re-joined his brother Gianluigi at Milan , signing a four-year deal . Due to injuries to both Milans first choice keeper and Donnarummas brother , Gianluigi , as well as the clubs second goalkeeper , Marco Storari , Antonio made his Milan debut on 27 December 2017 against Inter Milan in a Derby della Madonnina match in the Coppa Italia , keeping a clean sheet over 120 minutes in a 1–0 victory after extra time . He made his European debut on 22 February 2018 , in the second leg of a 1–0 home victory over Ludogorets in the round of 32 of the Europa League . After a season without appearances , Donnarumma was rumored to have been placed on the transfer market , primarily due to his unusually high yearly salary of €1 million for a third-choice goalkeeper . However , as no transfer move happened during the summer of 2019 , he remained on the team . On 15 January 2020 , Donnarumma made his third appearance for the club in a 3–0 home win against S.P.A.L . in the round of 16 of Coppa Italia , once again keeping a clean sheet . As a result , he became the first goalkeeper in Milans history not to concede goals within 300 minutes of play since the debut appearance . Personal life . He has a younger brother , Gianluigi , who also is a goalkeeper and plays for Milan . Career statistics . As of match played 17 October 2020 External links . - Antonio Donnarumma at aic.football.it
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"Gubbio"
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Which team did the player Antonio Donnarumma belong to from 2011 to 2012?
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/wiki/Antonio_Donnarumma#P54#2
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Antonio Donnarumma Antonio Donnarumma ( ; born 7 July 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Milan . Club career . Early career . A native of Castellammare di Stabia , Donnarumma started his football career with local team Juve Stabia , before joining Milan at the age of 15 . He spent five seasons in the clubs youth system and he was a member of the under-17 squad who won the Campionato Nazionale Allievi in 2007 , as well as a member of the under-20 side who claimed the Coppa Italia Primavera in 2010 , 25 years after the teams last success in the competition – though he missed the second leg of the final through suspension . Donnarumma was also selected five times for first-team games since 2008 , but eventually he was never fielded nor named on the bench . In spite of that , Milan Youth Department Manager Filippo Galli hinted that the young goalkeeper might have been ready to join the first team permanently . Piacenza . In the end , however , Donnarumma was loaned out to Serie B club Piacenza for the 2010–11 season , in order to gain some first team experience . He made his official debut for the club on 14 August 2010 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Virtus Lanciano ; he played the whole 120 minutes , as Piacenza won 5–3 after extra time . However , the next week he was dropped in favour of Mario Cassano for the first league game of the season . His second appearance came on 27 October , in the third preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Serie A club Cagliari ; despite his team suffering a 3–0 defeat , Donnarummas performance was considered good . Donnarumma continued to serve as Cassanos understudy throughout the season , but with two games remaining Cassano was given a three-game ban for insulting a referee . This allowed Donnarumma to make his Serie B debut on 21 May 2011 , in a home against Albinoleffe ; although he pulled off some good saves in the first half , Piacenza lost the game 3–1 . The following week , he was still in the starting line up , as his team suffered a 1–0 loss to Varese . Piacenza finished the season in 19th place and set to play a relegation play–off against Albinoleffe . Donnarumma played in the first leg , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw , but he was benched in favor of the returning Cassano for the second leg , a 2–2 away draw , which meant Piacenza were relegated to Prima Divisione . Gubbio . For the 2011–12 season , Milan sent Donnarumma to newly promoted Serie B club Gubbio on another loan spell , with an option to sign the player on a permanent basis the following season . Donnarumma made his official debut for the club on 15 August 2011 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Benevento ; he played the whole 120 minutes of a 2–2 extra time draw and then pulled off two saves in the penalty shoot-out , helping his team to win 3–2 . The following week , he made a couple of crucial saves in a 4–3 win over Atalanta in the third preliminary round . Donnarumma retained his place in the starting line up also for the first league game of the season , a 2–0 away loss to Grosseto , on 27 August . He went on to make 37 league appearances throughout the 42-game season , as Gubbio finished second-to-last in the table and were relegated to Prima Divisione . While answering questions from fans during a live chat session on 30 May 2012 , Donnarumma stated that he was 99.9% sure he would sign an extension to his contract with Milan , which was due to expire the following year . However , he also pointed out that he was not going to stay at Milan to be the third-choice goalkeeper and instead he would prefer to spend another season on loan in order to play regularly , hopefully with a Serie B team that fights for promotion . Genoa . Despite his earlier statements , on 31 August 2012 – transfer deadline day – Donnarumma was transferred to Serie A club Genoa for a €1.8 million transfer fee and a 3-year contract , as a part of a deal which saw youth prospect Johad Ferretti join Milan , also for a €1.8 million transfer fee . Donnarumma spent the season as the third-choice goalkeeper behind Sébastien Frey and Alexandros Tzorvas , making his only one appearance and Serie A debut in a 0–0 draw at Bologna on the last day . He kept the same role in the following season , backing up his new teammates Mattia Perin and Albano Bizzarri . Despite not making a single appearance throughout the season , in February he signed an extension to his contract with Genoa until 2018 . Bari . For the 2014–15 season , Donnarumma moved to Serie B club Bari on loan . He started the season as the regular goalkeeper for the side , before losing out his place in the line-up to Enrico Guarna in mid-February . Asteras Tripolis . On 27 July 2016 , Donnarumma moved to Superleague Greece club Asteras Tripoli on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a home cup game against Veria . Return to Milan . On 12 July 2017 , Donnarumma re-joined his brother Gianluigi at Milan , signing a four-year deal . Due to injuries to both Milans first choice keeper and Donnarummas brother , Gianluigi , as well as the clubs second goalkeeper , Marco Storari , Antonio made his Milan debut on 27 December 2017 against Inter Milan in a Derby della Madonnina match in the Coppa Italia , keeping a clean sheet over 120 minutes in a 1–0 victory after extra time . He made his European debut on 22 February 2018 , in the second leg of a 1–0 home victory over Ludogorets in the round of 32 of the Europa League . After a season without appearances , Donnarumma was rumored to have been placed on the transfer market , primarily due to his unusually high yearly salary of €1 million for a third-choice goalkeeper . However , as no transfer move happened during the summer of 2019 , he remained on the team . On 15 January 2020 , Donnarumma made his third appearance for the club in a 3–0 home win against S.P.A.L . in the round of 16 of Coppa Italia , once again keeping a clean sheet . As a result , he became the first goalkeeper in Milans history not to concede goals within 300 minutes of play since the debut appearance . Personal life . He has a younger brother , Gianluigi , who also is a goalkeeper and plays for Milan . Career statistics . As of match played 17 October 2020 External links . - Antonio Donnarumma at aic.football.it
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[
"Genoa"
] |
easy
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Which team did Antonio Donnarumma play for from 2012 to 2014?
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/wiki/Antonio_Donnarumma#P54#3
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Antonio Donnarumma Antonio Donnarumma ( ; born 7 July 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Milan . Club career . Early career . A native of Castellammare di Stabia , Donnarumma started his football career with local team Juve Stabia , before joining Milan at the age of 15 . He spent five seasons in the clubs youth system and he was a member of the under-17 squad who won the Campionato Nazionale Allievi in 2007 , as well as a member of the under-20 side who claimed the Coppa Italia Primavera in 2010 , 25 years after the teams last success in the competition – though he missed the second leg of the final through suspension . Donnarumma was also selected five times for first-team games since 2008 , but eventually he was never fielded nor named on the bench . In spite of that , Milan Youth Department Manager Filippo Galli hinted that the young goalkeeper might have been ready to join the first team permanently . Piacenza . In the end , however , Donnarumma was loaned out to Serie B club Piacenza for the 2010–11 season , in order to gain some first team experience . He made his official debut for the club on 14 August 2010 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Virtus Lanciano ; he played the whole 120 minutes , as Piacenza won 5–3 after extra time . However , the next week he was dropped in favour of Mario Cassano for the first league game of the season . His second appearance came on 27 October , in the third preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Serie A club Cagliari ; despite his team suffering a 3–0 defeat , Donnarummas performance was considered good . Donnarumma continued to serve as Cassanos understudy throughout the season , but with two games remaining Cassano was given a three-game ban for insulting a referee . This allowed Donnarumma to make his Serie B debut on 21 May 2011 , in a home against Albinoleffe ; although he pulled off some good saves in the first half , Piacenza lost the game 3–1 . The following week , he was still in the starting line up , as his team suffered a 1–0 loss to Varese . Piacenza finished the season in 19th place and set to play a relegation play–off against Albinoleffe . Donnarumma played in the first leg , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw , but he was benched in favor of the returning Cassano for the second leg , a 2–2 away draw , which meant Piacenza were relegated to Prima Divisione . Gubbio . For the 2011–12 season , Milan sent Donnarumma to newly promoted Serie B club Gubbio on another loan spell , with an option to sign the player on a permanent basis the following season . Donnarumma made his official debut for the club on 15 August 2011 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Benevento ; he played the whole 120 minutes of a 2–2 extra time draw and then pulled off two saves in the penalty shoot-out , helping his team to win 3–2 . The following week , he made a couple of crucial saves in a 4–3 win over Atalanta in the third preliminary round . Donnarumma retained his place in the starting line up also for the first league game of the season , a 2–0 away loss to Grosseto , on 27 August . He went on to make 37 league appearances throughout the 42-game season , as Gubbio finished second-to-last in the table and were relegated to Prima Divisione . While answering questions from fans during a live chat session on 30 May 2012 , Donnarumma stated that he was 99.9% sure he would sign an extension to his contract with Milan , which was due to expire the following year . However , he also pointed out that he was not going to stay at Milan to be the third-choice goalkeeper and instead he would prefer to spend another season on loan in order to play regularly , hopefully with a Serie B team that fights for promotion . Genoa . Despite his earlier statements , on 31 August 2012 – transfer deadline day – Donnarumma was transferred to Serie A club Genoa for a €1.8 million transfer fee and a 3-year contract , as a part of a deal which saw youth prospect Johad Ferretti join Milan , also for a €1.8 million transfer fee . Donnarumma spent the season as the third-choice goalkeeper behind Sébastien Frey and Alexandros Tzorvas , making his only one appearance and Serie A debut in a 0–0 draw at Bologna on the last day . He kept the same role in the following season , backing up his new teammates Mattia Perin and Albano Bizzarri . Despite not making a single appearance throughout the season , in February he signed an extension to his contract with Genoa until 2018 . Bari . For the 2014–15 season , Donnarumma moved to Serie B club Bari on loan . He started the season as the regular goalkeeper for the side , before losing out his place in the line-up to Enrico Guarna in mid-February . Asteras Tripolis . On 27 July 2016 , Donnarumma moved to Superleague Greece club Asteras Tripoli on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a home cup game against Veria . Return to Milan . On 12 July 2017 , Donnarumma re-joined his brother Gianluigi at Milan , signing a four-year deal . Due to injuries to both Milans first choice keeper and Donnarummas brother , Gianluigi , as well as the clubs second goalkeeper , Marco Storari , Antonio made his Milan debut on 27 December 2017 against Inter Milan in a Derby della Madonnina match in the Coppa Italia , keeping a clean sheet over 120 minutes in a 1–0 victory after extra time . He made his European debut on 22 February 2018 , in the second leg of a 1–0 home victory over Ludogorets in the round of 32 of the Europa League . After a season without appearances , Donnarumma was rumored to have been placed on the transfer market , primarily due to his unusually high yearly salary of €1 million for a third-choice goalkeeper . However , as no transfer move happened during the summer of 2019 , he remained on the team . On 15 January 2020 , Donnarumma made his third appearance for the club in a 3–0 home win against S.P.A.L . in the round of 16 of Coppa Italia , once again keeping a clean sheet . As a result , he became the first goalkeeper in Milans history not to concede goals within 300 minutes of play since the debut appearance . Personal life . He has a younger brother , Gianluigi , who also is a goalkeeper and plays for Milan . Career statistics . As of match played 17 October 2020 External links . - Antonio Donnarumma at aic.football.it
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[
"Bari"
] |
easy
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Antonio Donnarumma played for which team from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Antonio_Donnarumma#P54#4
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Antonio Donnarumma Antonio Donnarumma ( ; born 7 July 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Milan . Club career . Early career . A native of Castellammare di Stabia , Donnarumma started his football career with local team Juve Stabia , before joining Milan at the age of 15 . He spent five seasons in the clubs youth system and he was a member of the under-17 squad who won the Campionato Nazionale Allievi in 2007 , as well as a member of the under-20 side who claimed the Coppa Italia Primavera in 2010 , 25 years after the teams last success in the competition – though he missed the second leg of the final through suspension . Donnarumma was also selected five times for first-team games since 2008 , but eventually he was never fielded nor named on the bench . In spite of that , Milan Youth Department Manager Filippo Galli hinted that the young goalkeeper might have been ready to join the first team permanently . Piacenza . In the end , however , Donnarumma was loaned out to Serie B club Piacenza for the 2010–11 season , in order to gain some first team experience . He made his official debut for the club on 14 August 2010 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Virtus Lanciano ; he played the whole 120 minutes , as Piacenza won 5–3 after extra time . However , the next week he was dropped in favour of Mario Cassano for the first league game of the season . His second appearance came on 27 October , in the third preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Serie A club Cagliari ; despite his team suffering a 3–0 defeat , Donnarummas performance was considered good . Donnarumma continued to serve as Cassanos understudy throughout the season , but with two games remaining Cassano was given a three-game ban for insulting a referee . This allowed Donnarumma to make his Serie B debut on 21 May 2011 , in a home against Albinoleffe ; although he pulled off some good saves in the first half , Piacenza lost the game 3–1 . The following week , he was still in the starting line up , as his team suffered a 1–0 loss to Varese . Piacenza finished the season in 19th place and set to play a relegation play–off against Albinoleffe . Donnarumma played in the first leg , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw , but he was benched in favor of the returning Cassano for the second leg , a 2–2 away draw , which meant Piacenza were relegated to Prima Divisione . Gubbio . For the 2011–12 season , Milan sent Donnarumma to newly promoted Serie B club Gubbio on another loan spell , with an option to sign the player on a permanent basis the following season . Donnarumma made his official debut for the club on 15 August 2011 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Benevento ; he played the whole 120 minutes of a 2–2 extra time draw and then pulled off two saves in the penalty shoot-out , helping his team to win 3–2 . The following week , he made a couple of crucial saves in a 4–3 win over Atalanta in the third preliminary round . Donnarumma retained his place in the starting line up also for the first league game of the season , a 2–0 away loss to Grosseto , on 27 August . He went on to make 37 league appearances throughout the 42-game season , as Gubbio finished second-to-last in the table and were relegated to Prima Divisione . While answering questions from fans during a live chat session on 30 May 2012 , Donnarumma stated that he was 99.9% sure he would sign an extension to his contract with Milan , which was due to expire the following year . However , he also pointed out that he was not going to stay at Milan to be the third-choice goalkeeper and instead he would prefer to spend another season on loan in order to play regularly , hopefully with a Serie B team that fights for promotion . Genoa . Despite his earlier statements , on 31 August 2012 – transfer deadline day – Donnarumma was transferred to Serie A club Genoa for a €1.8 million transfer fee and a 3-year contract , as a part of a deal which saw youth prospect Johad Ferretti join Milan , also for a €1.8 million transfer fee . Donnarumma spent the season as the third-choice goalkeeper behind Sébastien Frey and Alexandros Tzorvas , making his only one appearance and Serie A debut in a 0–0 draw at Bologna on the last day . He kept the same role in the following season , backing up his new teammates Mattia Perin and Albano Bizzarri . Despite not making a single appearance throughout the season , in February he signed an extension to his contract with Genoa until 2018 . Bari . For the 2014–15 season , Donnarumma moved to Serie B club Bari on loan . He started the season as the regular goalkeeper for the side , before losing out his place in the line-up to Enrico Guarna in mid-February . Asteras Tripolis . On 27 July 2016 , Donnarumma moved to Superleague Greece club Asteras Tripoli on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a home cup game against Veria . Return to Milan . On 12 July 2017 , Donnarumma re-joined his brother Gianluigi at Milan , signing a four-year deal . Due to injuries to both Milans first choice keeper and Donnarummas brother , Gianluigi , as well as the clubs second goalkeeper , Marco Storari , Antonio made his Milan debut on 27 December 2017 against Inter Milan in a Derby della Madonnina match in the Coppa Italia , keeping a clean sheet over 120 minutes in a 1–0 victory after extra time . He made his European debut on 22 February 2018 , in the second leg of a 1–0 home victory over Ludogorets in the round of 32 of the Europa League . After a season without appearances , Donnarumma was rumored to have been placed on the transfer market , primarily due to his unusually high yearly salary of €1 million for a third-choice goalkeeper . However , as no transfer move happened during the summer of 2019 , he remained on the team . On 15 January 2020 , Donnarumma made his third appearance for the club in a 3–0 home win against S.P.A.L . in the round of 16 of Coppa Italia , once again keeping a clean sheet . As a result , he became the first goalkeeper in Milans history not to concede goals within 300 minutes of play since the debut appearance . Personal life . He has a younger brother , Gianluigi , who also is a goalkeeper and plays for Milan . Career statistics . As of match played 17 October 2020 External links . - Antonio Donnarumma at aic.football.it
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[
"Asteras Tripoli",
"Genoa"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Antonio Donnarumma belong to from 2015 to 2016?
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/wiki/Antonio_Donnarumma#P54#5
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Antonio Donnarumma Antonio Donnarumma ( ; born 7 July 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie A club Milan . Club career . Early career . A native of Castellammare di Stabia , Donnarumma started his football career with local team Juve Stabia , before joining Milan at the age of 15 . He spent five seasons in the clubs youth system and he was a member of the under-17 squad who won the Campionato Nazionale Allievi in 2007 , as well as a member of the under-20 side who claimed the Coppa Italia Primavera in 2010 , 25 years after the teams last success in the competition – though he missed the second leg of the final through suspension . Donnarumma was also selected five times for first-team games since 2008 , but eventually he was never fielded nor named on the bench . In spite of that , Milan Youth Department Manager Filippo Galli hinted that the young goalkeeper might have been ready to join the first team permanently . Piacenza . In the end , however , Donnarumma was loaned out to Serie B club Piacenza for the 2010–11 season , in order to gain some first team experience . He made his official debut for the club on 14 August 2010 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Virtus Lanciano ; he played the whole 120 minutes , as Piacenza won 5–3 after extra time . However , the next week he was dropped in favour of Mario Cassano for the first league game of the season . His second appearance came on 27 October , in the third preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Serie A club Cagliari ; despite his team suffering a 3–0 defeat , Donnarummas performance was considered good . Donnarumma continued to serve as Cassanos understudy throughout the season , but with two games remaining Cassano was given a three-game ban for insulting a referee . This allowed Donnarumma to make his Serie B debut on 21 May 2011 , in a home against Albinoleffe ; although he pulled off some good saves in the first half , Piacenza lost the game 3–1 . The following week , he was still in the starting line up , as his team suffered a 1–0 loss to Varese . Piacenza finished the season in 19th place and set to play a relegation play–off against Albinoleffe . Donnarumma played in the first leg , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw , but he was benched in favor of the returning Cassano for the second leg , a 2–2 away draw , which meant Piacenza were relegated to Prima Divisione . Gubbio . For the 2011–12 season , Milan sent Donnarumma to newly promoted Serie B club Gubbio on another loan spell , with an option to sign the player on a permanent basis the following season . Donnarumma made his official debut for the club on 15 August 2011 , in the second preliminary round of the Coppa Italia against Benevento ; he played the whole 120 minutes of a 2–2 extra time draw and then pulled off two saves in the penalty shoot-out , helping his team to win 3–2 . The following week , he made a couple of crucial saves in a 4–3 win over Atalanta in the third preliminary round . Donnarumma retained his place in the starting line up also for the first league game of the season , a 2–0 away loss to Grosseto , on 27 August . He went on to make 37 league appearances throughout the 42-game season , as Gubbio finished second-to-last in the table and were relegated to Prima Divisione . While answering questions from fans during a live chat session on 30 May 2012 , Donnarumma stated that he was 99.9% sure he would sign an extension to his contract with Milan , which was due to expire the following year . However , he also pointed out that he was not going to stay at Milan to be the third-choice goalkeeper and instead he would prefer to spend another season on loan in order to play regularly , hopefully with a Serie B team that fights for promotion . Genoa . Despite his earlier statements , on 31 August 2012 – transfer deadline day – Donnarumma was transferred to Serie A club Genoa for a €1.8 million transfer fee and a 3-year contract , as a part of a deal which saw youth prospect Johad Ferretti join Milan , also for a €1.8 million transfer fee . Donnarumma spent the season as the third-choice goalkeeper behind Sébastien Frey and Alexandros Tzorvas , making his only one appearance and Serie A debut in a 0–0 draw at Bologna on the last day . He kept the same role in the following season , backing up his new teammates Mattia Perin and Albano Bizzarri . Despite not making a single appearance throughout the season , in February he signed an extension to his contract with Genoa until 2018 . Bari . For the 2014–15 season , Donnarumma moved to Serie B club Bari on loan . He started the season as the regular goalkeeper for the side , before losing out his place in the line-up to Enrico Guarna in mid-February . Asteras Tripolis . On 27 July 2016 , Donnarumma moved to Superleague Greece club Asteras Tripoli on a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee . On 30 October 2016 , he made his debut with the club in a home cup game against Veria . Return to Milan . On 12 July 2017 , Donnarumma re-joined his brother Gianluigi at Milan , signing a four-year deal . Due to injuries to both Milans first choice keeper and Donnarummas brother , Gianluigi , as well as the clubs second goalkeeper , Marco Storari , Antonio made his Milan debut on 27 December 2017 against Inter Milan in a Derby della Madonnina match in the Coppa Italia , keeping a clean sheet over 120 minutes in a 1–0 victory after extra time . He made his European debut on 22 February 2018 , in the second leg of a 1–0 home victory over Ludogorets in the round of 32 of the Europa League . After a season without appearances , Donnarumma was rumored to have been placed on the transfer market , primarily due to his unusually high yearly salary of €1 million for a third-choice goalkeeper . However , as no transfer move happened during the summer of 2019 , he remained on the team . On 15 January 2020 , Donnarumma made his third appearance for the club in a 3–0 home win against S.P.A.L . in the round of 16 of Coppa Italia , once again keeping a clean sheet . As a result , he became the first goalkeeper in Milans history not to concede goals within 300 minutes of play since the debut appearance . Personal life . He has a younger brother , Gianluigi , who also is a goalkeeper and plays for Milan . Career statistics . As of match played 17 October 2020 External links . - Antonio Donnarumma at aic.football.it
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easy
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Which team did Paul Rachubka play for from 2000 to 2001?
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/wiki/Paul_Rachubka#P54#0
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Paul Rachubka Paul Stephen Rachubka ( ; born 21 May 1981 ) is an English professional footballer who last played for Indian club Kerala Blasters FC as a goalkeeper in the Indian Super League . He now works as an accountant in Manchester . Born in San Luis Obispo , California , to an English mother and an American father , Rachubka possesses dual nationality , having moved to England with his family when he was seven years old . He has represented England at under-16 , under-18 and under-20 levels . Club career . Early career at Manchester United and Charlton Athletic . Born in the United States , Rachubka grew up in England from the age of seven . He started playing football for a Stockport club called Norbury Moor Rangers . At the age of nine , after three months there , he was invited to join Manchester United by youth coach Brian Kidd . He signed a trainee contract in 1997 before turning professional in July 1999 . He was included in the clubs squad for the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship in Brazil and made his debut as a substitute in their final group match against South Melbourne on 11 January 2000 . He made two more first-team appearances the following season , against Watford in the League Cup and Leicester City in the league . The 2001–02 season saw Rachubka go on a three-month loan to Manchester Uniteds Belgian feeder club Royal Antwerp , followed by six months with Oldham Athletic . At the end of the season , Manchester United received a £200,000 bid for Rachubka from Charlton Athletic , and he left the club without having conceded a goal in any of his three appearances . After failing to dislodge Dean Kiely in his two years at Charlton , Rachubka was loaned out five times , all in 2004 ; firstly to Burnley in February , then from March to the end of the 2003–04 season he was at Huddersfield Town . On 6 August , at the start of the 2004–05 , he was loaned out to Milton Keynes Dons for one month . He then spent October and November with Northampton Town before returning again to Huddersfield Town , for a further month , on 5 December . Huddersfield Town . Rachubka earned promotion with Huddersfield on loan during the 2003–04 season when they won the Division Three playoffs . After his contract expired with Charlton Athletic in 2004 , Rachubka took the option to re-sign for Huddersfield Town . He was the first-choice goalkeeper at the Galpharm Stadium until Matt Glennon was signed during the summer of 2006 . Rachubka was sent on loan to Peterborough United as cover for Mark Tyler and played four League Two matches over the Christmas and New Year period of 2006–07 . Blackpool . On 31 January 2007 , he went on loan to Blackpool as back-up for Rhys Evans , the ninth loan move of his career . He made his debut for the Seasiders on 27 February and kept a clean sheet in a 1–0 win at his former club Oldham Athletic . On 2 April he was named in the Press Associations League One Team of the Week , alongside Blackpool teammate Wes Hoolahan , for his performance in the 2–1 win over Crewe Alexandra . Also in April , Rachubka picked up an injury that kept him out of the team for six weeks . Blackpools other keepers , Rhys Evans and Lewis Edge , also picked up concurrent injuries , which led to Seasiders boss Simon Grayson bringing in Manchester Citys Joe Hart on loan as an emergency stand-in . When Hart returned to Manchester City , Rachubka returned to the Blackpool first team on 13 May 2007 , for the first leg of the League One play-off semi-final against Oldham Athletic . Blackpool won both legs , and Rachubka played in the final on 27 May at the newly renovated Wembley Stadium . Blackpool won 2–0 against Yeovil Town , gaining promotion to The Championship . On 5 June 2007 , five days after his contract at Huddersfield expired , Blackpool signed Rachubka on a permanent two-year deal . On 13 August 2007 he was named in The Championship Team of the Week for his performance on the opening day of the 2007–08 season , two days before , in the Seasiders single-goal victory over Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium . Rachubka was one of two ever-present players during Blackpools 2007–08 League season , the other being Shaun Barker . Rachubka won the 2007–08 Blackpool Player Of The Year . He made his 100th appearance for the Legendary Seasiders early in the 2009–10 season , in a 2–2 draw with Watford at Vicarage Road . In April 2009 Rachubka signed a new two-year deal at Blackpool . Following his performance in Blackpools 2–0 win over Peterborough United on 26 September 2009 at Bloomfield Road , Rachubka was named in The Championship Team of the Week . On 8 December , Rachubka made his 100th League appearance for Blackpool since making the permanent switch , in a 3–0 win over Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium . Rachubka started the season as Blackpools first choice goalkeeper , however after being sent off in a 4–1 loss against Crystal Palace , substitute goalkeeper Matt Gilks came into the side and managed to displace Rachubka who dropped to second choice due to the impressive form of Gilks . He made 20 league appearances for Blackpool that season as they earned promotion to the Premier League via the playoffs after beating Cardiff City . After being promoted to the Premier League with Blackpool , Blackpool manager Ian Holloway confirmed that Rachubka would be out of action for some time following a knee operation . As such , he was not named in Blackpools 24-man squad for the start of their Premier League campaign the following season . Blackpool signed Ghana goalkeeper Richard Kingson who became the clubs number two during Rachubkas time out injured . Even after returning to fitness , he had to wait until January 2011 to be registered in the Blackpool 25 man squad , when squads to see clubs through until the end of the season were named . Manager Ian Holloway said it was an error not to have named Rachubka in his initial 25 man squad for the first half of the season . On 8 January 2011 , Rachubka made his first start for Blackpool in a year , against Southampton in the Third Round of the FA Cup . In February 2011 , Rachubka suffered another knee injury which ruled him out for large parts of the second half of the season . He returned to light training for Blackpool in mid-March . After only making three appearances during the 2010–11 season , Rachubka was released by Blackpool after they decided not to take up the one-year contract extension they had on Rachubka . Leeds United . On 23 June 2011 , Rachubka put pen to paper and signed for Leeds United on a two-year contract as the backup goalkeeper , he linked up with Simon Grayson who was the manager that signed Rachubka for Blackpool . Rachubka revealed that despite being brought in as a number two he was looking to compete and win the number one shirt . Rachubka made his debut for Leeds on 23 August against Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup . Rachubka made his league debut for Leeds against Doncaster Rovers on 14 October as a substitute replacing the injured Andy Lonergan . On loan transfer deadline day , 24 November , Rachubka joined Tranmere Rovers on loan until January to help recapture some form . This was then extended by 2 months . After returning to Leeds , Rachubka joined Leyton Orient on loan until 6 April . On 1 December 2012 , Rachubka joined Accrington Stanley initially on a week-long emergency loan basis due to an injury sustained to first choice goalkeeper Ian Dunbavin . He made his debut for Stanley the same day in their second round FA Cup tie against Oxford United and was named man-of-the-match . The loan was extended twice , on 6 December , and 14 December , and continued into 2013 after Dunbavins injury ruling him out for most of the season . On 3 May , it was announced that Rachubka would be released by Leeds upon the expiry of his two-year contract . Oldham Athletic . On 7 September 2013 , Rachubka joined Oldham Athletic for the second time in his career , signing a short-term deal until January 2014 . After establishing himself as the number one goalkeeper towards the end of the season ahead of Mark Oxley , and a string of excellent performances , Rachubka was rewarded with a new one-year contract extension . On 2 February 2015 , Rachubka had his contract cancelled by the club after Kean was brought into the club as the new number one goalkeeper . Crewe Alexandra . On 21 February 2015 , Rachubka made his debut for Crewe as a substitute in their 2–0 defeat at Barnsley , scoring an own goal . Bolton Wanderers . On 5 September 2015 , Bolton Wanderers signed Rachubka on a one-year contract to provide cover for Ben Amos . He made his debut for the Wanderers on 16 January 2016 , when coming on as a 12th-minute substitute for midfielder Josh Vela in a 3–0 defeat against Nottingham Forest at The City Ground after Amos had been sent off for a foul on Jamie Ward . At the end of the 2015–16 season , the club confirmed that he would be leaving when his contract expired at the end of June . Kerala Blasters . After spending a season with Bury following his release by Bolton , Rachubka signed for Indian Super League side Kerala Blasters in August 2017 , linking up with former Manchester United teammate Wes Brown . He made his debut for the Kerala club in the opening match of the 2017–18 season against ATK in Kochi , where the match ended in a 0–0 draw . International career . Rachubka has represented England at under-16 , under-18 and under-20 levels . He was in the England under-20 squad that played at the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria . He started the last game against Japan under-20s . Rachubka also witnessed the United States 1–0 victory over England in the group opener in the same tournament . Honours . Individual . - Blackpool Player of the Year : 2007–08
|
[
"Manchester Uniteds Belgian feeder club Royal Antwerp",
"Oldham Athletic"
] |
easy
|
Paul Rachubka played for which team from 2001 to 2002?
|
/wiki/Paul_Rachubka#P54#1
|
Paul Rachubka Paul Stephen Rachubka ( ; born 21 May 1981 ) is an English professional footballer who last played for Indian club Kerala Blasters FC as a goalkeeper in the Indian Super League . He now works as an accountant in Manchester . Born in San Luis Obispo , California , to an English mother and an American father , Rachubka possesses dual nationality , having moved to England with his family when he was seven years old . He has represented England at under-16 , under-18 and under-20 levels . Club career . Early career at Manchester United and Charlton Athletic . Born in the United States , Rachubka grew up in England from the age of seven . He started playing football for a Stockport club called Norbury Moor Rangers . At the age of nine , after three months there , he was invited to join Manchester United by youth coach Brian Kidd . He signed a trainee contract in 1997 before turning professional in July 1999 . He was included in the clubs squad for the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship in Brazil and made his debut as a substitute in their final group match against South Melbourne on 11 January 2000 . He made two more first-team appearances the following season , against Watford in the League Cup and Leicester City in the league . The 2001–02 season saw Rachubka go on a three-month loan to Manchester Uniteds Belgian feeder club Royal Antwerp , followed by six months with Oldham Athletic . At the end of the season , Manchester United received a £200,000 bid for Rachubka from Charlton Athletic , and he left the club without having conceded a goal in any of his three appearances . After failing to dislodge Dean Kiely in his two years at Charlton , Rachubka was loaned out five times , all in 2004 ; firstly to Burnley in February , then from March to the end of the 2003–04 season he was at Huddersfield Town . On 6 August , at the start of the 2004–05 , he was loaned out to Milton Keynes Dons for one month . He then spent October and November with Northampton Town before returning again to Huddersfield Town , for a further month , on 5 December . Huddersfield Town . Rachubka earned promotion with Huddersfield on loan during the 2003–04 season when they won the Division Three playoffs . After his contract expired with Charlton Athletic in 2004 , Rachubka took the option to re-sign for Huddersfield Town . He was the first-choice goalkeeper at the Galpharm Stadium until Matt Glennon was signed during the summer of 2006 . Rachubka was sent on loan to Peterborough United as cover for Mark Tyler and played four League Two matches over the Christmas and New Year period of 2006–07 . Blackpool . On 31 January 2007 , he went on loan to Blackpool as back-up for Rhys Evans , the ninth loan move of his career . He made his debut for the Seasiders on 27 February and kept a clean sheet in a 1–0 win at his former club Oldham Athletic . On 2 April he was named in the Press Associations League One Team of the Week , alongside Blackpool teammate Wes Hoolahan , for his performance in the 2–1 win over Crewe Alexandra . Also in April , Rachubka picked up an injury that kept him out of the team for six weeks . Blackpools other keepers , Rhys Evans and Lewis Edge , also picked up concurrent injuries , which led to Seasiders boss Simon Grayson bringing in Manchester Citys Joe Hart on loan as an emergency stand-in . When Hart returned to Manchester City , Rachubka returned to the Blackpool first team on 13 May 2007 , for the first leg of the League One play-off semi-final against Oldham Athletic . Blackpool won both legs , and Rachubka played in the final on 27 May at the newly renovated Wembley Stadium . Blackpool won 2–0 against Yeovil Town , gaining promotion to The Championship . On 5 June 2007 , five days after his contract at Huddersfield expired , Blackpool signed Rachubka on a permanent two-year deal . On 13 August 2007 he was named in The Championship Team of the Week for his performance on the opening day of the 2007–08 season , two days before , in the Seasiders single-goal victory over Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium . Rachubka was one of two ever-present players during Blackpools 2007–08 League season , the other being Shaun Barker . Rachubka won the 2007–08 Blackpool Player Of The Year . He made his 100th appearance for the Legendary Seasiders early in the 2009–10 season , in a 2–2 draw with Watford at Vicarage Road . In April 2009 Rachubka signed a new two-year deal at Blackpool . Following his performance in Blackpools 2–0 win over Peterborough United on 26 September 2009 at Bloomfield Road , Rachubka was named in The Championship Team of the Week . On 8 December , Rachubka made his 100th League appearance for Blackpool since making the permanent switch , in a 3–0 win over Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium . Rachubka started the season as Blackpools first choice goalkeeper , however after being sent off in a 4–1 loss against Crystal Palace , substitute goalkeeper Matt Gilks came into the side and managed to displace Rachubka who dropped to second choice due to the impressive form of Gilks . He made 20 league appearances for Blackpool that season as they earned promotion to the Premier League via the playoffs after beating Cardiff City . After being promoted to the Premier League with Blackpool , Blackpool manager Ian Holloway confirmed that Rachubka would be out of action for some time following a knee operation . As such , he was not named in Blackpools 24-man squad for the start of their Premier League campaign the following season . Blackpool signed Ghana goalkeeper Richard Kingson who became the clubs number two during Rachubkas time out injured . Even after returning to fitness , he had to wait until January 2011 to be registered in the Blackpool 25 man squad , when squads to see clubs through until the end of the season were named . Manager Ian Holloway said it was an error not to have named Rachubka in his initial 25 man squad for the first half of the season . On 8 January 2011 , Rachubka made his first start for Blackpool in a year , against Southampton in the Third Round of the FA Cup . In February 2011 , Rachubka suffered another knee injury which ruled him out for large parts of the second half of the season . He returned to light training for Blackpool in mid-March . After only making three appearances during the 2010–11 season , Rachubka was released by Blackpool after they decided not to take up the one-year contract extension they had on Rachubka . Leeds United . On 23 June 2011 , Rachubka put pen to paper and signed for Leeds United on a two-year contract as the backup goalkeeper , he linked up with Simon Grayson who was the manager that signed Rachubka for Blackpool . Rachubka revealed that despite being brought in as a number two he was looking to compete and win the number one shirt . Rachubka made his debut for Leeds on 23 August against Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup . Rachubka made his league debut for Leeds against Doncaster Rovers on 14 October as a substitute replacing the injured Andy Lonergan . On loan transfer deadline day , 24 November , Rachubka joined Tranmere Rovers on loan until January to help recapture some form . This was then extended by 2 months . After returning to Leeds , Rachubka joined Leyton Orient on loan until 6 April . On 1 December 2012 , Rachubka joined Accrington Stanley initially on a week-long emergency loan basis due to an injury sustained to first choice goalkeeper Ian Dunbavin . He made his debut for Stanley the same day in their second round FA Cup tie against Oxford United and was named man-of-the-match . The loan was extended twice , on 6 December , and 14 December , and continued into 2013 after Dunbavins injury ruling him out for most of the season . On 3 May , it was announced that Rachubka would be released by Leeds upon the expiry of his two-year contract . Oldham Athletic . On 7 September 2013 , Rachubka joined Oldham Athletic for the second time in his career , signing a short-term deal until January 2014 . After establishing himself as the number one goalkeeper towards the end of the season ahead of Mark Oxley , and a string of excellent performances , Rachubka was rewarded with a new one-year contract extension . On 2 February 2015 , Rachubka had his contract cancelled by the club after Kean was brought into the club as the new number one goalkeeper . Crewe Alexandra . On 21 February 2015 , Rachubka made his debut for Crewe as a substitute in their 2–0 defeat at Barnsley , scoring an own goal . Bolton Wanderers . On 5 September 2015 , Bolton Wanderers signed Rachubka on a one-year contract to provide cover for Ben Amos . He made his debut for the Wanderers on 16 January 2016 , when coming on as a 12th-minute substitute for midfielder Josh Vela in a 3–0 defeat against Nottingham Forest at The City Ground after Amos had been sent off for a foul on Jamie Ward . At the end of the 2015–16 season , the club confirmed that he would be leaving when his contract expired at the end of June . Kerala Blasters . After spending a season with Bury following his release by Bolton , Rachubka signed for Indian Super League side Kerala Blasters in August 2017 , linking up with former Manchester United teammate Wes Brown . He made his debut for the Kerala club in the opening match of the 2017–18 season against ATK in Kochi , where the match ended in a 0–0 draw . International career . Rachubka has represented England at under-16 , under-18 and under-20 levels . He was in the England under-20 squad that played at the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria . He started the last game against Japan under-20s . Rachubka also witnessed the United States 1–0 victory over England in the group opener in the same tournament . Honours . Individual . - Blackpool Player of the Year : 2007–08
|
[
"Leeds United",
"Tranmere Rovers",
"Leyton Orient"
] |
easy
|
Paul Rachubka played for which team from 2011 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Paul_Rachubka#P54#2
|
Paul Rachubka Paul Stephen Rachubka ( ; born 21 May 1981 ) is an English professional footballer who last played for Indian club Kerala Blasters FC as a goalkeeper in the Indian Super League . He now works as an accountant in Manchester . Born in San Luis Obispo , California , to an English mother and an American father , Rachubka possesses dual nationality , having moved to England with his family when he was seven years old . He has represented England at under-16 , under-18 and under-20 levels . Club career . Early career at Manchester United and Charlton Athletic . Born in the United States , Rachubka grew up in England from the age of seven . He started playing football for a Stockport club called Norbury Moor Rangers . At the age of nine , after three months there , he was invited to join Manchester United by youth coach Brian Kidd . He signed a trainee contract in 1997 before turning professional in July 1999 . He was included in the clubs squad for the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship in Brazil and made his debut as a substitute in their final group match against South Melbourne on 11 January 2000 . He made two more first-team appearances the following season , against Watford in the League Cup and Leicester City in the league . The 2001–02 season saw Rachubka go on a three-month loan to Manchester Uniteds Belgian feeder club Royal Antwerp , followed by six months with Oldham Athletic . At the end of the season , Manchester United received a £200,000 bid for Rachubka from Charlton Athletic , and he left the club without having conceded a goal in any of his three appearances . After failing to dislodge Dean Kiely in his two years at Charlton , Rachubka was loaned out five times , all in 2004 ; firstly to Burnley in February , then from March to the end of the 2003–04 season he was at Huddersfield Town . On 6 August , at the start of the 2004–05 , he was loaned out to Milton Keynes Dons for one month . He then spent October and November with Northampton Town before returning again to Huddersfield Town , for a further month , on 5 December . Huddersfield Town . Rachubka earned promotion with Huddersfield on loan during the 2003–04 season when they won the Division Three playoffs . After his contract expired with Charlton Athletic in 2004 , Rachubka took the option to re-sign for Huddersfield Town . He was the first-choice goalkeeper at the Galpharm Stadium until Matt Glennon was signed during the summer of 2006 . Rachubka was sent on loan to Peterborough United as cover for Mark Tyler and played four League Two matches over the Christmas and New Year period of 2006–07 . Blackpool . On 31 January 2007 , he went on loan to Blackpool as back-up for Rhys Evans , the ninth loan move of his career . He made his debut for the Seasiders on 27 February and kept a clean sheet in a 1–0 win at his former club Oldham Athletic . On 2 April he was named in the Press Associations League One Team of the Week , alongside Blackpool teammate Wes Hoolahan , for his performance in the 2–1 win over Crewe Alexandra . Also in April , Rachubka picked up an injury that kept him out of the team for six weeks . Blackpools other keepers , Rhys Evans and Lewis Edge , also picked up concurrent injuries , which led to Seasiders boss Simon Grayson bringing in Manchester Citys Joe Hart on loan as an emergency stand-in . When Hart returned to Manchester City , Rachubka returned to the Blackpool first team on 13 May 2007 , for the first leg of the League One play-off semi-final against Oldham Athletic . Blackpool won both legs , and Rachubka played in the final on 27 May at the newly renovated Wembley Stadium . Blackpool won 2–0 against Yeovil Town , gaining promotion to The Championship . On 5 June 2007 , five days after his contract at Huddersfield expired , Blackpool signed Rachubka on a permanent two-year deal . On 13 August 2007 he was named in The Championship Team of the Week for his performance on the opening day of the 2007–08 season , two days before , in the Seasiders single-goal victory over Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium . Rachubka was one of two ever-present players during Blackpools 2007–08 League season , the other being Shaun Barker . Rachubka won the 2007–08 Blackpool Player Of The Year . He made his 100th appearance for the Legendary Seasiders early in the 2009–10 season , in a 2–2 draw with Watford at Vicarage Road . In April 2009 Rachubka signed a new two-year deal at Blackpool . Following his performance in Blackpools 2–0 win over Peterborough United on 26 September 2009 at Bloomfield Road , Rachubka was named in The Championship Team of the Week . On 8 December , Rachubka made his 100th League appearance for Blackpool since making the permanent switch , in a 3–0 win over Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium . Rachubka started the season as Blackpools first choice goalkeeper , however after being sent off in a 4–1 loss against Crystal Palace , substitute goalkeeper Matt Gilks came into the side and managed to displace Rachubka who dropped to second choice due to the impressive form of Gilks . He made 20 league appearances for Blackpool that season as they earned promotion to the Premier League via the playoffs after beating Cardiff City . After being promoted to the Premier League with Blackpool , Blackpool manager Ian Holloway confirmed that Rachubka would be out of action for some time following a knee operation . As such , he was not named in Blackpools 24-man squad for the start of their Premier League campaign the following season . Blackpool signed Ghana goalkeeper Richard Kingson who became the clubs number two during Rachubkas time out injured . Even after returning to fitness , he had to wait until January 2011 to be registered in the Blackpool 25 man squad , when squads to see clubs through until the end of the season were named . Manager Ian Holloway said it was an error not to have named Rachubka in his initial 25 man squad for the first half of the season . On 8 January 2011 , Rachubka made his first start for Blackpool in a year , against Southampton in the Third Round of the FA Cup . In February 2011 , Rachubka suffered another knee injury which ruled him out for large parts of the second half of the season . He returned to light training for Blackpool in mid-March . After only making three appearances during the 2010–11 season , Rachubka was released by Blackpool after they decided not to take up the one-year contract extension they had on Rachubka . Leeds United . On 23 June 2011 , Rachubka put pen to paper and signed for Leeds United on a two-year contract as the backup goalkeeper , he linked up with Simon Grayson who was the manager that signed Rachubka for Blackpool . Rachubka revealed that despite being brought in as a number two he was looking to compete and win the number one shirt . Rachubka made his debut for Leeds on 23 August against Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup . Rachubka made his league debut for Leeds against Doncaster Rovers on 14 October as a substitute replacing the injured Andy Lonergan . On loan transfer deadline day , 24 November , Rachubka joined Tranmere Rovers on loan until January to help recapture some form . This was then extended by 2 months . After returning to Leeds , Rachubka joined Leyton Orient on loan until 6 April . On 1 December 2012 , Rachubka joined Accrington Stanley initially on a week-long emergency loan basis due to an injury sustained to first choice goalkeeper Ian Dunbavin . He made his debut for Stanley the same day in their second round FA Cup tie against Oxford United and was named man-of-the-match . The loan was extended twice , on 6 December , and 14 December , and continued into 2013 after Dunbavins injury ruling him out for most of the season . On 3 May , it was announced that Rachubka would be released by Leeds upon the expiry of his two-year contract . Oldham Athletic . On 7 September 2013 , Rachubka joined Oldham Athletic for the second time in his career , signing a short-term deal until January 2014 . After establishing himself as the number one goalkeeper towards the end of the season ahead of Mark Oxley , and a string of excellent performances , Rachubka was rewarded with a new one-year contract extension . On 2 February 2015 , Rachubka had his contract cancelled by the club after Kean was brought into the club as the new number one goalkeeper . Crewe Alexandra . On 21 February 2015 , Rachubka made his debut for Crewe as a substitute in their 2–0 defeat at Barnsley , scoring an own goal . Bolton Wanderers . On 5 September 2015 , Bolton Wanderers signed Rachubka on a one-year contract to provide cover for Ben Amos . He made his debut for the Wanderers on 16 January 2016 , when coming on as a 12th-minute substitute for midfielder Josh Vela in a 3–0 defeat against Nottingham Forest at The City Ground after Amos had been sent off for a foul on Jamie Ward . At the end of the 2015–16 season , the club confirmed that he would be leaving when his contract expired at the end of June . Kerala Blasters . After spending a season with Bury following his release by Bolton , Rachubka signed for Indian Super League side Kerala Blasters in August 2017 , linking up with former Manchester United teammate Wes Brown . He made his debut for the Kerala club in the opening match of the 2017–18 season against ATK in Kochi , where the match ended in a 0–0 draw . International career . Rachubka has represented England at under-16 , under-18 and under-20 levels . He was in the England under-20 squad that played at the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria . He started the last game against Japan under-20s . Rachubka also witnessed the United States 1–0 victory over England in the group opener in the same tournament . Honours . Individual . - Blackpool Player of the Year : 2007–08
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
What organization did Francis Sejersted join in 1976?
|
/wiki/Francis_Sejersted#P463#0
|
Francis Sejersted Francis Sejersted ( 8 February 1936 – 25 August 2015 ) was a Norwegian history professor and the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1991 until 1995 . Early life . Sejersted was born in Oslo . He performed his military service at the prestigious Russian language program of the Norwegian Armed Forces . He was later educated in history as well as Nordic linguistics and literature at the University of Oslo and achieved a cand.philol . degree in 1965 and a doctorate in 1973 . In 1962 Francis Sejersted was president of the Norwegian Students Association representing the student wing of the Conservative Party of Norway , a party with which he remained affiliated . Career . From 1971 to 1973 Sejersted served as docent in history at the University of Oslo and was thereafter professor of social and economic history at the same institution until 1998 . From 1988 to 1998 he served as Director of the Centre for Technology and Culture at the University and from 1999 until his death in 2015 he was a fellow of the Institute for Social Research . As a historian , Sejersteds field of expertise was the economical , technological and political history of Scandinavian countries between the Napoleonic Wars and World War II . From 1971-1975 he was editor of Historisk Tidsskrift ( Historical Review ) and since 1984 served as Co-Editor of Nytt norsk tidsskrift . Sejersted was a Member of the board at the Institute for Comparative Cultural Studies 1974-1982 and at the Norwegian Research Council for Basic Research 1980-1983 as well as Chairman of the Norwegian Science Policy Council 1984–1988 . Sejersted was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1982 to 1999 , and from 1991 to 1995 was its chairman . From 1990 to 1999 he also was board member of the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm . From 1996 to 1996 he chaired the governmental Freedom of Expression Commission in Norway and became Chairman of The Freedom of Expression Foundation in 2000 . In 1985 he entered the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters , in 1989 the Academia Europaea , The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences in 1993 , The Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences 1995 , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1997 and finally in 2001 The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters . He was also a member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature . In 1999 he became an Honorary Doctor at University of Linköping , Sweden . Francis Sejersted was Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St . Olav , of Denmarks Order of the Dannebrog and of Swedens Order of the Polar Star . Death . Sejersted suffered a long illness and died on 25 August 2015 in Oslo , aged 79 .
|
[
"Academia Europaea"
] |
easy
|
Francis Sejersted became a member of what organization or association in 1989?
|
/wiki/Francis_Sejersted#P463#1
|
Francis Sejersted Francis Sejersted ( 8 February 1936 – 25 August 2015 ) was a Norwegian history professor and the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1991 until 1995 . Early life . Sejersted was born in Oslo . He performed his military service at the prestigious Russian language program of the Norwegian Armed Forces . He was later educated in history as well as Nordic linguistics and literature at the University of Oslo and achieved a cand.philol . degree in 1965 and a doctorate in 1973 . In 1962 Francis Sejersted was president of the Norwegian Students Association representing the student wing of the Conservative Party of Norway , a party with which he remained affiliated . Career . From 1971 to 1973 Sejersted served as docent in history at the University of Oslo and was thereafter professor of social and economic history at the same institution until 1998 . From 1988 to 1998 he served as Director of the Centre for Technology and Culture at the University and from 1999 until his death in 2015 he was a fellow of the Institute for Social Research . As a historian , Sejersteds field of expertise was the economical , technological and political history of Scandinavian countries between the Napoleonic Wars and World War II . From 1971-1975 he was editor of Historisk Tidsskrift ( Historical Review ) and since 1984 served as Co-Editor of Nytt norsk tidsskrift . Sejersted was a Member of the board at the Institute for Comparative Cultural Studies 1974-1982 and at the Norwegian Research Council for Basic Research 1980-1983 as well as Chairman of the Norwegian Science Policy Council 1984–1988 . Sejersted was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1982 to 1999 , and from 1991 to 1995 was its chairman . From 1990 to 1999 he also was board member of the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm . From 1996 to 1996 he chaired the governmental Freedom of Expression Commission in Norway and became Chairman of The Freedom of Expression Foundation in 2000 . In 1985 he entered the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters , in 1989 the Academia Europaea , The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences in 1993 , The Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences 1995 , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1997 and finally in 2001 The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters . He was also a member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature . In 1999 he became an Honorary Doctor at University of Linköping , Sweden . Francis Sejersted was Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St . Olav , of Denmarks Order of the Dannebrog and of Swedens Order of the Polar Star . Death . Sejersted suffered a long illness and died on 25 August 2015 in Oslo , aged 79 .
|
[
"Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences"
] |
easy
|
What organization did Francis Sejersted join in 1995?
|
/wiki/Francis_Sejersted#P463#2
|
Francis Sejersted Francis Sejersted ( 8 February 1936 – 25 August 2015 ) was a Norwegian history professor and the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1991 until 1995 . Early life . Sejersted was born in Oslo . He performed his military service at the prestigious Russian language program of the Norwegian Armed Forces . He was later educated in history as well as Nordic linguistics and literature at the University of Oslo and achieved a cand.philol . degree in 1965 and a doctorate in 1973 . In 1962 Francis Sejersted was president of the Norwegian Students Association representing the student wing of the Conservative Party of Norway , a party with which he remained affiliated . Career . From 1971 to 1973 Sejersted served as docent in history at the University of Oslo and was thereafter professor of social and economic history at the same institution until 1998 . From 1988 to 1998 he served as Director of the Centre for Technology and Culture at the University and from 1999 until his death in 2015 he was a fellow of the Institute for Social Research . As a historian , Sejersteds field of expertise was the economical , technological and political history of Scandinavian countries between the Napoleonic Wars and World War II . From 1971-1975 he was editor of Historisk Tidsskrift ( Historical Review ) and since 1984 served as Co-Editor of Nytt norsk tidsskrift . Sejersted was a Member of the board at the Institute for Comparative Cultural Studies 1974-1982 and at the Norwegian Research Council for Basic Research 1980-1983 as well as Chairman of the Norwegian Science Policy Council 1984–1988 . Sejersted was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1982 to 1999 , and from 1991 to 1995 was its chairman . From 1990 to 1999 he also was board member of the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm . From 1996 to 1996 he chaired the governmental Freedom of Expression Commission in Norway and became Chairman of The Freedom of Expression Foundation in 2000 . In 1985 he entered the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters , in 1989 the Academia Europaea , The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences in 1993 , The Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences 1995 , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1997 and finally in 2001 The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters . He was also a member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature . In 1999 he became an Honorary Doctor at University of Linköping , Sweden . Francis Sejersted was Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St . Olav , of Denmarks Order of the Dannebrog and of Swedens Order of the Polar Star . Death . Sejersted suffered a long illness and died on 25 August 2015 in Oslo , aged 79 .
|
[
"The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences"
] |
easy
|
Francis Sejersted became a member of what organization or association in 1997?
|
/wiki/Francis_Sejersted#P463#3
|
Francis Sejersted Francis Sejersted ( 8 February 1936 – 25 August 2015 ) was a Norwegian history professor and the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1991 until 1995 . Early life . Sejersted was born in Oslo . He performed his military service at the prestigious Russian language program of the Norwegian Armed Forces . He was later educated in history as well as Nordic linguistics and literature at the University of Oslo and achieved a cand.philol . degree in 1965 and a doctorate in 1973 . In 1962 Francis Sejersted was president of the Norwegian Students Association representing the student wing of the Conservative Party of Norway , a party with which he remained affiliated . Career . From 1971 to 1973 Sejersted served as docent in history at the University of Oslo and was thereafter professor of social and economic history at the same institution until 1998 . From 1988 to 1998 he served as Director of the Centre for Technology and Culture at the University and from 1999 until his death in 2015 he was a fellow of the Institute for Social Research . As a historian , Sejersteds field of expertise was the economical , technological and political history of Scandinavian countries between the Napoleonic Wars and World War II . From 1971-1975 he was editor of Historisk Tidsskrift ( Historical Review ) and since 1984 served as Co-Editor of Nytt norsk tidsskrift . Sejersted was a Member of the board at the Institute for Comparative Cultural Studies 1974-1982 and at the Norwegian Research Council for Basic Research 1980-1983 as well as Chairman of the Norwegian Science Policy Council 1984–1988 . Sejersted was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1982 to 1999 , and from 1991 to 1995 was its chairman . From 1990 to 1999 he also was board member of the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm . From 1996 to 1996 he chaired the governmental Freedom of Expression Commission in Norway and became Chairman of The Freedom of Expression Foundation in 2000 . In 1985 he entered the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters , in 1989 the Academia Europaea , The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences in 1993 , The Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences 1995 , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1997 and finally in 2001 The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters . He was also a member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature . In 1999 he became an Honorary Doctor at University of Linköping , Sweden . Francis Sejersted was Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St . Olav , of Denmarks Order of the Dannebrog and of Swedens Order of the Polar Star . Death . Sejersted suffered a long illness and died on 25 August 2015 in Oslo , aged 79 .
|
[
"Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters"
] |
easy
|
Francis Sejersted became a member of what organization or association in 1985?
|
/wiki/Francis_Sejersted#P463#4
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Francis Sejersted Francis Sejersted ( 8 February 1936 – 25 August 2015 ) was a Norwegian history professor and the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1991 until 1995 . Early life . Sejersted was born in Oslo . He performed his military service at the prestigious Russian language program of the Norwegian Armed Forces . He was later educated in history as well as Nordic linguistics and literature at the University of Oslo and achieved a cand.philol . degree in 1965 and a doctorate in 1973 . In 1962 Francis Sejersted was president of the Norwegian Students Association representing the student wing of the Conservative Party of Norway , a party with which he remained affiliated . Career . From 1971 to 1973 Sejersted served as docent in history at the University of Oslo and was thereafter professor of social and economic history at the same institution until 1998 . From 1988 to 1998 he served as Director of the Centre for Technology and Culture at the University and from 1999 until his death in 2015 he was a fellow of the Institute for Social Research . As a historian , Sejersteds field of expertise was the economical , technological and political history of Scandinavian countries between the Napoleonic Wars and World War II . From 1971-1975 he was editor of Historisk Tidsskrift ( Historical Review ) and since 1984 served as Co-Editor of Nytt norsk tidsskrift . Sejersted was a Member of the board at the Institute for Comparative Cultural Studies 1974-1982 and at the Norwegian Research Council for Basic Research 1980-1983 as well as Chairman of the Norwegian Science Policy Council 1984–1988 . Sejersted was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1982 to 1999 , and from 1991 to 1995 was its chairman . From 1990 to 1999 he also was board member of the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm . From 1996 to 1996 he chaired the governmental Freedom of Expression Commission in Norway and became Chairman of The Freedom of Expression Foundation in 2000 . In 1985 he entered the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters , in 1989 the Academia Europaea , The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences in 1993 , The Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences 1995 , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1997 and finally in 2001 The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters . He was also a member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature . In 1999 he became an Honorary Doctor at University of Linköping , Sweden . Francis Sejersted was Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St . Olav , of Denmarks Order of the Dannebrog and of Swedens Order of the Polar Star . Death . Sejersted suffered a long illness and died on 25 August 2015 in Oslo , aged 79 .
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Francis Sejersted became a member of what organization or association in 2001?
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/wiki/Francis_Sejersted#P463#5
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Francis Sejersted Francis Sejersted ( 8 February 1936 – 25 August 2015 ) was a Norwegian history professor and the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1991 until 1995 . Early life . Sejersted was born in Oslo . He performed his military service at the prestigious Russian language program of the Norwegian Armed Forces . He was later educated in history as well as Nordic linguistics and literature at the University of Oslo and achieved a cand.philol . degree in 1965 and a doctorate in 1973 . In 1962 Francis Sejersted was president of the Norwegian Students Association representing the student wing of the Conservative Party of Norway , a party with which he remained affiliated . Career . From 1971 to 1973 Sejersted served as docent in history at the University of Oslo and was thereafter professor of social and economic history at the same institution until 1998 . From 1988 to 1998 he served as Director of the Centre for Technology and Culture at the University and from 1999 until his death in 2015 he was a fellow of the Institute for Social Research . As a historian , Sejersteds field of expertise was the economical , technological and political history of Scandinavian countries between the Napoleonic Wars and World War II . From 1971-1975 he was editor of Historisk Tidsskrift ( Historical Review ) and since 1984 served as Co-Editor of Nytt norsk tidsskrift . Sejersted was a Member of the board at the Institute for Comparative Cultural Studies 1974-1982 and at the Norwegian Research Council for Basic Research 1980-1983 as well as Chairman of the Norwegian Science Policy Council 1984–1988 . Sejersted was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee ( which awards the Nobel Peace Prize ) from 1982 to 1999 , and from 1991 to 1995 was its chairman . From 1990 to 1999 he also was board member of the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm . From 1996 to 1996 he chaired the governmental Freedom of Expression Commission in Norway and became Chairman of The Freedom of Expression Foundation in 2000 . In 1985 he entered the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters , in 1989 the Academia Europaea , The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences in 1993 , The Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences 1995 , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1997 and finally in 2001 The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters . He was also a member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature . In 1999 he became an Honorary Doctor at University of Linköping , Sweden . Francis Sejersted was Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of St . Olav , of Denmarks Order of the Dannebrog and of Swedens Order of the Polar Star . Death . Sejersted suffered a long illness and died on 25 August 2015 in Oslo , aged 79 .
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