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[
"California"
] |
easy
|
Where did Walter Peregoy live from 1925 to 1947?
|
/wiki/Walter_Peregoy#P551#0
|
Walter Peregoy Alwyn Walter Walt Peregoy ( November 17 , 1925 – January 16 , 2015 ) was an American artist who was a color stylist and background artist for animated cartoons . Among the studios he worked for were Walt Disney Productions 1951–1964 , 1974–1983 , Format Films and Hanna-Barbera ( 1968–1971 & 1973 ) . He received little publicity over his career , but was acclaimed for his avant-garde style . His dedication , creativity and contributions to animation while at Disney earned Peregoy the honor of being inducted into the Disney Legends roster in 2008 . Life . Early years . Peregoy was born in Los Angeles in 1925 . He spent his early childhood on a small island ( Alameda , California ) in San Francisco Bay . He was nine years old when he began his formal art training by attending classes at the California College of Arts and Crafts in Berkeley , California . At the age 12 years old , Peregoys family returned to Los Angeles , where he enrolled in Chouinard Art Institutes life drawing classes . At the age 17 Peregoy dropped out of high school and went to work for Disney as an in-betweener . In 1942 , he joined the U.S . Coast Guard and served for three years in the Infirmary as a 1st Class Petty Officer . After World War II he continued his art education , studying at the University de Belles Artes , San Miguel de Allende in Guanajuato , Mexico , and with Fernand Léger in Paris . Animation work . In 1951 , Peregoy returned to the United States and resumed his career with The Walt Disney Studios . Although skilled with these more conventional projects , Peregoys personal style began to surface . Peregoys unique style began to meshed well with that of his contemporary , stylist Eyvind Earle . Peregoy and Earles work on Paul Bunyan ( 1958 ) was nominated for an Academy Award in the short category . Their unique style of animation on Paul Bunyan was a departure for Disney . Peregoy continued to work at Disney for an additional 14 years . Peregoy was lead background painter on Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) before embarking on the most ambitious , intelligent , and personal effort , his work as color stylist and background artist on One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) , and The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) . He later worked on Scooby-Doo , Where Are You ! ( 1969 ) , and other series produced by Hanna-Barbera . He returned to Disney ( WED Enterprises in 1977 through 1983 ) , contributing his unique view to the design of Epcot Center in Florida , where his influence included architectural facades , sculptures , fountains , show rides and murals for The Land and Imagination ! ( formerly The journey into the Imagination ) pavilions . Along with Marc Davis , Eyvind Earle and Joshua Meador , Peregoy was one of the featured artists in Disneys Four Artists Paint One Tree documentary . This documentary illustrated the unique interpretation that each artist can bring to a single subject matter . Peregoys work has been the subject of one Man Shows at : Stockton Museum , California ; The University of Santa Clara , California ; Galerie de Tour , San Francisco , California ; Rutherford Gallery , San Francisco , California ; Chouinard Art Institute , Los Angeles , California ; Landau Gallery , Los Angeles , California ; Dickie Hall Gallery , Laguna , California ; Jack Carr Gallery , Pasadena , California . He has also participated in group shows at : National Gallery of Art , the Library of Congress and the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. . Later years . He taught Background Styling at Brandes Art Institute from 1984–1985 as well as Principle of Drawing . In the last years of his life , he continued to draw and paint in the Los Angeles area . Peregoy died on January 16 , 2015 at the age of 89 . External links . - 2005 Golden Award : Walt Peregoy - 2008 Disney Legends Award : Walt Peregoy - Walt Peregoy , ’101 Dalmatians’ Color Stylist , RIP - Obituary - Los Angeles Times
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
What was the residence of Walter Peregoy from 1947 to 1951?
|
/wiki/Walter_Peregoy#P551#1
|
Walter Peregoy Alwyn Walter Walt Peregoy ( November 17 , 1925 – January 16 , 2015 ) was an American artist who was a color stylist and background artist for animated cartoons . Among the studios he worked for were Walt Disney Productions 1951–1964 , 1974–1983 , Format Films and Hanna-Barbera ( 1968–1971 & 1973 ) . He received little publicity over his career , but was acclaimed for his avant-garde style . His dedication , creativity and contributions to animation while at Disney earned Peregoy the honor of being inducted into the Disney Legends roster in 2008 . Life . Early years . Peregoy was born in Los Angeles in 1925 . He spent his early childhood on a small island ( Alameda , California ) in San Francisco Bay . He was nine years old when he began his formal art training by attending classes at the California College of Arts and Crafts in Berkeley , California . At the age 12 years old , Peregoys family returned to Los Angeles , where he enrolled in Chouinard Art Institutes life drawing classes . At the age 17 Peregoy dropped out of high school and went to work for Disney as an in-betweener . In 1942 , he joined the U.S . Coast Guard and served for three years in the Infirmary as a 1st Class Petty Officer . After World War II he continued his art education , studying at the University de Belles Artes , San Miguel de Allende in Guanajuato , Mexico , and with Fernand Léger in Paris . Animation work . In 1951 , Peregoy returned to the United States and resumed his career with The Walt Disney Studios . Although skilled with these more conventional projects , Peregoys personal style began to surface . Peregoys unique style began to meshed well with that of his contemporary , stylist Eyvind Earle . Peregoy and Earles work on Paul Bunyan ( 1958 ) was nominated for an Academy Award in the short category . Their unique style of animation on Paul Bunyan was a departure for Disney . Peregoy continued to work at Disney for an additional 14 years . Peregoy was lead background painter on Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) before embarking on the most ambitious , intelligent , and personal effort , his work as color stylist and background artist on One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) , and The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) . He later worked on Scooby-Doo , Where Are You ! ( 1969 ) , and other series produced by Hanna-Barbera . He returned to Disney ( WED Enterprises in 1977 through 1983 ) , contributing his unique view to the design of Epcot Center in Florida , where his influence included architectural facades , sculptures , fountains , show rides and murals for The Land and Imagination ! ( formerly The journey into the Imagination ) pavilions . Along with Marc Davis , Eyvind Earle and Joshua Meador , Peregoy was one of the featured artists in Disneys Four Artists Paint One Tree documentary . This documentary illustrated the unique interpretation that each artist can bring to a single subject matter . Peregoys work has been the subject of one Man Shows at : Stockton Museum , California ; The University of Santa Clara , California ; Galerie de Tour , San Francisco , California ; Rutherford Gallery , San Francisco , California ; Chouinard Art Institute , Los Angeles , California ; Landau Gallery , Los Angeles , California ; Dickie Hall Gallery , Laguna , California ; Jack Carr Gallery , Pasadena , California . He has also participated in group shows at : National Gallery of Art , the Library of Congress and the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. . Later years . He taught Background Styling at Brandes Art Institute from 1984–1985 as well as Principle of Drawing . In the last years of his life , he continued to draw and paint in the Los Angeles area . Peregoy died on January 16 , 2015 at the age of 89 . External links . - 2005 Golden Award : Walt Peregoy - 2008 Disney Legends Award : Walt Peregoy - Walt Peregoy , ’101 Dalmatians’ Color Stylist , RIP - Obituary - Los Angeles Times
|
[
"United States"
] |
easy
|
Where did Walter Peregoy live from 1951 to 1952?
|
/wiki/Walter_Peregoy#P551#2
|
Walter Peregoy Alwyn Walter Walt Peregoy ( November 17 , 1925 – January 16 , 2015 ) was an American artist who was a color stylist and background artist for animated cartoons . Among the studios he worked for were Walt Disney Productions 1951–1964 , 1974–1983 , Format Films and Hanna-Barbera ( 1968–1971 & 1973 ) . He received little publicity over his career , but was acclaimed for his avant-garde style . His dedication , creativity and contributions to animation while at Disney earned Peregoy the honor of being inducted into the Disney Legends roster in 2008 . Life . Early years . Peregoy was born in Los Angeles in 1925 . He spent his early childhood on a small island ( Alameda , California ) in San Francisco Bay . He was nine years old when he began his formal art training by attending classes at the California College of Arts and Crafts in Berkeley , California . At the age 12 years old , Peregoys family returned to Los Angeles , where he enrolled in Chouinard Art Institutes life drawing classes . At the age 17 Peregoy dropped out of high school and went to work for Disney as an in-betweener . In 1942 , he joined the U.S . Coast Guard and served for three years in the Infirmary as a 1st Class Petty Officer . After World War II he continued his art education , studying at the University de Belles Artes , San Miguel de Allende in Guanajuato , Mexico , and with Fernand Léger in Paris . Animation work . In 1951 , Peregoy returned to the United States and resumed his career with The Walt Disney Studios . Although skilled with these more conventional projects , Peregoys personal style began to surface . Peregoys unique style began to meshed well with that of his contemporary , stylist Eyvind Earle . Peregoy and Earles work on Paul Bunyan ( 1958 ) was nominated for an Academy Award in the short category . Their unique style of animation on Paul Bunyan was a departure for Disney . Peregoy continued to work at Disney for an additional 14 years . Peregoy was lead background painter on Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) before embarking on the most ambitious , intelligent , and personal effort , his work as color stylist and background artist on One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) , and The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) . He later worked on Scooby-Doo , Where Are You ! ( 1969 ) , and other series produced by Hanna-Barbera . He returned to Disney ( WED Enterprises in 1977 through 1983 ) , contributing his unique view to the design of Epcot Center in Florida , where his influence included architectural facades , sculptures , fountains , show rides and murals for The Land and Imagination ! ( formerly The journey into the Imagination ) pavilions . Along with Marc Davis , Eyvind Earle and Joshua Meador , Peregoy was one of the featured artists in Disneys Four Artists Paint One Tree documentary . This documentary illustrated the unique interpretation that each artist can bring to a single subject matter . Peregoys work has been the subject of one Man Shows at : Stockton Museum , California ; The University of Santa Clara , California ; Galerie de Tour , San Francisco , California ; Rutherford Gallery , San Francisco , California ; Chouinard Art Institute , Los Angeles , California ; Landau Gallery , Los Angeles , California ; Dickie Hall Gallery , Laguna , California ; Jack Carr Gallery , Pasadena , California . He has also participated in group shows at : National Gallery of Art , the Library of Congress and the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. . Later years . He taught Background Styling at Brandes Art Institute from 1984–1985 as well as Principle of Drawing . In the last years of his life , he continued to draw and paint in the Los Angeles area . Peregoy died on January 16 , 2015 at the age of 89 . External links . - 2005 Golden Award : Walt Peregoy - 2008 Disney Legends Award : Walt Peregoy - Walt Peregoy , ’101 Dalmatians’ Color Stylist , RIP - Obituary - Los Angeles Times
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Where was Edward I. Devitt educated from 1856 to 1857?
|
/wiki/Edward_I._Devitt#P69#0
|
Edward I . Devitt Edward Ignatius Devitt ( November 26 , 1840 – January 26 , 1920 ) was a Canadian American priest , Jesuit , and historian of the American Catholic Church . Born in Saint John , New Brunswick , he moved with his family to Boston , Massachusetts , at a young age . He studied in public schools in the city before enrolling at the College of the Holy Cross . Devitt spent two years there , and then entered the Society of Jesus in 1859 . He studied at the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , and at the newly opened Woodstock College . He briefly taught at the Washington Seminary during his studies , and after graduating , was a professor for the next thirty years at Holy Cross , Woodstock , and Georgetown University . To the surprise of many Jesuits , Devitt was appointed the vice rector of Boston College in 1891 , becoming the rector and president later that year . He held the position for three years , and spent the remainder of his life teaching and working as a historian of the Catholic Church in the United States and of colonial Maryland . He died at Georgetown University in 1920 . Early life . Edward Ignatius Devitt was born on November 26 , 1840 , in Saint John , New Brunswick , in modern-day Canada . His parents were Irish Catholics , and Devitt was baptized two days after his birth . While a young boy , he moved with his family to the United States , where they settled in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts . Devitts father became active in the North End parish of St . Marys , which was run by the Jesuits , under the pastorship of John McElroy . In this way , Devitt became exposed to religious life , particularly to the Jesuits . As there were no Catholic schools in Boston at the time , Devitt was enrolled in public school , graduating from the Boston English School in 1857 . He then continued his education at the College of the Holy Cross . He completed two years there before meeting Burchard Villiger , the provincial superior of the Jesuit Maryland Province , and applying for membership in the order . His application was accepted , and Devitt entered the Society of Jesus on July 28 , 1859 , proceeding to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . While at the novitiate , the American Civil War broke out , and the school was several times commandeered by the armies as a makeshift hospital , the novices and juniors being ordered to tend to the wounded . Teaching and higher education . In 1863 , Devitt moved to Washington , D.C. , where he became a professor of the classics and mathematics at Washington Seminary ( which later became Gonzaga College High School ) . He was a professor at the school at the time Abraham Lincoln was assassinated , and he marched with the Gonzaga students in the deceased presidents funeral procession . Devitt left Gonzaga in 1869 to complete his studies in philosophy and theology at Woodstock College in Maryland , where he was a member of the first class . He remained at Woodstock for seven years . He was ordained a priest by Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley on Laetare Sunday in 1875 . From 1877 to 1879 , he served as prefect of studies at the College of the Holy Cross . On August 15 , 1880 , he professed his fourth vow . Academic career . For the next thirty years , Devitt taught philosophy at the College of the Holy Cross , Woodstock College , and Georgetown University . In teaching at Woodstock , he became the first alumnus of the college to be appointed to the faculty , and eventually became the chair of dogmatic theology . He believed that teaching was the preeminent mission of the Society of Jesus . Over the course of his career , he taught such subjects as the classics , mathematics , modern languages , philosophy , and science . President of Boston College . While Devitt was a professor of philosophy at the College of the Holy Cross , the Jesuit provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell , paid his annual visit to the college . On January 6 , 1891 , during his visit , he appointed Devitt as vice rector of Boston College , where he would assume management of the school due to the rector , Robert J . Fultons , worsening illness . The Jesuits in both Worcester and Boston were surprised by his appointment . Eventually , on September 3 , 1891 , Devitts status was changed to rector and president of Boston College by the Jesuit Superior General , Anton Anderledy . During his term , the holdings of the college library were increased by 25% , and the science department was expanded . Boston Colleges literary magazine , The Stylus , resumed publication in 1893 , having been inactive since 1889 . Devitts tenure as president came to an end on July 16 , 1894 , and he was succeeded by Timothy Brosnahan . In 1902 , Devitt was selected to represent the Maryland-New York Province at the Jesuits General Congregation of procurators in Rome in 1902 . Historian . Devitt also developed a reputation as an authoritative historian of the Catholic Church in the United States and of colonial Maryland . Though his historical interests began as a hobby , Devitt eventually became an editor of the Woodstock Letters , a journal published by the American Jesuits . He became a member of the Columbia Historical Society , the Maryland Historical Society , and the American Catholic Historical Society , the latter of which he was especially active in . While at Georgetown University , toward the end of his life , he received for the universitys library one of the most comprehensive collections of books on the history of Maryland . Despite his reputation as an adept historian , his skills in writing were considered lackluster by many of his colleagues . He also served as the curator of Georgetowns historical archives . Devitt died on January 26 , 1920 , at Georgetown University , and was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery . His largest project , a history of the Maryland-New York Province of the Society of Jesus , remained unfinished at the time of his death . For his historical work , Devitt received the posthumous praise of Bishop Thomas Shahan , the rector of the Catholic University of America and a historian .
|
[
"College of the Holy Cross"
] |
easy
|
Edward I. Devitt went to which school from 1857 to 1859?
|
/wiki/Edward_I._Devitt#P69#1
|
Edward I . Devitt Edward Ignatius Devitt ( November 26 , 1840 – January 26 , 1920 ) was a Canadian American priest , Jesuit , and historian of the American Catholic Church . Born in Saint John , New Brunswick , he moved with his family to Boston , Massachusetts , at a young age . He studied in public schools in the city before enrolling at the College of the Holy Cross . Devitt spent two years there , and then entered the Society of Jesus in 1859 . He studied at the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , and at the newly opened Woodstock College . He briefly taught at the Washington Seminary during his studies , and after graduating , was a professor for the next thirty years at Holy Cross , Woodstock , and Georgetown University . To the surprise of many Jesuits , Devitt was appointed the vice rector of Boston College in 1891 , becoming the rector and president later that year . He held the position for three years , and spent the remainder of his life teaching and working as a historian of the Catholic Church in the United States and of colonial Maryland . He died at Georgetown University in 1920 . Early life . Edward Ignatius Devitt was born on November 26 , 1840 , in Saint John , New Brunswick , in modern-day Canada . His parents were Irish Catholics , and Devitt was baptized two days after his birth . While a young boy , he moved with his family to the United States , where they settled in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts . Devitts father became active in the North End parish of St . Marys , which was run by the Jesuits , under the pastorship of John McElroy . In this way , Devitt became exposed to religious life , particularly to the Jesuits . As there were no Catholic schools in Boston at the time , Devitt was enrolled in public school , graduating from the Boston English School in 1857 . He then continued his education at the College of the Holy Cross . He completed two years there before meeting Burchard Villiger , the provincial superior of the Jesuit Maryland Province , and applying for membership in the order . His application was accepted , and Devitt entered the Society of Jesus on July 28 , 1859 , proceeding to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . While at the novitiate , the American Civil War broke out , and the school was several times commandeered by the armies as a makeshift hospital , the novices and juniors being ordered to tend to the wounded . Teaching and higher education . In 1863 , Devitt moved to Washington , D.C. , where he became a professor of the classics and mathematics at Washington Seminary ( which later became Gonzaga College High School ) . He was a professor at the school at the time Abraham Lincoln was assassinated , and he marched with the Gonzaga students in the deceased presidents funeral procession . Devitt left Gonzaga in 1869 to complete his studies in philosophy and theology at Woodstock College in Maryland , where he was a member of the first class . He remained at Woodstock for seven years . He was ordained a priest by Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley on Laetare Sunday in 1875 . From 1877 to 1879 , he served as prefect of studies at the College of the Holy Cross . On August 15 , 1880 , he professed his fourth vow . Academic career . For the next thirty years , Devitt taught philosophy at the College of the Holy Cross , Woodstock College , and Georgetown University . In teaching at Woodstock , he became the first alumnus of the college to be appointed to the faculty , and eventually became the chair of dogmatic theology . He believed that teaching was the preeminent mission of the Society of Jesus . Over the course of his career , he taught such subjects as the classics , mathematics , modern languages , philosophy , and science . President of Boston College . While Devitt was a professor of philosophy at the College of the Holy Cross , the Jesuit provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell , paid his annual visit to the college . On January 6 , 1891 , during his visit , he appointed Devitt as vice rector of Boston College , where he would assume management of the school due to the rector , Robert J . Fultons , worsening illness . The Jesuits in both Worcester and Boston were surprised by his appointment . Eventually , on September 3 , 1891 , Devitts status was changed to rector and president of Boston College by the Jesuit Superior General , Anton Anderledy . During his term , the holdings of the college library were increased by 25% , and the science department was expanded . Boston Colleges literary magazine , The Stylus , resumed publication in 1893 , having been inactive since 1889 . Devitts tenure as president came to an end on July 16 , 1894 , and he was succeeded by Timothy Brosnahan . In 1902 , Devitt was selected to represent the Maryland-New York Province at the Jesuits General Congregation of procurators in Rome in 1902 . Historian . Devitt also developed a reputation as an authoritative historian of the Catholic Church in the United States and of colonial Maryland . Though his historical interests began as a hobby , Devitt eventually became an editor of the Woodstock Letters , a journal published by the American Jesuits . He became a member of the Columbia Historical Society , the Maryland Historical Society , and the American Catholic Historical Society , the latter of which he was especially active in . While at Georgetown University , toward the end of his life , he received for the universitys library one of the most comprehensive collections of books on the history of Maryland . Despite his reputation as an adept historian , his skills in writing were considered lackluster by many of his colleagues . He also served as the curator of Georgetowns historical archives . Devitt died on January 26 , 1920 , at Georgetown University , and was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery . His largest project , a history of the Maryland-New York Province of the Society of Jesus , remained unfinished at the time of his death . For his historical work , Devitt received the posthumous praise of Bishop Thomas Shahan , the rector of the Catholic University of America and a historian .
|
[
"Woodstock College in Maryland"
] |
easy
|
Which school did Edward I. Devitt go to from 1869 to 1876?
|
/wiki/Edward_I._Devitt#P69#2
|
Edward I . Devitt Edward Ignatius Devitt ( November 26 , 1840 – January 26 , 1920 ) was a Canadian American priest , Jesuit , and historian of the American Catholic Church . Born in Saint John , New Brunswick , he moved with his family to Boston , Massachusetts , at a young age . He studied in public schools in the city before enrolling at the College of the Holy Cross . Devitt spent two years there , and then entered the Society of Jesus in 1859 . He studied at the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland , and at the newly opened Woodstock College . He briefly taught at the Washington Seminary during his studies , and after graduating , was a professor for the next thirty years at Holy Cross , Woodstock , and Georgetown University . To the surprise of many Jesuits , Devitt was appointed the vice rector of Boston College in 1891 , becoming the rector and president later that year . He held the position for three years , and spent the remainder of his life teaching and working as a historian of the Catholic Church in the United States and of colonial Maryland . He died at Georgetown University in 1920 . Early life . Edward Ignatius Devitt was born on November 26 , 1840 , in Saint John , New Brunswick , in modern-day Canada . His parents were Irish Catholics , and Devitt was baptized two days after his birth . While a young boy , he moved with his family to the United States , where they settled in the North End of Boston , Massachusetts . Devitts father became active in the North End parish of St . Marys , which was run by the Jesuits , under the pastorship of John McElroy . In this way , Devitt became exposed to religious life , particularly to the Jesuits . As there were no Catholic schools in Boston at the time , Devitt was enrolled in public school , graduating from the Boston English School in 1857 . He then continued his education at the College of the Holy Cross . He completed two years there before meeting Burchard Villiger , the provincial superior of the Jesuit Maryland Province , and applying for membership in the order . His application was accepted , and Devitt entered the Society of Jesus on July 28 , 1859 , proceeding to the novitiate in Frederick , Maryland . While at the novitiate , the American Civil War broke out , and the school was several times commandeered by the armies as a makeshift hospital , the novices and juniors being ordered to tend to the wounded . Teaching and higher education . In 1863 , Devitt moved to Washington , D.C. , where he became a professor of the classics and mathematics at Washington Seminary ( which later became Gonzaga College High School ) . He was a professor at the school at the time Abraham Lincoln was assassinated , and he marched with the Gonzaga students in the deceased presidents funeral procession . Devitt left Gonzaga in 1869 to complete his studies in philosophy and theology at Woodstock College in Maryland , where he was a member of the first class . He remained at Woodstock for seven years . He was ordained a priest by Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley on Laetare Sunday in 1875 . From 1877 to 1879 , he served as prefect of studies at the College of the Holy Cross . On August 15 , 1880 , he professed his fourth vow . Academic career . For the next thirty years , Devitt taught philosophy at the College of the Holy Cross , Woodstock College , and Georgetown University . In teaching at Woodstock , he became the first alumnus of the college to be appointed to the faculty , and eventually became the chair of dogmatic theology . He believed that teaching was the preeminent mission of the Society of Jesus . Over the course of his career , he taught such subjects as the classics , mathematics , modern languages , philosophy , and science . President of Boston College . While Devitt was a professor of philosophy at the College of the Holy Cross , the Jesuit provincial superior , Thomas J . Campbell , paid his annual visit to the college . On January 6 , 1891 , during his visit , he appointed Devitt as vice rector of Boston College , where he would assume management of the school due to the rector , Robert J . Fultons , worsening illness . The Jesuits in both Worcester and Boston were surprised by his appointment . Eventually , on September 3 , 1891 , Devitts status was changed to rector and president of Boston College by the Jesuit Superior General , Anton Anderledy . During his term , the holdings of the college library were increased by 25% , and the science department was expanded . Boston Colleges literary magazine , The Stylus , resumed publication in 1893 , having been inactive since 1889 . Devitts tenure as president came to an end on July 16 , 1894 , and he was succeeded by Timothy Brosnahan . In 1902 , Devitt was selected to represent the Maryland-New York Province at the Jesuits General Congregation of procurators in Rome in 1902 . Historian . Devitt also developed a reputation as an authoritative historian of the Catholic Church in the United States and of colonial Maryland . Though his historical interests began as a hobby , Devitt eventually became an editor of the Woodstock Letters , a journal published by the American Jesuits . He became a member of the Columbia Historical Society , the Maryland Historical Society , and the American Catholic Historical Society , the latter of which he was especially active in . While at Georgetown University , toward the end of his life , he received for the universitys library one of the most comprehensive collections of books on the history of Maryland . Despite his reputation as an adept historian , his skills in writing were considered lackluster by many of his colleagues . He also served as the curator of Georgetowns historical archives . Devitt died on January 26 , 1920 , at Georgetown University , and was buried in the Jesuit Community Cemetery . His largest project , a history of the Maryland-New York Province of the Society of Jesus , remained unfinished at the time of his death . For his historical work , Devitt received the posthumous praise of Bishop Thomas Shahan , the rector of the Catholic University of America and a historian .
|
[
"Birmingham City"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Julian Dicks play for from 1985 to 1988?
|
/wiki/Julian_Dicks#P54#0
|
Julian Dicks Julian Andrew Dicks ( born 8 August 1968 ) is an English football coach and manager and former professional footballer and professional golfer . He was most recently first-team coach at West Bromwich Albion . Playing from 1985 until 2002 , he was a defender , notably in the Premier League for West Ham United and Liverpool . He was voted West Hams player of the year four times between 1990 and 1997 . He also played in the Football League for Birmingham City where he started his footballing career , ending it in 2002 in non-league football with Canvey Island . He became manager of Wivenhoe Town in 2009 , before moving to Grays Athletic later that year . He was capped by both the England U21 and England B sides . He was known as a hard man adopting the nickname of The Terminator . He was a tough tackler with a strong shot in regular demand as a penalty and free-kick taker . Dicks had a reputation for poor on-field discipline which brought him to the attention of referees , the press and footballing authorities . Early life . Dicks was born in Keynsham Hospital , Bristol to mother , Carol and father Ron who worked as a fork-lift truck driver for Courage Brewery . Ron played non-league football with Keynsham Town , Welton Rovers , Frome Town and Shepton Mallet whom he would also go on to manage . Dicks attended Novers Lane Primary School , in Knowle , Bristol and Merrywood Boys Secondary School also in Knowle . At age 11 he was watched by former Tottenham Hotspur manager , Bill Nicholson who was scouting for West Ham United , but was turned down as he was not quick enough . At age 13 he was spotted playing by Ron Veal who was scouting for Aston Villa . Veal recommended him to Villa manager , Ron Saunders , however Saunders lost his job at Villa on 9 February 1982 . When he was appointed as manager of Birmingham City nine days later , Veal also changed his employer . Saunders was impressed when he watched Dicks play and he was offered a footballing apprenticeship with Birmingham City in 1982 when Dicks turned 14 . Career . Birmingham City . He started his footballing career at Birmingham City , aged 14 , having moved from his home in Bristol . Playing as an apprentice he worked his way through the youth and reserve set-ups before making his debut in 1985 in a 2–0 away defeat to Chelsea . In 1988 , he was signed by manager John Lyall for West Ham United , for £300,000 , giving him the chance of First Division football that Birminghams relegation in 1986 had denied him . Although Dicks had been booked 33 times and sent-off once in all competitions , in his four seasons with Birmingham City , Lyall identified potential in the player enthusing There was a great touch there . I wouldnt have signed just a physical player . West Ham United . Dicks made his debut for West Ham on 2 April 1988 in a Division One game against Sheffield Wednesday . West Ham lost the game 2–1 . He would go on to make eight appearances in the 1987-88 season , his first season with West Ham . The following season , he became a regular player and first choice left back for The Hammers , starting the first game of the season , a 4–0 away defeat to Southampton and playing 34 of a possible 38 games that season . The season also saw his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat at Highbury to Arsenal . It was a poor season for West Ham who were relegated to Division Two having finished one place off the bottom of the league in 19th place with 38 points . Relegation had seen the sacking of manager John Lyall and the appointment of Scot , Lou Macari . The new manager and Dicks exhibited a poor working relationship from the outset . Despite this , and with West Ham now playing second-tier football , Dicks retained his left back position and became their regular penalty taker following the exit of former first choice taker , Ray Stewart . Dicks became well known for his penalties . During his West Ham career he scored 35 , missing four . His first penalty success came on 23 September 1989 proving to be the only goal in a win against Watford . A future regular captain of the West Ham side , this season also saw his first captaincy , in a League Cup game on 19 September 1989 against his former club , Birmingham City , with manager Macari telling him Im making you captain today and Im making you penalty taker too . Dicks was often cautioned and sent off by referees . His first red-card was in a match versus Wimbledon in the Football League Cup in the 1989–90 season . It was an infamous encounter which included an on-pitch brawl between the opposing players . The fighting was sparked by a two-footed tackle by Wimbledon player , Dennis Wise on Dicks . Six players were booked with the game being described as a disgrace to football by journalist , Brian Woolnough . West Ham finished 7th in a season which saw the departure of Lou Macari and the appointment of former player , Billy Bonds as manager . Dicks and Bonds both had reputations as hard men and quarrelled frequently . Injury . The 1990-91 season saw the start of Dicks injury problems . On 13 October 1990 , playing in a game against Bristol City at Ashton Gate , Dicks hit a dip on the edge of the pitch , his foot going over the edge resulting in a loss of feeling in his left leg . He continued to play but after the game he could barely walk . Against the medical assessment of John Green , who was soon to take over as club physiotherapist , he was told to crash-on and in the words of manager Bonds if the knee goes , it goes . Green believed Dicks was in need of an operation on his knee cartilage . He was picked to play in the next game , against Swindon Town but lasted only 38 minutes . He played again in the next game on 24 October 1990 , against Blackburn Rovers but again had to be substituted . A knee operation followed and he would not play again until 21 December 1991 by which time West Ham had been promoted back to the First Division . Another relegation and promotion . He played in the second half of the 1991–92 season . Despite his presence , the team finished bottom of the First Division and missed out on the first season of the Premier League . The 1992–93 season was an eventful one for Dicks , mainly for the wrong reasons . He was sent off three times and picked up a string of bookings which saw him miss significant periods of the season and he was subsequently stripped of the captaincy by manager Bonds . His first dismissal came after he threw his elbow into the face of Newcastle United player Franz Carr . There had been no friction between the two players with Dicks saying of the incident Not to this day do I know why I did it . I had it in my mind that I was going to elbow him , and that was it — bang! . Only four games passed before he was dismissed again . In a game against Wolverhampton Wanderers , Dicks clashed with Paul Birch and Steve Bull before being sent-off , with Billy Bonds having to stop him attacking Birch who was still on the ground . Barely three months passed before his third dismissal of the season . In January 1993 after two bad fouls on Derby County midfielder Ted McMinn he was sent-off , having to be escorted from the pitch by teammate Clive Allen . Despite his disciplinary problems he earned a Division One runners-up medal as West Ham reached the Premier League . Despite his dismissals he played 34 league games of a possible 46 in the promotion season , scoring eleven goals , placing third in the list of highest goal scorers for that season behind only Clive Allen and Trevor Morley . Premier League and Liverpool transfer . Now playing in the Premier League for the first time , West Ham struggled in their first seven games . New signing Simon Webster had a long-term injury having had his leg broken by Dicks in a training session accident . Fellow new signee Dale Gordon had failed to make the impression on the side his transfer had intended . In a move engineered by West Hams then-Assistant Manager Harry Redknapp , Dicks was transferred in order to bring in new players . Liverpool manager Graeme Souness , on the recommendation of Redknapp , watched Dicks play in a West Ham match against Swindon Town on 11 September 1993 . Souness thought Dicks to be my kind of player and signed him for Liverpool that week in a swap deal which involved David Burrows and Mike Marsh moving to West Ham . Extra money received by West Ham from the transfer was used by Redknapp to buy veteran striker , Lee Chapman . Dicks signing had been part of an effort by Souness to toughen up the Liverpool team as he had planned to pair him with fellow hard man , Neil Ruddock . Dicks debut on 18 September came in a high-profile game against local rivals , Everton at Goodison Park . In an eventful game , Liverpool lost 2–0 . Former West Ham players , Mark Ward and Tony Cottee scored with Dicks mistake on the ball allowing Cottee to control it and score . The game was also memorable for the on-pitch fighting of Liverpool teammates Steve McManaman and Bruce Grobbelaar . By now a regular in the Liverpool side , Dicks scored his opening goal , a shot from 25 yards , in a 3–0 away win against Oldham Athletic in January 1994 . His discipline had also improved and he had yet to be booked whilst in Liverpool colours . Unfortunately for Dicks , Souness was proving to be an unpopular manager . He had dropped fans favourites Ian Rush and John Barnes to the reserve team due to perceived under performance and he had tried to integrate too many young and inexperienced players . In February 1994 after a shock FA Cup loss to Bristol City , a game in which Dicks did not play , the fans were calling for him to resign . Souness left Liverpool after three years in charge , in February 1994 . He was replaced by Roy Evans who had always disliked Dicks and his style of play . Working under Souness he had kept his opinions to himself . Now with Evans as Liverpool manager Dicks found himself out of favour . Dicks and Evans and his assistants Ronnie Moran and Steve Heighway , disagreed over training methods , Dicks fitness ( they considered him to be overweight ) and diet . Evans banished him to play with the reserve and to train with 15- and 16-year-olds . He played for Liverpool on 7 May 1994 in a 2–1 away defeat to Aston Villa . It proved to be his last first-team game for the club . The pre-season of the 1994-95 season started badly for Liverpool and for Dicks . Picked to play in a friendly game against Bolton Wanderers at Burnden Park on 26 July 1994 , Liverpool lost 4–1 . Evans was again critical of Dicks performance in the defeat ; tired of such criticism he asked for a move from the club . He had played 28 games for Liverpool in all competitions , scoring three goals , although Dicks has the honour of being the last Liverpool player to score in front of the standing Spion Kop at Anfield in a 1–0 win against Ipswich Town near the end of the 1993–94 season . His Liverpool career lasted only 13 months , a short time considering his former manager Souness had said of Dicks , if I was to pick the best 11 players Ive ever worked with , hed be one of them . Return to West Ham . On re-signing Dicks , manager Harry Redknapp commented that he believed that his chairman thought he was off his rocker because Dicks was considerably heavier than when he had departed for Liverpool a year earlier . His first game in his second spell for the Hammers , on 22 October 1994 , saw a 2–0 home win against Southampton and , in keeping with his reputation , Dicks was booked . Dicks played a major part in helping to keep West Ham in the Premier League in 1994–95 scoring five goals . The 1995–96 saw him equal highest goalscorer , with Tony Cottee , for West Ham in the Premier with ten league goals . This season also included a game as goalkeeper in a game against Everton on 19 December 1995 . Dicks took over the goalkeepers gloves after regular keeper , Ludek Miklosko had been sent-off for a foul on Daniel Amokachi . He let in two goals as Everton won 3–0 . He was named Man of the Match . In 1996–97 he scored twice in a crucial London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 February 1997 at The Boleyn Ground that West Ham won 4–3 . Before the game West Ham had not won in nine games . The game signified the start of a fight back against relegation from the Premier League . West Ham had been in 18th place before the game but would go on the finish 14th at the end of the season . Another knee injury resulted in him missing the entire 1997–98 season . He did return to action in the 1998–99 season and West Ham finished fifth to qualify for the UEFA Cup , but his injury problems failed to go away and he was restricted to just nine Premier League games . West Ham then terminated his contract and he retired from professional football after a 14-year career , 11 years of which had been spent at West Ham . In two spells at West Ham , he had played 315 competitive games and scored 64 goals , many of them penalties . His final appearance for the club came against Arsenal on 6 February 1999 , with his final goal coming in the FA Cup against Swansea City on 2 January 1999 . In 2000 Dicks was granted a testimonial match by West Ham . On 13 August 2000 a West Ham eleven took on Spanish side Athletic Bilbao at the Boleyn Ground . The game was marred by a 17 player brawl in which West Ham player Igor Stimac was booked for a bad tackle and the West Ham captain for the day , Paolo Di Canio , slapped several Spanish players in the face . West Ham manager Harry Redknapp was ordered to remove Di Canio for the pitch to defuse the tension . Bilbao coach , Txetxu Rojo , was ordered to remove player Joseba Etxeberria for a similar reason . Bilbao won the game 2-1 Dicks received £200,000 from the game . Canvey Island . In 2001 , he made a brief return to football after signing for non-League Canvey Island . Only ten days after signing for Canvey Island , he was involved in an FA Cup shock . Playing against Football League side Wigan Athletic in the first round of the competition , Canvey turned-out 1-0 winners . The success continued in the next round . Again facing Football League opposition in Northampton Town , Canvey won 1–0 with a goal from Neil Gregory with a goal instigated with a move by Dicks . International career . Dicks made his debut for the England under-21 team in Lausanne , Switzerland in a friendly game against the Switzerland under-21 team on 28 May 1988 . The game finished 1–1 with the England goal being scored by Paul Gascoigne . Dicks performance convinced manager Dave Sexton to call him into the squad for the 1988 Toulon Tournament . He played in Englands first game of the competition against the Mexico under-21 team in the Stade Mayol in Toulon on 5 June 1988 . He was sent-off for a foul on a Mexican player . Undeterred by his sending-off , after missing one game through suspension , Sexton picked Dicks to play in the semi-final against the Morocco under-21 team and for the final against the France under-21 team which England lost 4–2 . Four years later , in 1992 , Dicks was called in to the England B team . He played only two games for the side ; a 1–0 win in the Stadion Střelecký ostrov stadium , Budweis , Czechoslovakia against the Czechoslovakia team and a 1–1 draw in the Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow against the CIS team . In 1995 England first team manager , Terry Venables , was putting together a squad to compete in Euro96 in England . Dicks performances had earlier given rise to journalists to call for his inclusion in the squad . Two further disciplinary events ended such calls . On 11 September 1995 he was booked for stamping on the head of Chelseas John Spencer in a 3–1 home defeat for West Ham . Spencer required eight stitches in his head . On 16 September 1995 at Highbury he was dismissed for the eighth time in his career for a foul on Arsenals Ian Wright . The two incidents coming so close together caused the media to focus on the incident involving John Spencer . TV pundit Andy Gray and politician , radio journalist and Chelsea supporter , David Mellor called for FA to get involved . The game had been televised live on Sky TV and a recording of it was provided to the match referee , Robbie Hart who had booked Dicks during the game . The Sun newspaper ran a full back-page on the incident with several pictures of the challenge and of blood on Spencers face . Mellors radio program , 606 , had focused so intently on the clash that combined with The Suns coverage , public focus was sufficient for Dicks daughters to be attacked at their school in Essex . The FA considered the video evidence provided and a report from referee Hart and Dicks was given a three-match ban . This ban put in doubt any future involvement in England squads due to concerns over his indiscipline and he was not called into the Euro 96 squad . In 1997 with Glenn Hoddle now manager of England , Dicks met , by chance , his assistant , John Gorman whilst on holiday . Dicks claims Gorman had told him he would stand a better chance of being picked if he had grown his hair . Dicks frequently shaved his head sporting a skinhead hairstyle . Gorman also said that Dicks had been a candidate for selection for a game against Mexico in 1997 . By this time Dicks had said he no longer wished to be considered for international selection . Coaching career . Wivenhoe Town . Dicks returned to football on 5 January 2009 when he was appointed manager of Eastern Counties League side Wivenhoe Town , but left the club shortly after the end of that season by mutual consent . Grays Athletic . Conference National club Grays Athletic announced Dicks as their new manager in mid-September 2009 . In his first season at Grays , he was relegated from the Conference , whilst the club voluntarily dropped three levels to the Isthmian League Division One North . After finishing 10th in the following season , Dicks left Grays by mutual consent in May 2011 . Sealand . Dicks took take charge of the Sealand side at the Tynwald Hill International Football Tournament on the Isle of Man in July 2013 . West Ham United Ladies . On 19 June 2014 , Dicks was appointed as a new manager of the West Ham United Ladies . His first competitive game was against Spurs Ladies . He helped to improve the team from their 10th-place finish that season and then to a sixth-placed finish in the 2014–15 season , along with a London FA Capital Womens Cup Final date against Charlton Athletic Ladies which West Ham ladies lost 5–0 . West Ham United . On 29 June 2015 , Dicks was appointed first-team coach for his former team , West Ham United , under new manager and former teammate , Slaven Bilić . In June 2016 , Dicks signed a contract to keep him on the coaching staff at West Ham for a further two years . When Bilić was sacked by West Ham in November 2017 , Dicks also left the club . Heybridge Swifts . On 4 October 2018 , Dicks was appointed manager of Heybridge Swifts . His first two games as manager , against Mildenhall Town and Bury Town , resulted in wins for The Swifts . In May 2019 , Heybridge Swifts won the 2018–19 Isthmian League Division One North play-off final against rivals Maldon & Tiptree , however were ineligible for promotion due to changes to the non-league pyramid system , leading Dicks to label the decision as ridiculous . He left Heybridge to again work for Slaven Bilić , at West Bromwich Albion . West Bromwich Albion . In July 2019 , he joined the coaching staff at West Bromwich Albion . On 16 December 2020 , following Bilićs sacking , Dicks left West Brom too . Heybridge Swifts return . On 28 March 2021 , Dicks return to Heybridge Swifts as manager , from 1 July 2021 , was announced by the club . Personal life . Dicks met his wife Kay in 1985 and they married in 1988 . They had twin daughters Jessica and Katie in December 1988 . The couple were married for 13 years until divorcing in 2001 . His brother , Grantley is also a former footballer and coach . After retiring as a footballer , Dicks took up golf and soon turned professional , but was forced to give this career up due to his knee injury and the realisation that he did not have the ability to win tournaments . He went on to run the Shepherd and Dog Public House in Langham , near Colchester , Essex . Acting career . In 2014 , he made a cameo appearance in the spoof football violence film The Hooligan Factory . External links . - Liverpool F.C . profile
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Julian Dicks Julian Andrew Dicks ( born 8 August 1968 ) is an English football coach and manager and former professional footballer and professional golfer . He was most recently first-team coach at West Bromwich Albion . Playing from 1985 until 2002 , he was a defender , notably in the Premier League for West Ham United and Liverpool . He was voted West Hams player of the year four times between 1990 and 1997 . He also played in the Football League for Birmingham City where he started his footballing career , ending it in 2002 in non-league football with Canvey Island . He became manager of Wivenhoe Town in 2009 , before moving to Grays Athletic later that year . He was capped by both the England U21 and England B sides . He was known as a hard man adopting the nickname of The Terminator . He was a tough tackler with a strong shot in regular demand as a penalty and free-kick taker . Dicks had a reputation for poor on-field discipline which brought him to the attention of referees , the press and footballing authorities . Early life . Dicks was born in Keynsham Hospital , Bristol to mother , Carol and father Ron who worked as a fork-lift truck driver for Courage Brewery . Ron played non-league football with Keynsham Town , Welton Rovers , Frome Town and Shepton Mallet whom he would also go on to manage . Dicks attended Novers Lane Primary School , in Knowle , Bristol and Merrywood Boys Secondary School also in Knowle . At age 11 he was watched by former Tottenham Hotspur manager , Bill Nicholson who was scouting for West Ham United , but was turned down as he was not quick enough . At age 13 he was spotted playing by Ron Veal who was scouting for Aston Villa . Veal recommended him to Villa manager , Ron Saunders , however Saunders lost his job at Villa on 9 February 1982 . When he was appointed as manager of Birmingham City nine days later , Veal also changed his employer . Saunders was impressed when he watched Dicks play and he was offered a footballing apprenticeship with Birmingham City in 1982 when Dicks turned 14 . Career . Birmingham City . He started his footballing career at Birmingham City , aged 14 , having moved from his home in Bristol . Playing as an apprentice he worked his way through the youth and reserve set-ups before making his debut in 1985 in a 2–0 away defeat to Chelsea . In 1988 , he was signed by manager John Lyall for West Ham United , for £300,000 , giving him the chance of First Division football that Birminghams relegation in 1986 had denied him . Although Dicks had been booked 33 times and sent-off once in all competitions , in his four seasons with Birmingham City , Lyall identified potential in the player enthusing There was a great touch there . I wouldnt have signed just a physical player . West Ham United . Dicks made his debut for West Ham on 2 April 1988 in a Division One game against Sheffield Wednesday . West Ham lost the game 2–1 . He would go on to make eight appearances in the 1987-88 season , his first season with West Ham . The following season , he became a regular player and first choice left back for The Hammers , starting the first game of the season , a 4–0 away defeat to Southampton and playing 34 of a possible 38 games that season . The season also saw his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat at Highbury to Arsenal . It was a poor season for West Ham who were relegated to Division Two having finished one place off the bottom of the league in 19th place with 38 points . Relegation had seen the sacking of manager John Lyall and the appointment of Scot , Lou Macari . The new manager and Dicks exhibited a poor working relationship from the outset . Despite this , and with West Ham now playing second-tier football , Dicks retained his left back position and became their regular penalty taker following the exit of former first choice taker , Ray Stewart . Dicks became well known for his penalties . During his West Ham career he scored 35 , missing four . His first penalty success came on 23 September 1989 proving to be the only goal in a win against Watford . A future regular captain of the West Ham side , this season also saw his first captaincy , in a League Cup game on 19 September 1989 against his former club , Birmingham City , with manager Macari telling him Im making you captain today and Im making you penalty taker too . Dicks was often cautioned and sent off by referees . His first red-card was in a match versus Wimbledon in the Football League Cup in the 1989–90 season . It was an infamous encounter which included an on-pitch brawl between the opposing players . The fighting was sparked by a two-footed tackle by Wimbledon player , Dennis Wise on Dicks . Six players were booked with the game being described as a disgrace to football by journalist , Brian Woolnough . West Ham finished 7th in a season which saw the departure of Lou Macari and the appointment of former player , Billy Bonds as manager . Dicks and Bonds both had reputations as hard men and quarrelled frequently . Injury . The 1990-91 season saw the start of Dicks injury problems . On 13 October 1990 , playing in a game against Bristol City at Ashton Gate , Dicks hit a dip on the edge of the pitch , his foot going over the edge resulting in a loss of feeling in his left leg . He continued to play but after the game he could barely walk . Against the medical assessment of John Green , who was soon to take over as club physiotherapist , he was told to crash-on and in the words of manager Bonds if the knee goes , it goes . Green believed Dicks was in need of an operation on his knee cartilage . He was picked to play in the next game , against Swindon Town but lasted only 38 minutes . He played again in the next game on 24 October 1990 , against Blackburn Rovers but again had to be substituted . A knee operation followed and he would not play again until 21 December 1991 by which time West Ham had been promoted back to the First Division . Another relegation and promotion . He played in the second half of the 1991–92 season . Despite his presence , the team finished bottom of the First Division and missed out on the first season of the Premier League . The 1992–93 season was an eventful one for Dicks , mainly for the wrong reasons . He was sent off three times and picked up a string of bookings which saw him miss significant periods of the season and he was subsequently stripped of the captaincy by manager Bonds . His first dismissal came after he threw his elbow into the face of Newcastle United player Franz Carr . There had been no friction between the two players with Dicks saying of the incident Not to this day do I know why I did it . I had it in my mind that I was going to elbow him , and that was it — bang! . Only four games passed before he was dismissed again . In a game against Wolverhampton Wanderers , Dicks clashed with Paul Birch and Steve Bull before being sent-off , with Billy Bonds having to stop him attacking Birch who was still on the ground . Barely three months passed before his third dismissal of the season . In January 1993 after two bad fouls on Derby County midfielder Ted McMinn he was sent-off , having to be escorted from the pitch by teammate Clive Allen . Despite his disciplinary problems he earned a Division One runners-up medal as West Ham reached the Premier League . Despite his dismissals he played 34 league games of a possible 46 in the promotion season , scoring eleven goals , placing third in the list of highest goal scorers for that season behind only Clive Allen and Trevor Morley . Premier League and Liverpool transfer . Now playing in the Premier League for the first time , West Ham struggled in their first seven games . New signing Simon Webster had a long-term injury having had his leg broken by Dicks in a training session accident . Fellow new signee Dale Gordon had failed to make the impression on the side his transfer had intended . In a move engineered by West Hams then-Assistant Manager Harry Redknapp , Dicks was transferred in order to bring in new players . Liverpool manager Graeme Souness , on the recommendation of Redknapp , watched Dicks play in a West Ham match against Swindon Town on 11 September 1993 . Souness thought Dicks to be my kind of player and signed him for Liverpool that week in a swap deal which involved David Burrows and Mike Marsh moving to West Ham . Extra money received by West Ham from the transfer was used by Redknapp to buy veteran striker , Lee Chapman . Dicks signing had been part of an effort by Souness to toughen up the Liverpool team as he had planned to pair him with fellow hard man , Neil Ruddock . Dicks debut on 18 September came in a high-profile game against local rivals , Everton at Goodison Park . In an eventful game , Liverpool lost 2–0 . Former West Ham players , Mark Ward and Tony Cottee scored with Dicks mistake on the ball allowing Cottee to control it and score . The game was also memorable for the on-pitch fighting of Liverpool teammates Steve McManaman and Bruce Grobbelaar . By now a regular in the Liverpool side , Dicks scored his opening goal , a shot from 25 yards , in a 3–0 away win against Oldham Athletic in January 1994 . His discipline had also improved and he had yet to be booked whilst in Liverpool colours . Unfortunately for Dicks , Souness was proving to be an unpopular manager . He had dropped fans favourites Ian Rush and John Barnes to the reserve team due to perceived under performance and he had tried to integrate too many young and inexperienced players . In February 1994 after a shock FA Cup loss to Bristol City , a game in which Dicks did not play , the fans were calling for him to resign . Souness left Liverpool after three years in charge , in February 1994 . He was replaced by Roy Evans who had always disliked Dicks and his style of play . Working under Souness he had kept his opinions to himself . Now with Evans as Liverpool manager Dicks found himself out of favour . Dicks and Evans and his assistants Ronnie Moran and Steve Heighway , disagreed over training methods , Dicks fitness ( they considered him to be overweight ) and diet . Evans banished him to play with the reserve and to train with 15- and 16-year-olds . He played for Liverpool on 7 May 1994 in a 2–1 away defeat to Aston Villa . It proved to be his last first-team game for the club . The pre-season of the 1994-95 season started badly for Liverpool and for Dicks . Picked to play in a friendly game against Bolton Wanderers at Burnden Park on 26 July 1994 , Liverpool lost 4–1 . Evans was again critical of Dicks performance in the defeat ; tired of such criticism he asked for a move from the club . He had played 28 games for Liverpool in all competitions , scoring three goals , although Dicks has the honour of being the last Liverpool player to score in front of the standing Spion Kop at Anfield in a 1–0 win against Ipswich Town near the end of the 1993–94 season . His Liverpool career lasted only 13 months , a short time considering his former manager Souness had said of Dicks , if I was to pick the best 11 players Ive ever worked with , hed be one of them . Return to West Ham . On re-signing Dicks , manager Harry Redknapp commented that he believed that his chairman thought he was off his rocker because Dicks was considerably heavier than when he had departed for Liverpool a year earlier . His first game in his second spell for the Hammers , on 22 October 1994 , saw a 2–0 home win against Southampton and , in keeping with his reputation , Dicks was booked . Dicks played a major part in helping to keep West Ham in the Premier League in 1994–95 scoring five goals . The 1995–96 saw him equal highest goalscorer , with Tony Cottee , for West Ham in the Premier with ten league goals . This season also included a game as goalkeeper in a game against Everton on 19 December 1995 . Dicks took over the goalkeepers gloves after regular keeper , Ludek Miklosko had been sent-off for a foul on Daniel Amokachi . He let in two goals as Everton won 3–0 . He was named Man of the Match . In 1996–97 he scored twice in a crucial London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 February 1997 at The Boleyn Ground that West Ham won 4–3 . Before the game West Ham had not won in nine games . The game signified the start of a fight back against relegation from the Premier League . West Ham had been in 18th place before the game but would go on the finish 14th at the end of the season . Another knee injury resulted in him missing the entire 1997–98 season . He did return to action in the 1998–99 season and West Ham finished fifth to qualify for the UEFA Cup , but his injury problems failed to go away and he was restricted to just nine Premier League games . West Ham then terminated his contract and he retired from professional football after a 14-year career , 11 years of which had been spent at West Ham . In two spells at West Ham , he had played 315 competitive games and scored 64 goals , many of them penalties . His final appearance for the club came against Arsenal on 6 February 1999 , with his final goal coming in the FA Cup against Swansea City on 2 January 1999 . In 2000 Dicks was granted a testimonial match by West Ham . On 13 August 2000 a West Ham eleven took on Spanish side Athletic Bilbao at the Boleyn Ground . The game was marred by a 17 player brawl in which West Ham player Igor Stimac was booked for a bad tackle and the West Ham captain for the day , Paolo Di Canio , slapped several Spanish players in the face . West Ham manager Harry Redknapp was ordered to remove Di Canio for the pitch to defuse the tension . Bilbao coach , Txetxu Rojo , was ordered to remove player Joseba Etxeberria for a similar reason . Bilbao won the game 2-1 Dicks received £200,000 from the game . Canvey Island . In 2001 , he made a brief return to football after signing for non-League Canvey Island . Only ten days after signing for Canvey Island , he was involved in an FA Cup shock . Playing against Football League side Wigan Athletic in the first round of the competition , Canvey turned-out 1-0 winners . The success continued in the next round . Again facing Football League opposition in Northampton Town , Canvey won 1–0 with a goal from Neil Gregory with a goal instigated with a move by Dicks . International career . Dicks made his debut for the England under-21 team in Lausanne , Switzerland in a friendly game against the Switzerland under-21 team on 28 May 1988 . The game finished 1–1 with the England goal being scored by Paul Gascoigne . Dicks performance convinced manager Dave Sexton to call him into the squad for the 1988 Toulon Tournament . He played in Englands first game of the competition against the Mexico under-21 team in the Stade Mayol in Toulon on 5 June 1988 . He was sent-off for a foul on a Mexican player . Undeterred by his sending-off , after missing one game through suspension , Sexton picked Dicks to play in the semi-final against the Morocco under-21 team and for the final against the France under-21 team which England lost 4–2 . Four years later , in 1992 , Dicks was called in to the England B team . He played only two games for the side ; a 1–0 win in the Stadion Střelecký ostrov stadium , Budweis , Czechoslovakia against the Czechoslovakia team and a 1–1 draw in the Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow against the CIS team . In 1995 England first team manager , Terry Venables , was putting together a squad to compete in Euro96 in England . Dicks performances had earlier given rise to journalists to call for his inclusion in the squad . Two further disciplinary events ended such calls . On 11 September 1995 he was booked for stamping on the head of Chelseas John Spencer in a 3–1 home defeat for West Ham . Spencer required eight stitches in his head . On 16 September 1995 at Highbury he was dismissed for the eighth time in his career for a foul on Arsenals Ian Wright . The two incidents coming so close together caused the media to focus on the incident involving John Spencer . TV pundit Andy Gray and politician , radio journalist and Chelsea supporter , David Mellor called for FA to get involved . The game had been televised live on Sky TV and a recording of it was provided to the match referee , Robbie Hart who had booked Dicks during the game . The Sun newspaper ran a full back-page on the incident with several pictures of the challenge and of blood on Spencers face . Mellors radio program , 606 , had focused so intently on the clash that combined with The Suns coverage , public focus was sufficient for Dicks daughters to be attacked at their school in Essex . The FA considered the video evidence provided and a report from referee Hart and Dicks was given a three-match ban . This ban put in doubt any future involvement in England squads due to concerns over his indiscipline and he was not called into the Euro 96 squad . In 1997 with Glenn Hoddle now manager of England , Dicks met , by chance , his assistant , John Gorman whilst on holiday . Dicks claims Gorman had told him he would stand a better chance of being picked if he had grown his hair . Dicks frequently shaved his head sporting a skinhead hairstyle . Gorman also said that Dicks had been a candidate for selection for a game against Mexico in 1997 . By this time Dicks had said he no longer wished to be considered for international selection . Coaching career . Wivenhoe Town . Dicks returned to football on 5 January 2009 when he was appointed manager of Eastern Counties League side Wivenhoe Town , but left the club shortly after the end of that season by mutual consent . Grays Athletic . Conference National club Grays Athletic announced Dicks as their new manager in mid-September 2009 . In his first season at Grays , he was relegated from the Conference , whilst the club voluntarily dropped three levels to the Isthmian League Division One North . After finishing 10th in the following season , Dicks left Grays by mutual consent in May 2011 . Sealand . Dicks took take charge of the Sealand side at the Tynwald Hill International Football Tournament on the Isle of Man in July 2013 . West Ham United Ladies . On 19 June 2014 , Dicks was appointed as a new manager of the West Ham United Ladies . His first competitive game was against Spurs Ladies . He helped to improve the team from their 10th-place finish that season and then to a sixth-placed finish in the 2014–15 season , along with a London FA Capital Womens Cup Final date against Charlton Athletic Ladies which West Ham ladies lost 5–0 . West Ham United . On 29 June 2015 , Dicks was appointed first-team coach for his former team , West Ham United , under new manager and former teammate , Slaven Bilić . In June 2016 , Dicks signed a contract to keep him on the coaching staff at West Ham for a further two years . When Bilić was sacked by West Ham in November 2017 , Dicks also left the club . Heybridge Swifts . On 4 October 2018 , Dicks was appointed manager of Heybridge Swifts . His first two games as manager , against Mildenhall Town and Bury Town , resulted in wins for The Swifts . In May 2019 , Heybridge Swifts won the 2018–19 Isthmian League Division One North play-off final against rivals Maldon & Tiptree , however were ineligible for promotion due to changes to the non-league pyramid system , leading Dicks to label the decision as ridiculous . He left Heybridge to again work for Slaven Bilić , at West Bromwich Albion . West Bromwich Albion . In July 2019 , he joined the coaching staff at West Bromwich Albion . On 16 December 2020 , following Bilićs sacking , Dicks left West Brom too . Heybridge Swifts return . On 28 March 2021 , Dicks return to Heybridge Swifts as manager , from 1 July 2021 , was announced by the club . Personal life . Dicks met his wife Kay in 1985 and they married in 1988 . They had twin daughters Jessica and Katie in December 1988 . The couple were married for 13 years until divorcing in 2001 . His brother , Grantley is also a former footballer and coach . After retiring as a footballer , Dicks took up golf and soon turned professional , but was forced to give this career up due to his knee injury and the realisation that he did not have the ability to win tournaments . He went on to run the Shepherd and Dog Public House in Langham , near Colchester , Essex . Acting career . In 2014 , he made a cameo appearance in the spoof football violence film The Hooligan Factory . External links . - Liverpool F.C . profile
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Which team did Julian Dicks play for from 1993 to 1994?
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/wiki/Julian_Dicks#P54#2
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Julian Dicks Julian Andrew Dicks ( born 8 August 1968 ) is an English football coach and manager and former professional footballer and professional golfer . He was most recently first-team coach at West Bromwich Albion . Playing from 1985 until 2002 , he was a defender , notably in the Premier League for West Ham United and Liverpool . He was voted West Hams player of the year four times between 1990 and 1997 . He also played in the Football League for Birmingham City where he started his footballing career , ending it in 2002 in non-league football with Canvey Island . He became manager of Wivenhoe Town in 2009 , before moving to Grays Athletic later that year . He was capped by both the England U21 and England B sides . He was known as a hard man adopting the nickname of The Terminator . He was a tough tackler with a strong shot in regular demand as a penalty and free-kick taker . Dicks had a reputation for poor on-field discipline which brought him to the attention of referees , the press and footballing authorities . Early life . Dicks was born in Keynsham Hospital , Bristol to mother , Carol and father Ron who worked as a fork-lift truck driver for Courage Brewery . Ron played non-league football with Keynsham Town , Welton Rovers , Frome Town and Shepton Mallet whom he would also go on to manage . Dicks attended Novers Lane Primary School , in Knowle , Bristol and Merrywood Boys Secondary School also in Knowle . At age 11 he was watched by former Tottenham Hotspur manager , Bill Nicholson who was scouting for West Ham United , but was turned down as he was not quick enough . At age 13 he was spotted playing by Ron Veal who was scouting for Aston Villa . Veal recommended him to Villa manager , Ron Saunders , however Saunders lost his job at Villa on 9 February 1982 . When he was appointed as manager of Birmingham City nine days later , Veal also changed his employer . Saunders was impressed when he watched Dicks play and he was offered a footballing apprenticeship with Birmingham City in 1982 when Dicks turned 14 . Career . Birmingham City . He started his footballing career at Birmingham City , aged 14 , having moved from his home in Bristol . Playing as an apprentice he worked his way through the youth and reserve set-ups before making his debut in 1985 in a 2–0 away defeat to Chelsea . In 1988 , he was signed by manager John Lyall for West Ham United , for £300,000 , giving him the chance of First Division football that Birminghams relegation in 1986 had denied him . Although Dicks had been booked 33 times and sent-off once in all competitions , in his four seasons with Birmingham City , Lyall identified potential in the player enthusing There was a great touch there . I wouldnt have signed just a physical player . West Ham United . Dicks made his debut for West Ham on 2 April 1988 in a Division One game against Sheffield Wednesday . West Ham lost the game 2–1 . He would go on to make eight appearances in the 1987-88 season , his first season with West Ham . The following season , he became a regular player and first choice left back for The Hammers , starting the first game of the season , a 4–0 away defeat to Southampton and playing 34 of a possible 38 games that season . The season also saw his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat at Highbury to Arsenal . It was a poor season for West Ham who were relegated to Division Two having finished one place off the bottom of the league in 19th place with 38 points . Relegation had seen the sacking of manager John Lyall and the appointment of Scot , Lou Macari . The new manager and Dicks exhibited a poor working relationship from the outset . Despite this , and with West Ham now playing second-tier football , Dicks retained his left back position and became their regular penalty taker following the exit of former first choice taker , Ray Stewart . Dicks became well known for his penalties . During his West Ham career he scored 35 , missing four . His first penalty success came on 23 September 1989 proving to be the only goal in a win against Watford . A future regular captain of the West Ham side , this season also saw his first captaincy , in a League Cup game on 19 September 1989 against his former club , Birmingham City , with manager Macari telling him Im making you captain today and Im making you penalty taker too . Dicks was often cautioned and sent off by referees . His first red-card was in a match versus Wimbledon in the Football League Cup in the 1989–90 season . It was an infamous encounter which included an on-pitch brawl between the opposing players . The fighting was sparked by a two-footed tackle by Wimbledon player , Dennis Wise on Dicks . Six players were booked with the game being described as a disgrace to football by journalist , Brian Woolnough . West Ham finished 7th in a season which saw the departure of Lou Macari and the appointment of former player , Billy Bonds as manager . Dicks and Bonds both had reputations as hard men and quarrelled frequently . Injury . The 1990-91 season saw the start of Dicks injury problems . On 13 October 1990 , playing in a game against Bristol City at Ashton Gate , Dicks hit a dip on the edge of the pitch , his foot going over the edge resulting in a loss of feeling in his left leg . He continued to play but after the game he could barely walk . Against the medical assessment of John Green , who was soon to take over as club physiotherapist , he was told to crash-on and in the words of manager Bonds if the knee goes , it goes . Green believed Dicks was in need of an operation on his knee cartilage . He was picked to play in the next game , against Swindon Town but lasted only 38 minutes . He played again in the next game on 24 October 1990 , against Blackburn Rovers but again had to be substituted . A knee operation followed and he would not play again until 21 December 1991 by which time West Ham had been promoted back to the First Division . Another relegation and promotion . He played in the second half of the 1991–92 season . Despite his presence , the team finished bottom of the First Division and missed out on the first season of the Premier League . The 1992–93 season was an eventful one for Dicks , mainly for the wrong reasons . He was sent off three times and picked up a string of bookings which saw him miss significant periods of the season and he was subsequently stripped of the captaincy by manager Bonds . His first dismissal came after he threw his elbow into the face of Newcastle United player Franz Carr . There had been no friction between the two players with Dicks saying of the incident Not to this day do I know why I did it . I had it in my mind that I was going to elbow him , and that was it — bang! . Only four games passed before he was dismissed again . In a game against Wolverhampton Wanderers , Dicks clashed with Paul Birch and Steve Bull before being sent-off , with Billy Bonds having to stop him attacking Birch who was still on the ground . Barely three months passed before his third dismissal of the season . In January 1993 after two bad fouls on Derby County midfielder Ted McMinn he was sent-off , having to be escorted from the pitch by teammate Clive Allen . Despite his disciplinary problems he earned a Division One runners-up medal as West Ham reached the Premier League . Despite his dismissals he played 34 league games of a possible 46 in the promotion season , scoring eleven goals , placing third in the list of highest goal scorers for that season behind only Clive Allen and Trevor Morley . Premier League and Liverpool transfer . Now playing in the Premier League for the first time , West Ham struggled in their first seven games . New signing Simon Webster had a long-term injury having had his leg broken by Dicks in a training session accident . Fellow new signee Dale Gordon had failed to make the impression on the side his transfer had intended . In a move engineered by West Hams then-Assistant Manager Harry Redknapp , Dicks was transferred in order to bring in new players . Liverpool manager Graeme Souness , on the recommendation of Redknapp , watched Dicks play in a West Ham match against Swindon Town on 11 September 1993 . Souness thought Dicks to be my kind of player and signed him for Liverpool that week in a swap deal which involved David Burrows and Mike Marsh moving to West Ham . Extra money received by West Ham from the transfer was used by Redknapp to buy veteran striker , Lee Chapman . Dicks signing had been part of an effort by Souness to toughen up the Liverpool team as he had planned to pair him with fellow hard man , Neil Ruddock . Dicks debut on 18 September came in a high-profile game against local rivals , Everton at Goodison Park . In an eventful game , Liverpool lost 2–0 . Former West Ham players , Mark Ward and Tony Cottee scored with Dicks mistake on the ball allowing Cottee to control it and score . The game was also memorable for the on-pitch fighting of Liverpool teammates Steve McManaman and Bruce Grobbelaar . By now a regular in the Liverpool side , Dicks scored his opening goal , a shot from 25 yards , in a 3–0 away win against Oldham Athletic in January 1994 . His discipline had also improved and he had yet to be booked whilst in Liverpool colours . Unfortunately for Dicks , Souness was proving to be an unpopular manager . He had dropped fans favourites Ian Rush and John Barnes to the reserve team due to perceived under performance and he had tried to integrate too many young and inexperienced players . In February 1994 after a shock FA Cup loss to Bristol City , a game in which Dicks did not play , the fans were calling for him to resign . Souness left Liverpool after three years in charge , in February 1994 . He was replaced by Roy Evans who had always disliked Dicks and his style of play . Working under Souness he had kept his opinions to himself . Now with Evans as Liverpool manager Dicks found himself out of favour . Dicks and Evans and his assistants Ronnie Moran and Steve Heighway , disagreed over training methods , Dicks fitness ( they considered him to be overweight ) and diet . Evans banished him to play with the reserve and to train with 15- and 16-year-olds . He played for Liverpool on 7 May 1994 in a 2–1 away defeat to Aston Villa . It proved to be his last first-team game for the club . The pre-season of the 1994-95 season started badly for Liverpool and for Dicks . Picked to play in a friendly game against Bolton Wanderers at Burnden Park on 26 July 1994 , Liverpool lost 4–1 . Evans was again critical of Dicks performance in the defeat ; tired of such criticism he asked for a move from the club . He had played 28 games for Liverpool in all competitions , scoring three goals , although Dicks has the honour of being the last Liverpool player to score in front of the standing Spion Kop at Anfield in a 1–0 win against Ipswich Town near the end of the 1993–94 season . His Liverpool career lasted only 13 months , a short time considering his former manager Souness had said of Dicks , if I was to pick the best 11 players Ive ever worked with , hed be one of them . Return to West Ham . On re-signing Dicks , manager Harry Redknapp commented that he believed that his chairman thought he was off his rocker because Dicks was considerably heavier than when he had departed for Liverpool a year earlier . His first game in his second spell for the Hammers , on 22 October 1994 , saw a 2–0 home win against Southampton and , in keeping with his reputation , Dicks was booked . Dicks played a major part in helping to keep West Ham in the Premier League in 1994–95 scoring five goals . The 1995–96 saw him equal highest goalscorer , with Tony Cottee , for West Ham in the Premier with ten league goals . This season also included a game as goalkeeper in a game against Everton on 19 December 1995 . Dicks took over the goalkeepers gloves after regular keeper , Ludek Miklosko had been sent-off for a foul on Daniel Amokachi . He let in two goals as Everton won 3–0 . He was named Man of the Match . In 1996–97 he scored twice in a crucial London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 February 1997 at The Boleyn Ground that West Ham won 4–3 . Before the game West Ham had not won in nine games . The game signified the start of a fight back against relegation from the Premier League . West Ham had been in 18th place before the game but would go on the finish 14th at the end of the season . Another knee injury resulted in him missing the entire 1997–98 season . He did return to action in the 1998–99 season and West Ham finished fifth to qualify for the UEFA Cup , but his injury problems failed to go away and he was restricted to just nine Premier League games . West Ham then terminated his contract and he retired from professional football after a 14-year career , 11 years of which had been spent at West Ham . In two spells at West Ham , he had played 315 competitive games and scored 64 goals , many of them penalties . His final appearance for the club came against Arsenal on 6 February 1999 , with his final goal coming in the FA Cup against Swansea City on 2 January 1999 . In 2000 Dicks was granted a testimonial match by West Ham . On 13 August 2000 a West Ham eleven took on Spanish side Athletic Bilbao at the Boleyn Ground . The game was marred by a 17 player brawl in which West Ham player Igor Stimac was booked for a bad tackle and the West Ham captain for the day , Paolo Di Canio , slapped several Spanish players in the face . West Ham manager Harry Redknapp was ordered to remove Di Canio for the pitch to defuse the tension . Bilbao coach , Txetxu Rojo , was ordered to remove player Joseba Etxeberria for a similar reason . Bilbao won the game 2-1 Dicks received £200,000 from the game . Canvey Island . In 2001 , he made a brief return to football after signing for non-League Canvey Island . Only ten days after signing for Canvey Island , he was involved in an FA Cup shock . Playing against Football League side Wigan Athletic in the first round of the competition , Canvey turned-out 1-0 winners . The success continued in the next round . Again facing Football League opposition in Northampton Town , Canvey won 1–0 with a goal from Neil Gregory with a goal instigated with a move by Dicks . International career . Dicks made his debut for the England under-21 team in Lausanne , Switzerland in a friendly game against the Switzerland under-21 team on 28 May 1988 . The game finished 1–1 with the England goal being scored by Paul Gascoigne . Dicks performance convinced manager Dave Sexton to call him into the squad for the 1988 Toulon Tournament . He played in Englands first game of the competition against the Mexico under-21 team in the Stade Mayol in Toulon on 5 June 1988 . He was sent-off for a foul on a Mexican player . Undeterred by his sending-off , after missing one game through suspension , Sexton picked Dicks to play in the semi-final against the Morocco under-21 team and for the final against the France under-21 team which England lost 4–2 . Four years later , in 1992 , Dicks was called in to the England B team . He played only two games for the side ; a 1–0 win in the Stadion Střelecký ostrov stadium , Budweis , Czechoslovakia against the Czechoslovakia team and a 1–1 draw in the Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow against the CIS team . In 1995 England first team manager , Terry Venables , was putting together a squad to compete in Euro96 in England . Dicks performances had earlier given rise to journalists to call for his inclusion in the squad . Two further disciplinary events ended such calls . On 11 September 1995 he was booked for stamping on the head of Chelseas John Spencer in a 3–1 home defeat for West Ham . Spencer required eight stitches in his head . On 16 September 1995 at Highbury he was dismissed for the eighth time in his career for a foul on Arsenals Ian Wright . The two incidents coming so close together caused the media to focus on the incident involving John Spencer . TV pundit Andy Gray and politician , radio journalist and Chelsea supporter , David Mellor called for FA to get involved . The game had been televised live on Sky TV and a recording of it was provided to the match referee , Robbie Hart who had booked Dicks during the game . The Sun newspaper ran a full back-page on the incident with several pictures of the challenge and of blood on Spencers face . Mellors radio program , 606 , had focused so intently on the clash that combined with The Suns coverage , public focus was sufficient for Dicks daughters to be attacked at their school in Essex . The FA considered the video evidence provided and a report from referee Hart and Dicks was given a three-match ban . This ban put in doubt any future involvement in England squads due to concerns over his indiscipline and he was not called into the Euro 96 squad . In 1997 with Glenn Hoddle now manager of England , Dicks met , by chance , his assistant , John Gorman whilst on holiday . Dicks claims Gorman had told him he would stand a better chance of being picked if he had grown his hair . Dicks frequently shaved his head sporting a skinhead hairstyle . Gorman also said that Dicks had been a candidate for selection for a game against Mexico in 1997 . By this time Dicks had said he no longer wished to be considered for international selection . Coaching career . Wivenhoe Town . Dicks returned to football on 5 January 2009 when he was appointed manager of Eastern Counties League side Wivenhoe Town , but left the club shortly after the end of that season by mutual consent . Grays Athletic . Conference National club Grays Athletic announced Dicks as their new manager in mid-September 2009 . In his first season at Grays , he was relegated from the Conference , whilst the club voluntarily dropped three levels to the Isthmian League Division One North . After finishing 10th in the following season , Dicks left Grays by mutual consent in May 2011 . Sealand . Dicks took take charge of the Sealand side at the Tynwald Hill International Football Tournament on the Isle of Man in July 2013 . West Ham United Ladies . On 19 June 2014 , Dicks was appointed as a new manager of the West Ham United Ladies . His first competitive game was against Spurs Ladies . He helped to improve the team from their 10th-place finish that season and then to a sixth-placed finish in the 2014–15 season , along with a London FA Capital Womens Cup Final date against Charlton Athletic Ladies which West Ham ladies lost 5–0 . West Ham United . On 29 June 2015 , Dicks was appointed first-team coach for his former team , West Ham United , under new manager and former teammate , Slaven Bilić . In June 2016 , Dicks signed a contract to keep him on the coaching staff at West Ham for a further two years . When Bilić was sacked by West Ham in November 2017 , Dicks also left the club . Heybridge Swifts . On 4 October 2018 , Dicks was appointed manager of Heybridge Swifts . His first two games as manager , against Mildenhall Town and Bury Town , resulted in wins for The Swifts . In May 2019 , Heybridge Swifts won the 2018–19 Isthmian League Division One North play-off final against rivals Maldon & Tiptree , however were ineligible for promotion due to changes to the non-league pyramid system , leading Dicks to label the decision as ridiculous . He left Heybridge to again work for Slaven Bilić , at West Bromwich Albion . West Bromwich Albion . In July 2019 , he joined the coaching staff at West Bromwich Albion . On 16 December 2020 , following Bilićs sacking , Dicks left West Brom too . Heybridge Swifts return . On 28 March 2021 , Dicks return to Heybridge Swifts as manager , from 1 July 2021 , was announced by the club . Personal life . Dicks met his wife Kay in 1985 and they married in 1988 . They had twin daughters Jessica and Katie in December 1988 . The couple were married for 13 years until divorcing in 2001 . His brother , Grantley is also a former footballer and coach . After retiring as a footballer , Dicks took up golf and soon turned professional , but was forced to give this career up due to his knee injury and the realisation that he did not have the ability to win tournaments . He went on to run the Shepherd and Dog Public House in Langham , near Colchester , Essex . Acting career . In 2014 , he made a cameo appearance in the spoof football violence film The Hooligan Factory . External links . - Liverpool F.C . profile
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Which team did the player Julian Dicks belong to from 1994 to 1999?
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/wiki/Julian_Dicks#P54#3
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Julian Dicks Julian Andrew Dicks ( born 8 August 1968 ) is an English football coach and manager and former professional footballer and professional golfer . He was most recently first-team coach at West Bromwich Albion . Playing from 1985 until 2002 , he was a defender , notably in the Premier League for West Ham United and Liverpool . He was voted West Hams player of the year four times between 1990 and 1997 . He also played in the Football League for Birmingham City where he started his footballing career , ending it in 2002 in non-league football with Canvey Island . He became manager of Wivenhoe Town in 2009 , before moving to Grays Athletic later that year . He was capped by both the England U21 and England B sides . He was known as a hard man adopting the nickname of The Terminator . He was a tough tackler with a strong shot in regular demand as a penalty and free-kick taker . Dicks had a reputation for poor on-field discipline which brought him to the attention of referees , the press and footballing authorities . Early life . Dicks was born in Keynsham Hospital , Bristol to mother , Carol and father Ron who worked as a fork-lift truck driver for Courage Brewery . Ron played non-league football with Keynsham Town , Welton Rovers , Frome Town and Shepton Mallet whom he would also go on to manage . Dicks attended Novers Lane Primary School , in Knowle , Bristol and Merrywood Boys Secondary School also in Knowle . At age 11 he was watched by former Tottenham Hotspur manager , Bill Nicholson who was scouting for West Ham United , but was turned down as he was not quick enough . At age 13 he was spotted playing by Ron Veal who was scouting for Aston Villa . Veal recommended him to Villa manager , Ron Saunders , however Saunders lost his job at Villa on 9 February 1982 . When he was appointed as manager of Birmingham City nine days later , Veal also changed his employer . Saunders was impressed when he watched Dicks play and he was offered a footballing apprenticeship with Birmingham City in 1982 when Dicks turned 14 . Career . Birmingham City . He started his footballing career at Birmingham City , aged 14 , having moved from his home in Bristol . Playing as an apprentice he worked his way through the youth and reserve set-ups before making his debut in 1985 in a 2–0 away defeat to Chelsea . In 1988 , he was signed by manager John Lyall for West Ham United , for £300,000 , giving him the chance of First Division football that Birminghams relegation in 1986 had denied him . Although Dicks had been booked 33 times and sent-off once in all competitions , in his four seasons with Birmingham City , Lyall identified potential in the player enthusing There was a great touch there . I wouldnt have signed just a physical player . West Ham United . Dicks made his debut for West Ham on 2 April 1988 in a Division One game against Sheffield Wednesday . West Ham lost the game 2–1 . He would go on to make eight appearances in the 1987-88 season , his first season with West Ham . The following season , he became a regular player and first choice left back for The Hammers , starting the first game of the season , a 4–0 away defeat to Southampton and playing 34 of a possible 38 games that season . The season also saw his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat at Highbury to Arsenal . It was a poor season for West Ham who were relegated to Division Two having finished one place off the bottom of the league in 19th place with 38 points . Relegation had seen the sacking of manager John Lyall and the appointment of Scot , Lou Macari . The new manager and Dicks exhibited a poor working relationship from the outset . Despite this , and with West Ham now playing second-tier football , Dicks retained his left back position and became their regular penalty taker following the exit of former first choice taker , Ray Stewart . Dicks became well known for his penalties . During his West Ham career he scored 35 , missing four . His first penalty success came on 23 September 1989 proving to be the only goal in a win against Watford . A future regular captain of the West Ham side , this season also saw his first captaincy , in a League Cup game on 19 September 1989 against his former club , Birmingham City , with manager Macari telling him Im making you captain today and Im making you penalty taker too . Dicks was often cautioned and sent off by referees . His first red-card was in a match versus Wimbledon in the Football League Cup in the 1989–90 season . It was an infamous encounter which included an on-pitch brawl between the opposing players . The fighting was sparked by a two-footed tackle by Wimbledon player , Dennis Wise on Dicks . Six players were booked with the game being described as a disgrace to football by journalist , Brian Woolnough . West Ham finished 7th in a season which saw the departure of Lou Macari and the appointment of former player , Billy Bonds as manager . Dicks and Bonds both had reputations as hard men and quarrelled frequently . Injury . The 1990-91 season saw the start of Dicks injury problems . On 13 October 1990 , playing in a game against Bristol City at Ashton Gate , Dicks hit a dip on the edge of the pitch , his foot going over the edge resulting in a loss of feeling in his left leg . He continued to play but after the game he could barely walk . Against the medical assessment of John Green , who was soon to take over as club physiotherapist , he was told to crash-on and in the words of manager Bonds if the knee goes , it goes . Green believed Dicks was in need of an operation on his knee cartilage . He was picked to play in the next game , against Swindon Town but lasted only 38 minutes . He played again in the next game on 24 October 1990 , against Blackburn Rovers but again had to be substituted . A knee operation followed and he would not play again until 21 December 1991 by which time West Ham had been promoted back to the First Division . Another relegation and promotion . He played in the second half of the 1991–92 season . Despite his presence , the team finished bottom of the First Division and missed out on the first season of the Premier League . The 1992–93 season was an eventful one for Dicks , mainly for the wrong reasons . He was sent off three times and picked up a string of bookings which saw him miss significant periods of the season and he was subsequently stripped of the captaincy by manager Bonds . His first dismissal came after he threw his elbow into the face of Newcastle United player Franz Carr . There had been no friction between the two players with Dicks saying of the incident Not to this day do I know why I did it . I had it in my mind that I was going to elbow him , and that was it — bang! . Only four games passed before he was dismissed again . In a game against Wolverhampton Wanderers , Dicks clashed with Paul Birch and Steve Bull before being sent-off , with Billy Bonds having to stop him attacking Birch who was still on the ground . Barely three months passed before his third dismissal of the season . In January 1993 after two bad fouls on Derby County midfielder Ted McMinn he was sent-off , having to be escorted from the pitch by teammate Clive Allen . Despite his disciplinary problems he earned a Division One runners-up medal as West Ham reached the Premier League . Despite his dismissals he played 34 league games of a possible 46 in the promotion season , scoring eleven goals , placing third in the list of highest goal scorers for that season behind only Clive Allen and Trevor Morley . Premier League and Liverpool transfer . Now playing in the Premier League for the first time , West Ham struggled in their first seven games . New signing Simon Webster had a long-term injury having had his leg broken by Dicks in a training session accident . Fellow new signee Dale Gordon had failed to make the impression on the side his transfer had intended . In a move engineered by West Hams then-Assistant Manager Harry Redknapp , Dicks was transferred in order to bring in new players . Liverpool manager Graeme Souness , on the recommendation of Redknapp , watched Dicks play in a West Ham match against Swindon Town on 11 September 1993 . Souness thought Dicks to be my kind of player and signed him for Liverpool that week in a swap deal which involved David Burrows and Mike Marsh moving to West Ham . Extra money received by West Ham from the transfer was used by Redknapp to buy veteran striker , Lee Chapman . Dicks signing had been part of an effort by Souness to toughen up the Liverpool team as he had planned to pair him with fellow hard man , Neil Ruddock . Dicks debut on 18 September came in a high-profile game against local rivals , Everton at Goodison Park . In an eventful game , Liverpool lost 2–0 . Former West Ham players , Mark Ward and Tony Cottee scored with Dicks mistake on the ball allowing Cottee to control it and score . The game was also memorable for the on-pitch fighting of Liverpool teammates Steve McManaman and Bruce Grobbelaar . By now a regular in the Liverpool side , Dicks scored his opening goal , a shot from 25 yards , in a 3–0 away win against Oldham Athletic in January 1994 . His discipline had also improved and he had yet to be booked whilst in Liverpool colours . Unfortunately for Dicks , Souness was proving to be an unpopular manager . He had dropped fans favourites Ian Rush and John Barnes to the reserve team due to perceived under performance and he had tried to integrate too many young and inexperienced players . In February 1994 after a shock FA Cup loss to Bristol City , a game in which Dicks did not play , the fans were calling for him to resign . Souness left Liverpool after three years in charge , in February 1994 . He was replaced by Roy Evans who had always disliked Dicks and his style of play . Working under Souness he had kept his opinions to himself . Now with Evans as Liverpool manager Dicks found himself out of favour . Dicks and Evans and his assistants Ronnie Moran and Steve Heighway , disagreed over training methods , Dicks fitness ( they considered him to be overweight ) and diet . Evans banished him to play with the reserve and to train with 15- and 16-year-olds . He played for Liverpool on 7 May 1994 in a 2–1 away defeat to Aston Villa . It proved to be his last first-team game for the club . The pre-season of the 1994-95 season started badly for Liverpool and for Dicks . Picked to play in a friendly game against Bolton Wanderers at Burnden Park on 26 July 1994 , Liverpool lost 4–1 . Evans was again critical of Dicks performance in the defeat ; tired of such criticism he asked for a move from the club . He had played 28 games for Liverpool in all competitions , scoring three goals , although Dicks has the honour of being the last Liverpool player to score in front of the standing Spion Kop at Anfield in a 1–0 win against Ipswich Town near the end of the 1993–94 season . His Liverpool career lasted only 13 months , a short time considering his former manager Souness had said of Dicks , if I was to pick the best 11 players Ive ever worked with , hed be one of them . Return to West Ham . On re-signing Dicks , manager Harry Redknapp commented that he believed that his chairman thought he was off his rocker because Dicks was considerably heavier than when he had departed for Liverpool a year earlier . His first game in his second spell for the Hammers , on 22 October 1994 , saw a 2–0 home win against Southampton and , in keeping with his reputation , Dicks was booked . Dicks played a major part in helping to keep West Ham in the Premier League in 1994–95 scoring five goals . The 1995–96 saw him equal highest goalscorer , with Tony Cottee , for West Ham in the Premier with ten league goals . This season also included a game as goalkeeper in a game against Everton on 19 December 1995 . Dicks took over the goalkeepers gloves after regular keeper , Ludek Miklosko had been sent-off for a foul on Daniel Amokachi . He let in two goals as Everton won 3–0 . He was named Man of the Match . In 1996–97 he scored twice in a crucial London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 February 1997 at The Boleyn Ground that West Ham won 4–3 . Before the game West Ham had not won in nine games . The game signified the start of a fight back against relegation from the Premier League . West Ham had been in 18th place before the game but would go on the finish 14th at the end of the season . Another knee injury resulted in him missing the entire 1997–98 season . He did return to action in the 1998–99 season and West Ham finished fifth to qualify for the UEFA Cup , but his injury problems failed to go away and he was restricted to just nine Premier League games . West Ham then terminated his contract and he retired from professional football after a 14-year career , 11 years of which had been spent at West Ham . In two spells at West Ham , he had played 315 competitive games and scored 64 goals , many of them penalties . His final appearance for the club came against Arsenal on 6 February 1999 , with his final goal coming in the FA Cup against Swansea City on 2 January 1999 . In 2000 Dicks was granted a testimonial match by West Ham . On 13 August 2000 a West Ham eleven took on Spanish side Athletic Bilbao at the Boleyn Ground . The game was marred by a 17 player brawl in which West Ham player Igor Stimac was booked for a bad tackle and the West Ham captain for the day , Paolo Di Canio , slapped several Spanish players in the face . West Ham manager Harry Redknapp was ordered to remove Di Canio for the pitch to defuse the tension . Bilbao coach , Txetxu Rojo , was ordered to remove player Joseba Etxeberria for a similar reason . Bilbao won the game 2-1 Dicks received £200,000 from the game . Canvey Island . In 2001 , he made a brief return to football after signing for non-League Canvey Island . Only ten days after signing for Canvey Island , he was involved in an FA Cup shock . Playing against Football League side Wigan Athletic in the first round of the competition , Canvey turned-out 1-0 winners . The success continued in the next round . Again facing Football League opposition in Northampton Town , Canvey won 1–0 with a goal from Neil Gregory with a goal instigated with a move by Dicks . International career . Dicks made his debut for the England under-21 team in Lausanne , Switzerland in a friendly game against the Switzerland under-21 team on 28 May 1988 . The game finished 1–1 with the England goal being scored by Paul Gascoigne . Dicks performance convinced manager Dave Sexton to call him into the squad for the 1988 Toulon Tournament . He played in Englands first game of the competition against the Mexico under-21 team in the Stade Mayol in Toulon on 5 June 1988 . He was sent-off for a foul on a Mexican player . Undeterred by his sending-off , after missing one game through suspension , Sexton picked Dicks to play in the semi-final against the Morocco under-21 team and for the final against the France under-21 team which England lost 4–2 . Four years later , in 1992 , Dicks was called in to the England B team . He played only two games for the side ; a 1–0 win in the Stadion Střelecký ostrov stadium , Budweis , Czechoslovakia against the Czechoslovakia team and a 1–1 draw in the Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow against the CIS team . In 1995 England first team manager , Terry Venables , was putting together a squad to compete in Euro96 in England . Dicks performances had earlier given rise to journalists to call for his inclusion in the squad . Two further disciplinary events ended such calls . On 11 September 1995 he was booked for stamping on the head of Chelseas John Spencer in a 3–1 home defeat for West Ham . Spencer required eight stitches in his head . On 16 September 1995 at Highbury he was dismissed for the eighth time in his career for a foul on Arsenals Ian Wright . The two incidents coming so close together caused the media to focus on the incident involving John Spencer . TV pundit Andy Gray and politician , radio journalist and Chelsea supporter , David Mellor called for FA to get involved . The game had been televised live on Sky TV and a recording of it was provided to the match referee , Robbie Hart who had booked Dicks during the game . The Sun newspaper ran a full back-page on the incident with several pictures of the challenge and of blood on Spencers face . Mellors radio program , 606 , had focused so intently on the clash that combined with The Suns coverage , public focus was sufficient for Dicks daughters to be attacked at their school in Essex . The FA considered the video evidence provided and a report from referee Hart and Dicks was given a three-match ban . This ban put in doubt any future involvement in England squads due to concerns over his indiscipline and he was not called into the Euro 96 squad . In 1997 with Glenn Hoddle now manager of England , Dicks met , by chance , his assistant , John Gorman whilst on holiday . Dicks claims Gorman had told him he would stand a better chance of being picked if he had grown his hair . Dicks frequently shaved his head sporting a skinhead hairstyle . Gorman also said that Dicks had been a candidate for selection for a game against Mexico in 1997 . By this time Dicks had said he no longer wished to be considered for international selection . Coaching career . Wivenhoe Town . Dicks returned to football on 5 January 2009 when he was appointed manager of Eastern Counties League side Wivenhoe Town , but left the club shortly after the end of that season by mutual consent . Grays Athletic . Conference National club Grays Athletic announced Dicks as their new manager in mid-September 2009 . In his first season at Grays , he was relegated from the Conference , whilst the club voluntarily dropped three levels to the Isthmian League Division One North . After finishing 10th in the following season , Dicks left Grays by mutual consent in May 2011 . Sealand . Dicks took take charge of the Sealand side at the Tynwald Hill International Football Tournament on the Isle of Man in July 2013 . West Ham United Ladies . On 19 June 2014 , Dicks was appointed as a new manager of the West Ham United Ladies . His first competitive game was against Spurs Ladies . He helped to improve the team from their 10th-place finish that season and then to a sixth-placed finish in the 2014–15 season , along with a London FA Capital Womens Cup Final date against Charlton Athletic Ladies which West Ham ladies lost 5–0 . West Ham United . On 29 June 2015 , Dicks was appointed first-team coach for his former team , West Ham United , under new manager and former teammate , Slaven Bilić . In June 2016 , Dicks signed a contract to keep him on the coaching staff at West Ham for a further two years . When Bilić was sacked by West Ham in November 2017 , Dicks also left the club . Heybridge Swifts . On 4 October 2018 , Dicks was appointed manager of Heybridge Swifts . His first two games as manager , against Mildenhall Town and Bury Town , resulted in wins for The Swifts . In May 2019 , Heybridge Swifts won the 2018–19 Isthmian League Division One North play-off final against rivals Maldon & Tiptree , however were ineligible for promotion due to changes to the non-league pyramid system , leading Dicks to label the decision as ridiculous . He left Heybridge to again work for Slaven Bilić , at West Bromwich Albion . West Bromwich Albion . In July 2019 , he joined the coaching staff at West Bromwich Albion . On 16 December 2020 , following Bilićs sacking , Dicks left West Brom too . Heybridge Swifts return . On 28 March 2021 , Dicks return to Heybridge Swifts as manager , from 1 July 2021 , was announced by the club . Personal life . Dicks met his wife Kay in 1985 and they married in 1988 . They had twin daughters Jessica and Katie in December 1988 . The couple were married for 13 years until divorcing in 2001 . His brother , Grantley is also a former footballer and coach . After retiring as a footballer , Dicks took up golf and soon turned professional , but was forced to give this career up due to his knee injury and the realisation that he did not have the ability to win tournaments . He went on to run the Shepherd and Dog Public House in Langham , near Colchester , Essex . Acting career . In 2014 , he made a cameo appearance in the spoof football violence film The Hooligan Factory . External links . - Liverpool F.C . profile
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Which team did Julian Dicks play for from 2001 to 2002?
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/wiki/Julian_Dicks#P54#4
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Julian Dicks Julian Andrew Dicks ( born 8 August 1968 ) is an English football coach and manager and former professional footballer and professional golfer . He was most recently first-team coach at West Bromwich Albion . Playing from 1985 until 2002 , he was a defender , notably in the Premier League for West Ham United and Liverpool . He was voted West Hams player of the year four times between 1990 and 1997 . He also played in the Football League for Birmingham City where he started his footballing career , ending it in 2002 in non-league football with Canvey Island . He became manager of Wivenhoe Town in 2009 , before moving to Grays Athletic later that year . He was capped by both the England U21 and England B sides . He was known as a hard man adopting the nickname of The Terminator . He was a tough tackler with a strong shot in regular demand as a penalty and free-kick taker . Dicks had a reputation for poor on-field discipline which brought him to the attention of referees , the press and footballing authorities . Early life . Dicks was born in Keynsham Hospital , Bristol to mother , Carol and father Ron who worked as a fork-lift truck driver for Courage Brewery . Ron played non-league football with Keynsham Town , Welton Rovers , Frome Town and Shepton Mallet whom he would also go on to manage . Dicks attended Novers Lane Primary School , in Knowle , Bristol and Merrywood Boys Secondary School also in Knowle . At age 11 he was watched by former Tottenham Hotspur manager , Bill Nicholson who was scouting for West Ham United , but was turned down as he was not quick enough . At age 13 he was spotted playing by Ron Veal who was scouting for Aston Villa . Veal recommended him to Villa manager , Ron Saunders , however Saunders lost his job at Villa on 9 February 1982 . When he was appointed as manager of Birmingham City nine days later , Veal also changed his employer . Saunders was impressed when he watched Dicks play and he was offered a footballing apprenticeship with Birmingham City in 1982 when Dicks turned 14 . Career . Birmingham City . He started his footballing career at Birmingham City , aged 14 , having moved from his home in Bristol . Playing as an apprentice he worked his way through the youth and reserve set-ups before making his debut in 1985 in a 2–0 away defeat to Chelsea . In 1988 , he was signed by manager John Lyall for West Ham United , for £300,000 , giving him the chance of First Division football that Birminghams relegation in 1986 had denied him . Although Dicks had been booked 33 times and sent-off once in all competitions , in his four seasons with Birmingham City , Lyall identified potential in the player enthusing There was a great touch there . I wouldnt have signed just a physical player . West Ham United . Dicks made his debut for West Ham on 2 April 1988 in a Division One game against Sheffield Wednesday . West Ham lost the game 2–1 . He would go on to make eight appearances in the 1987-88 season , his first season with West Ham . The following season , he became a regular player and first choice left back for The Hammers , starting the first game of the season , a 4–0 away defeat to Southampton and playing 34 of a possible 38 games that season . The season also saw his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat at Highbury to Arsenal . It was a poor season for West Ham who were relegated to Division Two having finished one place off the bottom of the league in 19th place with 38 points . Relegation had seen the sacking of manager John Lyall and the appointment of Scot , Lou Macari . The new manager and Dicks exhibited a poor working relationship from the outset . Despite this , and with West Ham now playing second-tier football , Dicks retained his left back position and became their regular penalty taker following the exit of former first choice taker , Ray Stewart . Dicks became well known for his penalties . During his West Ham career he scored 35 , missing four . His first penalty success came on 23 September 1989 proving to be the only goal in a win against Watford . A future regular captain of the West Ham side , this season also saw his first captaincy , in a League Cup game on 19 September 1989 against his former club , Birmingham City , with manager Macari telling him Im making you captain today and Im making you penalty taker too . Dicks was often cautioned and sent off by referees . His first red-card was in a match versus Wimbledon in the Football League Cup in the 1989–90 season . It was an infamous encounter which included an on-pitch brawl between the opposing players . The fighting was sparked by a two-footed tackle by Wimbledon player , Dennis Wise on Dicks . Six players were booked with the game being described as a disgrace to football by journalist , Brian Woolnough . West Ham finished 7th in a season which saw the departure of Lou Macari and the appointment of former player , Billy Bonds as manager . Dicks and Bonds both had reputations as hard men and quarrelled frequently . Injury . The 1990-91 season saw the start of Dicks injury problems . On 13 October 1990 , playing in a game against Bristol City at Ashton Gate , Dicks hit a dip on the edge of the pitch , his foot going over the edge resulting in a loss of feeling in his left leg . He continued to play but after the game he could barely walk . Against the medical assessment of John Green , who was soon to take over as club physiotherapist , he was told to crash-on and in the words of manager Bonds if the knee goes , it goes . Green believed Dicks was in need of an operation on his knee cartilage . He was picked to play in the next game , against Swindon Town but lasted only 38 minutes . He played again in the next game on 24 October 1990 , against Blackburn Rovers but again had to be substituted . A knee operation followed and he would not play again until 21 December 1991 by which time West Ham had been promoted back to the First Division . Another relegation and promotion . He played in the second half of the 1991–92 season . Despite his presence , the team finished bottom of the First Division and missed out on the first season of the Premier League . The 1992–93 season was an eventful one for Dicks , mainly for the wrong reasons . He was sent off three times and picked up a string of bookings which saw him miss significant periods of the season and he was subsequently stripped of the captaincy by manager Bonds . His first dismissal came after he threw his elbow into the face of Newcastle United player Franz Carr . There had been no friction between the two players with Dicks saying of the incident Not to this day do I know why I did it . I had it in my mind that I was going to elbow him , and that was it — bang! . Only four games passed before he was dismissed again . In a game against Wolverhampton Wanderers , Dicks clashed with Paul Birch and Steve Bull before being sent-off , with Billy Bonds having to stop him attacking Birch who was still on the ground . Barely three months passed before his third dismissal of the season . In January 1993 after two bad fouls on Derby County midfielder Ted McMinn he was sent-off , having to be escorted from the pitch by teammate Clive Allen . Despite his disciplinary problems he earned a Division One runners-up medal as West Ham reached the Premier League . Despite his dismissals he played 34 league games of a possible 46 in the promotion season , scoring eleven goals , placing third in the list of highest goal scorers for that season behind only Clive Allen and Trevor Morley . Premier League and Liverpool transfer . Now playing in the Premier League for the first time , West Ham struggled in their first seven games . New signing Simon Webster had a long-term injury having had his leg broken by Dicks in a training session accident . Fellow new signee Dale Gordon had failed to make the impression on the side his transfer had intended . In a move engineered by West Hams then-Assistant Manager Harry Redknapp , Dicks was transferred in order to bring in new players . Liverpool manager Graeme Souness , on the recommendation of Redknapp , watched Dicks play in a West Ham match against Swindon Town on 11 September 1993 . Souness thought Dicks to be my kind of player and signed him for Liverpool that week in a swap deal which involved David Burrows and Mike Marsh moving to West Ham . Extra money received by West Ham from the transfer was used by Redknapp to buy veteran striker , Lee Chapman . Dicks signing had been part of an effort by Souness to toughen up the Liverpool team as he had planned to pair him with fellow hard man , Neil Ruddock . Dicks debut on 18 September came in a high-profile game against local rivals , Everton at Goodison Park . In an eventful game , Liverpool lost 2–0 . Former West Ham players , Mark Ward and Tony Cottee scored with Dicks mistake on the ball allowing Cottee to control it and score . The game was also memorable for the on-pitch fighting of Liverpool teammates Steve McManaman and Bruce Grobbelaar . By now a regular in the Liverpool side , Dicks scored his opening goal , a shot from 25 yards , in a 3–0 away win against Oldham Athletic in January 1994 . His discipline had also improved and he had yet to be booked whilst in Liverpool colours . Unfortunately for Dicks , Souness was proving to be an unpopular manager . He had dropped fans favourites Ian Rush and John Barnes to the reserve team due to perceived under performance and he had tried to integrate too many young and inexperienced players . In February 1994 after a shock FA Cup loss to Bristol City , a game in which Dicks did not play , the fans were calling for him to resign . Souness left Liverpool after three years in charge , in February 1994 . He was replaced by Roy Evans who had always disliked Dicks and his style of play . Working under Souness he had kept his opinions to himself . Now with Evans as Liverpool manager Dicks found himself out of favour . Dicks and Evans and his assistants Ronnie Moran and Steve Heighway , disagreed over training methods , Dicks fitness ( they considered him to be overweight ) and diet . Evans banished him to play with the reserve and to train with 15- and 16-year-olds . He played for Liverpool on 7 May 1994 in a 2–1 away defeat to Aston Villa . It proved to be his last first-team game for the club . The pre-season of the 1994-95 season started badly for Liverpool and for Dicks . Picked to play in a friendly game against Bolton Wanderers at Burnden Park on 26 July 1994 , Liverpool lost 4–1 . Evans was again critical of Dicks performance in the defeat ; tired of such criticism he asked for a move from the club . He had played 28 games for Liverpool in all competitions , scoring three goals , although Dicks has the honour of being the last Liverpool player to score in front of the standing Spion Kop at Anfield in a 1–0 win against Ipswich Town near the end of the 1993–94 season . His Liverpool career lasted only 13 months , a short time considering his former manager Souness had said of Dicks , if I was to pick the best 11 players Ive ever worked with , hed be one of them . Return to West Ham . On re-signing Dicks , manager Harry Redknapp commented that he believed that his chairman thought he was off his rocker because Dicks was considerably heavier than when he had departed for Liverpool a year earlier . His first game in his second spell for the Hammers , on 22 October 1994 , saw a 2–0 home win against Southampton and , in keeping with his reputation , Dicks was booked . Dicks played a major part in helping to keep West Ham in the Premier League in 1994–95 scoring five goals . The 1995–96 saw him equal highest goalscorer , with Tony Cottee , for West Ham in the Premier with ten league goals . This season also included a game as goalkeeper in a game against Everton on 19 December 1995 . Dicks took over the goalkeepers gloves after regular keeper , Ludek Miklosko had been sent-off for a foul on Daniel Amokachi . He let in two goals as Everton won 3–0 . He was named Man of the Match . In 1996–97 he scored twice in a crucial London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 February 1997 at The Boleyn Ground that West Ham won 4–3 . Before the game West Ham had not won in nine games . The game signified the start of a fight back against relegation from the Premier League . West Ham had been in 18th place before the game but would go on the finish 14th at the end of the season . Another knee injury resulted in him missing the entire 1997–98 season . He did return to action in the 1998–99 season and West Ham finished fifth to qualify for the UEFA Cup , but his injury problems failed to go away and he was restricted to just nine Premier League games . West Ham then terminated his contract and he retired from professional football after a 14-year career , 11 years of which had been spent at West Ham . In two spells at West Ham , he had played 315 competitive games and scored 64 goals , many of them penalties . His final appearance for the club came against Arsenal on 6 February 1999 , with his final goal coming in the FA Cup against Swansea City on 2 January 1999 . In 2000 Dicks was granted a testimonial match by West Ham . On 13 August 2000 a West Ham eleven took on Spanish side Athletic Bilbao at the Boleyn Ground . The game was marred by a 17 player brawl in which West Ham player Igor Stimac was booked for a bad tackle and the West Ham captain for the day , Paolo Di Canio , slapped several Spanish players in the face . West Ham manager Harry Redknapp was ordered to remove Di Canio for the pitch to defuse the tension . Bilbao coach , Txetxu Rojo , was ordered to remove player Joseba Etxeberria for a similar reason . Bilbao won the game 2-1 Dicks received £200,000 from the game . Canvey Island . In 2001 , he made a brief return to football after signing for non-League Canvey Island . Only ten days after signing for Canvey Island , he was involved in an FA Cup shock . Playing against Football League side Wigan Athletic in the first round of the competition , Canvey turned-out 1-0 winners . The success continued in the next round . Again facing Football League opposition in Northampton Town , Canvey won 1–0 with a goal from Neil Gregory with a goal instigated with a move by Dicks . International career . Dicks made his debut for the England under-21 team in Lausanne , Switzerland in a friendly game against the Switzerland under-21 team on 28 May 1988 . The game finished 1–1 with the England goal being scored by Paul Gascoigne . Dicks performance convinced manager Dave Sexton to call him into the squad for the 1988 Toulon Tournament . He played in Englands first game of the competition against the Mexico under-21 team in the Stade Mayol in Toulon on 5 June 1988 . He was sent-off for a foul on a Mexican player . Undeterred by his sending-off , after missing one game through suspension , Sexton picked Dicks to play in the semi-final against the Morocco under-21 team and for the final against the France under-21 team which England lost 4–2 . Four years later , in 1992 , Dicks was called in to the England B team . He played only two games for the side ; a 1–0 win in the Stadion Střelecký ostrov stadium , Budweis , Czechoslovakia against the Czechoslovakia team and a 1–1 draw in the Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow against the CIS team . In 1995 England first team manager , Terry Venables , was putting together a squad to compete in Euro96 in England . Dicks performances had earlier given rise to journalists to call for his inclusion in the squad . Two further disciplinary events ended such calls . On 11 September 1995 he was booked for stamping on the head of Chelseas John Spencer in a 3–1 home defeat for West Ham . Spencer required eight stitches in his head . On 16 September 1995 at Highbury he was dismissed for the eighth time in his career for a foul on Arsenals Ian Wright . The two incidents coming so close together caused the media to focus on the incident involving John Spencer . TV pundit Andy Gray and politician , radio journalist and Chelsea supporter , David Mellor called for FA to get involved . The game had been televised live on Sky TV and a recording of it was provided to the match referee , Robbie Hart who had booked Dicks during the game . The Sun newspaper ran a full back-page on the incident with several pictures of the challenge and of blood on Spencers face . Mellors radio program , 606 , had focused so intently on the clash that combined with The Suns coverage , public focus was sufficient for Dicks daughters to be attacked at their school in Essex . The FA considered the video evidence provided and a report from referee Hart and Dicks was given a three-match ban . This ban put in doubt any future involvement in England squads due to concerns over his indiscipline and he was not called into the Euro 96 squad . In 1997 with Glenn Hoddle now manager of England , Dicks met , by chance , his assistant , John Gorman whilst on holiday . Dicks claims Gorman had told him he would stand a better chance of being picked if he had grown his hair . Dicks frequently shaved his head sporting a skinhead hairstyle . Gorman also said that Dicks had been a candidate for selection for a game against Mexico in 1997 . By this time Dicks had said he no longer wished to be considered for international selection . Coaching career . Wivenhoe Town . Dicks returned to football on 5 January 2009 when he was appointed manager of Eastern Counties League side Wivenhoe Town , but left the club shortly after the end of that season by mutual consent . Grays Athletic . Conference National club Grays Athletic announced Dicks as their new manager in mid-September 2009 . In his first season at Grays , he was relegated from the Conference , whilst the club voluntarily dropped three levels to the Isthmian League Division One North . After finishing 10th in the following season , Dicks left Grays by mutual consent in May 2011 . Sealand . Dicks took take charge of the Sealand side at the Tynwald Hill International Football Tournament on the Isle of Man in July 2013 . West Ham United Ladies . On 19 June 2014 , Dicks was appointed as a new manager of the West Ham United Ladies . His first competitive game was against Spurs Ladies . He helped to improve the team from their 10th-place finish that season and then to a sixth-placed finish in the 2014–15 season , along with a London FA Capital Womens Cup Final date against Charlton Athletic Ladies which West Ham ladies lost 5–0 . West Ham United . On 29 June 2015 , Dicks was appointed first-team coach for his former team , West Ham United , under new manager and former teammate , Slaven Bilić . In June 2016 , Dicks signed a contract to keep him on the coaching staff at West Ham for a further two years . When Bilić was sacked by West Ham in November 2017 , Dicks also left the club . Heybridge Swifts . On 4 October 2018 , Dicks was appointed manager of Heybridge Swifts . His first two games as manager , against Mildenhall Town and Bury Town , resulted in wins for The Swifts . In May 2019 , Heybridge Swifts won the 2018–19 Isthmian League Division One North play-off final against rivals Maldon & Tiptree , however were ineligible for promotion due to changes to the non-league pyramid system , leading Dicks to label the decision as ridiculous . He left Heybridge to again work for Slaven Bilić , at West Bromwich Albion . West Bromwich Albion . In July 2019 , he joined the coaching staff at West Bromwich Albion . On 16 December 2020 , following Bilićs sacking , Dicks left West Brom too . Heybridge Swifts return . On 28 March 2021 , Dicks return to Heybridge Swifts as manager , from 1 July 2021 , was announced by the club . Personal life . Dicks met his wife Kay in 1985 and they married in 1988 . They had twin daughters Jessica and Katie in December 1988 . The couple were married for 13 years until divorcing in 2001 . His brother , Grantley is also a former footballer and coach . After retiring as a footballer , Dicks took up golf and soon turned professional , but was forced to give this career up due to his knee injury and the realisation that he did not have the ability to win tournaments . He went on to run the Shepherd and Dog Public House in Langham , near Colchester , Essex . Acting career . In 2014 , he made a cameo appearance in the spoof football violence film The Hooligan Factory . External links . - Liverpool F.C . profile
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What was the residence of Fani Stipković from 1982 to 1996?
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/wiki/Fani_Stipković#P551#0
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Fani Stipković Fani Stipković ( born August 20 , 1982 ) is a Croatian television reporter , host and journalist . Early life . Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia , and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14 . In 1996 , she moved to Croatias capital city , Zagreb , and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ( Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science ) . In 2005 , she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science , University of Zagreb with a bachelors degree in Television and Press Journalism . In 2014 , Stipković received her Masters in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid . Career . In 1996 , Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ , who became her agent . She began modeling in Croatia , London , Milan , and Spain for various commercials , editorials , fashion shows , and music videos . During this time , she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb . In 2001 , Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision ( HRT ) , Croatias national television network , and was an editor for the Jutarnji List ( literally Morning Paper ) and Vecernji List ( Evening Paper ) , Croatias main newspapers . In 2005 , Stipković worked at Nova TV , part of Central European Media Enterprises ( CME ) . She hosted the television show Red Carpet , conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo , basketball player Kobe Bryant , Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer . During this time she worked on Nova TVs In Magazine hosting the show Cool Tour , a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities . Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events , including , Miss Universe Croatia , Nad Lipom , US Open and ATP tennis tournaments , UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon dOr FIFA World Player awards . In 2014 , after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid , Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain . Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid , Spain . During this time , Stipković created her own channel , Fani TV , hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes , celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world . In 2015 , Stipković worked with FACE TV , hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco , airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions . In 2013 and 2014 , Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix , Pletix by Fani Stipković . In 2015 , she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections . Stipković has authored articles for The Huffington Post including What actually is success ? and How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques . In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag , doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities . In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company , filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch , which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain . In 2017 , Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump . The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo . As a fitness and sports enthusiast , Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit . In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show . The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelonas Ivan Rakitić , broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In September and October 2018 , Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks . These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America . Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV , interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo . Awards . Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015 . In 2015 , Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O . Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business , University of Zagreb . Following her involvement with football , in April 2019 , Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics , hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois . External links . - Official website
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What was the residence of Fani Stipković from 1996 to 2013?
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/wiki/Fani_Stipković#P551#1
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Fani Stipković Fani Stipković ( born August 20 , 1982 ) is a Croatian television reporter , host and journalist . Early life . Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia , and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14 . In 1996 , she moved to Croatias capital city , Zagreb , and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ( Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science ) . In 2005 , she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science , University of Zagreb with a bachelors degree in Television and Press Journalism . In 2014 , Stipković received her Masters in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid . Career . In 1996 , Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ , who became her agent . She began modeling in Croatia , London , Milan , and Spain for various commercials , editorials , fashion shows , and music videos . During this time , she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb . In 2001 , Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision ( HRT ) , Croatias national television network , and was an editor for the Jutarnji List ( literally Morning Paper ) and Vecernji List ( Evening Paper ) , Croatias main newspapers . In 2005 , Stipković worked at Nova TV , part of Central European Media Enterprises ( CME ) . She hosted the television show Red Carpet , conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo , basketball player Kobe Bryant , Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer . During this time she worked on Nova TVs In Magazine hosting the show Cool Tour , a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities . Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events , including , Miss Universe Croatia , Nad Lipom , US Open and ATP tennis tournaments , UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon dOr FIFA World Player awards . In 2014 , after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid , Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain . Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid , Spain . During this time , Stipković created her own channel , Fani TV , hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes , celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world . In 2015 , Stipković worked with FACE TV , hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco , airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions . In 2013 and 2014 , Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix , Pletix by Fani Stipković . In 2015 , she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections . Stipković has authored articles for The Huffington Post including What actually is success ? and How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques . In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag , doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities . In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company , filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch , which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain . In 2017 , Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump . The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo . As a fitness and sports enthusiast , Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit . In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show . The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelonas Ivan Rakitić , broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In September and October 2018 , Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks . These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America . Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV , interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo . Awards . Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015 . In 2015 , Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O . Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business , University of Zagreb . Following her involvement with football , in April 2019 , Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics , hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois . External links . - Official website
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[
"Madrid , Spain"
] |
easy
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What was the residence of Fani Stipković from 2013 to 2018?
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/wiki/Fani_Stipković#P551#2
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Fani Stipković Fani Stipković ( born August 20 , 1982 ) is a Croatian television reporter , host and journalist . Early life . Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia , and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14 . In 1996 , she moved to Croatias capital city , Zagreb , and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ( Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science ) . In 2005 , she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science , University of Zagreb with a bachelors degree in Television and Press Journalism . In 2014 , Stipković received her Masters in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid . Career . In 1996 , Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ , who became her agent . She began modeling in Croatia , London , Milan , and Spain for various commercials , editorials , fashion shows , and music videos . During this time , she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb . In 2001 , Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision ( HRT ) , Croatias national television network , and was an editor for the Jutarnji List ( literally Morning Paper ) and Vecernji List ( Evening Paper ) , Croatias main newspapers . In 2005 , Stipković worked at Nova TV , part of Central European Media Enterprises ( CME ) . She hosted the television show Red Carpet , conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo , basketball player Kobe Bryant , Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer . During this time she worked on Nova TVs In Magazine hosting the show Cool Tour , a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities . Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events , including , Miss Universe Croatia , Nad Lipom , US Open and ATP tennis tournaments , UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon dOr FIFA World Player awards . In 2014 , after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid , Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain . Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid , Spain . During this time , Stipković created her own channel , Fani TV , hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes , celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world . In 2015 , Stipković worked with FACE TV , hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco , airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions . In 2013 and 2014 , Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix , Pletix by Fani Stipković . In 2015 , she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections . Stipković has authored articles for The Huffington Post including What actually is success ? and How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques . In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag , doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities . In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company , filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch , which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain . In 2017 , Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump . The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo . As a fitness and sports enthusiast , Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit . In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show . The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelonas Ivan Rakitić , broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In September and October 2018 , Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks . These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America . Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV , interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo . Awards . Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015 . In 2015 , Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O . Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business , University of Zagreb . Following her involvement with football , in April 2019 , Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics , hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois . External links . - Official website
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[
""
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easy
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Where did Fani Stipković live from 2018 to 2019?
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/wiki/Fani_Stipković#P551#3
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Fani Stipković Fani Stipković ( born August 20 , 1982 ) is a Croatian television reporter , host and journalist . Early life . Stipković was born and raised in Korčula on the eponymous island in Croatia , and attended Maršala Tito elementary school until the age of 14 . In 1996 , she moved to Croatias capital city , Zagreb , and attended XV Gymnasium MIOC ( Education Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science ) . In 2005 , she graduated from the Faculty of Political Science , University of Zagreb with a bachelors degree in Television and Press Journalism . In 2014 , Stipković received her Masters in Television Production and Management from the Mediaset and European University of Madrid . Career . In 1996 , Stipković joined the jazz dance group Tihana Škrinjarić and met Sandra Vranješ , who became her agent . She began modeling in Croatia , London , Milan , and Spain for various commercials , editorials , fashion shows , and music videos . During this time , she continued her political science studies at the University of Zagreb . In 2001 , Stipković was an intern at the Croatian Radiotelevision ( HRT ) , Croatias national television network , and was an editor for the Jutarnji List ( literally Morning Paper ) and Vecernji List ( Evening Paper ) , Croatias main newspapers . In 2005 , Stipković worked at Nova TV , part of Central European Media Enterprises ( CME ) . She hosted the television show Red Carpet , conducting celebrity interviews with the football player Cristiano Ronaldo , basketball player Kobe Bryant , Formula One Lewis Hamilton and tennis players Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer . During this time she worked on Nova TVs In Magazine hosting the show Cool Tour , a summer show visiting luxury villas and resorts with various celebrities . Stipković also was involved in interviewing at numerous events , including , Miss Universe Croatia , Nad Lipom , US Open and ATP tennis tournaments , UEFA Champions League football games and Ballon dOr FIFA World Player awards . In 2014 , after graduating her Masters degree at Universidad Europea de Madrid , Stipković started for Mediaset sport at Mediaset Spain . Stipković worked at RTL Hrvatska as a TV correspondent reporting from Madrid , Spain . During this time , Stipković created her own channel , Fani TV , hosting exclusive interviews with various athletes , celebrities and entrepreneurs as well as showcasing travel and lifestyle hot spots around the world . In 2015 , Stipković worked with FACE TV , hosting exclusive interviews and events in Spain and Monaco , airing on regional television in former-Yugoslavian regions . In 2013 and 2014 , Stipković launched a swimwear collection in collaboration with Pletix , Pletix by Fani Stipković . In 2015 , she partnered with Khongboon Swimwear launching the collections . Stipković has authored articles for The Huffington Post including What actually is success ? and How to Drop Your Ego with Five Techniques . In July 2016 Stipković was official TV host for Umag , doing interviews with Andre Agassi and many others athletes and celebrities . In August she started collaborating with a Spanish production company , filming a TV story about Melania Trump and exclusive interview with Natascha Kampusch , which were broadcast at Mediaset Spain . In 2017 , Stipković was guest in a special TV show on Antena 3 television in Spain about the presidency of Donald Trump . The same year Stipkovic worked as a correspondent from Spain for a sports channel from Croatia doing interviews with celebrities such as the Spain national basketball team coach Sergio Scariolo . As a fitness and sports enthusiast , Stipković was hired to do a TV story about CrossFit . In May and June 2018 she worked as a daily live TV host for a Croatian soccer reality show . The ambassadors of the show were soccer stars such as captain of Croatian national team Luka Modrić and FC Barcelonas Ivan Rakitić , broadcast live on Croatian football television HNTV prior to the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In September and October 2018 , Stipković was hosting Spanish TV programs working for AMC networks . These TV shows were broadcast in Spain and Latin America . Stipkovic continued doing exclusive interviews for Nova TV , interviewing tennis player Novak Đokovic and football player Luís Figo . Awards . Stipković was ranked 1 as the Sexiest Journalist in Europe in 2014 and 2015 . In 2015 , Stipković was a speaker at the C.E.O . Conference at the Faculty of Economics and Business , University of Zagreb . Following her involvement with football , in April 2019 , Stipković was selected as an executive committee of International Federation of Football History & Statistics , hosting the annual ceremony and giving awards to Luka Modric and Thibaut Courtois . External links . - Official website
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"Governor of Odisha"
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What was the position of Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi from Apr 1946 to Aug 1947?
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/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi#P39#0
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Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Sir Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi KCSI , CIE , OBE , ICS ( 2 July 1893 – 15 March 1980 ) was an Indian administrator and civil servant who served as the first Indian governor of the state of Punjab ( then East Punjab ) after Independence in 1947 . He subsequently served as the first Governor of Andhra Pradesh from its creation in 1953 until 1957 . Life and early career . Trivedi was born and raised in Kapadvanj in Kaira ( now Kheda ) District , then in the Bombay Presidency of British India and now in Gujarat . After completing his studies at Bombay University and at St Johns College , Oxford , he successfully sat the Indian Civil Service exams in 1916 and was appointed to the service the following October , returning to India in December 1917 . He first served in the Central Provinces as an assistant commissioner ( officiating deputy commissioner from January 1924 ) , and as the provincial director of industries and registrar of cooperative societies from November 1926 ; until then , he had served in the position in an officiating role from June 1925 . In March 1927 , Trivedi was confirmed as a deputy commissioner , and was posted to the Home Department of the Government of India as a deputy secretary in May 1932 . He was advanced to the rank of officiating joint secretary in April 1934 and in an officiating role , was appointed the chief secretary of the Central Provinces in October 1937 . During the Second World War , Trivedi was promoted to additional secretary ( war ) with the central government in March 1942 , and was promoted to full secretary that July . Following the end of the war , and with the end of the British Raj imminent , Trivedi was appointed as the first Indian and last British-appointed Governor of Odisha in late 1945 . He formally succeeded to the governorship in April 1946 , serving until 14 August 1947 , the day before Indias independence from Britain . On the same day , he was appointed the first Indian governor of the new Indian province of East Punjab ( part of which is now Haryana ) . After Independence and later life . In the wake of Partition , with Lahore , the former provincial capital of the undivided Punjab , now in Pakistan , Trivedi was immediately beset with numerous challenges upon assuming the governorship of East Punjab . His ministers were forced to work without offices , clerical staff or communication networks ; with all telephone and telegraph lines only routed through Lahore , direct contact could not be made with Delhi . The limited infrastructure soon complicated the governments response to the communal massacres which raged across the region during the autumn of 1947 . In addition , Trivedi faced severe difficulties in supporting the massive influx of Hindu and Sikh refugees flooding into East Punjab from Pakistan . Trivedi was the first Governor of the renamed state of Punjab from 1950 to 1953 , The First Governor of Andhra Pradesh from 1 October 1953 till 1 August 1957 . He also was a member of The Planning Commission of India from 28 October 1957 till 1 December 1963 ; and was the deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission of India from 22 September 1963 till 2 December 1963 . who served as the President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from February 1967 to October 1973 . After a long , happy and meaningful life , Trivedi retired and spent the rest of his life in his hometown , where he died on 15 March 1980 , aged 86 . Personal life . He married Lady Kusum Chunilal Trivedi ( also from Kapadwanj ) . She was awarded a gold Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in the final imperial honours list issued on 14 August 1947 . Honours . He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1931 New Year Honours list , a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire ( CIE ) in the 1935 Birthday Honours list and as a Companion of the Order of the Star of India ( CSI ) in the 1941 Birthday Honours list . He was knighted in the 1945 Birthday Honours list , and was invested with his knighthood by the Viceroy , Lord Wavell at Viceroys House ( now Rashtrapati Bhavan ) in New Delhi on 18 August of that year . Later the same year , on 21 December 1945 , he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India ( KCSI ) . He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1956 . External links . - http://www.bsgindia.org/
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[
"governor of the state of Punjab"
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What position did Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi take from Aug 1947 to Mar 1953?
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/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi#P39#1
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Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Sir Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi KCSI , CIE , OBE , ICS ( 2 July 1893 – 15 March 1980 ) was an Indian administrator and civil servant who served as the first Indian governor of the state of Punjab ( then East Punjab ) after Independence in 1947 . He subsequently served as the first Governor of Andhra Pradesh from its creation in 1953 until 1957 . Life and early career . Trivedi was born and raised in Kapadvanj in Kaira ( now Kheda ) District , then in the Bombay Presidency of British India and now in Gujarat . After completing his studies at Bombay University and at St Johns College , Oxford , he successfully sat the Indian Civil Service exams in 1916 and was appointed to the service the following October , returning to India in December 1917 . He first served in the Central Provinces as an assistant commissioner ( officiating deputy commissioner from January 1924 ) , and as the provincial director of industries and registrar of cooperative societies from November 1926 ; until then , he had served in the position in an officiating role from June 1925 . In March 1927 , Trivedi was confirmed as a deputy commissioner , and was posted to the Home Department of the Government of India as a deputy secretary in May 1932 . He was advanced to the rank of officiating joint secretary in April 1934 and in an officiating role , was appointed the chief secretary of the Central Provinces in October 1937 . During the Second World War , Trivedi was promoted to additional secretary ( war ) with the central government in March 1942 , and was promoted to full secretary that July . Following the end of the war , and with the end of the British Raj imminent , Trivedi was appointed as the first Indian and last British-appointed Governor of Odisha in late 1945 . He formally succeeded to the governorship in April 1946 , serving until 14 August 1947 , the day before Indias independence from Britain . On the same day , he was appointed the first Indian governor of the new Indian province of East Punjab ( part of which is now Haryana ) . After Independence and later life . In the wake of Partition , with Lahore , the former provincial capital of the undivided Punjab , now in Pakistan , Trivedi was immediately beset with numerous challenges upon assuming the governorship of East Punjab . His ministers were forced to work without offices , clerical staff or communication networks ; with all telephone and telegraph lines only routed through Lahore , direct contact could not be made with Delhi . The limited infrastructure soon complicated the governments response to the communal massacres which raged across the region during the autumn of 1947 . In addition , Trivedi faced severe difficulties in supporting the massive influx of Hindu and Sikh refugees flooding into East Punjab from Pakistan . Trivedi was the first Governor of the renamed state of Punjab from 1950 to 1953 , The First Governor of Andhra Pradesh from 1 October 1953 till 1 August 1957 . He also was a member of The Planning Commission of India from 28 October 1957 till 1 December 1963 ; and was the deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission of India from 22 September 1963 till 2 December 1963 . who served as the President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from February 1967 to October 1973 . After a long , happy and meaningful life , Trivedi retired and spent the rest of his life in his hometown , where he died on 15 March 1980 , aged 86 . Personal life . He married Lady Kusum Chunilal Trivedi ( also from Kapadwanj ) . She was awarded a gold Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in the final imperial honours list issued on 14 August 1947 . Honours . He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1931 New Year Honours list , a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire ( CIE ) in the 1935 Birthday Honours list and as a Companion of the Order of the Star of India ( CSI ) in the 1941 Birthday Honours list . He was knighted in the 1945 Birthday Honours list , and was invested with his knighthood by the Viceroy , Lord Wavell at Viceroys House ( now Rashtrapati Bhavan ) in New Delhi on 18 August of that year . Later the same year , on 21 December 1945 , he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India ( KCSI ) . He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1956 . External links . - http://www.bsgindia.org/
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[
"Governor of Andhra Pradesh"
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easy
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What was the position of Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi from Oct 1953 to Aug 1957?
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/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi#P39#2
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Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Sir Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi KCSI , CIE , OBE , ICS ( 2 July 1893 – 15 March 1980 ) was an Indian administrator and civil servant who served as the first Indian governor of the state of Punjab ( then East Punjab ) after Independence in 1947 . He subsequently served as the first Governor of Andhra Pradesh from its creation in 1953 until 1957 . Life and early career . Trivedi was born and raised in Kapadvanj in Kaira ( now Kheda ) District , then in the Bombay Presidency of British India and now in Gujarat . After completing his studies at Bombay University and at St Johns College , Oxford , he successfully sat the Indian Civil Service exams in 1916 and was appointed to the service the following October , returning to India in December 1917 . He first served in the Central Provinces as an assistant commissioner ( officiating deputy commissioner from January 1924 ) , and as the provincial director of industries and registrar of cooperative societies from November 1926 ; until then , he had served in the position in an officiating role from June 1925 . In March 1927 , Trivedi was confirmed as a deputy commissioner , and was posted to the Home Department of the Government of India as a deputy secretary in May 1932 . He was advanced to the rank of officiating joint secretary in April 1934 and in an officiating role , was appointed the chief secretary of the Central Provinces in October 1937 . During the Second World War , Trivedi was promoted to additional secretary ( war ) with the central government in March 1942 , and was promoted to full secretary that July . Following the end of the war , and with the end of the British Raj imminent , Trivedi was appointed as the first Indian and last British-appointed Governor of Odisha in late 1945 . He formally succeeded to the governorship in April 1946 , serving until 14 August 1947 , the day before Indias independence from Britain . On the same day , he was appointed the first Indian governor of the new Indian province of East Punjab ( part of which is now Haryana ) . After Independence and later life . In the wake of Partition , with Lahore , the former provincial capital of the undivided Punjab , now in Pakistan , Trivedi was immediately beset with numerous challenges upon assuming the governorship of East Punjab . His ministers were forced to work without offices , clerical staff or communication networks ; with all telephone and telegraph lines only routed through Lahore , direct contact could not be made with Delhi . The limited infrastructure soon complicated the governments response to the communal massacres which raged across the region during the autumn of 1947 . In addition , Trivedi faced severe difficulties in supporting the massive influx of Hindu and Sikh refugees flooding into East Punjab from Pakistan . Trivedi was the first Governor of the renamed state of Punjab from 1950 to 1953 , The First Governor of Andhra Pradesh from 1 October 1953 till 1 August 1957 . He also was a member of The Planning Commission of India from 28 October 1957 till 1 December 1963 ; and was the deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission of India from 22 September 1963 till 2 December 1963 . who served as the President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from February 1967 to October 1973 . After a long , happy and meaningful life , Trivedi retired and spent the rest of his life in his hometown , where he died on 15 March 1980 , aged 86 . Personal life . He married Lady Kusum Chunilal Trivedi ( also from Kapadwanj ) . She was awarded a gold Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in the final imperial honours list issued on 14 August 1947 . Honours . He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1931 New Year Honours list , a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire ( CIE ) in the 1935 Birthday Honours list and as a Companion of the Order of the Star of India ( CSI ) in the 1941 Birthday Honours list . He was knighted in the 1945 Birthday Honours list , and was invested with his knighthood by the Viceroy , Lord Wavell at Viceroys House ( now Rashtrapati Bhavan ) in New Delhi on 18 August of that year . Later the same year , on 21 December 1945 , he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India ( KCSI ) . He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1956 . External links . - http://www.bsgindia.org/
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[
"Minister for Education"
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Which position did Bob Heffron hold from Jun 1944 to Oct 1959?
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/wiki/Bob_Heffron#P39#0
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Bob Heffron Robert James Heffron ( 10 September 189027 July 1978 ) , also known as Bob Heffron or R . J . Heffron , was a long-serving New South Wales politician , union organiser and Labor Party Premier of New South Wales from 1959 to 1964 . Born in New Zealand , Heffron became involved in various Socialist and labour movements in New Zealand and later Australia before joining the Australian Labor Party . Being a prominent unionist organiser , having been gaoled at one stage for conspiracy to strike action , he was eventually elected to the Parliament of New South Wales for Botany in 1930 . However his disputes with party leader Jack Lang led to his expulsion from the ALP in 1936 and Heffron formed his own party from disgruntled Labor MPs known as the Industrial Labor Party . The success of his party enabled his readmission to the party and his prominence in a post-Lang NSW Branch which won office in 1941 . Heffron served as Minister of the Crown in the cabinets of William McKell , James McGirr and Joseph Cahill , most notably as Minister for Education from 1944 to 1960 and as Deputy Premier . In his significant tenure as minister for education Heffron oversaw significant reforms through his commissioning of the Wyndham Report and the consequent Public Education Act of 1961 , and a massive expansion of the states public schools . He also oversaw the development of higher education services , including the establishment of the New South Wales University of Technology ( now the University of New South Wales ) . Rising to become Premier in 1959 , he spearheaded a final attempt to abolish the New South Wales Legislative Council via referendum in 1961 , which ended in failure . Serving as Premier until 1964 , Heffron was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for 37 years until his retirement on 23 January 1968 . Early years and background . Bob Heffron ( as he was widely known ) was born on 10 September 1890 in Thames , New Zealand , the fifth child of Irish-born parents Michael Heffron , a blacksmith , and Ellen Heath . After spending his early education at nearby Hikutaia , Heffron left school at 15 to work in a gold-treating plant while studying metallurgy at the Thames School of Mines . At 19 , he went to California to work and to the Yukon in Canada to look for gold ; when this proved unsuccessful he returned to New Zealand in 1912 . Heffron joined the New Zealand Socialist Party in 1912 and , becoming a miners union organiser , was involved in the Waihi miners strike , an event significant to the development of the labour movement in New Zealand . Appointed an organiser for the Auckland General Labourers Union , Heffron studied law part-time at Auckland University College , whilst residing at the Heffron family home at 24 Grosvenor Street Grey Lynn . Although having volunteered for military service in the First World War , Heffron was rejected on medical grounds , with the attending doctor citing heart troubles . However , the rejection on the grounds of health was done despite an allegation that Heffron , in an attempt to encourage such a finding , had smoked 12 packs of cigarettes prior to his medical , in order to avoid military service . His elder brother , William Thomas Heffron , enlisted as a Private on 3 October 1917 and was killed in action a few days before the armistice on 4 November 1918 , while serving with the 1st Battalion , Auckland Infantry Regiment . On 29 December 1917 he married Jessie Bjornstad , the daughter of a Norwegian engineer and they would have two daughters , Maylean Jessie and June . In 1921 , the Heffrons moved to Melbourne , Victoria . That same year in Victoria , Heffron was appointed an organiser for the Federated Clothing Trades of the Commonwealth of Australia and also joined the leftist Victorian Socialist Party . Later in 1921 he moved to Sydney , becoming the secretary of the New South Wales branch of the Federated Marine Stewards and Pantrymens Association of Australasia . As the unions state secretary , a role he would hold for ten years , he took a prominent role in maritime trade unionism in Sydney . In February 1924 , when the Commonwealth and Dominion Line steamer Port Lyttelton was declared Black by the Labor Council of New South Wales owing to various workers disputes and the ship having been declared unseaworthy , Heffron and six other union representatives acted to advise members of the Seamens Union to refuse to work on the Port Lyttelton . For this , in April the government of Sir George Fuller had Heffron and the six other unionists arrested on the charge of conspiracy to strike action . Although controversially refused bail by the trial judge , Heffron and his fellow defendants , represented by Richard Windeyer KC and H . V . Evatt , were found not guilty and released in July 1924 by the court , a verdict that had been returned by the direction of the judge . Later joining the Labor Party , at the time he showed himself to be a supporter of party leader Jack Lang , supporting Langs successful motion at the 1923 state conference to readmit James Dooley to the party . Early political career . Having confirmed his Lang credentials , Heffron stood as the endorsed Labor party candidate for the seat of Botany at the 1927 election , which was held by Thomas Mutch , who had split from party after a stoush with Lang and stood as an Independent Labor candidate after being denied preselection . A contest marked by clashes and accusations of rorting , Heffron was ultimately unsuccessful , gaining only 45% of the vote . He was eventually successful at the next election in 1930 , defeating Mutch , and would hold Botany until its abolition in 1950 . While his support for Lang had enabled Heffron to accelerate his political career , he found himself increasingly unhappy with Langs autocratic and divisive political style , which had been amplified by the Great Depression , the expulsion of the NSW branch of the Labor Party from the federal branch and the ultimate dismissal of Langs government in 1932 by Governor Sir Philip Game . After Labors defeats at the hands of the United Australia Party ( UAP ) at the 1932 and 1935 state elections , Heffron became associated with a small group in caucus and in the NSW Labor Council who aimed to depose Lang as leader . However , while Heffrons movement was based on his personal stronghold in his Botany–Maroubra ALP branches and the left-wing trade unions , Lang maintained majority control of the caucus , party machine and the party newspaper , Labor Daily . Industrial Labor Party . When Labor Council Secretary Robert King organised a conference of dissident left-wing unions on 1 August 1936 , which was attended by Heffron and three other caucus members , Lang summoned a special party conference on 22 August which expelled Heffron , King and all the other leaders who attended the conference . As a result , Heffron , along with his colleague Carlo Lazzarini and others , formed the Industrial Labor Party ( ILP ) , which was also known as the Heffron Labor Party . Despite their expulsion , Heffron and the new ILP did increasingly well against Lang and the Labor Party , winning two subsequent by-elections in the seats of Hurstville ( won by Clive Evatt ) and Waverley ( won by Clarrie Martin ) . In June 1939 , three other MPs , Frank Burke ( Newtown ) , Mat Davidson ( Cobar ) and Ted Horsington ( Sturt ) , unhappy with Langs leadership joined the ILP . As a result of its success , John Curtin and the federal executive of the ALP pressured the NSW ALP to readmit Heffron and his party at a unity conference at the Majestic Theatre in Newtown on 26 August 1939 . Heffron then combined forces with William McKell to depose Lang on 5 September 1939 , with McKell becoming the new leader of the party , although he declined to stand for the position of deputy leader . Minister of the Crown . National Emergency Services . When the Labor Party eventually regained office under McKell , defeating Alexander Mair and the UAP at the May 1941 election , Heffron was elevated to the ministry as Minister for National Emergency Services , charged with the implementation of the National Emergency Services Act , and the administration of National Emergency Services , New South Wales . In this role he was responsible for the civil defence and air-raid precautions of New South Wales , which became increasingly more important after the entry of Japan in the Second World War in December 1941 and subsequent attacks on Australia on Darwin and Sydney in 1942 . Serving until 8 June 1944 , Heffron advocated public vigilance whilst in this portfolio , declaring : We are living in a fools paradise in Australia .. . Many people have the idea that what is happening in other countries cannot happen here . Heffron also clashed with the Federal Governments imposition of National Emergency Services procedures , most notably over the imposition of brownouts for the city of Sydney . In the Legislative Assembly in November 1942 , Heffron denounced the advisers of the Federal Government who continued to maintain the brown-out as an essential defence measure : The only conclusion I can come to , is that the brown-out was born of a form of panic when Japan entered the war and it has continued because of a few brass hats will not look at the facts and the evidence of the fighting men , but persist in sticking to their first conclusion . The position , therefore , is ludicrous . Heffron later affirmed that the brown-out was completely unnecessary as a black-out , with short notice given , was a more effective and safer defensive measure . Minister for Education . Appointed by McKell as Minister for Education in June 1944 , Heffron authored in 1946 a comprehensive policy for the New South Wales education system entitled : Tomorrow is Theirs : The Present and Future of Education in New South Wales . As minister during the important post-war era of economic growth and infrastructure development , Heffron presided over the expansion in the number and facilities of the public schools in NSW , with enrollments in all areas doubling in size . In November 1952 he appointed Harold Wyndham as the Director-General of Education , and commissioned him to chair a committee tasked to completely review the Secondary education system in New South Wales and make recommendations for improvements . The committees report , popularly referred to as The Wyndham Report , was presented to Heffron in October 1957 and gave rise to the Public Education Act of 1961 , being brought into effect in 1962 , during Heffrons term as Premier . Key amongst the changes was the objective of presenting all students with the opportunity to experience a wide range of subjects , including visual arts , industrial arts , music and drama , and a wide range of languages . The five-year secondary school system was abandoned in favour of adding another year to the course , with major statewide external examinations at the end of the tenth ( School Certificate ) and the twelfth ( Higher School Certificate ) years of schooling . Heffrons reformist attitude in education also extended to the tertiary level , in which he intended to significantly expand NSWs capacity for higher-level learning . On 9 July 1946 he presented a proposal to the cabinet outlining the creation of a technological-based university in NSW , as a separate institution to the existing Sydney Technical College and a year later cabinet authorised the appointment of a Developmental Council , chaired by Heffron , to bring the new tertiary institution into existence . First meeting in August 1947 , the council established all the guidelines and regulations that would set-up the future institution and by March 1948 , 46 students had already enrolled to study . This institution , now named the New South Wales University of Technology , gained its statutory status through the enactment of New South Wales University of Technology Act 1949 , which was carried by Heffrons firm support of its cause : the Government .. . is fully alive to the need in a democratic country to extend facilities to students who , for financial reasons , cannot attend present full-time university courses . This was the first time that a second university was to be established in any Australian state . With the establishment of this institution receiving opposition by some areas in the media and conservatives , Heffron came to its defence in an article published in the Sydney Morning Herald on 4 May 1949 , noting : I feel that this new institution should be given time to prove its worth through the quality and work of its graduates . In September 1958 Heffron moved the bill to change the name of the New South Wales University of Technology to the University of New South Wales following the recommendations of the Murray Report that had proposed the expansion of its focus from technology into such fields as medicine and arts . When several opposition MPs objected during debate on the basis of it posing a threat to the status of the University of Sydney , with one joking that it could be called Heffron University , Heffron came to the defence of the university and dismissed the objections as absurd . In 1950 Heffrons seat of Botany was abolished and largely replaced by Maroubra , which he was subsequently elected to and would hold until his retirement in 1968 . Meanwhile , Heffron , who supported a general policy of decentralising tertiary education across the state , directed his Department to begin the establishment of various Teachers Colleges in New South Wales , to provide sufficient tertiary training to the expanding numbers of teachers filling the new schools and colleges across the state . Among them was the Newcastle Teachers College , established in 1949 and opened in 1950 , which facilitated growing calls from the city of Newcastle for a more permanent University in the city . In May 1951 , Heffron indicated his support for the establishment of a satellite college of Sydney University in Newcastle as an initial step towards the establishment of a full university . By July Heffron sought to approach Sydney University officials to facilitate efforts to have a university established in Newcastle as soon as possible , and noted that his moves to purchase land in the city as the site of this college was an indication of the governments intentions : I didnt buy that site in Newcastle just for fun . I want to provide a university in Newcastle and I want that to be only the first step in providing universities all over the state . However , by the time Heffron opened the Newcastle University College ( NUC ) on 3 December 1951 , no affiliation had been finalised . By May 1952 , a University Establishment Group had gained much momentum but Heffron had been notified by Premier Joseph Cahill that there were insufficient funds available for the establishment of another full university . Nevertheless , in early 1954 this college had become a college of the New South Wales University of Technology . As premier , in late 1961 Heffron moved with his Minister for Education , Ernest Wetherell , that the Newcastle University College would become a full university come what may . This was achieved when on 12 March 1962 , the University of Technology Vice-Chancellor Philip Baxter notified the NUC Warden , Professor James Auchmuty , that it would be allowed to take on full autonomy to become the University of Newcastle from 1 January 1965 . In 1951 Heffron also played a role in the establishment of the University of New England ( UNE ) when he discussed with the University of Sydney on its thoughts about training and certifying schoolteachers by external studies and/or correspondence courses . The university rejected the idea , stating that external degree or certification programs would be significantly inferior to residence education . Undeterred , Heffron asked New England about its willingness to conduct external studies . The Warden of the New England University College ( and later first Vice Chancellor of UNE ) Robert Madgwick enthusiastically supported the idea and instructed his colleges staff to begin preparing an external studies program . Heffron asked the University of Sydney if it had any objection to New England being granted independence to operate the states external education program . The university replied that it had no objection . As a result , Heffron introduced the University of New England Act to parliament in early December 1953 , it received assent on 16 December 1953 and the college became the independent University of New England on 1 February 1954 . Deputy premier and leadership . Throughout his period in the cabinet , Heffron was seen as a prominent and well-performing member of the government , and as such a potential contender for the premiership . The first opportunity for Heffron came in February 1946 , when McKell announced to the Labor caucus of his intention to resign before the 1947 election . McKell , with the intention of ensuring Heffron as his successor , remained as an MP even after Prime Minister Joseph Chifley had announced his appointment as Governor-General in order to vote for Heffron . At the ballot on 5 February 1947 , Heffron lost by two votes to the Minister for Housing , James McGirr , who was favoured by the more Catholic and conservative caucus members . When McGirr announced his resignation on the grounds of ill health on 1 April 1952 , Heffron put himself forward as a candidate to succeed him against , among others , Deputy Premier Joseph Cahill . However , the day before the ballot on 3 April , Heffron had been made aware that he would not have the numbers in caucus to win against Cahill and consequently made arrangements with Cahill to give the votes of his bloc to Cahill , in exchange for his support to become Deputy Premier . As a result , on 3 April Cahill defeated Attorney General Clarrie Martin 32 votes to 14 to become Premier and Heffron defeated Mines Secretary Joshua Arthur 32 votes to 14 to become Deputy Premier . When Heffrons former opponent Arthur resigned from the ministry on 23 February 1953 when a Royal Commission was set up to investigate his involvement in corrupt business activity , Heffron was commissioned to replace him as Secretary for Mines , serving from February to September 1953 . As Deputy Premier , Heffron acted in Cahills absence and in times of infirmity , which included receiving the Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi , on his arrival at Sydney Airport on 31 October 1957 , the first visit of a Prime Minister of Japan to Australia . Heffrons role as deputy became of prime importance when Cahill died suddenly in October 1959 , and the 68-year-old Heffron was elected to succeed him unopposed . Premier of New South Wales . Heffron became Premier , being sworn in with his cabinet on 23 October 1959 at Government House , Sydney by Governor Sir Eric Woodward . However , his time as Premier was marked by significant tensions within the Labor Party in NSW and nationally , where although a split involving the Democratic Labor Party had been avoided during Cahills term , the sectarian and factional undercurrent in the party was very much present in what was increasingly perceived as a tired and divided government . Indeed , the 68-year-old Heffrons government consisted mostly of MPs and Ministers who had come in with McKell after the 1941 election . In parliament , Heffron tended to reflect this by leaving most of the speaking roles to his deputy Jack Renshaw and local government and highways minister Pat Hills . It was clear to many that the aged Heffrons best days as a politician were behind him , as future Labor political advisor Richard Hall noted in The Bulletin : In the House he tends to ramble on , recalling past glories as Minister for Education or Minister for Emergency Services in answer to questions . In an age where clichés cloak most politicians , Heffron throws them out as though they were devastating retorts , although occasionally the old radical has shown his teeth , flashed into anger , and for a few minutes reminded us that this was the great mob-orator who led many bitter strikes . His old nemesis Jack Lang also took the opportunity to take a last swipe at him , ridiculing Heffron in his newspaper , Century , as Mr Magoo . On 14 October 1960 , Heffron presided over the official opening of Warragamba Dam , the completion of which meant that it became the primary reservoir and the first reliable water supply for the whole Sydney catchment . At the opening , Heffron declared : We have come along way from the Tank Stream , Sydneys first water supply . Evatt as chief justice . In January 1960 Heffron provided his old friend H . V . Evatt a dignified exit from federal politics by nominating him to succeed Sir Kenneth Street as Chief Justice of New South Wales . His Attorney General Reg Downing , however , was horrified , having favoured the senior puisne justice Sir William Owen as the most suitable candidate while also realising that Evatts worsening health would render him less than equal to the task of chief justice . Therefore , while Downing , as attorney general , would normally be the person to move the nomination of chief justice in cabinet , he refused to do so , leaving Heffron to do it himself . Heffrons motion to nominate Evatt was passed narrowly by 8 votes to 6 . Downings concerns would come to pass as Evatt indeed proved highly ineffective , often wracked by mental and physical ill-health , was reduced to having most of his judgements written or co-written for him , and resigning in 1962 after only two years as chief justice . Legislative Council abolition . Upon his elevation as premier Heffron , following an approved motion from the 1958 state conference , reanimated the longstanding Labor policy to abolish the Legislative Council of New South Wales by announcing a statewide referendum on this question . Heffron had long supported this policy from his Langite days , seeing the council as an outdated bastion of conservative privilege , a position that was echoed by trade union official and member of the Legislative Council , Tom Dougherty , who had pushed through a rule at the 1952 state conference that banned MLCs from becoming members of the state party executive . However , Heffrons efforts found themselves up against significant opposition , not only from the Liberal and Country parties but also within the Labor party itself . Indeed , when the Constitution Amendment ( Legislative Council Abolition ) Bill came before the Legislative Council on 2 December 1959 , the council resolved 33 votes to 25 to send it back to the Legislative Assembly on the grounds that such a bill should have originated in the council . This was passed with the support of seven Labor councillors crossing the floor ( including Cyril Cahill , Anne Press and Donald Cochrane ) , who were all subsequently expelled from the party and formed the Independent Labor Group . On 6 April 1960 , Heffron attempted to send the bill back to the council , which returned it to the assembly on the same grounds as before . As a result of the deadlock , Heffron requested the Governor to order a joint session of parliament on 20 April , a session which lasted two hours and was boycotted by the opposition . On 12 May the Assembly resolved that the bill be submitted for a referendum . However , later that day the leader of the opposition in the Legislative Council , Hector Clayton , started legal action against the government on the grounds that under section 5B of the NSW Constitution , the council had neither voted nor deliberated on the bill and thus the bill could not be submitted for a referendum . In the case of Clayton v . Heffron ( 1960 ) a majority of the full bench of the Supreme Court of New South Wales ( headed by Chief Justice Evatt ) found in favour of the government four to one on the grounds that they had complied fully with the intention of section 5B . In a subsequent case for special leave to appeal to the High Court , Clayton argued that section 15 of the Commonwealth Constitution , which dealt with the process by which state parliaments filled senate vacancies , entrenched the requirement for such parliaments to be bicameral on account of its exclusive mention of both houses . This was rejected by the court that affirmed that the mention did not exclude the right of state parliaments to do as they saw fit regarding abolition or reform . In January 1961 , Heffron announced the date of the referendum for 29 April 1961 and affirmed that it would be a simple yes/no question and would not include alternative proposals such as retaining the Upper House on an elective basis . Heffron launched the governments Yes campaign on 5 April 1961 imploring the electorate to : get rid of a parliamentary anachronism and an obstruction to elected government , noting that when the Council was hostile to government it was denying justice to those who elected the Government and when it was friendly to the government it was wasting time and money by being a carbon copy of the Legislative Assembly . However , despite the lack of time allocated for a campaign , the Liberal/Country opposition led by Robert Askin and Charles Cutler , despite rallying around a moderate slogan of retain and reform , spearheaded a strong campaign centered on warnings of a Labor-dominated single house subject to Communist and Trades Hall influence . Askin promised to fight abolition from one end of the state to the other while Cutler also promised an all-out campaign alongside the Liberals . By contrast Heffron and Labors campaign was described as extremely tame and lacklustre , having been weakened against the fact that any criticism of the Legislative Council also included its Labor members , with some Labor backbench MLAs terming the council the union officials club . As a result , the referendum on 29 April was categorically rejected with 802,512 votes ( 42.4% ) for abolition and 1,089,193 votes ( 57.5% ) against . This would be the last attempt to abolish the council and , as the first time the NSW Labor party had lost a state poll in many years , was widely seen as the beginning of the end for the Labor government , which had been in power since 1941 . Heffrons supporter Dougherty resigned from the council a month later in protest of the result . Second term . At the 1962 election Heffron , despite the damage to prestige represented by the failed referendum , put forward new policies including the establishment of a Department of Industrial Development to reduce unemployment , free school travel , aid to home buyers and commencing the construction of the Sydney–Newcastle Freeway as a toll-road . At the election the Labor Party increased its margin by 5 seats , leaving a comfortable majority in the new parliament , although its success was attributed to the unpopularity at the time of Sir Robert Menzies federal Liberal government following the 1961 credit squeeze . Another one of Heffrons election promises , namely a Royal Commission into the legalisation of off-course betting , caused considerable tension with his own cabinet . His Attorney General Reg Downing favoured its legalisation through a government-supervised Totalisator Agency Board ( TAB ) while his Chief Secretary Gus Kelly favoured legalising the activities of existing SP bookmakers . Downing however , went over Heffrons head and procured an ALP State Executive order requiring the establishment of a TAB . When the Final Report of Commission was handed down on 29 March 1963 , echoing the position of Downing , Heffron was obliged to carry out the establishment of the TAB . Another issue arose when Cardinal Norman Gilroy presented Heffron in September 1962 with a plan for State aid to Catholic Church schools , including assistance for teacher salaries and capital grants for buildings , an issue that was highly explosive in the sectarian politics of New South Wales at the time . Heffron , alive to the need for a limited form of state support to placate sectarian conflict that could destroy the government , permitted Treasurer Jack Renshaw to include state support for school laboratories and a means-tested allowance to school students in the 1963 budget . Heffron later dropped the school laboratory provision but his permitting of the means-tested allowance provoked condemnation from the Federal Party Executive in Adelaide on 30 September 1962 , who were less interested in placating the traditional Catholic hierarchy and more informed by the bitterness of the earlier ALP/DLP split in the party in 1955 . Heffron and Renshaw backed down on this last provision , leaving no state aid for Catholic schools , and affirming the dominance of the Federal party in such matters . Heffron , humiliated and tired after several decades in ministerial office , resigned as Premier six months later on 30 April 1964 at the age of 73 . His announcement came as a surprise to many members of his own party , although there had been existing hints in the previous months that the Labor caucus had been discussing a departure plan for Heffron , to be replaced by the Deputy Premier Renshaw . Heffron insisted that he had made the decision to himself a year prior , declaring : It was purely my own decision , so I cannot complain about anyone throwing me out or advising me to get out . Sometimes we are advised to get out – there are hints , but we dont take any notice when they come from outside , but it is not the same , of course , as coming from your own party . Renshaw succeeded him as Premier . Having been embarrassed when addressed as Excellency on an overseas trip as Minister for Education in 1954 , Heffron was nevertheless granted by Queen Elizabeth II retention of the title The Honourable on 24 June 1964 for having served for more than three years as a Member of the Executive Council of New South Wales . Later life . After resigning as Premier , Heffron remained in Parliament as Member for Maroubra , retaining his seat at the 1965 election , thereby witnessing his Labor Party enter opposition for the first time in twenty-five years . He stayed for one more term until his retirement in January 1968 , marking thirty-seven years in Parliament . In his valedictory speech , Heffron remarked : In youth a Roman Catholic , he spent most of his adulthood – unusually for a New South Wales Labor politician at the time – outside the Roman Church , describing himself as a proselytising rationalist . In his later years he became more attached to the beliefs of his youth , and became the first Australian statesman to be received by Pope Paul VI during an official visit to the Vatican in July 1963 . Having spent many years living in a house at 266 Maroubra Road , Maroubra , in retirement the Heffrons lived in the North Shore suburb of Kirribilli , in a new apartment block at 14/1 Elamang Avenue . His wife Jessie died aged 84 on 7 July 1977 at Kirribilli Private Hospital while Heffon was also admitted there as a patient . He died aged 87 at the same hospital on 27 July 1978 , survived by his two daughters . Heffron was granted a State funeral with a service at St Stephens Uniting Church , Sydney that was attended by over 200 people including Governor Roden Cutler , Premier Neville Wran and former Premiers McKell , Renshaw , Askin , Lewis and Willis , before being sent for burial at Eastern Suburbs Crematorium in Matraville , which he had officially opened as the local Member of Parliament in May 1938 . In Heffrons condolence motion in the Legislative Assembly on 15 August 1978 , Wran reflected on Heffrons achievements : Honours and legacy . In 1947 Heffron was honoured by the Royal Australian Historical Society by being made an Honorary Fellow . Heffron was made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Sydney on 29 August 1952 , with his citation reading : Heffron was also awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science at the New South Wales University of Technologys first graduation ceremony to be held on the Kensington campus on 16 April 1955 . The citation noted that Heffron has played a vital role in the founding and early development of this university and remains a sympathetic and wise counsellor to our cause .. . His name is written indelibly into the history of the New South Wales University of Technology . In 1956 his portrait , depicting him in the Scarlet and Old Gold robes of his honorary D.Sc. , was painted by Henry Hanke , entered into that years Archibald Prize , and was purchased by the university for its collection in 1957 . In 1962 , the now University of New South Wales , in honour of his role in its establishment and his continuing support , named its newest building after him as the Robert Heffron Building , it was renamed the Australian School of Business in 2008 and is now the UNSW Business School . He was also made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of New England in 1956 . As a Member of Parliament , he received the King George VI Coronation Medal ( 1937 ) and the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal ( 1953 ) . Heffron was appointed as a member of the Board of Directors of the Prince Henry Hospital in his electorate at Little Bay on 21 August 1942 , and was subsequently reappointed in 1947 , 1950 , 1953 , 1956 and 1959 . Heffron served as Chairman of the Board from September 1950 , officially unveiled the Memorial Clock Tower in April 1953 , and was both a board member and chair until he resigned upon becoming premier in November 1959 . In 1961 the Hospital named the Ward Block A building of its 1935 extension as Heffron House in recognition of his 17 years on the Board . In 1962 , in honour of Heffrons role in establishing the school in 1950 , South Sydney Boys High School named its library after him as the R . J . Heffron Library . The nearby Randwick Boys High School had done the same to its new library when Heffron opened the school on 11 March 1959 and when Heffron officially opened the new assembly hall of the East Hills Boys High School on 6 August 1959 , the hall was named the R . J . Heffron Hall in his honour . On 14 June 1966 , the Sydney City Council resolved to name the newly built community hall on Burton Street , Darlinghurst , after him as Heffron Hall . In 2014 , despite opposition led by Labor Councillor Linda Scott , the hall was renamed the East Sydney Community and Creative Arts Centre , incorporating Heffron Hall and Albert Sloss Reserve as part of major renovations . In 1973 , the New South Wales Electoral Commission named the new state electorate of Heffron after him and it covers much of his former electorate of Botany . The Charles Sturt University Faculty of Education building in its Bathurst Campus was also named after Heffron in honour of his role in the establishment of the preceding Bathurst and Wagga Wagga Teachers Colleges ( now the CSU Bathurst and Wagga Wagga campuses ) . Heffron Park and Heffron Road in Maroubra are named after him , as is Heffron Road in Lalor Park . His first daughter , Maylean , married Dutch sailor Pieter Cordia in 1945 , was a trained nurse who worked at Prince Henry Hospital , led efforts to create the Coast Chapel in the hospital in 1967 , and was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005 for her efforts to save the heritage of the Prince Henry Hospital , which included the building named after her father forty years previously .
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Bob Heffron Robert James Heffron ( 10 September 189027 July 1978 ) , also known as Bob Heffron or R . J . Heffron , was a long-serving New South Wales politician , union organiser and Labor Party Premier of New South Wales from 1959 to 1964 . Born in New Zealand , Heffron became involved in various Socialist and labour movements in New Zealand and later Australia before joining the Australian Labor Party . Being a prominent unionist organiser , having been gaoled at one stage for conspiracy to strike action , he was eventually elected to the Parliament of New South Wales for Botany in 1930 . However his disputes with party leader Jack Lang led to his expulsion from the ALP in 1936 and Heffron formed his own party from disgruntled Labor MPs known as the Industrial Labor Party . The success of his party enabled his readmission to the party and his prominence in a post-Lang NSW Branch which won office in 1941 . Heffron served as Minister of the Crown in the cabinets of William McKell , James McGirr and Joseph Cahill , most notably as Minister for Education from 1944 to 1960 and as Deputy Premier . In his significant tenure as minister for education Heffron oversaw significant reforms through his commissioning of the Wyndham Report and the consequent Public Education Act of 1961 , and a massive expansion of the states public schools . He also oversaw the development of higher education services , including the establishment of the New South Wales University of Technology ( now the University of New South Wales ) . Rising to become Premier in 1959 , he spearheaded a final attempt to abolish the New South Wales Legislative Council via referendum in 1961 , which ended in failure . Serving as Premier until 1964 , Heffron was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for 37 years until his retirement on 23 January 1968 . Early years and background . Bob Heffron ( as he was widely known ) was born on 10 September 1890 in Thames , New Zealand , the fifth child of Irish-born parents Michael Heffron , a blacksmith , and Ellen Heath . After spending his early education at nearby Hikutaia , Heffron left school at 15 to work in a gold-treating plant while studying metallurgy at the Thames School of Mines . At 19 , he went to California to work and to the Yukon in Canada to look for gold ; when this proved unsuccessful he returned to New Zealand in 1912 . Heffron joined the New Zealand Socialist Party in 1912 and , becoming a miners union organiser , was involved in the Waihi miners strike , an event significant to the development of the labour movement in New Zealand . Appointed an organiser for the Auckland General Labourers Union , Heffron studied law part-time at Auckland University College , whilst residing at the Heffron family home at 24 Grosvenor Street Grey Lynn . Although having volunteered for military service in the First World War , Heffron was rejected on medical grounds , with the attending doctor citing heart troubles . However , the rejection on the grounds of health was done despite an allegation that Heffron , in an attempt to encourage such a finding , had smoked 12 packs of cigarettes prior to his medical , in order to avoid military service . His elder brother , William Thomas Heffron , enlisted as a Private on 3 October 1917 and was killed in action a few days before the armistice on 4 November 1918 , while serving with the 1st Battalion , Auckland Infantry Regiment . On 29 December 1917 he married Jessie Bjornstad , the daughter of a Norwegian engineer and they would have two daughters , Maylean Jessie and June . In 1921 , the Heffrons moved to Melbourne , Victoria . That same year in Victoria , Heffron was appointed an organiser for the Federated Clothing Trades of the Commonwealth of Australia and also joined the leftist Victorian Socialist Party . Later in 1921 he moved to Sydney , becoming the secretary of the New South Wales branch of the Federated Marine Stewards and Pantrymens Association of Australasia . As the unions state secretary , a role he would hold for ten years , he took a prominent role in maritime trade unionism in Sydney . In February 1924 , when the Commonwealth and Dominion Line steamer Port Lyttelton was declared Black by the Labor Council of New South Wales owing to various workers disputes and the ship having been declared unseaworthy , Heffron and six other union representatives acted to advise members of the Seamens Union to refuse to work on the Port Lyttelton . For this , in April the government of Sir George Fuller had Heffron and the six other unionists arrested on the charge of conspiracy to strike action . Although controversially refused bail by the trial judge , Heffron and his fellow defendants , represented by Richard Windeyer KC and H . V . Evatt , were found not guilty and released in July 1924 by the court , a verdict that had been returned by the direction of the judge . Later joining the Labor Party , at the time he showed himself to be a supporter of party leader Jack Lang , supporting Langs successful motion at the 1923 state conference to readmit James Dooley to the party . Early political career . Having confirmed his Lang credentials , Heffron stood as the endorsed Labor party candidate for the seat of Botany at the 1927 election , which was held by Thomas Mutch , who had split from party after a stoush with Lang and stood as an Independent Labor candidate after being denied preselection . A contest marked by clashes and accusations of rorting , Heffron was ultimately unsuccessful , gaining only 45% of the vote . He was eventually successful at the next election in 1930 , defeating Mutch , and would hold Botany until its abolition in 1950 . While his support for Lang had enabled Heffron to accelerate his political career , he found himself increasingly unhappy with Langs autocratic and divisive political style , which had been amplified by the Great Depression , the expulsion of the NSW branch of the Labor Party from the federal branch and the ultimate dismissal of Langs government in 1932 by Governor Sir Philip Game . After Labors defeats at the hands of the United Australia Party ( UAP ) at the 1932 and 1935 state elections , Heffron became associated with a small group in caucus and in the NSW Labor Council who aimed to depose Lang as leader . However , while Heffrons movement was based on his personal stronghold in his Botany–Maroubra ALP branches and the left-wing trade unions , Lang maintained majority control of the caucus , party machine and the party newspaper , Labor Daily . Industrial Labor Party . When Labor Council Secretary Robert King organised a conference of dissident left-wing unions on 1 August 1936 , which was attended by Heffron and three other caucus members , Lang summoned a special party conference on 22 August which expelled Heffron , King and all the other leaders who attended the conference . As a result , Heffron , along with his colleague Carlo Lazzarini and others , formed the Industrial Labor Party ( ILP ) , which was also known as the Heffron Labor Party . Despite their expulsion , Heffron and the new ILP did increasingly well against Lang and the Labor Party , winning two subsequent by-elections in the seats of Hurstville ( won by Clive Evatt ) and Waverley ( won by Clarrie Martin ) . In June 1939 , three other MPs , Frank Burke ( Newtown ) , Mat Davidson ( Cobar ) and Ted Horsington ( Sturt ) , unhappy with Langs leadership joined the ILP . As a result of its success , John Curtin and the federal executive of the ALP pressured the NSW ALP to readmit Heffron and his party at a unity conference at the Majestic Theatre in Newtown on 26 August 1939 . Heffron then combined forces with William McKell to depose Lang on 5 September 1939 , with McKell becoming the new leader of the party , although he declined to stand for the position of deputy leader . Minister of the Crown . National Emergency Services . When the Labor Party eventually regained office under McKell , defeating Alexander Mair and the UAP at the May 1941 election , Heffron was elevated to the ministry as Minister for National Emergency Services , charged with the implementation of the National Emergency Services Act , and the administration of National Emergency Services , New South Wales . In this role he was responsible for the civil defence and air-raid precautions of New South Wales , which became increasingly more important after the entry of Japan in the Second World War in December 1941 and subsequent attacks on Australia on Darwin and Sydney in 1942 . Serving until 8 June 1944 , Heffron advocated public vigilance whilst in this portfolio , declaring : We are living in a fools paradise in Australia .. . Many people have the idea that what is happening in other countries cannot happen here . Heffron also clashed with the Federal Governments imposition of National Emergency Services procedures , most notably over the imposition of brownouts for the city of Sydney . In the Legislative Assembly in November 1942 , Heffron denounced the advisers of the Federal Government who continued to maintain the brown-out as an essential defence measure : The only conclusion I can come to , is that the brown-out was born of a form of panic when Japan entered the war and it has continued because of a few brass hats will not look at the facts and the evidence of the fighting men , but persist in sticking to their first conclusion . The position , therefore , is ludicrous . Heffron later affirmed that the brown-out was completely unnecessary as a black-out , with short notice given , was a more effective and safer defensive measure . Minister for Education . Appointed by McKell as Minister for Education in June 1944 , Heffron authored in 1946 a comprehensive policy for the New South Wales education system entitled : Tomorrow is Theirs : The Present and Future of Education in New South Wales . As minister during the important post-war era of economic growth and infrastructure development , Heffron presided over the expansion in the number and facilities of the public schools in NSW , with enrollments in all areas doubling in size . In November 1952 he appointed Harold Wyndham as the Director-General of Education , and commissioned him to chair a committee tasked to completely review the Secondary education system in New South Wales and make recommendations for improvements . The committees report , popularly referred to as The Wyndham Report , was presented to Heffron in October 1957 and gave rise to the Public Education Act of 1961 , being brought into effect in 1962 , during Heffrons term as Premier . Key amongst the changes was the objective of presenting all students with the opportunity to experience a wide range of subjects , including visual arts , industrial arts , music and drama , and a wide range of languages . The five-year secondary school system was abandoned in favour of adding another year to the course , with major statewide external examinations at the end of the tenth ( School Certificate ) and the twelfth ( Higher School Certificate ) years of schooling . Heffrons reformist attitude in education also extended to the tertiary level , in which he intended to significantly expand NSWs capacity for higher-level learning . On 9 July 1946 he presented a proposal to the cabinet outlining the creation of a technological-based university in NSW , as a separate institution to the existing Sydney Technical College and a year later cabinet authorised the appointment of a Developmental Council , chaired by Heffron , to bring the new tertiary institution into existence . First meeting in August 1947 , the council established all the guidelines and regulations that would set-up the future institution and by March 1948 , 46 students had already enrolled to study . This institution , now named the New South Wales University of Technology , gained its statutory status through the enactment of New South Wales University of Technology Act 1949 , which was carried by Heffrons firm support of its cause : the Government .. . is fully alive to the need in a democratic country to extend facilities to students who , for financial reasons , cannot attend present full-time university courses . This was the first time that a second university was to be established in any Australian state . With the establishment of this institution receiving opposition by some areas in the media and conservatives , Heffron came to its defence in an article published in the Sydney Morning Herald on 4 May 1949 , noting : I feel that this new institution should be given time to prove its worth through the quality and work of its graduates . In September 1958 Heffron moved the bill to change the name of the New South Wales University of Technology to the University of New South Wales following the recommendations of the Murray Report that had proposed the expansion of its focus from technology into such fields as medicine and arts . When several opposition MPs objected during debate on the basis of it posing a threat to the status of the University of Sydney , with one joking that it could be called Heffron University , Heffron came to the defence of the university and dismissed the objections as absurd . In 1950 Heffrons seat of Botany was abolished and largely replaced by Maroubra , which he was subsequently elected to and would hold until his retirement in 1968 . Meanwhile , Heffron , who supported a general policy of decentralising tertiary education across the state , directed his Department to begin the establishment of various Teachers Colleges in New South Wales , to provide sufficient tertiary training to the expanding numbers of teachers filling the new schools and colleges across the state . Among them was the Newcastle Teachers College , established in 1949 and opened in 1950 , which facilitated growing calls from the city of Newcastle for a more permanent University in the city . In May 1951 , Heffron indicated his support for the establishment of a satellite college of Sydney University in Newcastle as an initial step towards the establishment of a full university . By July Heffron sought to approach Sydney University officials to facilitate efforts to have a university established in Newcastle as soon as possible , and noted that his moves to purchase land in the city as the site of this college was an indication of the governments intentions : I didnt buy that site in Newcastle just for fun . I want to provide a university in Newcastle and I want that to be only the first step in providing universities all over the state . However , by the time Heffron opened the Newcastle University College ( NUC ) on 3 December 1951 , no affiliation had been finalised . By May 1952 , a University Establishment Group had gained much momentum but Heffron had been notified by Premier Joseph Cahill that there were insufficient funds available for the establishment of another full university . Nevertheless , in early 1954 this college had become a college of the New South Wales University of Technology . As premier , in late 1961 Heffron moved with his Minister for Education , Ernest Wetherell , that the Newcastle University College would become a full university come what may . This was achieved when on 12 March 1962 , the University of Technology Vice-Chancellor Philip Baxter notified the NUC Warden , Professor James Auchmuty , that it would be allowed to take on full autonomy to become the University of Newcastle from 1 January 1965 . In 1951 Heffron also played a role in the establishment of the University of New England ( UNE ) when he discussed with the University of Sydney on its thoughts about training and certifying schoolteachers by external studies and/or correspondence courses . The university rejected the idea , stating that external degree or certification programs would be significantly inferior to residence education . Undeterred , Heffron asked New England about its willingness to conduct external studies . The Warden of the New England University College ( and later first Vice Chancellor of UNE ) Robert Madgwick enthusiastically supported the idea and instructed his colleges staff to begin preparing an external studies program . Heffron asked the University of Sydney if it had any objection to New England being granted independence to operate the states external education program . The university replied that it had no objection . As a result , Heffron introduced the University of New England Act to parliament in early December 1953 , it received assent on 16 December 1953 and the college became the independent University of New England on 1 February 1954 . Deputy premier and leadership . Throughout his period in the cabinet , Heffron was seen as a prominent and well-performing member of the government , and as such a potential contender for the premiership . The first opportunity for Heffron came in February 1946 , when McKell announced to the Labor caucus of his intention to resign before the 1947 election . McKell , with the intention of ensuring Heffron as his successor , remained as an MP even after Prime Minister Joseph Chifley had announced his appointment as Governor-General in order to vote for Heffron . At the ballot on 5 February 1947 , Heffron lost by two votes to the Minister for Housing , James McGirr , who was favoured by the more Catholic and conservative caucus members . When McGirr announced his resignation on the grounds of ill health on 1 April 1952 , Heffron put himself forward as a candidate to succeed him against , among others , Deputy Premier Joseph Cahill . However , the day before the ballot on 3 April , Heffron had been made aware that he would not have the numbers in caucus to win against Cahill and consequently made arrangements with Cahill to give the votes of his bloc to Cahill , in exchange for his support to become Deputy Premier . As a result , on 3 April Cahill defeated Attorney General Clarrie Martin 32 votes to 14 to become Premier and Heffron defeated Mines Secretary Joshua Arthur 32 votes to 14 to become Deputy Premier . When Heffrons former opponent Arthur resigned from the ministry on 23 February 1953 when a Royal Commission was set up to investigate his involvement in corrupt business activity , Heffron was commissioned to replace him as Secretary for Mines , serving from February to September 1953 . As Deputy Premier , Heffron acted in Cahills absence and in times of infirmity , which included receiving the Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi , on his arrival at Sydney Airport on 31 October 1957 , the first visit of a Prime Minister of Japan to Australia . Heffrons role as deputy became of prime importance when Cahill died suddenly in October 1959 , and the 68-year-old Heffron was elected to succeed him unopposed . Premier of New South Wales . Heffron became Premier , being sworn in with his cabinet on 23 October 1959 at Government House , Sydney by Governor Sir Eric Woodward . However , his time as Premier was marked by significant tensions within the Labor Party in NSW and nationally , where although a split involving the Democratic Labor Party had been avoided during Cahills term , the sectarian and factional undercurrent in the party was very much present in what was increasingly perceived as a tired and divided government . Indeed , the 68-year-old Heffrons government consisted mostly of MPs and Ministers who had come in with McKell after the 1941 election . In parliament , Heffron tended to reflect this by leaving most of the speaking roles to his deputy Jack Renshaw and local government and highways minister Pat Hills . It was clear to many that the aged Heffrons best days as a politician were behind him , as future Labor political advisor Richard Hall noted in The Bulletin : In the House he tends to ramble on , recalling past glories as Minister for Education or Minister for Emergency Services in answer to questions . In an age where clichés cloak most politicians , Heffron throws them out as though they were devastating retorts , although occasionally the old radical has shown his teeth , flashed into anger , and for a few minutes reminded us that this was the great mob-orator who led many bitter strikes . His old nemesis Jack Lang also took the opportunity to take a last swipe at him , ridiculing Heffron in his newspaper , Century , as Mr Magoo . On 14 October 1960 , Heffron presided over the official opening of Warragamba Dam , the completion of which meant that it became the primary reservoir and the first reliable water supply for the whole Sydney catchment . At the opening , Heffron declared : We have come along way from the Tank Stream , Sydneys first water supply . Evatt as chief justice . In January 1960 Heffron provided his old friend H . V . Evatt a dignified exit from federal politics by nominating him to succeed Sir Kenneth Street as Chief Justice of New South Wales . His Attorney General Reg Downing , however , was horrified , having favoured the senior puisne justice Sir William Owen as the most suitable candidate while also realising that Evatts worsening health would render him less than equal to the task of chief justice . Therefore , while Downing , as attorney general , would normally be the person to move the nomination of chief justice in cabinet , he refused to do so , leaving Heffron to do it himself . Heffrons motion to nominate Evatt was passed narrowly by 8 votes to 6 . Downings concerns would come to pass as Evatt indeed proved highly ineffective , often wracked by mental and physical ill-health , was reduced to having most of his judgements written or co-written for him , and resigning in 1962 after only two years as chief justice . Legislative Council abolition . Upon his elevation as premier Heffron , following an approved motion from the 1958 state conference , reanimated the longstanding Labor policy to abolish the Legislative Council of New South Wales by announcing a statewide referendum on this question . Heffron had long supported this policy from his Langite days , seeing the council as an outdated bastion of conservative privilege , a position that was echoed by trade union official and member of the Legislative Council , Tom Dougherty , who had pushed through a rule at the 1952 state conference that banned MLCs from becoming members of the state party executive . However , Heffrons efforts found themselves up against significant opposition , not only from the Liberal and Country parties but also within the Labor party itself . Indeed , when the Constitution Amendment ( Legislative Council Abolition ) Bill came before the Legislative Council on 2 December 1959 , the council resolved 33 votes to 25 to send it back to the Legislative Assembly on the grounds that such a bill should have originated in the council . This was passed with the support of seven Labor councillors crossing the floor ( including Cyril Cahill , Anne Press and Donald Cochrane ) , who were all subsequently expelled from the party and formed the Independent Labor Group . On 6 April 1960 , Heffron attempted to send the bill back to the council , which returned it to the assembly on the same grounds as before . As a result of the deadlock , Heffron requested the Governor to order a joint session of parliament on 20 April , a session which lasted two hours and was boycotted by the opposition . On 12 May the Assembly resolved that the bill be submitted for a referendum . However , later that day the leader of the opposition in the Legislative Council , Hector Clayton , started legal action against the government on the grounds that under section 5B of the NSW Constitution , the council had neither voted nor deliberated on the bill and thus the bill could not be submitted for a referendum . In the case of Clayton v . Heffron ( 1960 ) a majority of the full bench of the Supreme Court of New South Wales ( headed by Chief Justice Evatt ) found in favour of the government four to one on the grounds that they had complied fully with the intention of section 5B . In a subsequent case for special leave to appeal to the High Court , Clayton argued that section 15 of the Commonwealth Constitution , which dealt with the process by which state parliaments filled senate vacancies , entrenched the requirement for such parliaments to be bicameral on account of its exclusive mention of both houses . This was rejected by the court that affirmed that the mention did not exclude the right of state parliaments to do as they saw fit regarding abolition or reform . In January 1961 , Heffron announced the date of the referendum for 29 April 1961 and affirmed that it would be a simple yes/no question and would not include alternative proposals such as retaining the Upper House on an elective basis . Heffron launched the governments Yes campaign on 5 April 1961 imploring the electorate to : get rid of a parliamentary anachronism and an obstruction to elected government , noting that when the Council was hostile to government it was denying justice to those who elected the Government and when it was friendly to the government it was wasting time and money by being a carbon copy of the Legislative Assembly . However , despite the lack of time allocated for a campaign , the Liberal/Country opposition led by Robert Askin and Charles Cutler , despite rallying around a moderate slogan of retain and reform , spearheaded a strong campaign centered on warnings of a Labor-dominated single house subject to Communist and Trades Hall influence . Askin promised to fight abolition from one end of the state to the other while Cutler also promised an all-out campaign alongside the Liberals . By contrast Heffron and Labors campaign was described as extremely tame and lacklustre , having been weakened against the fact that any criticism of the Legislative Council also included its Labor members , with some Labor backbench MLAs terming the council the union officials club . As a result , the referendum on 29 April was categorically rejected with 802,512 votes ( 42.4% ) for abolition and 1,089,193 votes ( 57.5% ) against . This would be the last attempt to abolish the council and , as the first time the NSW Labor party had lost a state poll in many years , was widely seen as the beginning of the end for the Labor government , which had been in power since 1941 . Heffrons supporter Dougherty resigned from the council a month later in protest of the result . Second term . At the 1962 election Heffron , despite the damage to prestige represented by the failed referendum , put forward new policies including the establishment of a Department of Industrial Development to reduce unemployment , free school travel , aid to home buyers and commencing the construction of the Sydney–Newcastle Freeway as a toll-road . At the election the Labor Party increased its margin by 5 seats , leaving a comfortable majority in the new parliament , although its success was attributed to the unpopularity at the time of Sir Robert Menzies federal Liberal government following the 1961 credit squeeze . Another one of Heffrons election promises , namely a Royal Commission into the legalisation of off-course betting , caused considerable tension with his own cabinet . His Attorney General Reg Downing favoured its legalisation through a government-supervised Totalisator Agency Board ( TAB ) while his Chief Secretary Gus Kelly favoured legalising the activities of existing SP bookmakers . Downing however , went over Heffrons head and procured an ALP State Executive order requiring the establishment of a TAB . When the Final Report of Commission was handed down on 29 March 1963 , echoing the position of Downing , Heffron was obliged to carry out the establishment of the TAB . Another issue arose when Cardinal Norman Gilroy presented Heffron in September 1962 with a plan for State aid to Catholic Church schools , including assistance for teacher salaries and capital grants for buildings , an issue that was highly explosive in the sectarian politics of New South Wales at the time . Heffron , alive to the need for a limited form of state support to placate sectarian conflict that could destroy the government , permitted Treasurer Jack Renshaw to include state support for school laboratories and a means-tested allowance to school students in the 1963 budget . Heffron later dropped the school laboratory provision but his permitting of the means-tested allowance provoked condemnation from the Federal Party Executive in Adelaide on 30 September 1962 , who were less interested in placating the traditional Catholic hierarchy and more informed by the bitterness of the earlier ALP/DLP split in the party in 1955 . Heffron and Renshaw backed down on this last provision , leaving no state aid for Catholic schools , and affirming the dominance of the Federal party in such matters . Heffron , humiliated and tired after several decades in ministerial office , resigned as Premier six months later on 30 April 1964 at the age of 73 . His announcement came as a surprise to many members of his own party , although there had been existing hints in the previous months that the Labor caucus had been discussing a departure plan for Heffron , to be replaced by the Deputy Premier Renshaw . Heffron insisted that he had made the decision to himself a year prior , declaring : It was purely my own decision , so I cannot complain about anyone throwing me out or advising me to get out . Sometimes we are advised to get out – there are hints , but we dont take any notice when they come from outside , but it is not the same , of course , as coming from your own party . Renshaw succeeded him as Premier . Having been embarrassed when addressed as Excellency on an overseas trip as Minister for Education in 1954 , Heffron was nevertheless granted by Queen Elizabeth II retention of the title The Honourable on 24 June 1964 for having served for more than three years as a Member of the Executive Council of New South Wales . Later life . After resigning as Premier , Heffron remained in Parliament as Member for Maroubra , retaining his seat at the 1965 election , thereby witnessing his Labor Party enter opposition for the first time in twenty-five years . He stayed for one more term until his retirement in January 1968 , marking thirty-seven years in Parliament . In his valedictory speech , Heffron remarked : In youth a Roman Catholic , he spent most of his adulthood – unusually for a New South Wales Labor politician at the time – outside the Roman Church , describing himself as a proselytising rationalist . In his later years he became more attached to the beliefs of his youth , and became the first Australian statesman to be received by Pope Paul VI during an official visit to the Vatican in July 1963 . Having spent many years living in a house at 266 Maroubra Road , Maroubra , in retirement the Heffrons lived in the North Shore suburb of Kirribilli , in a new apartment block at 14/1 Elamang Avenue . His wife Jessie died aged 84 on 7 July 1977 at Kirribilli Private Hospital while Heffon was also admitted there as a patient . He died aged 87 at the same hospital on 27 July 1978 , survived by his two daughters . Heffron was granted a State funeral with a service at St Stephens Uniting Church , Sydney that was attended by over 200 people including Governor Roden Cutler , Premier Neville Wran and former Premiers McKell , Renshaw , Askin , Lewis and Willis , before being sent for burial at Eastern Suburbs Crematorium in Matraville , which he had officially opened as the local Member of Parliament in May 1938 . In Heffrons condolence motion in the Legislative Assembly on 15 August 1978 , Wran reflected on Heffrons achievements : Honours and legacy . In 1947 Heffron was honoured by the Royal Australian Historical Society by being made an Honorary Fellow . Heffron was made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Sydney on 29 August 1952 , with his citation reading : Heffron was also awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science at the New South Wales University of Technologys first graduation ceremony to be held on the Kensington campus on 16 April 1955 . The citation noted that Heffron has played a vital role in the founding and early development of this university and remains a sympathetic and wise counsellor to our cause .. . His name is written indelibly into the history of the New South Wales University of Technology . In 1956 his portrait , depicting him in the Scarlet and Old Gold robes of his honorary D.Sc. , was painted by Henry Hanke , entered into that years Archibald Prize , and was purchased by the university for its collection in 1957 . In 1962 , the now University of New South Wales , in honour of his role in its establishment and his continuing support , named its newest building after him as the Robert Heffron Building , it was renamed the Australian School of Business in 2008 and is now the UNSW Business School . He was also made an honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of New England in 1956 . As a Member of Parliament , he received the King George VI Coronation Medal ( 1937 ) and the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal ( 1953 ) . Heffron was appointed as a member of the Board of Directors of the Prince Henry Hospital in his electorate at Little Bay on 21 August 1942 , and was subsequently reappointed in 1947 , 1950 , 1953 , 1956 and 1959 . Heffron served as Chairman of the Board from September 1950 , officially unveiled the Memorial Clock Tower in April 1953 , and was both a board member and chair until he resigned upon becoming premier in November 1959 . In 1961 the Hospital named the Ward Block A building of its 1935 extension as Heffron House in recognition of his 17 years on the Board . In 1962 , in honour of Heffrons role in establishing the school in 1950 , South Sydney Boys High School named its library after him as the R . J . Heffron Library . The nearby Randwick Boys High School had done the same to its new library when Heffron opened the school on 11 March 1959 and when Heffron officially opened the new assembly hall of the East Hills Boys High School on 6 August 1959 , the hall was named the R . J . Heffron Hall in his honour . On 14 June 1966 , the Sydney City Council resolved to name the newly built community hall on Burton Street , Darlinghurst , after him as Heffron Hall . In 2014 , despite opposition led by Labor Councillor Linda Scott , the hall was renamed the East Sydney Community and Creative Arts Centre , incorporating Heffron Hall and Albert Sloss Reserve as part of major renovations . In 1973 , the New South Wales Electoral Commission named the new state electorate of Heffron after him and it covers much of his former electorate of Botany . The Charles Sturt University Faculty of Education building in its Bathurst Campus was also named after Heffron in honour of his role in the establishment of the preceding Bathurst and Wagga Wagga Teachers Colleges ( now the CSU Bathurst and Wagga Wagga campuses ) . Heffron Park and Heffron Road in Maroubra are named after him , as is Heffron Road in Lalor Park . His first daughter , Maylean , married Dutch sailor Pieter Cordia in 1945 , was a trained nurse who worked at Prince Henry Hospital , led efforts to create the Coast Chapel in the hospital in 1967 , and was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005 for her efforts to save the heritage of the Prince Henry Hospital , which included the building named after her father forty years previously .
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What position did Dalton McGuinty take from 1990 to Oct 2003?
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Dalton McGuinty Dalton James Patrick McGuinty Jr . ( born July 19 , 1955 ) is a Canadian retired politician who served as the 24th Premier of Ontario from 2003 to 2013 . He was the first Liberal leader to win two majority governments since Mitchell Hepburn nearly 70 years earlier . In 2011 , he became the first Liberal premier to secure a third consecutive term since Oliver Mowat ( 1872–1896 ) , after his party was re-elected in that years provincial election . McGuinty was born in Ottawa . He studied science at university , but ended up taking a law degree and practised law in Ottawa . His father was a professor and served as a provincial politician from 1987 to 1990 . In 1990 , his father suffered a heart attack while shoveling snow and died . A provincial election was called for later that year and McGuinty decided to run in his fathers place . He was elected as a Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) in an election in which the Liberal government was defeated unexpectedly by the opposition Ontario New Democratic Party ( NDP ) . He served in opposition for the next five years . In 1995 , he was re-elected but remained in opposition since the Progressive Conservatives won the election . The leader of the party , Lyn McLeod , was blamed for the loss as most polls pointed to a Liberal win . McLeod resigned as leader in 1996 and McGuinty put his name forward for the partys leadership election . Although Gerrard Kennedy was the front-runner in the race , McGuinty who came fourth on the first ballot ended up winning the leadership on the fifth ballot . Critics called McGuinty Harris-lite , but his supporters argued that a right-leaning leader like McGuinty was necessary to compete against the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario ( PC Party ) of Premier Mike Harris . McGuinty lost the 1999 election , but won a resounding majority in 2003 when Ontario turned against the governing Tories . From 2003 to 2007 , McGuintys government increased spending for health and education . He won another majority in 2007 against new PC leader John Tory . Although McGuinty suffered in the polls , his opponent misstepped badly by promoting a policy of public funding for private religious schools , a position that was not favoured by the voters . McGuintys second term was deeply affected by the 2008 financial crisis , which saw government revenues plummet . In addition , a scandal developed around a new plan to update health care records called eHealth Ontario . Just prior to the 2011 election , another controversy developed around the construction of gas powered electrical plants that were widely opposed by local residents . The gas plants happened to be located in key Liberal ridings and just before the election , McGuinty cancelled the projects . The cost to cancel the projects was close to $1 billion and the move was seen as pandering to the electorate in a few electoral districts . These issues dogged McGuinty through the election campaign . The Liberals won , but were reduced to a minority . In the new government , the PCs under leader Tim Hudak were the opposition party with NDP leader Andrea Horwath holding the balance of power . McGuinty continued as premier for another two years , but the continuing gas plant issue refused to go away . He prorogued the legislature early in October 2012 and stepped down as premier . He was succeeded as Liberal leader by Kathleen Wynne in February 2013 and he resigned his own seat in June 2013 . Shortly after leaving the legislature , he was named a senior fellow at Harvard Universitys Weatherhead Center for International Affairs . Early life . McGuinty was born in Ottawa , Ontario . His parents are politician and professor Dalton McGuinty Sr . and full-time nurse Elizabeth ( Pexton ) McGuinty . Being the son of a Francophone mother and an Anglophone father , McGuinty is bilingual . McGuinty is the second Roman Catholic to hold the premiership . His father is Irish , and his mother is English and French Canadian . His maternal grandfather immigrated to Canada from England . He has nine brothers and sisters . His younger brother David has represented the riding of Ottawa South in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004 . He is an alumnus of St . Patricks High School in Ottawa , earning a B.Sc . in biology from McMaster University . He then earned his LL.B from the University of Ottawa before practising law in Ottawa . Since 1980 , he has been married to high school girlfriend Terri McGuinty , who is an elementary school teacher . The couple have one daughter and three sons . Member of Provincial Parliament . His father , Dalton Sr. , served as Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) for Ottawa South until his death in 1990 . Dalton Jr . won the Liberal Partys nomination for Ottawa South for the provincial election of 1990 and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as the MPP for his fathers former riding . The Liberal government of David Peterson was defeated by the social democratic Ontario New Democratic Party ( NDP ) in that election . In opposition , McGuinty served as the Liberal Partys critic for Energy , Environment and Colleges and Universities . He was re-elected in Ottawa South in the 1995 provincial election without much difficulty . The Liberals maintained their status as the official opposition amid a provincial swing from the NDP to the Progressive Conservatives . Provincial leadership . McGuintys supporters in his 1996 leadership bid included John Manley , Murray Elston , and Bob Chiarelli . He was elected leader at the partys convention December in a surprise victory over front-runner Gerard Kennedy . Kennedy , a former head of Torontos Daily Bread food bank , was popular on the progressive wing of the party , while McGuinty built his core support on its establishment and pro-business right-wing which some nicknamed the anything-but-Kennedy movement . McGuinty was fourth on the first and second ballots , closely behind Dwight Duncan . He then overtook Duncan and Joe Cordiano on the third and fourth ballots , respectively , receiving the support of their delegates to win a fifth ballot over Kennedy . Critics called McGuinty Harris-lite , but his supporters argued that a right-leaning leader like McGuinty was necessary to compete against the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario ( PC Party ) of Premier Mike Harris . First term as opposition leader . McGuintys first term in opposition was difficult . He was often criticized for lacking charisma and being uncomfortable in the media scrums . The governing Progressive Conservatives played up McGuintys low profile by defining him as not up to the job in a series of television advertisements . His internal management of the Liberal Party was also criticized by some . McGuintys performance in the early weeks of the 1999 provincial election was widely criticized in the media , and he was generally regarded as having performed poorly in the elections only leaders debate . In response to a question by late CITY-TV journalist Colin Vaughan , he described Mike Harris as a thug who is lying to the people of Ontario . McGuintys Liberals won support from progressive voters who had supported the Ontario New Democratic Party , and now hoped to defeat the governing Conservatives by strategic voting . The Progressive Conservative Party was re-elected , and McGuinty rallied his party in the elections closing days to draw 40% of the popular vote for the Liberals , their second-best performance in fifty years , which increased their seat total in the Legislature from 30 to 36 . McGuinty himself faced a surprisingly difficult re-election in Ottawa South , before defeating his Conservative opponent by about 3,000 votes . Second term as opposition leader . During McGuintys second term as opposition leader , he hired a more skilled group of advisors and drafted former cabinet minister Greg Sorbara as party president . McGuinty also rebuilt the partys fundraising operation , launching the Ontario Liberal Fund . In preparation for the 2003 election , the party adopted a platform that emphasized lowering class sizes in schools , hiring more nurses , increasing environmental protections , and holding the line on taxes . McGuinty also made an effort to improve his debating skills and received coaching from Scott Reid who also trained United States Senator John McCain . McGuintys chances of forming government were improved by a number of controversies involving the governing PC Party , including the fallout over the shooting death of native protester Dudley George at Ipperwash , the deaths of seven people from tainted water in Walkerton , and the decision to provide tax credits to parents who sent their children to private schools . Harris resigned in 2001 and his successor , Ernie Eves , received a short boost in the polls from his attempts to move the PC Party to the centre . 2003 election campaign . The 2003 North America blackout gave Eves increased exposure and rallied some support for his party . He called an election immediately after the blackout , and polling showed that the previous Liberal lead had narrowed to a tie in the first week . The rise in Tory support was short-lived . The Liberals took a commanding lead in the campaigns second week , and remained in that position until election day . The Progressive Conservative government accidentally distributed a press release which described McGuinty as an evil reptilian kitten-eater from another planet . Eves later stated that this was obviously meant as a joke , but acknowledged its inappropriateness . McGuinty undertook a series of choreographed events , including signing a taxpayer protection pledge not to raise taxes . He appeared on the popular sports show Off the Record , where he received an endorsement from Canadian Idol winner Ryan Malcolm . McGuinty was able to maintain his partys standing in the polls in the last stages , preventing Eves from making up ground during the leaders debate . On election day , the Liberal were elected to a majority government , winning 72 of the Ontario Legislatures 103 seats . The PC Party fell to 24 seats , while the NDP lost official party status in the legislature . Following the election , the McGuinty government asked former Provincial Auditor Erik Peters to examine the provinces finances . Peters revealed that the out-going Progressive Conservative government had left a hidden deficit of at least $5.6 billion . The Conservatives questioned Peters methodology , and suggested that the McGuinty government was overstating the provinces financial difficulties to break or delay some of its campaign spending promises . First term ( 2003–2007 ) . First year . McGuinty took office as Premier and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs on October 23 , 2003 . The new government called the Legislature back in session in late 2003 . The government brought in auto insurance reforms ( including a price cap ) , rolled-back a series of corporate and personal tax cuts that had been scheduled for 2004 , passed legislation that enshrined publicly funded healthcare into provincial law , hired more meat and water inspectors , opened up the provincially owned electricity companies to Freedom of Information laws and enacted a ban on partisan government advertising . On May 18 , 2004 , Provincial Finance Minister Greg Sorbara released the McGuinty governments first budget , the first year of a four-year plan focused on tackling four deficits the Liberals claim the previous Tories left behind : the health deficit , the education deficit , the infrastructure deficit and the fiscal deficit . This budget was focused on health care . At its core was a large infusion of new money into hospitals specifically to shorten wait times in key areas : knee and hip replacements , cancer treatment , cardiac treatment , cataracts , and MRI and CT scans . The government also brought in free immunizations for children , 150 new Family Health Teams to improve access to physicians , almost 100,000 new home care spaces for Ontarios elderly , almost 4,000 new long-term care beds , and $200 million more to improve public health and fight potential outbreaks like SARS and West Nile fever . To pay for this plan , the Liberals imposed a controversial new Health Premium of $300 to $900 , staggered according to income . This violated a key Liberal campaign pledge not to raise taxes , and gave the government an early reputation for breaking promises . The Liberals defended the premium by arguing that the previous government had a hidden deficit , and McGuinty claimed he needed to break his campaign pledge on taxation to fulfill his promises on other fronts . His own finance critic of the time , Gerry Phillips , had predicted that the Tories projected balanced budget would in fact result in a $5 billion deficit in a meeting of the Standing Committee of Estimates of the Legislature on June 3 , 2003 . Liberal MPP Monte Kwinter also predicted a $5 billion deficit . As a result , the Liberals dropped badly in polls and McGuinty fell behind Ernie Eves in the category of preferred premier . The Ontario Health Premium also became a major issue in the early days of the 2004 federal election , called a week after the Ontario budget . Many believe that the controversy hampered Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martins bid for re-election . Also controversial was the elimination of coverage for health services not covered by the Canada Health Act including eye examinations and physical therapy . Other elements of the McGuinty governments first budget were a four-year plan to tackle the deficit , funding for 1,000 new teachers , a transfer of two cents of the existing gas tax to municipalities to help fund transit , and a three per cent increase to those on social assistance , the first increase in ten years . Soon after the federal election , McGuinty attended a First Ministers Meeting on health-care reform that resulted in a new agreement for a national health accord . This Accord saw the provinces receive new federal funding in exchange for providing reports on such things as waiting times for surgeries . McGuintys government ended the year by releasing Progress Report 2004 : Getting Results for Ontario . This work focused on health , education , and economic growth , and set targets to achieve before the next election ( including reducing the high school drop out rate , increasing participation in post-secondary education and reducing wait times for specific medical procedures ) . Second year . The McGuinty government brought forward a number of initiatives in the fall of 2004 . These included legislation allowing restaurant patrons to bring their own wine , banning junk food in public schools , outlawing smoking in public places , and requiring students to stay in school until age 18 . Following a series of high-profile maulings by pit bulls , the government also moved to ban the dogs . Some Ontarians were critical of this issue since it was seen as moving the responsibility for safety away from owners and over toward the animals . People who owned pitbulls previous to the ban were allowed to keep them , muzzled in public and sterilized to prevent them from breeding . The importing and breeding of pitbulls in Ontario was banned , while all pitbulls being held in shelters were euthanized or sent to research facilities . During early 2005 , McGuinty called the Legislature back for a rare winter session to debate and pass several high-profile bills . The government legislated a greenbelt around Toronto . The size of Prince Edward Island , the Greenbelt protects a broad swath of land from development and preserves forests and farmland . In response to court decisions , the McGuinty Liberals updated legislation to reflect the change in the definition of marriage to include homosexual couples . McGuinty also launched a campaign to narrow the so-called $23 billion gap between what Ontario contributes to the federal government and what is returned to Ontario in services . This came as a sharp turn after more than a year of cooperating with the federal government . McGuinty said special deals made by the federal government with other provinces ( Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia ) compromised the nature of equalization . He noted that immigrants in Ontario receive $800 in support from the federal government , while those in Quebec receive $3,800 . Premier McGuinty and Prime Minister Paul Martin debated the Ontario governments accusations throughout the spring of 2005 . McGuinty and Martin finally met in May and , following a nine-hour meeting , McGuinty received a commitment for $5.75 billion , spread out over five years , including new money for immigrant settlement , training for the unemployed , federal delivery of meat inspection and corporate tax collection and per capita funding for post-secondary education . In late April 2005 , McGuinty announced the closure of the Lakeview coal-fired generating station , one of Ontarios largest polluters . Although the McGuinty government had promised to close all coal-burning plants by 2007 , Energy Minister Dwight Duncan announced on June 14 , 2005 , that this was no longer possible , and that the Nanticoke Coal Plant will not close until 2009 . On May 11 , 2005 , the McGuinty Liberals delivered their second budget , built around the Reaching Higher plan for education . The second year of the four-year plan , this budget was designed to tackle to so-called education deficit . Investing $6.2 billion over the next four years , the budget included the largest investment in higher education in forty years . It also increased accessibility for low-income students , expanded medical school spaces , and invested in new faculty , graduate scholarships and research . The budget also broke a promise to balance the budget in 2007–08 . The government instead aimed at balance in 2008–09 . The McGuinty Liberals also moved to expand infrastructure spending by encouraging Ontarios large pension plans to invest in the construction of new roads , schools and hospitals . Specific projects in the budget included a 10-year expansion of the Toronto Transit Commission and GO Transit , 15,000 new affordable housing units and improved border crossings . NDP leader Howard Hampton described this move as privatization by stealth . During their second year in office , the McGuinty Liberals brought forward a series of negotiations with the provinces unions.First , Health Minister George Smitherman concluded an agreement with the provinces doctors that included incentives to practise in family health teams or under-serviced communities . Education Minister Gerard Kennedy established a province-wide negotiating framework with the provinces teachers unions with the result that most school boards settled their contracts without lost teaching time . Finally , Management Board Chair Gerry Phillips closed a deal with the provincial governments own civil service union , the Ontario Public Service Employees Union . On June 22 , 2005 , Education Minister Gerard Kennedy announced that 90–95% of Ontario students between junior kindergarten and Grade Three would be in classes of twenty students or fewer by 2007 . He also acknowledged that extenuating circumstances may require slightly larger classes in some cases . Opposition critic Frank Klees accused the McGuinty government of breaking its promise to cap classroom sizes . Kennedy responded that some flexibility is always necessary , and that any reasonable person would regard a 90–95% success rate as a promise kept . Also in June 2005 , two cabinet ministers in McGuintys government were scrutinized for alleged improprieties . Joseph Cordiano faced calls for his resignation after revelations that he billed $17,000 for personal expenses to his riding association . These expenses included meals in Paris and Milan , and theatre tickets in London . Cordiano insisted that these expenses were related to riding activities , and refused to resign . McGuinty defended Cordiano in public , claiming he had complete confidence in the minister . At around the same time , Minister of Transportation Harinder Takhar was accused of a conflict-of-interest , after visiting a company that he owned in a blind trust . Takhar acknowledged that he made an error in judgement , but denied any wrongdoing . Both Cordiano and Takhar were retained in their portfolios following a cabinet shuffle on June 29 , 2005 . The matter was sent to the provincial ethics commissioner , who on January 4 , 2006 , ruled that Takhar had violated Ontarios integrity guidelines by not maintaining an arms length relationship with the trustee appointed to run his blind trust . McGuinty has defended his minister , and has rejected calls to remove him from cabinet , even after the Integrity Commissioner issued his finding . In the same cabinet shuffle , Premier McGuinty withdrew from the Intergovernmental Affairs portfolio and became the provinces first Minister of Research and Innovation . Third year . On October 11 , 2005 , police raided the Sorbara Group offices — owned by Greg Sorbara and his brothers — as part of the ongoing Royal Group Technologies investigation . The warrant stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe Sorbara and other directors of Royal Group defrauded the company and shareholders when they bought land in Brampton , that was owned by a subsidiary of the Sorbara Group . Sorbara initially resisted opposition calls for him to step down , then resigned as Minister of Finance the same day . He consistently denied any knowledge of the specific allegations against him , and sued the RCMP to either clarify their case against him or withdraw their investigation . Following Sorbaras resignation , Dwight Duncan was appointed as Minister of Finance and Chair of the Management Board . Donna Cansfield took over Duncans responsibility as Minister of Energy and Jim Bradley as Government House Leader . The next day , the McGuinty government put forward a throne speech in October reiterating their priorities of health , education and economic prosperity . The speech outlined plans to offer the first money-back guarantee on a public service : a refund for people who do not receive a birth certificate within 15 days of applying on-line . On November 18 , 2005 , it was announced that Ontarios Drive Clean emissions program was to be expanded rather than scrapped . The 2006 budget was the third year of the four-year plan , and focused on the infrastructure deficit . The centrepiece was MoveOntario , a $1.2 billion investment in transportation infrastructure . $400 million was invested to build and repair roads and bridges in municipalities across Ontario . On May 18 , 2006 , a judge agreed with Greg Sorbaras contention that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCPP ) had erred in including his name in the search warrant . In striking Sorbaras name from the warrant , Justice Ian Nordheimer of the Ontario Superior Court said there were inadequate grounds for police to include him in the first place . The judge was particularly scathing in his review of the RCMP probe of Sorbara . On May 23 , 2006 , Sorbara was reinstated as Minister of Finance , while Duncan returned to the Energy portfolio . On August 17 , 2006 , Foreign Direct Investment magazine ( a British magazine owned by the Financial Times ) named Dalton McGuinty personality of the year for encouraging investment in the auto sector , for developing a plan to increase energy production , and for promoting research and innovation . Fourth year . On June 14 , 2006 , Energy Minister Dwight Duncan announced the McGuinty governments twenty-year electricity plan , which committed to spending $46 billion on rebuilding all of the provinces ageing nuclear reactors . The plan also made the McGuinty government the first Ontario government since the 1970s to commit to building new nuclear stations , and further postponed the schedule for closing Ontarios coal stations to 2014 . In response , Greenpeace activists occupied Energy Minister Duncans offices . The day after the announcement of its long-term electricity plan The Globe and Mail published a front-page story that the government had quietly passed a regulation to exempt its energy plan from an environmental assessment . The governments decision to exempt the governments electricity plan was criticized by some environmental organizations . In a press release , Greenpeace , the David Suzuki Foundation , and the Pembina Institute noted that each had provided the government with a legal opinion prepared by the Canadian Environmental Law Association , which concluded that the governments energy plan would be subject to the provinces Environmental Assessment Act . The McGuinty governments 2007 budget was criticized by Toronto mayor David Miller , who argued that the province was refusing to pay its bills , and said that Torontos budgetary problems were the result of $500 million in social service costs mandated by the provincial government . During a later discussion , provincial Finance Minister Greg Sorbara declined to help the city to fix its $71 million shortfall , saying that he doesnt have a mandate to fix this . On July 26 , 2007 , McGuinty dismissed Mike Colle as Minister of Citizenship and Immigration following a report by the auditor general that Colle had mishandled government funds . He was criticized for giving out $32 million in government grants to immigrant and cultural groups without official applications or formal statements of purpose . In one case , the Ontario Cricket Association received $1 million when it asked for $150,000 . 2007 re-election . In late 2004 , John Tory was chosen to replace Ernie Eves as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario . A principal secretary to former PC Premier Bill Davis , Tory was regarded as more moderate than Mike Harris and the mostly rural MPPs who made up the majority of his caucus . McGuintys Liberals ran a candidate against Tory during the latters successful bid to enter the legislature . Howard Hampton continued to lead the NDP . Though Tory out-polled McGuinty in the category of preferred premier , the Liberals held a lead over the Progressive Conservatives , while the NDP held around 20% support . In October 2006 , the McGuinty Liberals held their last Annual General Meeting before the 2007 election . The event set in place several key elements of their reelection strategy . First , American political consultant James Carville advised Liberal activists to stick to a simple message in the next election . Second , the party elected long-time activist Gord Pheneuf as the new president . Finally , Premier McGuinty laid out the theme of the next campaign : standing up for Ontario families . On October 10 , 2007 , McGuinty and his Ontario Liberal Party won a consecutive majority government in the 39th general provincial election . The last Liberal Party Premier to achieve such success was Mitchell Hepburn during the 1930s . Second term ( 2007–2011 ) . The 2009 Ontario Budget contained significant tax policy changes : McGuintys Minister of Finance Dwight Duncan announced plans to harmonize Ontarios retail sales tax with the federal Goods and Services Tax , and reduce corporate and personal taxes . On March 31 , 2009 , McGuinty admitted to considering of the removal of the minimum wage increase at 2010 from $9.25 , to $10.25 as a mistake after the reactions that he received from the opposition and anti-poverty activists . There was criticism of McGuinty and calls for Health Minister David Caplan to resign after it was revealed that eHealth Ontario CEO Sarah Kramer had approved about $4.8 million in no-bid contracts during the first four months of the agencys operation , while also spending , argued that the McGuinty government spent five years and $647 million on the Smart Systems for Health Agency , which used 15 per cent of its $225-million annual budget on consultants despite employing 166 people with annual salaries exceeding $100000 , before the project was shut down and restarted as eHealth Ontario . Premier Dalton McGuinty said he was concerned about eHealths spending information and said that he would act upon the auditor generals report . McGuinty and Caplan said that it was tough to recruit top experts to build a province wide electronic health records system . McGuinty and Caplan promised an independent review of eHealth , outside of the auditor generals probe . It was later revealed that the ministry and eHealth did not contract PricewaterhouseCoopers to conduct the review . The Liberals said it would have duplicated the auditor generals work , and the opposition noted that Caplan had earlier suggested the independent review had been underway . Documents obtained by the press showed that McGuinty intervened using an order in council to have Kramer hired as CEO , bypassing the competitive selection process , over the objections of officials in the Health Ministry who felt she was inexperienced . McGuinty said that he relied upon the advice of then-chairman of eHealth Dr . Alan Hudson and now described Kramers hiring as a mistake . 2011 re-election . On October 6 , 2011 , the Liberals were reelected for a third term in government , though they lost their majority in the Legislature . Only winning 53 of the 107 legislative seats , the Liberals were one seat short of a majority . Third term ( 2011–2013 ) . Now that Ontario had returned to a minority government after decades of majorities , the political landscape changed significantly . The governing Liberals were required to work with the other parties to move forward with legislation and avoid losing a non-confidence motion . McGuinty had promised not to form a coalition with any other party if elected in a minority , and proceeded to govern by attracting support from opposition MPPs on a bill-by-bill basis . McGuinty commissioned former Toronto-Dominion Bank chief economist Don Drummond to examine the provinces finances . In February 2012 , Drummond released the report that stated that the province would face a $30-billion deficit by 2017-18 , which was nearly double what the McGuinty government had projected . Drummond recommended severe austerity measures to curb the growth of the provinces debt , which was $215 billion at the time , from reaching $411 billion in five years . While McGuinty inherited a moderate deficit of $5 billion , it had tripled due to his progressive spending programs as well as the recent economic recession . The government was soon mired in controversy on several fronts . As a result of Ontarios budgetary situation , the government took a hard line on public sector wages . It introduced Bill 115 Putting Students First Act 2012 in order to suspend collective bargaining , impose contracts on teachers and suspend their right to strike for two years . It also introduced legislation to impose a wage freeze on 481,000 additional public sector workers in hospitals , colleges , public agencies and the civil service . In 2012 , the Liberals were plagued by yet another scandal . During the Ornge Air Ambulance scandal , the CEO was paid 14.1 million dollars , and the executives purchased a commercial building , and them leased it back to themselves at a higher than market rate , through a shell company . The Liberals had hoped to regain their majority through by-elections and on September 6 , 2012 , two by-elections were held , one in Vaughan which the Liberal Party won , and another in Kitchener—Waterloo . Former Deputy Premier Elizabeth Witmer , a Progressive Conservative , had represented Kitchener—Waterloo for the previous four terms . Her resignation allowed the riding to elect Catherine Fife of the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , leaving McGuintys Liberals with a minority government . The NDP victory in Kitchener-Waterloo , the seat the Liberals needed to gain , was attributed in part to the backlash against Bill 115 ; the Liberals placed third in the riding . McGuintys minority government was also criticized for a decision during the 2011 election campaign to scrap unpopular gas plants being constructed in Mississauga and Oakville — the move was seen as a politically expedient one made to improve the Liberal Partys chances of retaining the five ridings it held in the area . The opposition , emboldened by the minority government situation , demanded that Energy Minister Chris Bentley release all documents related to the decision . Bentley delayed prior to releasing 36,000 pages in September and insisted that all documents had been released . 2012 prorogation and resignation . After it became known that there were an additional 20,000 documents Bentley was cited by a rare contempt motion by a legislative committee and was facing a contempt motion of the Legislature when McGuinty unexpectedly announced on October 15 , 2012 , that he was ending the legislative session by proroguing the legislature and that he would resign as premier as soon as the Liberal Party chose his successor , in January 2013 . Liberal House Leader John Milloy later stated that prorogation was necessary because an impasse was reached with labour leaders and the opposition over plans to freeze all public sector wages . The opposition charged that it was done to dodge negative publicity over the investigation and criminal probe into the Ornge Air affair , the controversial decision to halt construction of two gas-fired power plants during the previous election , and the subsequent threats by the opposition to vote on finding Cabinet ministers in Contempt of Parliament for withholding from the Legislature information related to halting the projects . In early 2013 , Onley explained in an interview conducted by the Toronto Star that , though he and McGuinty discussed the matter , among others , before he granted the prorogation , he could only follow the constitution and adhere to the principles of responsible government ; only if the premier were trying to subvert democracy could Onley have refused the advice and , as Onley put it , something thats politically controversial doesnt fit that category . Doesnt even come close.. . Its up to the politicians to work out the political process , the political decision-making that is behind prorogation—and the fallout after prorogation . On the subject of the lack of a date on which the Legislature would be summoned to return , the Lieutenant-Governor said he had no guide ; the Legislatures standing orders outline that a specific date must be set , but the Legislative Assembly Act does not , and precedents are inconsistent . While there had been speculation that McGuinty would become a candidate for the federal Liberal leadership election , on October 23 , 2012 , he announced that he would not be doing so . McGuinty resigned from his premiership on February 11 , 2013 . He resigned his seat in the legislature on June 12 , 2013 , at the end of the legislative session , after representing Ottawa South for 23 years . Life after politics . In June 2013 , McGuinty was named a senior fellow for the fall semester at Harvard Universitys Weatherhead Center for International Affairs . McGuinty published a memoir with Dundurn Press in 2014 called Dalton McGuinty : Making a Difference about his life in politics . Honours . Scholastic . - University degrees - Chancellor , visitor , governor , rector and fellowships Freedom of the City . - 15 May 2019 : Ottawa .
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Dalton McGuinty Dalton James Patrick McGuinty Jr . ( born July 19 , 1955 ) is a Canadian retired politician who served as the 24th Premier of Ontario from 2003 to 2013 . He was the first Liberal leader to win two majority governments since Mitchell Hepburn nearly 70 years earlier . In 2011 , he became the first Liberal premier to secure a third consecutive term since Oliver Mowat ( 1872–1896 ) , after his party was re-elected in that years provincial election . McGuinty was born in Ottawa . He studied science at university , but ended up taking a law degree and practised law in Ottawa . His father was a professor and served as a provincial politician from 1987 to 1990 . In 1990 , his father suffered a heart attack while shoveling snow and died . A provincial election was called for later that year and McGuinty decided to run in his fathers place . He was elected as a Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) in an election in which the Liberal government was defeated unexpectedly by the opposition Ontario New Democratic Party ( NDP ) . He served in opposition for the next five years . In 1995 , he was re-elected but remained in opposition since the Progressive Conservatives won the election . The leader of the party , Lyn McLeod , was blamed for the loss as most polls pointed to a Liberal win . McLeod resigned as leader in 1996 and McGuinty put his name forward for the partys leadership election . Although Gerrard Kennedy was the front-runner in the race , McGuinty who came fourth on the first ballot ended up winning the leadership on the fifth ballot . Critics called McGuinty Harris-lite , but his supporters argued that a right-leaning leader like McGuinty was necessary to compete against the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario ( PC Party ) of Premier Mike Harris . McGuinty lost the 1999 election , but won a resounding majority in 2003 when Ontario turned against the governing Tories . From 2003 to 2007 , McGuintys government increased spending for health and education . He won another majority in 2007 against new PC leader John Tory . Although McGuinty suffered in the polls , his opponent misstepped badly by promoting a policy of public funding for private religious schools , a position that was not favoured by the voters . McGuintys second term was deeply affected by the 2008 financial crisis , which saw government revenues plummet . In addition , a scandal developed around a new plan to update health care records called eHealth Ontario . Just prior to the 2011 election , another controversy developed around the construction of gas powered electrical plants that were widely opposed by local residents . The gas plants happened to be located in key Liberal ridings and just before the election , McGuinty cancelled the projects . The cost to cancel the projects was close to $1 billion and the move was seen as pandering to the electorate in a few electoral districts . These issues dogged McGuinty through the election campaign . The Liberals won , but were reduced to a minority . In the new government , the PCs under leader Tim Hudak were the opposition party with NDP leader Andrea Horwath holding the balance of power . McGuinty continued as premier for another two years , but the continuing gas plant issue refused to go away . He prorogued the legislature early in October 2012 and stepped down as premier . He was succeeded as Liberal leader by Kathleen Wynne in February 2013 and he resigned his own seat in June 2013 . Shortly after leaving the legislature , he was named a senior fellow at Harvard Universitys Weatherhead Center for International Affairs . Early life . McGuinty was born in Ottawa , Ontario . His parents are politician and professor Dalton McGuinty Sr . and full-time nurse Elizabeth ( Pexton ) McGuinty . Being the son of a Francophone mother and an Anglophone father , McGuinty is bilingual . McGuinty is the second Roman Catholic to hold the premiership . His father is Irish , and his mother is English and French Canadian . His maternal grandfather immigrated to Canada from England . He has nine brothers and sisters . His younger brother David has represented the riding of Ottawa South in the House of Commons of Canada since 2004 . He is an alumnus of St . Patricks High School in Ottawa , earning a B.Sc . in biology from McMaster University . He then earned his LL.B from the University of Ottawa before practising law in Ottawa . Since 1980 , he has been married to high school girlfriend Terri McGuinty , who is an elementary school teacher . The couple have one daughter and three sons . Member of Provincial Parliament . His father , Dalton Sr. , served as Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) for Ottawa South until his death in 1990 . Dalton Jr . won the Liberal Partys nomination for Ottawa South for the provincial election of 1990 and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as the MPP for his fathers former riding . The Liberal government of David Peterson was defeated by the social democratic Ontario New Democratic Party ( NDP ) in that election . In opposition , McGuinty served as the Liberal Partys critic for Energy , Environment and Colleges and Universities . He was re-elected in Ottawa South in the 1995 provincial election without much difficulty . The Liberals maintained their status as the official opposition amid a provincial swing from the NDP to the Progressive Conservatives . Provincial leadership . McGuintys supporters in his 1996 leadership bid included John Manley , Murray Elston , and Bob Chiarelli . He was elected leader at the partys convention December in a surprise victory over front-runner Gerard Kennedy . Kennedy , a former head of Torontos Daily Bread food bank , was popular on the progressive wing of the party , while McGuinty built his core support on its establishment and pro-business right-wing which some nicknamed the anything-but-Kennedy movement . McGuinty was fourth on the first and second ballots , closely behind Dwight Duncan . He then overtook Duncan and Joe Cordiano on the third and fourth ballots , respectively , receiving the support of their delegates to win a fifth ballot over Kennedy . Critics called McGuinty Harris-lite , but his supporters argued that a right-leaning leader like McGuinty was necessary to compete against the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario ( PC Party ) of Premier Mike Harris . First term as opposition leader . McGuintys first term in opposition was difficult . He was often criticized for lacking charisma and being uncomfortable in the media scrums . The governing Progressive Conservatives played up McGuintys low profile by defining him as not up to the job in a series of television advertisements . His internal management of the Liberal Party was also criticized by some . McGuintys performance in the early weeks of the 1999 provincial election was widely criticized in the media , and he was generally regarded as having performed poorly in the elections only leaders debate . In response to a question by late CITY-TV journalist Colin Vaughan , he described Mike Harris as a thug who is lying to the people of Ontario . McGuintys Liberals won support from progressive voters who had supported the Ontario New Democratic Party , and now hoped to defeat the governing Conservatives by strategic voting . The Progressive Conservative Party was re-elected , and McGuinty rallied his party in the elections closing days to draw 40% of the popular vote for the Liberals , their second-best performance in fifty years , which increased their seat total in the Legislature from 30 to 36 . McGuinty himself faced a surprisingly difficult re-election in Ottawa South , before defeating his Conservative opponent by about 3,000 votes . Second term as opposition leader . During McGuintys second term as opposition leader , he hired a more skilled group of advisors and drafted former cabinet minister Greg Sorbara as party president . McGuinty also rebuilt the partys fundraising operation , launching the Ontario Liberal Fund . In preparation for the 2003 election , the party adopted a platform that emphasized lowering class sizes in schools , hiring more nurses , increasing environmental protections , and holding the line on taxes . McGuinty also made an effort to improve his debating skills and received coaching from Scott Reid who also trained United States Senator John McCain . McGuintys chances of forming government were improved by a number of controversies involving the governing PC Party , including the fallout over the shooting death of native protester Dudley George at Ipperwash , the deaths of seven people from tainted water in Walkerton , and the decision to provide tax credits to parents who sent their children to private schools . Harris resigned in 2001 and his successor , Ernie Eves , received a short boost in the polls from his attempts to move the PC Party to the centre . 2003 election campaign . The 2003 North America blackout gave Eves increased exposure and rallied some support for his party . He called an election immediately after the blackout , and polling showed that the previous Liberal lead had narrowed to a tie in the first week . The rise in Tory support was short-lived . The Liberals took a commanding lead in the campaigns second week , and remained in that position until election day . The Progressive Conservative government accidentally distributed a press release which described McGuinty as an evil reptilian kitten-eater from another planet . Eves later stated that this was obviously meant as a joke , but acknowledged its inappropriateness . McGuinty undertook a series of choreographed events , including signing a taxpayer protection pledge not to raise taxes . He appeared on the popular sports show Off the Record , where he received an endorsement from Canadian Idol winner Ryan Malcolm . McGuinty was able to maintain his partys standing in the polls in the last stages , preventing Eves from making up ground during the leaders debate . On election day , the Liberal were elected to a majority government , winning 72 of the Ontario Legislatures 103 seats . The PC Party fell to 24 seats , while the NDP lost official party status in the legislature . Following the election , the McGuinty government asked former Provincial Auditor Erik Peters to examine the provinces finances . Peters revealed that the out-going Progressive Conservative government had left a hidden deficit of at least $5.6 billion . The Conservatives questioned Peters methodology , and suggested that the McGuinty government was overstating the provinces financial difficulties to break or delay some of its campaign spending promises . First term ( 2003–2007 ) . First year . McGuinty took office as Premier and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs on October 23 , 2003 . The new government called the Legislature back in session in late 2003 . The government brought in auto insurance reforms ( including a price cap ) , rolled-back a series of corporate and personal tax cuts that had been scheduled for 2004 , passed legislation that enshrined publicly funded healthcare into provincial law , hired more meat and water inspectors , opened up the provincially owned electricity companies to Freedom of Information laws and enacted a ban on partisan government advertising . On May 18 , 2004 , Provincial Finance Minister Greg Sorbara released the McGuinty governments first budget , the first year of a four-year plan focused on tackling four deficits the Liberals claim the previous Tories left behind : the health deficit , the education deficit , the infrastructure deficit and the fiscal deficit . This budget was focused on health care . At its core was a large infusion of new money into hospitals specifically to shorten wait times in key areas : knee and hip replacements , cancer treatment , cardiac treatment , cataracts , and MRI and CT scans . The government also brought in free immunizations for children , 150 new Family Health Teams to improve access to physicians , almost 100,000 new home care spaces for Ontarios elderly , almost 4,000 new long-term care beds , and $200 million more to improve public health and fight potential outbreaks like SARS and West Nile fever . To pay for this plan , the Liberals imposed a controversial new Health Premium of $300 to $900 , staggered according to income . This violated a key Liberal campaign pledge not to raise taxes , and gave the government an early reputation for breaking promises . The Liberals defended the premium by arguing that the previous government had a hidden deficit , and McGuinty claimed he needed to break his campaign pledge on taxation to fulfill his promises on other fronts . His own finance critic of the time , Gerry Phillips , had predicted that the Tories projected balanced budget would in fact result in a $5 billion deficit in a meeting of the Standing Committee of Estimates of the Legislature on June 3 , 2003 . Liberal MPP Monte Kwinter also predicted a $5 billion deficit . As a result , the Liberals dropped badly in polls and McGuinty fell behind Ernie Eves in the category of preferred premier . The Ontario Health Premium also became a major issue in the early days of the 2004 federal election , called a week after the Ontario budget . Many believe that the controversy hampered Liberal Prime Minister Paul Martins bid for re-election . Also controversial was the elimination of coverage for health services not covered by the Canada Health Act including eye examinations and physical therapy . Other elements of the McGuinty governments first budget were a four-year plan to tackle the deficit , funding for 1,000 new teachers , a transfer of two cents of the existing gas tax to municipalities to help fund transit , and a three per cent increase to those on social assistance , the first increase in ten years . Soon after the federal election , McGuinty attended a First Ministers Meeting on health-care reform that resulted in a new agreement for a national health accord . This Accord saw the provinces receive new federal funding in exchange for providing reports on such things as waiting times for surgeries . McGuintys government ended the year by releasing Progress Report 2004 : Getting Results for Ontario . This work focused on health , education , and economic growth , and set targets to achieve before the next election ( including reducing the high school drop out rate , increasing participation in post-secondary education and reducing wait times for specific medical procedures ) . Second year . The McGuinty government brought forward a number of initiatives in the fall of 2004 . These included legislation allowing restaurant patrons to bring their own wine , banning junk food in public schools , outlawing smoking in public places , and requiring students to stay in school until age 18 . Following a series of high-profile maulings by pit bulls , the government also moved to ban the dogs . Some Ontarians were critical of this issue since it was seen as moving the responsibility for safety away from owners and over toward the animals . People who owned pitbulls previous to the ban were allowed to keep them , muzzled in public and sterilized to prevent them from breeding . The importing and breeding of pitbulls in Ontario was banned , while all pitbulls being held in shelters were euthanized or sent to research facilities . During early 2005 , McGuinty called the Legislature back for a rare winter session to debate and pass several high-profile bills . The government legislated a greenbelt around Toronto . The size of Prince Edward Island , the Greenbelt protects a broad swath of land from development and preserves forests and farmland . In response to court decisions , the McGuinty Liberals updated legislation to reflect the change in the definition of marriage to include homosexual couples . McGuinty also launched a campaign to narrow the so-called $23 billion gap between what Ontario contributes to the federal government and what is returned to Ontario in services . This came as a sharp turn after more than a year of cooperating with the federal government . McGuinty said special deals made by the federal government with other provinces ( Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia ) compromised the nature of equalization . He noted that immigrants in Ontario receive $800 in support from the federal government , while those in Quebec receive $3,800 . Premier McGuinty and Prime Minister Paul Martin debated the Ontario governments accusations throughout the spring of 2005 . McGuinty and Martin finally met in May and , following a nine-hour meeting , McGuinty received a commitment for $5.75 billion , spread out over five years , including new money for immigrant settlement , training for the unemployed , federal delivery of meat inspection and corporate tax collection and per capita funding for post-secondary education . In late April 2005 , McGuinty announced the closure of the Lakeview coal-fired generating station , one of Ontarios largest polluters . Although the McGuinty government had promised to close all coal-burning plants by 2007 , Energy Minister Dwight Duncan announced on June 14 , 2005 , that this was no longer possible , and that the Nanticoke Coal Plant will not close until 2009 . On May 11 , 2005 , the McGuinty Liberals delivered their second budget , built around the Reaching Higher plan for education . The second year of the four-year plan , this budget was designed to tackle to so-called education deficit . Investing $6.2 billion over the next four years , the budget included the largest investment in higher education in forty years . It also increased accessibility for low-income students , expanded medical school spaces , and invested in new faculty , graduate scholarships and research . The budget also broke a promise to balance the budget in 2007–08 . The government instead aimed at balance in 2008–09 . The McGuinty Liberals also moved to expand infrastructure spending by encouraging Ontarios large pension plans to invest in the construction of new roads , schools and hospitals . Specific projects in the budget included a 10-year expansion of the Toronto Transit Commission and GO Transit , 15,000 new affordable housing units and improved border crossings . NDP leader Howard Hampton described this move as privatization by stealth . During their second year in office , the McGuinty Liberals brought forward a series of negotiations with the provinces unions.First , Health Minister George Smitherman concluded an agreement with the provinces doctors that included incentives to practise in family health teams or under-serviced communities . Education Minister Gerard Kennedy established a province-wide negotiating framework with the provinces teachers unions with the result that most school boards settled their contracts without lost teaching time . Finally , Management Board Chair Gerry Phillips closed a deal with the provincial governments own civil service union , the Ontario Public Service Employees Union . On June 22 , 2005 , Education Minister Gerard Kennedy announced that 90–95% of Ontario students between junior kindergarten and Grade Three would be in classes of twenty students or fewer by 2007 . He also acknowledged that extenuating circumstances may require slightly larger classes in some cases . Opposition critic Frank Klees accused the McGuinty government of breaking its promise to cap classroom sizes . Kennedy responded that some flexibility is always necessary , and that any reasonable person would regard a 90–95% success rate as a promise kept . Also in June 2005 , two cabinet ministers in McGuintys government were scrutinized for alleged improprieties . Joseph Cordiano faced calls for his resignation after revelations that he billed $17,000 for personal expenses to his riding association . These expenses included meals in Paris and Milan , and theatre tickets in London . Cordiano insisted that these expenses were related to riding activities , and refused to resign . McGuinty defended Cordiano in public , claiming he had complete confidence in the minister . At around the same time , Minister of Transportation Harinder Takhar was accused of a conflict-of-interest , after visiting a company that he owned in a blind trust . Takhar acknowledged that he made an error in judgement , but denied any wrongdoing . Both Cordiano and Takhar were retained in their portfolios following a cabinet shuffle on June 29 , 2005 . The matter was sent to the provincial ethics commissioner , who on January 4 , 2006 , ruled that Takhar had violated Ontarios integrity guidelines by not maintaining an arms length relationship with the trustee appointed to run his blind trust . McGuinty has defended his minister , and has rejected calls to remove him from cabinet , even after the Integrity Commissioner issued his finding . In the same cabinet shuffle , Premier McGuinty withdrew from the Intergovernmental Affairs portfolio and became the provinces first Minister of Research and Innovation . Third year . On October 11 , 2005 , police raided the Sorbara Group offices — owned by Greg Sorbara and his brothers — as part of the ongoing Royal Group Technologies investigation . The warrant stated that there were reasonable grounds to believe Sorbara and other directors of Royal Group defrauded the company and shareholders when they bought land in Brampton , that was owned by a subsidiary of the Sorbara Group . Sorbara initially resisted opposition calls for him to step down , then resigned as Minister of Finance the same day . He consistently denied any knowledge of the specific allegations against him , and sued the RCMP to either clarify their case against him or withdraw their investigation . Following Sorbaras resignation , Dwight Duncan was appointed as Minister of Finance and Chair of the Management Board . Donna Cansfield took over Duncans responsibility as Minister of Energy and Jim Bradley as Government House Leader . The next day , the McGuinty government put forward a throne speech in October reiterating their priorities of health , education and economic prosperity . The speech outlined plans to offer the first money-back guarantee on a public service : a refund for people who do not receive a birth certificate within 15 days of applying on-line . On November 18 , 2005 , it was announced that Ontarios Drive Clean emissions program was to be expanded rather than scrapped . The 2006 budget was the third year of the four-year plan , and focused on the infrastructure deficit . The centrepiece was MoveOntario , a $1.2 billion investment in transportation infrastructure . $400 million was invested to build and repair roads and bridges in municipalities across Ontario . On May 18 , 2006 , a judge agreed with Greg Sorbaras contention that the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCPP ) had erred in including his name in the search warrant . In striking Sorbaras name from the warrant , Justice Ian Nordheimer of the Ontario Superior Court said there were inadequate grounds for police to include him in the first place . The judge was particularly scathing in his review of the RCMP probe of Sorbara . On May 23 , 2006 , Sorbara was reinstated as Minister of Finance , while Duncan returned to the Energy portfolio . On August 17 , 2006 , Foreign Direct Investment magazine ( a British magazine owned by the Financial Times ) named Dalton McGuinty personality of the year for encouraging investment in the auto sector , for developing a plan to increase energy production , and for promoting research and innovation . Fourth year . On June 14 , 2006 , Energy Minister Dwight Duncan announced the McGuinty governments twenty-year electricity plan , which committed to spending $46 billion on rebuilding all of the provinces ageing nuclear reactors . The plan also made the McGuinty government the first Ontario government since the 1970s to commit to building new nuclear stations , and further postponed the schedule for closing Ontarios coal stations to 2014 . In response , Greenpeace activists occupied Energy Minister Duncans offices . The day after the announcement of its long-term electricity plan The Globe and Mail published a front-page story that the government had quietly passed a regulation to exempt its energy plan from an environmental assessment . The governments decision to exempt the governments electricity plan was criticized by some environmental organizations . In a press release , Greenpeace , the David Suzuki Foundation , and the Pembina Institute noted that each had provided the government with a legal opinion prepared by the Canadian Environmental Law Association , which concluded that the governments energy plan would be subject to the provinces Environmental Assessment Act . The McGuinty governments 2007 budget was criticized by Toronto mayor David Miller , who argued that the province was refusing to pay its bills , and said that Torontos budgetary problems were the result of $500 million in social service costs mandated by the provincial government . During a later discussion , provincial Finance Minister Greg Sorbara declined to help the city to fix its $71 million shortfall , saying that he doesnt have a mandate to fix this . On July 26 , 2007 , McGuinty dismissed Mike Colle as Minister of Citizenship and Immigration following a report by the auditor general that Colle had mishandled government funds . He was criticized for giving out $32 million in government grants to immigrant and cultural groups without official applications or formal statements of purpose . In one case , the Ontario Cricket Association received $1 million when it asked for $150,000 . 2007 re-election . In late 2004 , John Tory was chosen to replace Ernie Eves as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario . A principal secretary to former PC Premier Bill Davis , Tory was regarded as more moderate than Mike Harris and the mostly rural MPPs who made up the majority of his caucus . McGuintys Liberals ran a candidate against Tory during the latters successful bid to enter the legislature . Howard Hampton continued to lead the NDP . Though Tory out-polled McGuinty in the category of preferred premier , the Liberals held a lead over the Progressive Conservatives , while the NDP held around 20% support . In October 2006 , the McGuinty Liberals held their last Annual General Meeting before the 2007 election . The event set in place several key elements of their reelection strategy . First , American political consultant James Carville advised Liberal activists to stick to a simple message in the next election . Second , the party elected long-time activist Gord Pheneuf as the new president . Finally , Premier McGuinty laid out the theme of the next campaign : standing up for Ontario families . On October 10 , 2007 , McGuinty and his Ontario Liberal Party won a consecutive majority government in the 39th general provincial election . The last Liberal Party Premier to achieve such success was Mitchell Hepburn during the 1930s . Second term ( 2007–2011 ) . The 2009 Ontario Budget contained significant tax policy changes : McGuintys Minister of Finance Dwight Duncan announced plans to harmonize Ontarios retail sales tax with the federal Goods and Services Tax , and reduce corporate and personal taxes . On March 31 , 2009 , McGuinty admitted to considering of the removal of the minimum wage increase at 2010 from $9.25 , to $10.25 as a mistake after the reactions that he received from the opposition and anti-poverty activists . There was criticism of McGuinty and calls for Health Minister David Caplan to resign after it was revealed that eHealth Ontario CEO Sarah Kramer had approved about $4.8 million in no-bid contracts during the first four months of the agencys operation , while also spending , argued that the McGuinty government spent five years and $647 million on the Smart Systems for Health Agency , which used 15 per cent of its $225-million annual budget on consultants despite employing 166 people with annual salaries exceeding $100000 , before the project was shut down and restarted as eHealth Ontario . Premier Dalton McGuinty said he was concerned about eHealths spending information and said that he would act upon the auditor generals report . McGuinty and Caplan said that it was tough to recruit top experts to build a province wide electronic health records system . McGuinty and Caplan promised an independent review of eHealth , outside of the auditor generals probe . It was later revealed that the ministry and eHealth did not contract PricewaterhouseCoopers to conduct the review . The Liberals said it would have duplicated the auditor generals work , and the opposition noted that Caplan had earlier suggested the independent review had been underway . Documents obtained by the press showed that McGuinty intervened using an order in council to have Kramer hired as CEO , bypassing the competitive selection process , over the objections of officials in the Health Ministry who felt she was inexperienced . McGuinty said that he relied upon the advice of then-chairman of eHealth Dr . Alan Hudson and now described Kramers hiring as a mistake . 2011 re-election . On October 6 , 2011 , the Liberals were reelected for a third term in government , though they lost their majority in the Legislature . Only winning 53 of the 107 legislative seats , the Liberals were one seat short of a majority . Third term ( 2011–2013 ) . Now that Ontario had returned to a minority government after decades of majorities , the political landscape changed significantly . The governing Liberals were required to work with the other parties to move forward with legislation and avoid losing a non-confidence motion . McGuinty had promised not to form a coalition with any other party if elected in a minority , and proceeded to govern by attracting support from opposition MPPs on a bill-by-bill basis . McGuinty commissioned former Toronto-Dominion Bank chief economist Don Drummond to examine the provinces finances . In February 2012 , Drummond released the report that stated that the province would face a $30-billion deficit by 2017-18 , which was nearly double what the McGuinty government had projected . Drummond recommended severe austerity measures to curb the growth of the provinces debt , which was $215 billion at the time , from reaching $411 billion in five years . While McGuinty inherited a moderate deficit of $5 billion , it had tripled due to his progressive spending programs as well as the recent economic recession . The government was soon mired in controversy on several fronts . As a result of Ontarios budgetary situation , the government took a hard line on public sector wages . It introduced Bill 115 Putting Students First Act 2012 in order to suspend collective bargaining , impose contracts on teachers and suspend their right to strike for two years . It also introduced legislation to impose a wage freeze on 481,000 additional public sector workers in hospitals , colleges , public agencies and the civil service . In 2012 , the Liberals were plagued by yet another scandal . During the Ornge Air Ambulance scandal , the CEO was paid 14.1 million dollars , and the executives purchased a commercial building , and them leased it back to themselves at a higher than market rate , through a shell company . The Liberals had hoped to regain their majority through by-elections and on September 6 , 2012 , two by-elections were held , one in Vaughan which the Liberal Party won , and another in Kitchener—Waterloo . Former Deputy Premier Elizabeth Witmer , a Progressive Conservative , had represented Kitchener—Waterloo for the previous four terms . Her resignation allowed the riding to elect Catherine Fife of the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , leaving McGuintys Liberals with a minority government . The NDP victory in Kitchener-Waterloo , the seat the Liberals needed to gain , was attributed in part to the backlash against Bill 115 ; the Liberals placed third in the riding . McGuintys minority government was also criticized for a decision during the 2011 election campaign to scrap unpopular gas plants being constructed in Mississauga and Oakville — the move was seen as a politically expedient one made to improve the Liberal Partys chances of retaining the five ridings it held in the area . The opposition , emboldened by the minority government situation , demanded that Energy Minister Chris Bentley release all documents related to the decision . Bentley delayed prior to releasing 36,000 pages in September and insisted that all documents had been released . 2012 prorogation and resignation . After it became known that there were an additional 20,000 documents Bentley was cited by a rare contempt motion by a legislative committee and was facing a contempt motion of the Legislature when McGuinty unexpectedly announced on October 15 , 2012 , that he was ending the legislative session by proroguing the legislature and that he would resign as premier as soon as the Liberal Party chose his successor , in January 2013 . Liberal House Leader John Milloy later stated that prorogation was necessary because an impasse was reached with labour leaders and the opposition over plans to freeze all public sector wages . The opposition charged that it was done to dodge negative publicity over the investigation and criminal probe into the Ornge Air affair , the controversial decision to halt construction of two gas-fired power plants during the previous election , and the subsequent threats by the opposition to vote on finding Cabinet ministers in Contempt of Parliament for withholding from the Legislature information related to halting the projects . In early 2013 , Onley explained in an interview conducted by the Toronto Star that , though he and McGuinty discussed the matter , among others , before he granted the prorogation , he could only follow the constitution and adhere to the principles of responsible government ; only if the premier were trying to subvert democracy could Onley have refused the advice and , as Onley put it , something thats politically controversial doesnt fit that category . Doesnt even come close.. . Its up to the politicians to work out the political process , the political decision-making that is behind prorogation—and the fallout after prorogation . On the subject of the lack of a date on which the Legislature would be summoned to return , the Lieutenant-Governor said he had no guide ; the Legislatures standing orders outline that a specific date must be set , but the Legislative Assembly Act does not , and precedents are inconsistent . While there had been speculation that McGuinty would become a candidate for the federal Liberal leadership election , on October 23 , 2012 , he announced that he would not be doing so . McGuinty resigned from his premiership on February 11 , 2013 . He resigned his seat in the legislature on June 12 , 2013 , at the end of the legislative session , after representing Ottawa South for 23 years . Life after politics . In June 2013 , McGuinty was named a senior fellow for the fall semester at Harvard Universitys Weatherhead Center for International Affairs . McGuinty published a memoir with Dundurn Press in 2014 called Dalton McGuinty : Making a Difference about his life in politics . Honours . Scholastic . - University degrees - Chancellor , visitor , governor , rector and fellowships Freedom of the City . - 15 May 2019 : Ottawa .
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"Legislative Council"
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Which position did Luke Foley hold from Jun 2010 to 2015?
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/wiki/Luke_Foley#P39#0
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Luke Foley Luke Aquinas Foley ( born 27 July 1970 ) is a former Australian Labor Party politician who served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of New South Wales from 2015 to 2018 . Foley was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since 19 June 2010 until his resignation to contest the Legislative Assembly seat of Auburn at the 2015 New South Wales election . Foley resigned after it was alleged that he had indecently assaulted an ABC journalist . Foley denies the allegations . Early years and education . Foley was born in Sydney and from the age of seven was raised solely by his mother . In an interview conducted when he became NSW Opposition Leader , Foley stated his mother instilled in him a triple faith of the Labor Party , the Catholic Church and the Eastern Suburbs Rugby League Club . Foley was active in student representative politics at university and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of New South Wales , the first in his family to attend university . Foley is a keen cricketer . In 1999 he worked as an accredited Triple J cricket correspondent reporting from the Australian/West Indies series in the Caribbean . Career . Starting his working life while a student as a telemarketer for the Guide Dog Association of NSW 1988–90 , Foley became NSW President of the National Union of Students 1991 , and then worked in the office of Labor Senator Bruce Childs 1992–96 . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was a union organiser with the NSW branch of the Australian Services Union and became Secretary of that branch between 2000 and 2003 . This involved representing the interests of charity and drug and alcohol rehabilitation workers . Referring to that period in his first speech in the NSW Parliament , Foley stated : A member of Labors left faction , before his appointment to the Legislative Council , Foley was the assistant general secretary of the New South Wales Labor Party from 2003 to 2010 . Foley was a sportswriter for The Punch from 2009 . Political career . Foley was appointed to the Legislative Council to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ian Macdonald . He describes himself as a practising Catholic on the Left of politics Foley voted in favour of same sex adoption bill in 2010 and in 2015 announced his support behind federal legislation for same-sex marriage . Foley said : I have an open mind . I continue to talk to many people , including gay and lesbian friends of mine about this issue . Following the resignation of John Robertson as leader of the parliamentary Labor Party , Foley contested the leadership in the vote held on 5 January 2015 . After the withdrawal of Michael Daley and Steve Whan as leadership contenders , Foley was elected unopposed . He was endorsed as the Labor candidate for the safe Labor seat of Auburn at the 2015 state election , after the incumbent member Barbara Perry stood aside to allow him to transfer to the lower house from the Legislative Council . He went on to win the seat , however , with a small swing against his party in the electorate . Foley did manage to pick up a 14-seat swing , and recovered much of what Labor had lost four years earlier . Notably , Labor regained many seats in its longstanding heartlands of west Sydney , the Central Coast , and the Hunter that had been swept up by the Coalition . It reduced the Coalition majority from 22 seats to seven . In October 2018 , NSW Corrections Minister David Elliott raised an allegation in the Legislative Assembly about an incident where Foley had a little bit too much to drink at a party and harassed an ABC journalist . Later that month , ABC journalist Ashleigh Raper released a statement , alleging that at an event in November 2016 , Foley placed his hand down the back of her dress and inside her underpants . Hours later , Foley read a statement in which he resigned as leader of the Labor Party , but denied the allegation and said he would commence defamation proceedings against Raper in the Federal Court . Later in November , he dropped the case against Raper . Views . Foley has stated his values are social democratic values : In 2018 , Foley talked about White flight . He was condemned by Premier Gladys Berejiklian for his view that an influx of people of non-European descent had driven many Anglo Australians to leave parts of Sydney . Personal life . Foley is married to Edel McKenna and they have three children . Foley is a member of the Summer Hill Seniors Cricket Club , a member of the Sydney Cricket Ground since 1992 , and an executive member of the Victor Trumper Society . He is also a supporter of the Eastern Suburbs Rugby League Club .
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"leader of the Labor Party"
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What was the position of Luke Foley from 2015 to Mar 2015?
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/wiki/Luke_Foley#P39#1
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Luke Foley Luke Aquinas Foley ( born 27 July 1970 ) is a former Australian Labor Party politician who served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of New South Wales from 2015 to 2018 . Foley was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since 19 June 2010 until his resignation to contest the Legislative Assembly seat of Auburn at the 2015 New South Wales election . Foley resigned after it was alleged that he had indecently assaulted an ABC journalist . Foley denies the allegations . Early years and education . Foley was born in Sydney and from the age of seven was raised solely by his mother . In an interview conducted when he became NSW Opposition Leader , Foley stated his mother instilled in him a triple faith of the Labor Party , the Catholic Church and the Eastern Suburbs Rugby League Club . Foley was active in student representative politics at university and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of New South Wales , the first in his family to attend university . Foley is a keen cricketer . In 1999 he worked as an accredited Triple J cricket correspondent reporting from the Australian/West Indies series in the Caribbean . Career . Starting his working life while a student as a telemarketer for the Guide Dog Association of NSW 1988–90 , Foley became NSW President of the National Union of Students 1991 , and then worked in the office of Labor Senator Bruce Childs 1992–96 . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was a union organiser with the NSW branch of the Australian Services Union and became Secretary of that branch between 2000 and 2003 . This involved representing the interests of charity and drug and alcohol rehabilitation workers . Referring to that period in his first speech in the NSW Parliament , Foley stated : A member of Labors left faction , before his appointment to the Legislative Council , Foley was the assistant general secretary of the New South Wales Labor Party from 2003 to 2010 . Foley was a sportswriter for The Punch from 2009 . Political career . Foley was appointed to the Legislative Council to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ian Macdonald . He describes himself as a practising Catholic on the Left of politics Foley voted in favour of same sex adoption bill in 2010 and in 2015 announced his support behind federal legislation for same-sex marriage . Foley said : I have an open mind . I continue to talk to many people , including gay and lesbian friends of mine about this issue . Following the resignation of John Robertson as leader of the parliamentary Labor Party , Foley contested the leadership in the vote held on 5 January 2015 . After the withdrawal of Michael Daley and Steve Whan as leadership contenders , Foley was elected unopposed . He was endorsed as the Labor candidate for the safe Labor seat of Auburn at the 2015 state election , after the incumbent member Barbara Perry stood aside to allow him to transfer to the lower house from the Legislative Council . He went on to win the seat , however , with a small swing against his party in the electorate . Foley did manage to pick up a 14-seat swing , and recovered much of what Labor had lost four years earlier . Notably , Labor regained many seats in its longstanding heartlands of west Sydney , the Central Coast , and the Hunter that had been swept up by the Coalition . It reduced the Coalition majority from 22 seats to seven . In October 2018 , NSW Corrections Minister David Elliott raised an allegation in the Legislative Assembly about an incident where Foley had a little bit too much to drink at a party and harassed an ABC journalist . Later that month , ABC journalist Ashleigh Raper released a statement , alleging that at an event in November 2016 , Foley placed his hand down the back of her dress and inside her underpants . Hours later , Foley read a statement in which he resigned as leader of the Labor Party , but denied the allegation and said he would commence defamation proceedings against Raper in the Federal Court . Later in November , he dropped the case against Raper . Views . Foley has stated his values are social democratic values : In 2018 , Foley talked about White flight . He was condemned by Premier Gladys Berejiklian for his view that an influx of people of non-European descent had driven many Anglo Australians to leave parts of Sydney . Personal life . Foley is married to Edel McKenna and they have three children . Foley is a member of the Summer Hill Seniors Cricket Club , a member of the Sydney Cricket Ground since 1992 , and an executive member of the Victor Trumper Society . He is also a supporter of the Eastern Suburbs Rugby League Club .
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"Labor seat of Auburn"
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What position did Luke Foley take from Mar 2015 to Nov 2018?
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/wiki/Luke_Foley#P39#2
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Luke Foley Luke Aquinas Foley ( born 27 July 1970 ) is a former Australian Labor Party politician who served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of New South Wales from 2015 to 2018 . Foley was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since 19 June 2010 until his resignation to contest the Legislative Assembly seat of Auburn at the 2015 New South Wales election . Foley resigned after it was alleged that he had indecently assaulted an ABC journalist . Foley denies the allegations . Early years and education . Foley was born in Sydney and from the age of seven was raised solely by his mother . In an interview conducted when he became NSW Opposition Leader , Foley stated his mother instilled in him a triple faith of the Labor Party , the Catholic Church and the Eastern Suburbs Rugby League Club . Foley was active in student representative politics at university and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of New South Wales , the first in his family to attend university . Foley is a keen cricketer . In 1999 he worked as an accredited Triple J cricket correspondent reporting from the Australian/West Indies series in the Caribbean . Career . Starting his working life while a student as a telemarketer for the Guide Dog Association of NSW 1988–90 , Foley became NSW President of the National Union of Students 1991 , and then worked in the office of Labor Senator Bruce Childs 1992–96 . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was a union organiser with the NSW branch of the Australian Services Union and became Secretary of that branch between 2000 and 2003 . This involved representing the interests of charity and drug and alcohol rehabilitation workers . Referring to that period in his first speech in the NSW Parliament , Foley stated : A member of Labors left faction , before his appointment to the Legislative Council , Foley was the assistant general secretary of the New South Wales Labor Party from 2003 to 2010 . Foley was a sportswriter for The Punch from 2009 . Political career . Foley was appointed to the Legislative Council to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ian Macdonald . He describes himself as a practising Catholic on the Left of politics Foley voted in favour of same sex adoption bill in 2010 and in 2015 announced his support behind federal legislation for same-sex marriage . Foley said : I have an open mind . I continue to talk to many people , including gay and lesbian friends of mine about this issue . Following the resignation of John Robertson as leader of the parliamentary Labor Party , Foley contested the leadership in the vote held on 5 January 2015 . After the withdrawal of Michael Daley and Steve Whan as leadership contenders , Foley was elected unopposed . He was endorsed as the Labor candidate for the safe Labor seat of Auburn at the 2015 state election , after the incumbent member Barbara Perry stood aside to allow him to transfer to the lower house from the Legislative Council . He went on to win the seat , however , with a small swing against his party in the electorate . Foley did manage to pick up a 14-seat swing , and recovered much of what Labor had lost four years earlier . Notably , Labor regained many seats in its longstanding heartlands of west Sydney , the Central Coast , and the Hunter that had been swept up by the Coalition . It reduced the Coalition majority from 22 seats to seven . In October 2018 , NSW Corrections Minister David Elliott raised an allegation in the Legislative Assembly about an incident where Foley had a little bit too much to drink at a party and harassed an ABC journalist . Later that month , ABC journalist Ashleigh Raper released a statement , alleging that at an event in November 2016 , Foley placed his hand down the back of her dress and inside her underpants . Hours later , Foley read a statement in which he resigned as leader of the Labor Party , but denied the allegation and said he would commence defamation proceedings against Raper in the Federal Court . Later in November , he dropped the case against Raper . Views . Foley has stated his values are social democratic values : In 2018 , Foley talked about White flight . He was condemned by Premier Gladys Berejiklian for his view that an influx of people of non-European descent had driven many Anglo Australians to leave parts of Sydney . Personal life . Foley is married to Edel McKenna and they have three children . Foley is a member of the Summer Hill Seniors Cricket Club , a member of the Sydney Cricket Ground since 1992 , and an executive member of the Victor Trumper Society . He is also a supporter of the Eastern Suburbs Rugby League Club .
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Which position did Luke Foley hold in Nov 2018?
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/wiki/Luke_Foley#P39#3
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Luke Foley Luke Aquinas Foley ( born 27 July 1970 ) is a former Australian Labor Party politician who served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of New South Wales from 2015 to 2018 . Foley was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council since 19 June 2010 until his resignation to contest the Legislative Assembly seat of Auburn at the 2015 New South Wales election . Foley resigned after it was alleged that he had indecently assaulted an ABC journalist . Foley denies the allegations . Early years and education . Foley was born in Sydney and from the age of seven was raised solely by his mother . In an interview conducted when he became NSW Opposition Leader , Foley stated his mother instilled in him a triple faith of the Labor Party , the Catholic Church and the Eastern Suburbs Rugby League Club . Foley was active in student representative politics at university and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the University of New South Wales , the first in his family to attend university . Foley is a keen cricketer . In 1999 he worked as an accredited Triple J cricket correspondent reporting from the Australian/West Indies series in the Caribbean . Career . Starting his working life while a student as a telemarketer for the Guide Dog Association of NSW 1988–90 , Foley became NSW President of the National Union of Students 1991 , and then worked in the office of Labor Senator Bruce Childs 1992–96 . Between 1996 and 2000 , he was a union organiser with the NSW branch of the Australian Services Union and became Secretary of that branch between 2000 and 2003 . This involved representing the interests of charity and drug and alcohol rehabilitation workers . Referring to that period in his first speech in the NSW Parliament , Foley stated : A member of Labors left faction , before his appointment to the Legislative Council , Foley was the assistant general secretary of the New South Wales Labor Party from 2003 to 2010 . Foley was a sportswriter for The Punch from 2009 . Political career . Foley was appointed to the Legislative Council to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ian Macdonald . He describes himself as a practising Catholic on the Left of politics Foley voted in favour of same sex adoption bill in 2010 and in 2015 announced his support behind federal legislation for same-sex marriage . Foley said : I have an open mind . I continue to talk to many people , including gay and lesbian friends of mine about this issue . Following the resignation of John Robertson as leader of the parliamentary Labor Party , Foley contested the leadership in the vote held on 5 January 2015 . After the withdrawal of Michael Daley and Steve Whan as leadership contenders , Foley was elected unopposed . He was endorsed as the Labor candidate for the safe Labor seat of Auburn at the 2015 state election , after the incumbent member Barbara Perry stood aside to allow him to transfer to the lower house from the Legislative Council . He went on to win the seat , however , with a small swing against his party in the electorate . Foley did manage to pick up a 14-seat swing , and recovered much of what Labor had lost four years earlier . Notably , Labor regained many seats in its longstanding heartlands of west Sydney , the Central Coast , and the Hunter that had been swept up by the Coalition . It reduced the Coalition majority from 22 seats to seven . In October 2018 , NSW Corrections Minister David Elliott raised an allegation in the Legislative Assembly about an incident where Foley had a little bit too much to drink at a party and harassed an ABC journalist . Later that month , ABC journalist Ashleigh Raper released a statement , alleging that at an event in November 2016 , Foley placed his hand down the back of her dress and inside her underpants . Hours later , Foley read a statement in which he resigned as leader of the Labor Party , but denied the allegation and said he would commence defamation proceedings against Raper in the Federal Court . Later in November , he dropped the case against Raper . Views . Foley has stated his values are social democratic values : In 2018 , Foley talked about White flight . He was condemned by Premier Gladys Berejiklian for his view that an influx of people of non-European descent had driven many Anglo Australians to leave parts of Sydney . Personal life . Foley is married to Edel McKenna and they have three children . Foley is a member of the Summer Hill Seniors Cricket Club , a member of the Sydney Cricket Ground since 1992 , and an executive member of the Victor Trumper Society . He is also a supporter of the Eastern Suburbs Rugby League Club .
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"European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management"
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Kristalina Georgieva took which position from Feb 2010 to Nov 2014?
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/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva#P39#0
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Kristalina Georgieva Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova ( ; born 13 August 1953 ) is a Bulgarian economist serving as chair and managing director of the International Monetary Fund since 2019 . She was the Chief Executive of the World Bank Group from 2017 to 2019 and served as Acting President of the World Bank Group from 1 February 2019 to 8 April 2019 following the resignation of Jim Yong Kim . She previously served as Vice-President of the European Commission under Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2016 . From 1993 to 2010 , she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group , eventually rising to become its vice president and corporate secretary in March 2008 . She has also served as a member of the board of trustees and associated professor in the economics department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria . On 27 September 2016 , the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General . Her short run for secretary-general at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October , where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates . In the same vote , António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General . On 28 October , the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017 . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund . She was the only nominee for the job and is the first person from an emerging country to hold this office . Georgieva was named European of the Year in 2010 and EU Commissioner of the Year as an acknowledgment of her work , in particular , her handling of the humanitarian disasters in Haiti and Pakistan . Georgieva is included in Time magazine s 100 Most Influential People of 2020 . Early life and education . Georgieva was born in Sofia into a family of bureaucrats . Her father was a civil engineer who supervised state road-building projects , and her grandfather was a prominent Bulgarian revolutionary , Ivan Karshovski . Georgieva holds a PhD in Economics and an MA in Political Economy and Sociology from the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics ( now called University of National and World Economy ) in Sofia . Her thesis was on Environmental Protection Policy and Economic Growth in the USA . She also did postgraduate research and studies in natural resource economics and environmental policy at the London School of Economics in the late 1980s and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . She has written over 100 academic papers and has also authored a microeconomics textbook . She held a range of academic and consulting positions in Bulgaria and the US , and has lectured on development topics in universities , including the Australian National University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Tsinghua University , Yale University , Harvard University , London School of Economics , the University of the South Pacific and others . Georgieva is fluent in Bulgarian , English , and Russian , and can also speak some French . Early work ( 1993–2010 ) . Georgieva started her career at the World Bank Group in 1993 as an environmental economist for Europe and Central Asia . Following this , she served in various positions in the bank ultimately rising to become director of the Environment Department in charge of World Banks environmental strategy , policies , and lending . In this role she oversaw around 60% of lending operations of the World Bank Group . From 2004 to 2007 she was the institutions director and resident representative in the Russian Federation , based in Moscow . She returned to Washington , D.C. , to become director of Strategy and Operations , Sustainable Development . Her final position at the World Bank , vice president and corporate secretary , conveyed lead responsibility for liaison with the members of the institutions board of executive directors , representing the banks shareholders ( the member country governments ) . During that time , she worked on the banks governance reform and accompanying capital increase . In January 2010 , Georgieva announced her intention to resign from this post in view of her nomination to the Commission of the European Union . Political career . European Commissioner . Nomination and confirmation After the former Bulgarian nominee for the post of European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management , Rumiana Jeleva , came under fire during her confirmation hearing from members of the European Parliament over both her competence and allegations of gaps in her declaration of financial interests , she withdrew her bid . The Bulgarian government then proposed Kristalina Georgieva as their new candidate . On 21 January 2010 the European Commission President José Manuel Barroso met with Georgieva and expressed his approval , stating that Mrs . Georgieva has solid international experience and knowledge with which she is going to contribute significantly in her capacity as a EU Commissioner . The confirmation hearing of Georgieva took place at the European Parliament on 4 February 2010 . She faced questions on her suitability for the portfolio . Georgieva identified Haiti as a priority , especially the need to provide shelter and health services and to restore the functions and service of the government , so as to start work on reconstruction and long-term development . Other key issues raised in discussions with MEPs had been improving co-ordination within the EU ( and within the commission ) , and between humanitarian and military players in order to meet the dual challenge posed by expanding needs and shrinking budgets . The need to improve the effectiveness of EU actions and for better response capacity had also been stressed , together with the establishment of European Voluntary Humanitarian Corps . Georgieva was given a warm response by MEPs , with Labour MEP Michael Cashman praising her honesty and deep breadth of knowledge . She was applauded by committee members when she told British Conservative MEP Nirj Deva that she would stand up for the interests of the EU and be an independent mind . Ivo Vajgl , a Liberal MEP , also praised her , saying : let me compliment you on your peaceful manner and the confidence you are exuding today . Her performance at the hearing was widely publicized in Bulgaria and broadcast live on many national media , where it was seen as question of restoration of national honor following Jelevas unsuccessful hearing . The second college of the Barroso Commission , including Georgieva , was approved by the European Parliament on 9 February 2010 by a vote of 488 to 137 , with 72 abstentions , and she took office the following day . Tenure During her time in office as commissioner for international cooperation , humanitarian aid , and crisis response , Georgieva managed one of the worlds largest humanitarian aid budgets and promoted the EU as a global champion for resilience and disaster risk reduction . She strongly promoted the use of synergies between humanitarian aid and civil protection tools , which resulted in a more effective response to crises and disasters worldwide . In this role Georgieva tripled funding for the refugee crisis in Europe . Georgieva pioneered cash-based assistance and the scaling up of cash and social protection approaches in humanitarian aid , notably for refugees and displaced persons ; pushed vigorously for operations based on civil-military cooperation and became a key advocate for the respect of international humanitarian law globally . Immediately after taking office , she took responsibility for coordinating the EU response to the humanitarian consequence of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . As result of her actions , the EU became the primary humanitarian donor in the devastated country . Following this initial baptism of fire , Georgieva has ensured EUs response in a number of crises and disasters that struck the world in 2010 , including the earthquake in Chile and the floods in Pakistan . After taking office , Georgievas presence in the field – in Haiti , Chile and Pakistan as a response to the natural disasters that have struck there ; Sahel in relation to the ongoing food crisis threat ; Darfur as a way to tackle a forgotten conflict ; Kyrgyzstan as a reaction to a sudden onset conflict ; disasters within the EU such as the 2010 Romanian floods , the Hungarian industrial accident at Ajka , Hungary – along with timely and effective response to these crises , natural and man-made disasters has led to increased EU visibility . Amid the Southeast Europe floods in May 2014 , Georgieva coordinated post-disaster assistance and helped prepare Serbias request for aid of as much as 1 billion euros ( $1.4 billion ) a year . She also has worked to ensure that longer term prevention and preparedness strategies are in place . In parallel with reacting to natural and man-made disasters , Georgieva made good progress on the three declared priorities of her mandate : building up EUs disaster response capacity by creating the Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre and the European Response Coordination Centre , creating the European Voluntary Humanitarian Aid Corps foreseen in the Lisbon Treaty , and proceeding with the mid-term review of the European Union Humanitarian Aid Consensus action plan . This work is expected to pave the way for future legislative proposals . Since 2014 , Georgieva has been a member of the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Nicholas Stern and Paul Polman . In May 2015 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed her and Nazrin Shah of Perak as co-chairs of the High-Level Panel on Humanitarian Financing , an initiative aimed at preparing recommendations for the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit and paved the way for new development and humanitarian solutions , including through facilitating the Grand Bargain , an agreement between the biggest donors and aid providers , which aims to get more means into the hands of people in need . Georgieva also spearheaded the creation of the EU Children of Peace initiative which drew attention to the underfunded sector of education in emergencies and is now a top funding priority for the EU . Vice-President of the European Commission . In 2014 , news media reported that the ambassadors of several Western EU countries early on indicated their countries support for Georgieva to be nominated for the incoming Juncker Commission , indicating that she might get the post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy . Her candidacy had been uncertain because of political infighting in Bulgaria . The collapse of the socialist government , however , cleared the path for her nomination . By August , Georgi Bliznashki , Bulgarias interim prime minister , announced her candidacy to replace Britains Catherine Ashton . Incoming European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker instead assigned the post of Vice-President for Budget and Human Resources to Georgieva , with experienced EU civil servant Florika Fink-Hooijer as her Chef de Cabinet . She was thus the most senior technocrat in the Juncker Commission , the only one of the seven vice-presidents never to have served as a national minister . In this role she was in charge of 33,000 staff and reporting on how the budget of the European Union is spent to the European Parliament , the council and the European Court of Auditors . Within months of taking her new position and amid skepticism about the European Union and its budget of around $159 billion reaching new heights , Georgieva was able to negotiate a several-billion-dollar budget increase for 2014 . World Bank . Georgieva was appointed the first chief executive officer for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association on 28 October 2016 and started in the role on 2 January 2017 . On 21 April 2018 it was announced the World Bank shareholders endorsed an ambitious package of measures that include a $13 billion paid-in capital increase , a series of internal reforms , and a set of policy measures that greatly strengthen the global poverty fighting institutions ability to scale up resources and deliver on its mission in areas of the world that need the most assistance . Georgieva is widely recognised as playing a key role in securing this increase , the largest funding increase in the banks history . Georgieva committed the bank to gender equality within its own ranks by setting the target for women to occupy 50 percent of senior management positions at the World Bank by 2020 . This was achieved ahead of time in October 2018 . Georgieva was also the architect of many reforms with the bank . She looked at how each she could foster a bank that promotes collaboration across its institutions and draws in more private sector finance . She also put aside discreet resources to fund staff teams working on the development of new innovative instruments and solutions , particularly those that boost private sector engagement and mobilize commercial financing or focus on developing results and outcome-based instruments . Ultimately , she has said , reforms will aim to bolster the banks growing emphasis on results . On 7 January 2019 it was announced that World Bank Group President Kim would be stepping down and Georgieva would assume the role of interim president of the World Bank Group on 1 February 2019 . From 2019 until 2020 , Georgieva co-chaired the World Economic Forum High-Level Group on Humanitarian Investing , alongside Børge Brende and Peter Maurer . International Monetary Fund . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund , to succeed Christine Lagarde , who is leaving to become head of the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . She was the only nominee for the job and is a first person from the emerging country to have this function . Normally , she would not be considered for the position ( the tradition was that candidate could not be older than 65 at the start of their term ) , but following pressure from the French President Emmanuel Macron , the rule was waived for Georgieva . Her term started on 1 October 2019 and will last for five years . Other activities . European Union institutions . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , member of the Appointment Advisory Committee ( since 2017 ) Non-profit organizations . - World Economic Forum ( WEF ) , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2020 ) - Global Commission on Adaptation , co-chair ( since 2018 ) - Generation Unlimited , member of the board ( since 2018 ) - Paris Peace Forum , member of the steering committee ( since 2018 ) - European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) , member of the council - University of National and World Economy , member of the board of trustees - Women Political Leaders Global Forum ( WPL ) , member of the global advisory board - China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development ( CCICED ) , honorary member ( 2012 ) - Institute for Sustainable Communities , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2005 ) - LEAD International , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2009 ) Awards . As recognition of her work and her efficient reaction to the humanitarian crises of the year , Georgieva was named Commissioner of the Year in the Europeans of the Year 2010 awards , organized by the influential European Voice newspaper , which also named her European of the Year . The winners are chosen on the basis of online voting , which is open until 31 October of each year . In 2016 , Georgieva was honored with the Devex Power with Purpose award for her work in global development . In 2017 , Georgieva was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 2 in the list of 100 Most Influential People in Multinational Organisations . In 2019 , Georgieva was awarded the Princess Marina Sturdza award in the Emerging Europe Remarkable Achievement Awards . In the same year Georgieva also received the Foreign Policy Association Medal which recognizes individuals who demonstrate responsible internationalism and work to expand public knowledge of international affairs . Past recipients include the Honorable Michael Bloomberg , mayor , New York City ; Timothy Geithner , chairman , Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; Jean-Claude Trichet , president of the European Central Bank ; Kevin Rudd , prime minister , Australia ; Sheila C . Bair , chairman , Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Anne-Marie Slaughter , dean , Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , Princeton University , among others . Personal life . Georgieva is married and has one child . Her hobbies include travelling , guitar playing , dancing and cooking exotic dishes . External links . - Kristalina Georgieva Official Media Gallery - Kristalina Georgieva on the World Bank website - Official blog
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"Vice-President for Budget and Human Resources to Georgieva"
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What position did Kristalina Georgieva take from Nov 2014 to Dec 2016?
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/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva#P39#1
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Kristalina Georgieva Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova ( ; born 13 August 1953 ) is a Bulgarian economist serving as chair and managing director of the International Monetary Fund since 2019 . She was the Chief Executive of the World Bank Group from 2017 to 2019 and served as Acting President of the World Bank Group from 1 February 2019 to 8 April 2019 following the resignation of Jim Yong Kim . She previously served as Vice-President of the European Commission under Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2016 . From 1993 to 2010 , she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group , eventually rising to become its vice president and corporate secretary in March 2008 . She has also served as a member of the board of trustees and associated professor in the economics department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria . On 27 September 2016 , the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General . Her short run for secretary-general at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October , where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates . In the same vote , António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General . On 28 October , the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017 . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund . She was the only nominee for the job and is the first person from an emerging country to hold this office . Georgieva was named European of the Year in 2010 and EU Commissioner of the Year as an acknowledgment of her work , in particular , her handling of the humanitarian disasters in Haiti and Pakistan . Georgieva is included in Time magazine s 100 Most Influential People of 2020 . Early life and education . Georgieva was born in Sofia into a family of bureaucrats . Her father was a civil engineer who supervised state road-building projects , and her grandfather was a prominent Bulgarian revolutionary , Ivan Karshovski . Georgieva holds a PhD in Economics and an MA in Political Economy and Sociology from the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics ( now called University of National and World Economy ) in Sofia . Her thesis was on Environmental Protection Policy and Economic Growth in the USA . She also did postgraduate research and studies in natural resource economics and environmental policy at the London School of Economics in the late 1980s and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . She has written over 100 academic papers and has also authored a microeconomics textbook . She held a range of academic and consulting positions in Bulgaria and the US , and has lectured on development topics in universities , including the Australian National University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Tsinghua University , Yale University , Harvard University , London School of Economics , the University of the South Pacific and others . Georgieva is fluent in Bulgarian , English , and Russian , and can also speak some French . Early work ( 1993–2010 ) . Georgieva started her career at the World Bank Group in 1993 as an environmental economist for Europe and Central Asia . Following this , she served in various positions in the bank ultimately rising to become director of the Environment Department in charge of World Banks environmental strategy , policies , and lending . In this role she oversaw around 60% of lending operations of the World Bank Group . From 2004 to 2007 she was the institutions director and resident representative in the Russian Federation , based in Moscow . She returned to Washington , D.C. , to become director of Strategy and Operations , Sustainable Development . Her final position at the World Bank , vice president and corporate secretary , conveyed lead responsibility for liaison with the members of the institutions board of executive directors , representing the banks shareholders ( the member country governments ) . During that time , she worked on the banks governance reform and accompanying capital increase . In January 2010 , Georgieva announced her intention to resign from this post in view of her nomination to the Commission of the European Union . Political career . European Commissioner . Nomination and confirmation After the former Bulgarian nominee for the post of European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management , Rumiana Jeleva , came under fire during her confirmation hearing from members of the European Parliament over both her competence and allegations of gaps in her declaration of financial interests , she withdrew her bid . The Bulgarian government then proposed Kristalina Georgieva as their new candidate . On 21 January 2010 the European Commission President José Manuel Barroso met with Georgieva and expressed his approval , stating that Mrs . Georgieva has solid international experience and knowledge with which she is going to contribute significantly in her capacity as a EU Commissioner . The confirmation hearing of Georgieva took place at the European Parliament on 4 February 2010 . She faced questions on her suitability for the portfolio . Georgieva identified Haiti as a priority , especially the need to provide shelter and health services and to restore the functions and service of the government , so as to start work on reconstruction and long-term development . Other key issues raised in discussions with MEPs had been improving co-ordination within the EU ( and within the commission ) , and between humanitarian and military players in order to meet the dual challenge posed by expanding needs and shrinking budgets . The need to improve the effectiveness of EU actions and for better response capacity had also been stressed , together with the establishment of European Voluntary Humanitarian Corps . Georgieva was given a warm response by MEPs , with Labour MEP Michael Cashman praising her honesty and deep breadth of knowledge . She was applauded by committee members when she told British Conservative MEP Nirj Deva that she would stand up for the interests of the EU and be an independent mind . Ivo Vajgl , a Liberal MEP , also praised her , saying : let me compliment you on your peaceful manner and the confidence you are exuding today . Her performance at the hearing was widely publicized in Bulgaria and broadcast live on many national media , where it was seen as question of restoration of national honor following Jelevas unsuccessful hearing . The second college of the Barroso Commission , including Georgieva , was approved by the European Parliament on 9 February 2010 by a vote of 488 to 137 , with 72 abstentions , and she took office the following day . Tenure During her time in office as commissioner for international cooperation , humanitarian aid , and crisis response , Georgieva managed one of the worlds largest humanitarian aid budgets and promoted the EU as a global champion for resilience and disaster risk reduction . She strongly promoted the use of synergies between humanitarian aid and civil protection tools , which resulted in a more effective response to crises and disasters worldwide . In this role Georgieva tripled funding for the refugee crisis in Europe . Georgieva pioneered cash-based assistance and the scaling up of cash and social protection approaches in humanitarian aid , notably for refugees and displaced persons ; pushed vigorously for operations based on civil-military cooperation and became a key advocate for the respect of international humanitarian law globally . Immediately after taking office , she took responsibility for coordinating the EU response to the humanitarian consequence of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . As result of her actions , the EU became the primary humanitarian donor in the devastated country . Following this initial baptism of fire , Georgieva has ensured EUs response in a number of crises and disasters that struck the world in 2010 , including the earthquake in Chile and the floods in Pakistan . After taking office , Georgievas presence in the field – in Haiti , Chile and Pakistan as a response to the natural disasters that have struck there ; Sahel in relation to the ongoing food crisis threat ; Darfur as a way to tackle a forgotten conflict ; Kyrgyzstan as a reaction to a sudden onset conflict ; disasters within the EU such as the 2010 Romanian floods , the Hungarian industrial accident at Ajka , Hungary – along with timely and effective response to these crises , natural and man-made disasters has led to increased EU visibility . Amid the Southeast Europe floods in May 2014 , Georgieva coordinated post-disaster assistance and helped prepare Serbias request for aid of as much as 1 billion euros ( $1.4 billion ) a year . She also has worked to ensure that longer term prevention and preparedness strategies are in place . In parallel with reacting to natural and man-made disasters , Georgieva made good progress on the three declared priorities of her mandate : building up EUs disaster response capacity by creating the Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre and the European Response Coordination Centre , creating the European Voluntary Humanitarian Aid Corps foreseen in the Lisbon Treaty , and proceeding with the mid-term review of the European Union Humanitarian Aid Consensus action plan . This work is expected to pave the way for future legislative proposals . Since 2014 , Georgieva has been a member of the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Nicholas Stern and Paul Polman . In May 2015 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed her and Nazrin Shah of Perak as co-chairs of the High-Level Panel on Humanitarian Financing , an initiative aimed at preparing recommendations for the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit and paved the way for new development and humanitarian solutions , including through facilitating the Grand Bargain , an agreement between the biggest donors and aid providers , which aims to get more means into the hands of people in need . Georgieva also spearheaded the creation of the EU Children of Peace initiative which drew attention to the underfunded sector of education in emergencies and is now a top funding priority for the EU . Vice-President of the European Commission . In 2014 , news media reported that the ambassadors of several Western EU countries early on indicated their countries support for Georgieva to be nominated for the incoming Juncker Commission , indicating that she might get the post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy . Her candidacy had been uncertain because of political infighting in Bulgaria . The collapse of the socialist government , however , cleared the path for her nomination . By August , Georgi Bliznashki , Bulgarias interim prime minister , announced her candidacy to replace Britains Catherine Ashton . Incoming European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker instead assigned the post of Vice-President for Budget and Human Resources to Georgieva , with experienced EU civil servant Florika Fink-Hooijer as her Chef de Cabinet . She was thus the most senior technocrat in the Juncker Commission , the only one of the seven vice-presidents never to have served as a national minister . In this role she was in charge of 33,000 staff and reporting on how the budget of the European Union is spent to the European Parliament , the council and the European Court of Auditors . Within months of taking her new position and amid skepticism about the European Union and its budget of around $159 billion reaching new heights , Georgieva was able to negotiate a several-billion-dollar budget increase for 2014 . World Bank . Georgieva was appointed the first chief executive officer for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association on 28 October 2016 and started in the role on 2 January 2017 . On 21 April 2018 it was announced the World Bank shareholders endorsed an ambitious package of measures that include a $13 billion paid-in capital increase , a series of internal reforms , and a set of policy measures that greatly strengthen the global poverty fighting institutions ability to scale up resources and deliver on its mission in areas of the world that need the most assistance . Georgieva is widely recognised as playing a key role in securing this increase , the largest funding increase in the banks history . Georgieva committed the bank to gender equality within its own ranks by setting the target for women to occupy 50 percent of senior management positions at the World Bank by 2020 . This was achieved ahead of time in October 2018 . Georgieva was also the architect of many reforms with the bank . She looked at how each she could foster a bank that promotes collaboration across its institutions and draws in more private sector finance . She also put aside discreet resources to fund staff teams working on the development of new innovative instruments and solutions , particularly those that boost private sector engagement and mobilize commercial financing or focus on developing results and outcome-based instruments . Ultimately , she has said , reforms will aim to bolster the banks growing emphasis on results . On 7 January 2019 it was announced that World Bank Group President Kim would be stepping down and Georgieva would assume the role of interim president of the World Bank Group on 1 February 2019 . From 2019 until 2020 , Georgieva co-chaired the World Economic Forum High-Level Group on Humanitarian Investing , alongside Børge Brende and Peter Maurer . International Monetary Fund . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund , to succeed Christine Lagarde , who is leaving to become head of the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . She was the only nominee for the job and is a first person from the emerging country to have this function . Normally , she would not be considered for the position ( the tradition was that candidate could not be older than 65 at the start of their term ) , but following pressure from the French President Emmanuel Macron , the rule was waived for Georgieva . Her term started on 1 October 2019 and will last for five years . Other activities . European Union institutions . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , member of the Appointment Advisory Committee ( since 2017 ) Non-profit organizations . - World Economic Forum ( WEF ) , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2020 ) - Global Commission on Adaptation , co-chair ( since 2018 ) - Generation Unlimited , member of the board ( since 2018 ) - Paris Peace Forum , member of the steering committee ( since 2018 ) - European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) , member of the council - University of National and World Economy , member of the board of trustees - Women Political Leaders Global Forum ( WPL ) , member of the global advisory board - China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development ( CCICED ) , honorary member ( 2012 ) - Institute for Sustainable Communities , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2005 ) - LEAD International , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2009 ) Awards . As recognition of her work and her efficient reaction to the humanitarian crises of the year , Georgieva was named Commissioner of the Year in the Europeans of the Year 2010 awards , organized by the influential European Voice newspaper , which also named her European of the Year . The winners are chosen on the basis of online voting , which is open until 31 October of each year . In 2016 , Georgieva was honored with the Devex Power with Purpose award for her work in global development . In 2017 , Georgieva was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 2 in the list of 100 Most Influential People in Multinational Organisations . In 2019 , Georgieva was awarded the Princess Marina Sturdza award in the Emerging Europe Remarkable Achievement Awards . In the same year Georgieva also received the Foreign Policy Association Medal which recognizes individuals who demonstrate responsible internationalism and work to expand public knowledge of international affairs . Past recipients include the Honorable Michael Bloomberg , mayor , New York City ; Timothy Geithner , chairman , Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; Jean-Claude Trichet , president of the European Central Bank ; Kevin Rudd , prime minister , Australia ; Sheila C . Bair , chairman , Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Anne-Marie Slaughter , dean , Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , Princeton University , among others . Personal life . Georgieva is married and has one child . Her hobbies include travelling , guitar playing , dancing and cooking exotic dishes . External links . - Kristalina Georgieva Official Media Gallery - Kristalina Georgieva on the World Bank website - Official blog
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"chief executive officer for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development"
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What was the position of Kristalina Georgieva from 2017 to Feb 2019?
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/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva#P39#2
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Kristalina Georgieva Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova ( ; born 13 August 1953 ) is a Bulgarian economist serving as chair and managing director of the International Monetary Fund since 2019 . She was the Chief Executive of the World Bank Group from 2017 to 2019 and served as Acting President of the World Bank Group from 1 February 2019 to 8 April 2019 following the resignation of Jim Yong Kim . She previously served as Vice-President of the European Commission under Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2016 . From 1993 to 2010 , she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group , eventually rising to become its vice president and corporate secretary in March 2008 . She has also served as a member of the board of trustees and associated professor in the economics department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria . On 27 September 2016 , the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General . Her short run for secretary-general at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October , where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates . In the same vote , António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General . On 28 October , the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017 . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund . She was the only nominee for the job and is the first person from an emerging country to hold this office . Georgieva was named European of the Year in 2010 and EU Commissioner of the Year as an acknowledgment of her work , in particular , her handling of the humanitarian disasters in Haiti and Pakistan . Georgieva is included in Time magazine s 100 Most Influential People of 2020 . Early life and education . Georgieva was born in Sofia into a family of bureaucrats . Her father was a civil engineer who supervised state road-building projects , and her grandfather was a prominent Bulgarian revolutionary , Ivan Karshovski . Georgieva holds a PhD in Economics and an MA in Political Economy and Sociology from the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics ( now called University of National and World Economy ) in Sofia . Her thesis was on Environmental Protection Policy and Economic Growth in the USA . She also did postgraduate research and studies in natural resource economics and environmental policy at the London School of Economics in the late 1980s and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . She has written over 100 academic papers and has also authored a microeconomics textbook . She held a range of academic and consulting positions in Bulgaria and the US , and has lectured on development topics in universities , including the Australian National University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Tsinghua University , Yale University , Harvard University , London School of Economics , the University of the South Pacific and others . Georgieva is fluent in Bulgarian , English , and Russian , and can also speak some French . Early work ( 1993–2010 ) . Georgieva started her career at the World Bank Group in 1993 as an environmental economist for Europe and Central Asia . Following this , she served in various positions in the bank ultimately rising to become director of the Environment Department in charge of World Banks environmental strategy , policies , and lending . In this role she oversaw around 60% of lending operations of the World Bank Group . From 2004 to 2007 she was the institutions director and resident representative in the Russian Federation , based in Moscow . She returned to Washington , D.C. , to become director of Strategy and Operations , Sustainable Development . Her final position at the World Bank , vice president and corporate secretary , conveyed lead responsibility for liaison with the members of the institutions board of executive directors , representing the banks shareholders ( the member country governments ) . During that time , she worked on the banks governance reform and accompanying capital increase . In January 2010 , Georgieva announced her intention to resign from this post in view of her nomination to the Commission of the European Union . Political career . European Commissioner . Nomination and confirmation After the former Bulgarian nominee for the post of European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management , Rumiana Jeleva , came under fire during her confirmation hearing from members of the European Parliament over both her competence and allegations of gaps in her declaration of financial interests , she withdrew her bid . The Bulgarian government then proposed Kristalina Georgieva as their new candidate . On 21 January 2010 the European Commission President José Manuel Barroso met with Georgieva and expressed his approval , stating that Mrs . Georgieva has solid international experience and knowledge with which she is going to contribute significantly in her capacity as a EU Commissioner . The confirmation hearing of Georgieva took place at the European Parliament on 4 February 2010 . She faced questions on her suitability for the portfolio . Georgieva identified Haiti as a priority , especially the need to provide shelter and health services and to restore the functions and service of the government , so as to start work on reconstruction and long-term development . Other key issues raised in discussions with MEPs had been improving co-ordination within the EU ( and within the commission ) , and between humanitarian and military players in order to meet the dual challenge posed by expanding needs and shrinking budgets . The need to improve the effectiveness of EU actions and for better response capacity had also been stressed , together with the establishment of European Voluntary Humanitarian Corps . Georgieva was given a warm response by MEPs , with Labour MEP Michael Cashman praising her honesty and deep breadth of knowledge . She was applauded by committee members when she told British Conservative MEP Nirj Deva that she would stand up for the interests of the EU and be an independent mind . Ivo Vajgl , a Liberal MEP , also praised her , saying : let me compliment you on your peaceful manner and the confidence you are exuding today . Her performance at the hearing was widely publicized in Bulgaria and broadcast live on many national media , where it was seen as question of restoration of national honor following Jelevas unsuccessful hearing . The second college of the Barroso Commission , including Georgieva , was approved by the European Parliament on 9 February 2010 by a vote of 488 to 137 , with 72 abstentions , and she took office the following day . Tenure During her time in office as commissioner for international cooperation , humanitarian aid , and crisis response , Georgieva managed one of the worlds largest humanitarian aid budgets and promoted the EU as a global champion for resilience and disaster risk reduction . She strongly promoted the use of synergies between humanitarian aid and civil protection tools , which resulted in a more effective response to crises and disasters worldwide . In this role Georgieva tripled funding for the refugee crisis in Europe . Georgieva pioneered cash-based assistance and the scaling up of cash and social protection approaches in humanitarian aid , notably for refugees and displaced persons ; pushed vigorously for operations based on civil-military cooperation and became a key advocate for the respect of international humanitarian law globally . Immediately after taking office , she took responsibility for coordinating the EU response to the humanitarian consequence of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . As result of her actions , the EU became the primary humanitarian donor in the devastated country . Following this initial baptism of fire , Georgieva has ensured EUs response in a number of crises and disasters that struck the world in 2010 , including the earthquake in Chile and the floods in Pakistan . After taking office , Georgievas presence in the field – in Haiti , Chile and Pakistan as a response to the natural disasters that have struck there ; Sahel in relation to the ongoing food crisis threat ; Darfur as a way to tackle a forgotten conflict ; Kyrgyzstan as a reaction to a sudden onset conflict ; disasters within the EU such as the 2010 Romanian floods , the Hungarian industrial accident at Ajka , Hungary – along with timely and effective response to these crises , natural and man-made disasters has led to increased EU visibility . Amid the Southeast Europe floods in May 2014 , Georgieva coordinated post-disaster assistance and helped prepare Serbias request for aid of as much as 1 billion euros ( $1.4 billion ) a year . She also has worked to ensure that longer term prevention and preparedness strategies are in place . In parallel with reacting to natural and man-made disasters , Georgieva made good progress on the three declared priorities of her mandate : building up EUs disaster response capacity by creating the Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre and the European Response Coordination Centre , creating the European Voluntary Humanitarian Aid Corps foreseen in the Lisbon Treaty , and proceeding with the mid-term review of the European Union Humanitarian Aid Consensus action plan . This work is expected to pave the way for future legislative proposals . Since 2014 , Georgieva has been a member of the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Nicholas Stern and Paul Polman . In May 2015 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed her and Nazrin Shah of Perak as co-chairs of the High-Level Panel on Humanitarian Financing , an initiative aimed at preparing recommendations for the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit and paved the way for new development and humanitarian solutions , including through facilitating the Grand Bargain , an agreement between the biggest donors and aid providers , which aims to get more means into the hands of people in need . Georgieva also spearheaded the creation of the EU Children of Peace initiative which drew attention to the underfunded sector of education in emergencies and is now a top funding priority for the EU . Vice-President of the European Commission . In 2014 , news media reported that the ambassadors of several Western EU countries early on indicated their countries support for Georgieva to be nominated for the incoming Juncker Commission , indicating that she might get the post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy . Her candidacy had been uncertain because of political infighting in Bulgaria . The collapse of the socialist government , however , cleared the path for her nomination . By August , Georgi Bliznashki , Bulgarias interim prime minister , announced her candidacy to replace Britains Catherine Ashton . Incoming European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker instead assigned the post of Vice-President for Budget and Human Resources to Georgieva , with experienced EU civil servant Florika Fink-Hooijer as her Chef de Cabinet . She was thus the most senior technocrat in the Juncker Commission , the only one of the seven vice-presidents never to have served as a national minister . In this role she was in charge of 33,000 staff and reporting on how the budget of the European Union is spent to the European Parliament , the council and the European Court of Auditors . Within months of taking her new position and amid skepticism about the European Union and its budget of around $159 billion reaching new heights , Georgieva was able to negotiate a several-billion-dollar budget increase for 2014 . World Bank . Georgieva was appointed the first chief executive officer for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association on 28 October 2016 and started in the role on 2 January 2017 . On 21 April 2018 it was announced the World Bank shareholders endorsed an ambitious package of measures that include a $13 billion paid-in capital increase , a series of internal reforms , and a set of policy measures that greatly strengthen the global poverty fighting institutions ability to scale up resources and deliver on its mission in areas of the world that need the most assistance . Georgieva is widely recognised as playing a key role in securing this increase , the largest funding increase in the banks history . Georgieva committed the bank to gender equality within its own ranks by setting the target for women to occupy 50 percent of senior management positions at the World Bank by 2020 . This was achieved ahead of time in October 2018 . Georgieva was also the architect of many reforms with the bank . She looked at how each she could foster a bank that promotes collaboration across its institutions and draws in more private sector finance . She also put aside discreet resources to fund staff teams working on the development of new innovative instruments and solutions , particularly those that boost private sector engagement and mobilize commercial financing or focus on developing results and outcome-based instruments . Ultimately , she has said , reforms will aim to bolster the banks growing emphasis on results . On 7 January 2019 it was announced that World Bank Group President Kim would be stepping down and Georgieva would assume the role of interim president of the World Bank Group on 1 February 2019 . From 2019 until 2020 , Georgieva co-chaired the World Economic Forum High-Level Group on Humanitarian Investing , alongside Børge Brende and Peter Maurer . International Monetary Fund . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund , to succeed Christine Lagarde , who is leaving to become head of the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . She was the only nominee for the job and is a first person from the emerging country to have this function . Normally , she would not be considered for the position ( the tradition was that candidate could not be older than 65 at the start of their term ) , but following pressure from the French President Emmanuel Macron , the rule was waived for Georgieva . Her term started on 1 October 2019 and will last for five years . Other activities . European Union institutions . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , member of the Appointment Advisory Committee ( since 2017 ) Non-profit organizations . - World Economic Forum ( WEF ) , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2020 ) - Global Commission on Adaptation , co-chair ( since 2018 ) - Generation Unlimited , member of the board ( since 2018 ) - Paris Peace Forum , member of the steering committee ( since 2018 ) - European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) , member of the council - University of National and World Economy , member of the board of trustees - Women Political Leaders Global Forum ( WPL ) , member of the global advisory board - China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development ( CCICED ) , honorary member ( 2012 ) - Institute for Sustainable Communities , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2005 ) - LEAD International , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2009 ) Awards . As recognition of her work and her efficient reaction to the humanitarian crises of the year , Georgieva was named Commissioner of the Year in the Europeans of the Year 2010 awards , organized by the influential European Voice newspaper , which also named her European of the Year . The winners are chosen on the basis of online voting , which is open until 31 October of each year . In 2016 , Georgieva was honored with the Devex Power with Purpose award for her work in global development . In 2017 , Georgieva was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 2 in the list of 100 Most Influential People in Multinational Organisations . In 2019 , Georgieva was awarded the Princess Marina Sturdza award in the Emerging Europe Remarkable Achievement Awards . In the same year Georgieva also received the Foreign Policy Association Medal which recognizes individuals who demonstrate responsible internationalism and work to expand public knowledge of international affairs . Past recipients include the Honorable Michael Bloomberg , mayor , New York City ; Timothy Geithner , chairman , Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; Jean-Claude Trichet , president of the European Central Bank ; Kevin Rudd , prime minister , Australia ; Sheila C . Bair , chairman , Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Anne-Marie Slaughter , dean , Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , Princeton University , among others . Personal life . Georgieva is married and has one child . Her hobbies include travelling , guitar playing , dancing and cooking exotic dishes . External links . - Kristalina Georgieva Official Media Gallery - Kristalina Georgieva on the World Bank website - Official blog
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What position did Kristalina Georgieva take in Feb 2019?
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Kristalina Georgieva Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova ( ; born 13 August 1953 ) is a Bulgarian economist serving as chair and managing director of the International Monetary Fund since 2019 . She was the Chief Executive of the World Bank Group from 2017 to 2019 and served as Acting President of the World Bank Group from 1 February 2019 to 8 April 2019 following the resignation of Jim Yong Kim . She previously served as Vice-President of the European Commission under Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2016 . From 1993 to 2010 , she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group , eventually rising to become its vice president and corporate secretary in March 2008 . She has also served as a member of the board of trustees and associated professor in the economics department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria . On 27 September 2016 , the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General . Her short run for secretary-general at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October , where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates . In the same vote , António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General . On 28 October , the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017 . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund . She was the only nominee for the job and is the first person from an emerging country to hold this office . Georgieva was named European of the Year in 2010 and EU Commissioner of the Year as an acknowledgment of her work , in particular , her handling of the humanitarian disasters in Haiti and Pakistan . Georgieva is included in Time magazine s 100 Most Influential People of 2020 . Early life and education . Georgieva was born in Sofia into a family of bureaucrats . Her father was a civil engineer who supervised state road-building projects , and her grandfather was a prominent Bulgarian revolutionary , Ivan Karshovski . Georgieva holds a PhD in Economics and an MA in Political Economy and Sociology from the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics ( now called University of National and World Economy ) in Sofia . Her thesis was on Environmental Protection Policy and Economic Growth in the USA . She also did postgraduate research and studies in natural resource economics and environmental policy at the London School of Economics in the late 1980s and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . She has written over 100 academic papers and has also authored a microeconomics textbook . She held a range of academic and consulting positions in Bulgaria and the US , and has lectured on development topics in universities , including the Australian National University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Tsinghua University , Yale University , Harvard University , London School of Economics , the University of the South Pacific and others . Georgieva is fluent in Bulgarian , English , and Russian , and can also speak some French . Early work ( 1993–2010 ) . Georgieva started her career at the World Bank Group in 1993 as an environmental economist for Europe and Central Asia . Following this , she served in various positions in the bank ultimately rising to become director of the Environment Department in charge of World Banks environmental strategy , policies , and lending . In this role she oversaw around 60% of lending operations of the World Bank Group . From 2004 to 2007 she was the institutions director and resident representative in the Russian Federation , based in Moscow . She returned to Washington , D.C. , to become director of Strategy and Operations , Sustainable Development . Her final position at the World Bank , vice president and corporate secretary , conveyed lead responsibility for liaison with the members of the institutions board of executive directors , representing the banks shareholders ( the member country governments ) . During that time , she worked on the banks governance reform and accompanying capital increase . In January 2010 , Georgieva announced her intention to resign from this post in view of her nomination to the Commission of the European Union . Political career . European Commissioner . Nomination and confirmation After the former Bulgarian nominee for the post of European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management , Rumiana Jeleva , came under fire during her confirmation hearing from members of the European Parliament over both her competence and allegations of gaps in her declaration of financial interests , she withdrew her bid . The Bulgarian government then proposed Kristalina Georgieva as their new candidate . On 21 January 2010 the European Commission President José Manuel Barroso met with Georgieva and expressed his approval , stating that Mrs . Georgieva has solid international experience and knowledge with which she is going to contribute significantly in her capacity as a EU Commissioner . The confirmation hearing of Georgieva took place at the European Parliament on 4 February 2010 . She faced questions on her suitability for the portfolio . Georgieva identified Haiti as a priority , especially the need to provide shelter and health services and to restore the functions and service of the government , so as to start work on reconstruction and long-term development . Other key issues raised in discussions with MEPs had been improving co-ordination within the EU ( and within the commission ) , and between humanitarian and military players in order to meet the dual challenge posed by expanding needs and shrinking budgets . The need to improve the effectiveness of EU actions and for better response capacity had also been stressed , together with the establishment of European Voluntary Humanitarian Corps . Georgieva was given a warm response by MEPs , with Labour MEP Michael Cashman praising her honesty and deep breadth of knowledge . She was applauded by committee members when she told British Conservative MEP Nirj Deva that she would stand up for the interests of the EU and be an independent mind . Ivo Vajgl , a Liberal MEP , also praised her , saying : let me compliment you on your peaceful manner and the confidence you are exuding today . Her performance at the hearing was widely publicized in Bulgaria and broadcast live on many national media , where it was seen as question of restoration of national honor following Jelevas unsuccessful hearing . The second college of the Barroso Commission , including Georgieva , was approved by the European Parliament on 9 February 2010 by a vote of 488 to 137 , with 72 abstentions , and she took office the following day . Tenure During her time in office as commissioner for international cooperation , humanitarian aid , and crisis response , Georgieva managed one of the worlds largest humanitarian aid budgets and promoted the EU as a global champion for resilience and disaster risk reduction . She strongly promoted the use of synergies between humanitarian aid and civil protection tools , which resulted in a more effective response to crises and disasters worldwide . In this role Georgieva tripled funding for the refugee crisis in Europe . Georgieva pioneered cash-based assistance and the scaling up of cash and social protection approaches in humanitarian aid , notably for refugees and displaced persons ; pushed vigorously for operations based on civil-military cooperation and became a key advocate for the respect of international humanitarian law globally . Immediately after taking office , she took responsibility for coordinating the EU response to the humanitarian consequence of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . As result of her actions , the EU became the primary humanitarian donor in the devastated country . Following this initial baptism of fire , Georgieva has ensured EUs response in a number of crises and disasters that struck the world in 2010 , including the earthquake in Chile and the floods in Pakistan . After taking office , Georgievas presence in the field – in Haiti , Chile and Pakistan as a response to the natural disasters that have struck there ; Sahel in relation to the ongoing food crisis threat ; Darfur as a way to tackle a forgotten conflict ; Kyrgyzstan as a reaction to a sudden onset conflict ; disasters within the EU such as the 2010 Romanian floods , the Hungarian industrial accident at Ajka , Hungary – along with timely and effective response to these crises , natural and man-made disasters has led to increased EU visibility . Amid the Southeast Europe floods in May 2014 , Georgieva coordinated post-disaster assistance and helped prepare Serbias request for aid of as much as 1 billion euros ( $1.4 billion ) a year . She also has worked to ensure that longer term prevention and preparedness strategies are in place . In parallel with reacting to natural and man-made disasters , Georgieva made good progress on the three declared priorities of her mandate : building up EUs disaster response capacity by creating the Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre and the European Response Coordination Centre , creating the European Voluntary Humanitarian Aid Corps foreseen in the Lisbon Treaty , and proceeding with the mid-term review of the European Union Humanitarian Aid Consensus action plan . This work is expected to pave the way for future legislative proposals . Since 2014 , Georgieva has been a member of the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Nicholas Stern and Paul Polman . In May 2015 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed her and Nazrin Shah of Perak as co-chairs of the High-Level Panel on Humanitarian Financing , an initiative aimed at preparing recommendations for the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit and paved the way for new development and humanitarian solutions , including through facilitating the Grand Bargain , an agreement between the biggest donors and aid providers , which aims to get more means into the hands of people in need . Georgieva also spearheaded the creation of the EU Children of Peace initiative which drew attention to the underfunded sector of education in emergencies and is now a top funding priority for the EU . Vice-President of the European Commission . In 2014 , news media reported that the ambassadors of several Western EU countries early on indicated their countries support for Georgieva to be nominated for the incoming Juncker Commission , indicating that she might get the post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy . Her candidacy had been uncertain because of political infighting in Bulgaria . The collapse of the socialist government , however , cleared the path for her nomination . By August , Georgi Bliznashki , Bulgarias interim prime minister , announced her candidacy to replace Britains Catherine Ashton . Incoming European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker instead assigned the post of Vice-President for Budget and Human Resources to Georgieva , with experienced EU civil servant Florika Fink-Hooijer as her Chef de Cabinet . She was thus the most senior technocrat in the Juncker Commission , the only one of the seven vice-presidents never to have served as a national minister . In this role she was in charge of 33,000 staff and reporting on how the budget of the European Union is spent to the European Parliament , the council and the European Court of Auditors . Within months of taking her new position and amid skepticism about the European Union and its budget of around $159 billion reaching new heights , Georgieva was able to negotiate a several-billion-dollar budget increase for 2014 . World Bank . Georgieva was appointed the first chief executive officer for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association on 28 October 2016 and started in the role on 2 January 2017 . On 21 April 2018 it was announced the World Bank shareholders endorsed an ambitious package of measures that include a $13 billion paid-in capital increase , a series of internal reforms , and a set of policy measures that greatly strengthen the global poverty fighting institutions ability to scale up resources and deliver on its mission in areas of the world that need the most assistance . Georgieva is widely recognised as playing a key role in securing this increase , the largest funding increase in the banks history . Georgieva committed the bank to gender equality within its own ranks by setting the target for women to occupy 50 percent of senior management positions at the World Bank by 2020 . This was achieved ahead of time in October 2018 . Georgieva was also the architect of many reforms with the bank . She looked at how each she could foster a bank that promotes collaboration across its institutions and draws in more private sector finance . She also put aside discreet resources to fund staff teams working on the development of new innovative instruments and solutions , particularly those that boost private sector engagement and mobilize commercial financing or focus on developing results and outcome-based instruments . Ultimately , she has said , reforms will aim to bolster the banks growing emphasis on results . On 7 January 2019 it was announced that World Bank Group President Kim would be stepping down and Georgieva would assume the role of interim president of the World Bank Group on 1 February 2019 . From 2019 until 2020 , Georgieva co-chaired the World Economic Forum High-Level Group on Humanitarian Investing , alongside Børge Brende and Peter Maurer . International Monetary Fund . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund , to succeed Christine Lagarde , who is leaving to become head of the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . She was the only nominee for the job and is a first person from the emerging country to have this function . Normally , she would not be considered for the position ( the tradition was that candidate could not be older than 65 at the start of their term ) , but following pressure from the French President Emmanuel Macron , the rule was waived for Georgieva . Her term started on 1 October 2019 and will last for five years . Other activities . European Union institutions . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , member of the Appointment Advisory Committee ( since 2017 ) Non-profit organizations . - World Economic Forum ( WEF ) , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2020 ) - Global Commission on Adaptation , co-chair ( since 2018 ) - Generation Unlimited , member of the board ( since 2018 ) - Paris Peace Forum , member of the steering committee ( since 2018 ) - European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) , member of the council - University of National and World Economy , member of the board of trustees - Women Political Leaders Global Forum ( WPL ) , member of the global advisory board - China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development ( CCICED ) , honorary member ( 2012 ) - Institute for Sustainable Communities , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2005 ) - LEAD International , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2009 ) Awards . As recognition of her work and her efficient reaction to the humanitarian crises of the year , Georgieva was named Commissioner of the Year in the Europeans of the Year 2010 awards , organized by the influential European Voice newspaper , which also named her European of the Year . The winners are chosen on the basis of online voting , which is open until 31 October of each year . In 2016 , Georgieva was honored with the Devex Power with Purpose award for her work in global development . In 2017 , Georgieva was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 2 in the list of 100 Most Influential People in Multinational Organisations . In 2019 , Georgieva was awarded the Princess Marina Sturdza award in the Emerging Europe Remarkable Achievement Awards . In the same year Georgieva also received the Foreign Policy Association Medal which recognizes individuals who demonstrate responsible internationalism and work to expand public knowledge of international affairs . Past recipients include the Honorable Michael Bloomberg , mayor , New York City ; Timothy Geithner , chairman , Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; Jean-Claude Trichet , president of the European Central Bank ; Kevin Rudd , prime minister , Australia ; Sheila C . Bair , chairman , Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Anne-Marie Slaughter , dean , Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , Princeton University , among others . Personal life . Georgieva is married and has one child . Her hobbies include travelling , guitar playing , dancing and cooking exotic dishes . External links . - Kristalina Georgieva Official Media Gallery - Kristalina Georgieva on the World Bank website - Official blog
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Kristalina Georgieva took which position from Apr 2019 to Oct 2019?
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Kristalina Georgieva Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova ( ; born 13 August 1953 ) is a Bulgarian economist serving as chair and managing director of the International Monetary Fund since 2019 . She was the Chief Executive of the World Bank Group from 2017 to 2019 and served as Acting President of the World Bank Group from 1 February 2019 to 8 April 2019 following the resignation of Jim Yong Kim . She previously served as Vice-President of the European Commission under Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2016 . From 1993 to 2010 , she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group , eventually rising to become its vice president and corporate secretary in March 2008 . She has also served as a member of the board of trustees and associated professor in the economics department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria . On 27 September 2016 , the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General . Her short run for secretary-general at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October , where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates . In the same vote , António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General . On 28 October , the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017 . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund . She was the only nominee for the job and is the first person from an emerging country to hold this office . Georgieva was named European of the Year in 2010 and EU Commissioner of the Year as an acknowledgment of her work , in particular , her handling of the humanitarian disasters in Haiti and Pakistan . Georgieva is included in Time magazine s 100 Most Influential People of 2020 . Early life and education . Georgieva was born in Sofia into a family of bureaucrats . Her father was a civil engineer who supervised state road-building projects , and her grandfather was a prominent Bulgarian revolutionary , Ivan Karshovski . Georgieva holds a PhD in Economics and an MA in Political Economy and Sociology from the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics ( now called University of National and World Economy ) in Sofia . Her thesis was on Environmental Protection Policy and Economic Growth in the USA . She also did postgraduate research and studies in natural resource economics and environmental policy at the London School of Economics in the late 1980s and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . She has written over 100 academic papers and has also authored a microeconomics textbook . She held a range of academic and consulting positions in Bulgaria and the US , and has lectured on development topics in universities , including the Australian National University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Tsinghua University , Yale University , Harvard University , London School of Economics , the University of the South Pacific and others . Georgieva is fluent in Bulgarian , English , and Russian , and can also speak some French . Early work ( 1993–2010 ) . Georgieva started her career at the World Bank Group in 1993 as an environmental economist for Europe and Central Asia . Following this , she served in various positions in the bank ultimately rising to become director of the Environment Department in charge of World Banks environmental strategy , policies , and lending . In this role she oversaw around 60% of lending operations of the World Bank Group . From 2004 to 2007 she was the institutions director and resident representative in the Russian Federation , based in Moscow . She returned to Washington , D.C. , to become director of Strategy and Operations , Sustainable Development . Her final position at the World Bank , vice president and corporate secretary , conveyed lead responsibility for liaison with the members of the institutions board of executive directors , representing the banks shareholders ( the member country governments ) . During that time , she worked on the banks governance reform and accompanying capital increase . In January 2010 , Georgieva announced her intention to resign from this post in view of her nomination to the Commission of the European Union . Political career . European Commissioner . Nomination and confirmation After the former Bulgarian nominee for the post of European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management , Rumiana Jeleva , came under fire during her confirmation hearing from members of the European Parliament over both her competence and allegations of gaps in her declaration of financial interests , she withdrew her bid . The Bulgarian government then proposed Kristalina Georgieva as their new candidate . On 21 January 2010 the European Commission President José Manuel Barroso met with Georgieva and expressed his approval , stating that Mrs . Georgieva has solid international experience and knowledge with which she is going to contribute significantly in her capacity as a EU Commissioner . The confirmation hearing of Georgieva took place at the European Parliament on 4 February 2010 . She faced questions on her suitability for the portfolio . Georgieva identified Haiti as a priority , especially the need to provide shelter and health services and to restore the functions and service of the government , so as to start work on reconstruction and long-term development . Other key issues raised in discussions with MEPs had been improving co-ordination within the EU ( and within the commission ) , and between humanitarian and military players in order to meet the dual challenge posed by expanding needs and shrinking budgets . The need to improve the effectiveness of EU actions and for better response capacity had also been stressed , together with the establishment of European Voluntary Humanitarian Corps . Georgieva was given a warm response by MEPs , with Labour MEP Michael Cashman praising her honesty and deep breadth of knowledge . She was applauded by committee members when she told British Conservative MEP Nirj Deva that she would stand up for the interests of the EU and be an independent mind . Ivo Vajgl , a Liberal MEP , also praised her , saying : let me compliment you on your peaceful manner and the confidence you are exuding today . Her performance at the hearing was widely publicized in Bulgaria and broadcast live on many national media , where it was seen as question of restoration of national honor following Jelevas unsuccessful hearing . The second college of the Barroso Commission , including Georgieva , was approved by the European Parliament on 9 February 2010 by a vote of 488 to 137 , with 72 abstentions , and she took office the following day . Tenure During her time in office as commissioner for international cooperation , humanitarian aid , and crisis response , Georgieva managed one of the worlds largest humanitarian aid budgets and promoted the EU as a global champion for resilience and disaster risk reduction . She strongly promoted the use of synergies between humanitarian aid and civil protection tools , which resulted in a more effective response to crises and disasters worldwide . In this role Georgieva tripled funding for the refugee crisis in Europe . Georgieva pioneered cash-based assistance and the scaling up of cash and social protection approaches in humanitarian aid , notably for refugees and displaced persons ; pushed vigorously for operations based on civil-military cooperation and became a key advocate for the respect of international humanitarian law globally . Immediately after taking office , she took responsibility for coordinating the EU response to the humanitarian consequence of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . As result of her actions , the EU became the primary humanitarian donor in the devastated country . Following this initial baptism of fire , Georgieva has ensured EUs response in a number of crises and disasters that struck the world in 2010 , including the earthquake in Chile and the floods in Pakistan . After taking office , Georgievas presence in the field – in Haiti , Chile and Pakistan as a response to the natural disasters that have struck there ; Sahel in relation to the ongoing food crisis threat ; Darfur as a way to tackle a forgotten conflict ; Kyrgyzstan as a reaction to a sudden onset conflict ; disasters within the EU such as the 2010 Romanian floods , the Hungarian industrial accident at Ajka , Hungary – along with timely and effective response to these crises , natural and man-made disasters has led to increased EU visibility . Amid the Southeast Europe floods in May 2014 , Georgieva coordinated post-disaster assistance and helped prepare Serbias request for aid of as much as 1 billion euros ( $1.4 billion ) a year . She also has worked to ensure that longer term prevention and preparedness strategies are in place . In parallel with reacting to natural and man-made disasters , Georgieva made good progress on the three declared priorities of her mandate : building up EUs disaster response capacity by creating the Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre and the European Response Coordination Centre , creating the European Voluntary Humanitarian Aid Corps foreseen in the Lisbon Treaty , and proceeding with the mid-term review of the European Union Humanitarian Aid Consensus action plan . This work is expected to pave the way for future legislative proposals . Since 2014 , Georgieva has been a member of the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Nicholas Stern and Paul Polman . In May 2015 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed her and Nazrin Shah of Perak as co-chairs of the High-Level Panel on Humanitarian Financing , an initiative aimed at preparing recommendations for the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit and paved the way for new development and humanitarian solutions , including through facilitating the Grand Bargain , an agreement between the biggest donors and aid providers , which aims to get more means into the hands of people in need . Georgieva also spearheaded the creation of the EU Children of Peace initiative which drew attention to the underfunded sector of education in emergencies and is now a top funding priority for the EU . Vice-President of the European Commission . In 2014 , news media reported that the ambassadors of several Western EU countries early on indicated their countries support for Georgieva to be nominated for the incoming Juncker Commission , indicating that she might get the post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy . Her candidacy had been uncertain because of political infighting in Bulgaria . The collapse of the socialist government , however , cleared the path for her nomination . By August , Georgi Bliznashki , Bulgarias interim prime minister , announced her candidacy to replace Britains Catherine Ashton . Incoming European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker instead assigned the post of Vice-President for Budget and Human Resources to Georgieva , with experienced EU civil servant Florika Fink-Hooijer as her Chef de Cabinet . She was thus the most senior technocrat in the Juncker Commission , the only one of the seven vice-presidents never to have served as a national minister . In this role she was in charge of 33,000 staff and reporting on how the budget of the European Union is spent to the European Parliament , the council and the European Court of Auditors . Within months of taking her new position and amid skepticism about the European Union and its budget of around $159 billion reaching new heights , Georgieva was able to negotiate a several-billion-dollar budget increase for 2014 . World Bank . Georgieva was appointed the first chief executive officer for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association on 28 October 2016 and started in the role on 2 January 2017 . On 21 April 2018 it was announced the World Bank shareholders endorsed an ambitious package of measures that include a $13 billion paid-in capital increase , a series of internal reforms , and a set of policy measures that greatly strengthen the global poverty fighting institutions ability to scale up resources and deliver on its mission in areas of the world that need the most assistance . Georgieva is widely recognised as playing a key role in securing this increase , the largest funding increase in the banks history . Georgieva committed the bank to gender equality within its own ranks by setting the target for women to occupy 50 percent of senior management positions at the World Bank by 2020 . This was achieved ahead of time in October 2018 . Georgieva was also the architect of many reforms with the bank . She looked at how each she could foster a bank that promotes collaboration across its institutions and draws in more private sector finance . She also put aside discreet resources to fund staff teams working on the development of new innovative instruments and solutions , particularly those that boost private sector engagement and mobilize commercial financing or focus on developing results and outcome-based instruments . Ultimately , she has said , reforms will aim to bolster the banks growing emphasis on results . On 7 January 2019 it was announced that World Bank Group President Kim would be stepping down and Georgieva would assume the role of interim president of the World Bank Group on 1 February 2019 . From 2019 until 2020 , Georgieva co-chaired the World Economic Forum High-Level Group on Humanitarian Investing , alongside Børge Brende and Peter Maurer . International Monetary Fund . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund , to succeed Christine Lagarde , who is leaving to become head of the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . She was the only nominee for the job and is a first person from the emerging country to have this function . Normally , she would not be considered for the position ( the tradition was that candidate could not be older than 65 at the start of their term ) , but following pressure from the French President Emmanuel Macron , the rule was waived for Georgieva . Her term started on 1 October 2019 and will last for five years . Other activities . European Union institutions . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , member of the Appointment Advisory Committee ( since 2017 ) Non-profit organizations . - World Economic Forum ( WEF ) , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2020 ) - Global Commission on Adaptation , co-chair ( since 2018 ) - Generation Unlimited , member of the board ( since 2018 ) - Paris Peace Forum , member of the steering committee ( since 2018 ) - European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) , member of the council - University of National and World Economy , member of the board of trustees - Women Political Leaders Global Forum ( WPL ) , member of the global advisory board - China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development ( CCICED ) , honorary member ( 2012 ) - Institute for Sustainable Communities , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2005 ) - LEAD International , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2009 ) Awards . As recognition of her work and her efficient reaction to the humanitarian crises of the year , Georgieva was named Commissioner of the Year in the Europeans of the Year 2010 awards , organized by the influential European Voice newspaper , which also named her European of the Year . The winners are chosen on the basis of online voting , which is open until 31 October of each year . In 2016 , Georgieva was honored with the Devex Power with Purpose award for her work in global development . In 2017 , Georgieva was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 2 in the list of 100 Most Influential People in Multinational Organisations . In 2019 , Georgieva was awarded the Princess Marina Sturdza award in the Emerging Europe Remarkable Achievement Awards . In the same year Georgieva also received the Foreign Policy Association Medal which recognizes individuals who demonstrate responsible internationalism and work to expand public knowledge of international affairs . Past recipients include the Honorable Michael Bloomberg , mayor , New York City ; Timothy Geithner , chairman , Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; Jean-Claude Trichet , president of the European Central Bank ; Kevin Rudd , prime minister , Australia ; Sheila C . Bair , chairman , Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Anne-Marie Slaughter , dean , Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , Princeton University , among others . Personal life . Georgieva is married and has one child . Her hobbies include travelling , guitar playing , dancing and cooking exotic dishes . External links . - Kristalina Georgieva Official Media Gallery - Kristalina Georgieva on the World Bank website - Official blog
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[
"managing director of the International Monetary Fund"
] |
easy
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Kristalina Georgieva took which position from Oct 2019 to Oct 2020?
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/wiki/Kristalina_Georgieva#P39#5
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Kristalina Georgieva Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova ( ; born 13 August 1953 ) is a Bulgarian economist serving as chair and managing director of the International Monetary Fund since 2019 . She was the Chief Executive of the World Bank Group from 2017 to 2019 and served as Acting President of the World Bank Group from 1 February 2019 to 8 April 2019 following the resignation of Jim Yong Kim . She previously served as Vice-President of the European Commission under Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2016 . From 1993 to 2010 , she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group , eventually rising to become its vice president and corporate secretary in March 2008 . She has also served as a member of the board of trustees and associated professor in the economics department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria . On 27 September 2016 , the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General . Her short run for secretary-general at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October , where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates . In the same vote , António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General . On 28 October , the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017 . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund . She was the only nominee for the job and is the first person from an emerging country to hold this office . Georgieva was named European of the Year in 2010 and EU Commissioner of the Year as an acknowledgment of her work , in particular , her handling of the humanitarian disasters in Haiti and Pakistan . Georgieva is included in Time magazine s 100 Most Influential People of 2020 . Early life and education . Georgieva was born in Sofia into a family of bureaucrats . Her father was a civil engineer who supervised state road-building projects , and her grandfather was a prominent Bulgarian revolutionary , Ivan Karshovski . Georgieva holds a PhD in Economics and an MA in Political Economy and Sociology from the Karl Marx Higher Institute of Economics ( now called University of National and World Economy ) in Sofia . Her thesis was on Environmental Protection Policy and Economic Growth in the USA . She also did postgraduate research and studies in natural resource economics and environmental policy at the London School of Economics in the late 1980s and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . She has written over 100 academic papers and has also authored a microeconomics textbook . She held a range of academic and consulting positions in Bulgaria and the US , and has lectured on development topics in universities , including the Australian National University , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Tsinghua University , Yale University , Harvard University , London School of Economics , the University of the South Pacific and others . Georgieva is fluent in Bulgarian , English , and Russian , and can also speak some French . Early work ( 1993–2010 ) . Georgieva started her career at the World Bank Group in 1993 as an environmental economist for Europe and Central Asia . Following this , she served in various positions in the bank ultimately rising to become director of the Environment Department in charge of World Banks environmental strategy , policies , and lending . In this role she oversaw around 60% of lending operations of the World Bank Group . From 2004 to 2007 she was the institutions director and resident representative in the Russian Federation , based in Moscow . She returned to Washington , D.C. , to become director of Strategy and Operations , Sustainable Development . Her final position at the World Bank , vice president and corporate secretary , conveyed lead responsibility for liaison with the members of the institutions board of executive directors , representing the banks shareholders ( the member country governments ) . During that time , she worked on the banks governance reform and accompanying capital increase . In January 2010 , Georgieva announced her intention to resign from this post in view of her nomination to the Commission of the European Union . Political career . European Commissioner . Nomination and confirmation After the former Bulgarian nominee for the post of European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Management , Rumiana Jeleva , came under fire during her confirmation hearing from members of the European Parliament over both her competence and allegations of gaps in her declaration of financial interests , she withdrew her bid . The Bulgarian government then proposed Kristalina Georgieva as their new candidate . On 21 January 2010 the European Commission President José Manuel Barroso met with Georgieva and expressed his approval , stating that Mrs . Georgieva has solid international experience and knowledge with which she is going to contribute significantly in her capacity as a EU Commissioner . The confirmation hearing of Georgieva took place at the European Parliament on 4 February 2010 . She faced questions on her suitability for the portfolio . Georgieva identified Haiti as a priority , especially the need to provide shelter and health services and to restore the functions and service of the government , so as to start work on reconstruction and long-term development . Other key issues raised in discussions with MEPs had been improving co-ordination within the EU ( and within the commission ) , and between humanitarian and military players in order to meet the dual challenge posed by expanding needs and shrinking budgets . The need to improve the effectiveness of EU actions and for better response capacity had also been stressed , together with the establishment of European Voluntary Humanitarian Corps . Georgieva was given a warm response by MEPs , with Labour MEP Michael Cashman praising her honesty and deep breadth of knowledge . She was applauded by committee members when she told British Conservative MEP Nirj Deva that she would stand up for the interests of the EU and be an independent mind . Ivo Vajgl , a Liberal MEP , also praised her , saying : let me compliment you on your peaceful manner and the confidence you are exuding today . Her performance at the hearing was widely publicized in Bulgaria and broadcast live on many national media , where it was seen as question of restoration of national honor following Jelevas unsuccessful hearing . The second college of the Barroso Commission , including Georgieva , was approved by the European Parliament on 9 February 2010 by a vote of 488 to 137 , with 72 abstentions , and she took office the following day . Tenure During her time in office as commissioner for international cooperation , humanitarian aid , and crisis response , Georgieva managed one of the worlds largest humanitarian aid budgets and promoted the EU as a global champion for resilience and disaster risk reduction . She strongly promoted the use of synergies between humanitarian aid and civil protection tools , which resulted in a more effective response to crises and disasters worldwide . In this role Georgieva tripled funding for the refugee crisis in Europe . Georgieva pioneered cash-based assistance and the scaling up of cash and social protection approaches in humanitarian aid , notably for refugees and displaced persons ; pushed vigorously for operations based on civil-military cooperation and became a key advocate for the respect of international humanitarian law globally . Immediately after taking office , she took responsibility for coordinating the EU response to the humanitarian consequence of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . As result of her actions , the EU became the primary humanitarian donor in the devastated country . Following this initial baptism of fire , Georgieva has ensured EUs response in a number of crises and disasters that struck the world in 2010 , including the earthquake in Chile and the floods in Pakistan . After taking office , Georgievas presence in the field – in Haiti , Chile and Pakistan as a response to the natural disasters that have struck there ; Sahel in relation to the ongoing food crisis threat ; Darfur as a way to tackle a forgotten conflict ; Kyrgyzstan as a reaction to a sudden onset conflict ; disasters within the EU such as the 2010 Romanian floods , the Hungarian industrial accident at Ajka , Hungary – along with timely and effective response to these crises , natural and man-made disasters has led to increased EU visibility . Amid the Southeast Europe floods in May 2014 , Georgieva coordinated post-disaster assistance and helped prepare Serbias request for aid of as much as 1 billion euros ( $1.4 billion ) a year . She also has worked to ensure that longer term prevention and preparedness strategies are in place . In parallel with reacting to natural and man-made disasters , Georgieva made good progress on the three declared priorities of her mandate : building up EUs disaster response capacity by creating the Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre and the European Response Coordination Centre , creating the European Voluntary Humanitarian Aid Corps foreseen in the Lisbon Treaty , and proceeding with the mid-term review of the European Union Humanitarian Aid Consensus action plan . This work is expected to pave the way for future legislative proposals . Since 2014 , Georgieva has been a member of the Global Commission for the Economy and Climate , co-chaired by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala , Nicholas Stern and Paul Polman . In May 2015 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed her and Nazrin Shah of Perak as co-chairs of the High-Level Panel on Humanitarian Financing , an initiative aimed at preparing recommendations for the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit and paved the way for new development and humanitarian solutions , including through facilitating the Grand Bargain , an agreement between the biggest donors and aid providers , which aims to get more means into the hands of people in need . Georgieva also spearheaded the creation of the EU Children of Peace initiative which drew attention to the underfunded sector of education in emergencies and is now a top funding priority for the EU . Vice-President of the European Commission . In 2014 , news media reported that the ambassadors of several Western EU countries early on indicated their countries support for Georgieva to be nominated for the incoming Juncker Commission , indicating that she might get the post of High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy . Her candidacy had been uncertain because of political infighting in Bulgaria . The collapse of the socialist government , however , cleared the path for her nomination . By August , Georgi Bliznashki , Bulgarias interim prime minister , announced her candidacy to replace Britains Catherine Ashton . Incoming European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker instead assigned the post of Vice-President for Budget and Human Resources to Georgieva , with experienced EU civil servant Florika Fink-Hooijer as her Chef de Cabinet . She was thus the most senior technocrat in the Juncker Commission , the only one of the seven vice-presidents never to have served as a national minister . In this role she was in charge of 33,000 staff and reporting on how the budget of the European Union is spent to the European Parliament , the council and the European Court of Auditors . Within months of taking her new position and amid skepticism about the European Union and its budget of around $159 billion reaching new heights , Georgieva was able to negotiate a several-billion-dollar budget increase for 2014 . World Bank . Georgieva was appointed the first chief executive officer for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association on 28 October 2016 and started in the role on 2 January 2017 . On 21 April 2018 it was announced the World Bank shareholders endorsed an ambitious package of measures that include a $13 billion paid-in capital increase , a series of internal reforms , and a set of policy measures that greatly strengthen the global poverty fighting institutions ability to scale up resources and deliver on its mission in areas of the world that need the most assistance . Georgieva is widely recognised as playing a key role in securing this increase , the largest funding increase in the banks history . Georgieva committed the bank to gender equality within its own ranks by setting the target for women to occupy 50 percent of senior management positions at the World Bank by 2020 . This was achieved ahead of time in October 2018 . Georgieva was also the architect of many reforms with the bank . She looked at how each she could foster a bank that promotes collaboration across its institutions and draws in more private sector finance . She also put aside discreet resources to fund staff teams working on the development of new innovative instruments and solutions , particularly those that boost private sector engagement and mobilize commercial financing or focus on developing results and outcome-based instruments . Ultimately , she has said , reforms will aim to bolster the banks growing emphasis on results . On 7 January 2019 it was announced that World Bank Group President Kim would be stepping down and Georgieva would assume the role of interim president of the World Bank Group on 1 February 2019 . From 2019 until 2020 , Georgieva co-chaired the World Economic Forum High-Level Group on Humanitarian Investing , alongside Børge Brende and Peter Maurer . International Monetary Fund . On 29 September 2019 Georgieva was named the next managing director of the International Monetary Fund , to succeed Christine Lagarde , who is leaving to become head of the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . She was the only nominee for the job and is a first person from the emerging country to have this function . Normally , she would not be considered for the position ( the tradition was that candidate could not be older than 65 at the start of their term ) , but following pressure from the French President Emmanuel Macron , the rule was waived for Georgieva . Her term started on 1 October 2019 and will last for five years . Other activities . European Union institutions . - European Investment Bank ( EIB ) , member of the Appointment Advisory Committee ( since 2017 ) Non-profit organizations . - World Economic Forum ( WEF ) , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2020 ) - Global Commission on Adaptation , co-chair ( since 2018 ) - Generation Unlimited , member of the board ( since 2018 ) - Paris Peace Forum , member of the steering committee ( since 2018 ) - European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) , member of the council - University of National and World Economy , member of the board of trustees - Women Political Leaders Global Forum ( WPL ) , member of the global advisory board - China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development ( CCICED ) , honorary member ( 2012 ) - Institute for Sustainable Communities , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2005 ) - LEAD International , member of the board of trustees ( 2003–2009 ) Awards . As recognition of her work and her efficient reaction to the humanitarian crises of the year , Georgieva was named Commissioner of the Year in the Europeans of the Year 2010 awards , organized by the influential European Voice newspaper , which also named her European of the Year . The winners are chosen on the basis of online voting , which is open until 31 October of each year . In 2016 , Georgieva was honored with the Devex Power with Purpose award for her work in global development . In 2017 , Georgieva was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 2 in the list of 100 Most Influential People in Multinational Organisations . In 2019 , Georgieva was awarded the Princess Marina Sturdza award in the Emerging Europe Remarkable Achievement Awards . In the same year Georgieva also received the Foreign Policy Association Medal which recognizes individuals who demonstrate responsible internationalism and work to expand public knowledge of international affairs . Past recipients include the Honorable Michael Bloomberg , mayor , New York City ; Timothy Geithner , chairman , Federal Reserve Bank of New York ; Jean-Claude Trichet , president of the European Central Bank ; Kevin Rudd , prime minister , Australia ; Sheila C . Bair , chairman , Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and Anne-Marie Slaughter , dean , Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs , Princeton University , among others . Personal life . Georgieva is married and has one child . Her hobbies include travelling , guitar playing , dancing and cooking exotic dishes . External links . - Kristalina Georgieva Official Media Gallery - Kristalina Georgieva on the World Bank website - Official blog
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[
"Leeds"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Zac Thompson belong to from 2011 to 2012?
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/wiki/Zac_Thompson#P54#0
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Zac Thompson Zac Joseph Thompson ( born 5 January 1993 ) is an English footballer who plays as a defender or a midfielder . Early life . Born in Higher End , Greater Manchester , Thompson attended Byrchall High School in Ashton-in-Makerfield , where he completed his GCSEs . Career . Everton Academy . Thompson started his career at Premier League side Everton in the youth teams , joining aged 12 in 2005 . He signed as a scholar after leaving school in the summer of 2009 but left eighteen months later after failing to earn a professional contract with the Toffees . He was offered the opportunity to join newly promoted Championship outfit Leeds United on trial by their manager Simon Grayson in late 2010 . Leeds United . After a successful trial , Thompson signed for Leeds on his first professional contract in January 2011 , initially for six months . He played 19 games for Leeds for the reserves and youth team both before and after his trial period in 2010–11 and was rewarded with a 12-month extension to his current deal in April . The departure of key senior midfielders Neil Kilkenny and Bradley Johnson on free transfers to Bristol City and Norwich City respectively during the summer of 2011 would allow Thompson to stake a claim for a first team spot for Uniteds second full season back in the second tier of English football . In the 2011–12 pre-season , he broke through to Leeds first team , playing in several games for Leeds first team during the 2011–12 pre-season friendlies . He was named as an unused substitute against Bradford City on 9 August 2011 and made his debut four days later after coming on as a substitute for Robert Snodgrass in Leeds 1–0 loss against Middlesbrough . Thompson made his full debut for Leeds on 23 August when he started against Doncaster Rovers in a 2–1 League Cup victory . After becoming a regular in Leeds matchday squads , at the start of September , Thompson suffered an ankle injury which ruled him out for six-weeks . After a promising start to the new season , Thompson was rewarded with a two-year deal midway through October . Thompson returned to the first team in the new year , making his first league start for Leeds against Burnley in a 2–1 victory on 2 January , playing in central midfield before being moved to right back after an injury to Patrick Kisnorbo . He retained his place in the starting line for the remaining four games of January , including an impressive defensive display away against Arsenal in the FA Cup , as Leeds slipped to a narrow 1–0 defeat after a late Thierry Henry strike . The last game of this run coincided with Simon Graysons final game as manager before being sacked on the final day of the month ; a 4–1 home defeat to Birmingham City on a January transfer deadline day that saw Leeds recruit competition for Thompson in the form of Tottenham Hotspurs youngster Adam Smith on loan . Thompson lost his place to Smith in the following game and caretaker manager Neil Redfearn first match in charge in what was a comfortable 3–0 victory away to Bristol City . Thompson would find his opportunities limited for the rest of the season whilst Leeds appointed former Queens Park Rangers manager Neil Warnock to replace Grayson . After the expiration of Leeds slim hopes of making the Play-Offs , Thompson returned to the first-team and made his first appearance under Warnock on 6 April 2012 away to Reading . He lasted 13 minutes in the game before being given a straight red card for a lunging challenge on Jobi McAnuff as a resilient Leeds side went down 0–2 to two late goals from Adam Le Fondre . He would cap his first professional senior with two further starts in a draw and a defeat against Cardiff City and Leicester City . After appearing for the team in the pre-season summer 2012 schedule , Thompson found himself on the fringes of the squad for Warnocks first full season in charge as fellow young prospect Sam Byram leapfrogged him in the pecking order for the right sided position . Nevertheless , he made his first appearance of the 2012–13 season as a substitute in a League Cup match against Oxford United on 28 August as Leeds ran out 3–0 winners . Thompson signed a new three-year deal at the club on 2 October , with manager Neil Warnock predicting a bright future for the player at the club whilst reiterating the need for Thompson to gain valuable match experience from a loan spell in the lower leagues . Bury loan move . On 15 October 2012 , Thompson and teammate Dominic Poleon joined League One side Bury in a month-long loan deal . Both youngsters would be working under the newly appointed Bury manager Kevin Blackwell , who had a seventeen-year association with Warnock as player and coach between 1986 and 2003 and had managed Thompsons parent club between 2004 and 2006 . He was assigned the number 33 shirt and made his debut for the Shakers in the home game versus Carlisle United . He scored his first professional goal from a Poleon assist in the game on the 36th minute as Bury registered a 1–1 draw after conceding a late equaliser . The energy and commitment of the youngsters lead to instant praise from Blackwell after the game ; observing that the two young lads from Leeds were absolutely out on their feet after that . For them , the warm up matters , every time they train matters , when they travel in – it matters and Im really pleased with both of them , the whole team . In the following game versus Yeovil Town at Huish Park , Thompson was given a straight red card on 27 minutes after a two-footed lunge on Keanu Marsh-Brown as ten-men Bury went down 2–1 . It was the second time in only nine professional starts that the youngster had received a straight red card . He missed the following three games through suspension , including the FA Cup 1st round victory over Exeter City . Thompsons loan at Bury was further extended on 19 November until 3 January 2013 and then again till the end of the season later that month . Despite being in the Bury side that suffered relegation to League Two , Thompsons own impressive performances earned him the Bury Young Player of The Year Award at the clubs end of season awards . Return to Leeds . Thompson was named in the starting lineup for Leeds in their final game of the 2012–13 season , against Watford . However , an unforeseen clause in his loan deal at Bury forced his replacement by Michael Brown prior to kickoff . The game ended as a 2–1 victory for the Yorkshire side . After mainly featuring in the development squad for the 2014–15 season , on 13 May 2015 upon the expiry of his contract , Leeds announced that he would be released . After playing for Guiseley and Marine , Thompson moved to Australia where he played for Victorian State League Division 1 side St . Kilda and then National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 side Altona City . Honours . Personal . - Bury Young Player of the Season Award 2012–13
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[
"Bury"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Zac Thompson belong to from 2012 to 2013?
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/wiki/Zac_Thompson#P54#1
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Zac Thompson Zac Joseph Thompson ( born 5 January 1993 ) is an English footballer who plays as a defender or a midfielder . Early life . Born in Higher End , Greater Manchester , Thompson attended Byrchall High School in Ashton-in-Makerfield , where he completed his GCSEs . Career . Everton Academy . Thompson started his career at Premier League side Everton in the youth teams , joining aged 12 in 2005 . He signed as a scholar after leaving school in the summer of 2009 but left eighteen months later after failing to earn a professional contract with the Toffees . He was offered the opportunity to join newly promoted Championship outfit Leeds United on trial by their manager Simon Grayson in late 2010 . Leeds United . After a successful trial , Thompson signed for Leeds on his first professional contract in January 2011 , initially for six months . He played 19 games for Leeds for the reserves and youth team both before and after his trial period in 2010–11 and was rewarded with a 12-month extension to his current deal in April . The departure of key senior midfielders Neil Kilkenny and Bradley Johnson on free transfers to Bristol City and Norwich City respectively during the summer of 2011 would allow Thompson to stake a claim for a first team spot for Uniteds second full season back in the second tier of English football . In the 2011–12 pre-season , he broke through to Leeds first team , playing in several games for Leeds first team during the 2011–12 pre-season friendlies . He was named as an unused substitute against Bradford City on 9 August 2011 and made his debut four days later after coming on as a substitute for Robert Snodgrass in Leeds 1–0 loss against Middlesbrough . Thompson made his full debut for Leeds on 23 August when he started against Doncaster Rovers in a 2–1 League Cup victory . After becoming a regular in Leeds matchday squads , at the start of September , Thompson suffered an ankle injury which ruled him out for six-weeks . After a promising start to the new season , Thompson was rewarded with a two-year deal midway through October . Thompson returned to the first team in the new year , making his first league start for Leeds against Burnley in a 2–1 victory on 2 January , playing in central midfield before being moved to right back after an injury to Patrick Kisnorbo . He retained his place in the starting line for the remaining four games of January , including an impressive defensive display away against Arsenal in the FA Cup , as Leeds slipped to a narrow 1–0 defeat after a late Thierry Henry strike . The last game of this run coincided with Simon Graysons final game as manager before being sacked on the final day of the month ; a 4–1 home defeat to Birmingham City on a January transfer deadline day that saw Leeds recruit competition for Thompson in the form of Tottenham Hotspurs youngster Adam Smith on loan . Thompson lost his place to Smith in the following game and caretaker manager Neil Redfearn first match in charge in what was a comfortable 3–0 victory away to Bristol City . Thompson would find his opportunities limited for the rest of the season whilst Leeds appointed former Queens Park Rangers manager Neil Warnock to replace Grayson . After the expiration of Leeds slim hopes of making the Play-Offs , Thompson returned to the first-team and made his first appearance under Warnock on 6 April 2012 away to Reading . He lasted 13 minutes in the game before being given a straight red card for a lunging challenge on Jobi McAnuff as a resilient Leeds side went down 0–2 to two late goals from Adam Le Fondre . He would cap his first professional senior with two further starts in a draw and a defeat against Cardiff City and Leicester City . After appearing for the team in the pre-season summer 2012 schedule , Thompson found himself on the fringes of the squad for Warnocks first full season in charge as fellow young prospect Sam Byram leapfrogged him in the pecking order for the right sided position . Nevertheless , he made his first appearance of the 2012–13 season as a substitute in a League Cup match against Oxford United on 28 August as Leeds ran out 3–0 winners . Thompson signed a new three-year deal at the club on 2 October , with manager Neil Warnock predicting a bright future for the player at the club whilst reiterating the need for Thompson to gain valuable match experience from a loan spell in the lower leagues . Bury loan move . On 15 October 2012 , Thompson and teammate Dominic Poleon joined League One side Bury in a month-long loan deal . Both youngsters would be working under the newly appointed Bury manager Kevin Blackwell , who had a seventeen-year association with Warnock as player and coach between 1986 and 2003 and had managed Thompsons parent club between 2004 and 2006 . He was assigned the number 33 shirt and made his debut for the Shakers in the home game versus Carlisle United . He scored his first professional goal from a Poleon assist in the game on the 36th minute as Bury registered a 1–1 draw after conceding a late equaliser . The energy and commitment of the youngsters lead to instant praise from Blackwell after the game ; observing that the two young lads from Leeds were absolutely out on their feet after that . For them , the warm up matters , every time they train matters , when they travel in – it matters and Im really pleased with both of them , the whole team . In the following game versus Yeovil Town at Huish Park , Thompson was given a straight red card on 27 minutes after a two-footed lunge on Keanu Marsh-Brown as ten-men Bury went down 2–1 . It was the second time in only nine professional starts that the youngster had received a straight red card . He missed the following three games through suspension , including the FA Cup 1st round victory over Exeter City . Thompsons loan at Bury was further extended on 19 November until 3 January 2013 and then again till the end of the season later that month . Despite being in the Bury side that suffered relegation to League Two , Thompsons own impressive performances earned him the Bury Young Player of The Year Award at the clubs end of season awards . Return to Leeds . Thompson was named in the starting lineup for Leeds in their final game of the 2012–13 season , against Watford . However , an unforeseen clause in his loan deal at Bury forced his replacement by Michael Brown prior to kickoff . The game ended as a 2–1 victory for the Yorkshire side . After mainly featuring in the development squad for the 2014–15 season , on 13 May 2015 upon the expiry of his contract , Leeds announced that he would be released . After playing for Guiseley and Marine , Thompson moved to Australia where he played for Victorian State League Division 1 side St . Kilda and then National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 side Altona City . Honours . Personal . - Bury Young Player of the Season Award 2012–13
|
[
"Leeds"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Zac Thompson belong to from 2013 to 2015?
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/wiki/Zac_Thompson#P54#2
|
Zac Thompson Zac Joseph Thompson ( born 5 January 1993 ) is an English footballer who plays as a defender or a midfielder . Early life . Born in Higher End , Greater Manchester , Thompson attended Byrchall High School in Ashton-in-Makerfield , where he completed his GCSEs . Career . Everton Academy . Thompson started his career at Premier League side Everton in the youth teams , joining aged 12 in 2005 . He signed as a scholar after leaving school in the summer of 2009 but left eighteen months later after failing to earn a professional contract with the Toffees . He was offered the opportunity to join newly promoted Championship outfit Leeds United on trial by their manager Simon Grayson in late 2010 . Leeds United . After a successful trial , Thompson signed for Leeds on his first professional contract in January 2011 , initially for six months . He played 19 games for Leeds for the reserves and youth team both before and after his trial period in 2010–11 and was rewarded with a 12-month extension to his current deal in April . The departure of key senior midfielders Neil Kilkenny and Bradley Johnson on free transfers to Bristol City and Norwich City respectively during the summer of 2011 would allow Thompson to stake a claim for a first team spot for Uniteds second full season back in the second tier of English football . In the 2011–12 pre-season , he broke through to Leeds first team , playing in several games for Leeds first team during the 2011–12 pre-season friendlies . He was named as an unused substitute against Bradford City on 9 August 2011 and made his debut four days later after coming on as a substitute for Robert Snodgrass in Leeds 1–0 loss against Middlesbrough . Thompson made his full debut for Leeds on 23 August when he started against Doncaster Rovers in a 2–1 League Cup victory . After becoming a regular in Leeds matchday squads , at the start of September , Thompson suffered an ankle injury which ruled him out for six-weeks . After a promising start to the new season , Thompson was rewarded with a two-year deal midway through October . Thompson returned to the first team in the new year , making his first league start for Leeds against Burnley in a 2–1 victory on 2 January , playing in central midfield before being moved to right back after an injury to Patrick Kisnorbo . He retained his place in the starting line for the remaining four games of January , including an impressive defensive display away against Arsenal in the FA Cup , as Leeds slipped to a narrow 1–0 defeat after a late Thierry Henry strike . The last game of this run coincided with Simon Graysons final game as manager before being sacked on the final day of the month ; a 4–1 home defeat to Birmingham City on a January transfer deadline day that saw Leeds recruit competition for Thompson in the form of Tottenham Hotspurs youngster Adam Smith on loan . Thompson lost his place to Smith in the following game and caretaker manager Neil Redfearn first match in charge in what was a comfortable 3–0 victory away to Bristol City . Thompson would find his opportunities limited for the rest of the season whilst Leeds appointed former Queens Park Rangers manager Neil Warnock to replace Grayson . After the expiration of Leeds slim hopes of making the Play-Offs , Thompson returned to the first-team and made his first appearance under Warnock on 6 April 2012 away to Reading . He lasted 13 minutes in the game before being given a straight red card for a lunging challenge on Jobi McAnuff as a resilient Leeds side went down 0–2 to two late goals from Adam Le Fondre . He would cap his first professional senior with two further starts in a draw and a defeat against Cardiff City and Leicester City . After appearing for the team in the pre-season summer 2012 schedule , Thompson found himself on the fringes of the squad for Warnocks first full season in charge as fellow young prospect Sam Byram leapfrogged him in the pecking order for the right sided position . Nevertheless , he made his first appearance of the 2012–13 season as a substitute in a League Cup match against Oxford United on 28 August as Leeds ran out 3–0 winners . Thompson signed a new three-year deal at the club on 2 October , with manager Neil Warnock predicting a bright future for the player at the club whilst reiterating the need for Thompson to gain valuable match experience from a loan spell in the lower leagues . Bury loan move . On 15 October 2012 , Thompson and teammate Dominic Poleon joined League One side Bury in a month-long loan deal . Both youngsters would be working under the newly appointed Bury manager Kevin Blackwell , who had a seventeen-year association with Warnock as player and coach between 1986 and 2003 and had managed Thompsons parent club between 2004 and 2006 . He was assigned the number 33 shirt and made his debut for the Shakers in the home game versus Carlisle United . He scored his first professional goal from a Poleon assist in the game on the 36th minute as Bury registered a 1–1 draw after conceding a late equaliser . The energy and commitment of the youngsters lead to instant praise from Blackwell after the game ; observing that the two young lads from Leeds were absolutely out on their feet after that . For them , the warm up matters , every time they train matters , when they travel in – it matters and Im really pleased with both of them , the whole team . In the following game versus Yeovil Town at Huish Park , Thompson was given a straight red card on 27 minutes after a two-footed lunge on Keanu Marsh-Brown as ten-men Bury went down 2–1 . It was the second time in only nine professional starts that the youngster had received a straight red card . He missed the following three games through suspension , including the FA Cup 1st round victory over Exeter City . Thompsons loan at Bury was further extended on 19 November until 3 January 2013 and then again till the end of the season later that month . Despite being in the Bury side that suffered relegation to League Two , Thompsons own impressive performances earned him the Bury Young Player of The Year Award at the clubs end of season awards . Return to Leeds . Thompson was named in the starting lineup for Leeds in their final game of the 2012–13 season , against Watford . However , an unforeseen clause in his loan deal at Bury forced his replacement by Michael Brown prior to kickoff . The game ended as a 2–1 victory for the Yorkshire side . After mainly featuring in the development squad for the 2014–15 season , on 13 May 2015 upon the expiry of his contract , Leeds announced that he would be released . After playing for Guiseley and Marine , Thompson moved to Australia where he played for Victorian State League Division 1 side St . Kilda and then National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 side Altona City . Honours . Personal . - Bury Young Player of the Season Award 2012–13
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[
""
] |
easy
|
Zac Thompson played for which team from 2015 to 2016?
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/wiki/Zac_Thompson#P54#3
|
Zac Thompson Zac Joseph Thompson ( born 5 January 1993 ) is an English footballer who plays as a defender or a midfielder . Early life . Born in Higher End , Greater Manchester , Thompson attended Byrchall High School in Ashton-in-Makerfield , where he completed his GCSEs . Career . Everton Academy . Thompson started his career at Premier League side Everton in the youth teams , joining aged 12 in 2005 . He signed as a scholar after leaving school in the summer of 2009 but left eighteen months later after failing to earn a professional contract with the Toffees . He was offered the opportunity to join newly promoted Championship outfit Leeds United on trial by their manager Simon Grayson in late 2010 . Leeds United . After a successful trial , Thompson signed for Leeds on his first professional contract in January 2011 , initially for six months . He played 19 games for Leeds for the reserves and youth team both before and after his trial period in 2010–11 and was rewarded with a 12-month extension to his current deal in April . The departure of key senior midfielders Neil Kilkenny and Bradley Johnson on free transfers to Bristol City and Norwich City respectively during the summer of 2011 would allow Thompson to stake a claim for a first team spot for Uniteds second full season back in the second tier of English football . In the 2011–12 pre-season , he broke through to Leeds first team , playing in several games for Leeds first team during the 2011–12 pre-season friendlies . He was named as an unused substitute against Bradford City on 9 August 2011 and made his debut four days later after coming on as a substitute for Robert Snodgrass in Leeds 1–0 loss against Middlesbrough . Thompson made his full debut for Leeds on 23 August when he started against Doncaster Rovers in a 2–1 League Cup victory . After becoming a regular in Leeds matchday squads , at the start of September , Thompson suffered an ankle injury which ruled him out for six-weeks . After a promising start to the new season , Thompson was rewarded with a two-year deal midway through October . Thompson returned to the first team in the new year , making his first league start for Leeds against Burnley in a 2–1 victory on 2 January , playing in central midfield before being moved to right back after an injury to Patrick Kisnorbo . He retained his place in the starting line for the remaining four games of January , including an impressive defensive display away against Arsenal in the FA Cup , as Leeds slipped to a narrow 1–0 defeat after a late Thierry Henry strike . The last game of this run coincided with Simon Graysons final game as manager before being sacked on the final day of the month ; a 4–1 home defeat to Birmingham City on a January transfer deadline day that saw Leeds recruit competition for Thompson in the form of Tottenham Hotspurs youngster Adam Smith on loan . Thompson lost his place to Smith in the following game and caretaker manager Neil Redfearn first match in charge in what was a comfortable 3–0 victory away to Bristol City . Thompson would find his opportunities limited for the rest of the season whilst Leeds appointed former Queens Park Rangers manager Neil Warnock to replace Grayson . After the expiration of Leeds slim hopes of making the Play-Offs , Thompson returned to the first-team and made his first appearance under Warnock on 6 April 2012 away to Reading . He lasted 13 minutes in the game before being given a straight red card for a lunging challenge on Jobi McAnuff as a resilient Leeds side went down 0–2 to two late goals from Adam Le Fondre . He would cap his first professional senior with two further starts in a draw and a defeat against Cardiff City and Leicester City . After appearing for the team in the pre-season summer 2012 schedule , Thompson found himself on the fringes of the squad for Warnocks first full season in charge as fellow young prospect Sam Byram leapfrogged him in the pecking order for the right sided position . Nevertheless , he made his first appearance of the 2012–13 season as a substitute in a League Cup match against Oxford United on 28 August as Leeds ran out 3–0 winners . Thompson signed a new three-year deal at the club on 2 October , with manager Neil Warnock predicting a bright future for the player at the club whilst reiterating the need for Thompson to gain valuable match experience from a loan spell in the lower leagues . Bury loan move . On 15 October 2012 , Thompson and teammate Dominic Poleon joined League One side Bury in a month-long loan deal . Both youngsters would be working under the newly appointed Bury manager Kevin Blackwell , who had a seventeen-year association with Warnock as player and coach between 1986 and 2003 and had managed Thompsons parent club between 2004 and 2006 . He was assigned the number 33 shirt and made his debut for the Shakers in the home game versus Carlisle United . He scored his first professional goal from a Poleon assist in the game on the 36th minute as Bury registered a 1–1 draw after conceding a late equaliser . The energy and commitment of the youngsters lead to instant praise from Blackwell after the game ; observing that the two young lads from Leeds were absolutely out on their feet after that . For them , the warm up matters , every time they train matters , when they travel in – it matters and Im really pleased with both of them , the whole team . In the following game versus Yeovil Town at Huish Park , Thompson was given a straight red card on 27 minutes after a two-footed lunge on Keanu Marsh-Brown as ten-men Bury went down 2–1 . It was the second time in only nine professional starts that the youngster had received a straight red card . He missed the following three games through suspension , including the FA Cup 1st round victory over Exeter City . Thompsons loan at Bury was further extended on 19 November until 3 January 2013 and then again till the end of the season later that month . Despite being in the Bury side that suffered relegation to League Two , Thompsons own impressive performances earned him the Bury Young Player of The Year Award at the clubs end of season awards . Return to Leeds . Thompson was named in the starting lineup for Leeds in their final game of the 2012–13 season , against Watford . However , an unforeseen clause in his loan deal at Bury forced his replacement by Michael Brown prior to kickoff . The game ended as a 2–1 victory for the Yorkshire side . After mainly featuring in the development squad for the 2014–15 season , on 13 May 2015 upon the expiry of his contract , Leeds announced that he would be released . After playing for Guiseley and Marine , Thompson moved to Australia where he played for Victorian State League Division 1 side St . Kilda and then National Premier Leagues Victoria 2 side Altona City . Honours . Personal . - Bury Young Player of the Season Award 2012–13
|
[
"Mikael Pentikäinen"
] |
easy
|
Helsingin Sanomat was edited by whom from 2010 to 2013?
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/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat#P98#0
|
Helsingin Sanomat Helsingin Sanomat ( approx. : Helsinki Dispatch ) , abbreviated HS and colloquially known as , is the largest subscription newspaper in Finland and the Nordic countries , owned by Sanoma . Except after certain holidays , it is published daily . Its name derives from that of the Finnish capital , Helsinki , where it is published . It is considered a newspaper of record for Finland . History and profile . The paper was founded in 1889 as Päivälehti , when Finland was a Grand Duchy under the Tsar of Russia . Political censorship by the Russian authorities , prompted by the papers strong advocacy of greater Finnish freedoms and even outright independence , forced Päivälehti to often temporarily suspend publication , and finally to close permanently in 1904 . Its proprietors re-opened the paper under its current name in 1905 . Founded as the organ of the Young Finnish Party , the paper has been politically independent and non-aligned since the 1932 . Helsingin Sanomat has a long history as a family business , owned by the Erkko family . It is currently owned by the Sanoma media group which also owns Ilta Sanomat . The relationship between the owners of Helsingin Sanomat and Finlands government have sometimes been close . For instance , during the run-up to the Winter War , Eljas Erkko was at the same time the papers publisher and Finlands foreign minister . Mikael Pentikäinen was the editor-in-chief until May 2013 when he was fired from the post . Riikka Venäläinen replaced him temporarily in the post . After Riikka Venäläinen the post has been held by Kaius Niemi . Format . Helsingin Sanomat is published daily in Finnish in compact format with the exception of the days after public holidays when the paper does not appear . Subscriptions make up 97% of the newspapers circulation . The front page is usually devoted to advertisements . The newspaper was published in broadsheet format until 6 January 2013 . The paper also has a monthly supplement named Kuukausiliite ( Finnish for Monthly Supplement ) , and a weekly TV guide and entertainment-oriented supplement named Nyt ( Now ) . Between 1999 and 2012 there were also both Finnish and English-language online newspaper editions . Content of Helsingin Sanomat can be accessed also through mobile devices . Circulation and influence . The circulation of Helsingin Sanomat was 476,163 copies in 1993 , making it the most read newspaper in Finland . In the period of 1995–96 the paper had a circulation of 470,600 copies . Its circulation was 446,380 copies in 2001 , making it the largest paper in the country . In 2008 its daily circulation was 412,421 on weekdays ( a change of −1.8% from 2007 ) and 468,505 on Sundays ( −1.3% ) . In 2011 the daily had a circulation of 365,994 copies , making it the most read paper in the country . The same year it was also the largest paper in terms of readership . Approximately 75% of households in the Greater Helsinki region subscribe to Helsingin Sanomat , and it functions as the regions local paper . Its total daily circulation is well over 400,000 , or about 8% of Finlands total population , making it the biggest daily subscription newspaper in the Nordic countries . The paper is a significant factor in Finnish society and in public opinion . Pertti Klemola , a Finnish journalist and scholar , once called it a state authority , an institution with its own independent social and political will . Helsingin Sanomat strongly advocated Finland joining the European Union in the run-up to the decision to do so in 1994 . It has also openly expressed support for Finlands membership of NATO . In fact , it supports the participation of Finland in all Western institutions . In June 2009 the site was the sixth most popular Finnish website . In 2010 it was the seventh most visited website in Finland in 2010 and was visited by 1,236,527 people per week . Helsingin Sanomat International Edition . The English-language section of the Helsingin Sanomat website , the Helsingin Sanomat International Edition ( HSIE ) , ran for thirteen years . The International Edition launched on 14 September 1999 with the aim of informing readers of news from Finland during the Finnish presidency of the European Union . It continued after the European presidency owing to the quantity of readers it was getting became one of the major English-language sources of news regarding Finland—making it popular with English-speaking immigrants to the country . The Helsingin Sanomat International Edition closed down on 26 October 2012 . English material is now published in cooperation with Helsinki Times weekly newspaper . For a while , Helsingin Sanomat also published some of its material in Russian , but the service was discontinued on 6 October 2014 .
|
[
"Kaius Niemi"
] |
easy
|
Helsingin Sanomat was edited by whom from 2013 to May 2013?
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/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat#P98#1
|
Helsingin Sanomat Helsingin Sanomat ( approx. : Helsinki Dispatch ) , abbreviated HS and colloquially known as , is the largest subscription newspaper in Finland and the Nordic countries , owned by Sanoma . Except after certain holidays , it is published daily . Its name derives from that of the Finnish capital , Helsinki , where it is published . It is considered a newspaper of record for Finland . History and profile . The paper was founded in 1889 as Päivälehti , when Finland was a Grand Duchy under the Tsar of Russia . Political censorship by the Russian authorities , prompted by the papers strong advocacy of greater Finnish freedoms and even outright independence , forced Päivälehti to often temporarily suspend publication , and finally to close permanently in 1904 . Its proprietors re-opened the paper under its current name in 1905 . Founded as the organ of the Young Finnish Party , the paper has been politically independent and non-aligned since the 1932 . Helsingin Sanomat has a long history as a family business , owned by the Erkko family . It is currently owned by the Sanoma media group which also owns Ilta Sanomat . The relationship between the owners of Helsingin Sanomat and Finlands government have sometimes been close . For instance , during the run-up to the Winter War , Eljas Erkko was at the same time the papers publisher and Finlands foreign minister . Mikael Pentikäinen was the editor-in-chief until May 2013 when he was fired from the post . Riikka Venäläinen replaced him temporarily in the post . After Riikka Venäläinen the post has been held by Kaius Niemi . Format . Helsingin Sanomat is published daily in Finnish in compact format with the exception of the days after public holidays when the paper does not appear . Subscriptions make up 97% of the newspapers circulation . The front page is usually devoted to advertisements . The newspaper was published in broadsheet format until 6 January 2013 . The paper also has a monthly supplement named Kuukausiliite ( Finnish for Monthly Supplement ) , and a weekly TV guide and entertainment-oriented supplement named Nyt ( Now ) . Between 1999 and 2012 there were also both Finnish and English-language online newspaper editions . Content of Helsingin Sanomat can be accessed also through mobile devices . Circulation and influence . The circulation of Helsingin Sanomat was 476,163 copies in 1993 , making it the most read newspaper in Finland . In the period of 1995–96 the paper had a circulation of 470,600 copies . Its circulation was 446,380 copies in 2001 , making it the largest paper in the country . In 2008 its daily circulation was 412,421 on weekdays ( a change of −1.8% from 2007 ) and 468,505 on Sundays ( −1.3% ) . In 2011 the daily had a circulation of 365,994 copies , making it the most read paper in the country . The same year it was also the largest paper in terms of readership . Approximately 75% of households in the Greater Helsinki region subscribe to Helsingin Sanomat , and it functions as the regions local paper . Its total daily circulation is well over 400,000 , or about 8% of Finlands total population , making it the biggest daily subscription newspaper in the Nordic countries . The paper is a significant factor in Finnish society and in public opinion . Pertti Klemola , a Finnish journalist and scholar , once called it a state authority , an institution with its own independent social and political will . Helsingin Sanomat strongly advocated Finland joining the European Union in the run-up to the decision to do so in 1994 . It has also openly expressed support for Finlands membership of NATO . In fact , it supports the participation of Finland in all Western institutions . In June 2009 the site was the sixth most popular Finnish website . In 2010 it was the seventh most visited website in Finland in 2010 and was visited by 1,236,527 people per week . Helsingin Sanomat International Edition . The English-language section of the Helsingin Sanomat website , the Helsingin Sanomat International Edition ( HSIE ) , ran for thirteen years . The International Edition launched on 14 September 1999 with the aim of informing readers of news from Finland during the Finnish presidency of the European Union . It continued after the European presidency owing to the quantity of readers it was getting became one of the major English-language sources of news regarding Finland—making it popular with English-speaking immigrants to the country . The Helsingin Sanomat International Edition closed down on 26 October 2012 . English material is now published in cooperation with Helsinki Times weekly newspaper . For a while , Helsingin Sanomat also published some of its material in Russian , but the service was discontinued on 6 October 2014 .
|
[
""
] |
easy
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Helsingin Sanomat was edited by whom from May 2013 to Sep 2013?
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/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat#P98#2
|
Helsingin Sanomat Helsingin Sanomat ( approx. : Helsinki Dispatch ) , abbreviated HS and colloquially known as , is the largest subscription newspaper in Finland and the Nordic countries , owned by Sanoma . Except after certain holidays , it is published daily . Its name derives from that of the Finnish capital , Helsinki , where it is published . It is considered a newspaper of record for Finland . History and profile . The paper was founded in 1889 as Päivälehti , when Finland was a Grand Duchy under the Tsar of Russia . Political censorship by the Russian authorities , prompted by the papers strong advocacy of greater Finnish freedoms and even outright independence , forced Päivälehti to often temporarily suspend publication , and finally to close permanently in 1904 . Its proprietors re-opened the paper under its current name in 1905 . Founded as the organ of the Young Finnish Party , the paper has been politically independent and non-aligned since the 1932 . Helsingin Sanomat has a long history as a family business , owned by the Erkko family . It is currently owned by the Sanoma media group which also owns Ilta Sanomat . The relationship between the owners of Helsingin Sanomat and Finlands government have sometimes been close . For instance , during the run-up to the Winter War , Eljas Erkko was at the same time the papers publisher and Finlands foreign minister . Mikael Pentikäinen was the editor-in-chief until May 2013 when he was fired from the post . Riikka Venäläinen replaced him temporarily in the post . After Riikka Venäläinen the post has been held by Kaius Niemi . Format . Helsingin Sanomat is published daily in Finnish in compact format with the exception of the days after public holidays when the paper does not appear . Subscriptions make up 97% of the newspapers circulation . The front page is usually devoted to advertisements . The newspaper was published in broadsheet format until 6 January 2013 . The paper also has a monthly supplement named Kuukausiliite ( Finnish for Monthly Supplement ) , and a weekly TV guide and entertainment-oriented supplement named Nyt ( Now ) . Between 1999 and 2012 there were also both Finnish and English-language online newspaper editions . Content of Helsingin Sanomat can be accessed also through mobile devices . Circulation and influence . The circulation of Helsingin Sanomat was 476,163 copies in 1993 , making it the most read newspaper in Finland . In the period of 1995–96 the paper had a circulation of 470,600 copies . Its circulation was 446,380 copies in 2001 , making it the largest paper in the country . In 2008 its daily circulation was 412,421 on weekdays ( a change of −1.8% from 2007 ) and 468,505 on Sundays ( −1.3% ) . In 2011 the daily had a circulation of 365,994 copies , making it the most read paper in the country . The same year it was also the largest paper in terms of readership . Approximately 75% of households in the Greater Helsinki region subscribe to Helsingin Sanomat , and it functions as the regions local paper . Its total daily circulation is well over 400,000 , or about 8% of Finlands total population , making it the biggest daily subscription newspaper in the Nordic countries . The paper is a significant factor in Finnish society and in public opinion . Pertti Klemola , a Finnish journalist and scholar , once called it a state authority , an institution with its own independent social and political will . Helsingin Sanomat strongly advocated Finland joining the European Union in the run-up to the decision to do so in 1994 . It has also openly expressed support for Finlands membership of NATO . In fact , it supports the participation of Finland in all Western institutions . In June 2009 the site was the sixth most popular Finnish website . In 2010 it was the seventh most visited website in Finland in 2010 and was visited by 1,236,527 people per week . Helsingin Sanomat International Edition . The English-language section of the Helsingin Sanomat website , the Helsingin Sanomat International Edition ( HSIE ) , ran for thirteen years . The International Edition launched on 14 September 1999 with the aim of informing readers of news from Finland during the Finnish presidency of the European Union . It continued after the European presidency owing to the quantity of readers it was getting became one of the major English-language sources of news regarding Finland—making it popular with English-speaking immigrants to the country . The Helsingin Sanomat International Edition closed down on 26 October 2012 . English material is now published in cooperation with Helsinki Times weekly newspaper . For a while , Helsingin Sanomat also published some of its material in Russian , but the service was discontinued on 6 October 2014 .
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Bapaume from 1982 to 2002?
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/wiki/Bapaume#P6#0
|
Bapaume Bapaume ( original Dutch name Batpalmen ) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France . The inhabitants of this commune are known as Bapalmois or Bapalmoises . Geography . Bapaume is a farming and light industrial town located some 23 km south by south-east of Arras and 50 km north-east of Amiens . Access to the commune is by the D 917 road from Ervillers in the north which passes through the commune in a zig-zag then continues south-east to Beaulencourt . The D 930 goes east by north-east to Frémicourt . The D 929 branches off the D 917 at the edge of the commune and goes south-west to Warlencourt-Eaucourt . The A1 autoroute passes south down the eastern edge of the commune and serves the city by the exit 14 . The Bapaume threshold . Bapaume has been called the Seuil de Bapaume ( Bapaume threshold ) due to its position as a crossing point between Artois and the Flanders plain on one side , and the Somme valley and the Paris Basin on the other . From the mid-11th century there was a Bapaume toll which was revised in 1202 and again in 1442 . Many roads pass through Bapaume , both old roads between the two regions then the autoroute ( 1965 ) and the TGV ( 1993 ) . In the 19th century , however , the city council opposed the passage through its territory of the Paris-Lille railway . This position was regretted by 1859 when the municipality called for the construction of a railway linking Achiet-le-Grand ( on the Paris-Lille route ) to Bapaume with animal traction ( possibly they were afraid of steam ) . The railway linking the two communes was not commissioned until 1871 , with steam traction . The TGV came to the town in 1993 . Toponymy . Bapaume ( Batpalmen or Bapalmen in Flemish ) means beat your palms in the sense of suffering because of the poverty of the land or some past devastation . History . Early Bapaume . The current city is not in its original location . During the Gallic period the town was located some 1500 m to the west near an abundant source : the source of the Sensée river . During the Roman Empire the town prospered as it was next to the road linking Bavay to Amiens . This period lasted about three centuries . The barbarian invasions of 255–280 totally destroyed this first Bapaume . Under the Late Roman Empire the city was rebuilt in the same place by Batavi settlers who were enlisted as soldier-farmers . Defensive mounds were built around the site of the current Bapaume and the road from Arras to Saint-Quentin and Péronne was diverted to pass near the defences . This town was called Helena and was the place where Aetius repulsed the Frankish invasion attempt in 448 . This invasion was successful in 454 and ended the Roman presence . During the following centuries the city was devastated several times . The Franks built a castle on the Roman mound as the area was inhabited by bandits who hid in the Arrouaise forest . A bandit called Bérenger seized the castle by a ruse and made his mark on it . After his death the people of Helluin ( Helena ) came to shelter near the fort and thus Bapaume was born . Helluin disappeared gradually . It is through several excavations at this place that traces of this city were found and its history . The Counts of Flanders . The city gradually grew in importance , the main traffic was not east–west but north–south . To ensure the passage against the bandits a toll was established by the counts of Flanders with soldiers escorting the merchants on the part crossing the Arrouaise Forest and north of the city . Churches were built with this toll . The Lords of Bapaume were subject to the Counts of Flanders . On 28 April 1180 the marriage of Philip Augustus and Isabelle of Hainaut , daughter of Baldwin V was celebrated at Bapaume . Due to this union , in 1191 Bapaume was placed under the control of the King of France . The Kingdom of France and the County of Artois . Philip Augustus returned several times to Bapaume to grant communal charters . The city became independent with the construction of a town hall with a belfry , the creation of a coat of arms and a seal , and a citizens militia . In 1202 the toll was first revised then a second time in 1291 . It was Louis IX of France , in 1237 , who attached Bapaume to the County of Artois from under the thumb of Robert dArtois , his brother , provided it paid homage to the kings of France . The city enjoyed a period of prosperity from the toll and its fine linen weaving ( Batiste ) by mulquiniers in the countryside . Robert I , Count of Artois was succeeded by Robert II , Count of Artois then Mahaut , Countess of Artois as head of the County of Artois . The nephew of Mahaut called himself Robert III of Artois and claimed the throne for a long time and , in revenge , helped the English . There followed a long period of war and disasters . Countess Mahaut often resided at the castle as she traveled frequently . She had her own room there and undertook numerous fortification works . On her death Bapaume passed to the Count of Flanders in 1330 . He undertook major works including a surrounding wall and large ditches around the city in 1335 . The entire castle and city was one of the most beautiful fortresses and was called the Key of Artois . The Hundred Years War . The fortifications protected the inhabitants of Bapaume repeatedly from frightful depredations by the English in that war . The Bailiwick of Bapaume suffered terribly during this period : it is during this time that villagers hid in their muches ( underground hiding places ) dug in the chalky soil . The Dukes of Burgundy . Bapaume was under the control of the Dukes of Burgundy from 1383 to 1494 and it was in this city that John the Fearless took refuge after the assassination of the Duke of Orléans in 1407 . It was also at Bapaume that he reunited his army to reenter the campaign on 30 January 1414 . In July 1414 the King of France laid siege to Bapaume : Johns garrison surrendered without fear and Charles VI then went to besiege Arras . A peace treaty was signed on 30 August and Bapaume was given to John the Fearless , but it was in such a state that on 3 September there were insufficient voters to elect aldermen . After the death of John , his son Philip the Good spent several days at the castle in 1420 and it was he who in 1437 granted the town of Bapaume two free fairs per year . A period of prosperity followed but on 4 April 1472 a terrible fire destroyed the city . It was then looted and burned by the troops of Louis XI on 7 May 1475 and again in 1477 . In 1486 Charles VIII attacked Artois again and thus Bapaume . The area suffered much from the fighting between the Burgundians and the French . On 4 June 1488 fire caused further damage to the city . Administration by the Netherlands . As a result of the Treaty of Senlis of 13 May 1493 concluded between the King of France and Maximilian of Austria , Bapaume came under the rule of the House of Austria and was administered by the governors of the Netherlands and Governors appointed by the kings of Spain until 1641 . A new era of prosperity began , troubled by the attempts of Governors to restrict the privileges of the city . On 23 July 1509 Mayor Philippe Leclercq obtained a written statement of the powers of Mayors and Aldermen of Bapaume . Bapaume suffered much from the rivalry between François I and Charles V . The city was devastated by the French on 15 October 1521 and went to Charles V in the Treaty of Madrid . It was again destroyed by fire in 1543 although in the meantime the Emperor had given the order to rebuild the castle and fortifications . The region was again ravaged by the French armies in 1554 . After an attempt to take the castle by a person called Lelievre , the residents of Bapaume ensured that the fortifications of the castle and the city were rebuilt in 1578 . The period troubled by incursions and devastation lasted until 1598 when the Treaty of Vervins was signed on 2 May . An era of peace and prosperity followed , despite a plague epidemic in 1626 , which ended in March 1635 when Louis XIII declared war on Philip IV of Spain . On 18 September 1641 Bapaume surrendered after a siege by the French army . This capitulation was highly celebrated in Paris since Bapaume was considered one of the main strongholds of Artois and Flanders . Bapaume and the Kingdom of France . Louis XIII confirmed the powers of the city in 1642 . He reinforced the fortifications that had suffered during the siege . The city and the surrounding countryside still had to suffer the presence of Spanish and French armies until 1654 ( Arras was taken by Louis XIV who passed through Bapaume twice in August ) . The sun king passed through Bapaume several times in 1667 while returning from Flanders . On 11 May 1670 he came to review the troops stationed near the city . On 7 May 1673 he passed the night at the castle after inspecting the fortifications . In 1681 Bapaume was destroyed by fire after which it was forbidden to rebuild with thatched roofs . In 1723 a statue of Louis XV on a horse was erected in the square . This was the first statue of the young monarch in France . On 24 July 1744 the king passed through Bapaume and was highly acclaimed by the people . He again passed through the city on 6 September 1745 , 2 May and 11 June 1746 , and 25 September 1747 . The Fortifications . Its position subjected Bapaume to multiple wars . Defensive structures were built : first a Roman camp , then a Motte-and-bailey castle , and finally and a castle in the location of the motte . Queen Mahaut of Artois had her chamber in this castle and it seems that Joan of Arc spent one night there . In 1335 the city itself was fortified away from the castle . These fortifications were not , however , very effective and the city was taken repeatedly . In 1540 Charles V ordered a fortified place to be built . Thick walls with bastions surrounding the city and the castle were included . In 1578 the castle and the city were united into one whole . These fortifications by Charles V were later reinforced by Vauban . Elaborate defensive systems such as mines and tunnels were built . In 1550 Wallerand de Hauteclocque , Squire and Lord of Wail , Havernas , and Hauteclocque , was appointed by the king as lieutenant and captain of the town and castle of Bapaume . Later Dominique de Grossolles , knight and Lord of Saint-Martin , became Major of the town and castle of Bapaume . In the 19th century Bapaume was not considered a walled city . The dismantling of fortifications was therefore undertaken in 1847 . This was done by the Army as part of maneuvres and experiments with explosives . The walls and bastions were leveled and the ditches were filled . Only the tower and part of the Dauphin bastion are still visible . Work has been done recently to restore the underground galleries and make them available to visit : firstly , the Bastion of Reyne south-east of the city and then , on the other side , the Dauphin Bastion . These tunnels served as shelter during the two world wars . The French Revolution . Bapaume society was transformed during the French revolution . During the Terror , the Castle was not sufficient to imprison citizens suspected of not being favourable to the Revolution . Homes vacated by residents who had fled were requisitioned to serve as prisons . Joseph Le Bon came to the commune revive the actions of the revolutionary committee . The city was the capital of the district from 1790 to 1795 . The Battle of Bapaume on 2 and 3 January 1871 . The Battle of Bapaume was fought on 2 and 3 January 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 on the territories of Biefvillers-lès-Bapaume and Bapaume . General Louis Léon César Faidherbe at the head of the Northern Army stopped the Prussians . World War I . In 1916 Bapaume was one of the cities considered to be strategic objectives by the allies in the framework of the Battle of the Somme . Bapaume was occupied by the Germans on 26 September 1914 then by the British on 17 March 1917 . On 24 March 1918 , the Germans took over the city again . In 1918 the Second Battle of Bapaume , 21 August–3 September , was part of the second phase of the Battle of Amiens , the British and Commonwealth attack that was the turning point of the First World War on the Western Front and the beginning of the Allies Hundred Days Offensive . Improved armoured support and artillery bombardment weakened once impregnable positions and helped the Allied forces tear holes through trench lines . On 29 August the New Zealand Division , after heavy fighting , occupied Bapaume , having broken through , with the British 5th Infantry Division , the very strong Le Transloy-Loupart trench system and having overcome many other strong points around the town . The Germans set up a trap in the town hall with a mine and a timer which exploded just before the arrival of the Australians . The First Battle of Bapaume ran from 24 to 25 March 1918 and the Second Battle of Bapaume from 21 August to 3 September 1918 . After the armistice the slow and dangerous work of demining began . The city was classified as a red zone and major work was done for reconstruction . The English city of Sheffield provided assistance for reconstruction . There remains from this time a war memorial and two military cemeteries that also have graves from the Second World War : - The Bapaume Communal Cemetery - The Bapaume Australian Cemetery houses the remains of 88 soldiers from 1914 to 1918 at a place called the Pré Pot de Chart . This is a cemetery which was created in March 1917 by the 3rd Australian Casualty Clearing Station . It was closed in June 1917 then after that 23 German bodies were added in April and May 1918 . Bapaume church was demolished by shelling in 1916 World War II . During World War II Bapaume was again an area of intense fighting . The mayor , Abel Guidet , was a member of the Resistance and was arrested and deported to the camp of Gross-Rosen where he died on 27 November 1944 . Since 1948 there has been a monument showing the moment of his arrest to honour his memory . At the Town Hall are an urn with soil from Groß-Rosen and a painting featuring the Mayor . Administration . List of Successive Mayors Twinning . Bapaume has twinning associations with : - Moers-Kapellen , Germany since 1974 . The pairing with Moers is the work of Henri Guidet , the son of Abel Guidet , who is involved in Franco-German reconciliation . - Anstruther , Fife , Scotland ( since October 1991 ) Demography . In 2017 the commune had 3,887 inhabitants . Distribution of Age Groups . The population of the town is relatively old . Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Bapaume and Pas-de-Calais Department in 2017 Source : INSEE Economy . There is a Centre of Detention which is particularly known for being the last detention centre that hosted Lucien Léger ( 1937–2008 ) who was the oldest prisoner in France ( and Europe ) and stayed there for several years until his release in 2005 . Sites and monuments . The Town Hall and belfry . The town hall with its current belfry was built in 1931 and 1932 with architecture similar to the previous building built in 1610 and destroyed in 1917 . The first belfry was built in the 12th century according to charters that had been issued to the city of Bapaume . Subsequently , the building became too small and aldermen obtained permission to extend it in 1374 . Because of the wars that followed the belfry became dangerous and was demolished in 1537 . A new belfry was started in 1583 but after many vicissitudes the building was built then destroyed and it was Philip II of Spain in 1590 who authorized the construction of a new building which was completed in 1610 . It had columns and arches on the façade similar to the Arras Town Hall . For its construction the Bapaume aldermen had authorisation to establish a right of passage . The statue of General Faidherbe . A statue of Louis Faidherbe was dedicated on 27 September 1891 and originally sculpted by Louis Noël . On 29 September 1916 the statue was requisitioned by the Germans who believed it was bronze and the statue disappeared . The pedestal , pitted by shrapnel , remained empty for 13 years . It was not until 1926 that the town decided to ask the sculptor Déchin , stepson of Louis Noël , from Paris to recreate the statue from the original plans . The new monument was inaugurated on 18 August 1929 by Paul Painlevé , Minister of War . During the redevelopment of the square in 1997 the statue was moved a few metres lower on 26 September . Monument to Briquet and Taillandier . A monument was erected in front of the town hall in memory of Albert Taillandier and Raoul Briquet who were killed in the explosion of the Town Hall on 25 March 1917 . They were both elected representatives of Pas-de-Calais but of different parties : Taillandier was a Conservative while Briquet was a Socialist . They were on an inspection mission to the front on behalf of the National Assembly of France and wished to spend the night in the building but they were trapped and killed by the explosion . Ernst Jünger wrote in his Storm of Steel that the explosion was caused by an Improvised explosive device ( IED ) that had been left by retreating German troops . The Church of Saint Nicolas . The origin of the parish of Saint-Nicolas coincides with the origin of the town . The first church was built in 1085 when the town first became important but had disappeared by the end of the 14th century . The second church was built around the year 1600 but destroyed during the First World War . It was rebuilt on the same foundations between 1924 and 1929 . The Church contains three items that are registered as historical objects : - A Bas-relief : the Resurrection ( 16th century ) ( disappeared in 1916 ) - A Statue : Virgin of Pity ( 16th century ) . This statue was the only object from the Church to survive the First World War . - The Organ ( 1934 ) The War memorial . This structure consists of a stone wall , topped by a pediment decorated with the coat of arms of the city , bordered on either side of a balustrade . Under the pediment above the three column list of soldiers killed in 1914–1918 are the words Pro Patria in large size followed by the text La ville de Bapaume à ses enfants ( The city of Bapaume to its children ) . Further down on the side there is a standing woman with a child clearly symbolizing a widow and an orphan . The woman , hair partially covered with a veil which descends down her back until mid-legs , has her right arm raised to designate a name using a palm held in her hand . She has , in a sign of protection , her left hand placed on the left shoulder of the child who , in short pants , head high , and confident , holds a beret in his right hand and holding a wreath around the left forearm . The bottom section of the monument contains a list in four columns of the missing from the 1939–1945 war . Other sites of interest . - A Motte-and-bailey castle . Nothing is left of the old castle other than sections of wall from the fortifications of the city . The site itself has retained its crater shape and was converted into a green park and place for walking . This site is nicknamed Le Donjon ( The Dungeon ) by the people of Bapaume . - The Australian War Cemetery has an area of 459 m2 with 88 graves from the First World War . This cemetery was opened in March 1917 by the 3rd Australian Casualty Clearing Station and used until June 1917 . In April and May 1918 23 German graves were added . Notable people linked to the commune . - Gaspard de Bavincourt , born in Bapaume , Knight of Saint John of Jerusalem , a monk from Anchin Abbey - G . Prévot , born in Bapaume in 1820 . Photographer of the Imperial Guard of the French Second Empire . He lived at 5 Boulevard Montmartre in Paris - General Louis Léon César Faidherbe - Mayor Abel Guidet - Jean-Paul Delevoye , former Mayor of Bapaume . He held the office of Médiateur de la République ( Ombudsman of France ) from 2004 to 2010 . He was elected President of the French Economic , Social and Environmental Council ( CESE ) on 16 November 2010 - Jean-Jacques Cottel , Mayor of Bapaume - Michèle Bellon , born in Bapaume in 1949 , President of the Directorate of the Electricity Distribution Network of France ( ERDF ) , the largest employer in France in 2012 ( 35,000 staff ) - Hugues De Beaumetz 1140–1198 , Squire , Lord and Châtelain of Bapaume - Gilles I de Beaumetz 1170–1214 , Lord of Bapaume and Beaumetz-les-Loges - Gilles II de Beaumetz 1205–1267 , Châtelain of Bapaume
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Bapaume Bapaume ( original Dutch name Batpalmen ) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France . The inhabitants of this commune are known as Bapalmois or Bapalmoises . Geography . Bapaume is a farming and light industrial town located some 23 km south by south-east of Arras and 50 km north-east of Amiens . Access to the commune is by the D 917 road from Ervillers in the north which passes through the commune in a zig-zag then continues south-east to Beaulencourt . The D 930 goes east by north-east to Frémicourt . The D 929 branches off the D 917 at the edge of the commune and goes south-west to Warlencourt-Eaucourt . The A1 autoroute passes south down the eastern edge of the commune and serves the city by the exit 14 . The Bapaume threshold . Bapaume has been called the Seuil de Bapaume ( Bapaume threshold ) due to its position as a crossing point between Artois and the Flanders plain on one side , and the Somme valley and the Paris Basin on the other . From the mid-11th century there was a Bapaume toll which was revised in 1202 and again in 1442 . Many roads pass through Bapaume , both old roads between the two regions then the autoroute ( 1965 ) and the TGV ( 1993 ) . In the 19th century , however , the city council opposed the passage through its territory of the Paris-Lille railway . This position was regretted by 1859 when the municipality called for the construction of a railway linking Achiet-le-Grand ( on the Paris-Lille route ) to Bapaume with animal traction ( possibly they were afraid of steam ) . The railway linking the two communes was not commissioned until 1871 , with steam traction . The TGV came to the town in 1993 . Toponymy . Bapaume ( Batpalmen or Bapalmen in Flemish ) means beat your palms in the sense of suffering because of the poverty of the land or some past devastation . History . Early Bapaume . The current city is not in its original location . During the Gallic period the town was located some 1500 m to the west near an abundant source : the source of the Sensée river . During the Roman Empire the town prospered as it was next to the road linking Bavay to Amiens . This period lasted about three centuries . The barbarian invasions of 255–280 totally destroyed this first Bapaume . Under the Late Roman Empire the city was rebuilt in the same place by Batavi settlers who were enlisted as soldier-farmers . Defensive mounds were built around the site of the current Bapaume and the road from Arras to Saint-Quentin and Péronne was diverted to pass near the defences . This town was called Helena and was the place where Aetius repulsed the Frankish invasion attempt in 448 . This invasion was successful in 454 and ended the Roman presence . During the following centuries the city was devastated several times . The Franks built a castle on the Roman mound as the area was inhabited by bandits who hid in the Arrouaise forest . A bandit called Bérenger seized the castle by a ruse and made his mark on it . After his death the people of Helluin ( Helena ) came to shelter near the fort and thus Bapaume was born . Helluin disappeared gradually . It is through several excavations at this place that traces of this city were found and its history . The Counts of Flanders . The city gradually grew in importance , the main traffic was not east–west but north–south . To ensure the passage against the bandits a toll was established by the counts of Flanders with soldiers escorting the merchants on the part crossing the Arrouaise Forest and north of the city . Churches were built with this toll . The Lords of Bapaume were subject to the Counts of Flanders . On 28 April 1180 the marriage of Philip Augustus and Isabelle of Hainaut , daughter of Baldwin V was celebrated at Bapaume . Due to this union , in 1191 Bapaume was placed under the control of the King of France . The Kingdom of France and the County of Artois . Philip Augustus returned several times to Bapaume to grant communal charters . The city became independent with the construction of a town hall with a belfry , the creation of a coat of arms and a seal , and a citizens militia . In 1202 the toll was first revised then a second time in 1291 . It was Louis IX of France , in 1237 , who attached Bapaume to the County of Artois from under the thumb of Robert dArtois , his brother , provided it paid homage to the kings of France . The city enjoyed a period of prosperity from the toll and its fine linen weaving ( Batiste ) by mulquiniers in the countryside . Robert I , Count of Artois was succeeded by Robert II , Count of Artois then Mahaut , Countess of Artois as head of the County of Artois . The nephew of Mahaut called himself Robert III of Artois and claimed the throne for a long time and , in revenge , helped the English . There followed a long period of war and disasters . Countess Mahaut often resided at the castle as she traveled frequently . She had her own room there and undertook numerous fortification works . On her death Bapaume passed to the Count of Flanders in 1330 . He undertook major works including a surrounding wall and large ditches around the city in 1335 . The entire castle and city was one of the most beautiful fortresses and was called the Key of Artois . The Hundred Years War . The fortifications protected the inhabitants of Bapaume repeatedly from frightful depredations by the English in that war . The Bailiwick of Bapaume suffered terribly during this period : it is during this time that villagers hid in their muches ( underground hiding places ) dug in the chalky soil . The Dukes of Burgundy . Bapaume was under the control of the Dukes of Burgundy from 1383 to 1494 and it was in this city that John the Fearless took refuge after the assassination of the Duke of Orléans in 1407 . It was also at Bapaume that he reunited his army to reenter the campaign on 30 January 1414 . In July 1414 the King of France laid siege to Bapaume : Johns garrison surrendered without fear and Charles VI then went to besiege Arras . A peace treaty was signed on 30 August and Bapaume was given to John the Fearless , but it was in such a state that on 3 September there were insufficient voters to elect aldermen . After the death of John , his son Philip the Good spent several days at the castle in 1420 and it was he who in 1437 granted the town of Bapaume two free fairs per year . A period of prosperity followed but on 4 April 1472 a terrible fire destroyed the city . It was then looted and burned by the troops of Louis XI on 7 May 1475 and again in 1477 . In 1486 Charles VIII attacked Artois again and thus Bapaume . The area suffered much from the fighting between the Burgundians and the French . On 4 June 1488 fire caused further damage to the city . Administration by the Netherlands . As a result of the Treaty of Senlis of 13 May 1493 concluded between the King of France and Maximilian of Austria , Bapaume came under the rule of the House of Austria and was administered by the governors of the Netherlands and Governors appointed by the kings of Spain until 1641 . A new era of prosperity began , troubled by the attempts of Governors to restrict the privileges of the city . On 23 July 1509 Mayor Philippe Leclercq obtained a written statement of the powers of Mayors and Aldermen of Bapaume . Bapaume suffered much from the rivalry between François I and Charles V . The city was devastated by the French on 15 October 1521 and went to Charles V in the Treaty of Madrid . It was again destroyed by fire in 1543 although in the meantime the Emperor had given the order to rebuild the castle and fortifications . The region was again ravaged by the French armies in 1554 . After an attempt to take the castle by a person called Lelievre , the residents of Bapaume ensured that the fortifications of the castle and the city were rebuilt in 1578 . The period troubled by incursions and devastation lasted until 1598 when the Treaty of Vervins was signed on 2 May . An era of peace and prosperity followed , despite a plague epidemic in 1626 , which ended in March 1635 when Louis XIII declared war on Philip IV of Spain . On 18 September 1641 Bapaume surrendered after a siege by the French army . This capitulation was highly celebrated in Paris since Bapaume was considered one of the main strongholds of Artois and Flanders . Bapaume and the Kingdom of France . Louis XIII confirmed the powers of the city in 1642 . He reinforced the fortifications that had suffered during the siege . The city and the surrounding countryside still had to suffer the presence of Spanish and French armies until 1654 ( Arras was taken by Louis XIV who passed through Bapaume twice in August ) . The sun king passed through Bapaume several times in 1667 while returning from Flanders . On 11 May 1670 he came to review the troops stationed near the city . On 7 May 1673 he passed the night at the castle after inspecting the fortifications . In 1681 Bapaume was destroyed by fire after which it was forbidden to rebuild with thatched roofs . In 1723 a statue of Louis XV on a horse was erected in the square . This was the first statue of the young monarch in France . On 24 July 1744 the king passed through Bapaume and was highly acclaimed by the people . He again passed through the city on 6 September 1745 , 2 May and 11 June 1746 , and 25 September 1747 . The Fortifications . Its position subjected Bapaume to multiple wars . Defensive structures were built : first a Roman camp , then a Motte-and-bailey castle , and finally and a castle in the location of the motte . Queen Mahaut of Artois had her chamber in this castle and it seems that Joan of Arc spent one night there . In 1335 the city itself was fortified away from the castle . These fortifications were not , however , very effective and the city was taken repeatedly . In 1540 Charles V ordered a fortified place to be built . Thick walls with bastions surrounding the city and the castle were included . In 1578 the castle and the city were united into one whole . These fortifications by Charles V were later reinforced by Vauban . Elaborate defensive systems such as mines and tunnels were built . In 1550 Wallerand de Hauteclocque , Squire and Lord of Wail , Havernas , and Hauteclocque , was appointed by the king as lieutenant and captain of the town and castle of Bapaume . Later Dominique de Grossolles , knight and Lord of Saint-Martin , became Major of the town and castle of Bapaume . In the 19th century Bapaume was not considered a walled city . The dismantling of fortifications was therefore undertaken in 1847 . This was done by the Army as part of maneuvres and experiments with explosives . The walls and bastions were leveled and the ditches were filled . Only the tower and part of the Dauphin bastion are still visible . Work has been done recently to restore the underground galleries and make them available to visit : firstly , the Bastion of Reyne south-east of the city and then , on the other side , the Dauphin Bastion . These tunnels served as shelter during the two world wars . The French Revolution . Bapaume society was transformed during the French revolution . During the Terror , the Castle was not sufficient to imprison citizens suspected of not being favourable to the Revolution . Homes vacated by residents who had fled were requisitioned to serve as prisons . Joseph Le Bon came to the commune revive the actions of the revolutionary committee . The city was the capital of the district from 1790 to 1795 . The Battle of Bapaume on 2 and 3 January 1871 . The Battle of Bapaume was fought on 2 and 3 January 1871 during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 on the territories of Biefvillers-lès-Bapaume and Bapaume . General Louis Léon César Faidherbe at the head of the Northern Army stopped the Prussians . World War I . In 1916 Bapaume was one of the cities considered to be strategic objectives by the allies in the framework of the Battle of the Somme . Bapaume was occupied by the Germans on 26 September 1914 then by the British on 17 March 1917 . On 24 March 1918 , the Germans took over the city again . In 1918 the Second Battle of Bapaume , 21 August–3 September , was part of the second phase of the Battle of Amiens , the British and Commonwealth attack that was the turning point of the First World War on the Western Front and the beginning of the Allies Hundred Days Offensive . Improved armoured support and artillery bombardment weakened once impregnable positions and helped the Allied forces tear holes through trench lines . On 29 August the New Zealand Division , after heavy fighting , occupied Bapaume , having broken through , with the British 5th Infantry Division , the very strong Le Transloy-Loupart trench system and having overcome many other strong points around the town . The Germans set up a trap in the town hall with a mine and a timer which exploded just before the arrival of the Australians . The First Battle of Bapaume ran from 24 to 25 March 1918 and the Second Battle of Bapaume from 21 August to 3 September 1918 . After the armistice the slow and dangerous work of demining began . The city was classified as a red zone and major work was done for reconstruction . The English city of Sheffield provided assistance for reconstruction . There remains from this time a war memorial and two military cemeteries that also have graves from the Second World War : - The Bapaume Communal Cemetery - The Bapaume Australian Cemetery houses the remains of 88 soldiers from 1914 to 1918 at a place called the Pré Pot de Chart . This is a cemetery which was created in March 1917 by the 3rd Australian Casualty Clearing Station . It was closed in June 1917 then after that 23 German bodies were added in April and May 1918 . Bapaume church was demolished by shelling in 1916 World War II . During World War II Bapaume was again an area of intense fighting . The mayor , Abel Guidet , was a member of the Resistance and was arrested and deported to the camp of Gross-Rosen where he died on 27 November 1944 . Since 1948 there has been a monument showing the moment of his arrest to honour his memory . At the Town Hall are an urn with soil from Groß-Rosen and a painting featuring the Mayor . Administration . List of Successive Mayors Twinning . Bapaume has twinning associations with : - Moers-Kapellen , Germany since 1974 . The pairing with Moers is the work of Henri Guidet , the son of Abel Guidet , who is involved in Franco-German reconciliation . - Anstruther , Fife , Scotland ( since October 1991 ) Demography . In 2017 the commune had 3,887 inhabitants . Distribution of Age Groups . The population of the town is relatively old . Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Bapaume and Pas-de-Calais Department in 2017 Source : INSEE Economy . There is a Centre of Detention which is particularly known for being the last detention centre that hosted Lucien Léger ( 1937–2008 ) who was the oldest prisoner in France ( and Europe ) and stayed there for several years until his release in 2005 . Sites and monuments . The Town Hall and belfry . The town hall with its current belfry was built in 1931 and 1932 with architecture similar to the previous building built in 1610 and destroyed in 1917 . The first belfry was built in the 12th century according to charters that had been issued to the city of Bapaume . Subsequently , the building became too small and aldermen obtained permission to extend it in 1374 . Because of the wars that followed the belfry became dangerous and was demolished in 1537 . A new belfry was started in 1583 but after many vicissitudes the building was built then destroyed and it was Philip II of Spain in 1590 who authorized the construction of a new building which was completed in 1610 . It had columns and arches on the façade similar to the Arras Town Hall . For its construction the Bapaume aldermen had authorisation to establish a right of passage . The statue of General Faidherbe . A statue of Louis Faidherbe was dedicated on 27 September 1891 and originally sculpted by Louis Noël . On 29 September 1916 the statue was requisitioned by the Germans who believed it was bronze and the statue disappeared . The pedestal , pitted by shrapnel , remained empty for 13 years . It was not until 1926 that the town decided to ask the sculptor Déchin , stepson of Louis Noël , from Paris to recreate the statue from the original plans . The new monument was inaugurated on 18 August 1929 by Paul Painlevé , Minister of War . During the redevelopment of the square in 1997 the statue was moved a few metres lower on 26 September . Monument to Briquet and Taillandier . A monument was erected in front of the town hall in memory of Albert Taillandier and Raoul Briquet who were killed in the explosion of the Town Hall on 25 March 1917 . They were both elected representatives of Pas-de-Calais but of different parties : Taillandier was a Conservative while Briquet was a Socialist . They were on an inspection mission to the front on behalf of the National Assembly of France and wished to spend the night in the building but they were trapped and killed by the explosion . Ernst Jünger wrote in his Storm of Steel that the explosion was caused by an Improvised explosive device ( IED ) that had been left by retreating German troops . The Church of Saint Nicolas . The origin of the parish of Saint-Nicolas coincides with the origin of the town . The first church was built in 1085 when the town first became important but had disappeared by the end of the 14th century . The second church was built around the year 1600 but destroyed during the First World War . It was rebuilt on the same foundations between 1924 and 1929 . The Church contains three items that are registered as historical objects : - A Bas-relief : the Resurrection ( 16th century ) ( disappeared in 1916 ) - A Statue : Virgin of Pity ( 16th century ) . This statue was the only object from the Church to survive the First World War . - The Organ ( 1934 ) The War memorial . This structure consists of a stone wall , topped by a pediment decorated with the coat of arms of the city , bordered on either side of a balustrade . Under the pediment above the three column list of soldiers killed in 1914–1918 are the words Pro Patria in large size followed by the text La ville de Bapaume à ses enfants ( The city of Bapaume to its children ) . Further down on the side there is a standing woman with a child clearly symbolizing a widow and an orphan . The woman , hair partially covered with a veil which descends down her back until mid-legs , has her right arm raised to designate a name using a palm held in her hand . She has , in a sign of protection , her left hand placed on the left shoulder of the child who , in short pants , head high , and confident , holds a beret in his right hand and holding a wreath around the left forearm . The bottom section of the monument contains a list in four columns of the missing from the 1939–1945 war . Other sites of interest . - A Motte-and-bailey castle . Nothing is left of the old castle other than sections of wall from the fortifications of the city . The site itself has retained its crater shape and was converted into a green park and place for walking . This site is nicknamed Le Donjon ( The Dungeon ) by the people of Bapaume . - The Australian War Cemetery has an area of 459 m2 with 88 graves from the First World War . This cemetery was opened in March 1917 by the 3rd Australian Casualty Clearing Station and used until June 1917 . In April and May 1918 23 German graves were added . Notable people linked to the commune . - Gaspard de Bavincourt , born in Bapaume , Knight of Saint John of Jerusalem , a monk from Anchin Abbey - G . Prévot , born in Bapaume in 1820 . Photographer of the Imperial Guard of the French Second Empire . He lived at 5 Boulevard Montmartre in Paris - General Louis Léon César Faidherbe - Mayor Abel Guidet - Jean-Paul Delevoye , former Mayor of Bapaume . He held the office of Médiateur de la République ( Ombudsman of France ) from 2004 to 2010 . He was elected President of the French Economic , Social and Environmental Council ( CESE ) on 16 November 2010 - Jean-Jacques Cottel , Mayor of Bapaume - Michèle Bellon , born in Bapaume in 1949 , President of the Directorate of the Electricity Distribution Network of France ( ERDF ) , the largest employer in France in 2012 ( 35,000 staff ) - Hugues De Beaumetz 1140–1198 , Squire , Lord and Châtelain of Bapaume - Gilles I de Beaumetz 1170–1214 , Lord of Bapaume and Beaumetz-les-Loges - Gilles II de Beaumetz 1205–1267 , Châtelain of Bapaume
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What position did Aaron Burr take from Sep 1789 to Nov 1791?
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Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Jr . ( February 6 , 1756 – September 14 , 1836 ) was an American politician and lawyer . He served as the third vice president of the United States during President Thomas Jeffersons first term from 1801 to 1805 . Burrs legacy is defined by his famous personal conflict with Alexander Hamilton that culminated in Burr killing Hamilton in the famous Burr–Hamilton duel in 1804 . Burr was born to a prominent family in New Jersey . After studying theology at Princeton , he began his career as a lawyer before joining the Continental Army as an officer in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 . After leaving the service in 1779 , Burr practiced law in New York City , where he became a leading politician and helped form the new Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party . As a New York Assemblyman in 1785 , Burr supported a bill to end slavery , despite having owned slaves himself . At age 26 , Burr married Theodosia Bartow Prevost , who died in 1794 after twelve years of marriage . They had one daughter , Theodosia Burr Alston . Burr also had a relationship with his South Asian servant Mary Emmons , with whom he fathered two children , one a son , the abolitionist John Pierre Burr , though he never publicly acknowledged this relationship during his life . In 1791 , Burr was elected to the U.S . Senate , where he served until 1797 , and he ran as a candidate in the 1800 United States presidential election . An electoral college tie between Burr and Thomas Jefferson resulted in the House of Representatives deciding in Jeffersons favor , with Burr becoming Jeffersons vice president due to receiving the second-highest share of the votes . Although Burr maintained that he supported Jefferson , the president was highly suspicious of Burr , who was relegated to the sidelines of the administration for the single term of his vice presidency . During his last year as vice president , Burr engaged in the duel in which he fatally shot Hamilton , his political rival , near where Hamiltons son Philip Hamilton died three years prior . Although duelling was illegal , Burr was never tried , and all charges against him eventually were dropped . Nevertheless , Hamiltons death ended Burrs political career . Burr traveled west to the American frontier , seeking new economic and political opportunities . His secretive activities led to his 1807 arrest in Alabama on charges of treason . He was brought to trial more than once for what became known as the Burr conspiracy , an alleged plot to create an independent country led by Burr , but was acquitted each time . With large debts and few influential friends , Burr left the United States to live as an expatriate in Europe . He returned in 1812 and resumed practicing law in New York City . A brief second marriage at age 77 resulted in divorce and further scandal . Handicapped by a stroke and financially ruined , Burr died at a boarding house in 1836 . Life . Early life . Aaron Burr Jr . was born in 1756 in Newark , New Jersey , as the second child of the Reverend Aaron Burr Sr. , a Presbyterian minister and second president of the College of New Jersey , which became Princeton University . His mother Esther Edwards Burr was the daughter of noted theologian Jonathan Edwards and his wife Sarah . Burr had an older sister Sarah ( Sally ) , who was named for her maternal grandmother . She married Tapping Reeve , founder of the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield , Connecticut . Burrs father died in 1757 while serving as president of the college at Princeton . Burrs grandfather , Jonathan Edwards , succeeded Burrs father as president and came to live with Burr and his mother in December 1757 . Edwards died in March 1758 and Burrs mother , and grandmother also died within the year , leaving Burr and his sister orphans when he was two years old . Young Aaron and Sally were then placed with the William Shippen family in Philadelphia . In 1759 , the childrens guardianship was assumed by their 21-year-old maternal uncle Timothy Edwards . The next year , Edwards married Rhoda Ogden and moved the family to Elizabeth , New Jersey . Burr had a very strained relationship with his uncle , who was often physically abusive . As a child , he made several attempts to run away from home . At age 13 , Burr was admitted to Princeton as a sophomore , where he joined the American Whig Society and the Cliosophic Society , the colleges literary and debating societies . In 1772 , he received his Bachelor of Arts degree at age 16 , but continued studying theology at Princeton for an additional year . He then undertook rigorous theological training with Joseph Bellamy , a Presbyterian , but changed his career path after two years . At age 19 , he moved to Connecticut to study law with his brother-in-law Tapping Reeve . In 1775 , news reached Litchfield of the clashes with British troops at Lexington and Concord , and Burr put his studies on hold to enlist in the Continental Army . Revolutionary War . During the American Revolutionary War , Burr took part in Colonel Benedict Arnolds expedition to Quebec , an arduous trek of more than through the frontier of Maine . Arnold was impressed by Burrs great spirit and resolution during the long march . He sent him up the Saint Lawrence River to contact General Richard Montgomery , who had taken Montreal , and escort him to Quebec . Montgomery then promoted Burr to captain and made him an aide-de-camp . Burr distinguished himself during the Battle of Quebec on December 31 , 1775 , where he attempted to recover Montgomerys corpse after he had been killed . In the spring of 1776 , Burrs stepbrother Matthias Ogden helped him to secure a position with George Washingtons staff in Manhattan , but he quit on June 26 to be on the battlefield . General Israel Putnam took Burr under his wing , and Burr saved an entire brigade from capture after the British landing in Manhattan by his vigilance in the retreat from lower Manhattan to Harlem . Washington failed to commend his actions in the next days General Orders , which was the fastest way to obtain a promotion . Burr was already a nationally known hero , but he never received a commendation . According to Ogden , he was infuriated by the incident , which may have led to the eventual estrangement between him and Washington . Nevertheless , Burr defended Washingtons decision to evacuate New York as a necessary consequence . It was not until the 1790s that the two men found themselves on opposite sides in politics . Burr was briefly posted in Kingsbridge during 1776 , at which time he was charged with protecting 14-year-old Margaret Moncrieffe , the daughter of Staten Island-based British Major Thomas Moncrieffe . Miss Moncrieffe was in Manhattan behind enemy lines and Major Moncrieffe asked Washington to ensure her safe return there . Burr fell in love with Margaret , and Margarets attempts to remain with Burr were unsuccessful . In late 1776 , Burr attempted to secure Washingtons approval to retake fortifications held by the British on Staten Island , citing his deep familiarity with the area . Washington deferred taking such actions until possibly later in the conflict ( which ultimately were not attempted ) . The British learned of Burrs plans and afterwards took extra precautions . Burr was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July 1777 and assumed virtual leadership of Malcolms Additional Continental Regiment . There were approximately 300 men under Colonel William Malcolms nominal command , but Malcolm was frequently called upon to perform other duties , leaving Burr in charge . The regiment successfully fought off many nighttime raids into central New Jersey by Manhattan-based British troops who arrived by water . Later that year , Burr commanded a small contingent during the harsh winter encampment at Valley Forge , guarding the Gulph , an isolated pass that controlled one approach to the camp . He imposed discipline and defeated an attempted mutiny by some of the troops . Burrs regiment was devastated by British artillery on June 28 , 1778 , at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey , and Burr suffered heatstroke . In January 1779 , he was assigned to Westchester County , New York in command of Malcolms Regiment , a region between the British post at Kingsbridge , Bronx and that of the Americans about to the north . This district was part of the more significant command of General Alexander McDougall , and there was much turbulence and plundering by lawless bands of civilians and by raiding parties of ill-disciplined soldiers from both armies . In March 1779 , due to continuing bad health , Burr resigned from the Continental Army . He renewed his study of law . Technically , he was no longer in the service , but he remained active in the war ; he was assigned by General Washington to perform occasional intelligence missions for Continental generals , such as Arthur St . Clair . On July 5 , 1779 , he rallied a group of Yale students at New Haven , Connecticut , along with Captain James Hillhouse and the Second Connecticut Governors Guards , in a skirmish with the British at the West River . The British advance was repulsed , forcing them to enter New Haven from Hamden , Connecticut . Marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost . Burr met Theodosia Bartow Prevost in August 1778 while she was married to Jacques Marcus Prevost , a Swiss-born British officer in the Royal American Regiment . In Prevosts absence , Burr began regularly visiting Theodosia at The Hermitage , her home in New Jersey . Although she was ten years older than Burr , the constant visits provoked gossip , and by 1780 the two were openly lovers . In December 1781 , he learned that Prevost had died in Jamaica of yellow fever . Theodosia and Aaron Burr were married in 1782 , and they moved to a house on Wall Street in Lower Manhattan . After several years of severe illness , Theodosia died in 1794 from stomach or uterine cancer . Their only child to survive to adulthood was Theodosia Burr Alston , born in 1783 . Law and politics . Despite his wartime activities , Burr finished his studies and was admitted to the bar at Albany , New York in 1782 , the year of his marriage . He began practicing law in New York City the following year after the British evacuated the city . Burr served in the New York State Assembly from 1784 to 1785 . In 1784 as an assemblyman , Burr unsuccessfully sought to abolish slavery immediately following the American Revolutionary War . Also , he continued his military service as a lieutenant colonel and commander of a regiment in the militia brigade commanded by William Malcolm . He became seriously involved in politics in 1789 , when George Clinton appointed him as New York State Attorney General . He was also Commissioner of Revolutionary War Claims in 1791 . In 1791 , he was elected by the legislature as a Senator from New York , defeating incumbent General Philip Schuyler . He served in the Senate until 1797 . Burr ran for president in the 1796 election and received 30 electoral votes , coming in fourth behind John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and Thomas Pinckney . He was shocked by this defeat , but many Democratic-Republican electors voted for Jefferson and no one else , or for Jefferson and a candidate other than Burr . ( Jefferson and Burr were again candidates for president and vice president during the election of 1800 . Jefferson ran with Burr in exchange for Burr working to obtain New Yorks electoral votes for Jefferson. ) President John Adams appointed Washington as commanding general of U.S . forces in 1798 , but he rejected Burrs application for a brigadier generals commission during the Quasi-War with France . Washington wrote , By all that I have known and heard , Colonel Burr is a brave and able officer , but the question is whether he has not equal talents at intrigue . Burr was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1798 and served there through 1799 . During this time , he cooperated with the Holland Land Company in gaining passage of a law to permit aliens to hold and convey lands . National parties became clearly defined during Adams Presidency , and Burr loosely associated himself with the Democratic-Republicans . However , he had moderate Federalist allies such as Senator Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey . New York City politics . Burr quickly became a key player in New York politics , largely due to the power of the Tammany Society ( which became Tammany Hall ) . Burr converted it from a social club into a political machine to help Jefferson reach the presidency , particularly in crowded New York City . In September 1799 , Burr fought a duel with John Barker Church , whose wife Angelica was the sister of Alexander Hamiltons wife Elizabeth . Church had accused Burr of taking a bribe from the Holland Company in exchange for his political influence . Burr and Church fired at each other and missed , and afterward , Church acknowledged that he was wrong to have accused Burr without proof . Burr accepted this as an apology , and the two men shook hands and ended the dispute . In 1799 , Burr founded the Bank of the Manhattan Company , and the enmity between him and Hamilton may have arisen from how he did so . Before the establishment of Burrs bank , the Federalists held a monopoly on banking interests in New York via the federal governments Bank of the United States and Hamiltons Bank of New York . These banks financed operations of significant business interests owned by aristocratic members of the city . Hamilton had prevented the formation of rival banks in the city . Small businessmen relied on tontines to buy property and establish a voting voice ( at this time , voting was based upon property rights ) . Burr solicited support from Hamilton and other Federalists under the guise that he was establishing a badly needed water company for Manhattan . He secretly changed the application for a state charter at the last minute to include the ability to invest surplus funds in any cause that did not violate state law , and dropped any pretense of founding a water company once he had gained approval . Hamilton and other supporters believed that he had acted dishonorably in deceiving them . Meanwhile , construction was delayed on a safe water system for Manhattan , and writer Ron Chernow suggests that the delay may have contributed to deaths during a subsequent malaria epidemic . Burrs Manhattan Company was more than a bank ; it was a tool to promote Democratic-Republican power and influence , and its loans were directed to partisans . By extending credit to small businessmen , who then obtained enough property to gain the franchise , the bank was able to increase the partys electorate . Federalist bankers in New York responded by trying to organize a credit boycott of Democratic-Republican businessmen . 1800 presidential election . In the 1800 city elections , Burr combined the political influence of the Manhattan Company with party campaign innovations to deliver New Yorks support for Jefferson . In 1800 , New Yorks state legislature was to choose the presidential electors , as they had in 1796 ( for John Adams ) . Before the April 1800 legislative elections , the State Assembly was controlled by the Federalists . The City of New York elected assembly members on an at-large basis . Burr and Hamilton were the key campaigners for their respective parties . Burrs Democratic-Republican slate of assemblymen for New York City was elected , giving the party control of the legislature , which in turn gave New Yorks electoral votes to Jefferson and Burr . This drove another wedge between Hamilton and Burr . Burr enlisted the help of Tammany Hall to win the voting for selection of Electoral College delegates . He gained a place on the Democratic-Republican presidential ticket in the 1800 election with Jefferson . Though Jefferson and Burr won New York , he and Burr tied for the presidency overall , with 73 electoral votes each . Members of the Democratic-Republican Party understood they intended that Jefferson should be president and Burr vice president , but the tied vote required that the final choice be made by the House of Representatives , with each of the 16 states having one vote , and nine votes needed for election . Publicly , Burr remained quiet and refused to surrender the presidency to Jefferson , the great enemy of the Federalists . Rumors circulated that Burr and a faction of Federalists were encouraging Republican representatives to vote for him , blocking Jeffersons election in the House . However , solid evidence of such a conspiracy was lacking , and historians generally gave Burr the benefit of the doubt . In 2011 , however , historian Thomas Baker discovered a previously unknown letter from William P . Van Ness to Edward Livingston , two leading Democratic-Republicans in New York . Van Ness was very close to Burr—serving as his second in the next duel with Hamilton . As a leading Democratic-Republican , Van Ness secretly supported the Federalist plan to elect Burr as president and tried to get Livingston to join . Livingston agreed at first , then reversed himself . Baker argues that Burr probably supported the Van Ness plan : There is a compelling pattern of circumstantial evidence , much of it newly discovered , that strongly suggests Aaron Burr did exactly that as part of a stealth campaign to compass the presidency for himself . The attempt did not work , due partly to Livingstons reversal , but more to Hamiltons vigorous opposition to Burr . Jefferson was elected president , and Burr vice president . Vice presidency . Jefferson never trusted Burr . He was effectively shut out of party matters . As Vice-President , Burr earned praise from some enemies for his even-handed fairness and his judicial manner as President of the Senate ; he fostered some practices for that office that have become time-honored traditions . Burrs judicial manner in presiding over the impeachment trial of Justice Samuel Chase has been credited as helping to preserve the principle of judicial independence that was established by Marbury v . Madison in 1803 . One newspaper wrote that Burr had conducted the proceedings with the impartiality of an angel , but with the rigor of a devil . Burrs farewell speech on March 2 , 1805 moved some of his harshest critics in the Senate to tears . But the 20-minute speech was never recorded in full , and has been preserved only in short quotes and descriptions of the address , which defended the United States of Americas system of government . Duel with Hamilton . When it became clear that Jefferson would drop Burr from his ticket in the 1804 election , the Vice President ran for Governor of New York instead . Burr lost the election to little known Morgan Lewis , in what was the most significant margin of loss in New Yorks history up to that time . Burr blamed his loss on a personal smear campaign believed to have been orchestrated by his party rivals , including New York governor George Clinton . Alexander Hamilton also opposed Burr , due to his belief that Burr had entertained a Federalist secession movement in New York . In April , the Albany Register published a letter from Dr . Charles D . Cooper to Philip Schuyler , which relayed Hamiltons judgment that Burr was a dangerous man and one who ought not to be trusted with the reins of government , and claiming to know of a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr . Burr . In June , Burr sent this letter to Hamilton , seeking an affirmation or disavowal of Coopers characterization of Hamiltons remarks . Hamilton replied that Burr should give specifics of Hamiltons remarks , not Coopers . He said he could not answer regarding Coopers interpretation . A few more letters followed , in which the exchange escalated to Burrs demanding that Hamilton recant or deny any statement disparaging Burrs honor over the past 15 years . Hamilton , having already been disgraced by the Maria Reynolds adultery scandal and mindful of his reputation and honor , did not . According to historian Thomas Fleming , Burr would have immediately published such an apology , and Hamiltons remaining power in the New York Federalist party would have been diminished . Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel , personal combat under the formalized rules for dueling , the code duello . Dueling had been outlawed in New York ; the sentence for conviction of dueling was death . It was illegal in New Jersey as well , but the consequences were less severe . On July 11 , 1804 , the enemies met outside Weehawken , New Jersey , at the same spot where Hamiltons oldest son had died in a duel just three years prior . Both men fired , and Hamilton was mortally wounded by a shot just above the hip . The observers disagreed on who fired first . They did agree that there was a three-to-four-second interval between the first and the second shot , raising difficult questions in evaluating the two camps versions . Historian William Weir speculated that Hamilton might have been undone by his machinations : secretly setting his pistols trigger to require only a half-pound of pressure as opposed to the usual 10 pounds . Weir contends , There is no evidence that Burr even knew that his pistol had a trigger set . Louisiana State University history professors Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein concur with this . They note that Hamilton brought the pistols , which had a larger barrel than regular dueling pistols , and a secret hair-trigger , and were therefore much more deadly , and conclude that Hamilton gave himself an unfair advantage in their duel , and got the worst of it anyway . David O . Stewart , in his biography of Burr , American Emperor , notes that the reports of Hamiltons intentionally missing Burr with his shot began to be published in newspaper reports in papers friendly to Hamilton only in the days after his death . But Ron Chernow , in his biography , Alexander Hamilton , states Hamilton told numerous friends well before the duel of his intention to avoid firing at Burr . Additionally , Hamilton wrote several letters , including a Statement on Impending Duel With Aaron Burr and his last missives to his wife dated before the duel , which also attest to his intention . The two shots , witnesses reported , followed one another in close succession , and none of those witnesses could agree as to who fired first . Before the duel proper , Hamilton took a good deal of time getting used to the feel and weight of the pistol ( which had been used in the duel at the same Weehawken site in which his 19-year-old son had been killed ) , as well as putting on his glasses to see his opponent more clearly . The seconds placed Hamilton so that Burr would have the rising sun behind him , and during the brief duel , one witness reported , Hamilton seemed to be hindered by this placement as the sun was in his eyes . Each man took one shot , and Burrs shot fatally injured Hamilton , while Hamiltons shot missed . Burrs bullet entered Hamiltons abdomen above his right hip , piercing Hamiltons liver and spine . Hamilton was evacuated to the Manhattan home of a friend , William Bayard Jr. , where he and his family received visitors including Episcopal bishop Benjamin Moore , who gave Hamilton Holy Communion . Burr was charged with multiple crimes , including murder , in New York and New Jersey , but was never tried in either jurisdiction . He fled to South Carolina , where his daughter lived with her family , but soon returned to Philadelphia and then to Washington to complete his term as vice president . He avoided New York and New Jersey for a time , but all the charges against him were eventually dropped . In the case of New Jersey , the indictment was thrown out on the basis that , although Hamilton was shot in New Jersey , he died in New York . Conspiracy and trial . After Burr left the vice-presidency at the end of his term in 1805 , he journeyed to the Western frontier , areas west of the Allegheny Mountains and down the Ohio River Valley eventually reaching the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase . Burr had leased 40,000 acres ( 16,000 ha ) of land—known as the Bastrop Tract—along the Ouachita River , in present-day Louisiana , from the Spanish government . Starting in Pittsburgh and then proceeding to Beaver , Pennsylvania , and Wheeling , Virginia , and onward he drummed up support for his planned settlement , whose purpose and status was unclear . His most important contact was General James Wilkinson , Commander-in-Chief of the U.S . Army at New Orleans , and Governor of the Louisiana Territory . Others included Harman Blennerhassett , who offered the use of his private island for training and outfitting Burrs expedition . Wilkinson would later prove to be a bad choice . Burr saw war with Spain as a distinct possibility . In case of a war declaration , Andrew Jackson stood ready to help Burr , who would be in a position to join in immediately . Burrs expedition of about eighty men carried modest arms for hunting , and no war materiel was ever revealed , even when Blennerhassett Island was seized by Ohio militia . The aim of his conspiracy , he always avowed , was that if he settled there with a large group of armed farmers and war broke out , he would have a force with which to fight and claim land for himself , thus recouping his fortunes . However , the war did not come as Burr expected : the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty secured Florida for the United States without a fight , and war in Texas did not occur until 1836 , the year Burr died . After a near-incident with Spanish forces at Natchitoches , Wilkinson decided he could best serve his conflicting interests by betraying Burrs plans to President Jefferson and his Spanish paymasters . Jefferson issued an order for Burrs arrest , declaring him a traitor before any indictment . Burr read this in a newspaper in the Territory of Orleans on January 10 , 1807 . Jeffersons warrant put Federal agents on his trail . Burr twice turned himself into Federal authorities , and both times judges found his actions legal and released him . Jeffersons warrant , however , followed Burr , who fled toward Spanish Florida . He was intercepted at Wakefield , in Mississippi Territory ( now in the state of Alabama ) , on February 19 , 1807 . He was confined to Fort Stoddert after being arrested on charges of treason . Burrs secret correspondence with Anthony Merry and the Marquis of Casa Yrujo , the British and Spanish ministers at Washington , was eventually revealed . He had tried to secure money and to conceal his true designs , which was to help Mexico overthrow Spanish power in the Southwest . Burr intended to found a dynasty in what would have become former Mexican territory . This was a misdemeanor , based on the Neutrality Act of 1794 , which Congress passed to block filibuster expeditions against U.S . neighbors , such as those of George Rogers Clark and William Blount . Jefferson , however , sought the highest charges against Burr . In 1807 , Burr was brought to trial on a charge of treason before the United States Circuit court at Richmond , Virginia . His defense lawyers included Edmund Randolph , John Wickham , Luther Martin , and Benjamin Gaines Botts . Burr had been arraigned four times for treason before a grand jury indicted him . The only physical evidence presented to the Grand Jury was Wilkinsons so-called letter from Burr , which proposed the idea of stealing land in the Louisiana Purchase . During the Jurys examination , the court discovered that the letter was written in Wilkinsons handwriting . He said he had made a copy because he had lost the original . The Grand Jury threw the letter out as evidence , and the news made a laughingstock of the General for the rest of the proceedings . The trial , presided over by Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall , began on August 3 . requires that treason either be admitted in open court , or proven by an overt act witnessed by two people . Since no two witnesses came forward , Burr was acquitted on September 1 , despite the full force of the Jefferson administrations political influence thrown against him . Burr was immediately tried on a misdemeanor charge and was again acquitted . Given that Jefferson was using his influence as president to obtain a conviction , the trial was a major test of the Constitution and the concept of separation of powers . Jefferson challenged the authority of the Supreme Court , specifically Chief Justice Marshall , an Adams appointee who clashed with Jefferson over John Adams last-minute judicial appointments . Jefferson believed that Burrs treason was obvious . Burr sent a letter to Jefferson in which he stated that he could do Jefferson much harm . The case , as tried , was decided on whether Aaron Burr was present at certain events at certain times and in certain capacities . Thomas Jefferson used all of his influence to get Marshall to convict , but Marshall was not swayed . Historians Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein write that Burr : David O . Stewart , on the other hand , insists that while Burr was not explicitly guilty of treason , according to Marshalls definition , evidence exists that links him to treasonous crimes . For example , Bollman admitted to Jefferson during an interrogation that Burr planned to raise an army and invade Mexico . He said that Burr believed that he should be Mexicos monarch , as a republican government was not right for the Mexican people . Many historians believe the extent of Burrs involvement may never be known . Exile and return . By the conclusion of his trial for treason , despite an acquittal , all of Burrs hopes for a political comeback had been dashed , and he fled America and his creditors for Europe . Dr . David Hosack , Hamiltons physician and a friend to both Hamilton and Burr , loaned Burr money for passage on a ship . Burr lived in self-imposed exile from 1808 to 1812 , passing most of this period in England , where he occupied a house on Craven Street in London . He became a good friend , even confidant , of the English Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham , and on occasion lived at Benthams home . He also spent time in Scotland , Denmark , Sweden , Germany , and France . Ever hopeful , he solicited funding for renewing his plans for a conquest of Mexico but was rebuffed . He was ordered out of England and Emperor Napoleon of France refused to receive him . However , one of his ministers held an interview concerning Burrs goals for Spanish Florida or the British possessions in the Caribbean . After returning from Europe , Burr used the surname Edwards , his mothers maiden name , for a while to avoid creditors . With help from old friends Samuel Swartwout and Matthew L . Davis , Burr returned to New York and his law practice . Later he helped the heirs of the Eden family in a financial lawsuit . By the early 1820s , the remaining members of the Eden household , Edens widow and two daughters , had become a surrogate family to Burr . Later life and death . Despite financial setbacks , after returning , Burr lived out the remainder of his life in New York in relative peace until 1833 . On July 1 , 1833 , at age 77 , Burr married Eliza Jumel , a wealthy widow who was 19 years younger . They lived together briefly at her residence which she had acquired with her first husband , the Morris-Jumel Mansion in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan . Listed on the National Register of Historic Places , it is now preserved and open to the public . Soon after the marriage , she realized her fortune was dwindling due to Burrs land speculation losses . She separated from Burr after four months of marriage . For her divorce lawyer , she chose Alexander Hamilton Jr. , and the divorce was officially completed on September 14 , 1836 , coincidentally the day of Burrs death . Burr suffered a debilitating stroke in 1834 , which rendered him immobile . On September 14 , 1836 , Burr died on Staten Island in the village of Port Richmond , in a boardinghouse that later became known as the St . James Hotel . He was buried near his father in Princeton , New Jersey . Personal life . In addition to his daughter Theodosia , Burr was the father of at least three other biological children , and he adopted two sons . Burr also acted as a parent to his two stepsons by his wifes first marriage , and he became a mentor or guardian to several protégés who lived in his home . Burrs daughter Theodosia . Theodosia Burr was born in 1783 , and was named after her mother . She was the only child of Burrs marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost who survived to adulthood . A second daughter , Sally , lived to the age of three . Burr was a devoted and attentive father to Theodosia . Believing that a young woman should have an education equal to that of a young man , Burr prescribed a rigorous course of studies for her which included the classics , French , horsemanship , and music . Their surviving correspondence indicates that he affectionately treated his daughter as a close friend and confidante as long as she lived . Theodosia became widely known for her education and accomplishments . In 1801 , she married Joseph Alston of South Carolina . They had a son together , Aaron Burr Alston , who died of fever at age ten . During the winter of 1812–1813 , Theodosia was lost at sea with the schooner Patriot off the Carolinas , either murdered by pirates or shipwrecked in a storm . Stepchildren and protégés . Upon Burrs marriage , he became stepfather to the two teenage sons of his wifes first marriage . Augustine James Frederick Prevost ( called Frederick ) and John Bartow Prevost had both joined their father in the Royal American Regiment in December 1780 , at the ages of 16 and 14 . When they returned in 1783 to become citizens of the United States , Burr acted as a father to them : he assumed responsibility for their education , gave both of them clerkships in his law office , and frequently was accompanied by one of them as an assistant when he traveled on business . John was later appointed by Thomas Jefferson to a post in the Territory of Orleans as the first judge of the Louisiana Supreme Court . Burr served as a guardian to Nathalie de Lage de Volude ( 1782–1841 ) from 1794 to 1801 , during Theodosias childhood . The young daughter of a French marquis , Nathalie had been taken to New York for safety during the French Revolution by her governess Caroline de Senat . Burr opened his home to them , allowing Madame Senat to tutor private students there along with his daughter , and Nathalie became a companion and close friend to Theodosia . While traveling to France for an extended visit in 1801 , Nathalie met Thomas Sumter Jr. , a diplomat and the son of General Thomas Sumter . They married in Paris in March 1802 , before returning to his home in South Carolina . From 1810 to 1821 , they lived in Rio de Janeiro , where Sumter served as the American ambassador to Portugal during the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil . One of their children , Thomas De Lage Sumter , was a Congressman from South Carolina . In the 1790s , Burr also took the painter John Vanderlyn into his home as a protégé , and provided him with financial support and patronage for 20 years . He arranged Vanderlyns training by Gilbert Stuart in Philadelphia and sent him in 1796 to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where he remained for six years . Adopted and acknowledged children . Burr adopted two sons , Aaron Columbus Burr and Charles Burdett , during the 1810s and 1820s after the death of his daughter Theodosia . Aaron ( born Aaron Burr Columbe ) was born in Paris in 1808 and arrived in America around 1815 , and Charles was born in 1814 . Both of the boys were reputed to be Burrs biological sons . A Burr biographer described Aaron Columbus Burr as the product of a Paris adventure , conceived presumably during Burrs exile from the United States between 1808 and 1814 . In 1835 , the year before his death , Burr acknowledged two young daughters whom he had fathered late in his life , by different mothers . Burr made specific provisions for his surviving daughters in a will dated January 11 , 1835 , in which he left all the rest and residue of his estate , after other specific bequests , to six-year-old Frances Ann ( born ) , and two-year-old Elizabeth ( born ) . Unacknowledged children . In 1787 or earlier , Burr began a relationship with Mary Emmons , an East Indian woman who worked as a servant in his household in Philadelphia during his first marriage . Emmons came from Calcutta to Haiti or Saint-Domingue , where she lived and worked before being brought to Philadelphia . Burr fathered two children with Emmons , both of whom married into Philadelphias Free Negro community in which their families became prominent : - Louisa Charlotte Burr ( b . 1788 ) worked most of her life as a domestic servant in the home of Elizabeth Powel Francis Fisher , a prominent Philadelphia society matron , and later in the home of her son Joshua Francis Fisher . She was married to Francis Webb ( 1788–1829 ) , a founding member of the Pennsylvania Augustine Education Society , secretary of the Haytien Emigration Society formed in 1824 , and distributor of Freedoms Journal from 1827 to 1829 . After his death , Louisa remarried and became Louisa Darius . Her youngest son Frank J . Webb wrote the 1857 novel The Garies and Their Friends . - John Pierre Burr ( –1864 ) became a member of Philadelphias Underground Railroad and served as an agent for the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator . He worked in the National Black Convention movement and served as chairman of the American Moral Reform Society . One contemporary of John Pierre Burr identified him as a natural son of Burr in a published account , but Burr never acknowledged his relationship or children with Emmons during his life , in contrast to his adoption or acknowledgment of other children born later in his life . It is clear from letters , however , that Burrs three children ( Theodosia , Louisa Charlotte , and John Pierre ) developed a relationship that persisted to their adult life . In 2018 , Louisa and John were acknowledged by the Aaron Burr Association as the children of Burr after Sherri Burr , a descendant of John Pierre , provided both documentary evidence and results of a DNA test to confirm a familial link between descendants of Burr and descendants of John Pierre . The Association installed a headstone at John Pierres grave to mark his ancestry . Stuart Fisk Johnson , the president of the association , commented , A few people didn’t want to go into it because Aaron’s first wife , Theodosia , was still alive , and dying of cancer.. . But the embarrassment is not as important as it is to acknowledge and embrace actual living , robust , accomplished children . Character . Aaron Burr was a man of complex character who made many friends , but also many powerful enemies . He was indicted for murder after the death of Hamilton , but never prosecuted ; he was reported by acquaintances to be curiously unmoved by Hamiltons death , expressing no regret for his role in the result . He was arrested and prosecuted for treason by President Jefferson , but acquitted . Contemporaries often remained suspicious of Burrs motives to the end of his life , continuing to view him as untrustworthy at least since his role in the founding of the Bank of Manhattan . In his later years in New York , Burr provided money and education for several children , some of whom were reputed to be his natural children . To his friends and family , and often to strangers , he could be kind and generous . The wife of the struggling poet Sumner Lincoln Fairfield recorded in her autobiography that in the late 1820s , their friend Burr pawned his watch to provide for the care of the Fairfields two children . Jane Fairfield wrote that , while traveling , she and her husband had left the children in New York with their grandmother , who proved unable to provide adequate food or heat for them . The grandmother took the children to Burrs home and asked his help : [ Burr ] wept , and replied , Though I am poor and have not a dollar , the children of such a mother shall not suffer while I have a watch . He hastened on this godlike errand , and quickly returned , having pawned the article for twenty dollars , which he gave to make comfortable my precious babes . By Fairfields account , Burr had lost his religious faith before that time ; upon seeing a painting of Christs suffering , Burr candidly told her , It is a fable , my child ; there never was such a being . Burr believed women to be intellectually equal to men and hung a portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft over his mantel . The Burrs daughter , Theodosia , was taught dance , music , several languages , and learned to shoot from horseback . Until her death at sea in 1813 , she remained devoted to her father . Not only did Burr advocate education for women , upon his election to the New York State Legislature , he submitted a bill , which failed to pass , that would have allowed women to vote . Conversely , Burr was considered a notorious womanizer . In addition to cultivating relationships with women in his social circles , Burrs journals indicate that he was a frequent patron of prostitutes during his travels in Europe ; he recorded brief notes of dozens of such encounters , and the amounts he paid . He described sexual release as the only remedy for his restlessness and irritability . John Quincy Adams wrote in his diary when Burr died : Burrs life , take it all together , was such as in any country of sound morals his friends would be desirous of burying in quiet oblivion . Adams father , President John Adams , had frequently defended Burr during his life . At an earlier time , he wrote , Burr had served in the army , and came out of it with the character of a knight without fear and an able officer . Gordon S . Wood , a leading scholar of the revolutionary period , holds that it was Burrs character that put him at odds with the rest of the founding fathers , especially Madison , Jefferson , and Hamilton . He believed that this led to his personal and political defeats and , ultimately , to his place outside the golden circle of revered revolutionary figures . Because of Burrs habit of placing self-interest above the good of the whole , those men thought that Burr represented a serious threat to the ideals for which they had fought the revolution . Their ideal , as particularly embodied in Washington and Jefferson , was that of disinterested politics , a government led by educated gentlemen . They would fulfill their duties in a spirit of public virtue and without regard to personal interests or pursuits . This was the core of an Enlightenment gentleman , and Burrs political enemies thought that he lacked that essential core . Hamilton thought that Burrs self-serving nature made him unfit to hold office , especially the presidency . Although Hamilton considered Jefferson a political enemy , he also believed him a man of public virtue . Hamilton conducted an unrelenting campaign in the House of Representatives to prevent Burrs election to the presidency and gain election of his erstwhile enemy , Jefferson . Hamilton characterized Burr as exceedingly immoral , an unprincipled .. . voluptuary and deemed his political quest as one for permanent power . He predicted that if Burr gained power , his leadership would be for personal gain , but that Jefferson was committed to preserving the Constitution . Legacy . Although Burr is often remembered primarily for his duel with Hamilton , his establishment of guides and rules for the first impeachment trial set a high bar for behavior and procedures in the Senate chamber , many of which are followed today . A lasting consequence of Burrs role in the election of 1800 was the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which changed how vice presidents were chosen . As was evident from the 1800 election , the situation could quickly arise where the vice president , as the defeated presidential candidate , could not work well with the president . The Twelfth Amendment required that electoral votes be cast separately for president and vice president . Representation in literature and popular culture . - Burr appears as a character of worldly sophistication in Harriet Beecher Stowes 1859 historical romance The Ministers Wooing . - Edward Everett Hales 1863 story The Man Without a Country is about a fictional co-conspirator of Burrs in the Southwest and Mexico , who is exiled for his crimes . - My Theodosia ( 1945 ) by Anya Seton is a fictional interpretation of the life of Burrs daughter Theodosia . - In The Jack Benny Program episode The Alexander Hamilton Show , Jack Benny dreams that he is Alexander Hamilton ; Dennis Day plays Burr . - Gore Vidals Burr : A Novel ( 1973 ) is part of his Narratives of Empire series . - A 1993 Got Milk ? commercial directed by Michael Bay features a historian obsessed with the study of Aaron Burr—he owns the guns and the bullet from the duel ( see Aaron Burr ( advertisement ) ) . - PBSs American Experience episode The Duel ( 2000 ) chronicled the events that led to the Burr-Hamilton duel . - Burr is a principal character in the 2015 Broadway musical Hamilton , written by Lin-Manuel Miranda and inspired by historian Ron Chernows 2004 biography of Hamilton . Leslie Odom Jr . won the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of Burr . References . Citations . - References in popular culture Further reading . Biographical . - Alexander , Holmes Moss . Aaron Burr : The Proud Pretender . 1937 ; Reprinted by Greenwood-Heinemann Publishing , 1973 . - Brands , H . W . The Heartbreak of Aaron Burr ( American Portraits Series ) ( 2012 ) . - Cohalan , John P. , The Saga of Aaron Burr . ( 1986 ) - Künstler , Laurence S . The Unpredictable Mr . Aaron Burr ( 1974 ) . - Todd , Charles Burr . The True Aaron Burr : A Biographical Sketch ( 1902 ) . New York , A.S . Barnes & Company . - Vail , Philip . The Great American Rascal : The Turbulent Life of Aaron Burr ( 1973 ) . Scholarly topical studies . - Abernethy , Thomas Perkins . Aaron Burr in Mississippi . Journal of Southern History 1949 15 ( 1 ) : 9–21 . - Adams , Henry , History of the United States , vol . iii . New York , 1890 . ( For the traditional view of Burrs conspiracy. ) - Faulkner , Robert K . John Marshall and the Burr Trial . Journal of American History 1966 53 ( 2 ) : 247–258 . - Freeman , Joanne B . Dueling as Politics : Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel . William and Mary Quarterly 53 ( 2 ) ( 1996 ) : 289–318 . - Harrison , Lowell . 1978 . The Aaron Burr Conspiracy . American History I Illustrated 13:25 . - Kennedy , Roger G . Burr , Hamilton , and Jefferson : A Study in Character . New York : Oxford University Press , 1999 . - Larson , Edward J . A Magnificent Catastrophe : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 , Americas First Presidential Campaign . New York : Free Press , 2007 . - Melton , Buckner F . Jr . Aaron Burr : Conspiracy to Treason . New York : John Wiley , 2002 . online edition - Rogow , Arnold A . A Fatal Friendship : Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr ( 1998 ) . - Rorabaugh , William J . The Political Duel in the Early Republic : Burr v . Hamilton . Journal of the Early Republic 1995 15 ( 1 ) : 1–23 . - Wells , Colin . Aristocracy , Aaron Burr , and the Poetry of Conspiracy . Early American Literature ( 2004 ) . - Wheelan , Joseph . Jeffersons Vendetta : The Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary . New York : Carroll & Graff , 2005 . Primary sources . - Burr , Aaron . Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr . Mary-Jo Kline and Joanne W . Ryan , eds . 2 vol . Princeton University Press , 1983 . 1311 pp . - Ford , Worthington Chauncey . Some Papers of Aaron Burr Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 29#1 : 43–128 . 1919 - Robertson , David . Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron Burr ( Late Vice President of the United States ) for Treason and for Misdemeanor .. . Two Volumes ( 1808 ) online - Van Ness , William Peter . An Examination of the Various Charges Exhibited Against Aaron Burr , Vice-President of the United States : and a Development of the Characters and Views of His Political Opponents . ( 1803 ) Available through Haithi Trust External links . - Works at Open Library - Did Aaron Burr Really Try to Take Over Half of America ? - The Aaron Burr Association - Letters of Aaron Bu
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Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Jr . ( February 6 , 1756 – September 14 , 1836 ) was an American politician and lawyer . He served as the third vice president of the United States during President Thomas Jeffersons first term from 1801 to 1805 . Burrs legacy is defined by his famous personal conflict with Alexander Hamilton that culminated in Burr killing Hamilton in the famous Burr–Hamilton duel in 1804 . Burr was born to a prominent family in New Jersey . After studying theology at Princeton , he began his career as a lawyer before joining the Continental Army as an officer in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 . After leaving the service in 1779 , Burr practiced law in New York City , where he became a leading politician and helped form the new Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party . As a New York Assemblyman in 1785 , Burr supported a bill to end slavery , despite having owned slaves himself . At age 26 , Burr married Theodosia Bartow Prevost , who died in 1794 after twelve years of marriage . They had one daughter , Theodosia Burr Alston . Burr also had a relationship with his South Asian servant Mary Emmons , with whom he fathered two children , one a son , the abolitionist John Pierre Burr , though he never publicly acknowledged this relationship during his life . In 1791 , Burr was elected to the U.S . Senate , where he served until 1797 , and he ran as a candidate in the 1800 United States presidential election . An electoral college tie between Burr and Thomas Jefferson resulted in the House of Representatives deciding in Jeffersons favor , with Burr becoming Jeffersons vice president due to receiving the second-highest share of the votes . Although Burr maintained that he supported Jefferson , the president was highly suspicious of Burr , who was relegated to the sidelines of the administration for the single term of his vice presidency . During his last year as vice president , Burr engaged in the duel in which he fatally shot Hamilton , his political rival , near where Hamiltons son Philip Hamilton died three years prior . Although duelling was illegal , Burr was never tried , and all charges against him eventually were dropped . Nevertheless , Hamiltons death ended Burrs political career . Burr traveled west to the American frontier , seeking new economic and political opportunities . His secretive activities led to his 1807 arrest in Alabama on charges of treason . He was brought to trial more than once for what became known as the Burr conspiracy , an alleged plot to create an independent country led by Burr , but was acquitted each time . With large debts and few influential friends , Burr left the United States to live as an expatriate in Europe . He returned in 1812 and resumed practicing law in New York City . A brief second marriage at age 77 resulted in divorce and further scandal . Handicapped by a stroke and financially ruined , Burr died at a boarding house in 1836 . Life . Early life . Aaron Burr Jr . was born in 1756 in Newark , New Jersey , as the second child of the Reverend Aaron Burr Sr. , a Presbyterian minister and second president of the College of New Jersey , which became Princeton University . His mother Esther Edwards Burr was the daughter of noted theologian Jonathan Edwards and his wife Sarah . Burr had an older sister Sarah ( Sally ) , who was named for her maternal grandmother . She married Tapping Reeve , founder of the Litchfield Law School in Litchfield , Connecticut . Burrs father died in 1757 while serving as president of the college at Princeton . Burrs grandfather , Jonathan Edwards , succeeded Burrs father as president and came to live with Burr and his mother in December 1757 . Edwards died in March 1758 and Burrs mother , and grandmother also died within the year , leaving Burr and his sister orphans when he was two years old . Young Aaron and Sally were then placed with the William Shippen family in Philadelphia . In 1759 , the childrens guardianship was assumed by their 21-year-old maternal uncle Timothy Edwards . The next year , Edwards married Rhoda Ogden and moved the family to Elizabeth , New Jersey . Burr had a very strained relationship with his uncle , who was often physically abusive . As a child , he made several attempts to run away from home . At age 13 , Burr was admitted to Princeton as a sophomore , where he joined the American Whig Society and the Cliosophic Society , the colleges literary and debating societies . In 1772 , he received his Bachelor of Arts degree at age 16 , but continued studying theology at Princeton for an additional year . He then undertook rigorous theological training with Joseph Bellamy , a Presbyterian , but changed his career path after two years . At age 19 , he moved to Connecticut to study law with his brother-in-law Tapping Reeve . In 1775 , news reached Litchfield of the clashes with British troops at Lexington and Concord , and Burr put his studies on hold to enlist in the Continental Army . Revolutionary War . During the American Revolutionary War , Burr took part in Colonel Benedict Arnolds expedition to Quebec , an arduous trek of more than through the frontier of Maine . Arnold was impressed by Burrs great spirit and resolution during the long march . He sent him up the Saint Lawrence River to contact General Richard Montgomery , who had taken Montreal , and escort him to Quebec . Montgomery then promoted Burr to captain and made him an aide-de-camp . Burr distinguished himself during the Battle of Quebec on December 31 , 1775 , where he attempted to recover Montgomerys corpse after he had been killed . In the spring of 1776 , Burrs stepbrother Matthias Ogden helped him to secure a position with George Washingtons staff in Manhattan , but he quit on June 26 to be on the battlefield . General Israel Putnam took Burr under his wing , and Burr saved an entire brigade from capture after the British landing in Manhattan by his vigilance in the retreat from lower Manhattan to Harlem . Washington failed to commend his actions in the next days General Orders , which was the fastest way to obtain a promotion . Burr was already a nationally known hero , but he never received a commendation . According to Ogden , he was infuriated by the incident , which may have led to the eventual estrangement between him and Washington . Nevertheless , Burr defended Washingtons decision to evacuate New York as a necessary consequence . It was not until the 1790s that the two men found themselves on opposite sides in politics . Burr was briefly posted in Kingsbridge during 1776 , at which time he was charged with protecting 14-year-old Margaret Moncrieffe , the daughter of Staten Island-based British Major Thomas Moncrieffe . Miss Moncrieffe was in Manhattan behind enemy lines and Major Moncrieffe asked Washington to ensure her safe return there . Burr fell in love with Margaret , and Margarets attempts to remain with Burr were unsuccessful . In late 1776 , Burr attempted to secure Washingtons approval to retake fortifications held by the British on Staten Island , citing his deep familiarity with the area . Washington deferred taking such actions until possibly later in the conflict ( which ultimately were not attempted ) . The British learned of Burrs plans and afterwards took extra precautions . Burr was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July 1777 and assumed virtual leadership of Malcolms Additional Continental Regiment . There were approximately 300 men under Colonel William Malcolms nominal command , but Malcolm was frequently called upon to perform other duties , leaving Burr in charge . The regiment successfully fought off many nighttime raids into central New Jersey by Manhattan-based British troops who arrived by water . Later that year , Burr commanded a small contingent during the harsh winter encampment at Valley Forge , guarding the Gulph , an isolated pass that controlled one approach to the camp . He imposed discipline and defeated an attempted mutiny by some of the troops . Burrs regiment was devastated by British artillery on June 28 , 1778 , at the Battle of Monmouth in New Jersey , and Burr suffered heatstroke . In January 1779 , he was assigned to Westchester County , New York in command of Malcolms Regiment , a region between the British post at Kingsbridge , Bronx and that of the Americans about to the north . This district was part of the more significant command of General Alexander McDougall , and there was much turbulence and plundering by lawless bands of civilians and by raiding parties of ill-disciplined soldiers from both armies . In March 1779 , due to continuing bad health , Burr resigned from the Continental Army . He renewed his study of law . Technically , he was no longer in the service , but he remained active in the war ; he was assigned by General Washington to perform occasional intelligence missions for Continental generals , such as Arthur St . Clair . On July 5 , 1779 , he rallied a group of Yale students at New Haven , Connecticut , along with Captain James Hillhouse and the Second Connecticut Governors Guards , in a skirmish with the British at the West River . The British advance was repulsed , forcing them to enter New Haven from Hamden , Connecticut . Marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost . Burr met Theodosia Bartow Prevost in August 1778 while she was married to Jacques Marcus Prevost , a Swiss-born British officer in the Royal American Regiment . In Prevosts absence , Burr began regularly visiting Theodosia at The Hermitage , her home in New Jersey . Although she was ten years older than Burr , the constant visits provoked gossip , and by 1780 the two were openly lovers . In December 1781 , he learned that Prevost had died in Jamaica of yellow fever . Theodosia and Aaron Burr were married in 1782 , and they moved to a house on Wall Street in Lower Manhattan . After several years of severe illness , Theodosia died in 1794 from stomach or uterine cancer . Their only child to survive to adulthood was Theodosia Burr Alston , born in 1783 . Law and politics . Despite his wartime activities , Burr finished his studies and was admitted to the bar at Albany , New York in 1782 , the year of his marriage . He began practicing law in New York City the following year after the British evacuated the city . Burr served in the New York State Assembly from 1784 to 1785 . In 1784 as an assemblyman , Burr unsuccessfully sought to abolish slavery immediately following the American Revolutionary War . Also , he continued his military service as a lieutenant colonel and commander of a regiment in the militia brigade commanded by William Malcolm . He became seriously involved in politics in 1789 , when George Clinton appointed him as New York State Attorney General . He was also Commissioner of Revolutionary War Claims in 1791 . In 1791 , he was elected by the legislature as a Senator from New York , defeating incumbent General Philip Schuyler . He served in the Senate until 1797 . Burr ran for president in the 1796 election and received 30 electoral votes , coming in fourth behind John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and Thomas Pinckney . He was shocked by this defeat , but many Democratic-Republican electors voted for Jefferson and no one else , or for Jefferson and a candidate other than Burr . ( Jefferson and Burr were again candidates for president and vice president during the election of 1800 . Jefferson ran with Burr in exchange for Burr working to obtain New Yorks electoral votes for Jefferson. ) President John Adams appointed Washington as commanding general of U.S . forces in 1798 , but he rejected Burrs application for a brigadier generals commission during the Quasi-War with France . Washington wrote , By all that I have known and heard , Colonel Burr is a brave and able officer , but the question is whether he has not equal talents at intrigue . Burr was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1798 and served there through 1799 . During this time , he cooperated with the Holland Land Company in gaining passage of a law to permit aliens to hold and convey lands . National parties became clearly defined during Adams Presidency , and Burr loosely associated himself with the Democratic-Republicans . However , he had moderate Federalist allies such as Senator Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey . New York City politics . Burr quickly became a key player in New York politics , largely due to the power of the Tammany Society ( which became Tammany Hall ) . Burr converted it from a social club into a political machine to help Jefferson reach the presidency , particularly in crowded New York City . In September 1799 , Burr fought a duel with John Barker Church , whose wife Angelica was the sister of Alexander Hamiltons wife Elizabeth . Church had accused Burr of taking a bribe from the Holland Company in exchange for his political influence . Burr and Church fired at each other and missed , and afterward , Church acknowledged that he was wrong to have accused Burr without proof . Burr accepted this as an apology , and the two men shook hands and ended the dispute . In 1799 , Burr founded the Bank of the Manhattan Company , and the enmity between him and Hamilton may have arisen from how he did so . Before the establishment of Burrs bank , the Federalists held a monopoly on banking interests in New York via the federal governments Bank of the United States and Hamiltons Bank of New York . These banks financed operations of significant business interests owned by aristocratic members of the city . Hamilton had prevented the formation of rival banks in the city . Small businessmen relied on tontines to buy property and establish a voting voice ( at this time , voting was based upon property rights ) . Burr solicited support from Hamilton and other Federalists under the guise that he was establishing a badly needed water company for Manhattan . He secretly changed the application for a state charter at the last minute to include the ability to invest surplus funds in any cause that did not violate state law , and dropped any pretense of founding a water company once he had gained approval . Hamilton and other supporters believed that he had acted dishonorably in deceiving them . Meanwhile , construction was delayed on a safe water system for Manhattan , and writer Ron Chernow suggests that the delay may have contributed to deaths during a subsequent malaria epidemic . Burrs Manhattan Company was more than a bank ; it was a tool to promote Democratic-Republican power and influence , and its loans were directed to partisans . By extending credit to small businessmen , who then obtained enough property to gain the franchise , the bank was able to increase the partys electorate . Federalist bankers in New York responded by trying to organize a credit boycott of Democratic-Republican businessmen . 1800 presidential election . In the 1800 city elections , Burr combined the political influence of the Manhattan Company with party campaign innovations to deliver New Yorks support for Jefferson . In 1800 , New Yorks state legislature was to choose the presidential electors , as they had in 1796 ( for John Adams ) . Before the April 1800 legislative elections , the State Assembly was controlled by the Federalists . The City of New York elected assembly members on an at-large basis . Burr and Hamilton were the key campaigners for their respective parties . Burrs Democratic-Republican slate of assemblymen for New York City was elected , giving the party control of the legislature , which in turn gave New Yorks electoral votes to Jefferson and Burr . This drove another wedge between Hamilton and Burr . Burr enlisted the help of Tammany Hall to win the voting for selection of Electoral College delegates . He gained a place on the Democratic-Republican presidential ticket in the 1800 election with Jefferson . Though Jefferson and Burr won New York , he and Burr tied for the presidency overall , with 73 electoral votes each . Members of the Democratic-Republican Party understood they intended that Jefferson should be president and Burr vice president , but the tied vote required that the final choice be made by the House of Representatives , with each of the 16 states having one vote , and nine votes needed for election . Publicly , Burr remained quiet and refused to surrender the presidency to Jefferson , the great enemy of the Federalists . Rumors circulated that Burr and a faction of Federalists were encouraging Republican representatives to vote for him , blocking Jeffersons election in the House . However , solid evidence of such a conspiracy was lacking , and historians generally gave Burr the benefit of the doubt . In 2011 , however , historian Thomas Baker discovered a previously unknown letter from William P . Van Ness to Edward Livingston , two leading Democratic-Republicans in New York . Van Ness was very close to Burr—serving as his second in the next duel with Hamilton . As a leading Democratic-Republican , Van Ness secretly supported the Federalist plan to elect Burr as president and tried to get Livingston to join . Livingston agreed at first , then reversed himself . Baker argues that Burr probably supported the Van Ness plan : There is a compelling pattern of circumstantial evidence , much of it newly discovered , that strongly suggests Aaron Burr did exactly that as part of a stealth campaign to compass the presidency for himself . The attempt did not work , due partly to Livingstons reversal , but more to Hamiltons vigorous opposition to Burr . Jefferson was elected president , and Burr vice president . Vice presidency . Jefferson never trusted Burr . He was effectively shut out of party matters . As Vice-President , Burr earned praise from some enemies for his even-handed fairness and his judicial manner as President of the Senate ; he fostered some practices for that office that have become time-honored traditions . Burrs judicial manner in presiding over the impeachment trial of Justice Samuel Chase has been credited as helping to preserve the principle of judicial independence that was established by Marbury v . Madison in 1803 . One newspaper wrote that Burr had conducted the proceedings with the impartiality of an angel , but with the rigor of a devil . Burrs farewell speech on March 2 , 1805 moved some of his harshest critics in the Senate to tears . But the 20-minute speech was never recorded in full , and has been preserved only in short quotes and descriptions of the address , which defended the United States of Americas system of government . Duel with Hamilton . When it became clear that Jefferson would drop Burr from his ticket in the 1804 election , the Vice President ran for Governor of New York instead . Burr lost the election to little known Morgan Lewis , in what was the most significant margin of loss in New Yorks history up to that time . Burr blamed his loss on a personal smear campaign believed to have been orchestrated by his party rivals , including New York governor George Clinton . Alexander Hamilton also opposed Burr , due to his belief that Burr had entertained a Federalist secession movement in New York . In April , the Albany Register published a letter from Dr . Charles D . Cooper to Philip Schuyler , which relayed Hamiltons judgment that Burr was a dangerous man and one who ought not to be trusted with the reins of government , and claiming to know of a still more despicable opinion which General Hamilton has expressed of Mr . Burr . In June , Burr sent this letter to Hamilton , seeking an affirmation or disavowal of Coopers characterization of Hamiltons remarks . Hamilton replied that Burr should give specifics of Hamiltons remarks , not Coopers . He said he could not answer regarding Coopers interpretation . A few more letters followed , in which the exchange escalated to Burrs demanding that Hamilton recant or deny any statement disparaging Burrs honor over the past 15 years . Hamilton , having already been disgraced by the Maria Reynolds adultery scandal and mindful of his reputation and honor , did not . According to historian Thomas Fleming , Burr would have immediately published such an apology , and Hamiltons remaining power in the New York Federalist party would have been diminished . Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel , personal combat under the formalized rules for dueling , the code duello . Dueling had been outlawed in New York ; the sentence for conviction of dueling was death . It was illegal in New Jersey as well , but the consequences were less severe . On July 11 , 1804 , the enemies met outside Weehawken , New Jersey , at the same spot where Hamiltons oldest son had died in a duel just three years prior . Both men fired , and Hamilton was mortally wounded by a shot just above the hip . The observers disagreed on who fired first . They did agree that there was a three-to-four-second interval between the first and the second shot , raising difficult questions in evaluating the two camps versions . Historian William Weir speculated that Hamilton might have been undone by his machinations : secretly setting his pistols trigger to require only a half-pound of pressure as opposed to the usual 10 pounds . Weir contends , There is no evidence that Burr even knew that his pistol had a trigger set . Louisiana State University history professors Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein concur with this . They note that Hamilton brought the pistols , which had a larger barrel than regular dueling pistols , and a secret hair-trigger , and were therefore much more deadly , and conclude that Hamilton gave himself an unfair advantage in their duel , and got the worst of it anyway . David O . Stewart , in his biography of Burr , American Emperor , notes that the reports of Hamiltons intentionally missing Burr with his shot began to be published in newspaper reports in papers friendly to Hamilton only in the days after his death . But Ron Chernow , in his biography , Alexander Hamilton , states Hamilton told numerous friends well before the duel of his intention to avoid firing at Burr . Additionally , Hamilton wrote several letters , including a Statement on Impending Duel With Aaron Burr and his last missives to his wife dated before the duel , which also attest to his intention . The two shots , witnesses reported , followed one another in close succession , and none of those witnesses could agree as to who fired first . Before the duel proper , Hamilton took a good deal of time getting used to the feel and weight of the pistol ( which had been used in the duel at the same Weehawken site in which his 19-year-old son had been killed ) , as well as putting on his glasses to see his opponent more clearly . The seconds placed Hamilton so that Burr would have the rising sun behind him , and during the brief duel , one witness reported , Hamilton seemed to be hindered by this placement as the sun was in his eyes . Each man took one shot , and Burrs shot fatally injured Hamilton , while Hamiltons shot missed . Burrs bullet entered Hamiltons abdomen above his right hip , piercing Hamiltons liver and spine . Hamilton was evacuated to the Manhattan home of a friend , William Bayard Jr. , where he and his family received visitors including Episcopal bishop Benjamin Moore , who gave Hamilton Holy Communion . Burr was charged with multiple crimes , including murder , in New York and New Jersey , but was never tried in either jurisdiction . He fled to South Carolina , where his daughter lived with her family , but soon returned to Philadelphia and then to Washington to complete his term as vice president . He avoided New York and New Jersey for a time , but all the charges against him were eventually dropped . In the case of New Jersey , the indictment was thrown out on the basis that , although Hamilton was shot in New Jersey , he died in New York . Conspiracy and trial . After Burr left the vice-presidency at the end of his term in 1805 , he journeyed to the Western frontier , areas west of the Allegheny Mountains and down the Ohio River Valley eventually reaching the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase . Burr had leased 40,000 acres ( 16,000 ha ) of land—known as the Bastrop Tract—along the Ouachita River , in present-day Louisiana , from the Spanish government . Starting in Pittsburgh and then proceeding to Beaver , Pennsylvania , and Wheeling , Virginia , and onward he drummed up support for his planned settlement , whose purpose and status was unclear . His most important contact was General James Wilkinson , Commander-in-Chief of the U.S . Army at New Orleans , and Governor of the Louisiana Territory . Others included Harman Blennerhassett , who offered the use of his private island for training and outfitting Burrs expedition . Wilkinson would later prove to be a bad choice . Burr saw war with Spain as a distinct possibility . In case of a war declaration , Andrew Jackson stood ready to help Burr , who would be in a position to join in immediately . Burrs expedition of about eighty men carried modest arms for hunting , and no war materiel was ever revealed , even when Blennerhassett Island was seized by Ohio militia . The aim of his conspiracy , he always avowed , was that if he settled there with a large group of armed farmers and war broke out , he would have a force with which to fight and claim land for himself , thus recouping his fortunes . However , the war did not come as Burr expected : the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty secured Florida for the United States without a fight , and war in Texas did not occur until 1836 , the year Burr died . After a near-incident with Spanish forces at Natchitoches , Wilkinson decided he could best serve his conflicting interests by betraying Burrs plans to President Jefferson and his Spanish paymasters . Jefferson issued an order for Burrs arrest , declaring him a traitor before any indictment . Burr read this in a newspaper in the Territory of Orleans on January 10 , 1807 . Jeffersons warrant put Federal agents on his trail . Burr twice turned himself into Federal authorities , and both times judges found his actions legal and released him . Jeffersons warrant , however , followed Burr , who fled toward Spanish Florida . He was intercepted at Wakefield , in Mississippi Territory ( now in the state of Alabama ) , on February 19 , 1807 . He was confined to Fort Stoddert after being arrested on charges of treason . Burrs secret correspondence with Anthony Merry and the Marquis of Casa Yrujo , the British and Spanish ministers at Washington , was eventually revealed . He had tried to secure money and to conceal his true designs , which was to help Mexico overthrow Spanish power in the Southwest . Burr intended to found a dynasty in what would have become former Mexican territory . This was a misdemeanor , based on the Neutrality Act of 1794 , which Congress passed to block filibuster expeditions against U.S . neighbors , such as those of George Rogers Clark and William Blount . Jefferson , however , sought the highest charges against Burr . In 1807 , Burr was brought to trial on a charge of treason before the United States Circuit court at Richmond , Virginia . His defense lawyers included Edmund Randolph , John Wickham , Luther Martin , and Benjamin Gaines Botts . Burr had been arraigned four times for treason before a grand jury indicted him . The only physical evidence presented to the Grand Jury was Wilkinsons so-called letter from Burr , which proposed the idea of stealing land in the Louisiana Purchase . During the Jurys examination , the court discovered that the letter was written in Wilkinsons handwriting . He said he had made a copy because he had lost the original . The Grand Jury threw the letter out as evidence , and the news made a laughingstock of the General for the rest of the proceedings . The trial , presided over by Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall , began on August 3 . requires that treason either be admitted in open court , or proven by an overt act witnessed by two people . Since no two witnesses came forward , Burr was acquitted on September 1 , despite the full force of the Jefferson administrations political influence thrown against him . Burr was immediately tried on a misdemeanor charge and was again acquitted . Given that Jefferson was using his influence as president to obtain a conviction , the trial was a major test of the Constitution and the concept of separation of powers . Jefferson challenged the authority of the Supreme Court , specifically Chief Justice Marshall , an Adams appointee who clashed with Jefferson over John Adams last-minute judicial appointments . Jefferson believed that Burrs treason was obvious . Burr sent a letter to Jefferson in which he stated that he could do Jefferson much harm . The case , as tried , was decided on whether Aaron Burr was present at certain events at certain times and in certain capacities . Thomas Jefferson used all of his influence to get Marshall to convict , but Marshall was not swayed . Historians Nancy Isenberg and Andrew Burstein write that Burr : David O . Stewart , on the other hand , insists that while Burr was not explicitly guilty of treason , according to Marshalls definition , evidence exists that links him to treasonous crimes . For example , Bollman admitted to Jefferson during an interrogation that Burr planned to raise an army and invade Mexico . He said that Burr believed that he should be Mexicos monarch , as a republican government was not right for the Mexican people . Many historians believe the extent of Burrs involvement may never be known . Exile and return . By the conclusion of his trial for treason , despite an acquittal , all of Burrs hopes for a political comeback had been dashed , and he fled America and his creditors for Europe . Dr . David Hosack , Hamiltons physician and a friend to both Hamilton and Burr , loaned Burr money for passage on a ship . Burr lived in self-imposed exile from 1808 to 1812 , passing most of this period in England , where he occupied a house on Craven Street in London . He became a good friend , even confidant , of the English Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham , and on occasion lived at Benthams home . He also spent time in Scotland , Denmark , Sweden , Germany , and France . Ever hopeful , he solicited funding for renewing his plans for a conquest of Mexico but was rebuffed . He was ordered out of England and Emperor Napoleon of France refused to receive him . However , one of his ministers held an interview concerning Burrs goals for Spanish Florida or the British possessions in the Caribbean . After returning from Europe , Burr used the surname Edwards , his mothers maiden name , for a while to avoid creditors . With help from old friends Samuel Swartwout and Matthew L . Davis , Burr returned to New York and his law practice . Later he helped the heirs of the Eden family in a financial lawsuit . By the early 1820s , the remaining members of the Eden household , Edens widow and two daughters , had become a surrogate family to Burr . Later life and death . Despite financial setbacks , after returning , Burr lived out the remainder of his life in New York in relative peace until 1833 . On July 1 , 1833 , at age 77 , Burr married Eliza Jumel , a wealthy widow who was 19 years younger . They lived together briefly at her residence which she had acquired with her first husband , the Morris-Jumel Mansion in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan . Listed on the National Register of Historic Places , it is now preserved and open to the public . Soon after the marriage , she realized her fortune was dwindling due to Burrs land speculation losses . She separated from Burr after four months of marriage . For her divorce lawyer , she chose Alexander Hamilton Jr. , and the divorce was officially completed on September 14 , 1836 , coincidentally the day of Burrs death . Burr suffered a debilitating stroke in 1834 , which rendered him immobile . On September 14 , 1836 , Burr died on Staten Island in the village of Port Richmond , in a boardinghouse that later became known as the St . James Hotel . He was buried near his father in Princeton , New Jersey . Personal life . In addition to his daughter Theodosia , Burr was the father of at least three other biological children , and he adopted two sons . Burr also acted as a parent to his two stepsons by his wifes first marriage , and he became a mentor or guardian to several protégés who lived in his home . Burrs daughter Theodosia . Theodosia Burr was born in 1783 , and was named after her mother . She was the only child of Burrs marriage to Theodosia Bartow Prevost who survived to adulthood . A second daughter , Sally , lived to the age of three . Burr was a devoted and attentive father to Theodosia . Believing that a young woman should have an education equal to that of a young man , Burr prescribed a rigorous course of studies for her which included the classics , French , horsemanship , and music . Their surviving correspondence indicates that he affectionately treated his daughter as a close friend and confidante as long as she lived . Theodosia became widely known for her education and accomplishments . In 1801 , she married Joseph Alston of South Carolina . They had a son together , Aaron Burr Alston , who died of fever at age ten . During the winter of 1812–1813 , Theodosia was lost at sea with the schooner Patriot off the Carolinas , either murdered by pirates or shipwrecked in a storm . Stepchildren and protégés . Upon Burrs marriage , he became stepfather to the two teenage sons of his wifes first marriage . Augustine James Frederick Prevost ( called Frederick ) and John Bartow Prevost had both joined their father in the Royal American Regiment in December 1780 , at the ages of 16 and 14 . When they returned in 1783 to become citizens of the United States , Burr acted as a father to them : he assumed responsibility for their education , gave both of them clerkships in his law office , and frequently was accompanied by one of them as an assistant when he traveled on business . John was later appointed by Thomas Jefferson to a post in the Territory of Orleans as the first judge of the Louisiana Supreme Court . Burr served as a guardian to Nathalie de Lage de Volude ( 1782–1841 ) from 1794 to 1801 , during Theodosias childhood . The young daughter of a French marquis , Nathalie had been taken to New York for safety during the French Revolution by her governess Caroline de Senat . Burr opened his home to them , allowing Madame Senat to tutor private students there along with his daughter , and Nathalie became a companion and close friend to Theodosia . While traveling to France for an extended visit in 1801 , Nathalie met Thomas Sumter Jr. , a diplomat and the son of General Thomas Sumter . They married in Paris in March 1802 , before returning to his home in South Carolina . From 1810 to 1821 , they lived in Rio de Janeiro , where Sumter served as the American ambassador to Portugal during the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil . One of their children , Thomas De Lage Sumter , was a Congressman from South Carolina . In the 1790s , Burr also took the painter John Vanderlyn into his home as a protégé , and provided him with financial support and patronage for 20 years . He arranged Vanderlyns training by Gilbert Stuart in Philadelphia and sent him in 1796 to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where he remained for six years . Adopted and acknowledged children . Burr adopted two sons , Aaron Columbus Burr and Charles Burdett , during the 1810s and 1820s after the death of his daughter Theodosia . Aaron ( born Aaron Burr Columbe ) was born in Paris in 1808 and arrived in America around 1815 , and Charles was born in 1814 . Both of the boys were reputed to be Burrs biological sons . A Burr biographer described Aaron Columbus Burr as the product of a Paris adventure , conceived presumably during Burrs exile from the United States between 1808 and 1814 . In 1835 , the year before his death , Burr acknowledged two young daughters whom he had fathered late in his life , by different mothers . Burr made specific provisions for his surviving daughters in a will dated January 11 , 1835 , in which he left all the rest and residue of his estate , after other specific bequests , to six-year-old Frances Ann ( born ) , and two-year-old Elizabeth ( born ) . Unacknowledged children . In 1787 or earlier , Burr began a relationship with Mary Emmons , an East Indian woman who worked as a servant in his household in Philadelphia during his first marriage . Emmons came from Calcutta to Haiti or Saint-Domingue , where she lived and worked before being brought to Philadelphia . Burr fathered two children with Emmons , both of whom married into Philadelphias Free Negro community in which their families became prominent : - Louisa Charlotte Burr ( b . 1788 ) worked most of her life as a domestic servant in the home of Elizabeth Powel Francis Fisher , a prominent Philadelphia society matron , and later in the home of her son Joshua Francis Fisher . She was married to Francis Webb ( 1788–1829 ) , a founding member of the Pennsylvania Augustine Education Society , secretary of the Haytien Emigration Society formed in 1824 , and distributor of Freedoms Journal from 1827 to 1829 . After his death , Louisa remarried and became Louisa Darius . Her youngest son Frank J . Webb wrote the 1857 novel The Garies and Their Friends . - John Pierre Burr ( –1864 ) became a member of Philadelphias Underground Railroad and served as an agent for the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator . He worked in the National Black Convention movement and served as chairman of the American Moral Reform Society . One contemporary of John Pierre Burr identified him as a natural son of Burr in a published account , but Burr never acknowledged his relationship or children with Emmons during his life , in contrast to his adoption or acknowledgment of other children born later in his life . It is clear from letters , however , that Burrs three children ( Theodosia , Louisa Charlotte , and John Pierre ) developed a relationship that persisted to their adult life . In 2018 , Louisa and John were acknowledged by the Aaron Burr Association as the children of Burr after Sherri Burr , a descendant of John Pierre , provided both documentary evidence and results of a DNA test to confirm a familial link between descendants of Burr and descendants of John Pierre . The Association installed a headstone at John Pierres grave to mark his ancestry . Stuart Fisk Johnson , the president of the association , commented , A few people didn’t want to go into it because Aaron’s first wife , Theodosia , was still alive , and dying of cancer.. . But the embarrassment is not as important as it is to acknowledge and embrace actual living , robust , accomplished children . Character . Aaron Burr was a man of complex character who made many friends , but also many powerful enemies . He was indicted for murder after the death of Hamilton , but never prosecuted ; he was reported by acquaintances to be curiously unmoved by Hamiltons death , expressing no regret for his role in the result . He was arrested and prosecuted for treason by President Jefferson , but acquitted . Contemporaries often remained suspicious of Burrs motives to the end of his life , continuing to view him as untrustworthy at least since his role in the founding of the Bank of Manhattan . In his later years in New York , Burr provided money and education for several children , some of whom were reputed to be his natural children . To his friends and family , and often to strangers , he could be kind and generous . The wife of the struggling poet Sumner Lincoln Fairfield recorded in her autobiography that in the late 1820s , their friend Burr pawned his watch to provide for the care of the Fairfields two children . Jane Fairfield wrote that , while traveling , she and her husband had left the children in New York with their grandmother , who proved unable to provide adequate food or heat for them . The grandmother took the children to Burrs home and asked his help : [ Burr ] wept , and replied , Though I am poor and have not a dollar , the children of such a mother shall not suffer while I have a watch . He hastened on this godlike errand , and quickly returned , having pawned the article for twenty dollars , which he gave to make comfortable my precious babes . By Fairfields account , Burr had lost his religious faith before that time ; upon seeing a painting of Christs suffering , Burr candidly told her , It is a fable , my child ; there never was such a being . Burr believed women to be intellectually equal to men and hung a portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft over his mantel . The Burrs daughter , Theodosia , was taught dance , music , several languages , and learned to shoot from horseback . Until her death at sea in 1813 , she remained devoted to her father . Not only did Burr advocate education for women , upon his election to the New York State Legislature , he submitted a bill , which failed to pass , that would have allowed women to vote . Conversely , Burr was considered a notorious womanizer . In addition to cultivating relationships with women in his social circles , Burrs journals indicate that he was a frequent patron of prostitutes during his travels in Europe ; he recorded brief notes of dozens of such encounters , and the amounts he paid . He described sexual release as the only remedy for his restlessness and irritability . John Quincy Adams wrote in his diary when Burr died : Burrs life , take it all together , was such as in any country of sound morals his friends would be desirous of burying in quiet oblivion . Adams father , President John Adams , had frequently defended Burr during his life . At an earlier time , he wrote , Burr had served in the army , and came out of it with the character of a knight without fear and an able officer . Gordon S . Wood , a leading scholar of the revolutionary period , holds that it was Burrs character that put him at odds with the rest of the founding fathers , especially Madison , Jefferson , and Hamilton . He believed that this led to his personal and political defeats and , ultimately , to his place outside the golden circle of revered revolutionary figures . Because of Burrs habit of placing self-interest above the good of the whole , those men thought that Burr represented a serious threat to the ideals for which they had fought the revolution . Their ideal , as particularly embodied in Washington and Jefferson , was that of disinterested politics , a government led by educated gentlemen . They would fulfill their duties in a spirit of public virtue and without regard to personal interests or pursuits . This was the core of an Enlightenment gentleman , and Burrs political enemies thought that he lacked that essential core . Hamilton thought that Burrs self-serving nature made him unfit to hold office , especially the presidency . Although Hamilton considered Jefferson a political enemy , he also believed him a man of public virtue . Hamilton conducted an unrelenting campaign in the House of Representatives to prevent Burrs election to the presidency and gain election of his erstwhile enemy , Jefferson . Hamilton characterized Burr as exceedingly immoral , an unprincipled .. . voluptuary and deemed his political quest as one for permanent power . He predicted that if Burr gained power , his leadership would be for personal gain , but that Jefferson was committed to preserving the Constitution . Legacy . Although Burr is often remembered primarily for his duel with Hamilton , his establishment of guides and rules for the first impeachment trial set a high bar for behavior and procedures in the Senate chamber , many of which are followed today . A lasting consequence of Burrs role in the election of 1800 was the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which changed how vice presidents were chosen . As was evident from the 1800 election , the situation could quickly arise where the vice president , as the defeated presidential candidate , could not work well with the president . The Twelfth Amendment required that electoral votes be cast separately for president and vice president . Representation in literature and popular culture . - Burr appears as a character of worldly sophistication in Harriet Beecher Stowes 1859 historical romance The Ministers Wooing . - Edward Everett Hales 1863 story The Man Without a Country is about a fictional co-conspirator of Burrs in the Southwest and Mexico , who is exiled for his crimes . - My Theodosia ( 1945 ) by Anya Seton is a fictional interpretation of the life of Burrs daughter Theodosia . - In The Jack Benny Program episode The Alexander Hamilton Show , Jack Benny dreams that he is Alexander Hamilton ; Dennis Day plays Burr . - Gore Vidals Burr : A Novel ( 1973 ) is part of his Narratives of Empire series . - A 1993 Got Milk ? commercial directed by Michael Bay features a historian obsessed with the study of Aaron Burr—he owns the guns and the bullet from the duel ( see Aaron Burr ( advertisement ) ) . - PBSs American Experience episode The Duel ( 2000 ) chronicled the events that led to the Burr-Hamilton duel . - Burr is a principal character in the 2015 Broadway musical Hamilton , written by Lin-Manuel Miranda and inspired by historian Ron Chernows 2004 biography of Hamilton . Leslie Odom Jr . won the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of Burr . References . Citations . - References in popular culture Further reading . Biographical . - Alexander , Holmes Moss . Aaron Burr : The Proud Pretender . 1937 ; Reprinted by Greenwood-Heinemann Publishing , 1973 . - Brands , H . W . The Heartbreak of Aaron Burr ( American Portraits Series ) ( 2012 ) . - Cohalan , John P. , The Saga of Aaron Burr . ( 1986 ) - Künstler , Laurence S . The Unpredictable Mr . Aaron Burr ( 1974 ) . - Todd , Charles Burr . The True Aaron Burr : A Biographical Sketch ( 1902 ) . New York , A.S . Barnes & Company . - Vail , Philip . The Great American Rascal : The Turbulent Life of Aaron Burr ( 1973 ) . Scholarly topical studies . - Abernethy , Thomas Perkins . Aaron Burr in Mississippi . Journal of Southern History 1949 15 ( 1 ) : 9–21 . - Adams , Henry , History of the United States , vol . iii . New York , 1890 . ( For the traditional view of Burrs conspiracy. ) - Faulkner , Robert K . John Marshall and the Burr Trial . Journal of American History 1966 53 ( 2 ) : 247–258 . - Freeman , Joanne B . Dueling as Politics : Reinterpreting the Burr-Hamilton Duel . William and Mary Quarterly 53 ( 2 ) ( 1996 ) : 289–318 . - Harrison , Lowell . 1978 . The Aaron Burr Conspiracy . American History I Illustrated 13:25 . - Kennedy , Roger G . Burr , Hamilton , and Jefferson : A Study in Character . New York : Oxford University Press , 1999 . - Larson , Edward J . A Magnificent Catastrophe : The Tumultuous Election of 1800 , Americas First Presidential Campaign . New York : Free Press , 2007 . - Melton , Buckner F . Jr . Aaron Burr : Conspiracy to Treason . New York : John Wiley , 2002 . online edition - Rogow , Arnold A . A Fatal Friendship : Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr ( 1998 ) . - Rorabaugh , William J . The Political Duel in the Early Republic : Burr v . Hamilton . Journal of the Early Republic 1995 15 ( 1 ) : 1–23 . - Wells , Colin . Aristocracy , Aaron Burr , and the Poetry of Conspiracy . Early American Literature ( 2004 ) . - Wheelan , Joseph . Jeffersons Vendetta : The Pursuit of Aaron Burr and the Judiciary . New York : Carroll & Graff , 2005 . Primary sources . - Burr , Aaron . Political Correspondence and Public Papers of Aaron Burr . Mary-Jo Kline and Joanne W . Ryan , eds . 2 vol . Princeton University Press , 1983 . 1311 pp . - Ford , Worthington Chauncey . Some Papers of Aaron Burr Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 29#1 : 43–128 . 1919 - Robertson , David . Reports of the Trials of Colonel Aaron Burr ( Late Vice President of the United States ) for Treason and for Misdemeanor .. . Two Volumes ( 1808 ) online - Van Ness , William Peter . An Examination of the Various Charges Exhibited Against Aaron Burr , Vice-President of the United States : and a Development of the Characters and Views of His Political Opponents . ( 1803 ) Available through Haithi Trust External links . - Works at Open Library - Did Aaron Burr Really Try to Take Over Half of America ? - The Aaron Burr Association - Letters of Aaron Bu
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Bernard de Castanet Bernard de Castanet ( c . 1240 – 14 August 1317 ) was a French lawyer , judge , diplomat , bishop and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . Castanet was not a Dominican , though he had an excellent relationship with the order of the Preachers and occasionally exercised the office of inquisition as a bishop of Albi and a representative of the inquisitor of Carcassonne . Early life . Castanet was probably born in or next to Montpellier , on the Mediterranean coast of the Midi , and obtained a law degree from the University of Montpellier . By January 1266 he was a Professor of Civil Law , Papal Chaplain , and an Auditor Causarum at the Papal Court , which at that time was settled in Perugia . In February 1267 he was a nuntius of the Pope , and had an appointment as Canon in the Cathedral Chapter of Orléans ; during a legation in Lombardy he was ordered to find a suitable person to be Abbot of the monastery of S . Thomas at Cremona . He conducted diplomacy for the Church in Italy and Germany . In April 1268 he was sent to King Louis IX of France , to whom he would explain why the legatio to Germany ( in Teutoniam ) had been postponed for so long . He was also sent to King James of Aragon , to compose matters in the struggle between the Bishop of Maguelonne and the law faculty of Montpellier over the right to grant licentiates . In 1268 , while he was papal legate in the Rhineland , he necessarily became involved in the case of Archbishop-elect Henry , who had been accused before Pope Urban IV of simony , sacrilege , perjury , homicide , and other various crimes , and was named Administrator of the Diocese of Trier . On 9 December 1272 , Pope Gregory X named Bernard de Castenet Archdeacon of Majorca , with a prebend and the office of Provost of the Cathedral Chapter of Gerona . He was not expected , of course , to appear on Majorca or visit Gerona ; the positions were intended to be benefices . On 30 August 1274 , he was named Archdeacon of Fenolet with a canonry and prebend in the Cathedral Chapter of Narbonne . Attached to the Archdeaconry were a prebend in the Cathedral of Orléans and the parish church of Saint-Julien de Asiliano . Bishop of Albi . Castanet was appointed the Bishop of Albi on 7 March 1276 by Pope Innocent V . Two days later Bishop-elect Bernard was sent as a nuncio by Pope Innocent to Rudolf , King of the Romans to persuade the King not to come to Italy just yet , but to send nuncios to work out the difficulties in their proposed treaty . On his return he was consecrated a bishop by Pope Innocent V personally . He was released from the promise to engage in an ad limina visit to the Papal Curia every other year by Pope John XXI on 1 December 1276 . In his office as Bishop of Albi , Castenet engaged in a power struggle with the local landowners . He used accusations of heresy and the inquisition to control and punish those who opposed his right to arrest any citizen in the diocese and other political power prerogatives he held . In 1287 Castanet ordered the start of construction on a new fortress-like cathedral at Albi . According to Jean de Joinville , Bishop Bernard de Castanet accompanied Archbishop Guillaume de Flavacourt of Rouen to Rome to carry out the final negotiations with Pope Boniface VIII for the canonization of Louis IX of France , the grandfather of Philip IV . On 15 July 1304 , King Philip IV wrote a letter to Bishop de Castanet , thanking him for the subsidy which he had sent in his own name and in the name of the diocese of Albi , for the supply of the army in Flanders . In 1307 , he was accused of murder , pastoral neglect , simony , cruelty in the exercise of justice , and other offenses to the number of forty-two . The case was carried to the Papal Curia by two Canons of Albi , Sicardus Alamani and Bernardus Asturtionis . Pope Clement V assigned the case for judicial inquiry to Cardinal Bérenger Fredoli , who judged that the charges were serious enough to warrant Bishop Castanets suspension from his temporal and spiritual authority , and to warrant the appointment of three prelates to examine witnesses on certain points set down in writing by the Cardinal . The Commission took 114 depositions , for the most part from favorers , parents of friends of heretics . The Bishop appealed . Pope Clement then , on 27 July 1308 , revoked the authority he had given to Cardinal Fredoli , and therefore to the commission , and by papal authority restored the Bishop and removed the taint of infamy which the original accusations had brought , restoring his bona fama . On 30 July 1308 Bishop Bernard de Castanet was transferred to the diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay . He presided over that diocese until he was named a Cardinal on 18 December 1316 , and promoted to the Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto . Cardinal Bishop of Porto . Pope John XXII , an old friend , made Castanet a cardinal on 17 December 1316 , and he joined the Papal Curia . On 18 December , the Pope granted him the privilege ( this one time ) of conferring benefices in the city of Albi and the diocese of Albi , which had fallen vacant ; he was also given the privilege ( this one time ) of having himself absolved from sentences of excommunication and irregularity . In a privilegium of 20 December he is called the Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina and former bishop of Albi , and given the privilege of lifting interdicts in the diocese of Albi . On 25 December , Jacques de Casalibus , who held the Provostship of the Cathedral Chapter of Albi , was granted the enjoyment of the income of his benefices for a period of five years . In Avignon , after the second arrest of the Spiritual Franciscan Bernard Délicieux , Cardinal Bernard wrote the first draft of his indictment . A more extensive draft was prepared by Bishop Bernard Gui , O.P. , since death had claimed the Cardinal . Cardinal de Castenet died on 14 August 1317 . Sources . - Malcolm D . Lambert , The Cathars . p . 228 - Jean Bony , French Gothic Architecture . p . 449-451 . - Jean-Louis Biget , Un procès d’Inquisition à Albi en 1300 , in Le crédo , la morale et l’Inquisition . Cahiers de Fanjeaux 6 , 1971 , p . 273-341 . - Jean-Louis Biget , La restitution des dîmes par les laïcs dans le diocèse dAlbi à la fin du XIIIe siècle , in Les évêques , les clercs et le roi ( 1250-1300 ) . Cahiers de Fanjeaux 7 , 1972 , p . 211-283 . - Jean-Louis Biget , Les cathares devant les inquisiteurs en Languedoc , Revue du Tarn , 146 , 1992 , p . 227-242 , reprinted in Jean-Louis Biget , Inquisition et société en pays dOc , XIIIe et XIVe siècles , Toulouse , Privat ( Cahiers de Fanjeaux , hors-série , 2 ) , 2014 , p . 225-238 . - Patrick Gilli and Julien Théry , La vague guelfe dans lItalie des communes urbaines après la bataille de Bénévent : une mission pontificale à Crémone et à Plaisance ( 1266-1267 ) , in Le gouvernement pontifical et lItalie des villes au temps de la théocratie ( fin-XIIe-mi-XIVe s. ) , Montpellier , Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée , 2010 , p . 113-200 . - Hiromi Haruna-Czaplicki , Le décor des manuscrits de Bernard de Castanet et lenluminure toulousaine vers 1300 , Mémoires de la Société archéologique du Midi de la France , t . LXVIII , 2008 , p . 227-281 . - Julien Théry ( 2000 ) , Les Albigeois et la procédure inquisitoire . Le procès pontifical contre Bernard de Castanet , évêque dAlbi et inquisiteur ( 1307-1308 ) , Heresis , 33 , 2000 , p . 7-48 , available online . - Julien Théry ( 2003 ) , Fama , enormia . Lenquête sur les crimes de lévêque dAlbi Bernard de Castanet ( 1307-1308 ) . Gouvernement et contestation au temps de la théocratie pontificale et de lhérésie des bons hommes , thèse de doctorat en Histoire , Faculté de Géographie , Histoire , Histoire de lArt et Tourisme , Université Lumière Lyon 2 , 2003 , 3 vol . ( résumé ) . - Julien Théry ( 2001 ) , Une politique de la terreur : lévêque dAlbi Bernard de Castanet ( v . 1240-1317 ) et lInquisition , in Les inquisiteurs . Portraits de défenseurs de la foi en Languedoc ( XIIIe-XIVe s. ) , dir . L . Albaret , Toulouse : Privat , 2001 , p . 71-87 , available online . - Julien Théry ( 2003 ) ,Fama . Lopinion publique comme preuve . Aperçu sur la révolution médiévale de linquisitoire , in La preuve en justice de lAntiquité à nos jours , dir . Bruno Lemesle , Presses universitaires de Rennes , 2003 , p . 119-147 , available online . - Julien Théry ( 2012 ) , Cum verbis blandis et sepe nephandis . Une mission pontificale en Lombardie après la bataille de Bénévent ( 1266-1267 ) , in Legati e delegati papali . Profili , ambiti d’azione e tipologie di intervento nei secoli XII-XIII , dir . Maria Pia Alberzoni , Claudia Zey , Milan , Vita & pensiero , 2012 , p . 195-218 , available online . - Julien Théry-Astruc ( 2014 ) , Luxure cléricale , gouvernement de lÉglise et royauté capétienne au temps de la Bible de saint Louis , Revue Mabillon , 25 , p . 165-194 , at p . 174-177 , online . - Julien Théry-Astruc ( 2016 ) , « The Heretical Dissidence of the ‘Good Men’ in the Albigeois ( 1276-1329 ) : Localism and Resistance to Roman Clericalism » , in « Cathars in Question » , ed . by Antonio Sennis , York Medieval Press , 2016 , p . 79-111 , online .
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What position did Bernard de Castanet take from 1308 to Dec 1316?
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/wiki/Bernard_de_Castanet#P39#1
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Bernard de Castanet Bernard de Castanet ( c . 1240 – 14 August 1317 ) was a French lawyer , judge , diplomat , bishop and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . Castanet was not a Dominican , though he had an excellent relationship with the order of the Preachers and occasionally exercised the office of inquisition as a bishop of Albi and a representative of the inquisitor of Carcassonne . Early life . Castanet was probably born in or next to Montpellier , on the Mediterranean coast of the Midi , and obtained a law degree from the University of Montpellier . By January 1266 he was a Professor of Civil Law , Papal Chaplain , and an Auditor Causarum at the Papal Court , which at that time was settled in Perugia . In February 1267 he was a nuntius of the Pope , and had an appointment as Canon in the Cathedral Chapter of Orléans ; during a legation in Lombardy he was ordered to find a suitable person to be Abbot of the monastery of S . Thomas at Cremona . He conducted diplomacy for the Church in Italy and Germany . In April 1268 he was sent to King Louis IX of France , to whom he would explain why the legatio to Germany ( in Teutoniam ) had been postponed for so long . He was also sent to King James of Aragon , to compose matters in the struggle between the Bishop of Maguelonne and the law faculty of Montpellier over the right to grant licentiates . In 1268 , while he was papal legate in the Rhineland , he necessarily became involved in the case of Archbishop-elect Henry , who had been accused before Pope Urban IV of simony , sacrilege , perjury , homicide , and other various crimes , and was named Administrator of the Diocese of Trier . On 9 December 1272 , Pope Gregory X named Bernard de Castenet Archdeacon of Majorca , with a prebend and the office of Provost of the Cathedral Chapter of Gerona . He was not expected , of course , to appear on Majorca or visit Gerona ; the positions were intended to be benefices . On 30 August 1274 , he was named Archdeacon of Fenolet with a canonry and prebend in the Cathedral Chapter of Narbonne . Attached to the Archdeaconry were a prebend in the Cathedral of Orléans and the parish church of Saint-Julien de Asiliano . Bishop of Albi . Castanet was appointed the Bishop of Albi on 7 March 1276 by Pope Innocent V . Two days later Bishop-elect Bernard was sent as a nuncio by Pope Innocent to Rudolf , King of the Romans to persuade the King not to come to Italy just yet , but to send nuncios to work out the difficulties in their proposed treaty . On his return he was consecrated a bishop by Pope Innocent V personally . He was released from the promise to engage in an ad limina visit to the Papal Curia every other year by Pope John XXI on 1 December 1276 . In his office as Bishop of Albi , Castenet engaged in a power struggle with the local landowners . He used accusations of heresy and the inquisition to control and punish those who opposed his right to arrest any citizen in the diocese and other political power prerogatives he held . In 1287 Castanet ordered the start of construction on a new fortress-like cathedral at Albi . According to Jean de Joinville , Bishop Bernard de Castanet accompanied Archbishop Guillaume de Flavacourt of Rouen to Rome to carry out the final negotiations with Pope Boniface VIII for the canonization of Louis IX of France , the grandfather of Philip IV . On 15 July 1304 , King Philip IV wrote a letter to Bishop de Castanet , thanking him for the subsidy which he had sent in his own name and in the name of the diocese of Albi , for the supply of the army in Flanders . In 1307 , he was accused of murder , pastoral neglect , simony , cruelty in the exercise of justice , and other offenses to the number of forty-two . The case was carried to the Papal Curia by two Canons of Albi , Sicardus Alamani and Bernardus Asturtionis . Pope Clement V assigned the case for judicial inquiry to Cardinal Bérenger Fredoli , who judged that the charges were serious enough to warrant Bishop Castanets suspension from his temporal and spiritual authority , and to warrant the appointment of three prelates to examine witnesses on certain points set down in writing by the Cardinal . The Commission took 114 depositions , for the most part from favorers , parents of friends of heretics . The Bishop appealed . Pope Clement then , on 27 July 1308 , revoked the authority he had given to Cardinal Fredoli , and therefore to the commission , and by papal authority restored the Bishop and removed the taint of infamy which the original accusations had brought , restoring his bona fama . On 30 July 1308 Bishop Bernard de Castanet was transferred to the diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay . He presided over that diocese until he was named a Cardinal on 18 December 1316 , and promoted to the Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto . Cardinal Bishop of Porto . Pope John XXII , an old friend , made Castanet a cardinal on 17 December 1316 , and he joined the Papal Curia . On 18 December , the Pope granted him the privilege ( this one time ) of conferring benefices in the city of Albi and the diocese of Albi , which had fallen vacant ; he was also given the privilege ( this one time ) of having himself absolved from sentences of excommunication and irregularity . In a privilegium of 20 December he is called the Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina and former bishop of Albi , and given the privilege of lifting interdicts in the diocese of Albi . On 25 December , Jacques de Casalibus , who held the Provostship of the Cathedral Chapter of Albi , was granted the enjoyment of the income of his benefices for a period of five years . In Avignon , after the second arrest of the Spiritual Franciscan Bernard Délicieux , Cardinal Bernard wrote the first draft of his indictment . A more extensive draft was prepared by Bishop Bernard Gui , O.P. , since death had claimed the Cardinal . Cardinal de Castenet died on 14 August 1317 . Sources . - Malcolm D . Lambert , The Cathars . p . 228 - Jean Bony , French Gothic Architecture . p . 449-451 . - Jean-Louis Biget , Un procès d’Inquisition à Albi en 1300 , in Le crédo , la morale et l’Inquisition . Cahiers de Fanjeaux 6 , 1971 , p . 273-341 . - Jean-Louis Biget , La restitution des dîmes par les laïcs dans le diocèse dAlbi à la fin du XIIIe siècle , in Les évêques , les clercs et le roi ( 1250-1300 ) . Cahiers de Fanjeaux 7 , 1972 , p . 211-283 . - Jean-Louis Biget , Les cathares devant les inquisiteurs en Languedoc , Revue du Tarn , 146 , 1992 , p . 227-242 , reprinted in Jean-Louis Biget , Inquisition et société en pays dOc , XIIIe et XIVe siècles , Toulouse , Privat ( Cahiers de Fanjeaux , hors-série , 2 ) , 2014 , p . 225-238 . - Patrick Gilli and Julien Théry , La vague guelfe dans lItalie des communes urbaines après la bataille de Bénévent : une mission pontificale à Crémone et à Plaisance ( 1266-1267 ) , in Le gouvernement pontifical et lItalie des villes au temps de la théocratie ( fin-XIIe-mi-XIVe s. ) , Montpellier , Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée , 2010 , p . 113-200 . - Hiromi Haruna-Czaplicki , Le décor des manuscrits de Bernard de Castanet et lenluminure toulousaine vers 1300 , Mémoires de la Société archéologique du Midi de la France , t . LXVIII , 2008 , p . 227-281 . - Julien Théry ( 2000 ) , Les Albigeois et la procédure inquisitoire . Le procès pontifical contre Bernard de Castanet , évêque dAlbi et inquisiteur ( 1307-1308 ) , Heresis , 33 , 2000 , p . 7-48 , available online . - Julien Théry ( 2003 ) , Fama , enormia . Lenquête sur les crimes de lévêque dAlbi Bernard de Castanet ( 1307-1308 ) . Gouvernement et contestation au temps de la théocratie pontificale et de lhérésie des bons hommes , thèse de doctorat en Histoire , Faculté de Géographie , Histoire , Histoire de lArt et Tourisme , Université Lumière Lyon 2 , 2003 , 3 vol . ( résumé ) . - Julien Théry ( 2001 ) , Une politique de la terreur : lévêque dAlbi Bernard de Castanet ( v . 1240-1317 ) et lInquisition , in Les inquisiteurs . Portraits de défenseurs de la foi en Languedoc ( XIIIe-XIVe s. ) , dir . L . Albaret , Toulouse : Privat , 2001 , p . 71-87 , available online . - Julien Théry ( 2003 ) ,Fama . Lopinion publique comme preuve . Aperçu sur la révolution médiévale de linquisitoire , in La preuve en justice de lAntiquité à nos jours , dir . Bruno Lemesle , Presses universitaires de Rennes , 2003 , p . 119-147 , available online . - Julien Théry ( 2012 ) , Cum verbis blandis et sepe nephandis . Une mission pontificale en Lombardie après la bataille de Bénévent ( 1266-1267 ) , in Legati e delegati papali . Profili , ambiti d’azione e tipologie di intervento nei secoli XII-XIII , dir . Maria Pia Alberzoni , Claudia Zey , Milan , Vita & pensiero , 2012 , p . 195-218 , available online . - Julien Théry-Astruc ( 2014 ) , Luxure cléricale , gouvernement de lÉglise et royauté capétienne au temps de la Bible de saint Louis , Revue Mabillon , 25 , p . 165-194 , at p . 174-177 , online . - Julien Théry-Astruc ( 2016 ) , « The Heretical Dissidence of the ‘Good Men’ in the Albigeois ( 1276-1329 ) : Localism and Resistance to Roman Clericalism » , in « Cathars in Question » , ed . by Antonio Sennis , York Medieval Press , 2016 , p . 79-111 , online .
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What was the position of Bernard de Castanet from Dec 1316 to 1318?
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/wiki/Bernard_de_Castanet#P39#2
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Bernard de Castanet Bernard de Castanet ( c . 1240 – 14 August 1317 ) was a French lawyer , judge , diplomat , bishop and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . Castanet was not a Dominican , though he had an excellent relationship with the order of the Preachers and occasionally exercised the office of inquisition as a bishop of Albi and a representative of the inquisitor of Carcassonne . Early life . Castanet was probably born in or next to Montpellier , on the Mediterranean coast of the Midi , and obtained a law degree from the University of Montpellier . By January 1266 he was a Professor of Civil Law , Papal Chaplain , and an Auditor Causarum at the Papal Court , which at that time was settled in Perugia . In February 1267 he was a nuntius of the Pope , and had an appointment as Canon in the Cathedral Chapter of Orléans ; during a legation in Lombardy he was ordered to find a suitable person to be Abbot of the monastery of S . Thomas at Cremona . He conducted diplomacy for the Church in Italy and Germany . In April 1268 he was sent to King Louis IX of France , to whom he would explain why the legatio to Germany ( in Teutoniam ) had been postponed for so long . He was also sent to King James of Aragon , to compose matters in the struggle between the Bishop of Maguelonne and the law faculty of Montpellier over the right to grant licentiates . In 1268 , while he was papal legate in the Rhineland , he necessarily became involved in the case of Archbishop-elect Henry , who had been accused before Pope Urban IV of simony , sacrilege , perjury , homicide , and other various crimes , and was named Administrator of the Diocese of Trier . On 9 December 1272 , Pope Gregory X named Bernard de Castenet Archdeacon of Majorca , with a prebend and the office of Provost of the Cathedral Chapter of Gerona . He was not expected , of course , to appear on Majorca or visit Gerona ; the positions were intended to be benefices . On 30 August 1274 , he was named Archdeacon of Fenolet with a canonry and prebend in the Cathedral Chapter of Narbonne . Attached to the Archdeaconry were a prebend in the Cathedral of Orléans and the parish church of Saint-Julien de Asiliano . Bishop of Albi . Castanet was appointed the Bishop of Albi on 7 March 1276 by Pope Innocent V . Two days later Bishop-elect Bernard was sent as a nuncio by Pope Innocent to Rudolf , King of the Romans to persuade the King not to come to Italy just yet , but to send nuncios to work out the difficulties in their proposed treaty . On his return he was consecrated a bishop by Pope Innocent V personally . He was released from the promise to engage in an ad limina visit to the Papal Curia every other year by Pope John XXI on 1 December 1276 . In his office as Bishop of Albi , Castenet engaged in a power struggle with the local landowners . He used accusations of heresy and the inquisition to control and punish those who opposed his right to arrest any citizen in the diocese and other political power prerogatives he held . In 1287 Castanet ordered the start of construction on a new fortress-like cathedral at Albi . According to Jean de Joinville , Bishop Bernard de Castanet accompanied Archbishop Guillaume de Flavacourt of Rouen to Rome to carry out the final negotiations with Pope Boniface VIII for the canonization of Louis IX of France , the grandfather of Philip IV . On 15 July 1304 , King Philip IV wrote a letter to Bishop de Castanet , thanking him for the subsidy which he had sent in his own name and in the name of the diocese of Albi , for the supply of the army in Flanders . In 1307 , he was accused of murder , pastoral neglect , simony , cruelty in the exercise of justice , and other offenses to the number of forty-two . The case was carried to the Papal Curia by two Canons of Albi , Sicardus Alamani and Bernardus Asturtionis . Pope Clement V assigned the case for judicial inquiry to Cardinal Bérenger Fredoli , who judged that the charges were serious enough to warrant Bishop Castanets suspension from his temporal and spiritual authority , and to warrant the appointment of three prelates to examine witnesses on certain points set down in writing by the Cardinal . The Commission took 114 depositions , for the most part from favorers , parents of friends of heretics . The Bishop appealed . Pope Clement then , on 27 July 1308 , revoked the authority he had given to Cardinal Fredoli , and therefore to the commission , and by papal authority restored the Bishop and removed the taint of infamy which the original accusations had brought , restoring his bona fama . On 30 July 1308 Bishop Bernard de Castanet was transferred to the diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay . He presided over that diocese until he was named a Cardinal on 18 December 1316 , and promoted to the Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto . Cardinal Bishop of Porto . Pope John XXII , an old friend , made Castanet a cardinal on 17 December 1316 , and he joined the Papal Curia . On 18 December , the Pope granted him the privilege ( this one time ) of conferring benefices in the city of Albi and the diocese of Albi , which had fallen vacant ; he was also given the privilege ( this one time ) of having himself absolved from sentences of excommunication and irregularity . In a privilegium of 20 December he is called the Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina and former bishop of Albi , and given the privilege of lifting interdicts in the diocese of Albi . On 25 December , Jacques de Casalibus , who held the Provostship of the Cathedral Chapter of Albi , was granted the enjoyment of the income of his benefices for a period of five years . In Avignon , after the second arrest of the Spiritual Franciscan Bernard Délicieux , Cardinal Bernard wrote the first draft of his indictment . A more extensive draft was prepared by Bishop Bernard Gui , O.P. , since death had claimed the Cardinal . Cardinal de Castenet died on 14 August 1317 . Sources . - Malcolm D . Lambert , The Cathars . p . 228 - Jean Bony , French Gothic Architecture . p . 449-451 . - Jean-Louis Biget , Un procès d’Inquisition à Albi en 1300 , in Le crédo , la morale et l’Inquisition . Cahiers de Fanjeaux 6 , 1971 , p . 273-341 . - Jean-Louis Biget , La restitution des dîmes par les laïcs dans le diocèse dAlbi à la fin du XIIIe siècle , in Les évêques , les clercs et le roi ( 1250-1300 ) . Cahiers de Fanjeaux 7 , 1972 , p . 211-283 . - Jean-Louis Biget , Les cathares devant les inquisiteurs en Languedoc , Revue du Tarn , 146 , 1992 , p . 227-242 , reprinted in Jean-Louis Biget , Inquisition et société en pays dOc , XIIIe et XIVe siècles , Toulouse , Privat ( Cahiers de Fanjeaux , hors-série , 2 ) , 2014 , p . 225-238 . - Patrick Gilli and Julien Théry , La vague guelfe dans lItalie des communes urbaines après la bataille de Bénévent : une mission pontificale à Crémone et à Plaisance ( 1266-1267 ) , in Le gouvernement pontifical et lItalie des villes au temps de la théocratie ( fin-XIIe-mi-XIVe s. ) , Montpellier , Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée , 2010 , p . 113-200 . - Hiromi Haruna-Czaplicki , Le décor des manuscrits de Bernard de Castanet et lenluminure toulousaine vers 1300 , Mémoires de la Société archéologique du Midi de la France , t . LXVIII , 2008 , p . 227-281 . - Julien Théry ( 2000 ) , Les Albigeois et la procédure inquisitoire . Le procès pontifical contre Bernard de Castanet , évêque dAlbi et inquisiteur ( 1307-1308 ) , Heresis , 33 , 2000 , p . 7-48 , available online . - Julien Théry ( 2003 ) , Fama , enormia . Lenquête sur les crimes de lévêque dAlbi Bernard de Castanet ( 1307-1308 ) . Gouvernement et contestation au temps de la théocratie pontificale et de lhérésie des bons hommes , thèse de doctorat en Histoire , Faculté de Géographie , Histoire , Histoire de lArt et Tourisme , Université Lumière Lyon 2 , 2003 , 3 vol . ( résumé ) . - Julien Théry ( 2001 ) , Une politique de la terreur : lévêque dAlbi Bernard de Castanet ( v . 1240-1317 ) et lInquisition , in Les inquisiteurs . Portraits de défenseurs de la foi en Languedoc ( XIIIe-XIVe s. ) , dir . L . Albaret , Toulouse : Privat , 2001 , p . 71-87 , available online . - Julien Théry ( 2003 ) ,Fama . Lopinion publique comme preuve . Aperçu sur la révolution médiévale de linquisitoire , in La preuve en justice de lAntiquité à nos jours , dir . Bruno Lemesle , Presses universitaires de Rennes , 2003 , p . 119-147 , available online . - Julien Théry ( 2012 ) , Cum verbis blandis et sepe nephandis . Une mission pontificale en Lombardie après la bataille de Bénévent ( 1266-1267 ) , in Legati e delegati papali . Profili , ambiti d’azione e tipologie di intervento nei secoli XII-XIII , dir . Maria Pia Alberzoni , Claudia Zey , Milan , Vita & pensiero , 2012 , p . 195-218 , available online . - Julien Théry-Astruc ( 2014 ) , Luxure cléricale , gouvernement de lÉglise et royauté capétienne au temps de la Bible de saint Louis , Revue Mabillon , 25 , p . 165-194 , at p . 174-177 , online . - Julien Théry-Astruc ( 2016 ) , « The Heretical Dissidence of the ‘Good Men’ in the Albigeois ( 1276-1329 ) : Localism and Resistance to Roman Clericalism » , in « Cathars in Question » , ed . by Antonio Sennis , York Medieval Press , 2016 , p . 79-111 , online .
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Karl Korinek was an employee for whom from 1973 to 1976?
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/wiki/Karl_Korinek#P108#0
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Karl Korinek Karl Korinek ( 7 December 1940 – 9 March 2017 ) was an Austrian constitutional scholar and educator . Korinek taught law at the University of Graz , the Vienna University of Economics and Business , the University of Vienna , and the Danube University Krems . In 1978 , Korinek was appointed to the Austrian Constitutional Court ; he served as the president of the court from 2003 until his retirement in 2008 . Although a member of the Austrian Peoples Party and an outspoken conservative in private life , Korinek was considered non-partisan in his jurisprudence . He clashed with Wolfgang Schüssel on health care and immigration reform and with Jörg Haider on minority protection matters ; he received praise from political opponents for his firm stance on human rights issues in general . Korinek has authored several books and more than 250 scholarly papers . Respected across party boundaries , he is widely regarded as one of the most influential legal scholars in recent Austrian history . Early life . Karl Korinek was born on 12 December 1940 in Vienna as the son of Franz Korinek , a lawyer and future politician , and his wife Viktoria . Korinek grew up Catholic . The family was conservative ; Korineks father joined the Austrian Peoples Party after the end of World War II and went on to become General Secretary of the Austrian Economic Chamber , the national entrepreneurs and industrialists advocacy group ; he later also served as the minister of finance for a term . Korinek received his secondary education at the Gymnasium Mariahilf , a school with special emphasis on the classical humanities . Career . Following his graduation from the gymnasium in 1958 , Korinek enrolled at the University of Vienna to study law , receiving his doctorate in 1963 . He spent the next year working as a trainee at various Viennese courts . In 1964 , he went to work as an in-house legal consultant for the Austrian Economic Chamber . In addition to his day job in the bureaucracy , Korinek continued to pursue an academic career . In 1970 , he submitted his habilitation thesis to the Faculty of Legal and Political Science ( ) at the University of Salzburg . In 1973 , he left the Chamber to accept an appointment to full professor of public law ( ) at the University of Graz . After three years in Graz , Korinek returned to the capital to become a professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Business , a position he held until he moved on to the University of Vienna in 1995 . Starting in 1997 , he also taught at the Danube University Krems . In addition to his academic commitments , Korinek held a considerable number of extramural positions . From 1986 to 1992 , Korinek was president of Austrian Standards International ; from 1987 to 2002 , he also sat on the board of the Deutsches Institut für Normung . In 1999 , he became a member of the board of directors of the Vienna State Opera . He also served on the boards of directors of a number of publicly traded companies and NGOs , most notably the Uniqa Insurance Group and the ERSTE Foundation . In 1998 , he was invited to join the Austrian Academy of Sciences . In 1978 , Korinek was appointed to the Austrian Constitutional Court . He was promoted to vice president of the court in 1999 , to president in 2003 . Korinek retired from his university positions and from most other responsibilities when he assumed the presidency . He kept his seat on the board of the State Opera , a side job that was particularly dear to him . In early 2003 , the cabinet of then-Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel launched the Austria Convention ( ) , a conference of legal scholars and public intellectuals tasked with drafting a new constitution for Austria . The existing constitution , exceptionally bulky and difficult to navigate , had been posing serious technical challenges to legislators and constitutional justices for decades . The Convention was charged with exploring reform . Korinek was a member of the Convention from its launch to its conclusion in 2005 . Effective May 2008 , Korinek retired from the court , citing health reasons . Over the course of his career , Korinek wrote several books and more than 250 scholarly articles . Death and legacy . Korinek died on 9 March 2017 after a protracted struggle with heart disease . Korinek is acknowledged as having been one of the Constitutional Courts most influential members during his tenure ; he may in fact have been one of the courts most influential members in the institutions entire history . Even before he was appointed president of the court , Korinek has had more impact on the courts jurisprudence than would have been typical for a regular member . Commentators credit Korinek with having played a significant role in modernizing the tribunals jurisprudence on constitutional rights questions ; the court itself agrees . Korinek is also credited for the fact that the court , under his leadership , has softened its traditional commitment to judicial restraint and has grown more assertive , protecting human rights principles more energetically and striking down laws more often . Korinek has also been noted for his impact as an educator . Commentators have called him one of the greats of Austrian legal instruction . Korinek is said to have played a prominent role in shaping the minds of several generations of Austrian jurists . He has been called the doyen of Austrian legal scholarship and one of the most distinguished personalities in the countrys legal history . Politics . Korinek was regarded as a committed conservative . Like his father before him , he joined the Austrian Peoples Party ; he remained a card-carrying supporter when he was appointed to the Constitutional Court and only withdrew from membership when he was promoted to president . He also was a member of the Cartellverband . Throughout his life , Korinek remained a devout Catholic . He was active in the Vienna Catholic Academy ( ) and in the Association of Catholic Graduates ( ) . Korinek credited his Christianity in general and Thomas Aquinas in particular with having materially influenced his legal philosophy . Korineks promotion to president of the Constitutional Court was part of an attempt by then-Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel to move the court to the right . His outspoken conservatism and the circumstances of his promotion nonwithstanding , Korinek quickly acquired a reputation for integrity and non-partisan jurisprudence ; he came to be widely respected across party lines . During Korineks tenure as its president , the Constitutional Court overturned several key pieces of Schüssels legislative agenda . Also during Korineks presidency , the court sided with Slovenian minority right activists in the , a long-running dispute about Slovenian language rights that Jörg Haiders Freedom Party had been using to stoke populist resentment . The decision , easily the most controversial in the institutions history , earned Korinek Haiders and the Freedom Partys lasting enmity . Korinek became known for a number of signature positions that received praise from both sides of the political spectrum . He advocated for transparency in government , called for an overhaul of Austrias outsized and convoluted constitution , and demanded that legislators put craftsmanship before ideology in drafting statutes . He also took a firm stance against government encroachments on constitutional rights . After his retirement , he became a vocal critic of online surveillance , especially of government-mandated online data retention . His criticism of Austrias data retention program proved well founded when , in 2014 , the European Court of Justice declared it illegal under European human rights rules . Korinek supported Andreas Khol in the 2016 Austrian presidential election . Personal life . Korinek was married for most of his adult life . He was survived by two children . Korinek was passionate about music . He sang in the Vienna State Opera choir in his student days ; he remained involved in State Opera life throughout his career and well into retirement . Starting in 1999 , he served on the board of directors of the opera , one of a handful of positions he did not retire from even when he was made the president of the Constitutional Court . Korinek authored books on the relationship between government and the arts , on Joseph Haydn , and on the , a comic opera by Richard Strauss . In an interview , Korinek compared the work of a legislator to that of a composer : both are striving to combine clarity with harmony , a parallel that Korinek claimed used to be widely discussed and acknowledged in the past . Korinek also published a book on the life and times of Julius Raab , which became a local bestseller . Selected awards . - 2000 : Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St . Sylvester - 2001 : Grand Decoration of Honor in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria - 2003 : Honorary Doctorate of the University of Salzburg - 2005 : Honorary Doctorate of the Vienna University of Economics and Business - 2006 : Honorary Doctorate of the University of Graz - 2006 : Commanders Cross with Star of the Decoration of Honor for Services to the State of Lower Austria - 2006 : Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold with Star for Services to the State of Styria - 2006 : Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria - 2007 : Defensor Libertatis Award of the Austrian Big Brother Awards - 2007 : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with Star and Sash - 2015 : Cardinal Innitzer Award for Scholarly Achievement of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna
|
[
"the Vienna University of Economics and Business"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Karl Korinek work for from 1976 to 1995?
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/wiki/Karl_Korinek#P108#1
|
Karl Korinek Karl Korinek ( 7 December 1940 – 9 March 2017 ) was an Austrian constitutional scholar and educator . Korinek taught law at the University of Graz , the Vienna University of Economics and Business , the University of Vienna , and the Danube University Krems . In 1978 , Korinek was appointed to the Austrian Constitutional Court ; he served as the president of the court from 2003 until his retirement in 2008 . Although a member of the Austrian Peoples Party and an outspoken conservative in private life , Korinek was considered non-partisan in his jurisprudence . He clashed with Wolfgang Schüssel on health care and immigration reform and with Jörg Haider on minority protection matters ; he received praise from political opponents for his firm stance on human rights issues in general . Korinek has authored several books and more than 250 scholarly papers . Respected across party boundaries , he is widely regarded as one of the most influential legal scholars in recent Austrian history . Early life . Karl Korinek was born on 12 December 1940 in Vienna as the son of Franz Korinek , a lawyer and future politician , and his wife Viktoria . Korinek grew up Catholic . The family was conservative ; Korineks father joined the Austrian Peoples Party after the end of World War II and went on to become General Secretary of the Austrian Economic Chamber , the national entrepreneurs and industrialists advocacy group ; he later also served as the minister of finance for a term . Korinek received his secondary education at the Gymnasium Mariahilf , a school with special emphasis on the classical humanities . Career . Following his graduation from the gymnasium in 1958 , Korinek enrolled at the University of Vienna to study law , receiving his doctorate in 1963 . He spent the next year working as a trainee at various Viennese courts . In 1964 , he went to work as an in-house legal consultant for the Austrian Economic Chamber . In addition to his day job in the bureaucracy , Korinek continued to pursue an academic career . In 1970 , he submitted his habilitation thesis to the Faculty of Legal and Political Science ( ) at the University of Salzburg . In 1973 , he left the Chamber to accept an appointment to full professor of public law ( ) at the University of Graz . After three years in Graz , Korinek returned to the capital to become a professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Business , a position he held until he moved on to the University of Vienna in 1995 . Starting in 1997 , he also taught at the Danube University Krems . In addition to his academic commitments , Korinek held a considerable number of extramural positions . From 1986 to 1992 , Korinek was president of Austrian Standards International ; from 1987 to 2002 , he also sat on the board of the Deutsches Institut für Normung . In 1999 , he became a member of the board of directors of the Vienna State Opera . He also served on the boards of directors of a number of publicly traded companies and NGOs , most notably the Uniqa Insurance Group and the ERSTE Foundation . In 1998 , he was invited to join the Austrian Academy of Sciences . In 1978 , Korinek was appointed to the Austrian Constitutional Court . He was promoted to vice president of the court in 1999 , to president in 2003 . Korinek retired from his university positions and from most other responsibilities when he assumed the presidency . He kept his seat on the board of the State Opera , a side job that was particularly dear to him . In early 2003 , the cabinet of then-Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel launched the Austria Convention ( ) , a conference of legal scholars and public intellectuals tasked with drafting a new constitution for Austria . The existing constitution , exceptionally bulky and difficult to navigate , had been posing serious technical challenges to legislators and constitutional justices for decades . The Convention was charged with exploring reform . Korinek was a member of the Convention from its launch to its conclusion in 2005 . Effective May 2008 , Korinek retired from the court , citing health reasons . Over the course of his career , Korinek wrote several books and more than 250 scholarly articles . Death and legacy . Korinek died on 9 March 2017 after a protracted struggle with heart disease . Korinek is acknowledged as having been one of the Constitutional Courts most influential members during his tenure ; he may in fact have been one of the courts most influential members in the institutions entire history . Even before he was appointed president of the court , Korinek has had more impact on the courts jurisprudence than would have been typical for a regular member . Commentators credit Korinek with having played a significant role in modernizing the tribunals jurisprudence on constitutional rights questions ; the court itself agrees . Korinek is also credited for the fact that the court , under his leadership , has softened its traditional commitment to judicial restraint and has grown more assertive , protecting human rights principles more energetically and striking down laws more often . Korinek has also been noted for his impact as an educator . Commentators have called him one of the greats of Austrian legal instruction . Korinek is said to have played a prominent role in shaping the minds of several generations of Austrian jurists . He has been called the doyen of Austrian legal scholarship and one of the most distinguished personalities in the countrys legal history . Politics . Korinek was regarded as a committed conservative . Like his father before him , he joined the Austrian Peoples Party ; he remained a card-carrying supporter when he was appointed to the Constitutional Court and only withdrew from membership when he was promoted to president . He also was a member of the Cartellverband . Throughout his life , Korinek remained a devout Catholic . He was active in the Vienna Catholic Academy ( ) and in the Association of Catholic Graduates ( ) . Korinek credited his Christianity in general and Thomas Aquinas in particular with having materially influenced his legal philosophy . Korineks promotion to president of the Constitutional Court was part of an attempt by then-Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel to move the court to the right . His outspoken conservatism and the circumstances of his promotion nonwithstanding , Korinek quickly acquired a reputation for integrity and non-partisan jurisprudence ; he came to be widely respected across party lines . During Korineks tenure as its president , the Constitutional Court overturned several key pieces of Schüssels legislative agenda . Also during Korineks presidency , the court sided with Slovenian minority right activists in the , a long-running dispute about Slovenian language rights that Jörg Haiders Freedom Party had been using to stoke populist resentment . The decision , easily the most controversial in the institutions history , earned Korinek Haiders and the Freedom Partys lasting enmity . Korinek became known for a number of signature positions that received praise from both sides of the political spectrum . He advocated for transparency in government , called for an overhaul of Austrias outsized and convoluted constitution , and demanded that legislators put craftsmanship before ideology in drafting statutes . He also took a firm stance against government encroachments on constitutional rights . After his retirement , he became a vocal critic of online surveillance , especially of government-mandated online data retention . His criticism of Austrias data retention program proved well founded when , in 2014 , the European Court of Justice declared it illegal under European human rights rules . Korinek supported Andreas Khol in the 2016 Austrian presidential election . Personal life . Korinek was married for most of his adult life . He was survived by two children . Korinek was passionate about music . He sang in the Vienna State Opera choir in his student days ; he remained involved in State Opera life throughout his career and well into retirement . Starting in 1999 , he served on the board of directors of the opera , one of a handful of positions he did not retire from even when he was made the president of the Constitutional Court . Korinek authored books on the relationship between government and the arts , on Joseph Haydn , and on the , a comic opera by Richard Strauss . In an interview , Korinek compared the work of a legislator to that of a composer : both are striving to combine clarity with harmony , a parallel that Korinek claimed used to be widely discussed and acknowledged in the past . Korinek also published a book on the life and times of Julius Raab , which became a local bestseller . Selected awards . - 2000 : Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St . Sylvester - 2001 : Grand Decoration of Honor in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria - 2003 : Honorary Doctorate of the University of Salzburg - 2005 : Honorary Doctorate of the Vienna University of Economics and Business - 2006 : Honorary Doctorate of the University of Graz - 2006 : Commanders Cross with Star of the Decoration of Honor for Services to the State of Lower Austria - 2006 : Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold with Star for Services to the State of Styria - 2006 : Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria - 2007 : Defensor Libertatis Award of the Austrian Big Brother Awards - 2007 : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with Star and Sash - 2015 : Cardinal Innitzer Award for Scholarly Achievement of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna
|
[
"University of Vienna"
] |
easy
|
Who did Karl Korinek work for from 1995 to 2003?
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/wiki/Karl_Korinek#P108#2
|
Karl Korinek Karl Korinek ( 7 December 1940 – 9 March 2017 ) was an Austrian constitutional scholar and educator . Korinek taught law at the University of Graz , the Vienna University of Economics and Business , the University of Vienna , and the Danube University Krems . In 1978 , Korinek was appointed to the Austrian Constitutional Court ; he served as the president of the court from 2003 until his retirement in 2008 . Although a member of the Austrian Peoples Party and an outspoken conservative in private life , Korinek was considered non-partisan in his jurisprudence . He clashed with Wolfgang Schüssel on health care and immigration reform and with Jörg Haider on minority protection matters ; he received praise from political opponents for his firm stance on human rights issues in general . Korinek has authored several books and more than 250 scholarly papers . Respected across party boundaries , he is widely regarded as one of the most influential legal scholars in recent Austrian history . Early life . Karl Korinek was born on 12 December 1940 in Vienna as the son of Franz Korinek , a lawyer and future politician , and his wife Viktoria . Korinek grew up Catholic . The family was conservative ; Korineks father joined the Austrian Peoples Party after the end of World War II and went on to become General Secretary of the Austrian Economic Chamber , the national entrepreneurs and industrialists advocacy group ; he later also served as the minister of finance for a term . Korinek received his secondary education at the Gymnasium Mariahilf , a school with special emphasis on the classical humanities . Career . Following his graduation from the gymnasium in 1958 , Korinek enrolled at the University of Vienna to study law , receiving his doctorate in 1963 . He spent the next year working as a trainee at various Viennese courts . In 1964 , he went to work as an in-house legal consultant for the Austrian Economic Chamber . In addition to his day job in the bureaucracy , Korinek continued to pursue an academic career . In 1970 , he submitted his habilitation thesis to the Faculty of Legal and Political Science ( ) at the University of Salzburg . In 1973 , he left the Chamber to accept an appointment to full professor of public law ( ) at the University of Graz . After three years in Graz , Korinek returned to the capital to become a professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Business , a position he held until he moved on to the University of Vienna in 1995 . Starting in 1997 , he also taught at the Danube University Krems . In addition to his academic commitments , Korinek held a considerable number of extramural positions . From 1986 to 1992 , Korinek was president of Austrian Standards International ; from 1987 to 2002 , he also sat on the board of the Deutsches Institut für Normung . In 1999 , he became a member of the board of directors of the Vienna State Opera . He also served on the boards of directors of a number of publicly traded companies and NGOs , most notably the Uniqa Insurance Group and the ERSTE Foundation . In 1998 , he was invited to join the Austrian Academy of Sciences . In 1978 , Korinek was appointed to the Austrian Constitutional Court . He was promoted to vice president of the court in 1999 , to president in 2003 . Korinek retired from his university positions and from most other responsibilities when he assumed the presidency . He kept his seat on the board of the State Opera , a side job that was particularly dear to him . In early 2003 , the cabinet of then-Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel launched the Austria Convention ( ) , a conference of legal scholars and public intellectuals tasked with drafting a new constitution for Austria . The existing constitution , exceptionally bulky and difficult to navigate , had been posing serious technical challenges to legislators and constitutional justices for decades . The Convention was charged with exploring reform . Korinek was a member of the Convention from its launch to its conclusion in 2005 . Effective May 2008 , Korinek retired from the court , citing health reasons . Over the course of his career , Korinek wrote several books and more than 250 scholarly articles . Death and legacy . Korinek died on 9 March 2017 after a protracted struggle with heart disease . Korinek is acknowledged as having been one of the Constitutional Courts most influential members during his tenure ; he may in fact have been one of the courts most influential members in the institutions entire history . Even before he was appointed president of the court , Korinek has had more impact on the courts jurisprudence than would have been typical for a regular member . Commentators credit Korinek with having played a significant role in modernizing the tribunals jurisprudence on constitutional rights questions ; the court itself agrees . Korinek is also credited for the fact that the court , under his leadership , has softened its traditional commitment to judicial restraint and has grown more assertive , protecting human rights principles more energetically and striking down laws more often . Korinek has also been noted for his impact as an educator . Commentators have called him one of the greats of Austrian legal instruction . Korinek is said to have played a prominent role in shaping the minds of several generations of Austrian jurists . He has been called the doyen of Austrian legal scholarship and one of the most distinguished personalities in the countrys legal history . Politics . Korinek was regarded as a committed conservative . Like his father before him , he joined the Austrian Peoples Party ; he remained a card-carrying supporter when he was appointed to the Constitutional Court and only withdrew from membership when he was promoted to president . He also was a member of the Cartellverband . Throughout his life , Korinek remained a devout Catholic . He was active in the Vienna Catholic Academy ( ) and in the Association of Catholic Graduates ( ) . Korinek credited his Christianity in general and Thomas Aquinas in particular with having materially influenced his legal philosophy . Korineks promotion to president of the Constitutional Court was part of an attempt by then-Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel to move the court to the right . His outspoken conservatism and the circumstances of his promotion nonwithstanding , Korinek quickly acquired a reputation for integrity and non-partisan jurisprudence ; he came to be widely respected across party lines . During Korineks tenure as its president , the Constitutional Court overturned several key pieces of Schüssels legislative agenda . Also during Korineks presidency , the court sided with Slovenian minority right activists in the , a long-running dispute about Slovenian language rights that Jörg Haiders Freedom Party had been using to stoke populist resentment . The decision , easily the most controversial in the institutions history , earned Korinek Haiders and the Freedom Partys lasting enmity . Korinek became known for a number of signature positions that received praise from both sides of the political spectrum . He advocated for transparency in government , called for an overhaul of Austrias outsized and convoluted constitution , and demanded that legislators put craftsmanship before ideology in drafting statutes . He also took a firm stance against government encroachments on constitutional rights . After his retirement , he became a vocal critic of online surveillance , especially of government-mandated online data retention . His criticism of Austrias data retention program proved well founded when , in 2014 , the European Court of Justice declared it illegal under European human rights rules . Korinek supported Andreas Khol in the 2016 Austrian presidential election . Personal life . Korinek was married for most of his adult life . He was survived by two children . Korinek was passionate about music . He sang in the Vienna State Opera choir in his student days ; he remained involved in State Opera life throughout his career and well into retirement . Starting in 1999 , he served on the board of directors of the opera , one of a handful of positions he did not retire from even when he was made the president of the Constitutional Court . Korinek authored books on the relationship between government and the arts , on Joseph Haydn , and on the , a comic opera by Richard Strauss . In an interview , Korinek compared the work of a legislator to that of a composer : both are striving to combine clarity with harmony , a parallel that Korinek claimed used to be widely discussed and acknowledged in the past . Korinek also published a book on the life and times of Julius Raab , which became a local bestseller . Selected awards . - 2000 : Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St . Sylvester - 2001 : Grand Decoration of Honor in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria - 2003 : Honorary Doctorate of the University of Salzburg - 2005 : Honorary Doctorate of the Vienna University of Economics and Business - 2006 : Honorary Doctorate of the University of Graz - 2006 : Commanders Cross with Star of the Decoration of Honor for Services to the State of Lower Austria - 2006 : Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold with Star for Services to the State of Styria - 2006 : Grand Decoration of Honor in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria - 2007 : Defensor Libertatis Award of the Austrian Big Brother Awards - 2007 : Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany with Star and Sash - 2015 : Cardinal Innitzer Award for Scholarly Achievement of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna
|
[
"Heinrich Sahm"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Senate of the Free City of Danzig from Dec 1920 to 1931?
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/wiki/Senate_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig#P488#0
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Senate of the Free City of Danzig The Senate of the Free City of Danzig was the government of the Free City of Danzig from 1920 to 1939 , after the Allied administration of Reginald Tower and the Danzig Staatsrat . Constitutional Regulations . The separation of Danzig from the German Reich as a Free City without a vote led to the need to draft a constitution . In the Constitution of the Free City of Danzig , articles 25 to 42 detailed and regulated the role of the Senate . The Senate consisted of 7 full-time senators ( including the President of the Senate , who was the Chairman , and the Deputy President , the Vice Chairman ) and 13 honorary senators . The full-time senators were elected from the Volkstag , and served 4-year terms . The honorary senators could serve indefinite terms . Only by a vote of no confidence from the Volkstag could honorary senators be recalled . Even with a dissolution of the Volkstag , the Senate could remain in power . The Senate was the highest state authority . In particular , it had the tasks : - to announce the laws within a month of their constitutional formation and to issue the ordinances necessary for their execution ; - to run the state administration independently within the framework of the constitution , the laws and the state budget , and to exercise = supervision over all state authorities ; - to draw up the budget draft ; - to manage the property and revenues of the state , to remit revenues and expenditures and to defend the rights of the state ; - to appoint officials , unless stated otherwise by constitution or law ; - to operate within the framework of the constitution and the laws for the safety and public welfare of the State and of all nationals , and to adopt its necessary regulations . In articles 43 to 49 , which detailed legislative procedures , laws had to be approved by both the Volkstag and the Senate . In the event that the Senate failed to approve bills on the day it was proposed , a referendum would be held . Constitutional amendments required a two-thirds majority . With the constitutional amendment of July 4 , 1930 , the number of senators was reduced to 12 ( with the members of the Volkstag decreased from 120 to 72 ) . Individual Senates . First Sahm Senate . After the establishment of the Free City of Danzig on November 15 , 1920 , the Constituent Assembly elected the members of the first senate on December 6 . It was a bourgeois coalition between the DNVP , the DPP and the liberal Free Economic Association . The Social Democrats were the main opposition . The head of the government was Heinrich Sahm , the former mayor , who did not belong to any party . There were 4 DNVP , 4 DDP and 5 liberals in the Senate . At the second Volkstag election on November 18 , 1923 , the coalition continued . The First Sahm Senate continued until December 10 , until it was replaced by the Second Sahm Senate . The honorary members of the First Sahm Senate , including the Deputy President , resigned in January 15 , 1924 . Second Sahm Senate . The rejection of the state budget of 1925 by Deputy President Ernst Ziehm led to a crisis in the government . A new senate was formed on August 19 , 1925 . This senate was a minority senate , made from a coalition of the SPD , Zentrum , and the German Liberal Party ( formed from a 1925 merge of the Free Association of Civil servants , Employees and Workers and the German Party for Progress and Economy ( the name of the Free Economic Association since 1920 ) ) . This government was tolerated by the Poles and socialist politician Wilhelm Rahn . Third Sahm Senate . In the third Volkstag election on November 13 , 1927 , there was a further political shift towards the SPD . The parties of the previous minority government now had a majority . Without prejudice for some changes in senators , the SPD , Zentrum , and the Liberals continued to dominate the senate . The coalition collapsed in 1930 , divided over the question of housing management and financing laws . On March 29 , the Liberals left the coalition , with the SPD following suit on April 2 . In May 1930 , Heinrich Sahms attempt to form a bourgeois senate failed . Sahm suffered another setback in a vote to amend the constitution , in which the DNVP succeeded in reducing the number of seats in the Volkstag from 120 to 72 . This Senate remained in office until January 9 , 1931 . Ziehm Senate . In the fourth Volkstag election on November 16 , 1930 , neither the left or the bourgeois parties had received majorities . The NSDAP , which had received 12 seats , tipped the scales . On January 10 , 1931 , a new senate was formed under Ernst Ziem , with its members being parts of the DNVP , Zentrum , and the Liberals . The Nazis tolerated this senate , even though they were prone to extreme political conflict with them. . However , in the autumn of 1931 , the NSDAP discussed the possible fall and forceful removal of the Ziehm Senate , decided against by Adolf Hitler . Towards the end of 1932 , Hitler changed his mind and started planning to remove the Ziehm Senate . With his appointment as Chancellor in January 1933 , it was time for the NSDAP to come into power in Danzig . They deprived the Senate of confidence in Ziehm and offered to enter into a joint senate with the bourgeois parties if Hermann Rauschning became Senate President and the NSDAP appointed the Interior Senator . The bourgeois parties rejected this proposition and the Senate resigned , remaining in office until June 20 , 1933 . This Senate was known for increasing authoritarianism in Danzig , even banning the social democratic newspaper Volkstimme for a short time in 1932 . By 1932 , the Nazis had tapped into the electoral power of the rural population of Danzig , and had become the second most popular party . Rauschning Senate . In the fifth Volkstag election on May 28 , 1933 , the NSDAP gained an absolute majority . On June 20 , 1933 , a senate under prominent Danzig Nazi Hermann Rauschning was elected , with only Nazis aside from two Zentrum senators . The Volkstag voted to adopt the Enabling Act , allowing the Senate to use emergency decrees without the approval of the Volkstag .
|
[
"Ernst Ziehm"
] |
easy
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Who was the head of Senate of the Free City of Danzig from 1931 to Jun 1933?
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/wiki/Senate_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig#P488#1
|
Senate of the Free City of Danzig The Senate of the Free City of Danzig was the government of the Free City of Danzig from 1920 to 1939 , after the Allied administration of Reginald Tower and the Danzig Staatsrat . Constitutional Regulations . The separation of Danzig from the German Reich as a Free City without a vote led to the need to draft a constitution . In the Constitution of the Free City of Danzig , articles 25 to 42 detailed and regulated the role of the Senate . The Senate consisted of 7 full-time senators ( including the President of the Senate , who was the Chairman , and the Deputy President , the Vice Chairman ) and 13 honorary senators . The full-time senators were elected from the Volkstag , and served 4-year terms . The honorary senators could serve indefinite terms . Only by a vote of no confidence from the Volkstag could honorary senators be recalled . Even with a dissolution of the Volkstag , the Senate could remain in power . The Senate was the highest state authority . In particular , it had the tasks : - to announce the laws within a month of their constitutional formation and to issue the ordinances necessary for their execution ; - to run the state administration independently within the framework of the constitution , the laws and the state budget , and to exercise = supervision over all state authorities ; - to draw up the budget draft ; - to manage the property and revenues of the state , to remit revenues and expenditures and to defend the rights of the state ; - to appoint officials , unless stated otherwise by constitution or law ; - to operate within the framework of the constitution and the laws for the safety and public welfare of the State and of all nationals , and to adopt its necessary regulations . In articles 43 to 49 , which detailed legislative procedures , laws had to be approved by both the Volkstag and the Senate . In the event that the Senate failed to approve bills on the day it was proposed , a referendum would be held . Constitutional amendments required a two-thirds majority . With the constitutional amendment of July 4 , 1930 , the number of senators was reduced to 12 ( with the members of the Volkstag decreased from 120 to 72 ) . Individual Senates . First Sahm Senate . After the establishment of the Free City of Danzig on November 15 , 1920 , the Constituent Assembly elected the members of the first senate on December 6 . It was a bourgeois coalition between the DNVP , the DPP and the liberal Free Economic Association . The Social Democrats were the main opposition . The head of the government was Heinrich Sahm , the former mayor , who did not belong to any party . There were 4 DNVP , 4 DDP and 5 liberals in the Senate . At the second Volkstag election on November 18 , 1923 , the coalition continued . The First Sahm Senate continued until December 10 , until it was replaced by the Second Sahm Senate . The honorary members of the First Sahm Senate , including the Deputy President , resigned in January 15 , 1924 . Second Sahm Senate . The rejection of the state budget of 1925 by Deputy President Ernst Ziehm led to a crisis in the government . A new senate was formed on August 19 , 1925 . This senate was a minority senate , made from a coalition of the SPD , Zentrum , and the German Liberal Party ( formed from a 1925 merge of the Free Association of Civil servants , Employees and Workers and the German Party for Progress and Economy ( the name of the Free Economic Association since 1920 ) ) . This government was tolerated by the Poles and socialist politician Wilhelm Rahn . Third Sahm Senate . In the third Volkstag election on November 13 , 1927 , there was a further political shift towards the SPD . The parties of the previous minority government now had a majority . Without prejudice for some changes in senators , the SPD , Zentrum , and the Liberals continued to dominate the senate . The coalition collapsed in 1930 , divided over the question of housing management and financing laws . On March 29 , the Liberals left the coalition , with the SPD following suit on April 2 . In May 1930 , Heinrich Sahms attempt to form a bourgeois senate failed . Sahm suffered another setback in a vote to amend the constitution , in which the DNVP succeeded in reducing the number of seats in the Volkstag from 120 to 72 . This Senate remained in office until January 9 , 1931 . Ziehm Senate . In the fourth Volkstag election on November 16 , 1930 , neither the left or the bourgeois parties had received majorities . The NSDAP , which had received 12 seats , tipped the scales . On January 10 , 1931 , a new senate was formed under Ernst Ziem , with its members being parts of the DNVP , Zentrum , and the Liberals . The Nazis tolerated this senate , even though they were prone to extreme political conflict with them. . However , in the autumn of 1931 , the NSDAP discussed the possible fall and forceful removal of the Ziehm Senate , decided against by Adolf Hitler . Towards the end of 1932 , Hitler changed his mind and started planning to remove the Ziehm Senate . With his appointment as Chancellor in January 1933 , it was time for the NSDAP to come into power in Danzig . They deprived the Senate of confidence in Ziehm and offered to enter into a joint senate with the bourgeois parties if Hermann Rauschning became Senate President and the NSDAP appointed the Interior Senator . The bourgeois parties rejected this proposition and the Senate resigned , remaining in office until June 20 , 1933 . This Senate was known for increasing authoritarianism in Danzig , even banning the social democratic newspaper Volkstimme for a short time in 1932 . By 1932 , the Nazis had tapped into the electoral power of the rural population of Danzig , and had become the second most popular party . Rauschning Senate . In the fifth Volkstag election on May 28 , 1933 , the NSDAP gained an absolute majority . On June 20 , 1933 , a senate under prominent Danzig Nazi Hermann Rauschning was elected , with only Nazis aside from two Zentrum senators . The Volkstag voted to adopt the Enabling Act , allowing the Senate to use emergency decrees without the approval of the Volkstag .
|
[
"Hermann Rauschning"
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Senate of the Free City of Danzig from Jun 1933 to Nov 1934?
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/wiki/Senate_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig#P488#2
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Senate of the Free City of Danzig The Senate of the Free City of Danzig was the government of the Free City of Danzig from 1920 to 1939 , after the Allied administration of Reginald Tower and the Danzig Staatsrat . Constitutional Regulations . The separation of Danzig from the German Reich as a Free City without a vote led to the need to draft a constitution . In the Constitution of the Free City of Danzig , articles 25 to 42 detailed and regulated the role of the Senate . The Senate consisted of 7 full-time senators ( including the President of the Senate , who was the Chairman , and the Deputy President , the Vice Chairman ) and 13 honorary senators . The full-time senators were elected from the Volkstag , and served 4-year terms . The honorary senators could serve indefinite terms . Only by a vote of no confidence from the Volkstag could honorary senators be recalled . Even with a dissolution of the Volkstag , the Senate could remain in power . The Senate was the highest state authority . In particular , it had the tasks : - to announce the laws within a month of their constitutional formation and to issue the ordinances necessary for their execution ; - to run the state administration independently within the framework of the constitution , the laws and the state budget , and to exercise = supervision over all state authorities ; - to draw up the budget draft ; - to manage the property and revenues of the state , to remit revenues and expenditures and to defend the rights of the state ; - to appoint officials , unless stated otherwise by constitution or law ; - to operate within the framework of the constitution and the laws for the safety and public welfare of the State and of all nationals , and to adopt its necessary regulations . In articles 43 to 49 , which detailed legislative procedures , laws had to be approved by both the Volkstag and the Senate . In the event that the Senate failed to approve bills on the day it was proposed , a referendum would be held . Constitutional amendments required a two-thirds majority . With the constitutional amendment of July 4 , 1930 , the number of senators was reduced to 12 ( with the members of the Volkstag decreased from 120 to 72 ) . Individual Senates . First Sahm Senate . After the establishment of the Free City of Danzig on November 15 , 1920 , the Constituent Assembly elected the members of the first senate on December 6 . It was a bourgeois coalition between the DNVP , the DPP and the liberal Free Economic Association . The Social Democrats were the main opposition . The head of the government was Heinrich Sahm , the former mayor , who did not belong to any party . There were 4 DNVP , 4 DDP and 5 liberals in the Senate . At the second Volkstag election on November 18 , 1923 , the coalition continued . The First Sahm Senate continued until December 10 , until it was replaced by the Second Sahm Senate . The honorary members of the First Sahm Senate , including the Deputy President , resigned in January 15 , 1924 . Second Sahm Senate . The rejection of the state budget of 1925 by Deputy President Ernst Ziehm led to a crisis in the government . A new senate was formed on August 19 , 1925 . This senate was a minority senate , made from a coalition of the SPD , Zentrum , and the German Liberal Party ( formed from a 1925 merge of the Free Association of Civil servants , Employees and Workers and the German Party for Progress and Economy ( the name of the Free Economic Association since 1920 ) ) . This government was tolerated by the Poles and socialist politician Wilhelm Rahn . Third Sahm Senate . In the third Volkstag election on November 13 , 1927 , there was a further political shift towards the SPD . The parties of the previous minority government now had a majority . Without prejudice for some changes in senators , the SPD , Zentrum , and the Liberals continued to dominate the senate . The coalition collapsed in 1930 , divided over the question of housing management and financing laws . On March 29 , the Liberals left the coalition , with the SPD following suit on April 2 . In May 1930 , Heinrich Sahms attempt to form a bourgeois senate failed . Sahm suffered another setback in a vote to amend the constitution , in which the DNVP succeeded in reducing the number of seats in the Volkstag from 120 to 72 . This Senate remained in office until January 9 , 1931 . Ziehm Senate . In the fourth Volkstag election on November 16 , 1930 , neither the left or the bourgeois parties had received majorities . The NSDAP , which had received 12 seats , tipped the scales . On January 10 , 1931 , a new senate was formed under Ernst Ziem , with its members being parts of the DNVP , Zentrum , and the Liberals . The Nazis tolerated this senate , even though they were prone to extreme political conflict with them. . However , in the autumn of 1931 , the NSDAP discussed the possible fall and forceful removal of the Ziehm Senate , decided against by Adolf Hitler . Towards the end of 1932 , Hitler changed his mind and started planning to remove the Ziehm Senate . With his appointment as Chancellor in January 1933 , it was time for the NSDAP to come into power in Danzig . They deprived the Senate of confidence in Ziehm and offered to enter into a joint senate with the bourgeois parties if Hermann Rauschning became Senate President and the NSDAP appointed the Interior Senator . The bourgeois parties rejected this proposition and the Senate resigned , remaining in office until June 20 , 1933 . This Senate was known for increasing authoritarianism in Danzig , even banning the social democratic newspaper Volkstimme for a short time in 1932 . By 1932 , the Nazis had tapped into the electoral power of the rural population of Danzig , and had become the second most popular party . Rauschning Senate . In the fifth Volkstag election on May 28 , 1933 , the NSDAP gained an absolute majority . On June 20 , 1933 , a senate under prominent Danzig Nazi Hermann Rauschning was elected , with only Nazis aside from two Zentrum senators . The Volkstag voted to adopt the Enabling Act , allowing the Senate to use emergency decrees without the approval of the Volkstag .
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[
""
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easy
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Who was the chair of Senate of the Free City of Danzig from Nov 1934 to Sep 1939?
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/wiki/Senate_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig#P488#3
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Senate of the Free City of Danzig The Senate of the Free City of Danzig was the government of the Free City of Danzig from 1920 to 1939 , after the Allied administration of Reginald Tower and the Danzig Staatsrat . Constitutional Regulations . The separation of Danzig from the German Reich as a Free City without a vote led to the need to draft a constitution . In the Constitution of the Free City of Danzig , articles 25 to 42 detailed and regulated the role of the Senate . The Senate consisted of 7 full-time senators ( including the President of the Senate , who was the Chairman , and the Deputy President , the Vice Chairman ) and 13 honorary senators . The full-time senators were elected from the Volkstag , and served 4-year terms . The honorary senators could serve indefinite terms . Only by a vote of no confidence from the Volkstag could honorary senators be recalled . Even with a dissolution of the Volkstag , the Senate could remain in power . The Senate was the highest state authority . In particular , it had the tasks : - to announce the laws within a month of their constitutional formation and to issue the ordinances necessary for their execution ; - to run the state administration independently within the framework of the constitution , the laws and the state budget , and to exercise = supervision over all state authorities ; - to draw up the budget draft ; - to manage the property and revenues of the state , to remit revenues and expenditures and to defend the rights of the state ; - to appoint officials , unless stated otherwise by constitution or law ; - to operate within the framework of the constitution and the laws for the safety and public welfare of the State and of all nationals , and to adopt its necessary regulations . In articles 43 to 49 , which detailed legislative procedures , laws had to be approved by both the Volkstag and the Senate . In the event that the Senate failed to approve bills on the day it was proposed , a referendum would be held . Constitutional amendments required a two-thirds majority . With the constitutional amendment of July 4 , 1930 , the number of senators was reduced to 12 ( with the members of the Volkstag decreased from 120 to 72 ) . Individual Senates . First Sahm Senate . After the establishment of the Free City of Danzig on November 15 , 1920 , the Constituent Assembly elected the members of the first senate on December 6 . It was a bourgeois coalition between the DNVP , the DPP and the liberal Free Economic Association . The Social Democrats were the main opposition . The head of the government was Heinrich Sahm , the former mayor , who did not belong to any party . There were 4 DNVP , 4 DDP and 5 liberals in the Senate . At the second Volkstag election on November 18 , 1923 , the coalition continued . The First Sahm Senate continued until December 10 , until it was replaced by the Second Sahm Senate . The honorary members of the First Sahm Senate , including the Deputy President , resigned in January 15 , 1924 . Second Sahm Senate . The rejection of the state budget of 1925 by Deputy President Ernst Ziehm led to a crisis in the government . A new senate was formed on August 19 , 1925 . This senate was a minority senate , made from a coalition of the SPD , Zentrum , and the German Liberal Party ( formed from a 1925 merge of the Free Association of Civil servants , Employees and Workers and the German Party for Progress and Economy ( the name of the Free Economic Association since 1920 ) ) . This government was tolerated by the Poles and socialist politician Wilhelm Rahn . Third Sahm Senate . In the third Volkstag election on November 13 , 1927 , there was a further political shift towards the SPD . The parties of the previous minority government now had a majority . Without prejudice for some changes in senators , the SPD , Zentrum , and the Liberals continued to dominate the senate . The coalition collapsed in 1930 , divided over the question of housing management and financing laws . On March 29 , the Liberals left the coalition , with the SPD following suit on April 2 . In May 1930 , Heinrich Sahms attempt to form a bourgeois senate failed . Sahm suffered another setback in a vote to amend the constitution , in which the DNVP succeeded in reducing the number of seats in the Volkstag from 120 to 72 . This Senate remained in office until January 9 , 1931 . Ziehm Senate . In the fourth Volkstag election on November 16 , 1930 , neither the left or the bourgeois parties had received majorities . The NSDAP , which had received 12 seats , tipped the scales . On January 10 , 1931 , a new senate was formed under Ernst Ziem , with its members being parts of the DNVP , Zentrum , and the Liberals . The Nazis tolerated this senate , even though they were prone to extreme political conflict with them. . However , in the autumn of 1931 , the NSDAP discussed the possible fall and forceful removal of the Ziehm Senate , decided against by Adolf Hitler . Towards the end of 1932 , Hitler changed his mind and started planning to remove the Ziehm Senate . With his appointment as Chancellor in January 1933 , it was time for the NSDAP to come into power in Danzig . They deprived the Senate of confidence in Ziehm and offered to enter into a joint senate with the bourgeois parties if Hermann Rauschning became Senate President and the NSDAP appointed the Interior Senator . The bourgeois parties rejected this proposition and the Senate resigned , remaining in office until June 20 , 1933 . This Senate was known for increasing authoritarianism in Danzig , even banning the social democratic newspaper Volkstimme for a short time in 1932 . By 1932 , the Nazis had tapped into the electoral power of the rural population of Danzig , and had become the second most popular party . Rauschning Senate . In the fifth Volkstag election on May 28 , 1933 , the NSDAP gained an absolute majority . On June 20 , 1933 , a senate under prominent Danzig Nazi Hermann Rauschning was elected , with only Nazis aside from two Zentrum senators . The Volkstag voted to adopt the Enabling Act , allowing the Senate to use emergency decrees without the approval of the Volkstag .
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"United States Ambassador to Lithuania"
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easy
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Which position did John F. Tefft hold from Jun 2000 to May 2003?
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/wiki/John_F._Tefft#P39#0
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John F . Tefft John F . Tefft ( born August 16 , 1949 ) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972 . He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31 , 2014 . He has previously served as the United States ambassador to Ukraine , Georgia , and Lithuania , as well as chargé daffaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow . Early life and education . Tefft was born in Madison , Wisconsin . He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University . Career . Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service , with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor . He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem , Budapest , Rome , Moscow , Vilnius , Tbilisi , and Kyiv . Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia , he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6 , 2004 . Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor ( Deputy Commandant ) of the National War College in Washington , D.C . From 2000 to 2003 , he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania . He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S . Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 ( when Pickering was Ambassador ) , and was chargé daffaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997 . Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994 , Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union ( later Russian and CIS ) Affairs from 1989 to 1992 , and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S . Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989 . His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem , as well as service on the U.S . delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985 . Ambassador to Ukraine . On September 30 , 2009 , President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S . Senate on November 20 , 2009 . Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2 , 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Teffts credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7 , 2009 . The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation . Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian . On February 26 , 2013 , President Obama nominated Geoffrey R . Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine . Pyatt was sworn in on July 30 , 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3 , 2013 . Ambassador to Russia . In July 2014 , President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow , after receiving Russias approval . The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31 , 2014 . The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time . Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine , the countrys annexation of Crimea , and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner , prompted senators to finally approve the nomination . He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19 , 2014 and left the position on September 28 , 2017 . In 2016 , the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast , Nikolay Merkushkin , advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft . Awards . Tefft has received a number of awards , including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999 . He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005 . Personal life . Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft , a biostatistician and nurse . They have two daughters , Christine , a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen , a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities .
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[
"deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs",
"ambassador to Georgia",
"ambassador to Ukraine"
] |
easy
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What position did John F. Tefft take from Aug 2005 to 2009?
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/wiki/John_F._Tefft#P39#1
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John F . Tefft John F . Tefft ( born August 16 , 1949 ) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972 . He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31 , 2014 . He has previously served as the United States ambassador to Ukraine , Georgia , and Lithuania , as well as chargé daffaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow . Early life and education . Tefft was born in Madison , Wisconsin . He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University . Career . Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service , with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor . He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem , Budapest , Rome , Moscow , Vilnius , Tbilisi , and Kyiv . Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia , he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6 , 2004 . Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor ( Deputy Commandant ) of the National War College in Washington , D.C . From 2000 to 2003 , he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania . He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S . Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 ( when Pickering was Ambassador ) , and was chargé daffaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997 . Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994 , Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union ( later Russian and CIS ) Affairs from 1989 to 1992 , and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S . Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989 . His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem , as well as service on the U.S . delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985 . Ambassador to Ukraine . On September 30 , 2009 , President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S . Senate on November 20 , 2009 . Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2 , 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Teffts credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7 , 2009 . The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation . Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian . On February 26 , 2013 , President Obama nominated Geoffrey R . Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine . Pyatt was sworn in on July 30 , 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3 , 2013 . Ambassador to Russia . In July 2014 , President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow , after receiving Russias approval . The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31 , 2014 . The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time . Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine , the countrys annexation of Crimea , and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner , prompted senators to finally approve the nomination . He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19 , 2014 and left the position on September 28 , 2017 . In 2016 , the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast , Nikolay Merkushkin , advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft . Awards . Tefft has received a number of awards , including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999 . He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005 . Personal life . Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft , a biostatistician and nurse . They have two daughters , Christine , a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen , a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities .
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[
"Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine"
] |
easy
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What position did John F. Tefft take from Nov 2009 to Jul 2013?
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/wiki/John_F._Tefft#P39#2
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John F . Tefft John F . Tefft ( born August 16 , 1949 ) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972 . He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31 , 2014 . He has previously served as the United States ambassador to Ukraine , Georgia , and Lithuania , as well as chargé daffaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow . Early life and education . Tefft was born in Madison , Wisconsin . He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University . Career . Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service , with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor . He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem , Budapest , Rome , Moscow , Vilnius , Tbilisi , and Kyiv . Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia , he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6 , 2004 . Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor ( Deputy Commandant ) of the National War College in Washington , D.C . From 2000 to 2003 , he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania . He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S . Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 ( when Pickering was Ambassador ) , and was chargé daffaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997 . Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994 , Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union ( later Russian and CIS ) Affairs from 1989 to 1992 , and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S . Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989 . His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem , as well as service on the U.S . delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985 . Ambassador to Ukraine . On September 30 , 2009 , President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S . Senate on November 20 , 2009 . Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2 , 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Teffts credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7 , 2009 . The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation . Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian . On February 26 , 2013 , President Obama nominated Geoffrey R . Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine . Pyatt was sworn in on July 30 , 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3 , 2013 . Ambassador to Russia . In July 2014 , President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow , after receiving Russias approval . The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31 , 2014 . The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time . Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine , the countrys annexation of Crimea , and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner , prompted senators to finally approve the nomination . He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19 , 2014 and left the position on September 28 , 2017 . In 2016 , the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast , Nikolay Merkushkin , advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft . Awards . Tefft has received a number of awards , including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999 . He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005 . Personal life . Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft , a biostatistician and nurse . They have two daughters , Christine , a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen , a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities .
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[
"United States Ambassador to Russia"
] |
easy
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What position did John F. Tefft take from Sep 2014 to Sep 2015?
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/wiki/John_F._Tefft#P39#3
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John F . Tefft John F . Tefft ( born August 16 , 1949 ) is an American diplomat who has served as a Foreign Service Officer since 1972 . He was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Russia on July 31 , 2014 . He has previously served as the United States ambassador to Ukraine , Georgia , and Lithuania , as well as chargé daffaires of the Embassy of the United States in Moscow . Early life and education . Tefft was born in Madison , Wisconsin . He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Marquette University and a Master of Arts in history from Georgetown University . Career . Tefft is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service , with the personal rank of Minister-Counselor . He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1972 and has served in Jerusalem , Budapest , Rome , Moscow , Vilnius , Tbilisi , and Kyiv . Until his appointment as ambassador to Georgia , he was the deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs since July 6 , 2004 . Tefft also served as International Affairs Advisor ( Deputy Commandant ) of the National War College in Washington , D.C . From 2000 to 2003 , he was the United States Ambassador to Lithuania . He served as deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S . Embassy in Moscow from 1996 to 1999 ( when Pickering was Ambassador ) , and was chargé daffaires at the Embassy from November 1996 to September 1997 . Tefft served as Director of the Office of Northern European Affairs from 1992 to 1994 , Deputy Director of the Office of Soviet Union ( later Russian and CIS ) Affairs from 1989 to 1992 , and Counselor for Political-Military Affairs at the U.S . Embassy in Rome from 1986 to 1989 . His other foreign assignments included Budapest and Jerusalem , as well as service on the U.S . delegation to the START I arms control negotiations in 1985 . Ambassador to Ukraine . On September 30 , 2009 , President Barack Obama nominated Tefft as the ambassador to Ukraine and he was confirmed by the U.S . Senate on November 20 , 2009 . Tefft arrived in Ukraine on December 2 , 2009 and President Viktor Yushchenko accepted Teffts credentials of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary on December 7 , 2009 . The Ambassador expressed his hope for fruitful cooperation . Tefft delivered his speech in Ukrainian . On February 26 , 2013 , President Obama nominated Geoffrey R . Pyatt to succeed Tefft as Ambassador of the United States to Ukraine . Pyatt was sworn in on July 30 , 2013 and arrived in Ukraine on August 3 , 2013 . Ambassador to Russia . In July 2014 , President Obama nominated Tefft as the United States Ambassador to Russia in Moscow , after receiving Russias approval . The Senate confirmed Tefft in a voice vote on July 31 , 2014 . The confirmation followed several attempts as a number of ambassadorial appointments were being held up at the time . Strained relations with Russia over pro-separatist activity in eastern Ukraine , the countrys annexation of Crimea , and the alleged shooting down of a commercial airliner , prompted senators to finally approve the nomination . He presented his credentials to President Vladimir Putin on November 19 , 2014 and left the position on September 28 , 2017 . In 2016 , the Russian governor of the Samara Oblast , Nikolay Merkushkin , advised employees for help in paying wages and appeals to US Ambassador John Tefft . Awards . Tefft has received a number of awards , including the State Department Distinguished Honor Award in 1992 and the DCM of the Year Award for his service in Moscow in 1999 . He received Presidential Meritorious Service Awards in 2001 and 2005 . Personal life . Tefft is married to Mariella Cellitti Tefft , a biostatistician and nurse . They have two daughters , Christine , a lawyer at the State Department and Cathleen , a program analyst at the National Endowment for the Humanities .
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[
""
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easy
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Where was Arthur W. Conway educated from 1888 to 1892?
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/wiki/Arthur_W._Conway#P69#0
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Arthur W . Conway Arthur William Conway FRS ( 2 October 1875 – 11 July 1950 ) was a distinguished Irish mathematician and mathematical physicist who wrote one of the first books on relativity and co-edited two volumes of William Rowan Hamiltons collected works . He also served as President of University College Dublin between 1940 and 1947 . Life and career . Born in Wexford , he received his early education in St Peters College , Wexford and proceeded to enter old University College , Dublin in 1892 . He received his BA degree from the Royal University of Ireland in 1896 with honours in Latin , English , Mathematics and Natural Philosophy . In 1897 , he received his MA degree with highest honours in mathematics and proceeded to Corpus Christi College , Oxford , becoming University Scholar there in 1898 , and studying under Augustus Love . Also in 1901 , he was appointed to the professorship of Mathematical Physics in the old University College and held the Chair until the creation of the new college in 1909 . He also taught for a short time at St . Patricks College , Maynooth . He married Agnes Christina Bingham on 19 August 1903 ; they had three daughters and one son . One of Conways students was Éamon de Valera , whom he introduced to Hamiltons quaternions . De Valera warmed to the subject and engaged in research of this novelty of abstract algebra . Later , when de Valera became Taoiseach ( he was also subsequently President of Ireland ) , he called upon Conway while forming the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies . Conways earliest publications , dating back to 1903 , were on the electromagnetic theory . He is remembered for his application of biquaternion algebra to the special theory of relativity , and in 1915 published a 43-page tract Relativity in Edinburgh . He published an article in 1911 , and in 1912 asserted priority over Ludwik Silberstein , who also applied biquaternions to relativity . This claim was backed up by George Temple in his book 100 Years of Mathematics . In 1947 Conway put quaternions to use with rotations in hyperbolic space . The next year he published quantum mechanics applications which were referred to in a PhD thesis by J . Lambek in 1950 . In 1918 , he was the Irish Parliamentary Party candidate in South Londonderry and in the National University of Ireland , coming second in both . Arthur Conway continued his scholarship in the fields of mathematics and theoretical physics , and made a special study of William Rowan Hamilton . With J . L . Synge , he edited the first volume of Hamiltons mathematical papers and with A . J . McConnell he edited the second volume of Hamiltons mathematical papers . Conway was also active in college life , being appointed Registrar , a position he occupied until his election as president in 1940 . He retired in 1947 from the presidency of UCD . In 1953 , some of his writings were edited by J . McConnell for publication by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies . He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Toronto in 1924 , in 1932 in Zurich , and in 1936 in Oslo . He was elected President of the Royal Irish Academy from 1937 to 1940 . In October 1975 , to mark the centenary of his birth , UCD hosted the AC Conway Memorial Mathematical Symposium . Speakers included Roger Penrose , Ian Sneddon , and William B . Bonnor . In his obituary , E.T . Whittaker referred to Conway as the most distinguished Irish Catholic man of science of his generation . Books . - 1915 : Relativity , G . Bell & Sons ( Edinburgh Mathematical Tracts No . 3 ) via Internet Archive - 1931 : The Mathematical Papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton : Volume 1 , Geometrical Optics , Cambridge ( edited with J L Synge ) - 1940 : The Mathematical Papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton : Volume 2 , Dynamics , Cambridge ( edited with J L Synge )
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[
"University College",
"Royal University of Ireland"
] |
easy
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Where was Arthur W. Conway educated from 1892 to 1896?
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/wiki/Arthur_W._Conway#P69#1
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Arthur W . Conway Arthur William Conway FRS ( 2 October 1875 – 11 July 1950 ) was a distinguished Irish mathematician and mathematical physicist who wrote one of the first books on relativity and co-edited two volumes of William Rowan Hamiltons collected works . He also served as President of University College Dublin between 1940 and 1947 . Life and career . Born in Wexford , he received his early education in St Peters College , Wexford and proceeded to enter old University College , Dublin in 1892 . He received his BA degree from the Royal University of Ireland in 1896 with honours in Latin , English , Mathematics and Natural Philosophy . In 1897 , he received his MA degree with highest honours in mathematics and proceeded to Corpus Christi College , Oxford , becoming University Scholar there in 1898 , and studying under Augustus Love . Also in 1901 , he was appointed to the professorship of Mathematical Physics in the old University College and held the Chair until the creation of the new college in 1909 . He also taught for a short time at St . Patricks College , Maynooth . He married Agnes Christina Bingham on 19 August 1903 ; they had three daughters and one son . One of Conways students was Éamon de Valera , whom he introduced to Hamiltons quaternions . De Valera warmed to the subject and engaged in research of this novelty of abstract algebra . Later , when de Valera became Taoiseach ( he was also subsequently President of Ireland ) , he called upon Conway while forming the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies . Conways earliest publications , dating back to 1903 , were on the electromagnetic theory . He is remembered for his application of biquaternion algebra to the special theory of relativity , and in 1915 published a 43-page tract Relativity in Edinburgh . He published an article in 1911 , and in 1912 asserted priority over Ludwik Silberstein , who also applied biquaternions to relativity . This claim was backed up by George Temple in his book 100 Years of Mathematics . In 1947 Conway put quaternions to use with rotations in hyperbolic space . The next year he published quantum mechanics applications which were referred to in a PhD thesis by J . Lambek in 1950 . In 1918 , he was the Irish Parliamentary Party candidate in South Londonderry and in the National University of Ireland , coming second in both . Arthur Conway continued his scholarship in the fields of mathematics and theoretical physics , and made a special study of William Rowan Hamilton . With J . L . Synge , he edited the first volume of Hamiltons mathematical papers and with A . J . McConnell he edited the second volume of Hamiltons mathematical papers . Conway was also active in college life , being appointed Registrar , a position he occupied until his election as president in 1940 . He retired in 1947 from the presidency of UCD . In 1953 , some of his writings were edited by J . McConnell for publication by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies . He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Toronto in 1924 , in 1932 in Zurich , and in 1936 in Oslo . He was elected President of the Royal Irish Academy from 1937 to 1940 . In October 1975 , to mark the centenary of his birth , UCD hosted the AC Conway Memorial Mathematical Symposium . Speakers included Roger Penrose , Ian Sneddon , and William B . Bonnor . In his obituary , E.T . Whittaker referred to Conway as the most distinguished Irish Catholic man of science of his generation . Books . - 1915 : Relativity , G . Bell & Sons ( Edinburgh Mathematical Tracts No . 3 ) via Internet Archive - 1931 : The Mathematical Papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton : Volume 1 , Geometrical Optics , Cambridge ( edited with J L Synge ) - 1940 : The Mathematical Papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton : Volume 2 , Dynamics , Cambridge ( edited with J L Synge )
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[
"Corpus Christi College , Oxford"
] |
easy
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Arthur W. Conway went to which school from 1896 to 1900?
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/wiki/Arthur_W._Conway#P69#2
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Arthur W . Conway Arthur William Conway FRS ( 2 October 1875 – 11 July 1950 ) was a distinguished Irish mathematician and mathematical physicist who wrote one of the first books on relativity and co-edited two volumes of William Rowan Hamiltons collected works . He also served as President of University College Dublin between 1940 and 1947 . Life and career . Born in Wexford , he received his early education in St Peters College , Wexford and proceeded to enter old University College , Dublin in 1892 . He received his BA degree from the Royal University of Ireland in 1896 with honours in Latin , English , Mathematics and Natural Philosophy . In 1897 , he received his MA degree with highest honours in mathematics and proceeded to Corpus Christi College , Oxford , becoming University Scholar there in 1898 , and studying under Augustus Love . Also in 1901 , he was appointed to the professorship of Mathematical Physics in the old University College and held the Chair until the creation of the new college in 1909 . He also taught for a short time at St . Patricks College , Maynooth . He married Agnes Christina Bingham on 19 August 1903 ; they had three daughters and one son . One of Conways students was Éamon de Valera , whom he introduced to Hamiltons quaternions . De Valera warmed to the subject and engaged in research of this novelty of abstract algebra . Later , when de Valera became Taoiseach ( he was also subsequently President of Ireland ) , he called upon Conway while forming the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies . Conways earliest publications , dating back to 1903 , were on the electromagnetic theory . He is remembered for his application of biquaternion algebra to the special theory of relativity , and in 1915 published a 43-page tract Relativity in Edinburgh . He published an article in 1911 , and in 1912 asserted priority over Ludwik Silberstein , who also applied biquaternions to relativity . This claim was backed up by George Temple in his book 100 Years of Mathematics . In 1947 Conway put quaternions to use with rotations in hyperbolic space . The next year he published quantum mechanics applications which were referred to in a PhD thesis by J . Lambek in 1950 . In 1918 , he was the Irish Parliamentary Party candidate in South Londonderry and in the National University of Ireland , coming second in both . Arthur Conway continued his scholarship in the fields of mathematics and theoretical physics , and made a special study of William Rowan Hamilton . With J . L . Synge , he edited the first volume of Hamiltons mathematical papers and with A . J . McConnell he edited the second volume of Hamiltons mathematical papers . Conway was also active in college life , being appointed Registrar , a position he occupied until his election as president in 1940 . He retired in 1947 from the presidency of UCD . In 1953 , some of his writings were edited by J . McConnell for publication by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies . He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Toronto in 1924 , in 1932 in Zurich , and in 1936 in Oslo . He was elected President of the Royal Irish Academy from 1937 to 1940 . In October 1975 , to mark the centenary of his birth , UCD hosted the AC Conway Memorial Mathematical Symposium . Speakers included Roger Penrose , Ian Sneddon , and William B . Bonnor . In his obituary , E.T . Whittaker referred to Conway as the most distinguished Irish Catholic man of science of his generation . Books . - 1915 : Relativity , G . Bell & Sons ( Edinburgh Mathematical Tracts No . 3 ) via Internet Archive - 1931 : The Mathematical Papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton : Volume 1 , Geometrical Optics , Cambridge ( edited with J L Synge ) - 1940 : The Mathematical Papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton : Volume 2 , Dynamics , Cambridge ( edited with J L Synge )
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[
"Chittagong College"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Humayun Azad work for from 1969 to 1970?
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/wiki/Humayun_Azad#P108#0
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Humayun Azad Humayun Azad born Humayun Kabir ; 28 April 1947 – 12 August 2004 ) was a Bangladeshi poet , novelist , short-story writer , critic , linguist , columnist and professor of Dhaka University . He wrote more than sixty titles . He was awarded the Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1986 for his contributions to Bengali linguistics . In 2012 , the Government of Bangladesh honored him with Ekushey Padak posthumously for his contributions to Bengali literature . Early life and education . Azad was born as Humayun Kabir on 28 April 1947 in Rarhikhal village in Bikrampur which village is now under the Sreenagar sub-district of Munshiganj district . Notable scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in the same village . He passed the secondary examination from Sir Jagadish Chandra Basu Institute in 1962 and higher secondary examination from Dhaka College in 1964 . He earned BA and MA degrees in Bengali language and literature from the University of Dhaka in 1967 and 1968 respectively . He obtained his PhD in linguistics submitting his thesis titled Pronominalisation in Bangla from the University of Edinburgh in 1976 . Azad changed his surname from Kabir to Azad on 28 September 1988 by the magistrate of Narayanganj District . Career . Azad started his career in 1969 by joining the Chittagong College . He joined the University of Chittagong as a lecturer on 11 February 1970 and Jahangirnagar University in 1972 . He was appointed as an associate professor of Bengali at the University of Dhaka on 1 November 1978 and got promoted to the post of professor in 1986 . Literary works . Azads first published book was about collection of poems written by himself ( written from 1960s decade to 1972 ) , the book was titled as Alaukik Istimar ( ) , this was published in 1973 , in which year he went to Scotland for studying Ph.D in Linguistics from University of Edinburgh . He wrote a short-story in 1979 called Onoboroto Tusharpat ( ) which was inspired from his newly-wed life with his Dhaka University class-mate Latifa Kohinoor , he took Latifa Scotland after the marriage in 1975 , in Britain one day among heavy snowing Azad was driving a car with his wife which became the main plot of the short story ; so many years later Azad included this short-story in his 1996 book Jadukorer Mrityu ( ) which book is the collection of his own-written five short-stories . Towards the end of the 1980s , he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary sociopolitical issues . His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers . Through his writings of the 1990s and early 2000s he established himself as a novelist . In 1992 Azad published the first comprehensive feminist book in Bengali titled Naree ( ) . Naree received both positive and negative reviews as a treatise , it was considered the first full fledged feminist book after the independence of Bangladesh . In this work Azad mentioned the pro-women contributions of the British Indias two famous Bengali socio-political reformers : Raja Rammohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar , he criticized Rabindranath Tagore , a famous Bengali poet and Nobel laureate , and Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , a famous Bengali novelist of the 19th century . The work , critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of society towards women , attracted negative reactions from many Bangladeshi readers . The Government of Bangladesh banned the book in 1995 . The ban was eventually lifted in 2000 , following a legal battle that Azad won in the High Court of the country . In the year of 1994 he published his first novel which was titled as Chhappanno Hajar Borgomail ( ) ; the novel was about military rule in Bangladesh in 1980s decade . He got special recognition for his second novel Sab Kichu Bhene Pare ( 1995 ) which was based on interpersonal relationship of Bangladeshi society . He wrote Ekti Khuner Svapna ( ) , an unrequited love-based novel where the main male protagonist lives in Salimullah Muslim Hall of Dhaka University where Azad lived during his student life , it was Azads last novel published in 2004 in which year he died . Other important novels are Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush ( ) and Nijer Shonge Nijer Jiboner Modhu ( ) , the first was based on a fictitious late 20th century Bangladeshi male poets life who is castrated after involving in live-in relationship with a much younger woman and the latter was inspired by Humayun Azads own rural life when he was a teen-aged boy . Another noted novel written by Azad was Fali Fali Kore Kata Chand ( ) , where the main female protagonist character Shirin is an educated young woman with self-boastfulness , she engages in adultery , leaves her husband and becomes misandrist . Azad also wrote teen-age literature , among them , the discourse-book Laal Neel Deepabali is noted , this book was written for teen-aged boys and girls as Azads aim was to teach Bangladeshi adolescent boys and girls about the history of Bengali literature in short . Assassination attempt . On 27 February 2004 , near the campus of the University of Dhaka during the annual Bangla Academy book fair , two assailants , armed with chopper machetes , hacked Azad several times on the jaw , lower part of the neck and hands . Azad was taken to the nearby Dhaka Medical College and Hospital . By the order of the then Prime Minister of Bangladesh Khaleda Zia , Azad was immediately sent to the Combined Military Hospital ( CMH ) , Dhaka for better treatment and later to Bumrungrad International Hospital in Thailand where he recovered . Azad had been fearing for his life ever since excerpts of his novel , Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad ( ) were first published in The Daily Ittefaq Newspapers Eid supplement in 2003 . In that novel , he indecorously criticised the political ideologies of the Islamic extremists of Bangladesh . After that book had been published , he started receiving various threats from the Islamist fundamentalists . A week prior to Azads assault , Delwar Hossain Sayeedi , one of the members of parliament of Bangladesh said in the parliament , that Azads political satire Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad must be banned ; he also wanted infliction of the blasphemy law of Bangladesh for this kind of book . In 2006 , one of the leaders of the fundamentalist organization Jamaatul Mujahideen Bangladesh ( JMB ) admitted to the RAB interrogators that his operatives carried out the attack on writer Azad , as well as two other murders , bomb blasts , and 2002 attacks on cinemas . Death . On 12 August 2004 , Azad was found dead in his apartment in Munich , Germany , where he had arrived a week earlier to conduct research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet Heinrich Heine , several months after the Islamists machete attack on him at a book fair , which had left him grievously injured . His family demanded an investigation , alleging that the extremists who had attempted the earlier assassination had a role in this death . While alive , Azad had expressed his wish to donate his body to medical college after his death . But he was buried in Rarhikhal , his village home in Bangladesh , as doctors denied to take his body for medical research , as several days had passed to reach his body to Bangladesh from Germany . The first death anniversary of Azad was observed with respect in Rarhikhal village on Friday , the 12 August 2005 . Personal life . Azad married Latifa Kohinoor on 12 October 1975 whom he first met 1968 when studying M.A . in Dhaka University . Together they had two daughters , Smita and Mouli , and one son , Anannya . Bibliography . Notable books . - Alaukik Istimar , collection of poems ( 1973 ) - Lal Neel Deepabali Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni , short history of Bengali literature ( 1976 ) - Naree , treatise on feminism ( 1992 ) - Sab Kichu Bhene Pare , novel on inter-personal relationship of Bangladeshi society ( 1995 ) - Nijer Shonge Nijer Jiboner Modhu , novel on rural life of Bangladesh ( 2000 ) - Fali Fali Kore Kata Chand , novel on a woman who is an individualistic feminist ( 2001 ) - Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad , novel on the fundamentalism of Bangladesh ( 2003 ) - Ekti Khuner Svapna , novel on unrequited love of a young man ( 2004 )
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[
"University of Chittagong"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Humayun Azad work for in Feb 1970?
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/wiki/Humayun_Azad#P108#1
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Humayun Azad Humayun Azad born Humayun Kabir ; 28 April 1947 – 12 August 2004 ) was a Bangladeshi poet , novelist , short-story writer , critic , linguist , columnist and professor of Dhaka University . He wrote more than sixty titles . He was awarded the Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1986 for his contributions to Bengali linguistics . In 2012 , the Government of Bangladesh honored him with Ekushey Padak posthumously for his contributions to Bengali literature . Early life and education . Azad was born as Humayun Kabir on 28 April 1947 in Rarhikhal village in Bikrampur which village is now under the Sreenagar sub-district of Munshiganj district . Notable scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in the same village . He passed the secondary examination from Sir Jagadish Chandra Basu Institute in 1962 and higher secondary examination from Dhaka College in 1964 . He earned BA and MA degrees in Bengali language and literature from the University of Dhaka in 1967 and 1968 respectively . He obtained his PhD in linguistics submitting his thesis titled Pronominalisation in Bangla from the University of Edinburgh in 1976 . Azad changed his surname from Kabir to Azad on 28 September 1988 by the magistrate of Narayanganj District . Career . Azad started his career in 1969 by joining the Chittagong College . He joined the University of Chittagong as a lecturer on 11 February 1970 and Jahangirnagar University in 1972 . He was appointed as an associate professor of Bengali at the University of Dhaka on 1 November 1978 and got promoted to the post of professor in 1986 . Literary works . Azads first published book was about collection of poems written by himself ( written from 1960s decade to 1972 ) , the book was titled as Alaukik Istimar ( ) , this was published in 1973 , in which year he went to Scotland for studying Ph.D in Linguistics from University of Edinburgh . He wrote a short-story in 1979 called Onoboroto Tusharpat ( ) which was inspired from his newly-wed life with his Dhaka University class-mate Latifa Kohinoor , he took Latifa Scotland after the marriage in 1975 , in Britain one day among heavy snowing Azad was driving a car with his wife which became the main plot of the short story ; so many years later Azad included this short-story in his 1996 book Jadukorer Mrityu ( ) which book is the collection of his own-written five short-stories . Towards the end of the 1980s , he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary sociopolitical issues . His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers . Through his writings of the 1990s and early 2000s he established himself as a novelist . In 1992 Azad published the first comprehensive feminist book in Bengali titled Naree ( ) . Naree received both positive and negative reviews as a treatise , it was considered the first full fledged feminist book after the independence of Bangladesh . In this work Azad mentioned the pro-women contributions of the British Indias two famous Bengali socio-political reformers : Raja Rammohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar , he criticized Rabindranath Tagore , a famous Bengali poet and Nobel laureate , and Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , a famous Bengali novelist of the 19th century . The work , critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of society towards women , attracted negative reactions from many Bangladeshi readers . The Government of Bangladesh banned the book in 1995 . The ban was eventually lifted in 2000 , following a legal battle that Azad won in the High Court of the country . In the year of 1994 he published his first novel which was titled as Chhappanno Hajar Borgomail ( ) ; the novel was about military rule in Bangladesh in 1980s decade . He got special recognition for his second novel Sab Kichu Bhene Pare ( 1995 ) which was based on interpersonal relationship of Bangladeshi society . He wrote Ekti Khuner Svapna ( ) , an unrequited love-based novel where the main male protagonist lives in Salimullah Muslim Hall of Dhaka University where Azad lived during his student life , it was Azads last novel published in 2004 in which year he died . Other important novels are Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush ( ) and Nijer Shonge Nijer Jiboner Modhu ( ) , the first was based on a fictitious late 20th century Bangladeshi male poets life who is castrated after involving in live-in relationship with a much younger woman and the latter was inspired by Humayun Azads own rural life when he was a teen-aged boy . Another noted novel written by Azad was Fali Fali Kore Kata Chand ( ) , where the main female protagonist character Shirin is an educated young woman with self-boastfulness , she engages in adultery , leaves her husband and becomes misandrist . Azad also wrote teen-age literature , among them , the discourse-book Laal Neel Deepabali is noted , this book was written for teen-aged boys and girls as Azads aim was to teach Bangladeshi adolescent boys and girls about the history of Bengali literature in short . Assassination attempt . On 27 February 2004 , near the campus of the University of Dhaka during the annual Bangla Academy book fair , two assailants , armed with chopper machetes , hacked Azad several times on the jaw , lower part of the neck and hands . Azad was taken to the nearby Dhaka Medical College and Hospital . By the order of the then Prime Minister of Bangladesh Khaleda Zia , Azad was immediately sent to the Combined Military Hospital ( CMH ) , Dhaka for better treatment and later to Bumrungrad International Hospital in Thailand where he recovered . Azad had been fearing for his life ever since excerpts of his novel , Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad ( ) were first published in The Daily Ittefaq Newspapers Eid supplement in 2003 . In that novel , he indecorously criticised the political ideologies of the Islamic extremists of Bangladesh . After that book had been published , he started receiving various threats from the Islamist fundamentalists . A week prior to Azads assault , Delwar Hossain Sayeedi , one of the members of parliament of Bangladesh said in the parliament , that Azads political satire Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad must be banned ; he also wanted infliction of the blasphemy law of Bangladesh for this kind of book . In 2006 , one of the leaders of the fundamentalist organization Jamaatul Mujahideen Bangladesh ( JMB ) admitted to the RAB interrogators that his operatives carried out the attack on writer Azad , as well as two other murders , bomb blasts , and 2002 attacks on cinemas . Death . On 12 August 2004 , Azad was found dead in his apartment in Munich , Germany , where he had arrived a week earlier to conduct research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet Heinrich Heine , several months after the Islamists machete attack on him at a book fair , which had left him grievously injured . His family demanded an investigation , alleging that the extremists who had attempted the earlier assassination had a role in this death . While alive , Azad had expressed his wish to donate his body to medical college after his death . But he was buried in Rarhikhal , his village home in Bangladesh , as doctors denied to take his body for medical research , as several days had passed to reach his body to Bangladesh from Germany . The first death anniversary of Azad was observed with respect in Rarhikhal village on Friday , the 12 August 2005 . Personal life . Azad married Latifa Kohinoor on 12 October 1975 whom he first met 1968 when studying M.A . in Dhaka University . Together they had two daughters , Smita and Mouli , and one son , Anannya . Bibliography . Notable books . - Alaukik Istimar , collection of poems ( 1973 ) - Lal Neel Deepabali Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni , short history of Bengali literature ( 1976 ) - Naree , treatise on feminism ( 1992 ) - Sab Kichu Bhene Pare , novel on inter-personal relationship of Bangladeshi society ( 1995 ) - Nijer Shonge Nijer Jiboner Modhu , novel on rural life of Bangladesh ( 2000 ) - Fali Fali Kore Kata Chand , novel on a woman who is an individualistic feminist ( 2001 ) - Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad , novel on the fundamentalism of Bangladesh ( 2003 ) - Ekti Khuner Svapna , novel on unrequited love of a young man ( 2004 )
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[
"Jahangirnagar University"
] |
easy
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Humayun Azad was an employee for whom from Dec 1970 to 1978?
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/wiki/Humayun_Azad#P108#2
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Humayun Azad Humayun Azad born Humayun Kabir ; 28 April 1947 – 12 August 2004 ) was a Bangladeshi poet , novelist , short-story writer , critic , linguist , columnist and professor of Dhaka University . He wrote more than sixty titles . He was awarded the Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1986 for his contributions to Bengali linguistics . In 2012 , the Government of Bangladesh honored him with Ekushey Padak posthumously for his contributions to Bengali literature . Early life and education . Azad was born as Humayun Kabir on 28 April 1947 in Rarhikhal village in Bikrampur which village is now under the Sreenagar sub-district of Munshiganj district . Notable scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in the same village . He passed the secondary examination from Sir Jagadish Chandra Basu Institute in 1962 and higher secondary examination from Dhaka College in 1964 . He earned BA and MA degrees in Bengali language and literature from the University of Dhaka in 1967 and 1968 respectively . He obtained his PhD in linguistics submitting his thesis titled Pronominalisation in Bangla from the University of Edinburgh in 1976 . Azad changed his surname from Kabir to Azad on 28 September 1988 by the magistrate of Narayanganj District . Career . Azad started his career in 1969 by joining the Chittagong College . He joined the University of Chittagong as a lecturer on 11 February 1970 and Jahangirnagar University in 1972 . He was appointed as an associate professor of Bengali at the University of Dhaka on 1 November 1978 and got promoted to the post of professor in 1986 . Literary works . Azads first published book was about collection of poems written by himself ( written from 1960s decade to 1972 ) , the book was titled as Alaukik Istimar ( ) , this was published in 1973 , in which year he went to Scotland for studying Ph.D in Linguistics from University of Edinburgh . He wrote a short-story in 1979 called Onoboroto Tusharpat ( ) which was inspired from his newly-wed life with his Dhaka University class-mate Latifa Kohinoor , he took Latifa Scotland after the marriage in 1975 , in Britain one day among heavy snowing Azad was driving a car with his wife which became the main plot of the short story ; so many years later Azad included this short-story in his 1996 book Jadukorer Mrityu ( ) which book is the collection of his own-written five short-stories . Towards the end of the 1980s , he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary sociopolitical issues . His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers . Through his writings of the 1990s and early 2000s he established himself as a novelist . In 1992 Azad published the first comprehensive feminist book in Bengali titled Naree ( ) . Naree received both positive and negative reviews as a treatise , it was considered the first full fledged feminist book after the independence of Bangladesh . In this work Azad mentioned the pro-women contributions of the British Indias two famous Bengali socio-political reformers : Raja Rammohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar , he criticized Rabindranath Tagore , a famous Bengali poet and Nobel laureate , and Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , a famous Bengali novelist of the 19th century . The work , critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of society towards women , attracted negative reactions from many Bangladeshi readers . The Government of Bangladesh banned the book in 1995 . The ban was eventually lifted in 2000 , following a legal battle that Azad won in the High Court of the country . In the year of 1994 he published his first novel which was titled as Chhappanno Hajar Borgomail ( ) ; the novel was about military rule in Bangladesh in 1980s decade . He got special recognition for his second novel Sab Kichu Bhene Pare ( 1995 ) which was based on interpersonal relationship of Bangladeshi society . He wrote Ekti Khuner Svapna ( ) , an unrequited love-based novel where the main male protagonist lives in Salimullah Muslim Hall of Dhaka University where Azad lived during his student life , it was Azads last novel published in 2004 in which year he died . Other important novels are Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush ( ) and Nijer Shonge Nijer Jiboner Modhu ( ) , the first was based on a fictitious late 20th century Bangladeshi male poets life who is castrated after involving in live-in relationship with a much younger woman and the latter was inspired by Humayun Azads own rural life when he was a teen-aged boy . Another noted novel written by Azad was Fali Fali Kore Kata Chand ( ) , where the main female protagonist character Shirin is an educated young woman with self-boastfulness , she engages in adultery , leaves her husband and becomes misandrist . Azad also wrote teen-age literature , among them , the discourse-book Laal Neel Deepabali is noted , this book was written for teen-aged boys and girls as Azads aim was to teach Bangladeshi adolescent boys and girls about the history of Bengali literature in short . Assassination attempt . On 27 February 2004 , near the campus of the University of Dhaka during the annual Bangla Academy book fair , two assailants , armed with chopper machetes , hacked Azad several times on the jaw , lower part of the neck and hands . Azad was taken to the nearby Dhaka Medical College and Hospital . By the order of the then Prime Minister of Bangladesh Khaleda Zia , Azad was immediately sent to the Combined Military Hospital ( CMH ) , Dhaka for better treatment and later to Bumrungrad International Hospital in Thailand where he recovered . Azad had been fearing for his life ever since excerpts of his novel , Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad ( ) were first published in The Daily Ittefaq Newspapers Eid supplement in 2003 . In that novel , he indecorously criticised the political ideologies of the Islamic extremists of Bangladesh . After that book had been published , he started receiving various threats from the Islamist fundamentalists . A week prior to Azads assault , Delwar Hossain Sayeedi , one of the members of parliament of Bangladesh said in the parliament , that Azads political satire Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad must be banned ; he also wanted infliction of the blasphemy law of Bangladesh for this kind of book . In 2006 , one of the leaders of the fundamentalist organization Jamaatul Mujahideen Bangladesh ( JMB ) admitted to the RAB interrogators that his operatives carried out the attack on writer Azad , as well as two other murders , bomb blasts , and 2002 attacks on cinemas . Death . On 12 August 2004 , Azad was found dead in his apartment in Munich , Germany , where he had arrived a week earlier to conduct research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet Heinrich Heine , several months after the Islamists machete attack on him at a book fair , which had left him grievously injured . His family demanded an investigation , alleging that the extremists who had attempted the earlier assassination had a role in this death . While alive , Azad had expressed his wish to donate his body to medical college after his death . But he was buried in Rarhikhal , his village home in Bangladesh , as doctors denied to take his body for medical research , as several days had passed to reach his body to Bangladesh from Germany . The first death anniversary of Azad was observed with respect in Rarhikhal village on Friday , the 12 August 2005 . Personal life . Azad married Latifa Kohinoor on 12 October 1975 whom he first met 1968 when studying M.A . in Dhaka University . Together they had two daughters , Smita and Mouli , and one son , Anannya . Bibliography . Notable books . - Alaukik Istimar , collection of poems ( 1973 ) - Lal Neel Deepabali Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni , short history of Bengali literature ( 1976 ) - Naree , treatise on feminism ( 1992 ) - Sab Kichu Bhene Pare , novel on inter-personal relationship of Bangladeshi society ( 1995 ) - Nijer Shonge Nijer Jiboner Modhu , novel on rural life of Bangladesh ( 2000 ) - Fali Fali Kore Kata Chand , novel on a woman who is an individualistic feminist ( 2001 ) - Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad , novel on the fundamentalism of Bangladesh ( 2003 ) - Ekti Khuner Svapna , novel on unrequited love of a young man ( 2004 )
|
[
"Dhaka University"
] |
easy
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What was the name of the employer Humayun Azad work for from Nov 1978 to 2004?
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/wiki/Humayun_Azad#P108#3
|
Humayun Azad Humayun Azad born Humayun Kabir ; 28 April 1947 – 12 August 2004 ) was a Bangladeshi poet , novelist , short-story writer , critic , linguist , columnist and professor of Dhaka University . He wrote more than sixty titles . He was awarded the Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1986 for his contributions to Bengali linguistics . In 2012 , the Government of Bangladesh honored him with Ekushey Padak posthumously for his contributions to Bengali literature . Early life and education . Azad was born as Humayun Kabir on 28 April 1947 in Rarhikhal village in Bikrampur which village is now under the Sreenagar sub-district of Munshiganj district . Notable scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose was born in the same village . He passed the secondary examination from Sir Jagadish Chandra Basu Institute in 1962 and higher secondary examination from Dhaka College in 1964 . He earned BA and MA degrees in Bengali language and literature from the University of Dhaka in 1967 and 1968 respectively . He obtained his PhD in linguistics submitting his thesis titled Pronominalisation in Bangla from the University of Edinburgh in 1976 . Azad changed his surname from Kabir to Azad on 28 September 1988 by the magistrate of Narayanganj District . Career . Azad started his career in 1969 by joining the Chittagong College . He joined the University of Chittagong as a lecturer on 11 February 1970 and Jahangirnagar University in 1972 . He was appointed as an associate professor of Bengali at the University of Dhaka on 1 November 1978 and got promoted to the post of professor in 1986 . Literary works . Azads first published book was about collection of poems written by himself ( written from 1960s decade to 1972 ) , the book was titled as Alaukik Istimar ( ) , this was published in 1973 , in which year he went to Scotland for studying Ph.D in Linguistics from University of Edinburgh . He wrote a short-story in 1979 called Onoboroto Tusharpat ( ) which was inspired from his newly-wed life with his Dhaka University class-mate Latifa Kohinoor , he took Latifa Scotland after the marriage in 1975 , in Britain one day among heavy snowing Azad was driving a car with his wife which became the main plot of the short story ; so many years later Azad included this short-story in his 1996 book Jadukorer Mrityu ( ) which book is the collection of his own-written five short-stories . Towards the end of the 1980s , he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary sociopolitical issues . His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers . Through his writings of the 1990s and early 2000s he established himself as a novelist . In 1992 Azad published the first comprehensive feminist book in Bengali titled Naree ( ) . Naree received both positive and negative reviews as a treatise , it was considered the first full fledged feminist book after the independence of Bangladesh . In this work Azad mentioned the pro-women contributions of the British Indias two famous Bengali socio-political reformers : Raja Rammohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar , he criticized Rabindranath Tagore , a famous Bengali poet and Nobel laureate , and Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , a famous Bengali novelist of the 19th century . The work , critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of society towards women , attracted negative reactions from many Bangladeshi readers . The Government of Bangladesh banned the book in 1995 . The ban was eventually lifted in 2000 , following a legal battle that Azad won in the High Court of the country . In the year of 1994 he published his first novel which was titled as Chhappanno Hajar Borgomail ( ) ; the novel was about military rule in Bangladesh in 1980s decade . He got special recognition for his second novel Sab Kichu Bhene Pare ( 1995 ) which was based on interpersonal relationship of Bangladeshi society . He wrote Ekti Khuner Svapna ( ) , an unrequited love-based novel where the main male protagonist lives in Salimullah Muslim Hall of Dhaka University where Azad lived during his student life , it was Azads last novel published in 2004 in which year he died . Other important novels are Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush ( ) and Nijer Shonge Nijer Jiboner Modhu ( ) , the first was based on a fictitious late 20th century Bangladeshi male poets life who is castrated after involving in live-in relationship with a much younger woman and the latter was inspired by Humayun Azads own rural life when he was a teen-aged boy . Another noted novel written by Azad was Fali Fali Kore Kata Chand ( ) , where the main female protagonist character Shirin is an educated young woman with self-boastfulness , she engages in adultery , leaves her husband and becomes misandrist . Azad also wrote teen-age literature , among them , the discourse-book Laal Neel Deepabali is noted , this book was written for teen-aged boys and girls as Azads aim was to teach Bangladeshi adolescent boys and girls about the history of Bengali literature in short . Assassination attempt . On 27 February 2004 , near the campus of the University of Dhaka during the annual Bangla Academy book fair , two assailants , armed with chopper machetes , hacked Azad several times on the jaw , lower part of the neck and hands . Azad was taken to the nearby Dhaka Medical College and Hospital . By the order of the then Prime Minister of Bangladesh Khaleda Zia , Azad was immediately sent to the Combined Military Hospital ( CMH ) , Dhaka for better treatment and later to Bumrungrad International Hospital in Thailand where he recovered . Azad had been fearing for his life ever since excerpts of his novel , Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad ( ) were first published in The Daily Ittefaq Newspapers Eid supplement in 2003 . In that novel , he indecorously criticised the political ideologies of the Islamic extremists of Bangladesh . After that book had been published , he started receiving various threats from the Islamist fundamentalists . A week prior to Azads assault , Delwar Hossain Sayeedi , one of the members of parliament of Bangladesh said in the parliament , that Azads political satire Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad must be banned ; he also wanted infliction of the blasphemy law of Bangladesh for this kind of book . In 2006 , one of the leaders of the fundamentalist organization Jamaatul Mujahideen Bangladesh ( JMB ) admitted to the RAB interrogators that his operatives carried out the attack on writer Azad , as well as two other murders , bomb blasts , and 2002 attacks on cinemas . Death . On 12 August 2004 , Azad was found dead in his apartment in Munich , Germany , where he had arrived a week earlier to conduct research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet Heinrich Heine , several months after the Islamists machete attack on him at a book fair , which had left him grievously injured . His family demanded an investigation , alleging that the extremists who had attempted the earlier assassination had a role in this death . While alive , Azad had expressed his wish to donate his body to medical college after his death . But he was buried in Rarhikhal , his village home in Bangladesh , as doctors denied to take his body for medical research , as several days had passed to reach his body to Bangladesh from Germany . The first death anniversary of Azad was observed with respect in Rarhikhal village on Friday , the 12 August 2005 . Personal life . Azad married Latifa Kohinoor on 12 October 1975 whom he first met 1968 when studying M.A . in Dhaka University . Together they had two daughters , Smita and Mouli , and one son , Anannya . Bibliography . Notable books . - Alaukik Istimar , collection of poems ( 1973 ) - Lal Neel Deepabali Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni , short history of Bengali literature ( 1976 ) - Naree , treatise on feminism ( 1992 ) - Sab Kichu Bhene Pare , novel on inter-personal relationship of Bangladeshi society ( 1995 ) - Nijer Shonge Nijer Jiboner Modhu , novel on rural life of Bangladesh ( 2000 ) - Fali Fali Kore Kata Chand , novel on a woman who is an individualistic feminist ( 2001 ) - Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad , novel on the fundamentalism of Bangladesh ( 2003 ) - Ekti Khuner Svapna , novel on unrequited love of a young man ( 2004 )
|
[
"Primeira Liga"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Hélder Barbosa play for from 2005 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Hélder_Barbosa#P54#0
|
Hélder Barbosa Hélder Jorge Leal Rodrigues Barbosa ( born 25 May 1987 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Greek club Panetolikos . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 148 matches and 19 goals , mainly for Braga ( three seasons ) and Académica ( two ) . He also played for teams in Spain , Greece , the United Arab Emirates and Turkey . All youth levels comprised , Barbosa won 77 caps for Portugal . He made his senior debut in 2012 . Club career . Porto . Barbosa was born in Paredes , Porto District . A product of FC Portos youth academy , he made his Primeira Liga debut in the last day of the 2005–06 season , with the northerners already crowned champions : he played the second half of a 1–1 away derby against Boavista FC , and was sent off in the last minute . From 2006 to 2008 , Barbosa was loaned to fellow league club Académica de Coimbra , but was recalled by Porto in mid-January 2008 to make up for the loss of Tarik Sektioui , who was selected by Morocco for the Africa Cup of Nations . He served another loan in 2008–09 to lowly newcomers C.D . Trofense , notably scoring against S.L . Benfica in an historic 2–0 home win . He only missed two league games during the season , but could not help prevent immediate relegation . Barbosa was again loaned for the following campaign , now to Vitória de Setúbal . He scored his first goal for the Sadinos on 31 August 2009 , but in a 1–8 loss at Benfica . Braga . On 2 July 2010 , after helping Setúbal avoid top-flight relegation , Barbosa was released by Porto , signing a three-year contract with S.C . Braga . Rarely used in the first months , he began gaining more playing time after the January 2011 departure of Matheus , who left for a team in Ukraine , and contributed four league goals in an eventual fourth-place finish . In less than one month , starting on 25 August 2011 , Barbosa scored in four consecutive games for Braga , including one goal in a 3–1 home victory over Gil Vicente F.C . and two at Birmingham City in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League , in another 3–1 win . The following 14 February , he was sent off for a second bookable offence in the 0–2 home loss to Beşiktaş J.K . for the Europa League round-of-32 , after diving in the penalty area . Barbosa was loaned to La Liga side UD Almería on 28 August 2013 . He netted his first goal for the Andalusians on 11 January 2014 , but in a 1–6 away defeat against Athletic Bilbao . AEK Athens . On 31 July 2014 , Barbosa signed a three-year deal with AEK Athens F.C . on a free transfer . He scored five goals in 26 appearances in his debut season , helping the club return to the Super League Greece after a two-year absence . Later years . On 24 August 2016 , Barbosa joined Al-Wasl F.C . from the UAE Arabian Gulf League on a three-year contract for a transfer fee of €750.000 , earning €600.000 per year . The following summer , he moved to the Süper Lig with Akhisar Belediyespor after agreeing to a two-year deal . On 10 May 2018 , both he and countryman Miguel Lopes scored as the latter club beat Fenerbahçe S.K . 3–2 in the final of the Turkish Cup , for its first-ever major trophy . Barbosa continued in Turkey in the 2019–20 season , signing with Hatayspor of the TFF First League . The 33-year-old returned to the Greek top tier on 14 January 2021 , on a one-and-a-half-year contract at Panetolikos FC . International career . Barbosa made his debut for Portugal on 14 November 2012 in a friendly with Gabon , playing the last 11 minutes of the 2–2 draw in Libreville after coming on as a substitute for Braga teammate Custódio . Honours . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Braga - Taça da Liga : 2012–13 AEK Athens - Greek Football Cup : 2015–16 - Football League Greece : 2014–15 ( South Group ) Akhisarspor - Turkish Cup : 2017–18 External links . - National team data
|
[
"Académica de Coimbra",
"Porto"
] |
easy
|
Hélder Barbosa played for which team from 2006 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Hélder_Barbosa#P54#1
|
Hélder Barbosa Hélder Jorge Leal Rodrigues Barbosa ( born 25 May 1987 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Greek club Panetolikos . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 148 matches and 19 goals , mainly for Braga ( three seasons ) and Académica ( two ) . He also played for teams in Spain , Greece , the United Arab Emirates and Turkey . All youth levels comprised , Barbosa won 77 caps for Portugal . He made his senior debut in 2012 . Club career . Porto . Barbosa was born in Paredes , Porto District . A product of FC Portos youth academy , he made his Primeira Liga debut in the last day of the 2005–06 season , with the northerners already crowned champions : he played the second half of a 1–1 away derby against Boavista FC , and was sent off in the last minute . From 2006 to 2008 , Barbosa was loaned to fellow league club Académica de Coimbra , but was recalled by Porto in mid-January 2008 to make up for the loss of Tarik Sektioui , who was selected by Morocco for the Africa Cup of Nations . He served another loan in 2008–09 to lowly newcomers C.D . Trofense , notably scoring against S.L . Benfica in an historic 2–0 home win . He only missed two league games during the season , but could not help prevent immediate relegation . Barbosa was again loaned for the following campaign , now to Vitória de Setúbal . He scored his first goal for the Sadinos on 31 August 2009 , but in a 1–8 loss at Benfica . Braga . On 2 July 2010 , after helping Setúbal avoid top-flight relegation , Barbosa was released by Porto , signing a three-year contract with S.C . Braga . Rarely used in the first months , he began gaining more playing time after the January 2011 departure of Matheus , who left for a team in Ukraine , and contributed four league goals in an eventual fourth-place finish . In less than one month , starting on 25 August 2011 , Barbosa scored in four consecutive games for Braga , including one goal in a 3–1 home victory over Gil Vicente F.C . and two at Birmingham City in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League , in another 3–1 win . The following 14 February , he was sent off for a second bookable offence in the 0–2 home loss to Beşiktaş J.K . for the Europa League round-of-32 , after diving in the penalty area . Barbosa was loaned to La Liga side UD Almería on 28 August 2013 . He netted his first goal for the Andalusians on 11 January 2014 , but in a 1–6 away defeat against Athletic Bilbao . AEK Athens . On 31 July 2014 , Barbosa signed a three-year deal with AEK Athens F.C . on a free transfer . He scored five goals in 26 appearances in his debut season , helping the club return to the Super League Greece after a two-year absence . Later years . On 24 August 2016 , Barbosa joined Al-Wasl F.C . from the UAE Arabian Gulf League on a three-year contract for a transfer fee of €750.000 , earning €600.000 per year . The following summer , he moved to the Süper Lig with Akhisar Belediyespor after agreeing to a two-year deal . On 10 May 2018 , both he and countryman Miguel Lopes scored as the latter club beat Fenerbahçe S.K . 3–2 in the final of the Turkish Cup , for its first-ever major trophy . Barbosa continued in Turkey in the 2019–20 season , signing with Hatayspor of the TFF First League . The 33-year-old returned to the Greek top tier on 14 January 2021 , on a one-and-a-half-year contract at Panetolikos FC . International career . Barbosa made his debut for Portugal on 14 November 2012 in a friendly with Gabon , playing the last 11 minutes of the 2–2 draw in Libreville after coming on as a substitute for Braga teammate Custódio . Honours . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Braga - Taça da Liga : 2012–13 AEK Athens - Greek Football Cup : 2015–16 - Football League Greece : 2014–15 ( South Group ) Akhisarspor - Turkish Cup : 2017–18 External links . - National team data
|
[
"Porto",
"C.D . Trofense"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Hélder Barbosa play for in 2008?
|
/wiki/Hélder_Barbosa#P54#2
|
Hélder Barbosa Hélder Jorge Leal Rodrigues Barbosa ( born 25 May 1987 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Greek club Panetolikos . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 148 matches and 19 goals , mainly for Braga ( three seasons ) and Académica ( two ) . He also played for teams in Spain , Greece , the United Arab Emirates and Turkey . All youth levels comprised , Barbosa won 77 caps for Portugal . He made his senior debut in 2012 . Club career . Porto . Barbosa was born in Paredes , Porto District . A product of FC Portos youth academy , he made his Primeira Liga debut in the last day of the 2005–06 season , with the northerners already crowned champions : he played the second half of a 1–1 away derby against Boavista FC , and was sent off in the last minute . From 2006 to 2008 , Barbosa was loaned to fellow league club Académica de Coimbra , but was recalled by Porto in mid-January 2008 to make up for the loss of Tarik Sektioui , who was selected by Morocco for the Africa Cup of Nations . He served another loan in 2008–09 to lowly newcomers C.D . Trofense , notably scoring against S.L . Benfica in an historic 2–0 home win . He only missed two league games during the season , but could not help prevent immediate relegation . Barbosa was again loaned for the following campaign , now to Vitória de Setúbal . He scored his first goal for the Sadinos on 31 August 2009 , but in a 1–8 loss at Benfica . Braga . On 2 July 2010 , after helping Setúbal avoid top-flight relegation , Barbosa was released by Porto , signing a three-year contract with S.C . Braga . Rarely used in the first months , he began gaining more playing time after the January 2011 departure of Matheus , who left for a team in Ukraine , and contributed four league goals in an eventual fourth-place finish . In less than one month , starting on 25 August 2011 , Barbosa scored in four consecutive games for Braga , including one goal in a 3–1 home victory over Gil Vicente F.C . and two at Birmingham City in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League , in another 3–1 win . The following 14 February , he was sent off for a second bookable offence in the 0–2 home loss to Beşiktaş J.K . for the Europa League round-of-32 , after diving in the penalty area . Barbosa was loaned to La Liga side UD Almería on 28 August 2013 . He netted his first goal for the Andalusians on 11 January 2014 , but in a 1–6 away defeat against Athletic Bilbao . AEK Athens . On 31 July 2014 , Barbosa signed a three-year deal with AEK Athens F.C . on a free transfer . He scored five goals in 26 appearances in his debut season , helping the club return to the Super League Greece after a two-year absence . Later years . On 24 August 2016 , Barbosa joined Al-Wasl F.C . from the UAE Arabian Gulf League on a three-year contract for a transfer fee of €750.000 , earning €600.000 per year . The following summer , he moved to the Süper Lig with Akhisar Belediyespor after agreeing to a two-year deal . On 10 May 2018 , both he and countryman Miguel Lopes scored as the latter club beat Fenerbahçe S.K . 3–2 in the final of the Turkish Cup , for its first-ever major trophy . Barbosa continued in Turkey in the 2019–20 season , signing with Hatayspor of the TFF First League . The 33-year-old returned to the Greek top tier on 14 January 2021 , on a one-and-a-half-year contract at Panetolikos FC . International career . Barbosa made his debut for Portugal on 14 November 2012 in a friendly with Gabon , playing the last 11 minutes of the 2–2 draw in Libreville after coming on as a substitute for Braga teammate Custódio . Honours . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Braga - Taça da Liga : 2012–13 AEK Athens - Greek Football Cup : 2015–16 - Football League Greece : 2014–15 ( South Group ) Akhisarspor - Turkish Cup : 2017–18 External links . - National team data
|
[
"C.D . Trofense"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Hélder Barbosa belong to from 2008 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Hélder_Barbosa#P54#3
|
Hélder Barbosa Hélder Jorge Leal Rodrigues Barbosa ( born 25 May 1987 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Greek club Panetolikos . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 148 matches and 19 goals , mainly for Braga ( three seasons ) and Académica ( two ) . He also played for teams in Spain , Greece , the United Arab Emirates and Turkey . All youth levels comprised , Barbosa won 77 caps for Portugal . He made his senior debut in 2012 . Club career . Porto . Barbosa was born in Paredes , Porto District . A product of FC Portos youth academy , he made his Primeira Liga debut in the last day of the 2005–06 season , with the northerners already crowned champions : he played the second half of a 1–1 away derby against Boavista FC , and was sent off in the last minute . From 2006 to 2008 , Barbosa was loaned to fellow league club Académica de Coimbra , but was recalled by Porto in mid-January 2008 to make up for the loss of Tarik Sektioui , who was selected by Morocco for the Africa Cup of Nations . He served another loan in 2008–09 to lowly newcomers C.D . Trofense , notably scoring against S.L . Benfica in an historic 2–0 home win . He only missed two league games during the season , but could not help prevent immediate relegation . Barbosa was again loaned for the following campaign , now to Vitória de Setúbal . He scored his first goal for the Sadinos on 31 August 2009 , but in a 1–8 loss at Benfica . Braga . On 2 July 2010 , after helping Setúbal avoid top-flight relegation , Barbosa was released by Porto , signing a three-year contract with S.C . Braga . Rarely used in the first months , he began gaining more playing time after the January 2011 departure of Matheus , who left for a team in Ukraine , and contributed four league goals in an eventual fourth-place finish . In less than one month , starting on 25 August 2011 , Barbosa scored in four consecutive games for Braga , including one goal in a 3–1 home victory over Gil Vicente F.C . and two at Birmingham City in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League , in another 3–1 win . The following 14 February , he was sent off for a second bookable offence in the 0–2 home loss to Beşiktaş J.K . for the Europa League round-of-32 , after diving in the penalty area . Barbosa was loaned to La Liga side UD Almería on 28 August 2013 . He netted his first goal for the Andalusians on 11 January 2014 , but in a 1–6 away defeat against Athletic Bilbao . AEK Athens . On 31 July 2014 , Barbosa signed a three-year deal with AEK Athens F.C . on a free transfer . He scored five goals in 26 appearances in his debut season , helping the club return to the Super League Greece after a two-year absence . Later years . On 24 August 2016 , Barbosa joined Al-Wasl F.C . from the UAE Arabian Gulf League on a three-year contract for a transfer fee of €750.000 , earning €600.000 per year . The following summer , he moved to the Süper Lig with Akhisar Belediyespor after agreeing to a two-year deal . On 10 May 2018 , both he and countryman Miguel Lopes scored as the latter club beat Fenerbahçe S.K . 3–2 in the final of the Turkish Cup , for its first-ever major trophy . Barbosa continued in Turkey in the 2019–20 season , signing with Hatayspor of the TFF First League . The 33-year-old returned to the Greek top tier on 14 January 2021 , on a one-and-a-half-year contract at Panetolikos FC . International career . Barbosa made his debut for Portugal on 14 November 2012 in a friendly with Gabon , playing the last 11 minutes of the 2–2 draw in Libreville after coming on as a substitute for Braga teammate Custódio . Honours . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Braga - Taça da Liga : 2012–13 AEK Athens - Greek Football Cup : 2015–16 - Football League Greece : 2014–15 ( South Group ) Akhisarspor - Turkish Cup : 2017–18 External links . - National team data
|
[
"Vitória de Setúbal"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Hélder Barbosa belong to from 2009 to 2010?
|
/wiki/Hélder_Barbosa#P54#4
|
Hélder Barbosa Hélder Jorge Leal Rodrigues Barbosa ( born 25 May 1987 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Greek club Panetolikos . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 148 matches and 19 goals , mainly for Braga ( three seasons ) and Académica ( two ) . He also played for teams in Spain , Greece , the United Arab Emirates and Turkey . All youth levels comprised , Barbosa won 77 caps for Portugal . He made his senior debut in 2012 . Club career . Porto . Barbosa was born in Paredes , Porto District . A product of FC Portos youth academy , he made his Primeira Liga debut in the last day of the 2005–06 season , with the northerners already crowned champions : he played the second half of a 1–1 away derby against Boavista FC , and was sent off in the last minute . From 2006 to 2008 , Barbosa was loaned to fellow league club Académica de Coimbra , but was recalled by Porto in mid-January 2008 to make up for the loss of Tarik Sektioui , who was selected by Morocco for the Africa Cup of Nations . He served another loan in 2008–09 to lowly newcomers C.D . Trofense , notably scoring against S.L . Benfica in an historic 2–0 home win . He only missed two league games during the season , but could not help prevent immediate relegation . Barbosa was again loaned for the following campaign , now to Vitória de Setúbal . He scored his first goal for the Sadinos on 31 August 2009 , but in a 1–8 loss at Benfica . Braga . On 2 July 2010 , after helping Setúbal avoid top-flight relegation , Barbosa was released by Porto , signing a three-year contract with S.C . Braga . Rarely used in the first months , he began gaining more playing time after the January 2011 departure of Matheus , who left for a team in Ukraine , and contributed four league goals in an eventual fourth-place finish . In less than one month , starting on 25 August 2011 , Barbosa scored in four consecutive games for Braga , including one goal in a 3–1 home victory over Gil Vicente F.C . and two at Birmingham City in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League , in another 3–1 win . The following 14 February , he was sent off for a second bookable offence in the 0–2 home loss to Beşiktaş J.K . for the Europa League round-of-32 , after diving in the penalty area . Barbosa was loaned to La Liga side UD Almería on 28 August 2013 . He netted his first goal for the Andalusians on 11 January 2014 , but in a 1–6 away defeat against Athletic Bilbao . AEK Athens . On 31 July 2014 , Barbosa signed a three-year deal with AEK Athens F.C . on a free transfer . He scored five goals in 26 appearances in his debut season , helping the club return to the Super League Greece after a two-year absence . Later years . On 24 August 2016 , Barbosa joined Al-Wasl F.C . from the UAE Arabian Gulf League on a three-year contract for a transfer fee of €750.000 , earning €600.000 per year . The following summer , he moved to the Süper Lig with Akhisar Belediyespor after agreeing to a two-year deal . On 10 May 2018 , both he and countryman Miguel Lopes scored as the latter club beat Fenerbahçe S.K . 3–2 in the final of the Turkish Cup , for its first-ever major trophy . Barbosa continued in Turkey in the 2019–20 season , signing with Hatayspor of the TFF First League . The 33-year-old returned to the Greek top tier on 14 January 2021 , on a one-and-a-half-year contract at Panetolikos FC . International career . Barbosa made his debut for Portugal on 14 November 2012 in a friendly with Gabon , playing the last 11 minutes of the 2–2 draw in Libreville after coming on as a substitute for Braga teammate Custódio . Honours . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Braga - Taça da Liga : 2012–13 AEK Athens - Greek Football Cup : 2015–16 - Football League Greece : 2014–15 ( South Group ) Akhisarspor - Turkish Cup : 2017–18 External links . - National team data
|
[
"S.C . Braga",
"La Liga side UD Almería"
] |
easy
|
Hélder Barbosa played for which team from 2010 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Hélder_Barbosa#P54#5
|
Hélder Barbosa Hélder Jorge Leal Rodrigues Barbosa ( born 25 May 1987 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Greek club Panetolikos . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 148 matches and 19 goals , mainly for Braga ( three seasons ) and Académica ( two ) . He also played for teams in Spain , Greece , the United Arab Emirates and Turkey . All youth levels comprised , Barbosa won 77 caps for Portugal . He made his senior debut in 2012 . Club career . Porto . Barbosa was born in Paredes , Porto District . A product of FC Portos youth academy , he made his Primeira Liga debut in the last day of the 2005–06 season , with the northerners already crowned champions : he played the second half of a 1–1 away derby against Boavista FC , and was sent off in the last minute . From 2006 to 2008 , Barbosa was loaned to fellow league club Académica de Coimbra , but was recalled by Porto in mid-January 2008 to make up for the loss of Tarik Sektioui , who was selected by Morocco for the Africa Cup of Nations . He served another loan in 2008–09 to lowly newcomers C.D . Trofense , notably scoring against S.L . Benfica in an historic 2–0 home win . He only missed two league games during the season , but could not help prevent immediate relegation . Barbosa was again loaned for the following campaign , now to Vitória de Setúbal . He scored his first goal for the Sadinos on 31 August 2009 , but in a 1–8 loss at Benfica . Braga . On 2 July 2010 , after helping Setúbal avoid top-flight relegation , Barbosa was released by Porto , signing a three-year contract with S.C . Braga . Rarely used in the first months , he began gaining more playing time after the January 2011 departure of Matheus , who left for a team in Ukraine , and contributed four league goals in an eventual fourth-place finish . In less than one month , starting on 25 August 2011 , Barbosa scored in four consecutive games for Braga , including one goal in a 3–1 home victory over Gil Vicente F.C . and two at Birmingham City in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League , in another 3–1 win . The following 14 February , he was sent off for a second bookable offence in the 0–2 home loss to Beşiktaş J.K . for the Europa League round-of-32 , after diving in the penalty area . Barbosa was loaned to La Liga side UD Almería on 28 August 2013 . He netted his first goal for the Andalusians on 11 January 2014 , but in a 1–6 away defeat against Athletic Bilbao . AEK Athens . On 31 July 2014 , Barbosa signed a three-year deal with AEK Athens F.C . on a free transfer . He scored five goals in 26 appearances in his debut season , helping the club return to the Super League Greece after a two-year absence . Later years . On 24 August 2016 , Barbosa joined Al-Wasl F.C . from the UAE Arabian Gulf League on a three-year contract for a transfer fee of €750.000 , earning €600.000 per year . The following summer , he moved to the Süper Lig with Akhisar Belediyespor after agreeing to a two-year deal . On 10 May 2018 , both he and countryman Miguel Lopes scored as the latter club beat Fenerbahçe S.K . 3–2 in the final of the Turkish Cup , for its first-ever major trophy . Barbosa continued in Turkey in the 2019–20 season , signing with Hatayspor of the TFF First League . The 33-year-old returned to the Greek top tier on 14 January 2021 , on a one-and-a-half-year contract at Panetolikos FC . International career . Barbosa made his debut for Portugal on 14 November 2012 in a friendly with Gabon , playing the last 11 minutes of the 2–2 draw in Libreville after coming on as a substitute for Braga teammate Custódio . Honours . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Braga - Taça da Liga : 2012–13 AEK Athens - Greek Football Cup : 2015–16 - Football League Greece : 2014–15 ( South Group ) Akhisarspor - Turkish Cup : 2017–18 External links . - National team data
|
[
"AEK Athens F.C"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Hélder Barbosa play for from 2013 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Hélder_Barbosa#P54#6
|
Hélder Barbosa Hélder Jorge Leal Rodrigues Barbosa ( born 25 May 1987 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Greek club Panetolikos . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 148 matches and 19 goals , mainly for Braga ( three seasons ) and Académica ( two ) . He also played for teams in Spain , Greece , the United Arab Emirates and Turkey . All youth levels comprised , Barbosa won 77 caps for Portugal . He made his senior debut in 2012 . Club career . Porto . Barbosa was born in Paredes , Porto District . A product of FC Portos youth academy , he made his Primeira Liga debut in the last day of the 2005–06 season , with the northerners already crowned champions : he played the second half of a 1–1 away derby against Boavista FC , and was sent off in the last minute . From 2006 to 2008 , Barbosa was loaned to fellow league club Académica de Coimbra , but was recalled by Porto in mid-January 2008 to make up for the loss of Tarik Sektioui , who was selected by Morocco for the Africa Cup of Nations . He served another loan in 2008–09 to lowly newcomers C.D . Trofense , notably scoring against S.L . Benfica in an historic 2–0 home win . He only missed two league games during the season , but could not help prevent immediate relegation . Barbosa was again loaned for the following campaign , now to Vitória de Setúbal . He scored his first goal for the Sadinos on 31 August 2009 , but in a 1–8 loss at Benfica . Braga . On 2 July 2010 , after helping Setúbal avoid top-flight relegation , Barbosa was released by Porto , signing a three-year contract with S.C . Braga . Rarely used in the first months , he began gaining more playing time after the January 2011 departure of Matheus , who left for a team in Ukraine , and contributed four league goals in an eventual fourth-place finish . In less than one month , starting on 25 August 2011 , Barbosa scored in four consecutive games for Braga , including one goal in a 3–1 home victory over Gil Vicente F.C . and two at Birmingham City in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League , in another 3–1 win . The following 14 February , he was sent off for a second bookable offence in the 0–2 home loss to Beşiktaş J.K . for the Europa League round-of-32 , after diving in the penalty area . Barbosa was loaned to La Liga side UD Almería on 28 August 2013 . He netted his first goal for the Andalusians on 11 January 2014 , but in a 1–6 away defeat against Athletic Bilbao . AEK Athens . On 31 July 2014 , Barbosa signed a three-year deal with AEK Athens F.C . on a free transfer . He scored five goals in 26 appearances in his debut season , helping the club return to the Super League Greece after a two-year absence . Later years . On 24 August 2016 , Barbosa joined Al-Wasl F.C . from the UAE Arabian Gulf League on a three-year contract for a transfer fee of €750.000 , earning €600.000 per year . The following summer , he moved to the Süper Lig with Akhisar Belediyespor after agreeing to a two-year deal . On 10 May 2018 , both he and countryman Miguel Lopes scored as the latter club beat Fenerbahçe S.K . 3–2 in the final of the Turkish Cup , for its first-ever major trophy . Barbosa continued in Turkey in the 2019–20 season , signing with Hatayspor of the TFF First League . The 33-year-old returned to the Greek top tier on 14 January 2021 , on a one-and-a-half-year contract at Panetolikos FC . International career . Barbosa made his debut for Portugal on 14 November 2012 in a friendly with Gabon , playing the last 11 minutes of the 2–2 draw in Libreville after coming on as a substitute for Braga teammate Custódio . Honours . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Braga - Taça da Liga : 2012–13 AEK Athens - Greek Football Cup : 2015–16 - Football League Greece : 2014–15 ( South Group ) Akhisarspor - Turkish Cup : 2017–18 External links . - National team data
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"AEK Athens F.C ."
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easy
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Which team did Hélder Barbosa play for from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Hélder_Barbosa#P54#7
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Hélder Barbosa Hélder Jorge Leal Rodrigues Barbosa ( born 25 May 1987 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Greek club Panetolikos . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 148 matches and 19 goals , mainly for Braga ( three seasons ) and Académica ( two ) . He also played for teams in Spain , Greece , the United Arab Emirates and Turkey . All youth levels comprised , Barbosa won 77 caps for Portugal . He made his senior debut in 2012 . Club career . Porto . Barbosa was born in Paredes , Porto District . A product of FC Portos youth academy , he made his Primeira Liga debut in the last day of the 2005–06 season , with the northerners already crowned champions : he played the second half of a 1–1 away derby against Boavista FC , and was sent off in the last minute . From 2006 to 2008 , Barbosa was loaned to fellow league club Académica de Coimbra , but was recalled by Porto in mid-January 2008 to make up for the loss of Tarik Sektioui , who was selected by Morocco for the Africa Cup of Nations . He served another loan in 2008–09 to lowly newcomers C.D . Trofense , notably scoring against S.L . Benfica in an historic 2–0 home win . He only missed two league games during the season , but could not help prevent immediate relegation . Barbosa was again loaned for the following campaign , now to Vitória de Setúbal . He scored his first goal for the Sadinos on 31 August 2009 , but in a 1–8 loss at Benfica . Braga . On 2 July 2010 , after helping Setúbal avoid top-flight relegation , Barbosa was released by Porto , signing a three-year contract with S.C . Braga . Rarely used in the first months , he began gaining more playing time after the January 2011 departure of Matheus , who left for a team in Ukraine , and contributed four league goals in an eventual fourth-place finish . In less than one month , starting on 25 August 2011 , Barbosa scored in four consecutive games for Braga , including one goal in a 3–1 home victory over Gil Vicente F.C . and two at Birmingham City in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League , in another 3–1 win . The following 14 February , he was sent off for a second bookable offence in the 0–2 home loss to Beşiktaş J.K . for the Europa League round-of-32 , after diving in the penalty area . Barbosa was loaned to La Liga side UD Almería on 28 August 2013 . He netted his first goal for the Andalusians on 11 January 2014 , but in a 1–6 away defeat against Athletic Bilbao . AEK Athens . On 31 July 2014 , Barbosa signed a three-year deal with AEK Athens F.C . on a free transfer . He scored five goals in 26 appearances in his debut season , helping the club return to the Super League Greece after a two-year absence . Later years . On 24 August 2016 , Barbosa joined Al-Wasl F.C . from the UAE Arabian Gulf League on a three-year contract for a transfer fee of €750.000 , earning €600.000 per year . The following summer , he moved to the Süper Lig with Akhisar Belediyespor after agreeing to a two-year deal . On 10 May 2018 , both he and countryman Miguel Lopes scored as the latter club beat Fenerbahçe S.K . 3–2 in the final of the Turkish Cup , for its first-ever major trophy . Barbosa continued in Turkey in the 2019–20 season , signing with Hatayspor of the TFF First League . The 33-year-old returned to the Greek top tier on 14 January 2021 , on a one-and-a-half-year contract at Panetolikos FC . International career . Barbosa made his debut for Portugal on 14 November 2012 in a friendly with Gabon , playing the last 11 minutes of the 2–2 draw in Libreville after coming on as a substitute for Braga teammate Custódio . Honours . Porto - Primeira Liga : 2005–06 , 2007–08 Braga - Taça da Liga : 2012–13 AEK Athens - Greek Football Cup : 2015–16 - Football League Greece : 2014–15 ( South Group ) Akhisarspor - Turkish Cup : 2017–18 External links . - National team data
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"Labour Member of Parliament"
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easy
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What was the position of Rob Flello from May 2005 to Apr 2010?
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/wiki/Rob_Flello#P39#0
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Rob Flello Robert Charles Douglas Flello ( born 14 January 1966 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who was Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Stoke-on-Trent South from 2005 to 2017 . He lost his seat at the 2017 general election to Conservative Party candidate Jack Brereton . Early life . Flello was born in Bournville , Birmingham . He attended Bournville Junior and Infant schools before going to Kings Norton Boys School . At age 18 he went to University of Wales , Bangor to read Chemistry . He graduated in 1987 with a B.Sc ( Hons ) . Career . After graduating , Flello worked for a short time at Cadbury in Bournville before joining the Inland Revenue . In 1989 he left to join Price Waterhouse accountants as a personal tax advisor . In 1995 he moved to Arthur Andersen . In 1999 , he co-founded Platts Flello Limited , tax and financial advisors . In late 2003 he left to work as the CEO of Malachi Community Trust until December 2004 . Political career . Flello was elected as a councillor to the Longbridge ward of Birmingham City Council in 2002 , stepping down in 2004 . He is a former chairman of the Birmingham Northfield Constituency Labour Party . He served as a governor at the Newman College in Bartley Green , and was Chair of Governors for both Colmers Farm infants and junior schools . He was also a governor at The Meadows primary school . He served as a regional organiser for the Labour Party in 2004 until his election to Westminster . Parliament . Flello was elected to the House of Commons at the 2005 general election for Stoke-on-Trent South following the retirement of George Stevenson . Flello held the seat with a majority of 8,681 and made his maiden speech on 19 May 2005 . In parliament he was a member of the Science and Technology Select Committee . While Labour were in government he served as Parliamentary Private Secretary first to the Lord Chancellor , Charles Falconer , Baron Falconer of Thoroton , then to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , Hazel Blears , and finally after 2009 to the Secretary of State for Defence , Bob Ainsworth . In June 2016 , Labour Party activists in Stoke-on-Trent South proposed a motion of no confidence in Flello after he called on Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn to do the decent thing and resign . He had supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour leadership election . In 2019 he defected to the Lib Dems and was selected as their parliamentary candidate for his old seat . 36 hours after his selection , however , the Lib Dems deselected Flello , citing how greatly his values diverge from ours . It is believed that they objected to his socially conservative views on abortion and same-sex marriage . Social views . Flello is a convert to Catholicism and stated in 2014 I could no more leave my faith at the door of the House of Commons than I could my name or my gender or my arms and legs . He was a member of the anti-abortion All-Party Parliamentary Pro-Life Group . Flello also opposes same-sex marriage and was one of the few Labour MPs to vote against the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Act 2013 , citing his religious views . Controversies . In 2007 Flello was accused of filibustering a fellow Labour backbenchers private members bill . The bill , introduced by neighbouring Staffordshire MP Paul Farrelly , aimed to give temporary and agency workers similar employment rights to permanent staff . It was backed by the Unite trade union . The incident provoked an angry response in the Daily Mirror . In 2017 , Flello blamed shocking congestion in London on the loss of tarmac from building cycle lanes , which received a critical response from bike charity the London Cycling Campaign and cycling website road.cc , both pointing out that tarmac had been repurposed to another form of transport and that the increased number of journeys overall in Central London were what was causing congestion , not the segregated cycle tracks that are on less than 1% of London roads .
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[
"Labour Member of Parliament"
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easy
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What position did Rob Flello take from May 2010 to Mar 2015?
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/wiki/Rob_Flello#P39#1
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Rob Flello Robert Charles Douglas Flello ( born 14 January 1966 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who was Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Stoke-on-Trent South from 2005 to 2017 . He lost his seat at the 2017 general election to Conservative Party candidate Jack Brereton . Early life . Flello was born in Bournville , Birmingham . He attended Bournville Junior and Infant schools before going to Kings Norton Boys School . At age 18 he went to University of Wales , Bangor to read Chemistry . He graduated in 1987 with a B.Sc ( Hons ) . Career . After graduating , Flello worked for a short time at Cadbury in Bournville before joining the Inland Revenue . In 1989 he left to join Price Waterhouse accountants as a personal tax advisor . In 1995 he moved to Arthur Andersen . In 1999 , he co-founded Platts Flello Limited , tax and financial advisors . In late 2003 he left to work as the CEO of Malachi Community Trust until December 2004 . Political career . Flello was elected as a councillor to the Longbridge ward of Birmingham City Council in 2002 , stepping down in 2004 . He is a former chairman of the Birmingham Northfield Constituency Labour Party . He served as a governor at the Newman College in Bartley Green , and was Chair of Governors for both Colmers Farm infants and junior schools . He was also a governor at The Meadows primary school . He served as a regional organiser for the Labour Party in 2004 until his election to Westminster . Parliament . Flello was elected to the House of Commons at the 2005 general election for Stoke-on-Trent South following the retirement of George Stevenson . Flello held the seat with a majority of 8,681 and made his maiden speech on 19 May 2005 . In parliament he was a member of the Science and Technology Select Committee . While Labour were in government he served as Parliamentary Private Secretary first to the Lord Chancellor , Charles Falconer , Baron Falconer of Thoroton , then to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , Hazel Blears , and finally after 2009 to the Secretary of State for Defence , Bob Ainsworth . In June 2016 , Labour Party activists in Stoke-on-Trent South proposed a motion of no confidence in Flello after he called on Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn to do the decent thing and resign . He had supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour leadership election . In 2019 he defected to the Lib Dems and was selected as their parliamentary candidate for his old seat . 36 hours after his selection , however , the Lib Dems deselected Flello , citing how greatly his values diverge from ours . It is believed that they objected to his socially conservative views on abortion and same-sex marriage . Social views . Flello is a convert to Catholicism and stated in 2014 I could no more leave my faith at the door of the House of Commons than I could my name or my gender or my arms and legs . He was a member of the anti-abortion All-Party Parliamentary Pro-Life Group . Flello also opposes same-sex marriage and was one of the few Labour MPs to vote against the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Act 2013 , citing his religious views . Controversies . In 2007 Flello was accused of filibustering a fellow Labour backbenchers private members bill . The bill , introduced by neighbouring Staffordshire MP Paul Farrelly , aimed to give temporary and agency workers similar employment rights to permanent staff . It was backed by the Unite trade union . The incident provoked an angry response in the Daily Mirror . In 2017 , Flello blamed shocking congestion in London on the loss of tarmac from building cycle lanes , which received a critical response from bike charity the London Cycling Campaign and cycling website road.cc , both pointing out that tarmac had been repurposed to another form of transport and that the increased number of journeys overall in Central London were what was causing congestion , not the segregated cycle tracks that are on less than 1% of London roads .
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"Labour Member of Parliament"
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easy
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What was the position of Rob Flello from May 2015 to May 2017?
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/wiki/Rob_Flello#P39#2
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Rob Flello Robert Charles Douglas Flello ( born 14 January 1966 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who was Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Stoke-on-Trent South from 2005 to 2017 . He lost his seat at the 2017 general election to Conservative Party candidate Jack Brereton . Early life . Flello was born in Bournville , Birmingham . He attended Bournville Junior and Infant schools before going to Kings Norton Boys School . At age 18 he went to University of Wales , Bangor to read Chemistry . He graduated in 1987 with a B.Sc ( Hons ) . Career . After graduating , Flello worked for a short time at Cadbury in Bournville before joining the Inland Revenue . In 1989 he left to join Price Waterhouse accountants as a personal tax advisor . In 1995 he moved to Arthur Andersen . In 1999 , he co-founded Platts Flello Limited , tax and financial advisors . In late 2003 he left to work as the CEO of Malachi Community Trust until December 2004 . Political career . Flello was elected as a councillor to the Longbridge ward of Birmingham City Council in 2002 , stepping down in 2004 . He is a former chairman of the Birmingham Northfield Constituency Labour Party . He served as a governor at the Newman College in Bartley Green , and was Chair of Governors for both Colmers Farm infants and junior schools . He was also a governor at The Meadows primary school . He served as a regional organiser for the Labour Party in 2004 until his election to Westminster . Parliament . Flello was elected to the House of Commons at the 2005 general election for Stoke-on-Trent South following the retirement of George Stevenson . Flello held the seat with a majority of 8,681 and made his maiden speech on 19 May 2005 . In parliament he was a member of the Science and Technology Select Committee . While Labour were in government he served as Parliamentary Private Secretary first to the Lord Chancellor , Charles Falconer , Baron Falconer of Thoroton , then to the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , Hazel Blears , and finally after 2009 to the Secretary of State for Defence , Bob Ainsworth . In June 2016 , Labour Party activists in Stoke-on-Trent South proposed a motion of no confidence in Flello after he called on Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn to do the decent thing and resign . He had supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour leadership election . In 2019 he defected to the Lib Dems and was selected as their parliamentary candidate for his old seat . 36 hours after his selection , however , the Lib Dems deselected Flello , citing how greatly his values diverge from ours . It is believed that they objected to his socially conservative views on abortion and same-sex marriage . Social views . Flello is a convert to Catholicism and stated in 2014 I could no more leave my faith at the door of the House of Commons than I could my name or my gender or my arms and legs . He was a member of the anti-abortion All-Party Parliamentary Pro-Life Group . Flello also opposes same-sex marriage and was one of the few Labour MPs to vote against the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Act 2013 , citing his religious views . Controversies . In 2007 Flello was accused of filibustering a fellow Labour backbenchers private members bill . The bill , introduced by neighbouring Staffordshire MP Paul Farrelly , aimed to give temporary and agency workers similar employment rights to permanent staff . It was backed by the Unite trade union . The incident provoked an angry response in the Daily Mirror . In 2017 , Flello blamed shocking congestion in London on the loss of tarmac from building cycle lanes , which received a critical response from bike charity the London Cycling Campaign and cycling website road.cc , both pointing out that tarmac had been repurposed to another form of transport and that the increased number of journeys overall in Central London were what was causing congestion , not the segregated cycle tracks that are on less than 1% of London roads .
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[
""
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easy
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Who was in charge of Deggendorf from 1983 to Aug 2002?
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/wiki/Deggendorf#P6#0
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Deggendorf Deggendorf ( ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany , capital of the Deggendorf district . It is located on the left bank approximately in the middle between the Danube cities of Regensburg and Passau . The Danube forms the towns natural border towards the south . Towards the west , north and east the town is surrounded by the foothills of the central Bavarian Forest . Near the southwestern rim of the town , the railway bridge crosses the Danube at river-kilometer 2286 . Directly south of the town Autobahn A3 and A92 form an important crossing . A few miles downstream , east of the district Deggenau , lies the confluence of the River Isar with the Danube . Historical background . Early history . The earliest traces of settlement in the area were found near the Danube and date back approximately 8,000 years . Both Bronze Age and Celtic era archeological finds indicate continuous habitation through the millennia . The first written mention of Deggendorf occurred in 868 , and Henry II , Holy Roman Emperor established his supremacy over the area in 1002 . Deggendorf is first mentioned as a town in 1212 . Heinrich ( d . 1290 ) of the Landshut branch of the ruling family of Bavaria made it the seat of a custom-house ; and in 1331 it became the residence of Heinrich III of Natternberg ( d . 1333 ) , whose name derived from a castle in the neighbourhood . The ruins of Natternberg castle are still well preserved and a popular destination for hikers . Massacre of 1336 . In the early 1330s , Deggendorf was an expanding market town with commerce and trade . At the beginning of that decade , however , it was caught in the middle of a conflict between the Bavarian dukes . A fire damaged large parts of the town . It is presumed that this was one of the reasons for the massive indebtedness with the local Jewish community . that culminated in a massacre . The first reference to this murder of the local Jews is found in an official document by Duke Heinrich XIV originating from 1336 . In this document , the duke pardoned the citizens of Deggendorf and spared them any kind of punishment for killing the Jews . He even granted them the right to keep every item they looted from their victims . Further clues to the murders are found , for example , in the annals of some important monasteries of the time and in the works of Johann von Viktring ( d . ca . 1346 ) . For 1338 , these sources mention a plague of locusts which destroyed much of that years crop . Johann von Viktring refers to this infestation in connection to the murder of the Jews of Deggendorf . Yet , the inscription in the basilica of Deggendorf differs from all former sources . As the date of events it gives 1337 . The Jews are purported to have set fire to the town . The body of God was found so that the community of Deggendorf started to build a church . Im Jahre des Herrn 1337 , am nächsten Tag nach St . Michaels-Tag , wurden die Juden erschlagen , die Stadt zündeten sie an , da wurde Gottes Leichnam gefunden , das sahen Frauen und Männer , da hob man das Gotteshaus zu bauen an . In the year of the Lord 1337 , on the day after Michaelmas , the Jews were slain . They had set fire to the town . Then the body of God was found . This was seen by women and men and the building of the house of God was begun . The wrong date indicates that this inscription stems from a much later date . The mention of the body of God points to a host desecration . It must be assumed that the accusation of host desecration had already taken on a life of its own at that time so that further explanations were not needed . Everyone was familiar with the narratives of this legend . The fully formed legend of the host desecration by the Jews of Deggendorf and about the miracles happening after their punishment appears in a composite manuscript in the library of the monastery St Emmeram in Regensburg not before the 15th century . Das Gedicht von den Deggendorfer Hostien ( The poem of the hosts of Deggendorf ) has strictly no credibility at all . Its sudden appearance centuries after the actual events took place makes just one piece of evidence for this . Its content is schematic and clichéd . Stereotypically , Easter Day is given as the date and the accusation of well poisoning is added even though it had never been mentioned before in this context . Details that could be interpreted as specific to Deggendorf are left out . The only name given is that of Hartmann von Degenberg who could not be identified as an actual historical person . A complete deformation of reality becomes manifest in the poem . What happened in Deggendorf in 1338 is probably that the pogrom came about because of the high debts the Christian citizens owed the Jews . The locusts destroying much of the crop tightened the situation . The end of September or the beginning of October 1338 is likely the correct date ( around the payday on Michaelmas. ) This means the Jews were murdered for economic reasons . Events were reworked later to justify the act so that in the 15th century the stereotypical legend took on its own life . The course of the Deggendorfer Gnad . Genesis and development of attendances . In the years following the economic downturn and the aforementioned massacre , Deggendorf regained some of its former wealth . Thus , the construction of the basilica ( Heilig-Grab-Kirche ) could be completed by 1400 . By the beginning of the 15th century the fully formed legend had already spread far enough to encourage more and more people to pilgrimage to Deggendorf . An average of 40.000 people per year traveled to Deggendorf and its famous hosts . The development of the pilgrimage to become a time of worship of the magic hosts of Deggendorf was particularly promoted by pastor Johannes Sartorius ( 1599–1609 ) and Duke Albrecht of Bavaria ( 1584–1666 ) . The much admired hosts , however , had been retrospectively purchased and had to be replaced regularly . During the 18th and 19th century and especially in 1737 ( year of the 400-year-jubilee ) the Gnad reached its peak attracting six-figure attendances . The pilgrimage constituted one of the major factors of the Deggendorf economy . Yet , after its peak , attendances decreased steadily until 1927 . In 1970 , only about 10.000 pilgrims , mainly from the Deggendorf area , took part in the festivities . The supra-regional significance of the Deggendorfer Gnad had been lost . In addition , only older people seemed to keep participating in the Gnad . Due to these developments the town pursued a thorough advertising campaign combined with a redesign of the festivities in 1976 resulting in a slight increase in younger peoples’ attendance figures . The growing critique of the Deggendorfer Gnad can also be regarded as a reason for the decrease in attendance figures . The course of the pilgrimage . The pilgrimage started with a ceremonial inauguration and the ritualized unbarring of the Gnadenpforte , a.k.a . the church door of the basilica Heilig-Grab-Kirche , on 29 September ( Michaelmas Day ) . On 30 September , a church parade with the magic hosts in a monstrance constituted the highlight of the pilgrimage . In 1962 , a vespertine church parade was added to the programme in order to increase the pilgrimages appeal . The pilgrimage concluded with a sermon at 4pm on 4 October and the ritualistic barring of the basilicas church door . In 1973 , the vespertine church parade was rescheduled from 30 September to 4 October , and from then on combined with the concluding rituals . End of the pilgrimage . It was not before the 1960s that the Deggendorfer Gnad attracted more and more criticism . It was demanded to remove all anti-Jewish depictions showing them in the middle of the alleged host desecration . Among these was a cycle of sixteen oil paintings , the hosts themselves and the Judenstein ( an anvil with Jewish figures around it and floating hosts ) . Even though the debate quickly became a heated topic in the press – abroad as well as domestic – it took until 1968 for the first four of the sixteen oil paintings to finally be removed , which was the first concession . The debate quickly polarized . While some saw the Deggendorfer Gnad as anti-Semitism in its purest form , others thought it just a piece of Bavarian folklore . The diocesan chapter of Regensburg invoked the long tradition of the pilgrimage and assured that the Jews as its cause were hardly ever mentioned in the sermons . In the 1980s , Manfred Eder ( University of Regensburg ) started work on his doctoral thesis carefully researching the origin and development of the Deggendorfer Gnad . On the basis of his findings , the diocese of Regensburg finally decided to abolish the pilgrimage . Bishop Manfred Müller asked for forgiveness for the centuries-long defamation of the Jews . In 2017 , Richard Utz linked the tardy discontinuation ( thirty years after the Second Vatican Council ) of the pilgrimage tradition to a decision by Regensburg Bishop , . In the late 1960s , Graber replaced a chair in Judaic Studies with one in Dogmatic Theology at the newly founded University of Regensburg . A chair in Judaic Studies would have sped up the production of the kind of research that would have debunked the traditions false claims . Displaced persons camp . Deggendorf was the site of a displaced persons camp for Jewish refugees after World War II . It housed approximately 2,000 refugees , who created a cultural center that included two newspapers , the Deggendorf Center Review and Cum Ojfboj , a theater group , synagogue , mikvah , kosher kitchen , and more . The camp even issued its own currency known as the Deggendorf Dollar . Many of the camps residents were survivors of the concentration camp at Theresienstadt . The displaced persons camp closed on 15 June 1949 . Lord Mayors . - 2000-2012 Anna Eder ( born 1950 ) ( CSU ) - since 2012 Christian Moser ( born 1977 ) ( CSU ) Twin towns – sister cities . Deggendorf is twinned with : - Neusiedl am See , Austria - Písek , Czech Republic Notable people . - Georg Rörer ( 1492–1557 ) , Lutheran theologian - August Högn ( 1878–1961 ) , teacher , local historian and composer - Kathrin Passig ( born 1970 ) , journalist and writer - Django Asül ( born 1972 ) , comedian - Robin Yalçın ( born 1994 ) , footballer - Gudrun Stock ( born 1995 ) , cyclist External links . - City of Deggendorf home page - Deggendorf in christlichen und jüdischen Nachschlagewerken Stadt Deggendorf ( Research at haGalil dated 4 June 2012 ) - Urkunde Kaiser Heinrichs II. , Regensburg , 20 November 1002 with first record of the place name of Deggindorf - Deggendorf : Amtliche Statistik des Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik
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[
"Anna Eder"
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easy
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Who was the head of Deggendorf from Aug 2002 to Aug 2012?
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/wiki/Deggendorf#P6#1
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Deggendorf Deggendorf ( ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany , capital of the Deggendorf district . It is located on the left bank approximately in the middle between the Danube cities of Regensburg and Passau . The Danube forms the towns natural border towards the south . Towards the west , north and east the town is surrounded by the foothills of the central Bavarian Forest . Near the southwestern rim of the town , the railway bridge crosses the Danube at river-kilometer 2286 . Directly south of the town Autobahn A3 and A92 form an important crossing . A few miles downstream , east of the district Deggenau , lies the confluence of the River Isar with the Danube . Historical background . Early history . The earliest traces of settlement in the area were found near the Danube and date back approximately 8,000 years . Both Bronze Age and Celtic era archeological finds indicate continuous habitation through the millennia . The first written mention of Deggendorf occurred in 868 , and Henry II , Holy Roman Emperor established his supremacy over the area in 1002 . Deggendorf is first mentioned as a town in 1212 . Heinrich ( d . 1290 ) of the Landshut branch of the ruling family of Bavaria made it the seat of a custom-house ; and in 1331 it became the residence of Heinrich III of Natternberg ( d . 1333 ) , whose name derived from a castle in the neighbourhood . The ruins of Natternberg castle are still well preserved and a popular destination for hikers . Massacre of 1336 . In the early 1330s , Deggendorf was an expanding market town with commerce and trade . At the beginning of that decade , however , it was caught in the middle of a conflict between the Bavarian dukes . A fire damaged large parts of the town . It is presumed that this was one of the reasons for the massive indebtedness with the local Jewish community . that culminated in a massacre . The first reference to this murder of the local Jews is found in an official document by Duke Heinrich XIV originating from 1336 . In this document , the duke pardoned the citizens of Deggendorf and spared them any kind of punishment for killing the Jews . He even granted them the right to keep every item they looted from their victims . Further clues to the murders are found , for example , in the annals of some important monasteries of the time and in the works of Johann von Viktring ( d . ca . 1346 ) . For 1338 , these sources mention a plague of locusts which destroyed much of that years crop . Johann von Viktring refers to this infestation in connection to the murder of the Jews of Deggendorf . Yet , the inscription in the basilica of Deggendorf differs from all former sources . As the date of events it gives 1337 . The Jews are purported to have set fire to the town . The body of God was found so that the community of Deggendorf started to build a church . Im Jahre des Herrn 1337 , am nächsten Tag nach St . Michaels-Tag , wurden die Juden erschlagen , die Stadt zündeten sie an , da wurde Gottes Leichnam gefunden , das sahen Frauen und Männer , da hob man das Gotteshaus zu bauen an . In the year of the Lord 1337 , on the day after Michaelmas , the Jews were slain . They had set fire to the town . Then the body of God was found . This was seen by women and men and the building of the house of God was begun . The wrong date indicates that this inscription stems from a much later date . The mention of the body of God points to a host desecration . It must be assumed that the accusation of host desecration had already taken on a life of its own at that time so that further explanations were not needed . Everyone was familiar with the narratives of this legend . The fully formed legend of the host desecration by the Jews of Deggendorf and about the miracles happening after their punishment appears in a composite manuscript in the library of the monastery St Emmeram in Regensburg not before the 15th century . Das Gedicht von den Deggendorfer Hostien ( The poem of the hosts of Deggendorf ) has strictly no credibility at all . Its sudden appearance centuries after the actual events took place makes just one piece of evidence for this . Its content is schematic and clichéd . Stereotypically , Easter Day is given as the date and the accusation of well poisoning is added even though it had never been mentioned before in this context . Details that could be interpreted as specific to Deggendorf are left out . The only name given is that of Hartmann von Degenberg who could not be identified as an actual historical person . A complete deformation of reality becomes manifest in the poem . What happened in Deggendorf in 1338 is probably that the pogrom came about because of the high debts the Christian citizens owed the Jews . The locusts destroying much of the crop tightened the situation . The end of September or the beginning of October 1338 is likely the correct date ( around the payday on Michaelmas. ) This means the Jews were murdered for economic reasons . Events were reworked later to justify the act so that in the 15th century the stereotypical legend took on its own life . The course of the Deggendorfer Gnad . Genesis and development of attendances . In the years following the economic downturn and the aforementioned massacre , Deggendorf regained some of its former wealth . Thus , the construction of the basilica ( Heilig-Grab-Kirche ) could be completed by 1400 . By the beginning of the 15th century the fully formed legend had already spread far enough to encourage more and more people to pilgrimage to Deggendorf . An average of 40.000 people per year traveled to Deggendorf and its famous hosts . The development of the pilgrimage to become a time of worship of the magic hosts of Deggendorf was particularly promoted by pastor Johannes Sartorius ( 1599–1609 ) and Duke Albrecht of Bavaria ( 1584–1666 ) . The much admired hosts , however , had been retrospectively purchased and had to be replaced regularly . During the 18th and 19th century and especially in 1737 ( year of the 400-year-jubilee ) the Gnad reached its peak attracting six-figure attendances . The pilgrimage constituted one of the major factors of the Deggendorf economy . Yet , after its peak , attendances decreased steadily until 1927 . In 1970 , only about 10.000 pilgrims , mainly from the Deggendorf area , took part in the festivities . The supra-regional significance of the Deggendorfer Gnad had been lost . In addition , only older people seemed to keep participating in the Gnad . Due to these developments the town pursued a thorough advertising campaign combined with a redesign of the festivities in 1976 resulting in a slight increase in younger peoples’ attendance figures . The growing critique of the Deggendorfer Gnad can also be regarded as a reason for the decrease in attendance figures . The course of the pilgrimage . The pilgrimage started with a ceremonial inauguration and the ritualized unbarring of the Gnadenpforte , a.k.a . the church door of the basilica Heilig-Grab-Kirche , on 29 September ( Michaelmas Day ) . On 30 September , a church parade with the magic hosts in a monstrance constituted the highlight of the pilgrimage . In 1962 , a vespertine church parade was added to the programme in order to increase the pilgrimages appeal . The pilgrimage concluded with a sermon at 4pm on 4 October and the ritualistic barring of the basilicas church door . In 1973 , the vespertine church parade was rescheduled from 30 September to 4 October , and from then on combined with the concluding rituals . End of the pilgrimage . It was not before the 1960s that the Deggendorfer Gnad attracted more and more criticism . It was demanded to remove all anti-Jewish depictions showing them in the middle of the alleged host desecration . Among these was a cycle of sixteen oil paintings , the hosts themselves and the Judenstein ( an anvil with Jewish figures around it and floating hosts ) . Even though the debate quickly became a heated topic in the press – abroad as well as domestic – it took until 1968 for the first four of the sixteen oil paintings to finally be removed , which was the first concession . The debate quickly polarized . While some saw the Deggendorfer Gnad as anti-Semitism in its purest form , others thought it just a piece of Bavarian folklore . The diocesan chapter of Regensburg invoked the long tradition of the pilgrimage and assured that the Jews as its cause were hardly ever mentioned in the sermons . In the 1980s , Manfred Eder ( University of Regensburg ) started work on his doctoral thesis carefully researching the origin and development of the Deggendorfer Gnad . On the basis of his findings , the diocese of Regensburg finally decided to abolish the pilgrimage . Bishop Manfred Müller asked for forgiveness for the centuries-long defamation of the Jews . In 2017 , Richard Utz linked the tardy discontinuation ( thirty years after the Second Vatican Council ) of the pilgrimage tradition to a decision by Regensburg Bishop , . In the late 1960s , Graber replaced a chair in Judaic Studies with one in Dogmatic Theology at the newly founded University of Regensburg . A chair in Judaic Studies would have sped up the production of the kind of research that would have debunked the traditions false claims . Displaced persons camp . Deggendorf was the site of a displaced persons camp for Jewish refugees after World War II . It housed approximately 2,000 refugees , who created a cultural center that included two newspapers , the Deggendorf Center Review and Cum Ojfboj , a theater group , synagogue , mikvah , kosher kitchen , and more . The camp even issued its own currency known as the Deggendorf Dollar . Many of the camps residents were survivors of the concentration camp at Theresienstadt . The displaced persons camp closed on 15 June 1949 . Lord Mayors . - 2000-2012 Anna Eder ( born 1950 ) ( CSU ) - since 2012 Christian Moser ( born 1977 ) ( CSU ) Twin towns – sister cities . Deggendorf is twinned with : - Neusiedl am See , Austria - Písek , Czech Republic Notable people . - Georg Rörer ( 1492–1557 ) , Lutheran theologian - August Högn ( 1878–1961 ) , teacher , local historian and composer - Kathrin Passig ( born 1970 ) , journalist and writer - Django Asül ( born 1972 ) , comedian - Robin Yalçın ( born 1994 ) , footballer - Gudrun Stock ( born 1995 ) , cyclist External links . - City of Deggendorf home page - Deggendorf in christlichen und jüdischen Nachschlagewerken Stadt Deggendorf ( Research at haGalil dated 4 June 2012 ) - Urkunde Kaiser Heinrichs II. , Regensburg , 20 November 1002 with first record of the place name of Deggindorf - Deggendorf : Amtliche Statistik des Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik
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[
"Christian Moser"
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Deggendorf from Aug 2012 to Aug 2013?
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/wiki/Deggendorf#P6#2
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Deggendorf Deggendorf ( ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany , capital of the Deggendorf district . It is located on the left bank approximately in the middle between the Danube cities of Regensburg and Passau . The Danube forms the towns natural border towards the south . Towards the west , north and east the town is surrounded by the foothills of the central Bavarian Forest . Near the southwestern rim of the town , the railway bridge crosses the Danube at river-kilometer 2286 . Directly south of the town Autobahn A3 and A92 form an important crossing . A few miles downstream , east of the district Deggenau , lies the confluence of the River Isar with the Danube . Historical background . Early history . The earliest traces of settlement in the area were found near the Danube and date back approximately 8,000 years . Both Bronze Age and Celtic era archeological finds indicate continuous habitation through the millennia . The first written mention of Deggendorf occurred in 868 , and Henry II , Holy Roman Emperor established his supremacy over the area in 1002 . Deggendorf is first mentioned as a town in 1212 . Heinrich ( d . 1290 ) of the Landshut branch of the ruling family of Bavaria made it the seat of a custom-house ; and in 1331 it became the residence of Heinrich III of Natternberg ( d . 1333 ) , whose name derived from a castle in the neighbourhood . The ruins of Natternberg castle are still well preserved and a popular destination for hikers . Massacre of 1336 . In the early 1330s , Deggendorf was an expanding market town with commerce and trade . At the beginning of that decade , however , it was caught in the middle of a conflict between the Bavarian dukes . A fire damaged large parts of the town . It is presumed that this was one of the reasons for the massive indebtedness with the local Jewish community . that culminated in a massacre . The first reference to this murder of the local Jews is found in an official document by Duke Heinrich XIV originating from 1336 . In this document , the duke pardoned the citizens of Deggendorf and spared them any kind of punishment for killing the Jews . He even granted them the right to keep every item they looted from their victims . Further clues to the murders are found , for example , in the annals of some important monasteries of the time and in the works of Johann von Viktring ( d . ca . 1346 ) . For 1338 , these sources mention a plague of locusts which destroyed much of that years crop . Johann von Viktring refers to this infestation in connection to the murder of the Jews of Deggendorf . Yet , the inscription in the basilica of Deggendorf differs from all former sources . As the date of events it gives 1337 . The Jews are purported to have set fire to the town . The body of God was found so that the community of Deggendorf started to build a church . Im Jahre des Herrn 1337 , am nächsten Tag nach St . Michaels-Tag , wurden die Juden erschlagen , die Stadt zündeten sie an , da wurde Gottes Leichnam gefunden , das sahen Frauen und Männer , da hob man das Gotteshaus zu bauen an . In the year of the Lord 1337 , on the day after Michaelmas , the Jews were slain . They had set fire to the town . Then the body of God was found . This was seen by women and men and the building of the house of God was begun . The wrong date indicates that this inscription stems from a much later date . The mention of the body of God points to a host desecration . It must be assumed that the accusation of host desecration had already taken on a life of its own at that time so that further explanations were not needed . Everyone was familiar with the narratives of this legend . The fully formed legend of the host desecration by the Jews of Deggendorf and about the miracles happening after their punishment appears in a composite manuscript in the library of the monastery St Emmeram in Regensburg not before the 15th century . Das Gedicht von den Deggendorfer Hostien ( The poem of the hosts of Deggendorf ) has strictly no credibility at all . Its sudden appearance centuries after the actual events took place makes just one piece of evidence for this . Its content is schematic and clichéd . Stereotypically , Easter Day is given as the date and the accusation of well poisoning is added even though it had never been mentioned before in this context . Details that could be interpreted as specific to Deggendorf are left out . The only name given is that of Hartmann von Degenberg who could not be identified as an actual historical person . A complete deformation of reality becomes manifest in the poem . What happened in Deggendorf in 1338 is probably that the pogrom came about because of the high debts the Christian citizens owed the Jews . The locusts destroying much of the crop tightened the situation . The end of September or the beginning of October 1338 is likely the correct date ( around the payday on Michaelmas. ) This means the Jews were murdered for economic reasons . Events were reworked later to justify the act so that in the 15th century the stereotypical legend took on its own life . The course of the Deggendorfer Gnad . Genesis and development of attendances . In the years following the economic downturn and the aforementioned massacre , Deggendorf regained some of its former wealth . Thus , the construction of the basilica ( Heilig-Grab-Kirche ) could be completed by 1400 . By the beginning of the 15th century the fully formed legend had already spread far enough to encourage more and more people to pilgrimage to Deggendorf . An average of 40.000 people per year traveled to Deggendorf and its famous hosts . The development of the pilgrimage to become a time of worship of the magic hosts of Deggendorf was particularly promoted by pastor Johannes Sartorius ( 1599–1609 ) and Duke Albrecht of Bavaria ( 1584–1666 ) . The much admired hosts , however , had been retrospectively purchased and had to be replaced regularly . During the 18th and 19th century and especially in 1737 ( year of the 400-year-jubilee ) the Gnad reached its peak attracting six-figure attendances . The pilgrimage constituted one of the major factors of the Deggendorf economy . Yet , after its peak , attendances decreased steadily until 1927 . In 1970 , only about 10.000 pilgrims , mainly from the Deggendorf area , took part in the festivities . The supra-regional significance of the Deggendorfer Gnad had been lost . In addition , only older people seemed to keep participating in the Gnad . Due to these developments the town pursued a thorough advertising campaign combined with a redesign of the festivities in 1976 resulting in a slight increase in younger peoples’ attendance figures . The growing critique of the Deggendorfer Gnad can also be regarded as a reason for the decrease in attendance figures . The course of the pilgrimage . The pilgrimage started with a ceremonial inauguration and the ritualized unbarring of the Gnadenpforte , a.k.a . the church door of the basilica Heilig-Grab-Kirche , on 29 September ( Michaelmas Day ) . On 30 September , a church parade with the magic hosts in a monstrance constituted the highlight of the pilgrimage . In 1962 , a vespertine church parade was added to the programme in order to increase the pilgrimages appeal . The pilgrimage concluded with a sermon at 4pm on 4 October and the ritualistic barring of the basilicas church door . In 1973 , the vespertine church parade was rescheduled from 30 September to 4 October , and from then on combined with the concluding rituals . End of the pilgrimage . It was not before the 1960s that the Deggendorfer Gnad attracted more and more criticism . It was demanded to remove all anti-Jewish depictions showing them in the middle of the alleged host desecration . Among these was a cycle of sixteen oil paintings , the hosts themselves and the Judenstein ( an anvil with Jewish figures around it and floating hosts ) . Even though the debate quickly became a heated topic in the press – abroad as well as domestic – it took until 1968 for the first four of the sixteen oil paintings to finally be removed , which was the first concession . The debate quickly polarized . While some saw the Deggendorfer Gnad as anti-Semitism in its purest form , others thought it just a piece of Bavarian folklore . The diocesan chapter of Regensburg invoked the long tradition of the pilgrimage and assured that the Jews as its cause were hardly ever mentioned in the sermons . In the 1980s , Manfred Eder ( University of Regensburg ) started work on his doctoral thesis carefully researching the origin and development of the Deggendorfer Gnad . On the basis of his findings , the diocese of Regensburg finally decided to abolish the pilgrimage . Bishop Manfred Müller asked for forgiveness for the centuries-long defamation of the Jews . In 2017 , Richard Utz linked the tardy discontinuation ( thirty years after the Second Vatican Council ) of the pilgrimage tradition to a decision by Regensburg Bishop , . In the late 1960s , Graber replaced a chair in Judaic Studies with one in Dogmatic Theology at the newly founded University of Regensburg . A chair in Judaic Studies would have sped up the production of the kind of research that would have debunked the traditions false claims . Displaced persons camp . Deggendorf was the site of a displaced persons camp for Jewish refugees after World War II . It housed approximately 2,000 refugees , who created a cultural center that included two newspapers , the Deggendorf Center Review and Cum Ojfboj , a theater group , synagogue , mikvah , kosher kitchen , and more . The camp even issued its own currency known as the Deggendorf Dollar . Many of the camps residents were survivors of the concentration camp at Theresienstadt . The displaced persons camp closed on 15 June 1949 . Lord Mayors . - 2000-2012 Anna Eder ( born 1950 ) ( CSU ) - since 2012 Christian Moser ( born 1977 ) ( CSU ) Twin towns – sister cities . Deggendorf is twinned with : - Neusiedl am See , Austria - Písek , Czech Republic Notable people . - Georg Rörer ( 1492–1557 ) , Lutheran theologian - August Högn ( 1878–1961 ) , teacher , local historian and composer - Kathrin Passig ( born 1970 ) , journalist and writer - Django Asül ( born 1972 ) , comedian - Robin Yalçın ( born 1994 ) , footballer - Gudrun Stock ( born 1995 ) , cyclist External links . - City of Deggendorf home page - Deggendorf in christlichen und jüdischen Nachschlagewerken Stadt Deggendorf ( Research at haGalil dated 4 June 2012 ) - Urkunde Kaiser Heinrichs II. , Regensburg , 20 November 1002 with first record of the place name of Deggindorf - Deggendorf : Amtliche Statistik des Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik
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[
"York/New Jersey MetroStars"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Kerry Zavagnin belong to from 1997 to 1998?
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/wiki/Kerry_Zavagnin#P54#0
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Kerry Zavagnin Kerry Zavagnin ( ; born July 2 , 1974 in Plymouth , Michigan ) is a former American soccer midfielder , who last played defensive midfielder for the Kansas City Wizards of Major League Soccer , and sparingly for the US national team . Kerry Zavaginin also went to and played soccer for Detroit Catholic Central High School . He is currently an assistant coach with Sporting Kansas City . Zavagnin played his college soccer at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1992 to 1995 , where he registered 22 goals and 24 assists in 76 games . Upon graduating , Zavagnin joined the Raleigh Flyers of the USISL , one of the two major outdoor second divisions in US soccer , for their 1996 season . Professional career . After one year with the Flyers , Zavagnin was drafted 21st overall with the first pick of the third round in the 1997 MLS Supplemental Draft by the Colorado Rapids . Before playing a single game for the Rapids , however , Kerry was traded to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars , in exchange for Peter Vermes . Zavagnin played 1743 minutes for the Metros in 1997 and 1998 , and did not acquit himself well , playing himself out of MLS . In 1997 , the MetroStars sent him on loan to the Long Island Rough Riders of the USISL . Zavagnin joined the Lehigh Valley Steam of the A-League for the 1999 season . After one season in the A-League , Zavagnin returned to MLS after being drafted 30th overall in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft by the Kansas City Wizards . Zavagnin quickly established himself with the Wizards , playing 2743 minutes at midfield for a team that would both go on to win the MLS Cup , and was one of the best defensive teams in the leagues history . Zavagnin remained an important contributor to the Wizards for the next six years , playing a quiet defensive role , and establishing himself as one of the better , though also one of the least recognized , midfielders in the league . In 2004 , Zavagnin began to be recognized among the leagues elite . He won a lot of praise for running the Wizards midfield , and was named to the MLS Best XI . In eight years in the league , Zavagnin scored five goals and added 20 assists in regular season play . Zavagnin received 21 caps for the U.S . national team , making his debut October 25 , 2000 against US arch-rival Mexico . In August , 2008 , Zavagnin announced that he would retire at the end of the season . Career statistics . As of July 25 Honors . Kansas City Wizards - MLS Cup : 2000 - Supporters Shield : 2000 - U.S . Open Cup : 2004 Individual - MLS Best XI : 2004 - Major League Soccer All-Star Game : 2004 - Sporting Legend : Class of 2016 External links . - Kerry Zavagnin profile on US National Soccer Players Association - Zavagnin calls it a career in the MLS
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[
"Kansas City Wizards"
] |
easy
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Kerry Zavagnin played for which team from 2000 to 2006?
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/wiki/Kerry_Zavagnin#P54#1
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Kerry Zavagnin Kerry Zavagnin ( ; born July 2 , 1974 in Plymouth , Michigan ) is a former American soccer midfielder , who last played defensive midfielder for the Kansas City Wizards of Major League Soccer , and sparingly for the US national team . Kerry Zavaginin also went to and played soccer for Detroit Catholic Central High School . He is currently an assistant coach with Sporting Kansas City . Zavagnin played his college soccer at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1992 to 1995 , where he registered 22 goals and 24 assists in 76 games . Upon graduating , Zavagnin joined the Raleigh Flyers of the USISL , one of the two major outdoor second divisions in US soccer , for their 1996 season . Professional career . After one year with the Flyers , Zavagnin was drafted 21st overall with the first pick of the third round in the 1997 MLS Supplemental Draft by the Colorado Rapids . Before playing a single game for the Rapids , however , Kerry was traded to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars , in exchange for Peter Vermes . Zavagnin played 1743 minutes for the Metros in 1997 and 1998 , and did not acquit himself well , playing himself out of MLS . In 1997 , the MetroStars sent him on loan to the Long Island Rough Riders of the USISL . Zavagnin joined the Lehigh Valley Steam of the A-League for the 1999 season . After one season in the A-League , Zavagnin returned to MLS after being drafted 30th overall in the 2000 MLS SuperDraft by the Kansas City Wizards . Zavagnin quickly established himself with the Wizards , playing 2743 minutes at midfield for a team that would both go on to win the MLS Cup , and was one of the best defensive teams in the leagues history . Zavagnin remained an important contributor to the Wizards for the next six years , playing a quiet defensive role , and establishing himself as one of the better , though also one of the least recognized , midfielders in the league . In 2004 , Zavagnin began to be recognized among the leagues elite . He won a lot of praise for running the Wizards midfield , and was named to the MLS Best XI . In eight years in the league , Zavagnin scored five goals and added 20 assists in regular season play . Zavagnin received 21 caps for the U.S . national team , making his debut October 25 , 2000 against US arch-rival Mexico . In August , 2008 , Zavagnin announced that he would retire at the end of the season . Career statistics . As of July 25 Honors . Kansas City Wizards - MLS Cup : 2000 - Supporters Shield : 2000 - U.S . Open Cup : 2004 Individual - MLS Best XI : 2004 - Major League Soccer All-Star Game : 2004 - Sporting Legend : Class of 2016 External links . - Kerry Zavagnin profile on US National Soccer Players Association - Zavagnin calls it a career in the MLS
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[
""
] |
easy
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Who was the chief executive officer of Ipsen from 2010 to 2016?
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/wiki/Ipsen#P169#0
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Ipsen Ipsen is a French pharmaceutical company headquartered in Paris , France . It develops and markets medications used in oncology , neuroscience and rare diseases along with consumer healthcare products . It is publicly traded on the Euronext Paris as part of the SBF 120 index . Ipsen , founded by Henri Beaufour in 1929 , has more than 5,700 employees worldwide , marketing over 20 drugs in 115 countries . Overview . Ipsen is a global specialty-driven pharmaceutical company with total sales exceeding €2.56 billion in 2019 . The Beaufour family , which ranks as the 42nd richest family in France , still owns 57% of its shares and 73% of its voting rights , and two of its members , Anne Beaufour and Henri Beaufour , sit on its board of directors . In 2019 , Ipsen spent close to €388.8 million—15.1% of consolidated sales—on research and development . In February 2015 , the company announced it would Canbex Therapeutics $6.8 million upfront upon completion of a Phase IIA study of Canbexs lead multiple sclerosis compound , VSN16R . in October 2016 , European Commission approves Ipsens Cabometyx ( Cabozantinib ) Tablets for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) in adults following prior vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) -targeted therapy . The CABOSUN study , presented at the European Society for Medical Oncology ( ESMO ) 2016 congress , showed Cabometyx ( Cabozantinib ) can decrease the rate of disease progression or death by 31% in advanced renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) . In November 2018 , the European Commission ( EC ) approved Cabometyx ( cabozantinib ) 20 , 40 , 60 mg as a monotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) in adults who have previously been treated with sorafenib . This approval allows for the marketing of Cabometyx ( cabozantinib ) in this indication in all 28 member states of the European Union , Norway and Iceland . In February 2019 , Ipsen announced it would acquire Clementia Pharmaceuticals , a biopharmaceutical company specialized in rare bone diseases , for $1.3 billion . This acquisition is the largest in the history of Ipsen . In April 2019 , Ipsen announced the deal was finalized . Research and development . In 2019 , Ipsens R&D expenditure totaled close to €388.8 million , representing more than 15.1% of group sales . Ipsens main research and development centers are located in Cambridge ( Massachusetts , United States ) , Milton Park / Oxford ( United Kingdom ) and Les Ulis Courtaboeuf ( France ) . Governance . Board of directors . The board of directors sets the strategic guidelines for Ipsens activities and oversees implementation . - Marc de Garidel , chairman of the board of directors - Anne Beaufour - Henri Beaufour - Philippe Bonhomme - Antoine Flochel ( vice-chairman ) . - Margaret A . Liu - Michèle OLLIER - Paul Sekhri - Carol Stuckley - Piet Wigerinck - Carol Xueref Management team . Corporate executives are responsible for managing the groups operations and coordinating the groups various scientific , legal , financial , commercial and strategic actions . - David Loew , CEO - Aymeric Le Chatelier , CFO - Bartek Bednarz , executive vice president , head of global product and portfolio strategy - Dominique Bery , executive vice president , strategy & transformation - François Garnier , executive vice president , general counsel - Benoît Hennion , executive vice president , consumer healthcare - Steven Hildemann , MD , executive vice president , chief medical officer , head of - Dominique Laymand , executive vice president , ethics and social responsibility officer - Philippe Lopes-Fernandes , executive vice president , chief business officer - Howard Mayer , MD , executive vice president , head of research and development global medical affairs and pharmacovigilance - Régis Mulot , executive vice president , chief human resources officer - Aidan Murphy , executive vice president , technical operations - Richard Paulson , executive vice president , chief executive officer of Ipsen North America - Gwenan White , executive vice president , communications and public affairs - Patrice Zagame , executive vice president , specialty care international Ipsen Foundation . In 1983 , Ipsen founded the Ipsen Foundation ( Fondation Ipsen ) with the help of the Fondation de France to track progress in biomedical research . It is headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt . It has organised 64 colloquia , and it has partnered with the World Health Organization , the Fondation Nationale de Gérontologie , Harvard University , the Salk Institute for Biological Studies , the Massachusetts General Hospital , and the academic journals Nature and Cell .
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[
"David Loew"
] |
easy
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Who was the chief executive officer of Ipsen from 2016 to Jul 2016?
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/wiki/Ipsen#P169#1
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Ipsen Ipsen is a French pharmaceutical company headquartered in Paris , France . It develops and markets medications used in oncology , neuroscience and rare diseases along with consumer healthcare products . It is publicly traded on the Euronext Paris as part of the SBF 120 index . Ipsen , founded by Henri Beaufour in 1929 , has more than 5,700 employees worldwide , marketing over 20 drugs in 115 countries . Overview . Ipsen is a global specialty-driven pharmaceutical company with total sales exceeding €2.56 billion in 2019 . The Beaufour family , which ranks as the 42nd richest family in France , still owns 57% of its shares and 73% of its voting rights , and two of its members , Anne Beaufour and Henri Beaufour , sit on its board of directors . In 2019 , Ipsen spent close to €388.8 million—15.1% of consolidated sales—on research and development . In February 2015 , the company announced it would Canbex Therapeutics $6.8 million upfront upon completion of a Phase IIA study of Canbexs lead multiple sclerosis compound , VSN16R . in October 2016 , European Commission approves Ipsens Cabometyx ( Cabozantinib ) Tablets for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) in adults following prior vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) -targeted therapy . The CABOSUN study , presented at the European Society for Medical Oncology ( ESMO ) 2016 congress , showed Cabometyx ( Cabozantinib ) can decrease the rate of disease progression or death by 31% in advanced renal cell carcinoma ( RCC ) . In November 2018 , the European Commission ( EC ) approved Cabometyx ( cabozantinib ) 20 , 40 , 60 mg as a monotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) in adults who have previously been treated with sorafenib . This approval allows for the marketing of Cabometyx ( cabozantinib ) in this indication in all 28 member states of the European Union , Norway and Iceland . In February 2019 , Ipsen announced it would acquire Clementia Pharmaceuticals , a biopharmaceutical company specialized in rare bone diseases , for $1.3 billion . This acquisition is the largest in the history of Ipsen . In April 2019 , Ipsen announced the deal was finalized . Research and development . In 2019 , Ipsens R&D expenditure totaled close to €388.8 million , representing more than 15.1% of group sales . Ipsens main research and development centers are located in Cambridge ( Massachusetts , United States ) , Milton Park / Oxford ( United Kingdom ) and Les Ulis Courtaboeuf ( France ) . Governance . Board of directors . The board of directors sets the strategic guidelines for Ipsens activities and oversees implementation . - Marc de Garidel , chairman of the board of directors - Anne Beaufour - Henri Beaufour - Philippe Bonhomme - Antoine Flochel ( vice-chairman ) . - Margaret A . Liu - Michèle OLLIER - Paul Sekhri - Carol Stuckley - Piet Wigerinck - Carol Xueref Management team . Corporate executives are responsible for managing the groups operations and coordinating the groups various scientific , legal , financial , commercial and strategic actions . - David Loew , CEO - Aymeric Le Chatelier , CFO - Bartek Bednarz , executive vice president , head of global product and portfolio strategy - Dominique Bery , executive vice president , strategy & transformation - François Garnier , executive vice president , general counsel - Benoît Hennion , executive vice president , consumer healthcare - Steven Hildemann , MD , executive vice president , chief medical officer , head of - Dominique Laymand , executive vice president , ethics and social responsibility officer - Philippe Lopes-Fernandes , executive vice president , chief business officer - Howard Mayer , MD , executive vice president , head of research and development global medical affairs and pharmacovigilance - Régis Mulot , executive vice president , chief human resources officer - Aidan Murphy , executive vice president , technical operations - Richard Paulson , executive vice president , chief executive officer of Ipsen North America - Gwenan White , executive vice president , communications and public affairs - Patrice Zagame , executive vice president , specialty care international Ipsen Foundation . In 1983 , Ipsen founded the Ipsen Foundation ( Fondation Ipsen ) with the help of the Fondation de France to track progress in biomedical research . It is headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt . It has organised 64 colloquia , and it has partnered with the World Health Organization , the Fondation Nationale de Gérontologie , Harvard University , the Salk Institute for Biological Studies , the Massachusetts General Hospital , and the academic journals Nature and Cell .
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"Hughes Tool Company"
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Who was the owner of Landmark (hotel and casino) from 1969 to 1973?
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/wiki/Landmark_(hotel_and_casino)#P127#0
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Landmark ( hotel and casino ) The Landmark was a hotel and casino located in Paradise , Nevada , east of the Las Vegas Strip and across from the Las Vegas Convention Center . The resort included a 31-floor tower , inspired by the design of the Space Needle tower in Seattle . Frank Caroll , the projects original owner , purchased the property in 1961 . Fremont Construction began work on the tower that September , while Caroll opened the adjacent Landmark Plaza shopping center and Landmark Apartments by the end of the year . The towers completion was expected for early 1963 , but because of a lack of financing , construction was stopped in 1962 , with the resort approximately 80 percent complete . Up to 1969 , the topped-off tower was the tallest building in Nevada until the completion of the International Hotel across the street . In 1966 , the Central Teamsters Pension Fund provided a $5.5 million construction loan to finish the project , with ownership transferred to a group of investors that included Caroll and his wife . The Landmarks completion and opening was delayed several more times . In April 1968 , Caroll withdrew his request for a gaming license after he was charged with assault and battery against the projects interior designer . The Landmark was put up for sale that month . Billionaire Howard Hughes , through Hughes Tool Company , purchased the Landmark in 1969 at a cost of $17.3 million . Hughes spent approximately $3 million to add his own touches to the resort before opening it on July 1 , 1969 , with 400 slot machines and 503 hotel rooms . In addition to a ground-floor casino , the resort also had a second , smaller casino on the 29th floor ; it was the first high-rise casino in Nevada . Aside from the second casino , the five-story cupola dome at the top of the tower also featured restaurants , lounges , and a night club . During the 1970s , the Landmark became known for its performances by country music artists . The resort also played host to celebrities such as Danny Thomas and Frank Sinatra . However , the resort suffered financial problems after its opening and underwent several ownership changes , none of which resulted in success . The Landmark entered bankruptcy in 1985 , and ultimately closed on August 8 , 1990 , unable to compete with new megaresorts . The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority purchased the property in September 1993 , and demolished the resort in November 1995 , to add a 2,200-space parking lot for its convention center . In 2019 , work was underway on a convention center expansion which includes the former site of the Landmark . History . Frank Caroll , also known as Frank Caracciolo , was a building developer from Kansas City . In 1960 , he and his wife Susan decided to construct a hotel-casino and shopping center in Las Vegas . Frank Caroll received a gaming license that year . In 1961 , the Carolls purchased of land at the northwest corner of Convention Center Drive and Paradise Road in Paradise , Nevada , approximately half a mile east of the Las Vegas Strip and across from the Las Vegas Convention Center . Aside from a gas station , the property was vacant . Construction ( 1961–68 ) . Commencement . The Landmark was initially planned as a 14-story hotel with a casino , although the floor count increased as the project progressed . Fremont Construction , owned by Louis P . Scherer of Redlands , California , began construction of the tower at the end of September 1961 , under a $1.5 million contract . Frank Carolls company , Caroll Construction Company , also worked on the tower . At the start of construction , the tower was to include 20 stories , while completion was planned for early 1963 . The tower was built on a five-foot-thick base of concrete and steel , measuring 80 feet in diameter and resting on a base of caliche that descended 30 feet into the ground . Consolidated Construction Company was the concrete subcontractor for the tower . By December 1961 , Caroll had opened the two-story Landmark Plaza shopping center , built out in an L-shape at the base of the tower . The Landmark Apartments , with 120 units , were also built near the tower and operational by the end of 1961 . In 1962 , a bar known as Shannons Saloon and a western music radio station , KVEG , began operating in the Landmark Plaza . In addition to studios , KVEG also had its offices in the shopping center . By February 1962 , the tower was planned to include 31 floors , making it the tallest building in Nevada . While plans for a separate hotel structure were being made , work began on the tower by pouring concrete on a continuous 24-hour schedule . The concrete pour was done with a slip forming method . With 21 floors expected to be added to the tower over a 12-day period , it was expected to reach the 24th floor by the end of the month . In March 1962 , at the request of Caroll , Clark County Commissioners removed a restriction which specified that gaming licenses could only be issued for ground-level casinos , as Caroll wanted to open a casino on the second floor of the Landmarks shopping center . That month , Caroll received a $450,000 loan from Appliance Buyers Credit Corporation ( ABCC ) , a subsidiary of RCA-Whirlpool . Construction had reached the 26th floor by the end of April 1962 . Upon completion of the floor , work was to begin on the towers bubble dome . By June 1962 , ABCC loaned an additional $300,000 to Caroll , who reached his $3 million loan limit with the company . Caroll ultimately owed ABCC a total of $3.5 million . In August 1962 , the Landmark tower was designated as a civilian fallout shelter , with the capacity to hold 3,500 people after its completion . That month , work was underway on the steel framework base for the towers glass bubble dome . By September 1962 , the Landmark tower was nearing completion and had become the tallest building in Las Vegas and the state , being visible from 20 miles away . By that time , many stores in the Landmark Plaza had closed due to falling debris that included welding sparks , steel , tools , rivets , and cement . A construction delay occurred in September 1962 , when shipments of steel for the towers dome were deemed inadequate and crews had to wait for new shipments . Construction was progressing rapidly on the towers dome during October 1962 , with steel and concrete still being added to the tower . Completion was still scheduled for early 1963 . The Aluminium Division of Apex Steel Corporation Limited was contracted to install a $40,000 aluminum undershine on the towers dome , to provide a maintenance-free and clean-looking appearance for viewers on the ground . Crews used scaffolding and hoists to reach the area where aluminum sheets needed to be placed . Each day , it took crews 18 minutes to be lifted up . Due to delays arising from strong winds , it took crews two months for the aluminium to be attached . Delay . In December 1962 , construction of the tower was stopped when ABCC denied further funding and alleged that the Carolls had defaulted on payments . The 31-story tower had been topped off and the resort was approximately 80 percent complete , with $5 million already spent on the project . The towers planned opening was delayed until April 1963 , but it did not occur as scheduled . In May 1963 , ABCC was planning a sale of the apartments , shopping center , and unfinished tower for the following month . The Carolls sought to halt the sale , and filed a $2.1 million damage suit against ABCC , alleging that the company stopped construction and refused to pay the contractors . An injunction against foreclosure was granted in June 1963 , but was dissolved the following year . In October 1964 , a sale of the tower was approved for later that month , after being requested by ABCC , which was still owed $3.5 million by Landmark Plaza Corporation . Up to that time , the tower had been appraised several times and was valued between $8 million and $9 million . Ownership subsequently changed , as did the resorts design plans . In August 1965 , Maury Friedman was working on a deal with RCA Victor to convert the Landmarks tower and apartment buildings into office space . By the following month , Inter-Nation Tower , Inc . – a Beverly Hills-based corporation – was negotiating with RCA-Whirlpool to develop the tower and adjacent land as an international market place , an idea that was supported by local retailers and resorts . In December 1965 , architect Gerald Moffitt said the Landmarks design had gone through many revisions and that his design plans had been impounded by a court ; a spokesman said there were no plans to resume construction in the near future . It was estimated that an additional six months were needed to complete the tower . The unfinished tower became an eyesore for visitors to the nearby convention center . During its vacancy , people noted that the building appeared to be tilted , similar to the Leaning Tower of Pisa ; experts stated that this was an illusion caused when the building was viewed with nearby power poles , which were tilted rather than the building itself . Local residents nicknamed it the Leaning Tower of Plaza , the Leaning Tower of Las Vegas , and Franks Folly . Moffitt said , It doesnt tilt . There is only three-eights of an inch difference in diameter from top to bottom . In May 1966 , early negotiations were being held with a prospective buyer of the Landmark . Resumption . In July 1966 , new design plans were filed with the county for the completion of the tower . Scherer planned to acquire additional property for use as a parking lot to accommodate the redesigned project . In August 1966 , the Central Teamsters Pension Fund provided a $5.5 million construction loan for the project . By that time , ownership had been transferred to Plaza Tower , Inc. , made up of several investors , including the Carolls and Scherer , whose construction company was awarded a $2.5 million contract to finish the Landmark tower . Because of legal problems involved with the project , the acquisition of title required over 5,000 hours of legal work and the settlement of more than 40 lawsuits . Construction was underway again in early September 1966 , with completion expected in early 1967 . The shops and taverns in the Landmark Plaza were closed , and the shopping center and gas station were demolished , so the land around the tower could be used to construct a casino , a hotel lobby , offices , and new shops . The adjacent Landmark apartments were to be converted into hotel rooms for the new resort . In November 1966 , Caroll planned to install two slot machines inside the Landmark Coffee Shop , which sold food to construction workers from inside a temporary structure that was to become the site of a permanent building eventually . Carolls plans were denied as his gaming license did not apply to the coffee shop . At the time , Caroll was also accused by sheriff Ralph Lamb of being uncooperative with police officers who were searching for a hoodlum at the Landmark Apartments . The Landmark had been scheduled to open on September 15 , 1967 , but its opening was further delayed because of construction problems . A new opening date of November 15 was announced , with an official grand opening to be held on December 31 , 1967 . In early November 1967 , Scherer was awarded a $2.2 million contract for the final construction phase of the Landmark . Construction crews worked 24 hours a day for each day of the week during the final phase to have the 650-seat dinner showroom theater ready for the planned New Years Eve opening . Also included in the final phase were clothing and jewelry shops , as well as a recreation area with swimming pools and a 20-foot waterfall . By the time of its planned New Years Eve opening , the tower was nearly complete , with an opening now scheduled for mid-January 1968 . Two groups – Plaza Tower Inc. , the propertys landlord group ; and Plaza Tower Operating Corporation , the casino operating group – submitted a request for a gaming license to the Nevada Gaming Control Board , which investigates licensees and top casino employees prior to issuing gaming licenses . The Landmarks opening did not occur as scheduled . During February and March 1968 , the Landmark was declared as being completed , although it was stated the following year that some construction work remained unfinished . At the time of its stated completion in 1968 , a total of 200,000 hours had been spent working on the project , which used 100,000 yards of concrete and 100 tons of steel . The tower occupied of the property , and remained as the tallest building in the state . Further developments ( 1968–69 ) . Gaming license . In February 1968 , an updated list of top casino employees was submitted to the gaming control board , which had up to 90 days to make a decision regarding the issuance of a gaming license . An opening date of mid-April 1968 was considered possible . In March 1968 , the Nevada Gaming Control Board recommended against the issuance of a gaming license due to inadequate financial capabilities and resources of the operating corporation and of its principal investor , referring to Caroll . However , the Nevada Gaming Commission had the Gaming Control Board reevaluate the license application . On April 5 , 1968 , the Las Vegas media was given a tour of the Landmark . During the event , Caroll beat the Landmarks interior designer , Leonard Edward England , for allegedly flirting with Carolls wife . Caroll was arrested on April 17 , 1968 , on charges of assault and battery against England . On April 22 , 1968 , Caroll withdrew his request for a gaming license , a decision that was approved two days later . The company then planned to receive new financing and to eventually submit a new gaming application . Approximately 600 people were expected to be employed at the Landmark upon its opening . The Landmark was put up for sale in April 1968 , and the charges against Caroll were dropped two months later on the condition that he not renew his gaming license application . Financial problems . In May 1968 , the Teamsters Pension Fund filed a notice of breach on the trust deed , alleging that Caroll , Plaza Tower Inc . and Plaza Tower Operating had been defaulting on loan payments since October 1967 . In late August 1968 , the Las Vegas-based Supreme Mattress Company filed a lawsuit stating that it had only received $4,250 in payments for $25,505 worth of bedding material that was sold to the Landmark in December 1967 . On August 29 , 1968 , a joint petition was filed to declare the Landmark bankrupt . The petition was filed by Vegas Valley Electric , Inc. , a plumbing contractor , and Landmark architects George Tate and Thomas Dobrusky . By that time , the Teamsters Union Pension Fund agreed to delay its foreclosure until the property was sold . Simultaneously , Sylvania Electric Company had intended to foreclose on the property because of an unpaid $3.7 million bill relating to electronic equipment installed in the Landmark . The joint petition prevented Sylvania from taking over ownership of the property . Plane crash . On the night of August 2 , 1968 , Everett Wayne Shaw , a 39-year-old mechanic depressed by the break-up of his month-long marriage , stole a Cessna 180 plane as part of an apparent suicide attempt . Shaw flew the plane toward the Landmark tower and pulled up just before hitting it . The plane brushed the top of the tower before crashing into the Las Vegas Convention Center across the street , approximately away . Shaw was killed in the crash , which did not harm anyone else . Plane debris was found on the Landmarks roof and at its base , but the crash was not believed to have caused any damage to the building . Sale negotiations and Howard Hughes . In July 1968 , there were five firms interested in purchasing the Landmark , which was expected to sell for $16 million to $17 million . One of the firms , Olla Corporation , withdrew consideration of a purchase later that month , while an announcement of the resorts sale was expected within several days . Multiple companies made purchase offers that were ultimately rejected , including Rosco Industries Inc. , based in Los Angeles . On October 12 , 1968 , Caroll denied a report that the Landmark would be leased to Royal Inns of America , Inc . and operated without a casino . At the time , negotiations were underway with three corporations interested in purchasing the resort . On October 23 , 1968 , billionaire Howard Hughes reached an agreement to purchase the Landmark through Hughes Tool Company for $17.3 million , after denying reports earlier in the year that he was interested in purchasing the project . As part of the sale agreement , Hughes Hotel Properties , Inc . would accept responsibility for approximately $8.9 million owed to the Teamster Union , as well as approximately $5.9 million in other debts and a balance of $2.4 million to Plaza Tower , Inc . At the time of the agreement , Hughes also owned five other hotel-casinos in Las Vegas . The United States Department of Justice launched an antitrust investigation into Hughes proposed purchase , after previously investigating his attempt to purchase the Stardust Resort and Casino . As part of the investigation , the Department of Justice tried to determine whether there were other prospective buyers for the Landmark . By December 1968 , negotiations were underway with several interested firms , including a $20 million offer from Tanger Industries , a holding company based in El Monte , California . Hughes purchase and opening preparations . On January 17 , 1969 , the Department of Justice approved Hughes plan to purchase the Landmark as his sixth Las Vegas resort . Later that month , a $1.5 million lawsuit was filed against Hughes Tool Company by Pennsylvania resident James U . Meiler and New York brokerage firm John R . Roake and Son , Inc . Meiler and the brokerage firm stated that they were entitled to a $500,000 brokerage fee for previously arranging a sale of the Landmark to Republic Investors Holding Company , before Hughes Tool Company agreed to purchase it . The lawsuit alleged that Hughes Tool Company purposely and intentionally caused a restraining of interstate commerce . At the end of January 1969 , Hughes spokesmen stated that some construction on the resort was never finished ; that some maintenance systems had not yet been installed ; and that some repairs were needed . Hughes also planned to have some of the hotel rooms refurbished . Because of the additional work , the resort was not expected to open until at least July 1 , 1969 . Approximately 1,000 to 1,100 people were expected to be employed at the Landmark . The Landmark was the only casino that Hughes had taken over before it was opened . As a result , Hughes was heavily involved in details regarding the project . Hughes spent approximately $3 million to give the interior a lavish design and to add other touches to the resort , while the exterior of the Landmark buildings was left unchanged . In March 1969 , Hughes applied for approval to operate the Landmarks gambling operations , with a tentative opening date of July 1 , 1969 . Hughes planned to operate the casino through his Nevada company , Hughes Properties Inc. , which was overseen by Hughes executive Edward H . Nigro . Hughes planned for the resort to include 26 table games and 401 slot machines . Hughes purchase of the Landmark was not complete at that time , and his representatives stated that the sale would not be completed unless gambling and liquor licenses were issued by the state . In April 1969 , Hughes received approval from the Gaming Control Board and from the state . Hughes planned to personally oversee planning for the Landmarks grand opening ; Robert Maheu , who had worked for Hughes since the 1950s , said I knew from that point on that I was in trouble . He was completely incapable of making decisions . Hughes and Maheu never met each other in person due to Hughes reclusive lifestyle . Instead , they communicated by telephone and through written messages . For months , they had intense arguments regarding the Landmarks opening date . Maheu believed the Landmark should open on July 1 , 1969 , but Hughes did not want to commit to an exact date for various reasons . Across the street from the Landmark , Kirk Kerkorian was planning to open his International Hotel on July 2 , 1969 . Hughes had wanted the Landmarks grand opening event to be better than Kerkorians , but was concerned that the opening night would not go as planned . Hughes also did not want the opening date to be publicly announced too soon in the event that it should be delayed ; Hughes wrote to Maheu : With my reputation for unreliability in the keeping of engagements , I dont [ sic ] want this event announced until the date is absolutely firmly established . Additionally , Hughes wrote to Maheu : I would hate to see the Landmark open on the 1st of July and then watch the International open a few days later and make the Landmark opening look like small potatoes by comparison . Maheu became concerned , as it was difficult to plan the grand opening without knowing the date . As the tentative opening date approached , Hughes became concerned about other events scheduled for July 1969 – such as the Apollo 11 moon landing – which might distract from the publicity of the Landmarks opening . By mid-June 1969 , Hughes had still not given a definite opening date , which was still tentatively scheduled for July 1 , although Hughes had wanted the Landmark to open sometime after the International Hotel . Weeks before the tentative opening , Hughes obsessively made repeated changes to the guest list for the resorts opening night . Regarding who should be invited , Hughes had complex specifications for Maheu to follow . Maheu ultimately had to decide the guest list himself . On June 16 , 1969 , Sun Realty filed a claim against Plaza Tower , Inc. , thus delaying Hughes purchase of the Landmark and threatening its planned opening . Sun Realty alleged that it was owed a $500,000 finders fee for locating Hughes as a buyer . The case was dismissed on June 25 , 1969 . On June 30 , 1969 , Sun Realty appealed the decision but was denied that day as it was unable to post a bond that would pay the $5.8 million worth of claims , filed by approximately 120 other creditors after Plaza Towers Inc . entered bankruptcy . Hughes $17.3 million acquisition of the Landmark , through Hughes Tool Company , was completed on July 1 , 1969 , a day after Hughes issued checks to three different entities to complete the purchase : $2.5 million to Plaza Towers ; $5.8 million to fully pay unsecured creditors ; and $9 million to pay off the Teamsters Union . Opening and operation ( 1969–1990 ) . The Landmark opened on the night of July 1 , 1969 , a day before the International Hotel . The resort was first unveiled to 480 VIP guests prior to the public opening , which was scheduled for after 9:00 p.m . Apollo 10 astronauts Thomas P . Stafford and Eugene Cernan attended the grand opening , and were the first people to enter the new resort . Other guests included Cary Grant , Dean Martin , Jimmy Webb , Phil Harris , Tony Bennett , Sammy Cahn , Steve and Eydie , and Wilt Chamberlain . Nevada governor Paul Laxalt , as well as senators Alan Bible and Howard Cannon , were also at the opening . Three members of the Los Angeles Rams were also in attendance : Jack Snow , Lamar Lundy , and Roger Brown . Local , national and international media were also present for the grand opening , which was described by the Las Vegas Sun as resembling a Hollywood premiere . A closed-circuit television camera filmed the festivities in the Landmark on opening night , with the footage being shown live to guests at Hughes other hotels , the Sands and the Frontier . Hughes – who lived in a secluded penthouse at his nearby Desert Inn hotel-casino – did not attend the grand opening . For opening night , comedian Danny Thomas was the first to perform in the Landmarks theater-restaurant showroom . Hughes had earlier suggested a Rat Pack reunion or a Bob Hope-Bing Crosby reunion as the opening act , both of which were considered unlikely to happen . Television advertisements for the resort stated : In France , its the Eiffel Tower . In India , its the Taj Mahal . In Las Vegas , its the Landmark . Dick Parker , executive vice president for the Landmark , had stated during the previous year that the International and the nearby Las Vegas Convention Center would not harm the Landmarks business . The Landmark reportedly lost $5 million in its first week of operations , and despite its close proximity to the convention center , the resort failed to make a profit during the subsequent years of its operation . In October 1969 , Sun Realty filed a damages lawsuit against Hughes Tool Company and Plaza Tower , Inc , alleging that the two companies conspired to avoid paying the realty company its $500,000 finders fee . Aside from the finders fee , Sun Realty also sought an additional $5 million in punitive damages . In February 1971 , the Nevada supreme court rejected the lawsuit , which had sought $3 million by that time . In December 1971 , Hughes paid a little over $1 million to purchase of adjacent land located west of the Landmark . Hughes had previously leased the property , which he had been using as a parking lot for the resort . In January 1973 , ownership of the Landmark was transferred to Hughes Summa Corporation , formerly Hughes Tool Company . That year , the Landmark was valued at $25 million in a property appraisal . By 1974 , William Bennett and William Pennington made an offer to buy the Landmark , but Hughes raised the price several times , from $15 million to $20 million ; they bought the Circus Circus resort instead . In January 1976 , the Landmark began offering foreign-language gaming video tapes to its German , Japanese , and Spanish hotel guests , who frequently limited themselves to playing slot machines rather than table games because of language barriers . Summa general manager E . H . Milligan said , As far as we know , we are the first hotel in Las Vegas to present this service in this manner . The hotel and casino briefly closed in March 1976 , as part of a hotel worker strike consisting of nearly 25,000 employees , affecting 15 Las Vegas resorts . The strike lasted two weeks before ending in late March . Hughes died of kidney failure the following month . By May 1977 , Summa was financially struggling ; that month , the brokerage firm of Merrill , Lynch , Pierce , Fenner & Smith recommended that Summa sell its various holdings , including the Landmark . According to the brokerage firm , the Landmark has proven highly inefficient for hotel/casino operations and , in the opinion of Summa Corporations management , does not warrant further investment . Gas leak and fire . On July 15 , 1977 , shortly after 4:00 a.m. , a water pipe burst in the towers subbasement , two floors below ground level . Two feet of water flooded the basement room and shorted out the main power panel , thereby cutting out electricity for the resort shortly before 5:00 a.m . An auxiliary power generator provided lighting for the resort . However , telephones , air conditioning , and four of the towers five elevators were left non-functional because of the main power failure . Carbon monoxide , freon and methane , all originating from the auxiliary generator , infiltrated the tower through ventilation ducts , forcing an evacuation of the building . Between 9:00 a.m . and 11:00 a.m. , crews from the Southwest Gas Corporation inspected the building with firemen and found no further traces of gas , allowing guests and employees to re-enter the building . A second evacuation was ordered at 2:30 p.m . after another power failure , which rendered the elevators inoperable once again . During the outage , 21 table games remained open with the use of emergency lights , while a bar gave away free drinks . Power was restored at 6:45 p.m. , although telephones remained inoperable . Guests were given the option to stay at one of Summas other hotel properties . Despite the incident , hotel executives stated that the resort maintained 95-percent occupancy . An investigation into the cause of the gas leaks could not begin that day due to the presence of fumes in the basement . During the incident , a news reporter and a cameraman for the local KLAS-TV news channel – also owned by Summa – were beaten and forced out of the hotel lobby by Landmark guards who were armed with clubs and flashlights . Damaged in the altercation was the recording unit for a $37,000 camera owned by KLAS . Other local news crews were allowed to stay at the property to cover the incident . Orders to remove KLAS were given to the guards by hotel management , which had been irritated by recent KLAS news stories that related to Summas properties , including a story stating that negotiations were underway to sell the Landmark to an Arabian investor . A total of 138 people were hospitalized after inhaling the poisonous gases ; they were treated at four local hospitals . Among the hospitalized were nearly 100 hotel guests , and several firemen and ambulance drivers ; most of the patients were released from the hospitals within three days of the incident . A 55-year-old man was the sole casualty in the incident . An investigation into the cause of the gas leaks concluded on July 19 , 1977 , and found that a defective exhaust line on one of the emergency generators was responsible . The line had been installed during the hotels construction . John Pisciotta , director of the Clark County Building Department , did not believe that he or anyone else would be able to determine how the line became damaged . Summa brought in the company which installed the system to have it repaired . On October 23 , 1977 , at 3:44 p.m. , a two-alarm fire was reported in a hotel room on the 22nd floor , after a bartender in the 27th floor lounge smelled smoke . The entire room had caught on fire from a cigarette . The fire was extinguished with help from 45 firefighters , who put it out within five minutes of their arrival . However , the fire led to heavy smoke infiltrating the entire hotel and ground-floor through elevator shafts . The Landmark was evacuated , and hundreds of guests and employees were allowed to return inside at approximately 5:15 p.m. , after smoke had been cleared from the resorts interior . The 22nd through 27th floors had moderate smoke damage . Five hotel guests were treated for smoke inhalation , but none required hospitalization . Prospective buyers . During October 1977 , Summa was in negotiations with several prospective buyers for the Landmark , which had approximately 1,200 employees at the time . One interested buyer was a group of Chicago investors led by an attorney . Summa was also in negotiations to sell the Landmark for $12 million to Nick Lardakis , a tavern owner who lived in Akron , Ohio . Simultaneously , Summa was holding discussions with the Scott Corporation – a group of downtown Las Vegas entrepreneurs led by Frank Scott – which wanted to purchase the resort at a price of nearly $10 million . Lardakis acquisition of the Landmark was rejected that month as he was unable to raise the necessary funds to make the purchase ; according to Summa , Lardakis terms were unrealistic . The Chicago group made a $12 million offer , but Summas board of directors favored the offer by Scott Corporation , which had no down payment and included a 20-year payout period , while the Chicago group was opposed to a long-term mortgage arrangement with Summa . The Chicago group noted that Summa officials repeatedly declined to let the group examine the Landmarks 1973 property appraisal . Other $12 million offers came from Las Vegas heiress JoAnn Seigal and Beverly Hills management consultant Charles Fink . Seigal also complained that Summa would not provide her with a property appraisal to base her negotiations . The Beverly Hills-based Acro Management Consultants offered $16 million for the Landmark , the highest of five bids up to that time . Summa spokesman Fred Lewis said that Acros bid was considered more of an inquiry than a serious offer , a belief that was disputed by Leonard Gale , vice president of Acro . Gale acknowledged that the Landmark was the biggest lemon in Las Vegas , but was confident it could become a successful property under Acros ownership . After weeks of negotiations , Summa announced that no decision had been made on a sale of the Landmark , reportedly due to disagreements within the company . William Lummis , a cousin of Hughes , had been named chairman of the Summa board earlier in the year . Lummis wanted to sell all of Summas non-profitable properties , while chief operating officer Frank William Gay , citing the purported desires of Hughes , wanted to expand and modernize such properties . The Landmark was considered the weakest of Summas six gaming and hotel properties in Nevada , as it had never made a profit up to that time . Summa officials held a meeting on November 3 , 1977 , but the company made no decision on selling the Landmark , which lost an average of $500,000 per month . By that time , the Scott Corporation stated that it would likely withdraw its offer to purchase the Landmark because of inability to obtain long-term financing . In January 1978 , Summa announced that the Landmark would be sold to the Scott Corporation , with the sale price reportedly ranging between $10 million and $12 million . Up to that time , the resort had reportedly lost $15 million since its opening , despite numerous attempts to increase business . Experts believed that the Landmark suffered financially as a result of its low room-count ( 486 guest rooms at the time ) and its location across the street from the Las Vegas Hilton ( formerly the International ) , which was the worlds largest hotel at the time . Frank Scott owned downtown Las Vegas Union Plaza Hotel , which had become one of the citys most successful casinos , and he said the same management principles used at the Union Plaza would be applied to the Landmark . Scott intended to change the name of the resort , with The Plaza Tower as the favorite among several names under consideration . Scott planned to take over operations once the sale received approval from Summa , county and state gaming officials , and courts that were handling Hughes estate . Because higher offers were subsequently made for the Landmark , the Scott Corporations offer was rejected by a judge who was monitoring the Hughes estate . Wolfram/Tickel ownership . A group of midwestern investors purchased the Landmark from the Summa Corporation in February 1978 , at a cost of $12.5 million . The group was led by Lou Tickel and Zula Wolfram , and it included Gary Yelverton . The purchase was financed using money that Wolframs husband , Ed Wolfram , embezzled from his brokerage firm , Bell & Beckwith . Faye Todd , the Landmarks entertainment director and a corporate executive assistant , primarily oversaw the Landmarks operations for the Wolframs , who lived in Ohio . The Wolframs were high rollers who frequently stayed at the Desert Inn resort when visiting Las Vegas . Todd met the Wolframs while working for the Desert Inn as special events coordinator , and she became close friends with Zula Wolfram , who had been planning to purchase a Las Vegas hotel with her husband . Tickel , a former magistrate judge and a resident of Salina , Kansas , previously owned several other hotels . The group was confident that the Landmark would overcome its financial problems , and they planned to add a 750-room hotel tower to the property within two years . The sale was completed on March 31 , 1978 , under the new ownership of Zula Wofram , and Lou and Jo Ann Tickel . However , the new owners were unable to find someone with a gaming license and sufficient funds to continue operating the casino ahead of the sales completion . The investment group had yet to apply for gaming and liquor licenses , and the Summa Corporation declined to continue operating the casino , citing a lack of interest . The Landmarks casino , which had 272 employees , was closed on April 1 , 1978 , due to the lack of gaming licenses . The owners began a search for a suitable licensed individual who could temporarily operate the casino until they could receive their own gaming license . The hotel , restaurants , and shops remained open , with 700 other employees . The casino reopened on June 2 , 1978 , after a one-year gaming license had been granted to Frank Modica , a Las Vegas gaming figure who would temporarily operate the casino on the owners behalf . The casinos bingo parlor remained closed as it was undergoing renovations . In October 1978 , Tickel , Wolfram , and Yelverton were approved by the state to be licensed as the landlords of the Landmark . At the time , Ed Wolfram was listed as a financial adviser on the licensing plan . In 1979 , Jesse Jackson Jr . was the Landmark hotel manager , and was the only such manager in the Las Vegas hotel industry to be black . The Tickels remained as co-owners of the Landmark until 1980 , following Zula Wolframs approval to purchase their interest in the resort . In 1982 , architect Martin Stern Jr . was hired to design a large expansion of the Landmark . Revenue for the Landmark exceeded $26 million that year , although the resort lost $500,000 during the month of November 1982 . Up to that time , the Landmark had lost an average of $3 million every year since its opening . Federal investigators shut down Wolframs firm on February 7 , 1983 , after they discovered $36 million of money missing in six accounts that were managed by him and his wife , ultimately leading to the discovery of his embezzlement . Lawyer Patrick McGraw , trustee for Bell & Beckwith , was approved later that month to operate the Landmark until it could be liquidated . The expansion designed by Stern was cancelled , and Ed Wolfram was convicted of embezzling later that year , after admitting to using money from his firm to pay for various businesses ventures , with the Landmark being the most expensive . Zula Wolfram , who had owed $5 million to Summa since her purchase of the Landmark , was forced to sell her majority share in the resort . Morris ownership . The Landmark was entangled in a Toledo bankruptcy court in July 1983 , at which point Bill Morris , a Las Vegas lawyer , made plans to purchase the resort . Morris , also a member of the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority ( LVCVA ) , had previously owned the Holiday Inn Center Strip hotel-casino , as well as the Riverside Resort in nearby Laughlin . Morris had also previously represented Plaza Tower , Inc . at the time that Hughes completed his purchase of the resort . Morris intended to eventually expand the resort to 1,100 hotel rooms . Yelverton and his wife stated that they had been sold a five-percent interest in the Landmark in 1979 , but that the document was never filed with the county recorders office . In August 1983 , the Yelvertons filed a state suit to prevent the sale to Morris , stating that they would not be compensated for their interest if the sale proceeded . At the time , Gary Yelverton was the Landmarks casino manager . The Nevada Gaming Control Board delayed approval of Morris purchase until his offer could be updated to include what Zula Wolfram owed to Summa . Morris purchased the Landmark for $18.7 million , and took over ownership on October 30 , 1983 . The struggling resort had a profitable first month under its new management . Morris worked 18 hours a day to ensure the Landmarks success . He said the Landmark had never really been given a fair chance , citing the absence of on-hands management on a day-in , day-out basis as one reason for its lack of success . Morris also believed that previous operators tried to make the Landmark do something it was not meant to do by competing with superstar productions , whereas he believed the resorts location made it more ideal for serving attendees of the Las Vegas Convention Center . The Landmark remained open while Morris spent nearly $3.5 million on a renovation , which was underway in late 1983 . Morris said the Landmark would compete against rivals with its budget prices and good service . He intended to capitalize on the resorts location with a planned expansion that would feature three 15-story towers with 1,500 hotel rooms , accompanied by a large domed family entertainment center . The expansion was to be built west of the Landmark on of vacant land that Morris had purchased along with the resort . The expansion did not occur , and the Landmark struggled throughout the 1980s . By the middle of 1985 , Morris was negotiating a $28 million loan to pay for improvements and fire safety updates for the Landmark . Clark County officials considered taking action against the resort because of its failed compliance with fire safety standards . On July 29 , 1985 , the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) filed a $2.1 million lien against the property , because of Morris failure to pay withholding and payroll taxes for the resorts employees for the previous six months . Two days after the lien was filed , the Landmark filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to prevent the IRS from seizing assets such as casino cage money . The resort remained open despite the bankruptcy filing , and the casino had enough money to remain operational . The Landmark had debts totaling $30.6 million , while it had $30.6 million in assets . Morris blamed the bankruptcy on McGraw , alleging that he derailed a $28.8 million refinancing of the Landmark 24 hours prior to the finalization of the loan . Morris said operations would continue as normal despite the bankruptcy filing . The Nevada National Bank requested in early 1986 that the bankruptcy be converted to a liquidation proceeding to pay off creditors , stating that the Landmarks bankruptcy reorganization plan could not succeed . Morris said he would have to cancel his reorganization plan and lay off 700 to 800 Landmark employees if a bankruptcy court did not allow the resort to abandon its union labor contracts . Part of Morris reorganization plan involved cutting employee wages by 15 percent , including his own yearly salary of $145,000 . The pay cut would give the Landmark an additional $6,500 per month , which would allow the resort to make its mortgage payments . Morris hoped to increase the hotels room count after the resorts eventual emergence from bankruptcy , with additional financing from a national franchise hotel chain . He hoped that the Landmark would be out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy by March 1 , 1986 , although it would ultimately remain in bankruptcy for the rest of its operation . In January 1987 , a small fire broke out in the resorts showroom , located next to the casino . Five employees were evacuated , and there were no injuries . Customers in the casino were unaware of the fire , which was quickly extinguished by the local fire department . The fire was determined to have likely been caused by an arsonist . In July 1987 , the Landmark began offering poker tournaments in its Nightcap Lounge each weekday night . To help bring in customers , two cash drawings were held during each tournament . Morris and bank company Drexel Burnham Lambert began a search in 1989 for a new owner to take over the Landmark . At the end of the year , a U.S . bankruptcy court judge gave Morris until 1990 to find a buyer or refinancing . Otherwise , the Landmark would be liquidated to pay off creditors , in accordance with a court order . On January 2 , 1990 , the Landmark was ordered into Chapter 7 bankruptcy after a judge ruled that the creditors would not be able to receive compensation under the reorganization plan . Between $43 million and $46 million was owed to various creditors . Morris gaming license expired that month after the resort failed to pay $500,000 in taxes and penalties . Richard Davis , a Las Vegas-based real estate agent , was appointed by the bankruptcy court that month to temporarily operate the resort . On February 21 , 1990 , the Nevada Gaming Commission extended the gaming license and allowed the resort to stay open for at least two additional weeks while its financial problems were analyzed by state experts . At that time , the hotel had $562,000 in cash , including $175,000 in revenue that had accumulated in the prior six weeks . The Landmark continued to struggle , although the introduction of various casino programs helped improve revenue . A U.S . bankruptcy court judge approved a request for the Landmark to be sold seven weeks later in a public auction scheduled for August 6 , 1990 . The request was made by Davis , who cited numerous failed attempts to sell the resort . More than 200 prospective buyers had inquired about the Landmark , but only five to ten of them were considered as having serious interest in the resort . In July 1990 , two Denver businessmen , David M . Droubay and Martin Heckmaster , offered $35.5 million to purchase the bankrupt resort . Morris was dissatisfied with the offer , stating that the property had been appraised as high as $70 million . Closure ( 1990–95 ) . On August 6 , 1990 , the bankruptcy hearing failed to attract a buyer for the Landmark . Ralph Engelstad and Charles Frias , who both held substantial interest in the resort , had made $100,000 deposits which allowed them to bid at the hearing , but they did not do so and left the hearing without commenting . Droubay and Heckmaster were ineligible to bid as they did not make a deposit . At the request of Davis attorney , a U.S . bankruptcy judge granted permission to close the Landmark . Gaming operations began shutting down that afternoon , within an hour of the failed hearing . Slot machine and hotel operations were scheduled to shut down later in the week . With 498 rooms at the time , the Landmark was unable to compete with new megaresorts , and was fully closed on August 8 , 1990 . Morris , upset about the failed auction , said , Sometimes it comes down to good luck and bad luck . I had nothing but bad luck . Someone is going to come in and run the Landmark and look like a genius . Forrest Woodward , who managed the casino for Davis , said , This is just an obsolete gaming property that no ones interested in , considering the debt , which included $48 million ; a portion of that was $10 million in unsecured claims . Davis attorney predicted the Landmark would be closed for 100 days or more while creditors pursued a foreclosure sale . A week after the closure , Davis received permission from the U.S . bankruptcy court to abandon the property as trustee , due to the cost of maintaining security at the closed resort . Davis attorney said it would cost between $60,000 and $200,000 each month to maintain the property . Creditors would be left to pay bills relating to the property until a foreclosure sale could take place . In December 1990 , the property was purchased through a foreclosure sale by Lloyds Bank of London for $20 million . Lloyds Bank made the purchase in order to protect a $25 million loan it had made to Morris in 1988 . By March 1993 , the Landmarks contents had been liquidated through a sale conducted by National Content Liquidators . By July 1993 , representatives of Lloyds Bank had approached the LVCVA about the possibility of purchasing the Landmark . LVCVA was interested in the proposal , with plans to use the Landmarks 21-acre property either for a parking lot or expansion . LVCVA purchased the Landmark in September 1993 , at a cost of $15.1 million . During 1994 , board members of LVCVA debated on whether to restore the Landmark or demolish it , ultimately deciding on the latter . Only three LVCVA board members voted to save the building . Among those voting in support was Lorraine Hunt , who later said that the Landmark was iconic and part of the history of Las Vegas . Had they kept it , it could have been the office for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . Demolition . LVCVA paid $800,000 for asbestos removal in the tower . Central Environmental Inc . was hired to remove the asbestos , while AB-Haz Environmental , Inc . was the asbestos removal consultant . In mid-1994 , AB-Haz Environmental began removing asbestos insulation from the Landmark . The removal , scheduled for completion in August 1994 , took nearly six months . In October 1994 , it was announced that the Landmark would be demolished the following month to make way for a 21-acre parking lot , to be used by the Las Vegas Convention Center . Demolition of the tower was delayed several times , to allow for the removal of additional asbestos . The Clark County Health District proposed penalties against the asbestos companies . By February 1995 , AB-Haz had twice declared the Landmark to be asbestos-free and safe for demolition , although Clark County officials discovered that some hotel floors still contained 90 percent of the asbestos . Up to that time , LVCVA had already paid a total of $1 million to the asbestos companies to have the asbestos removed from the hotel and an adjacent apartment complex , allowing for their demolition . The Clark County Air Pollution Control Division recommended a $450,000 fine against AB-Haz for failure to remove the asbestos , while LVCVA would have to spend an additional $1 million for further asbestos removal . AB-Haz was ultimately cited for violating air emission standards during the asbestos removal , and signed a settlement in which the company agreed to pay an $18,000 fine . Central Environmental was removing asbestos from the tower as of August 1995 . Because of previous delays , officials for LVCVA had given up on setting a demolition date until all the asbestos was removed . In October 1995 , LVCVA paid Iconco Inc . $740,000 to remove remaining asbestos from the resort , hoping to have it demolished in time for ConExpo to be held on the propertys new parking lot in March 1996 . Controlled Demolition , Inc . ( CDI ) was hired to implode the tower . No blueprints could be found for the tower , which CDI president Mark Loizeaux considered unusual . Demolition crews discovered secret stairwells in the tower , and Loizeaux said , We have learned everything as we have gone in . It was a very strange structure , very unique . A week before the Landmark tower was demolished , crews removed the remaining asbestos from the low-rise structures and subsequently tore them down . Crews then spent the final days of demolition by drilling in the tower to weaken and prepare it ahead of its planned implosion . Less than 100 pounds of dynamite was placed in certain locations throughout the towers first four floors . At 5:37 a.m . on November 7 , 1995 , the Landmark tower was demolished through implosion . An estimated 7,000 people arrived to witness the implosion . Upon detonation , the towers northwest half was brought down , followed by the second half , which caved in on itself , followed by a black cloud of dust ascending 150 feet into the air . Most of the material from the demolished structure was to be recycled and used in other construction projects . The 31-story tower was the tallest reinforced concrete building ever demolished in North America , and the second tallest building in the world to be demolished . Demolition and related expenses cost $3 million . Frank Wright , curator of the Nevada State Museum and Historical Society , said I kind of hate to see it come down , stating that the Landmark tower still represented what the then-upcoming Stratosphere tower represented : the biggest and the tallest . The property was to become occupied by 2,200 parking spaces , expected to be ready by March 1996 . One of the Landmarks ground-level signs , with gold and blue cursive neon lettering , was restored by the Neon Museum and installed at the parking lot . As of 2017 , the property contains 2,948 parking spaces for the Las Vegas Convention Center . In 2019 , work was underway on an expansion of the convention center . It will be built on the former sites of the Landmark and the nearby Riviera . The sign has since been removed due to construction of the Convention Center expansion . Its approximate address was 3077 Paradise Road . Architecture . The Landmark tower was designed by architects Gerald Moffitt and Ed Hendricks . The uniquely designed Landmark tower was the first of its kind to be built in Nevada ; its design was inspired by the Space Needle located in Seattle , Washington . When construction stopped in 1962 , the project consisted of of floor space , and included two basements that were 30 feet deep . The towers height measured 297 feet , while its diameter measured 60 feet . The towers dome measured 141 feet in diameter . In 1966 – the year that construction resumed – architects George Tate and Thomas Dobrusky were hired to design new portions of the resort , including the ground-floor casino . Height . The Landmark tower was billed as having 31 floors , although it skipped floors 13 and 28 . The Landmark tower was the tallest building in the state from 1962 to 1969 . In 1967 , a revolving letter L neon sign was installed at the top of the tower . Excluding its rooftop sign , the tower stood , seven feet taller than the Mint hotel in downtown Las Vegas . Conflicting numbers have been given for the towers total height . According to Scherer , the sign measured , and the tower measured , including the sign . At the time of opening , the Landmark tower was billed as having a height of . By that time , the new 30-story International Hotel had become the tallest building in the state at . When it was demolished , the tower reportedly stood . According to Emporis , the tower stood from the ground to its roof , while the tip raised the height to a total of . Features . When the Landmark opened , it had a total of 400 slot machines . The ground-floor casino was , while a second casino , consisting of , was located in the dome on the 29th floor ; it was the first high-rise casino in the state . At the time of opening , the ground-floor casino featured red and black colors , while the upper casino used orange coloring and wood . The hotel contained 476 rooms and 27 suites for a total of 503 , a small number in comparison to other Las Vegas resorts , which commonly had 1,000 rooms . The tower included 157 hotel rooms , while the remaining units were located on ground level . The tower used an octagonal floorplan , and the rooms in the tower used a layout that had them shaped like pie slices . By 1977 , the room count had increased to 524 , before ultimately being lowered to 498 at the time of the Landmarks closure in 1990 . The Landmarks interior designer was Las Vegas resident Leonard Edward England , who designed the ground floor to include a colorful and primitive Incan theme , which gradually changed to a Space Age theme on subsequent floors . The interior included $200,000 light fixtures , glowing , red-colored Incan masks , and a burnished metal wall sculpture representing a Cape Kennedy launch . The interior also included 65 tons of black and white polished marble , and carved mahogany woodwork from Mexico . In addition , the interior featured murals depicting the eight Wonders of the World , which included the Landmark tower . After Hughes agreed to purchase the resort , he had an island built in the middle of the hotels 240-foot swimming pool , which cost $200,000 and was the longest in the world . The Landmarks pool included waterfalls and three carpeted bridges leading to its center island , which featured palm trees . For the hotel , Hughes replaced 72-inch beds with 80-inch beds and had color televisions built into the walls of each room ahead of the resorts opening . The Landmarks second floor was used for offices . The towers dome included five floors , although floors 26 and 30 were used by employees for maintenance equipment , elevator equipment , and dressing rooms . The shape and strength of the towers bubble dome was maintained by perlite concrete and steel girders . The Landmark included a high-speed exterior glass elevator , which took people up to the five-story cupola dome . The elevator was located on the towers west side , facing the Las Vegas Strip . It was capable of moving 1,000 feet per minute , allowing people to go from the ground floor to the 31st floor in 20 seconds . It was the fastest elevator in the Western United States . Hughes biographer Michael Drosnin stated that the elevator was prone to constant malfunctions , and that the Landmarks air-conditioning system never really worked . The dome provided wraparound views of the city , and was capable of holding over 2,000 people . The dome included lounges and a night club , as well as the high-rise casino on the 29th floor . At the time of the Landmarks opening , the showroom and the Cascade Terrace coffee shop were located on the first floor , while a steak and seafood gourmet restaurant known as Towers Restaurant was located on the 27th floor and a Chinese restaurant known as the Mandarin Room was located on the 29th floor . In April 1971 , plans were announced for a $750,000 expansion that would include luxury suites on the 29th floor , the highest in Las Vegas at the time . Also planned was the remodeling of the casino and lobby , and the expansion of a coffee shop . The Skytop Rendezvous , a piano bar and dance floor on the top floor of the tower , was reopened as a discotheque on February 3 , 1975 , specializing in middle of the road music . The Landmark was the only major hotel in the state to have a discotheque . When Morris renovation began in December 1983 , the tower contained 150 rooms , a number that was expected to be reduced as the rooms would be enlarged and upgraded to first class standards . Other plans included changes to the coffee shop , new casino carpeting , and redesigning and renaming the 27th-floor restaurant as Anthonys Seafood and Prime Rib Room . The renovation was financed by Valley Bank of Nevada . The Love Song Lounge operated on the top floor during the mid-1980s , before and after Morris renovation , and offered dancing . During 1985 through 1987 , the resort also operated the Sunset Room on the 27th floor , offering piano-bar music and fine dining , with an emphasis on steaks and seafood . The Poolside Room operated on the ground level . The Nightcap Lounge opened at the Landmark in 1986 , and offered comedy acts . Reception . In 1962 , the Los Angeles Times called the $6 million Landmark , By far the most spectacular project , out of several Las Vegas resorts that were under construction ; the newspaper further wrote that the Landmark was destined to become the Mark Hopkins of Las Vegas . The following year , the Reno Evening Gazette opined that the Landmark had the most unusual exterior architecture in Nevada . In 1966 , Billboard wrote that the mushroom-shaped Landmark tower had the most spectacular design of all recent high-rise structures in the city . In 1993 , architecture critic Alan Hess noted the simplicity of the Landmark and the nearby International Hotel when compared with previous Las Vegas casinos , writing , As singular , self-contained forms , they showed none of the complexity of the different pieces and sequential additions that made the original Strip visually and urbanistically richer . In 2002 , Geoff Carter of Las Vegas Weekly wrote that the demolished Landmark was Vegas coolest building and a veritable shrine to 1960s Googie architecture . Performances . Peggy Lee performed at the Landmark during the year of its opening . In its early years , the Landmark became well known for its performances by country singers , including Kay Starr , Jimmy Dean , Patti Page , Bobbie Gentry , and Danny Davis with his Nashville Brass band , as well as a four-week show starring Ferlin Husky and Archie Campbell . Frank Sinatra also performed at the Landmark , and Bobby Darin made one of his final appearances there . In 1974 , the Landmark launched Red McIlvaines Star Search , a variety show featuring people from across the United States . The following year , The Jim Halsey Company began Country Music USA , a show at the Landmark that featured a different country music headliner every two to three weeks . The show was usually sold out . Roy Clark and Mel Tillis made their debuts in Country Music USA , as did Freddy Fender . The Oak Ridge Boys made their Las Vegas debut in Country Music USA . Leroy Van Dyke performed in the show , with Fender as his opening act . Van Dyke performed again at the Landmark later in the 1970s , with Sons of the Pioneers as his opening act . Other artists who performed in Country Music USA included Barbara Fairchild , Johnny Paycheck and Tommy Overstreet , as well as Jody Miller , Roy Head , and Hank Thompson . Country Music USA ran for two years , until 1977 . Spellcaster , an 80-minute family oriented show featuring country-western singer Roy Clayborne , debuted at the Landmark in 1982 . Spellcaster , a production show with dancers and showgirls , featured Clayborne singing 15 songs . Spellcaster was named after one of the Wolframs racing horses , and was produced through Zula Wolframs Las Vegas production company , Zula Productions . The show was designed and directed by Larry Hart , a 1979 Grammy Award winner , and it ran for approximately eight months . At the time of Spellcasters debut , Danny Hein and Terri Dancer also began performing in the resorts Galaxy Lounge . Hein and Dancer had four different shows consisting of various costumes and set decorations , and were accompanied by a five-person band of musicians who backed up the duo . In the late 1980s , the Landmarks showroom hosted minor acts and was considered small in comparison to other Las Vegas resorts . The Landmark hosted magician Melinda Saxe in a family-friendly magic show , which was initially known as 88 Follies Revue and was renamed Follies Revue 89 the following year before concluding its run . In 1990 , the main showroom featured Spellbound , a magic show consisting of two illusionist teams . Dick Foster was the shows director and producer . In popular culture . The unfinished tower briefly appears in the 1964 film , Viva Las Vegas . In 1971 , Sean Connery and stuntmen rode atop the Landmarks exterior elevator as part of filming for scenes in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever ; the tower was among other Las Vegas resorts that stood in as the fictional Whyte House hotel-casino . In the 1980s , the Landmark appeared in the television series Vega$ and Crime Story . In October 1994 , the exterior entrance of the Landmark was lit up for one night so it could be used for outdoor shots as the fictional Tangiers casino , featured in the 1995 film , Casino . The Landmarks implosion was filmed for use in director Tim Burtons 1996 film , Mars Attacks! . In the film , the Landmark is portrayed as the fictional Galaxy Hotel , which is destroyed by an alien spaceship . Burton had stayed at the hotel a few times and was upset by the decision to demolish it , so he wanted to immortalize it in his film . A scale model of the Landmark tower was also made for the production of Mars Attacks! . The demolition of the Landmark also appears during the closing credits of the 2003 film , The Cooler . The Lucky 38 , a fictional tower casino featured in the 2010 video game , partially resembles the Landmark .
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Landmark ( hotel and casino ) The Landmark was a hotel and casino located in Paradise , Nevada , east of the Las Vegas Strip and across from the Las Vegas Convention Center . The resort included a 31-floor tower , inspired by the design of the Space Needle tower in Seattle . Frank Caroll , the projects original owner , purchased the property in 1961 . Fremont Construction began work on the tower that September , while Caroll opened the adjacent Landmark Plaza shopping center and Landmark Apartments by the end of the year . The towers completion was expected for early 1963 , but because of a lack of financing , construction was stopped in 1962 , with the resort approximately 80 percent complete . Up to 1969 , the topped-off tower was the tallest building in Nevada until the completion of the International Hotel across the street . In 1966 , the Central Teamsters Pension Fund provided a $5.5 million construction loan to finish the project , with ownership transferred to a group of investors that included Caroll and his wife . The Landmarks completion and opening was delayed several more times . In April 1968 , Caroll withdrew his request for a gaming license after he was charged with assault and battery against the projects interior designer . The Landmark was put up for sale that month . Billionaire Howard Hughes , through Hughes Tool Company , purchased the Landmark in 1969 at a cost of $17.3 million . Hughes spent approximately $3 million to add his own touches to the resort before opening it on July 1 , 1969 , with 400 slot machines and 503 hotel rooms . In addition to a ground-floor casino , the resort also had a second , smaller casino on the 29th floor ; it was the first high-rise casino in Nevada . Aside from the second casino , the five-story cupola dome at the top of the tower also featured restaurants , lounges , and a night club . During the 1970s , the Landmark became known for its performances by country music artists . The resort also played host to celebrities such as Danny Thomas and Frank Sinatra . However , the resort suffered financial problems after its opening and underwent several ownership changes , none of which resulted in success . The Landmark entered bankruptcy in 1985 , and ultimately closed on August 8 , 1990 , unable to compete with new megaresorts . The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority purchased the property in September 1993 , and demolished the resort in November 1995 , to add a 2,200-space parking lot for its convention center . In 2019 , work was underway on a convention center expansion which includes the former site of the Landmark . History . Frank Caroll , also known as Frank Caracciolo , was a building developer from Kansas City . In 1960 , he and his wife Susan decided to construct a hotel-casino and shopping center in Las Vegas . Frank Caroll received a gaming license that year . In 1961 , the Carolls purchased of land at the northwest corner of Convention Center Drive and Paradise Road in Paradise , Nevada , approximately half a mile east of the Las Vegas Strip and across from the Las Vegas Convention Center . Aside from a gas station , the property was vacant . Construction ( 1961–68 ) . Commencement . The Landmark was initially planned as a 14-story hotel with a casino , although the floor count increased as the project progressed . Fremont Construction , owned by Louis P . Scherer of Redlands , California , began construction of the tower at the end of September 1961 , under a $1.5 million contract . Frank Carolls company , Caroll Construction Company , also worked on the tower . At the start of construction , the tower was to include 20 stories , while completion was planned for early 1963 . The tower was built on a five-foot-thick base of concrete and steel , measuring 80 feet in diameter and resting on a base of caliche that descended 30 feet into the ground . Consolidated Construction Company was the concrete subcontractor for the tower . By December 1961 , Caroll had opened the two-story Landmark Plaza shopping center , built out in an L-shape at the base of the tower . The Landmark Apartments , with 120 units , were also built near the tower and operational by the end of 1961 . In 1962 , a bar known as Shannons Saloon and a western music radio station , KVEG , began operating in the Landmark Plaza . In addition to studios , KVEG also had its offices in the shopping center . By February 1962 , the tower was planned to include 31 floors , making it the tallest building in Nevada . While plans for a separate hotel structure were being made , work began on the tower by pouring concrete on a continuous 24-hour schedule . The concrete pour was done with a slip forming method . With 21 floors expected to be added to the tower over a 12-day period , it was expected to reach the 24th floor by the end of the month . In March 1962 , at the request of Caroll , Clark County Commissioners removed a restriction which specified that gaming licenses could only be issued for ground-level casinos , as Caroll wanted to open a casino on the second floor of the Landmarks shopping center . That month , Caroll received a $450,000 loan from Appliance Buyers Credit Corporation ( ABCC ) , a subsidiary of RCA-Whirlpool . Construction had reached the 26th floor by the end of April 1962 . Upon completion of the floor , work was to begin on the towers bubble dome . By June 1962 , ABCC loaned an additional $300,000 to Caroll , who reached his $3 million loan limit with the company . Caroll ultimately owed ABCC a total of $3.5 million . In August 1962 , the Landmark tower was designated as a civilian fallout shelter , with the capacity to hold 3,500 people after its completion . That month , work was underway on the steel framework base for the towers glass bubble dome . By September 1962 , the Landmark tower was nearing completion and had become the tallest building in Las Vegas and the state , being visible from 20 miles away . By that time , many stores in the Landmark Plaza had closed due to falling debris that included welding sparks , steel , tools , rivets , and cement . A construction delay occurred in September 1962 , when shipments of steel for the towers dome were deemed inadequate and crews had to wait for new shipments . Construction was progressing rapidly on the towers dome during October 1962 , with steel and concrete still being added to the tower . Completion was still scheduled for early 1963 . The Aluminium Division of Apex Steel Corporation Limited was contracted to install a $40,000 aluminum undershine on the towers dome , to provide a maintenance-free and clean-looking appearance for viewers on the ground . Crews used scaffolding and hoists to reach the area where aluminum sheets needed to be placed . Each day , it took crews 18 minutes to be lifted up . Due to delays arising from strong winds , it took crews two months for the aluminium to be attached . Delay . In December 1962 , construction of the tower was stopped when ABCC denied further funding and alleged that the Carolls had defaulted on payments . The 31-story tower had been topped off and the resort was approximately 80 percent complete , with $5 million already spent on the project . The towers planned opening was delayed until April 1963 , but it did not occur as scheduled . In May 1963 , ABCC was planning a sale of the apartments , shopping center , and unfinished tower for the following month . The Carolls sought to halt the sale , and filed a $2.1 million damage suit against ABCC , alleging that the company stopped construction and refused to pay the contractors . An injunction against foreclosure was granted in June 1963 , but was dissolved the following year . In October 1964 , a sale of the tower was approved for later that month , after being requested by ABCC , which was still owed $3.5 million by Landmark Plaza Corporation . Up to that time , the tower had been appraised several times and was valued between $8 million and $9 million . Ownership subsequently changed , as did the resorts design plans . In August 1965 , Maury Friedman was working on a deal with RCA Victor to convert the Landmarks tower and apartment buildings into office space . By the following month , Inter-Nation Tower , Inc . – a Beverly Hills-based corporation – was negotiating with RCA-Whirlpool to develop the tower and adjacent land as an international market place , an idea that was supported by local retailers and resorts . In December 1965 , architect Gerald Moffitt said the Landmarks design had gone through many revisions and that his design plans had been impounded by a court ; a spokesman said there were no plans to resume construction in the near future . It was estimated that an additional six months were needed to complete the tower . The unfinished tower became an eyesore for visitors to the nearby convention center . During its vacancy , people noted that the building appeared to be tilted , similar to the Leaning Tower of Pisa ; experts stated that this was an illusion caused when the building was viewed with nearby power poles , which were tilted rather than the building itself . Local residents nicknamed it the Leaning Tower of Plaza , the Leaning Tower of Las Vegas , and Franks Folly . Moffitt said , It doesnt tilt . There is only three-eights of an inch difference in diameter from top to bottom . In May 1966 , early negotiations were being held with a prospective buyer of the Landmark . Resumption . In July 1966 , new design plans were filed with the county for the completion of the tower . Scherer planned to acquire additional property for use as a parking lot to accommodate the redesigned project . In August 1966 , the Central Teamsters Pension Fund provided a $5.5 million construction loan for the project . By that time , ownership had been transferred to Plaza Tower , Inc. , made up of several investors , including the Carolls and Scherer , whose construction company was awarded a $2.5 million contract to finish the Landmark tower . Because of legal problems involved with the project , the acquisition of title required over 5,000 hours of legal work and the settlement of more than 40 lawsuits . Construction was underway again in early September 1966 , with completion expected in early 1967 . The shops and taverns in the Landmark Plaza were closed , and the shopping center and gas station were demolished , so the land around the tower could be used to construct a casino , a hotel lobby , offices , and new shops . The adjacent Landmark apartments were to be converted into hotel rooms for the new resort . In November 1966 , Caroll planned to install two slot machines inside the Landmark Coffee Shop , which sold food to construction workers from inside a temporary structure that was to become the site of a permanent building eventually . Carolls plans were denied as his gaming license did not apply to the coffee shop . At the time , Caroll was also accused by sheriff Ralph Lamb of being uncooperative with police officers who were searching for a hoodlum at the Landmark Apartments . The Landmark had been scheduled to open on September 15 , 1967 , but its opening was further delayed because of construction problems . A new opening date of November 15 was announced , with an official grand opening to be held on December 31 , 1967 . In early November 1967 , Scherer was awarded a $2.2 million contract for the final construction phase of the Landmark . Construction crews worked 24 hours a day for each day of the week during the final phase to have the 650-seat dinner showroom theater ready for the planned New Years Eve opening . Also included in the final phase were clothing and jewelry shops , as well as a recreation area with swimming pools and a 20-foot waterfall . By the time of its planned New Years Eve opening , the tower was nearly complete , with an opening now scheduled for mid-January 1968 . Two groups – Plaza Tower Inc. , the propertys landlord group ; and Plaza Tower Operating Corporation , the casino operating group – submitted a request for a gaming license to the Nevada Gaming Control Board , which investigates licensees and top casino employees prior to issuing gaming licenses . The Landmarks opening did not occur as scheduled . During February and March 1968 , the Landmark was declared as being completed , although it was stated the following year that some construction work remained unfinished . At the time of its stated completion in 1968 , a total of 200,000 hours had been spent working on the project , which used 100,000 yards of concrete and 100 tons of steel . The tower occupied of the property , and remained as the tallest building in the state . Further developments ( 1968–69 ) . Gaming license . In February 1968 , an updated list of top casino employees was submitted to the gaming control board , which had up to 90 days to make a decision regarding the issuance of a gaming license . An opening date of mid-April 1968 was considered possible . In March 1968 , the Nevada Gaming Control Board recommended against the issuance of a gaming license due to inadequate financial capabilities and resources of the operating corporation and of its principal investor , referring to Caroll . However , the Nevada Gaming Commission had the Gaming Control Board reevaluate the license application . On April 5 , 1968 , the Las Vegas media was given a tour of the Landmark . During the event , Caroll beat the Landmarks interior designer , Leonard Edward England , for allegedly flirting with Carolls wife . Caroll was arrested on April 17 , 1968 , on charges of assault and battery against England . On April 22 , 1968 , Caroll withdrew his request for a gaming license , a decision that was approved two days later . The company then planned to receive new financing and to eventually submit a new gaming application . Approximately 600 people were expected to be employed at the Landmark upon its opening . The Landmark was put up for sale in April 1968 , and the charges against Caroll were dropped two months later on the condition that he not renew his gaming license application . Financial problems . In May 1968 , the Teamsters Pension Fund filed a notice of breach on the trust deed , alleging that Caroll , Plaza Tower Inc . and Plaza Tower Operating had been defaulting on loan payments since October 1967 . In late August 1968 , the Las Vegas-based Supreme Mattress Company filed a lawsuit stating that it had only received $4,250 in payments for $25,505 worth of bedding material that was sold to the Landmark in December 1967 . On August 29 , 1968 , a joint petition was filed to declare the Landmark bankrupt . The petition was filed by Vegas Valley Electric , Inc. , a plumbing contractor , and Landmark architects George Tate and Thomas Dobrusky . By that time , the Teamsters Union Pension Fund agreed to delay its foreclosure until the property was sold . Simultaneously , Sylvania Electric Company had intended to foreclose on the property because of an unpaid $3.7 million bill relating to electronic equipment installed in the Landmark . The joint petition prevented Sylvania from taking over ownership of the property . Plane crash . On the night of August 2 , 1968 , Everett Wayne Shaw , a 39-year-old mechanic depressed by the break-up of his month-long marriage , stole a Cessna 180 plane as part of an apparent suicide attempt . Shaw flew the plane toward the Landmark tower and pulled up just before hitting it . The plane brushed the top of the tower before crashing into the Las Vegas Convention Center across the street , approximately away . Shaw was killed in the crash , which did not harm anyone else . Plane debris was found on the Landmarks roof and at its base , but the crash was not believed to have caused any damage to the building . Sale negotiations and Howard Hughes . In July 1968 , there were five firms interested in purchasing the Landmark , which was expected to sell for $16 million to $17 million . One of the firms , Olla Corporation , withdrew consideration of a purchase later that month , while an announcement of the resorts sale was expected within several days . Multiple companies made purchase offers that were ultimately rejected , including Rosco Industries Inc. , based in Los Angeles . On October 12 , 1968 , Caroll denied a report that the Landmark would be leased to Royal Inns of America , Inc . and operated without a casino . At the time , negotiations were underway with three corporations interested in purchasing the resort . On October 23 , 1968 , billionaire Howard Hughes reached an agreement to purchase the Landmark through Hughes Tool Company for $17.3 million , after denying reports earlier in the year that he was interested in purchasing the project . As part of the sale agreement , Hughes Hotel Properties , Inc . would accept responsibility for approximately $8.9 million owed to the Teamster Union , as well as approximately $5.9 million in other debts and a balance of $2.4 million to Plaza Tower , Inc . At the time of the agreement , Hughes also owned five other hotel-casinos in Las Vegas . The United States Department of Justice launched an antitrust investigation into Hughes proposed purchase , after previously investigating his attempt to purchase the Stardust Resort and Casino . As part of the investigation , the Department of Justice tried to determine whether there were other prospective buyers for the Landmark . By December 1968 , negotiations were underway with several interested firms , including a $20 million offer from Tanger Industries , a holding company based in El Monte , California . Hughes purchase and opening preparations . On January 17 , 1969 , the Department of Justice approved Hughes plan to purchase the Landmark as his sixth Las Vegas resort . Later that month , a $1.5 million lawsuit was filed against Hughes Tool Company by Pennsylvania resident James U . Meiler and New York brokerage firm John R . Roake and Son , Inc . Meiler and the brokerage firm stated that they were entitled to a $500,000 brokerage fee for previously arranging a sale of the Landmark to Republic Investors Holding Company , before Hughes Tool Company agreed to purchase it . The lawsuit alleged that Hughes Tool Company purposely and intentionally caused a restraining of interstate commerce . At the end of January 1969 , Hughes spokesmen stated that some construction on the resort was never finished ; that some maintenance systems had not yet been installed ; and that some repairs were needed . Hughes also planned to have some of the hotel rooms refurbished . Because of the additional work , the resort was not expected to open until at least July 1 , 1969 . Approximately 1,000 to 1,100 people were expected to be employed at the Landmark . The Landmark was the only casino that Hughes had taken over before it was opened . As a result , Hughes was heavily involved in details regarding the project . Hughes spent approximately $3 million to give the interior a lavish design and to add other touches to the resort , while the exterior of the Landmark buildings was left unchanged . In March 1969 , Hughes applied for approval to operate the Landmarks gambling operations , with a tentative opening date of July 1 , 1969 . Hughes planned to operate the casino through his Nevada company , Hughes Properties Inc. , which was overseen by Hughes executive Edward H . Nigro . Hughes planned for the resort to include 26 table games and 401 slot machines . Hughes purchase of the Landmark was not complete at that time , and his representatives stated that the sale would not be completed unless gambling and liquor licenses were issued by the state . In April 1969 , Hughes received approval from the Gaming Control Board and from the state . Hughes planned to personally oversee planning for the Landmarks grand opening ; Robert Maheu , who had worked for Hughes since the 1950s , said I knew from that point on that I was in trouble . He was completely incapable of making decisions . Hughes and Maheu never met each other in person due to Hughes reclusive lifestyle . Instead , they communicated by telephone and through written messages . For months , they had intense arguments regarding the Landmarks opening date . Maheu believed the Landmark should open on July 1 , 1969 , but Hughes did not want to commit to an exact date for various reasons . Across the street from the Landmark , Kirk Kerkorian was planning to open his International Hotel on July 2 , 1969 . Hughes had wanted the Landmarks grand opening event to be better than Kerkorians , but was concerned that the opening night would not go as planned . Hughes also did not want the opening date to be publicly announced too soon in the event that it should be delayed ; Hughes wrote to Maheu : With my reputation for unreliability in the keeping of engagements , I dont [ sic ] want this event announced until the date is absolutely firmly established . Additionally , Hughes wrote to Maheu : I would hate to see the Landmark open on the 1st of July and then watch the International open a few days later and make the Landmark opening look like small potatoes by comparison . Maheu became concerned , as it was difficult to plan the grand opening without knowing the date . As the tentative opening date approached , Hughes became concerned about other events scheduled for July 1969 – such as the Apollo 11 moon landing – which might distract from the publicity of the Landmarks opening . By mid-June 1969 , Hughes had still not given a definite opening date , which was still tentatively scheduled for July 1 , although Hughes had wanted the Landmark to open sometime after the International Hotel . Weeks before the tentative opening , Hughes obsessively made repeated changes to the guest list for the resorts opening night . Regarding who should be invited , Hughes had complex specifications for Maheu to follow . Maheu ultimately had to decide the guest list himself . On June 16 , 1969 , Sun Realty filed a claim against Plaza Tower , Inc. , thus delaying Hughes purchase of the Landmark and threatening its planned opening . Sun Realty alleged that it was owed a $500,000 finders fee for locating Hughes as a buyer . The case was dismissed on June 25 , 1969 . On June 30 , 1969 , Sun Realty appealed the decision but was denied that day as it was unable to post a bond that would pay the $5.8 million worth of claims , filed by approximately 120 other creditors after Plaza Towers Inc . entered bankruptcy . Hughes $17.3 million acquisition of the Landmark , through Hughes Tool Company , was completed on July 1 , 1969 , a day after Hughes issued checks to three different entities to complete the purchase : $2.5 million to Plaza Towers ; $5.8 million to fully pay unsecured creditors ; and $9 million to pay off the Teamsters Union . Opening and operation ( 1969–1990 ) . The Landmark opened on the night of July 1 , 1969 , a day before the International Hotel . The resort was first unveiled to 480 VIP guests prior to the public opening , which was scheduled for after 9:00 p.m . Apollo 10 astronauts Thomas P . Stafford and Eugene Cernan attended the grand opening , and were the first people to enter the new resort . Other guests included Cary Grant , Dean Martin , Jimmy Webb , Phil Harris , Tony Bennett , Sammy Cahn , Steve and Eydie , and Wilt Chamberlain . Nevada governor Paul Laxalt , as well as senators Alan Bible and Howard Cannon , were also at the opening . Three members of the Los Angeles Rams were also in attendance : Jack Snow , Lamar Lundy , and Roger Brown . Local , national and international media were also present for the grand opening , which was described by the Las Vegas Sun as resembling a Hollywood premiere . A closed-circuit television camera filmed the festivities in the Landmark on opening night , with the footage being shown live to guests at Hughes other hotels , the Sands and the Frontier . Hughes – who lived in a secluded penthouse at his nearby Desert Inn hotel-casino – did not attend the grand opening . For opening night , comedian Danny Thomas was the first to perform in the Landmarks theater-restaurant showroom . Hughes had earlier suggested a Rat Pack reunion or a Bob Hope-Bing Crosby reunion as the opening act , both of which were considered unlikely to happen . Television advertisements for the resort stated : In France , its the Eiffel Tower . In India , its the Taj Mahal . In Las Vegas , its the Landmark . Dick Parker , executive vice president for the Landmark , had stated during the previous year that the International and the nearby Las Vegas Convention Center would not harm the Landmarks business . The Landmark reportedly lost $5 million in its first week of operations , and despite its close proximity to the convention center , the resort failed to make a profit during the subsequent years of its operation . In October 1969 , Sun Realty filed a damages lawsuit against Hughes Tool Company and Plaza Tower , Inc , alleging that the two companies conspired to avoid paying the realty company its $500,000 finders fee . Aside from the finders fee , Sun Realty also sought an additional $5 million in punitive damages . In February 1971 , the Nevada supreme court rejected the lawsuit , which had sought $3 million by that time . In December 1971 , Hughes paid a little over $1 million to purchase of adjacent land located west of the Landmark . Hughes had previously leased the property , which he had been using as a parking lot for the resort . In January 1973 , ownership of the Landmark was transferred to Hughes Summa Corporation , formerly Hughes Tool Company . That year , the Landmark was valued at $25 million in a property appraisal . By 1974 , William Bennett and William Pennington made an offer to buy the Landmark , but Hughes raised the price several times , from $15 million to $20 million ; they bought the Circus Circus resort instead . In January 1976 , the Landmark began offering foreign-language gaming video tapes to its German , Japanese , and Spanish hotel guests , who frequently limited themselves to playing slot machines rather than table games because of language barriers . Summa general manager E . H . Milligan said , As far as we know , we are the first hotel in Las Vegas to present this service in this manner . The hotel and casino briefly closed in March 1976 , as part of a hotel worker strike consisting of nearly 25,000 employees , affecting 15 Las Vegas resorts . The strike lasted two weeks before ending in late March . Hughes died of kidney failure the following month . By May 1977 , Summa was financially struggling ; that month , the brokerage firm of Merrill , Lynch , Pierce , Fenner & Smith recommended that Summa sell its various holdings , including the Landmark . According to the brokerage firm , the Landmark has proven highly inefficient for hotel/casino operations and , in the opinion of Summa Corporations management , does not warrant further investment . Gas leak and fire . On July 15 , 1977 , shortly after 4:00 a.m. , a water pipe burst in the towers subbasement , two floors below ground level . Two feet of water flooded the basement room and shorted out the main power panel , thereby cutting out electricity for the resort shortly before 5:00 a.m . An auxiliary power generator provided lighting for the resort . However , telephones , air conditioning , and four of the towers five elevators were left non-functional because of the main power failure . Carbon monoxide , freon and methane , all originating from the auxiliary generator , infiltrated the tower through ventilation ducts , forcing an evacuation of the building . Between 9:00 a.m . and 11:00 a.m. , crews from the Southwest Gas Corporation inspected the building with firemen and found no further traces of gas , allowing guests and employees to re-enter the building . A second evacuation was ordered at 2:30 p.m . after another power failure , which rendered the elevators inoperable once again . During the outage , 21 table games remained open with the use of emergency lights , while a bar gave away free drinks . Power was restored at 6:45 p.m. , although telephones remained inoperable . Guests were given the option to stay at one of Summas other hotel properties . Despite the incident , hotel executives stated that the resort maintained 95-percent occupancy . An investigation into the cause of the gas leaks could not begin that day due to the presence of fumes in the basement . During the incident , a news reporter and a cameraman for the local KLAS-TV news channel – also owned by Summa – were beaten and forced out of the hotel lobby by Landmark guards who were armed with clubs and flashlights . Damaged in the altercation was the recording unit for a $37,000 camera owned by KLAS . Other local news crews were allowed to stay at the property to cover the incident . Orders to remove KLAS were given to the guards by hotel management , which had been irritated by recent KLAS news stories that related to Summas properties , including a story stating that negotiations were underway to sell the Landmark to an Arabian investor . A total of 138 people were hospitalized after inhaling the poisonous gases ; they were treated at four local hospitals . Among the hospitalized were nearly 100 hotel guests , and several firemen and ambulance drivers ; most of the patients were released from the hospitals within three days of the incident . A 55-year-old man was the sole casualty in the incident . An investigation into the cause of the gas leaks concluded on July 19 , 1977 , and found that a defective exhaust line on one of the emergency generators was responsible . The line had been installed during the hotels construction . John Pisciotta , director of the Clark County Building Department , did not believe that he or anyone else would be able to determine how the line became damaged . Summa brought in the company which installed the system to have it repaired . On October 23 , 1977 , at 3:44 p.m. , a two-alarm fire was reported in a hotel room on the 22nd floor , after a bartender in the 27th floor lounge smelled smoke . The entire room had caught on fire from a cigarette . The fire was extinguished with help from 45 firefighters , who put it out within five minutes of their arrival . However , the fire led to heavy smoke infiltrating the entire hotel and ground-floor through elevator shafts . The Landmark was evacuated , and hundreds of guests and employees were allowed to return inside at approximately 5:15 p.m. , after smoke had been cleared from the resorts interior . The 22nd through 27th floors had moderate smoke damage . Five hotel guests were treated for smoke inhalation , but none required hospitalization . Prospective buyers . During October 1977 , Summa was in negotiations with several prospective buyers for the Landmark , which had approximately 1,200 employees at the time . One interested buyer was a group of Chicago investors led by an attorney . Summa was also in negotiations to sell the Landmark for $12 million to Nick Lardakis , a tavern owner who lived in Akron , Ohio . Simultaneously , Summa was holding discussions with the Scott Corporation – a group of downtown Las Vegas entrepreneurs led by Frank Scott – which wanted to purchase the resort at a price of nearly $10 million . Lardakis acquisition of the Landmark was rejected that month as he was unable to raise the necessary funds to make the purchase ; according to Summa , Lardakis terms were unrealistic . The Chicago group made a $12 million offer , but Summas board of directors favored the offer by Scott Corporation , which had no down payment and included a 20-year payout period , while the Chicago group was opposed to a long-term mortgage arrangement with Summa . The Chicago group noted that Summa officials repeatedly declined to let the group examine the Landmarks 1973 property appraisal . Other $12 million offers came from Las Vegas heiress JoAnn Seigal and Beverly Hills management consultant Charles Fink . Seigal also complained that Summa would not provide her with a property appraisal to base her negotiations . The Beverly Hills-based Acro Management Consultants offered $16 million for the Landmark , the highest of five bids up to that time . Summa spokesman Fred Lewis said that Acros bid was considered more of an inquiry than a serious offer , a belief that was disputed by Leonard Gale , vice president of Acro . Gale acknowledged that the Landmark was the biggest lemon in Las Vegas , but was confident it could become a successful property under Acros ownership . After weeks of negotiations , Summa announced that no decision had been made on a sale of the Landmark , reportedly due to disagreements within the company . William Lummis , a cousin of Hughes , had been named chairman of the Summa board earlier in the year . Lummis wanted to sell all of Summas non-profitable properties , while chief operating officer Frank William Gay , citing the purported desires of Hughes , wanted to expand and modernize such properties . The Landmark was considered the weakest of Summas six gaming and hotel properties in Nevada , as it had never made a profit up to that time . Summa officials held a meeting on November 3 , 1977 , but the company made no decision on selling the Landmark , which lost an average of $500,000 per month . By that time , the Scott Corporation stated that it would likely withdraw its offer to purchase the Landmark because of inability to obtain long-term financing . In January 1978 , Summa announced that the Landmark would be sold to the Scott Corporation , with the sale price reportedly ranging between $10 million and $12 million . Up to that time , the resort had reportedly lost $15 million since its opening , despite numerous attempts to increase business . Experts believed that the Landmark suffered financially as a result of its low room-count ( 486 guest rooms at the time ) and its location across the street from the Las Vegas Hilton ( formerly the International ) , which was the worlds largest hotel at the time . Frank Scott owned downtown Las Vegas Union Plaza Hotel , which had become one of the citys most successful casinos , and he said the same management principles used at the Union Plaza would be applied to the Landmark . Scott intended to change the name of the resort , with The Plaza Tower as the favorite among several names under consideration . Scott planned to take over operations once the sale received approval from Summa , county and state gaming officials , and courts that were handling Hughes estate . Because higher offers were subsequently made for the Landmark , the Scott Corporations offer was rejected by a judge who was monitoring the Hughes estate . Wolfram/Tickel ownership . A group of midwestern investors purchased the Landmark from the Summa Corporation in February 1978 , at a cost of $12.5 million . The group was led by Lou Tickel and Zula Wolfram , and it included Gary Yelverton . The purchase was financed using money that Wolframs husband , Ed Wolfram , embezzled from his brokerage firm , Bell & Beckwith . Faye Todd , the Landmarks entertainment director and a corporate executive assistant , primarily oversaw the Landmarks operations for the Wolframs , who lived in Ohio . The Wolframs were high rollers who frequently stayed at the Desert Inn resort when visiting Las Vegas . Todd met the Wolframs while working for the Desert Inn as special events coordinator , and she became close friends with Zula Wolfram , who had been planning to purchase a Las Vegas hotel with her husband . Tickel , a former magistrate judge and a resident of Salina , Kansas , previously owned several other hotels . The group was confident that the Landmark would overcome its financial problems , and they planned to add a 750-room hotel tower to the property within two years . The sale was completed on March 31 , 1978 , under the new ownership of Zula Wofram , and Lou and Jo Ann Tickel . However , the new owners were unable to find someone with a gaming license and sufficient funds to continue operating the casino ahead of the sales completion . The investment group had yet to apply for gaming and liquor licenses , and the Summa Corporation declined to continue operating the casino , citing a lack of interest . The Landmarks casino , which had 272 employees , was closed on April 1 , 1978 , due to the lack of gaming licenses . The owners began a search for a suitable licensed individual who could temporarily operate the casino until they could receive their own gaming license . The hotel , restaurants , and shops remained open , with 700 other employees . The casino reopened on June 2 , 1978 , after a one-year gaming license had been granted to Frank Modica , a Las Vegas gaming figure who would temporarily operate the casino on the owners behalf . The casinos bingo parlor remained closed as it was undergoing renovations . In October 1978 , Tickel , Wolfram , and Yelverton were approved by the state to be licensed as the landlords of the Landmark . At the time , Ed Wolfram was listed as a financial adviser on the licensing plan . In 1979 , Jesse Jackson Jr . was the Landmark hotel manager , and was the only such manager in the Las Vegas hotel industry to be black . The Tickels remained as co-owners of the Landmark until 1980 , following Zula Wolframs approval to purchase their interest in the resort . In 1982 , architect Martin Stern Jr . was hired to design a large expansion of the Landmark . Revenue for the Landmark exceeded $26 million that year , although the resort lost $500,000 during the month of November 1982 . Up to that time , the Landmark had lost an average of $3 million every year since its opening . Federal investigators shut down Wolframs firm on February 7 , 1983 , after they discovered $36 million of money missing in six accounts that were managed by him and his wife , ultimately leading to the discovery of his embezzlement . Lawyer Patrick McGraw , trustee for Bell & Beckwith , was approved later that month to operate the Landmark until it could be liquidated . The expansion designed by Stern was cancelled , and Ed Wolfram was convicted of embezzling later that year , after admitting to using money from his firm to pay for various businesses ventures , with the Landmark being the most expensive . Zula Wolfram , who had owed $5 million to Summa since her purchase of the Landmark , was forced to sell her majority share in the resort . Morris ownership . The Landmark was entangled in a Toledo bankruptcy court in July 1983 , at which point Bill Morris , a Las Vegas lawyer , made plans to purchase the resort . Morris , also a member of the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority ( LVCVA ) , had previously owned the Holiday Inn Center Strip hotel-casino , as well as the Riverside Resort in nearby Laughlin . Morris had also previously represented Plaza Tower , Inc . at the time that Hughes completed his purchase of the resort . Morris intended to eventually expand the resort to 1,100 hotel rooms . Yelverton and his wife stated that they had been sold a five-percent interest in the Landmark in 1979 , but that the document was never filed with the county recorders office . In August 1983 , the Yelvertons filed a state suit to prevent the sale to Morris , stating that they would not be compensated for their interest if the sale proceeded . At the time , Gary Yelverton was the Landmarks casino manager . The Nevada Gaming Control Board delayed approval of Morris purchase until his offer could be updated to include what Zula Wolfram owed to Summa . Morris purchased the Landmark for $18.7 million , and took over ownership on October 30 , 1983 . The struggling resort had a profitable first month under its new management . Morris worked 18 hours a day to ensure the Landmarks success . He said the Landmark had never really been given a fair chance , citing the absence of on-hands management on a day-in , day-out basis as one reason for its lack of success . Morris also believed that previous operators tried to make the Landmark do something it was not meant to do by competing with superstar productions , whereas he believed the resorts location made it more ideal for serving attendees of the Las Vegas Convention Center . The Landmark remained open while Morris spent nearly $3.5 million on a renovation , which was underway in late 1983 . Morris said the Landmark would compete against rivals with its budget prices and good service . He intended to capitalize on the resorts location with a planned expansion that would feature three 15-story towers with 1,500 hotel rooms , accompanied by a large domed family entertainment center . The expansion was to be built west of the Landmark on of vacant land that Morris had purchased along with the resort . The expansion did not occur , and the Landmark struggled throughout the 1980s . By the middle of 1985 , Morris was negotiating a $28 million loan to pay for improvements and fire safety updates for the Landmark . Clark County officials considered taking action against the resort because of its failed compliance with fire safety standards . On July 29 , 1985 , the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) filed a $2.1 million lien against the property , because of Morris failure to pay withholding and payroll taxes for the resorts employees for the previous six months . Two days after the lien was filed , the Landmark filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to prevent the IRS from seizing assets such as casino cage money . The resort remained open despite the bankruptcy filing , and the casino had enough money to remain operational . The Landmark had debts totaling $30.6 million , while it had $30.6 million in assets . Morris blamed the bankruptcy on McGraw , alleging that he derailed a $28.8 million refinancing of the Landmark 24 hours prior to the finalization of the loan . Morris said operations would continue as normal despite the bankruptcy filing . The Nevada National Bank requested in early 1986 that the bankruptcy be converted to a liquidation proceeding to pay off creditors , stating that the Landmarks bankruptcy reorganization plan could not succeed . Morris said he would have to cancel his reorganization plan and lay off 700 to 800 Landmark employees if a bankruptcy court did not allow the resort to abandon its union labor contracts . Part of Morris reorganization plan involved cutting employee wages by 15 percent , including his own yearly salary of $145,000 . The pay cut would give the Landmark an additional $6,500 per month , which would allow the resort to make its mortgage payments . Morris hoped to increase the hotels room count after the resorts eventual emergence from bankruptcy , with additional financing from a national franchise hotel chain . He hoped that the Landmark would be out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy by March 1 , 1986 , although it would ultimately remain in bankruptcy for the rest of its operation . In January 1987 , a small fire broke out in the resorts showroom , located next to the casino . Five employees were evacuated , and there were no injuries . Customers in the casino were unaware of the fire , which was quickly extinguished by the local fire department . The fire was determined to have likely been caused by an arsonist . In July 1987 , the Landmark began offering poker tournaments in its Nightcap Lounge each weekday night . To help bring in customers , two cash drawings were held during each tournament . Morris and bank company Drexel Burnham Lambert began a search in 1989 for a new owner to take over the Landmark . At the end of the year , a U.S . bankruptcy court judge gave Morris until 1990 to find a buyer or refinancing . Otherwise , the Landmark would be liquidated to pay off creditors , in accordance with a court order . On January 2 , 1990 , the Landmark was ordered into Chapter 7 bankruptcy after a judge ruled that the creditors would not be able to receive compensation under the reorganization plan . Between $43 million and $46 million was owed to various creditors . Morris gaming license expired that month after the resort failed to pay $500,000 in taxes and penalties . Richard Davis , a Las Vegas-based real estate agent , was appointed by the bankruptcy court that month to temporarily operate the resort . On February 21 , 1990 , the Nevada Gaming Commission extended the gaming license and allowed the resort to stay open for at least two additional weeks while its financial problems were analyzed by state experts . At that time , the hotel had $562,000 in cash , including $175,000 in revenue that had accumulated in the prior six weeks . The Landmark continued to struggle , although the introduction of various casino programs helped improve revenue . A U.S . bankruptcy court judge approved a request for the Landmark to be sold seven weeks later in a public auction scheduled for August 6 , 1990 . The request was made by Davis , who cited numerous failed attempts to sell the resort . More than 200 prospective buyers had inquired about the Landmark , but only five to ten of them were considered as having serious interest in the resort . In July 1990 , two Denver businessmen , David M . Droubay and Martin Heckmaster , offered $35.5 million to purchase the bankrupt resort . Morris was dissatisfied with the offer , stating that the property had been appraised as high as $70 million . Closure ( 1990–95 ) . On August 6 , 1990 , the bankruptcy hearing failed to attract a buyer for the Landmark . Ralph Engelstad and Charles Frias , who both held substantial interest in the resort , had made $100,000 deposits which allowed them to bid at the hearing , but they did not do so and left the hearing without commenting . Droubay and Heckmaster were ineligible to bid as they did not make a deposit . At the request of Davis attorney , a U.S . bankruptcy judge granted permission to close the Landmark . Gaming operations began shutting down that afternoon , within an hour of the failed hearing . Slot machine and hotel operations were scheduled to shut down later in the week . With 498 rooms at the time , the Landmark was unable to compete with new megaresorts , and was fully closed on August 8 , 1990 . Morris , upset about the failed auction , said , Sometimes it comes down to good luck and bad luck . I had nothing but bad luck . Someone is going to come in and run the Landmark and look like a genius . Forrest Woodward , who managed the casino for Davis , said , This is just an obsolete gaming property that no ones interested in , considering the debt , which included $48 million ; a portion of that was $10 million in unsecured claims . Davis attorney predicted the Landmark would be closed for 100 days or more while creditors pursued a foreclosure sale . A week after the closure , Davis received permission from the U.S . bankruptcy court to abandon the property as trustee , due to the cost of maintaining security at the closed resort . Davis attorney said it would cost between $60,000 and $200,000 each month to maintain the property . Creditors would be left to pay bills relating to the property until a foreclosure sale could take place . In December 1990 , the property was purchased through a foreclosure sale by Lloyds Bank of London for $20 million . Lloyds Bank made the purchase in order to protect a $25 million loan it had made to Morris in 1988 . By March 1993 , the Landmarks contents had been liquidated through a sale conducted by National Content Liquidators . By July 1993 , representatives of Lloyds Bank had approached the LVCVA about the possibility of purchasing the Landmark . LVCVA was interested in the proposal , with plans to use the Landmarks 21-acre property either for a parking lot or expansion . LVCVA purchased the Landmark in September 1993 , at a cost of $15.1 million . During 1994 , board members of LVCVA debated on whether to restore the Landmark or demolish it , ultimately deciding on the latter . Only three LVCVA board members voted to save the building . Among those voting in support was Lorraine Hunt , who later said that the Landmark was iconic and part of the history of Las Vegas . Had they kept it , it could have been the office for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . Demolition . LVCVA paid $800,000 for asbestos removal in the tower . Central Environmental Inc . was hired to remove the asbestos , while AB-Haz Environmental , Inc . was the asbestos removal consultant . In mid-1994 , AB-Haz Environmental began removing asbestos insulation from the Landmark . The removal , scheduled for completion in August 1994 , took nearly six months . In October 1994 , it was announced that the Landmark would be demolished the following month to make way for a 21-acre parking lot , to be used by the Las Vegas Convention Center . Demolition of the tower was delayed several times , to allow for the removal of additional asbestos . The Clark County Health District proposed penalties against the asbestos companies . By February 1995 , AB-Haz had twice declared the Landmark to be asbestos-free and safe for demolition , although Clark County officials discovered that some hotel floors still contained 90 percent of the asbestos . Up to that time , LVCVA had already paid a total of $1 million to the asbestos companies to have the asbestos removed from the hotel and an adjacent apartment complex , allowing for their demolition . The Clark County Air Pollution Control Division recommended a $450,000 fine against AB-Haz for failure to remove the asbestos , while LVCVA would have to spend an additional $1 million for further asbestos removal . AB-Haz was ultimately cited for violating air emission standards during the asbestos removal , and signed a settlement in which the company agreed to pay an $18,000 fine . Central Environmental was removing asbestos from the tower as of August 1995 . Because of previous delays , officials for LVCVA had given up on setting a demolition date until all the asbestos was removed . In October 1995 , LVCVA paid Iconco Inc . $740,000 to remove remaining asbestos from the resort , hoping to have it demolished in time for ConExpo to be held on the propertys new parking lot in March 1996 . Controlled Demolition , Inc . ( CDI ) was hired to implode the tower . No blueprints could be found for the tower , which CDI president Mark Loizeaux considered unusual . Demolition crews discovered secret stairwells in the tower , and Loizeaux said , We have learned everything as we have gone in . It was a very strange structure , very unique . A week before the Landmark tower was demolished , crews removed the remaining asbestos from the low-rise structures and subsequently tore them down . Crews then spent the final days of demolition by drilling in the tower to weaken and prepare it ahead of its planned implosion . Less than 100 pounds of dynamite was placed in certain locations throughout the towers first four floors . At 5:37 a.m . on November 7 , 1995 , the Landmark tower was demolished through implosion . An estimated 7,000 people arrived to witness the implosion . Upon detonation , the towers northwest half was brought down , followed by the second half , which caved in on itself , followed by a black cloud of dust ascending 150 feet into the air . Most of the material from the demolished structure was to be recycled and used in other construction projects . The 31-story tower was the tallest reinforced concrete building ever demolished in North America , and the second tallest building in the world to be demolished . Demolition and related expenses cost $3 million . Frank Wright , curator of the Nevada State Museum and Historical Society , said I kind of hate to see it come down , stating that the Landmark tower still represented what the then-upcoming Stratosphere tower represented : the biggest and the tallest . The property was to become occupied by 2,200 parking spaces , expected to be ready by March 1996 . One of the Landmarks ground-level signs , with gold and blue cursive neon lettering , was restored by the Neon Museum and installed at the parking lot . As of 2017 , the property contains 2,948 parking spaces for the Las Vegas Convention Center . In 2019 , work was underway on an expansion of the convention center . It will be built on the former sites of the Landmark and the nearby Riviera . The sign has since been removed due to construction of the Convention Center expansion . Its approximate address was 3077 Paradise Road . Architecture . The Landmark tower was designed by architects Gerald Moffitt and Ed Hendricks . The uniquely designed Landmark tower was the first of its kind to be built in Nevada ; its design was inspired by the Space Needle located in Seattle , Washington . When construction stopped in 1962 , the project consisted of of floor space , and included two basements that were 30 feet deep . The towers height measured 297 feet , while its diameter measured 60 feet . The towers dome measured 141 feet in diameter . In 1966 – the year that construction resumed – architects George Tate and Thomas Dobrusky were hired to design new portions of the resort , including the ground-floor casino . Height . The Landmark tower was billed as having 31 floors , although it skipped floors 13 and 28 . The Landmark tower was the tallest building in the state from 1962 to 1969 . In 1967 , a revolving letter L neon sign was installed at the top of the tower . Excluding its rooftop sign , the tower stood , seven feet taller than the Mint hotel in downtown Las Vegas . Conflicting numbers have been given for the towers total height . According to Scherer , the sign measured , and the tower measured , including the sign . At the time of opening , the Landmark tower was billed as having a height of . By that time , the new 30-story International Hotel had become the tallest building in the state at . When it was demolished , the tower reportedly stood . According to Emporis , the tower stood from the ground to its roof , while the tip raised the height to a total of . Features . When the Landmark opened , it had a total of 400 slot machines . The ground-floor casino was , while a second casino , consisting of , was located in the dome on the 29th floor ; it was the first high-rise casino in the state . At the time of opening , the ground-floor casino featured red and black colors , while the upper casino used orange coloring and wood . The hotel contained 476 rooms and 27 suites for a total of 503 , a small number in comparison to other Las Vegas resorts , which commonly had 1,000 rooms . The tower included 157 hotel rooms , while the remaining units were located on ground level . The tower used an octagonal floorplan , and the rooms in the tower used a layout that had them shaped like pie slices . By 1977 , the room count had increased to 524 , before ultimately being lowered to 498 at the time of the Landmarks closure in 1990 . The Landmarks interior designer was Las Vegas resident Leonard Edward England , who designed the ground floor to include a colorful and primitive Incan theme , which gradually changed to a Space Age theme on subsequent floors . The interior included $200,000 light fixtures , glowing , red-colored Incan masks , and a burnished metal wall sculpture representing a Cape Kennedy launch . The interior also included 65 tons of black and white polished marble , and carved mahogany woodwork from Mexico . In addition , the interior featured murals depicting the eight Wonders of the World , which included the Landmark tower . After Hughes agreed to purchase the resort , he had an island built in the middle of the hotels 240-foot swimming pool , which cost $200,000 and was the longest in the world . The Landmarks pool included waterfalls and three carpeted bridges leading to its center island , which featured palm trees . For the hotel , Hughes replaced 72-inch beds with 80-inch beds and had color televisions built into the walls of each room ahead of the resorts opening . The Landmarks second floor was used for offices . The towers dome included five floors , although floors 26 and 30 were used by employees for maintenance equipment , elevator equipment , and dressing rooms . The shape and strength of the towers bubble dome was maintained by perlite concrete and steel girders . The Landmark included a high-speed exterior glass elevator , which took people up to the five-story cupola dome . The elevator was located on the towers west side , facing the Las Vegas Strip . It was capable of moving 1,000 feet per minute , allowing people to go from the ground floor to the 31st floor in 20 seconds . It was the fastest elevator in the Western United States . Hughes biographer Michael Drosnin stated that the elevator was prone to constant malfunctions , and that the Landmarks air-conditioning system never really worked . The dome provided wraparound views of the city , and was capable of holding over 2,000 people . The dome included lounges and a night club , as well as the high-rise casino on the 29th floor . At the time of the Landmarks opening , the showroom and the Cascade Terrace coffee shop were located on the first floor , while a steak and seafood gourmet restaurant known as Towers Restaurant was located on the 27th floor and a Chinese restaurant known as the Mandarin Room was located on the 29th floor . In April 1971 , plans were announced for a $750,000 expansion that would include luxury suites on the 29th floor , the highest in Las Vegas at the time . Also planned was the remodeling of the casino and lobby , and the expansion of a coffee shop . The Skytop Rendezvous , a piano bar and dance floor on the top floor of the tower , was reopened as a discotheque on February 3 , 1975 , specializing in middle of the road music . The Landmark was the only major hotel in the state to have a discotheque . When Morris renovation began in December 1983 , the tower contained 150 rooms , a number that was expected to be reduced as the rooms would be enlarged and upgraded to first class standards . Other plans included changes to the coffee shop , new casino carpeting , and redesigning and renaming the 27th-floor restaurant as Anthonys Seafood and Prime Rib Room . The renovation was financed by Valley Bank of Nevada . The Love Song Lounge operated on the top floor during the mid-1980s , before and after Morris renovation , and offered dancing . During 1985 through 1987 , the resort also operated the Sunset Room on the 27th floor , offering piano-bar music and fine dining , with an emphasis on steaks and seafood . The Poolside Room operated on the ground level . The Nightcap Lounge opened at the Landmark in 1986 , and offered comedy acts . Reception . In 1962 , the Los Angeles Times called the $6 million Landmark , By far the most spectacular project , out of several Las Vegas resorts that were under construction ; the newspaper further wrote that the Landmark was destined to become the Mark Hopkins of Las Vegas . The following year , the Reno Evening Gazette opined that the Landmark had the most unusual exterior architecture in Nevada . In 1966 , Billboard wrote that the mushroom-shaped Landmark tower had the most spectacular design of all recent high-rise structures in the city . In 1993 , architecture critic Alan Hess noted the simplicity of the Landmark and the nearby International Hotel when compared with previous Las Vegas casinos , writing , As singular , self-contained forms , they showed none of the complexity of the different pieces and sequential additions that made the original Strip visually and urbanistically richer . In 2002 , Geoff Carter of Las Vegas Weekly wrote that the demolished Landmark was Vegas coolest building and a veritable shrine to 1960s Googie architecture . Performances . Peggy Lee performed at the Landmark during the year of its opening . In its early years , the Landmark became well known for its performances by country singers , including Kay Starr , Jimmy Dean , Patti Page , Bobbie Gentry , and Danny Davis with his Nashville Brass band , as well as a four-week show starring Ferlin Husky and Archie Campbell . Frank Sinatra also performed at the Landmark , and Bobby Darin made one of his final appearances there . In 1974 , the Landmark launched Red McIlvaines Star Search , a variety show featuring people from across the United States . The following year , The Jim Halsey Company began Country Music USA , a show at the Landmark that featured a different country music headliner every two to three weeks . The show was usually sold out . Roy Clark and Mel Tillis made their debuts in Country Music USA , as did Freddy Fender . The Oak Ridge Boys made their Las Vegas debut in Country Music USA . Leroy Van Dyke performed in the show , with Fender as his opening act . Van Dyke performed again at the Landmark later in the 1970s , with Sons of the Pioneers as his opening act . Other artists who performed in Country Music USA included Barbara Fairchild , Johnny Paycheck and Tommy Overstreet , as well as Jody Miller , Roy Head , and Hank Thompson . Country Music USA ran for two years , until 1977 . Spellcaster , an 80-minute family oriented show featuring country-western singer Roy Clayborne , debuted at the Landmark in 1982 . Spellcaster , a production show with dancers and showgirls , featured Clayborne singing 15 songs . Spellcaster was named after one of the Wolframs racing horses , and was produced through Zula Wolframs Las Vegas production company , Zula Productions . The show was designed and directed by Larry Hart , a 1979 Grammy Award winner , and it ran for approximately eight months . At the time of Spellcasters debut , Danny Hein and Terri Dancer also began performing in the resorts Galaxy Lounge . Hein and Dancer had four different shows consisting of various costumes and set decorations , and were accompanied by a five-person band of musicians who backed up the duo . In the late 1980s , the Landmarks showroom hosted minor acts and was considered small in comparison to other Las Vegas resorts . The Landmark hosted magician Melinda Saxe in a family-friendly magic show , which was initially known as 88 Follies Revue and was renamed Follies Revue 89 the following year before concluding its run . In 1990 , the main showroom featured Spellbound , a magic show consisting of two illusionist teams . Dick Foster was the shows director and producer . In popular culture . The unfinished tower briefly appears in the 1964 film , Viva Las Vegas . In 1971 , Sean Connery and stuntmen rode atop the Landmarks exterior elevator as part of filming for scenes in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever ; the tower was among other Las Vegas resorts that stood in as the fictional Whyte House hotel-casino . In the 1980s , the Landmark appeared in the television series Vega$ and Crime Story . In October 1994 , the exterior entrance of the Landmark was lit up for one night so it could be used for outdoor shots as the fictional Tangiers casino , featured in the 1995 film , Casino . The Landmarks implosion was filmed for use in director Tim Burtons 1996 film , Mars Attacks! . In the film , the Landmark is portrayed as the fictional Galaxy Hotel , which is destroyed by an alien spaceship . Burton had stayed at the hotel a few times and was upset by the decision to demolish it , so he wanted to immortalize it in his film . A scale model of the Landmark tower was also made for the production of Mars Attacks! . The demolition of the Landmark also appears during the closing credits of the 2003 film , The Cooler . The Lucky 38 , a fictional tower casino featured in the 2010 video game , partially resembles the Landmark .
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Landmark ( hotel and casino ) The Landmark was a hotel and casino located in Paradise , Nevada , east of the Las Vegas Strip and across from the Las Vegas Convention Center . The resort included a 31-floor tower , inspired by the design of the Space Needle tower in Seattle . Frank Caroll , the projects original owner , purchased the property in 1961 . Fremont Construction began work on the tower that September , while Caroll opened the adjacent Landmark Plaza shopping center and Landmark Apartments by the end of the year . The towers completion was expected for early 1963 , but because of a lack of financing , construction was stopped in 1962 , with the resort approximately 80 percent complete . Up to 1969 , the topped-off tower was the tallest building in Nevada until the completion of the International Hotel across the street . In 1966 , the Central Teamsters Pension Fund provided a $5.5 million construction loan to finish the project , with ownership transferred to a group of investors that included Caroll and his wife . The Landmarks completion and opening was delayed several more times . In April 1968 , Caroll withdrew his request for a gaming license after he was charged with assault and battery against the projects interior designer . The Landmark was put up for sale that month . Billionaire Howard Hughes , through Hughes Tool Company , purchased the Landmark in 1969 at a cost of $17.3 million . Hughes spent approximately $3 million to add his own touches to the resort before opening it on July 1 , 1969 , with 400 slot machines and 503 hotel rooms . In addition to a ground-floor casino , the resort also had a second , smaller casino on the 29th floor ; it was the first high-rise casino in Nevada . Aside from the second casino , the five-story cupola dome at the top of the tower also featured restaurants , lounges , and a night club . During the 1970s , the Landmark became known for its performances by country music artists . The resort also played host to celebrities such as Danny Thomas and Frank Sinatra . However , the resort suffered financial problems after its opening and underwent several ownership changes , none of which resulted in success . The Landmark entered bankruptcy in 1985 , and ultimately closed on August 8 , 1990 , unable to compete with new megaresorts . The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority purchased the property in September 1993 , and demolished the resort in November 1995 , to add a 2,200-space parking lot for its convention center . In 2019 , work was underway on a convention center expansion which includes the former site of the Landmark . History . Frank Caroll , also known as Frank Caracciolo , was a building developer from Kansas City . In 1960 , he and his wife Susan decided to construct a hotel-casino and shopping center in Las Vegas . Frank Caroll received a gaming license that year . In 1961 , the Carolls purchased of land at the northwest corner of Convention Center Drive and Paradise Road in Paradise , Nevada , approximately half a mile east of the Las Vegas Strip and across from the Las Vegas Convention Center . Aside from a gas station , the property was vacant . Construction ( 1961–68 ) . Commencement . The Landmark was initially planned as a 14-story hotel with a casino , although the floor count increased as the project progressed . Fremont Construction , owned by Louis P . Scherer of Redlands , California , began construction of the tower at the end of September 1961 , under a $1.5 million contract . Frank Carolls company , Caroll Construction Company , also worked on the tower . At the start of construction , the tower was to include 20 stories , while completion was planned for early 1963 . The tower was built on a five-foot-thick base of concrete and steel , measuring 80 feet in diameter and resting on a base of caliche that descended 30 feet into the ground . Consolidated Construction Company was the concrete subcontractor for the tower . By December 1961 , Caroll had opened the two-story Landmark Plaza shopping center , built out in an L-shape at the base of the tower . The Landmark Apartments , with 120 units , were also built near the tower and operational by the end of 1961 . In 1962 , a bar known as Shannons Saloon and a western music radio station , KVEG , began operating in the Landmark Plaza . In addition to studios , KVEG also had its offices in the shopping center . By February 1962 , the tower was planned to include 31 floors , making it the tallest building in Nevada . While plans for a separate hotel structure were being made , work began on the tower by pouring concrete on a continuous 24-hour schedule . The concrete pour was done with a slip forming method . With 21 floors expected to be added to the tower over a 12-day period , it was expected to reach the 24th floor by the end of the month . In March 1962 , at the request of Caroll , Clark County Commissioners removed a restriction which specified that gaming licenses could only be issued for ground-level casinos , as Caroll wanted to open a casino on the second floor of the Landmarks shopping center . That month , Caroll received a $450,000 loan from Appliance Buyers Credit Corporation ( ABCC ) , a subsidiary of RCA-Whirlpool . Construction had reached the 26th floor by the end of April 1962 . Upon completion of the floor , work was to begin on the towers bubble dome . By June 1962 , ABCC loaned an additional $300,000 to Caroll , who reached his $3 million loan limit with the company . Caroll ultimately owed ABCC a total of $3.5 million . In August 1962 , the Landmark tower was designated as a civilian fallout shelter , with the capacity to hold 3,500 people after its completion . That month , work was underway on the steel framework base for the towers glass bubble dome . By September 1962 , the Landmark tower was nearing completion and had become the tallest building in Las Vegas and the state , being visible from 20 miles away . By that time , many stores in the Landmark Plaza had closed due to falling debris that included welding sparks , steel , tools , rivets , and cement . A construction delay occurred in September 1962 , when shipments of steel for the towers dome were deemed inadequate and crews had to wait for new shipments . Construction was progressing rapidly on the towers dome during October 1962 , with steel and concrete still being added to the tower . Completion was still scheduled for early 1963 . The Aluminium Division of Apex Steel Corporation Limited was contracted to install a $40,000 aluminum undershine on the towers dome , to provide a maintenance-free and clean-looking appearance for viewers on the ground . Crews used scaffolding and hoists to reach the area where aluminum sheets needed to be placed . Each day , it took crews 18 minutes to be lifted up . Due to delays arising from strong winds , it took crews two months for the aluminium to be attached . Delay . In December 1962 , construction of the tower was stopped when ABCC denied further funding and alleged that the Carolls had defaulted on payments . The 31-story tower had been topped off and the resort was approximately 80 percent complete , with $5 million already spent on the project . The towers planned opening was delayed until April 1963 , but it did not occur as scheduled . In May 1963 , ABCC was planning a sale of the apartments , shopping center , and unfinished tower for the following month . The Carolls sought to halt the sale , and filed a $2.1 million damage suit against ABCC , alleging that the company stopped construction and refused to pay the contractors . An injunction against foreclosure was granted in June 1963 , but was dissolved the following year . In October 1964 , a sale of the tower was approved for later that month , after being requested by ABCC , which was still owed $3.5 million by Landmark Plaza Corporation . Up to that time , the tower had been appraised several times and was valued between $8 million and $9 million . Ownership subsequently changed , as did the resorts design plans . In August 1965 , Maury Friedman was working on a deal with RCA Victor to convert the Landmarks tower and apartment buildings into office space . By the following month , Inter-Nation Tower , Inc . – a Beverly Hills-based corporation – was negotiating with RCA-Whirlpool to develop the tower and adjacent land as an international market place , an idea that was supported by local retailers and resorts . In December 1965 , architect Gerald Moffitt said the Landmarks design had gone through many revisions and that his design plans had been impounded by a court ; a spokesman said there were no plans to resume construction in the near future . It was estimated that an additional six months were needed to complete the tower . The unfinished tower became an eyesore for visitors to the nearby convention center . During its vacancy , people noted that the building appeared to be tilted , similar to the Leaning Tower of Pisa ; experts stated that this was an illusion caused when the building was viewed with nearby power poles , which were tilted rather than the building itself . Local residents nicknamed it the Leaning Tower of Plaza , the Leaning Tower of Las Vegas , and Franks Folly . Moffitt said , It doesnt tilt . There is only three-eights of an inch difference in diameter from top to bottom . In May 1966 , early negotiations were being held with a prospective buyer of the Landmark . Resumption . In July 1966 , new design plans were filed with the county for the completion of the tower . Scherer planned to acquire additional property for use as a parking lot to accommodate the redesigned project . In August 1966 , the Central Teamsters Pension Fund provided a $5.5 million construction loan for the project . By that time , ownership had been transferred to Plaza Tower , Inc. , made up of several investors , including the Carolls and Scherer , whose construction company was awarded a $2.5 million contract to finish the Landmark tower . Because of legal problems involved with the project , the acquisition of title required over 5,000 hours of legal work and the settlement of more than 40 lawsuits . Construction was underway again in early September 1966 , with completion expected in early 1967 . The shops and taverns in the Landmark Plaza were closed , and the shopping center and gas station were demolished , so the land around the tower could be used to construct a casino , a hotel lobby , offices , and new shops . The adjacent Landmark apartments were to be converted into hotel rooms for the new resort . In November 1966 , Caroll planned to install two slot machines inside the Landmark Coffee Shop , which sold food to construction workers from inside a temporary structure that was to become the site of a permanent building eventually . Carolls plans were denied as his gaming license did not apply to the coffee shop . At the time , Caroll was also accused by sheriff Ralph Lamb of being uncooperative with police officers who were searching for a hoodlum at the Landmark Apartments . The Landmark had been scheduled to open on September 15 , 1967 , but its opening was further delayed because of construction problems . A new opening date of November 15 was announced , with an official grand opening to be held on December 31 , 1967 . In early November 1967 , Scherer was awarded a $2.2 million contract for the final construction phase of the Landmark . Construction crews worked 24 hours a day for each day of the week during the final phase to have the 650-seat dinner showroom theater ready for the planned New Years Eve opening . Also included in the final phase were clothing and jewelry shops , as well as a recreation area with swimming pools and a 20-foot waterfall . By the time of its planned New Years Eve opening , the tower was nearly complete , with an opening now scheduled for mid-January 1968 . Two groups – Plaza Tower Inc. , the propertys landlord group ; and Plaza Tower Operating Corporation , the casino operating group – submitted a request for a gaming license to the Nevada Gaming Control Board , which investigates licensees and top casino employees prior to issuing gaming licenses . The Landmarks opening did not occur as scheduled . During February and March 1968 , the Landmark was declared as being completed , although it was stated the following year that some construction work remained unfinished . At the time of its stated completion in 1968 , a total of 200,000 hours had been spent working on the project , which used 100,000 yards of concrete and 100 tons of steel . The tower occupied of the property , and remained as the tallest building in the state . Further developments ( 1968–69 ) . Gaming license . In February 1968 , an updated list of top casino employees was submitted to the gaming control board , which had up to 90 days to make a decision regarding the issuance of a gaming license . An opening date of mid-April 1968 was considered possible . In March 1968 , the Nevada Gaming Control Board recommended against the issuance of a gaming license due to inadequate financial capabilities and resources of the operating corporation and of its principal investor , referring to Caroll . However , the Nevada Gaming Commission had the Gaming Control Board reevaluate the license application . On April 5 , 1968 , the Las Vegas media was given a tour of the Landmark . During the event , Caroll beat the Landmarks interior designer , Leonard Edward England , for allegedly flirting with Carolls wife . Caroll was arrested on April 17 , 1968 , on charges of assault and battery against England . On April 22 , 1968 , Caroll withdrew his request for a gaming license , a decision that was approved two days later . The company then planned to receive new financing and to eventually submit a new gaming application . Approximately 600 people were expected to be employed at the Landmark upon its opening . The Landmark was put up for sale in April 1968 , and the charges against Caroll were dropped two months later on the condition that he not renew his gaming license application . Financial problems . In May 1968 , the Teamsters Pension Fund filed a notice of breach on the trust deed , alleging that Caroll , Plaza Tower Inc . and Plaza Tower Operating had been defaulting on loan payments since October 1967 . In late August 1968 , the Las Vegas-based Supreme Mattress Company filed a lawsuit stating that it had only received $4,250 in payments for $25,505 worth of bedding material that was sold to the Landmark in December 1967 . On August 29 , 1968 , a joint petition was filed to declare the Landmark bankrupt . The petition was filed by Vegas Valley Electric , Inc. , a plumbing contractor , and Landmark architects George Tate and Thomas Dobrusky . By that time , the Teamsters Union Pension Fund agreed to delay its foreclosure until the property was sold . Simultaneously , Sylvania Electric Company had intended to foreclose on the property because of an unpaid $3.7 million bill relating to electronic equipment installed in the Landmark . The joint petition prevented Sylvania from taking over ownership of the property . Plane crash . On the night of August 2 , 1968 , Everett Wayne Shaw , a 39-year-old mechanic depressed by the break-up of his month-long marriage , stole a Cessna 180 plane as part of an apparent suicide attempt . Shaw flew the plane toward the Landmark tower and pulled up just before hitting it . The plane brushed the top of the tower before crashing into the Las Vegas Convention Center across the street , approximately away . Shaw was killed in the crash , which did not harm anyone else . Plane debris was found on the Landmarks roof and at its base , but the crash was not believed to have caused any damage to the building . Sale negotiations and Howard Hughes . In July 1968 , there were five firms interested in purchasing the Landmark , which was expected to sell for $16 million to $17 million . One of the firms , Olla Corporation , withdrew consideration of a purchase later that month , while an announcement of the resorts sale was expected within several days . Multiple companies made purchase offers that were ultimately rejected , including Rosco Industries Inc. , based in Los Angeles . On October 12 , 1968 , Caroll denied a report that the Landmark would be leased to Royal Inns of America , Inc . and operated without a casino . At the time , negotiations were underway with three corporations interested in purchasing the resort . On October 23 , 1968 , billionaire Howard Hughes reached an agreement to purchase the Landmark through Hughes Tool Company for $17.3 million , after denying reports earlier in the year that he was interested in purchasing the project . As part of the sale agreement , Hughes Hotel Properties , Inc . would accept responsibility for approximately $8.9 million owed to the Teamster Union , as well as approximately $5.9 million in other debts and a balance of $2.4 million to Plaza Tower , Inc . At the time of the agreement , Hughes also owned five other hotel-casinos in Las Vegas . The United States Department of Justice launched an antitrust investigation into Hughes proposed purchase , after previously investigating his attempt to purchase the Stardust Resort and Casino . As part of the investigation , the Department of Justice tried to determine whether there were other prospective buyers for the Landmark . By December 1968 , negotiations were underway with several interested firms , including a $20 million offer from Tanger Industries , a holding company based in El Monte , California . Hughes purchase and opening preparations . On January 17 , 1969 , the Department of Justice approved Hughes plan to purchase the Landmark as his sixth Las Vegas resort . Later that month , a $1.5 million lawsuit was filed against Hughes Tool Company by Pennsylvania resident James U . Meiler and New York brokerage firm John R . Roake and Son , Inc . Meiler and the brokerage firm stated that they were entitled to a $500,000 brokerage fee for previously arranging a sale of the Landmark to Republic Investors Holding Company , before Hughes Tool Company agreed to purchase it . The lawsuit alleged that Hughes Tool Company purposely and intentionally caused a restraining of interstate commerce . At the end of January 1969 , Hughes spokesmen stated that some construction on the resort was never finished ; that some maintenance systems had not yet been installed ; and that some repairs were needed . Hughes also planned to have some of the hotel rooms refurbished . Because of the additional work , the resort was not expected to open until at least July 1 , 1969 . Approximately 1,000 to 1,100 people were expected to be employed at the Landmark . The Landmark was the only casino that Hughes had taken over before it was opened . As a result , Hughes was heavily involved in details regarding the project . Hughes spent approximately $3 million to give the interior a lavish design and to add other touches to the resort , while the exterior of the Landmark buildings was left unchanged . In March 1969 , Hughes applied for approval to operate the Landmarks gambling operations , with a tentative opening date of July 1 , 1969 . Hughes planned to operate the casino through his Nevada company , Hughes Properties Inc. , which was overseen by Hughes executive Edward H . Nigro . Hughes planned for the resort to include 26 table games and 401 slot machines . Hughes purchase of the Landmark was not complete at that time , and his representatives stated that the sale would not be completed unless gambling and liquor licenses were issued by the state . In April 1969 , Hughes received approval from the Gaming Control Board and from the state . Hughes planned to personally oversee planning for the Landmarks grand opening ; Robert Maheu , who had worked for Hughes since the 1950s , said I knew from that point on that I was in trouble . He was completely incapable of making decisions . Hughes and Maheu never met each other in person due to Hughes reclusive lifestyle . Instead , they communicated by telephone and through written messages . For months , they had intense arguments regarding the Landmarks opening date . Maheu believed the Landmark should open on July 1 , 1969 , but Hughes did not want to commit to an exact date for various reasons . Across the street from the Landmark , Kirk Kerkorian was planning to open his International Hotel on July 2 , 1969 . Hughes had wanted the Landmarks grand opening event to be better than Kerkorians , but was concerned that the opening night would not go as planned . Hughes also did not want the opening date to be publicly announced too soon in the event that it should be delayed ; Hughes wrote to Maheu : With my reputation for unreliability in the keeping of engagements , I dont [ sic ] want this event announced until the date is absolutely firmly established . Additionally , Hughes wrote to Maheu : I would hate to see the Landmark open on the 1st of July and then watch the International open a few days later and make the Landmark opening look like small potatoes by comparison . Maheu became concerned , as it was difficult to plan the grand opening without knowing the date . As the tentative opening date approached , Hughes became concerned about other events scheduled for July 1969 – such as the Apollo 11 moon landing – which might distract from the publicity of the Landmarks opening . By mid-June 1969 , Hughes had still not given a definite opening date , which was still tentatively scheduled for July 1 , although Hughes had wanted the Landmark to open sometime after the International Hotel . Weeks before the tentative opening , Hughes obsessively made repeated changes to the guest list for the resorts opening night . Regarding who should be invited , Hughes had complex specifications for Maheu to follow . Maheu ultimately had to decide the guest list himself . On June 16 , 1969 , Sun Realty filed a claim against Plaza Tower , Inc. , thus delaying Hughes purchase of the Landmark and threatening its planned opening . Sun Realty alleged that it was owed a $500,000 finders fee for locating Hughes as a buyer . The case was dismissed on June 25 , 1969 . On June 30 , 1969 , Sun Realty appealed the decision but was denied that day as it was unable to post a bond that would pay the $5.8 million worth of claims , filed by approximately 120 other creditors after Plaza Towers Inc . entered bankruptcy . Hughes $17.3 million acquisition of the Landmark , through Hughes Tool Company , was completed on July 1 , 1969 , a day after Hughes issued checks to three different entities to complete the purchase : $2.5 million to Plaza Towers ; $5.8 million to fully pay unsecured creditors ; and $9 million to pay off the Teamsters Union . Opening and operation ( 1969–1990 ) . The Landmark opened on the night of July 1 , 1969 , a day before the International Hotel . The resort was first unveiled to 480 VIP guests prior to the public opening , which was scheduled for after 9:00 p.m . Apollo 10 astronauts Thomas P . Stafford and Eugene Cernan attended the grand opening , and were the first people to enter the new resort . Other guests included Cary Grant , Dean Martin , Jimmy Webb , Phil Harris , Tony Bennett , Sammy Cahn , Steve and Eydie , and Wilt Chamberlain . Nevada governor Paul Laxalt , as well as senators Alan Bible and Howard Cannon , were also at the opening . Three members of the Los Angeles Rams were also in attendance : Jack Snow , Lamar Lundy , and Roger Brown . Local , national and international media were also present for the grand opening , which was described by the Las Vegas Sun as resembling a Hollywood premiere . A closed-circuit television camera filmed the festivities in the Landmark on opening night , with the footage being shown live to guests at Hughes other hotels , the Sands and the Frontier . Hughes – who lived in a secluded penthouse at his nearby Desert Inn hotel-casino – did not attend the grand opening . For opening night , comedian Danny Thomas was the first to perform in the Landmarks theater-restaurant showroom . Hughes had earlier suggested a Rat Pack reunion or a Bob Hope-Bing Crosby reunion as the opening act , both of which were considered unlikely to happen . Television advertisements for the resort stated : In France , its the Eiffel Tower . In India , its the Taj Mahal . In Las Vegas , its the Landmark . Dick Parker , executive vice president for the Landmark , had stated during the previous year that the International and the nearby Las Vegas Convention Center would not harm the Landmarks business . The Landmark reportedly lost $5 million in its first week of operations , and despite its close proximity to the convention center , the resort failed to make a profit during the subsequent years of its operation . In October 1969 , Sun Realty filed a damages lawsuit against Hughes Tool Company and Plaza Tower , Inc , alleging that the two companies conspired to avoid paying the realty company its $500,000 finders fee . Aside from the finders fee , Sun Realty also sought an additional $5 million in punitive damages . In February 1971 , the Nevada supreme court rejected the lawsuit , which had sought $3 million by that time . In December 1971 , Hughes paid a little over $1 million to purchase of adjacent land located west of the Landmark . Hughes had previously leased the property , which he had been using as a parking lot for the resort . In January 1973 , ownership of the Landmark was transferred to Hughes Summa Corporation , formerly Hughes Tool Company . That year , the Landmark was valued at $25 million in a property appraisal . By 1974 , William Bennett and William Pennington made an offer to buy the Landmark , but Hughes raised the price several times , from $15 million to $20 million ; they bought the Circus Circus resort instead . In January 1976 , the Landmark began offering foreign-language gaming video tapes to its German , Japanese , and Spanish hotel guests , who frequently limited themselves to playing slot machines rather than table games because of language barriers . Summa general manager E . H . Milligan said , As far as we know , we are the first hotel in Las Vegas to present this service in this manner . The hotel and casino briefly closed in March 1976 , as part of a hotel worker strike consisting of nearly 25,000 employees , affecting 15 Las Vegas resorts . The strike lasted two weeks before ending in late March . Hughes died of kidney failure the following month . By May 1977 , Summa was financially struggling ; that month , the brokerage firm of Merrill , Lynch , Pierce , Fenner & Smith recommended that Summa sell its various holdings , including the Landmark . According to the brokerage firm , the Landmark has proven highly inefficient for hotel/casino operations and , in the opinion of Summa Corporations management , does not warrant further investment . Gas leak and fire . On July 15 , 1977 , shortly after 4:00 a.m. , a water pipe burst in the towers subbasement , two floors below ground level . Two feet of water flooded the basement room and shorted out the main power panel , thereby cutting out electricity for the resort shortly before 5:00 a.m . An auxiliary power generator provided lighting for the resort . However , telephones , air conditioning , and four of the towers five elevators were left non-functional because of the main power failure . Carbon monoxide , freon and methane , all originating from the auxiliary generator , infiltrated the tower through ventilation ducts , forcing an evacuation of the building . Between 9:00 a.m . and 11:00 a.m. , crews from the Southwest Gas Corporation inspected the building with firemen and found no further traces of gas , allowing guests and employees to re-enter the building . A second evacuation was ordered at 2:30 p.m . after another power failure , which rendered the elevators inoperable once again . During the outage , 21 table games remained open with the use of emergency lights , while a bar gave away free drinks . Power was restored at 6:45 p.m. , although telephones remained inoperable . Guests were given the option to stay at one of Summas other hotel properties . Despite the incident , hotel executives stated that the resort maintained 95-percent occupancy . An investigation into the cause of the gas leaks could not begin that day due to the presence of fumes in the basement . During the incident , a news reporter and a cameraman for the local KLAS-TV news channel – also owned by Summa – were beaten and forced out of the hotel lobby by Landmark guards who were armed with clubs and flashlights . Damaged in the altercation was the recording unit for a $37,000 camera owned by KLAS . Other local news crews were allowed to stay at the property to cover the incident . Orders to remove KLAS were given to the guards by hotel management , which had been irritated by recent KLAS news stories that related to Summas properties , including a story stating that negotiations were underway to sell the Landmark to an Arabian investor . A total of 138 people were hospitalized after inhaling the poisonous gases ; they were treated at four local hospitals . Among the hospitalized were nearly 100 hotel guests , and several firemen and ambulance drivers ; most of the patients were released from the hospitals within three days of the incident . A 55-year-old man was the sole casualty in the incident . An investigation into the cause of the gas leaks concluded on July 19 , 1977 , and found that a defective exhaust line on one of the emergency generators was responsible . The line had been installed during the hotels construction . John Pisciotta , director of the Clark County Building Department , did not believe that he or anyone else would be able to determine how the line became damaged . Summa brought in the company which installed the system to have it repaired . On October 23 , 1977 , at 3:44 p.m. , a two-alarm fire was reported in a hotel room on the 22nd floor , after a bartender in the 27th floor lounge smelled smoke . The entire room had caught on fire from a cigarette . The fire was extinguished with help from 45 firefighters , who put it out within five minutes of their arrival . However , the fire led to heavy smoke infiltrating the entire hotel and ground-floor through elevator shafts . The Landmark was evacuated , and hundreds of guests and employees were allowed to return inside at approximately 5:15 p.m. , after smoke had been cleared from the resorts interior . The 22nd through 27th floors had moderate smoke damage . Five hotel guests were treated for smoke inhalation , but none required hospitalization . Prospective buyers . During October 1977 , Summa was in negotiations with several prospective buyers for the Landmark , which had approximately 1,200 employees at the time . One interested buyer was a group of Chicago investors led by an attorney . Summa was also in negotiations to sell the Landmark for $12 million to Nick Lardakis , a tavern owner who lived in Akron , Ohio . Simultaneously , Summa was holding discussions with the Scott Corporation – a group of downtown Las Vegas entrepreneurs led by Frank Scott – which wanted to purchase the resort at a price of nearly $10 million . Lardakis acquisition of the Landmark was rejected that month as he was unable to raise the necessary funds to make the purchase ; according to Summa , Lardakis terms were unrealistic . The Chicago group made a $12 million offer , but Summas board of directors favored the offer by Scott Corporation , which had no down payment and included a 20-year payout period , while the Chicago group was opposed to a long-term mortgage arrangement with Summa . The Chicago group noted that Summa officials repeatedly declined to let the group examine the Landmarks 1973 property appraisal . Other $12 million offers came from Las Vegas heiress JoAnn Seigal and Beverly Hills management consultant Charles Fink . Seigal also complained that Summa would not provide her with a property appraisal to base her negotiations . The Beverly Hills-based Acro Management Consultants offered $16 million for the Landmark , the highest of five bids up to that time . Summa spokesman Fred Lewis said that Acros bid was considered more of an inquiry than a serious offer , a belief that was disputed by Leonard Gale , vice president of Acro . Gale acknowledged that the Landmark was the biggest lemon in Las Vegas , but was confident it could become a successful property under Acros ownership . After weeks of negotiations , Summa announced that no decision had been made on a sale of the Landmark , reportedly due to disagreements within the company . William Lummis , a cousin of Hughes , had been named chairman of the Summa board earlier in the year . Lummis wanted to sell all of Summas non-profitable properties , while chief operating officer Frank William Gay , citing the purported desires of Hughes , wanted to expand and modernize such properties . The Landmark was considered the weakest of Summas six gaming and hotel properties in Nevada , as it had never made a profit up to that time . Summa officials held a meeting on November 3 , 1977 , but the company made no decision on selling the Landmark , which lost an average of $500,000 per month . By that time , the Scott Corporation stated that it would likely withdraw its offer to purchase the Landmark because of inability to obtain long-term financing . In January 1978 , Summa announced that the Landmark would be sold to the Scott Corporation , with the sale price reportedly ranging between $10 million and $12 million . Up to that time , the resort had reportedly lost $15 million since its opening , despite numerous attempts to increase business . Experts believed that the Landmark suffered financially as a result of its low room-count ( 486 guest rooms at the time ) and its location across the street from the Las Vegas Hilton ( formerly the International ) , which was the worlds largest hotel at the time . Frank Scott owned downtown Las Vegas Union Plaza Hotel , which had become one of the citys most successful casinos , and he said the same management principles used at the Union Plaza would be applied to the Landmark . Scott intended to change the name of the resort , with The Plaza Tower as the favorite among several names under consideration . Scott planned to take over operations once the sale received approval from Summa , county and state gaming officials , and courts that were handling Hughes estate . Because higher offers were subsequently made for the Landmark , the Scott Corporations offer was rejected by a judge who was monitoring the Hughes estate . Wolfram/Tickel ownership . A group of midwestern investors purchased the Landmark from the Summa Corporation in February 1978 , at a cost of $12.5 million . The group was led by Lou Tickel and Zula Wolfram , and it included Gary Yelverton . The purchase was financed using money that Wolframs husband , Ed Wolfram , embezzled from his brokerage firm , Bell & Beckwith . Faye Todd , the Landmarks entertainment director and a corporate executive assistant , primarily oversaw the Landmarks operations for the Wolframs , who lived in Ohio . The Wolframs were high rollers who frequently stayed at the Desert Inn resort when visiting Las Vegas . Todd met the Wolframs while working for the Desert Inn as special events coordinator , and she became close friends with Zula Wolfram , who had been planning to purchase a Las Vegas hotel with her husband . Tickel , a former magistrate judge and a resident of Salina , Kansas , previously owned several other hotels . The group was confident that the Landmark would overcome its financial problems , and they planned to add a 750-room hotel tower to the property within two years . The sale was completed on March 31 , 1978 , under the new ownership of Zula Wofram , and Lou and Jo Ann Tickel . However , the new owners were unable to find someone with a gaming license and sufficient funds to continue operating the casino ahead of the sales completion . The investment group had yet to apply for gaming and liquor licenses , and the Summa Corporation declined to continue operating the casino , citing a lack of interest . The Landmarks casino , which had 272 employees , was closed on April 1 , 1978 , due to the lack of gaming licenses . The owners began a search for a suitable licensed individual who could temporarily operate the casino until they could receive their own gaming license . The hotel , restaurants , and shops remained open , with 700 other employees . The casino reopened on June 2 , 1978 , after a one-year gaming license had been granted to Frank Modica , a Las Vegas gaming figure who would temporarily operate the casino on the owners behalf . The casinos bingo parlor remained closed as it was undergoing renovations . In October 1978 , Tickel , Wolfram , and Yelverton were approved by the state to be licensed as the landlords of the Landmark . At the time , Ed Wolfram was listed as a financial adviser on the licensing plan . In 1979 , Jesse Jackson Jr . was the Landmark hotel manager , and was the only such manager in the Las Vegas hotel industry to be black . The Tickels remained as co-owners of the Landmark until 1980 , following Zula Wolframs approval to purchase their interest in the resort . In 1982 , architect Martin Stern Jr . was hired to design a large expansion of the Landmark . Revenue for the Landmark exceeded $26 million that year , although the resort lost $500,000 during the month of November 1982 . Up to that time , the Landmark had lost an average of $3 million every year since its opening . Federal investigators shut down Wolframs firm on February 7 , 1983 , after they discovered $36 million of money missing in six accounts that were managed by him and his wife , ultimately leading to the discovery of his embezzlement . Lawyer Patrick McGraw , trustee for Bell & Beckwith , was approved later that month to operate the Landmark until it could be liquidated . The expansion designed by Stern was cancelled , and Ed Wolfram was convicted of embezzling later that year , after admitting to using money from his firm to pay for various businesses ventures , with the Landmark being the most expensive . Zula Wolfram , who had owed $5 million to Summa since her purchase of the Landmark , was forced to sell her majority share in the resort . Morris ownership . The Landmark was entangled in a Toledo bankruptcy court in July 1983 , at which point Bill Morris , a Las Vegas lawyer , made plans to purchase the resort . Morris , also a member of the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority ( LVCVA ) , had previously owned the Holiday Inn Center Strip hotel-casino , as well as the Riverside Resort in nearby Laughlin . Morris had also previously represented Plaza Tower , Inc . at the time that Hughes completed his purchase of the resort . Morris intended to eventually expand the resort to 1,100 hotel rooms . Yelverton and his wife stated that they had been sold a five-percent interest in the Landmark in 1979 , but that the document was never filed with the county recorders office . In August 1983 , the Yelvertons filed a state suit to prevent the sale to Morris , stating that they would not be compensated for their interest if the sale proceeded . At the time , Gary Yelverton was the Landmarks casino manager . The Nevada Gaming Control Board delayed approval of Morris purchase until his offer could be updated to include what Zula Wolfram owed to Summa . Morris purchased the Landmark for $18.7 million , and took over ownership on October 30 , 1983 . The struggling resort had a profitable first month under its new management . Morris worked 18 hours a day to ensure the Landmarks success . He said the Landmark had never really been given a fair chance , citing the absence of on-hands management on a day-in , day-out basis as one reason for its lack of success . Morris also believed that previous operators tried to make the Landmark do something it was not meant to do by competing with superstar productions , whereas he believed the resorts location made it more ideal for serving attendees of the Las Vegas Convention Center . The Landmark remained open while Morris spent nearly $3.5 million on a renovation , which was underway in late 1983 . Morris said the Landmark would compete against rivals with its budget prices and good service . He intended to capitalize on the resorts location with a planned expansion that would feature three 15-story towers with 1,500 hotel rooms , accompanied by a large domed family entertainment center . The expansion was to be built west of the Landmark on of vacant land that Morris had purchased along with the resort . The expansion did not occur , and the Landmark struggled throughout the 1980s . By the middle of 1985 , Morris was negotiating a $28 million loan to pay for improvements and fire safety updates for the Landmark . Clark County officials considered taking action against the resort because of its failed compliance with fire safety standards . On July 29 , 1985 , the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) filed a $2.1 million lien against the property , because of Morris failure to pay withholding and payroll taxes for the resorts employees for the previous six months . Two days after the lien was filed , the Landmark filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to prevent the IRS from seizing assets such as casino cage money . The resort remained open despite the bankruptcy filing , and the casino had enough money to remain operational . The Landmark had debts totaling $30.6 million , while it had $30.6 million in assets . Morris blamed the bankruptcy on McGraw , alleging that he derailed a $28.8 million refinancing of the Landmark 24 hours prior to the finalization of the loan . Morris said operations would continue as normal despite the bankruptcy filing . The Nevada National Bank requested in early 1986 that the bankruptcy be converted to a liquidation proceeding to pay off creditors , stating that the Landmarks bankruptcy reorganization plan could not succeed . Morris said he would have to cancel his reorganization plan and lay off 700 to 800 Landmark employees if a bankruptcy court did not allow the resort to abandon its union labor contracts . Part of Morris reorganization plan involved cutting employee wages by 15 percent , including his own yearly salary of $145,000 . The pay cut would give the Landmark an additional $6,500 per month , which would allow the resort to make its mortgage payments . Morris hoped to increase the hotels room count after the resorts eventual emergence from bankruptcy , with additional financing from a national franchise hotel chain . He hoped that the Landmark would be out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy by March 1 , 1986 , although it would ultimately remain in bankruptcy for the rest of its operation . In January 1987 , a small fire broke out in the resorts showroom , located next to the casino . Five employees were evacuated , and there were no injuries . Customers in the casino were unaware of the fire , which was quickly extinguished by the local fire department . The fire was determined to have likely been caused by an arsonist . In July 1987 , the Landmark began offering poker tournaments in its Nightcap Lounge each weekday night . To help bring in customers , two cash drawings were held during each tournament . Morris and bank company Drexel Burnham Lambert began a search in 1989 for a new owner to take over the Landmark . At the end of the year , a U.S . bankruptcy court judge gave Morris until 1990 to find a buyer or refinancing . Otherwise , the Landmark would be liquidated to pay off creditors , in accordance with a court order . On January 2 , 1990 , the Landmark was ordered into Chapter 7 bankruptcy after a judge ruled that the creditors would not be able to receive compensation under the reorganization plan . Between $43 million and $46 million was owed to various creditors . Morris gaming license expired that month after the resort failed to pay $500,000 in taxes and penalties . Richard Davis , a Las Vegas-based real estate agent , was appointed by the bankruptcy court that month to temporarily operate the resort . On February 21 , 1990 , the Nevada Gaming Commission extended the gaming license and allowed the resort to stay open for at least two additional weeks while its financial problems were analyzed by state experts . At that time , the hotel had $562,000 in cash , including $175,000 in revenue that had accumulated in the prior six weeks . The Landmark continued to struggle , although the introduction of various casino programs helped improve revenue . A U.S . bankruptcy court judge approved a request for the Landmark to be sold seven weeks later in a public auction scheduled for August 6 , 1990 . The request was made by Davis , who cited numerous failed attempts to sell the resort . More than 200 prospective buyers had inquired about the Landmark , but only five to ten of them were considered as having serious interest in the resort . In July 1990 , two Denver businessmen , David M . Droubay and Martin Heckmaster , offered $35.5 million to purchase the bankrupt resort . Morris was dissatisfied with the offer , stating that the property had been appraised as high as $70 million . Closure ( 1990–95 ) . On August 6 , 1990 , the bankruptcy hearing failed to attract a buyer for the Landmark . Ralph Engelstad and Charles Frias , who both held substantial interest in the resort , had made $100,000 deposits which allowed them to bid at the hearing , but they did not do so and left the hearing without commenting . Droubay and Heckmaster were ineligible to bid as they did not make a deposit . At the request of Davis attorney , a U.S . bankruptcy judge granted permission to close the Landmark . Gaming operations began shutting down that afternoon , within an hour of the failed hearing . Slot machine and hotel operations were scheduled to shut down later in the week . With 498 rooms at the time , the Landmark was unable to compete with new megaresorts , and was fully closed on August 8 , 1990 . Morris , upset about the failed auction , said , Sometimes it comes down to good luck and bad luck . I had nothing but bad luck . Someone is going to come in and run the Landmark and look like a genius . Forrest Woodward , who managed the casino for Davis , said , This is just an obsolete gaming property that no ones interested in , considering the debt , which included $48 million ; a portion of that was $10 million in unsecured claims . Davis attorney predicted the Landmark would be closed for 100 days or more while creditors pursued a foreclosure sale . A week after the closure , Davis received permission from the U.S . bankruptcy court to abandon the property as trustee , due to the cost of maintaining security at the closed resort . Davis attorney said it would cost between $60,000 and $200,000 each month to maintain the property . Creditors would be left to pay bills relating to the property until a foreclosure sale could take place . In December 1990 , the property was purchased through a foreclosure sale by Lloyds Bank of London for $20 million . Lloyds Bank made the purchase in order to protect a $25 million loan it had made to Morris in 1988 . By March 1993 , the Landmarks contents had been liquidated through a sale conducted by National Content Liquidators . By July 1993 , representatives of Lloyds Bank had approached the LVCVA about the possibility of purchasing the Landmark . LVCVA was interested in the proposal , with plans to use the Landmarks 21-acre property either for a parking lot or expansion . LVCVA purchased the Landmark in September 1993 , at a cost of $15.1 million . During 1994 , board members of LVCVA debated on whether to restore the Landmark or demolish it , ultimately deciding on the latter . Only three LVCVA board members voted to save the building . Among those voting in support was Lorraine Hunt , who later said that the Landmark was iconic and part of the history of Las Vegas . Had they kept it , it could have been the office for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . Demolition . LVCVA paid $800,000 for asbestos removal in the tower . Central Environmental Inc . was hired to remove the asbestos , while AB-Haz Environmental , Inc . was the asbestos removal consultant . In mid-1994 , AB-Haz Environmental began removing asbestos insulation from the Landmark . The removal , scheduled for completion in August 1994 , took nearly six months . In October 1994 , it was announced that the Landmark would be demolished the following month to make way for a 21-acre parking lot , to be used by the Las Vegas Convention Center . Demolition of the tower was delayed several times , to allow for the removal of additional asbestos . The Clark County Health District proposed penalties against the asbestos companies . By February 1995 , AB-Haz had twice declared the Landmark to be asbestos-free and safe for demolition , although Clark County officials discovered that some hotel floors still contained 90 percent of the asbestos . Up to that time , LVCVA had already paid a total of $1 million to the asbestos companies to have the asbestos removed from the hotel and an adjacent apartment complex , allowing for their demolition . The Clark County Air Pollution Control Division recommended a $450,000 fine against AB-Haz for failure to remove the asbestos , while LVCVA would have to spend an additional $1 million for further asbestos removal . AB-Haz was ultimately cited for violating air emission standards during the asbestos removal , and signed a settlement in which the company agreed to pay an $18,000 fine . Central Environmental was removing asbestos from the tower as of August 1995 . Because of previous delays , officials for LVCVA had given up on setting a demolition date until all the asbestos was removed . In October 1995 , LVCVA paid Iconco Inc . $740,000 to remove remaining asbestos from the resort , hoping to have it demolished in time for ConExpo to be held on the propertys new parking lot in March 1996 . Controlled Demolition , Inc . ( CDI ) was hired to implode the tower . No blueprints could be found for the tower , which CDI president Mark Loizeaux considered unusual . Demolition crews discovered secret stairwells in the tower , and Loizeaux said , We have learned everything as we have gone in . It was a very strange structure , very unique . A week before the Landmark tower was demolished , crews removed the remaining asbestos from the low-rise structures and subsequently tore them down . Crews then spent the final days of demolition by drilling in the tower to weaken and prepare it ahead of its planned implosion . Less than 100 pounds of dynamite was placed in certain locations throughout the towers first four floors . At 5:37 a.m . on November 7 , 1995 , the Landmark tower was demolished through implosion . An estimated 7,000 people arrived to witness the implosion . Upon detonation , the towers northwest half was brought down , followed by the second half , which caved in on itself , followed by a black cloud of dust ascending 150 feet into the air . Most of the material from the demolished structure was to be recycled and used in other construction projects . The 31-story tower was the tallest reinforced concrete building ever demolished in North America , and the second tallest building in the world to be demolished . Demolition and related expenses cost $3 million . Frank Wright , curator of the Nevada State Museum and Historical Society , said I kind of hate to see it come down , stating that the Landmark tower still represented what the then-upcoming Stratosphere tower represented : the biggest and the tallest . The property was to become occupied by 2,200 parking spaces , expected to be ready by March 1996 . One of the Landmarks ground-level signs , with gold and blue cursive neon lettering , was restored by the Neon Museum and installed at the parking lot . As of 2017 , the property contains 2,948 parking spaces for the Las Vegas Convention Center . In 2019 , work was underway on an expansion of the convention center . It will be built on the former sites of the Landmark and the nearby Riviera . The sign has since been removed due to construction of the Convention Center expansion . Its approximate address was 3077 Paradise Road . Architecture . The Landmark tower was designed by architects Gerald Moffitt and Ed Hendricks . The uniquely designed Landmark tower was the first of its kind to be built in Nevada ; its design was inspired by the Space Needle located in Seattle , Washington . When construction stopped in 1962 , the project consisted of of floor space , and included two basements that were 30 feet deep . The towers height measured 297 feet , while its diameter measured 60 feet . The towers dome measured 141 feet in diameter . In 1966 – the year that construction resumed – architects George Tate and Thomas Dobrusky were hired to design new portions of the resort , including the ground-floor casino . Height . The Landmark tower was billed as having 31 floors , although it skipped floors 13 and 28 . The Landmark tower was the tallest building in the state from 1962 to 1969 . In 1967 , a revolving letter L neon sign was installed at the top of the tower . Excluding its rooftop sign , the tower stood , seven feet taller than the Mint hotel in downtown Las Vegas . Conflicting numbers have been given for the towers total height . According to Scherer , the sign measured , and the tower measured , including the sign . At the time of opening , the Landmark tower was billed as having a height of . By that time , the new 30-story International Hotel had become the tallest building in the state at . When it was demolished , the tower reportedly stood . According to Emporis , the tower stood from the ground to its roof , while the tip raised the height to a total of . Features . When the Landmark opened , it had a total of 400 slot machines . The ground-floor casino was , while a second casino , consisting of , was located in the dome on the 29th floor ; it was the first high-rise casino in the state . At the time of opening , the ground-floor casino featured red and black colors , while the upper casino used orange coloring and wood . The hotel contained 476 rooms and 27 suites for a total of 503 , a small number in comparison to other Las Vegas resorts , which commonly had 1,000 rooms . The tower included 157 hotel rooms , while the remaining units were located on ground level . The tower used an octagonal floorplan , and the rooms in the tower used a layout that had them shaped like pie slices . By 1977 , the room count had increased to 524 , before ultimately being lowered to 498 at the time of the Landmarks closure in 1990 . The Landmarks interior designer was Las Vegas resident Leonard Edward England , who designed the ground floor to include a colorful and primitive Incan theme , which gradually changed to a Space Age theme on subsequent floors . The interior included $200,000 light fixtures , glowing , red-colored Incan masks , and a burnished metal wall sculpture representing a Cape Kennedy launch . The interior also included 65 tons of black and white polished marble , and carved mahogany woodwork from Mexico . In addition , the interior featured murals depicting the eight Wonders of the World , which included the Landmark tower . After Hughes agreed to purchase the resort , he had an island built in the middle of the hotels 240-foot swimming pool , which cost $200,000 and was the longest in the world . The Landmarks pool included waterfalls and three carpeted bridges leading to its center island , which featured palm trees . For the hotel , Hughes replaced 72-inch beds with 80-inch beds and had color televisions built into the walls of each room ahead of the resorts opening . The Landmarks second floor was used for offices . The towers dome included five floors , although floors 26 and 30 were used by employees for maintenance equipment , elevator equipment , and dressing rooms . The shape and strength of the towers bubble dome was maintained by perlite concrete and steel girders . The Landmark included a high-speed exterior glass elevator , which took people up to the five-story cupola dome . The elevator was located on the towers west side , facing the Las Vegas Strip . It was capable of moving 1,000 feet per minute , allowing people to go from the ground floor to the 31st floor in 20 seconds . It was the fastest elevator in the Western United States . Hughes biographer Michael Drosnin stated that the elevator was prone to constant malfunctions , and that the Landmarks air-conditioning system never really worked . The dome provided wraparound views of the city , and was capable of holding over 2,000 people . The dome included lounges and a night club , as well as the high-rise casino on the 29th floor . At the time of the Landmarks opening , the showroom and the Cascade Terrace coffee shop were located on the first floor , while a steak and seafood gourmet restaurant known as Towers Restaurant was located on the 27th floor and a Chinese restaurant known as the Mandarin Room was located on the 29th floor . In April 1971 , plans were announced for a $750,000 expansion that would include luxury suites on the 29th floor , the highest in Las Vegas at the time . Also planned was the remodeling of the casino and lobby , and the expansion of a coffee shop . The Skytop Rendezvous , a piano bar and dance floor on the top floor of the tower , was reopened as a discotheque on February 3 , 1975 , specializing in middle of the road music . The Landmark was the only major hotel in the state to have a discotheque . When Morris renovation began in December 1983 , the tower contained 150 rooms , a number that was expected to be reduced as the rooms would be enlarged and upgraded to first class standards . Other plans included changes to the coffee shop , new casino carpeting , and redesigning and renaming the 27th-floor restaurant as Anthonys Seafood and Prime Rib Room . The renovation was financed by Valley Bank of Nevada . The Love Song Lounge operated on the top floor during the mid-1980s , before and after Morris renovation , and offered dancing . During 1985 through 1987 , the resort also operated the Sunset Room on the 27th floor , offering piano-bar music and fine dining , with an emphasis on steaks and seafood . The Poolside Room operated on the ground level . The Nightcap Lounge opened at the Landmark in 1986 , and offered comedy acts . Reception . In 1962 , the Los Angeles Times called the $6 million Landmark , By far the most spectacular project , out of several Las Vegas resorts that were under construction ; the newspaper further wrote that the Landmark was destined to become the Mark Hopkins of Las Vegas . The following year , the Reno Evening Gazette opined that the Landmark had the most unusual exterior architecture in Nevada . In 1966 , Billboard wrote that the mushroom-shaped Landmark tower had the most spectacular design of all recent high-rise structures in the city . In 1993 , architecture critic Alan Hess noted the simplicity of the Landmark and the nearby International Hotel when compared with previous Las Vegas casinos , writing , As singular , self-contained forms , they showed none of the complexity of the different pieces and sequential additions that made the original Strip visually and urbanistically richer . In 2002 , Geoff Carter of Las Vegas Weekly wrote that the demolished Landmark was Vegas coolest building and a veritable shrine to 1960s Googie architecture . Performances . Peggy Lee performed at the Landmark during the year of its opening . In its early years , the Landmark became well known for its performances by country singers , including Kay Starr , Jimmy Dean , Patti Page , Bobbie Gentry , and Danny Davis with his Nashville Brass band , as well as a four-week show starring Ferlin Husky and Archie Campbell . Frank Sinatra also performed at the Landmark , and Bobby Darin made one of his final appearances there . In 1974 , the Landmark launched Red McIlvaines Star Search , a variety show featuring people from across the United States . The following year , The Jim Halsey Company began Country Music USA , a show at the Landmark that featured a different country music headliner every two to three weeks . The show was usually sold out . Roy Clark and Mel Tillis made their debuts in Country Music USA , as did Freddy Fender . The Oak Ridge Boys made their Las Vegas debut in Country Music USA . Leroy Van Dyke performed in the show , with Fender as his opening act . Van Dyke performed again at the Landmark later in the 1970s , with Sons of the Pioneers as his opening act . Other artists who performed in Country Music USA included Barbara Fairchild , Johnny Paycheck and Tommy Overstreet , as well as Jody Miller , Roy Head , and Hank Thompson . Country Music USA ran for two years , until 1977 . Spellcaster , an 80-minute family oriented show featuring country-western singer Roy Clayborne , debuted at the Landmark in 1982 . Spellcaster , a production show with dancers and showgirls , featured Clayborne singing 15 songs . Spellcaster was named after one of the Wolframs racing horses , and was produced through Zula Wolframs Las Vegas production company , Zula Productions . The show was designed and directed by Larry Hart , a 1979 Grammy Award winner , and it ran for approximately eight months . At the time of Spellcasters debut , Danny Hein and Terri Dancer also began performing in the resorts Galaxy Lounge . Hein and Dancer had four different shows consisting of various costumes and set decorations , and were accompanied by a five-person band of musicians who backed up the duo . In the late 1980s , the Landmarks showroom hosted minor acts and was considered small in comparison to other Las Vegas resorts . The Landmark hosted magician Melinda Saxe in a family-friendly magic show , which was initially known as 88 Follies Revue and was renamed Follies Revue 89 the following year before concluding its run . In 1990 , the main showroom featured Spellbound , a magic show consisting of two illusionist teams . Dick Foster was the shows director and producer . In popular culture . The unfinished tower briefly appears in the 1964 film , Viva Las Vegas . In 1971 , Sean Connery and stuntmen rode atop the Landmarks exterior elevator as part of filming for scenes in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever ; the tower was among other Las Vegas resorts that stood in as the fictional Whyte House hotel-casino . In the 1980s , the Landmark appeared in the television series Vega$ and Crime Story . In October 1994 , the exterior entrance of the Landmark was lit up for one night so it could be used for outdoor shots as the fictional Tangiers casino , featured in the 1995 film , Casino . The Landmarks implosion was filmed for use in director Tim Burtons 1996 film , Mars Attacks! . In the film , the Landmark is portrayed as the fictional Galaxy Hotel , which is destroyed by an alien spaceship . Burton had stayed at the hotel a few times and was upset by the decision to demolish it , so he wanted to immortalize it in his film . A scale model of the Landmark tower was also made for the production of Mars Attacks! . The demolition of the Landmark also appears during the closing credits of the 2003 film , The Cooler . The Lucky 38 , a fictional tower casino featured in the 2010 video game , partially resembles the Landmark .
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Landmark ( hotel and casino ) The Landmark was a hotel and casino located in Paradise , Nevada , east of the Las Vegas Strip and across from the Las Vegas Convention Center . The resort included a 31-floor tower , inspired by the design of the Space Needle tower in Seattle . Frank Caroll , the projects original owner , purchased the property in 1961 . Fremont Construction began work on the tower that September , while Caroll opened the adjacent Landmark Plaza shopping center and Landmark Apartments by the end of the year . The towers completion was expected for early 1963 , but because of a lack of financing , construction was stopped in 1962 , with the resort approximately 80 percent complete . Up to 1969 , the topped-off tower was the tallest building in Nevada until the completion of the International Hotel across the street . In 1966 , the Central Teamsters Pension Fund provided a $5.5 million construction loan to finish the project , with ownership transferred to a group of investors that included Caroll and his wife . The Landmarks completion and opening was delayed several more times . In April 1968 , Caroll withdrew his request for a gaming license after he was charged with assault and battery against the projects interior designer . The Landmark was put up for sale that month . Billionaire Howard Hughes , through Hughes Tool Company , purchased the Landmark in 1969 at a cost of $17.3 million . Hughes spent approximately $3 million to add his own touches to the resort before opening it on July 1 , 1969 , with 400 slot machines and 503 hotel rooms . In addition to a ground-floor casino , the resort also had a second , smaller casino on the 29th floor ; it was the first high-rise casino in Nevada . Aside from the second casino , the five-story cupola dome at the top of the tower also featured restaurants , lounges , and a night club . During the 1970s , the Landmark became known for its performances by country music artists . The resort also played host to celebrities such as Danny Thomas and Frank Sinatra . However , the resort suffered financial problems after its opening and underwent several ownership changes , none of which resulted in success . The Landmark entered bankruptcy in 1985 , and ultimately closed on August 8 , 1990 , unable to compete with new megaresorts . The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority purchased the property in September 1993 , and demolished the resort in November 1995 , to add a 2,200-space parking lot for its convention center . In 2019 , work was underway on a convention center expansion which includes the former site of the Landmark . History . Frank Caroll , also known as Frank Caracciolo , was a building developer from Kansas City . In 1960 , he and his wife Susan decided to construct a hotel-casino and shopping center in Las Vegas . Frank Caroll received a gaming license that year . In 1961 , the Carolls purchased of land at the northwest corner of Convention Center Drive and Paradise Road in Paradise , Nevada , approximately half a mile east of the Las Vegas Strip and across from the Las Vegas Convention Center . Aside from a gas station , the property was vacant . Construction ( 1961–68 ) . Commencement . The Landmark was initially planned as a 14-story hotel with a casino , although the floor count increased as the project progressed . Fremont Construction , owned by Louis P . Scherer of Redlands , California , began construction of the tower at the end of September 1961 , under a $1.5 million contract . Frank Carolls company , Caroll Construction Company , also worked on the tower . At the start of construction , the tower was to include 20 stories , while completion was planned for early 1963 . The tower was built on a five-foot-thick base of concrete and steel , measuring 80 feet in diameter and resting on a base of caliche that descended 30 feet into the ground . Consolidated Construction Company was the concrete subcontractor for the tower . By December 1961 , Caroll had opened the two-story Landmark Plaza shopping center , built out in an L-shape at the base of the tower . The Landmark Apartments , with 120 units , were also built near the tower and operational by the end of 1961 . In 1962 , a bar known as Shannons Saloon and a western music radio station , KVEG , began operating in the Landmark Plaza . In addition to studios , KVEG also had its offices in the shopping center . By February 1962 , the tower was planned to include 31 floors , making it the tallest building in Nevada . While plans for a separate hotel structure were being made , work began on the tower by pouring concrete on a continuous 24-hour schedule . The concrete pour was done with a slip forming method . With 21 floors expected to be added to the tower over a 12-day period , it was expected to reach the 24th floor by the end of the month . In March 1962 , at the request of Caroll , Clark County Commissioners removed a restriction which specified that gaming licenses could only be issued for ground-level casinos , as Caroll wanted to open a casino on the second floor of the Landmarks shopping center . That month , Caroll received a $450,000 loan from Appliance Buyers Credit Corporation ( ABCC ) , a subsidiary of RCA-Whirlpool . Construction had reached the 26th floor by the end of April 1962 . Upon completion of the floor , work was to begin on the towers bubble dome . By June 1962 , ABCC loaned an additional $300,000 to Caroll , who reached his $3 million loan limit with the company . Caroll ultimately owed ABCC a total of $3.5 million . In August 1962 , the Landmark tower was designated as a civilian fallout shelter , with the capacity to hold 3,500 people after its completion . That month , work was underway on the steel framework base for the towers glass bubble dome . By September 1962 , the Landmark tower was nearing completion and had become the tallest building in Las Vegas and the state , being visible from 20 miles away . By that time , many stores in the Landmark Plaza had closed due to falling debris that included welding sparks , steel , tools , rivets , and cement . A construction delay occurred in September 1962 , when shipments of steel for the towers dome were deemed inadequate and crews had to wait for new shipments . Construction was progressing rapidly on the towers dome during October 1962 , with steel and concrete still being added to the tower . Completion was still scheduled for early 1963 . The Aluminium Division of Apex Steel Corporation Limited was contracted to install a $40,000 aluminum undershine on the towers dome , to provide a maintenance-free and clean-looking appearance for viewers on the ground . Crews used scaffolding and hoists to reach the area where aluminum sheets needed to be placed . Each day , it took crews 18 minutes to be lifted up . Due to delays arising from strong winds , it took crews two months for the aluminium to be attached . Delay . In December 1962 , construction of the tower was stopped when ABCC denied further funding and alleged that the Carolls had defaulted on payments . The 31-story tower had been topped off and the resort was approximately 80 percent complete , with $5 million already spent on the project . The towers planned opening was delayed until April 1963 , but it did not occur as scheduled . In May 1963 , ABCC was planning a sale of the apartments , shopping center , and unfinished tower for the following month . The Carolls sought to halt the sale , and filed a $2.1 million damage suit against ABCC , alleging that the company stopped construction and refused to pay the contractors . An injunction against foreclosure was granted in June 1963 , but was dissolved the following year . In October 1964 , a sale of the tower was approved for later that month , after being requested by ABCC , which was still owed $3.5 million by Landmark Plaza Corporation . Up to that time , the tower had been appraised several times and was valued between $8 million and $9 million . Ownership subsequently changed , as did the resorts design plans . In August 1965 , Maury Friedman was working on a deal with RCA Victor to convert the Landmarks tower and apartment buildings into office space . By the following month , Inter-Nation Tower , Inc . – a Beverly Hills-based corporation – was negotiating with RCA-Whirlpool to develop the tower and adjacent land as an international market place , an idea that was supported by local retailers and resorts . In December 1965 , architect Gerald Moffitt said the Landmarks design had gone through many revisions and that his design plans had been impounded by a court ; a spokesman said there were no plans to resume construction in the near future . It was estimated that an additional six months were needed to complete the tower . The unfinished tower became an eyesore for visitors to the nearby convention center . During its vacancy , people noted that the building appeared to be tilted , similar to the Leaning Tower of Pisa ; experts stated that this was an illusion caused when the building was viewed with nearby power poles , which were tilted rather than the building itself . Local residents nicknamed it the Leaning Tower of Plaza , the Leaning Tower of Las Vegas , and Franks Folly . Moffitt said , It doesnt tilt . There is only three-eights of an inch difference in diameter from top to bottom . In May 1966 , early negotiations were being held with a prospective buyer of the Landmark . Resumption . In July 1966 , new design plans were filed with the county for the completion of the tower . Scherer planned to acquire additional property for use as a parking lot to accommodate the redesigned project . In August 1966 , the Central Teamsters Pension Fund provided a $5.5 million construction loan for the project . By that time , ownership had been transferred to Plaza Tower , Inc. , made up of several investors , including the Carolls and Scherer , whose construction company was awarded a $2.5 million contract to finish the Landmark tower . Because of legal problems involved with the project , the acquisition of title required over 5,000 hours of legal work and the settlement of more than 40 lawsuits . Construction was underway again in early September 1966 , with completion expected in early 1967 . The shops and taverns in the Landmark Plaza were closed , and the shopping center and gas station were demolished , so the land around the tower could be used to construct a casino , a hotel lobby , offices , and new shops . The adjacent Landmark apartments were to be converted into hotel rooms for the new resort . In November 1966 , Caroll planned to install two slot machines inside the Landmark Coffee Shop , which sold food to construction workers from inside a temporary structure that was to become the site of a permanent building eventually . Carolls plans were denied as his gaming license did not apply to the coffee shop . At the time , Caroll was also accused by sheriff Ralph Lamb of being uncooperative with police officers who were searching for a hoodlum at the Landmark Apartments . The Landmark had been scheduled to open on September 15 , 1967 , but its opening was further delayed because of construction problems . A new opening date of November 15 was announced , with an official grand opening to be held on December 31 , 1967 . In early November 1967 , Scherer was awarded a $2.2 million contract for the final construction phase of the Landmark . Construction crews worked 24 hours a day for each day of the week during the final phase to have the 650-seat dinner showroom theater ready for the planned New Years Eve opening . Also included in the final phase were clothing and jewelry shops , as well as a recreation area with swimming pools and a 20-foot waterfall . By the time of its planned New Years Eve opening , the tower was nearly complete , with an opening now scheduled for mid-January 1968 . Two groups – Plaza Tower Inc. , the propertys landlord group ; and Plaza Tower Operating Corporation , the casino operating group – submitted a request for a gaming license to the Nevada Gaming Control Board , which investigates licensees and top casino employees prior to issuing gaming licenses . The Landmarks opening did not occur as scheduled . During February and March 1968 , the Landmark was declared as being completed , although it was stated the following year that some construction work remained unfinished . At the time of its stated completion in 1968 , a total of 200,000 hours had been spent working on the project , which used 100,000 yards of concrete and 100 tons of steel . The tower occupied of the property , and remained as the tallest building in the state . Further developments ( 1968–69 ) . Gaming license . In February 1968 , an updated list of top casino employees was submitted to the gaming control board , which had up to 90 days to make a decision regarding the issuance of a gaming license . An opening date of mid-April 1968 was considered possible . In March 1968 , the Nevada Gaming Control Board recommended against the issuance of a gaming license due to inadequate financial capabilities and resources of the operating corporation and of its principal investor , referring to Caroll . However , the Nevada Gaming Commission had the Gaming Control Board reevaluate the license application . On April 5 , 1968 , the Las Vegas media was given a tour of the Landmark . During the event , Caroll beat the Landmarks interior designer , Leonard Edward England , for allegedly flirting with Carolls wife . Caroll was arrested on April 17 , 1968 , on charges of assault and battery against England . On April 22 , 1968 , Caroll withdrew his request for a gaming license , a decision that was approved two days later . The company then planned to receive new financing and to eventually submit a new gaming application . Approximately 600 people were expected to be employed at the Landmark upon its opening . The Landmark was put up for sale in April 1968 , and the charges against Caroll were dropped two months later on the condition that he not renew his gaming license application . Financial problems . In May 1968 , the Teamsters Pension Fund filed a notice of breach on the trust deed , alleging that Caroll , Plaza Tower Inc . and Plaza Tower Operating had been defaulting on loan payments since October 1967 . In late August 1968 , the Las Vegas-based Supreme Mattress Company filed a lawsuit stating that it had only received $4,250 in payments for $25,505 worth of bedding material that was sold to the Landmark in December 1967 . On August 29 , 1968 , a joint petition was filed to declare the Landmark bankrupt . The petition was filed by Vegas Valley Electric , Inc. , a plumbing contractor , and Landmark architects George Tate and Thomas Dobrusky . By that time , the Teamsters Union Pension Fund agreed to delay its foreclosure until the property was sold . Simultaneously , Sylvania Electric Company had intended to foreclose on the property because of an unpaid $3.7 million bill relating to electronic equipment installed in the Landmark . The joint petition prevented Sylvania from taking over ownership of the property . Plane crash . On the night of August 2 , 1968 , Everett Wayne Shaw , a 39-year-old mechanic depressed by the break-up of his month-long marriage , stole a Cessna 180 plane as part of an apparent suicide attempt . Shaw flew the plane toward the Landmark tower and pulled up just before hitting it . The plane brushed the top of the tower before crashing into the Las Vegas Convention Center across the street , approximately away . Shaw was killed in the crash , which did not harm anyone else . Plane debris was found on the Landmarks roof and at its base , but the crash was not believed to have caused any damage to the building . Sale negotiations and Howard Hughes . In July 1968 , there were five firms interested in purchasing the Landmark , which was expected to sell for $16 million to $17 million . One of the firms , Olla Corporation , withdrew consideration of a purchase later that month , while an announcement of the resorts sale was expected within several days . Multiple companies made purchase offers that were ultimately rejected , including Rosco Industries Inc. , based in Los Angeles . On October 12 , 1968 , Caroll denied a report that the Landmark would be leased to Royal Inns of America , Inc . and operated without a casino . At the time , negotiations were underway with three corporations interested in purchasing the resort . On October 23 , 1968 , billionaire Howard Hughes reached an agreement to purchase the Landmark through Hughes Tool Company for $17.3 million , after denying reports earlier in the year that he was interested in purchasing the project . As part of the sale agreement , Hughes Hotel Properties , Inc . would accept responsibility for approximately $8.9 million owed to the Teamster Union , as well as approximately $5.9 million in other debts and a balance of $2.4 million to Plaza Tower , Inc . At the time of the agreement , Hughes also owned five other hotel-casinos in Las Vegas . The United States Department of Justice launched an antitrust investigation into Hughes proposed purchase , after previously investigating his attempt to purchase the Stardust Resort and Casino . As part of the investigation , the Department of Justice tried to determine whether there were other prospective buyers for the Landmark . By December 1968 , negotiations were underway with several interested firms , including a $20 million offer from Tanger Industries , a holding company based in El Monte , California . Hughes purchase and opening preparations . On January 17 , 1969 , the Department of Justice approved Hughes plan to purchase the Landmark as his sixth Las Vegas resort . Later that month , a $1.5 million lawsuit was filed against Hughes Tool Company by Pennsylvania resident James U . Meiler and New York brokerage firm John R . Roake and Son , Inc . Meiler and the brokerage firm stated that they were entitled to a $500,000 brokerage fee for previously arranging a sale of the Landmark to Republic Investors Holding Company , before Hughes Tool Company agreed to purchase it . The lawsuit alleged that Hughes Tool Company purposely and intentionally caused a restraining of interstate commerce . At the end of January 1969 , Hughes spokesmen stated that some construction on the resort was never finished ; that some maintenance systems had not yet been installed ; and that some repairs were needed . Hughes also planned to have some of the hotel rooms refurbished . Because of the additional work , the resort was not expected to open until at least July 1 , 1969 . Approximately 1,000 to 1,100 people were expected to be employed at the Landmark . The Landmark was the only casino that Hughes had taken over before it was opened . As a result , Hughes was heavily involved in details regarding the project . Hughes spent approximately $3 million to give the interior a lavish design and to add other touches to the resort , while the exterior of the Landmark buildings was left unchanged . In March 1969 , Hughes applied for approval to operate the Landmarks gambling operations , with a tentative opening date of July 1 , 1969 . Hughes planned to operate the casino through his Nevada company , Hughes Properties Inc. , which was overseen by Hughes executive Edward H . Nigro . Hughes planned for the resort to include 26 table games and 401 slot machines . Hughes purchase of the Landmark was not complete at that time , and his representatives stated that the sale would not be completed unless gambling and liquor licenses were issued by the state . In April 1969 , Hughes received approval from the Gaming Control Board and from the state . Hughes planned to personally oversee planning for the Landmarks grand opening ; Robert Maheu , who had worked for Hughes since the 1950s , said I knew from that point on that I was in trouble . He was completely incapable of making decisions . Hughes and Maheu never met each other in person due to Hughes reclusive lifestyle . Instead , they communicated by telephone and through written messages . For months , they had intense arguments regarding the Landmarks opening date . Maheu believed the Landmark should open on July 1 , 1969 , but Hughes did not want to commit to an exact date for various reasons . Across the street from the Landmark , Kirk Kerkorian was planning to open his International Hotel on July 2 , 1969 . Hughes had wanted the Landmarks grand opening event to be better than Kerkorians , but was concerned that the opening night would not go as planned . Hughes also did not want the opening date to be publicly announced too soon in the event that it should be delayed ; Hughes wrote to Maheu : With my reputation for unreliability in the keeping of engagements , I dont [ sic ] want this event announced until the date is absolutely firmly established . Additionally , Hughes wrote to Maheu : I would hate to see the Landmark open on the 1st of July and then watch the International open a few days later and make the Landmark opening look like small potatoes by comparison . Maheu became concerned , as it was difficult to plan the grand opening without knowing the date . As the tentative opening date approached , Hughes became concerned about other events scheduled for July 1969 – such as the Apollo 11 moon landing – which might distract from the publicity of the Landmarks opening . By mid-June 1969 , Hughes had still not given a definite opening date , which was still tentatively scheduled for July 1 , although Hughes had wanted the Landmark to open sometime after the International Hotel . Weeks before the tentative opening , Hughes obsessively made repeated changes to the guest list for the resorts opening night . Regarding who should be invited , Hughes had complex specifications for Maheu to follow . Maheu ultimately had to decide the guest list himself . On June 16 , 1969 , Sun Realty filed a claim against Plaza Tower , Inc. , thus delaying Hughes purchase of the Landmark and threatening its planned opening . Sun Realty alleged that it was owed a $500,000 finders fee for locating Hughes as a buyer . The case was dismissed on June 25 , 1969 . On June 30 , 1969 , Sun Realty appealed the decision but was denied that day as it was unable to post a bond that would pay the $5.8 million worth of claims , filed by approximately 120 other creditors after Plaza Towers Inc . entered bankruptcy . Hughes $17.3 million acquisition of the Landmark , through Hughes Tool Company , was completed on July 1 , 1969 , a day after Hughes issued checks to three different entities to complete the purchase : $2.5 million to Plaza Towers ; $5.8 million to fully pay unsecured creditors ; and $9 million to pay off the Teamsters Union . Opening and operation ( 1969–1990 ) . The Landmark opened on the night of July 1 , 1969 , a day before the International Hotel . The resort was first unveiled to 480 VIP guests prior to the public opening , which was scheduled for after 9:00 p.m . Apollo 10 astronauts Thomas P . Stafford and Eugene Cernan attended the grand opening , and were the first people to enter the new resort . Other guests included Cary Grant , Dean Martin , Jimmy Webb , Phil Harris , Tony Bennett , Sammy Cahn , Steve and Eydie , and Wilt Chamberlain . Nevada governor Paul Laxalt , as well as senators Alan Bible and Howard Cannon , were also at the opening . Three members of the Los Angeles Rams were also in attendance : Jack Snow , Lamar Lundy , and Roger Brown . Local , national and international media were also present for the grand opening , which was described by the Las Vegas Sun as resembling a Hollywood premiere . A closed-circuit television camera filmed the festivities in the Landmark on opening night , with the footage being shown live to guests at Hughes other hotels , the Sands and the Frontier . Hughes – who lived in a secluded penthouse at his nearby Desert Inn hotel-casino – did not attend the grand opening . For opening night , comedian Danny Thomas was the first to perform in the Landmarks theater-restaurant showroom . Hughes had earlier suggested a Rat Pack reunion or a Bob Hope-Bing Crosby reunion as the opening act , both of which were considered unlikely to happen . Television advertisements for the resort stated : In France , its the Eiffel Tower . In India , its the Taj Mahal . In Las Vegas , its the Landmark . Dick Parker , executive vice president for the Landmark , had stated during the previous year that the International and the nearby Las Vegas Convention Center would not harm the Landmarks business . The Landmark reportedly lost $5 million in its first week of operations , and despite its close proximity to the convention center , the resort failed to make a profit during the subsequent years of its operation . In October 1969 , Sun Realty filed a damages lawsuit against Hughes Tool Company and Plaza Tower , Inc , alleging that the two companies conspired to avoid paying the realty company its $500,000 finders fee . Aside from the finders fee , Sun Realty also sought an additional $5 million in punitive damages . In February 1971 , the Nevada supreme court rejected the lawsuit , which had sought $3 million by that time . In December 1971 , Hughes paid a little over $1 million to purchase of adjacent land located west of the Landmark . Hughes had previously leased the property , which he had been using as a parking lot for the resort . In January 1973 , ownership of the Landmark was transferred to Hughes Summa Corporation , formerly Hughes Tool Company . That year , the Landmark was valued at $25 million in a property appraisal . By 1974 , William Bennett and William Pennington made an offer to buy the Landmark , but Hughes raised the price several times , from $15 million to $20 million ; they bought the Circus Circus resort instead . In January 1976 , the Landmark began offering foreign-language gaming video tapes to its German , Japanese , and Spanish hotel guests , who frequently limited themselves to playing slot machines rather than table games because of language barriers . Summa general manager E . H . Milligan said , As far as we know , we are the first hotel in Las Vegas to present this service in this manner . The hotel and casino briefly closed in March 1976 , as part of a hotel worker strike consisting of nearly 25,000 employees , affecting 15 Las Vegas resorts . The strike lasted two weeks before ending in late March . Hughes died of kidney failure the following month . By May 1977 , Summa was financially struggling ; that month , the brokerage firm of Merrill , Lynch , Pierce , Fenner & Smith recommended that Summa sell its various holdings , including the Landmark . According to the brokerage firm , the Landmark has proven highly inefficient for hotel/casino operations and , in the opinion of Summa Corporations management , does not warrant further investment . Gas leak and fire . On July 15 , 1977 , shortly after 4:00 a.m. , a water pipe burst in the towers subbasement , two floors below ground level . Two feet of water flooded the basement room and shorted out the main power panel , thereby cutting out electricity for the resort shortly before 5:00 a.m . An auxiliary power generator provided lighting for the resort . However , telephones , air conditioning , and four of the towers five elevators were left non-functional because of the main power failure . Carbon monoxide , freon and methane , all originating from the auxiliary generator , infiltrated the tower through ventilation ducts , forcing an evacuation of the building . Between 9:00 a.m . and 11:00 a.m. , crews from the Southwest Gas Corporation inspected the building with firemen and found no further traces of gas , allowing guests and employees to re-enter the building . A second evacuation was ordered at 2:30 p.m . after another power failure , which rendered the elevators inoperable once again . During the outage , 21 table games remained open with the use of emergency lights , while a bar gave away free drinks . Power was restored at 6:45 p.m. , although telephones remained inoperable . Guests were given the option to stay at one of Summas other hotel properties . Despite the incident , hotel executives stated that the resort maintained 95-percent occupancy . An investigation into the cause of the gas leaks could not begin that day due to the presence of fumes in the basement . During the incident , a news reporter and a cameraman for the local KLAS-TV news channel – also owned by Summa – were beaten and forced out of the hotel lobby by Landmark guards who were armed with clubs and flashlights . Damaged in the altercation was the recording unit for a $37,000 camera owned by KLAS . Other local news crews were allowed to stay at the property to cover the incident . Orders to remove KLAS were given to the guards by hotel management , which had been irritated by recent KLAS news stories that related to Summas properties , including a story stating that negotiations were underway to sell the Landmark to an Arabian investor . A total of 138 people were hospitalized after inhaling the poisonous gases ; they were treated at four local hospitals . Among the hospitalized were nearly 100 hotel guests , and several firemen and ambulance drivers ; most of the patients were released from the hospitals within three days of the incident . A 55-year-old man was the sole casualty in the incident . An investigation into the cause of the gas leaks concluded on July 19 , 1977 , and found that a defective exhaust line on one of the emergency generators was responsible . The line had been installed during the hotels construction . John Pisciotta , director of the Clark County Building Department , did not believe that he or anyone else would be able to determine how the line became damaged . Summa brought in the company which installed the system to have it repaired . On October 23 , 1977 , at 3:44 p.m. , a two-alarm fire was reported in a hotel room on the 22nd floor , after a bartender in the 27th floor lounge smelled smoke . The entire room had caught on fire from a cigarette . The fire was extinguished with help from 45 firefighters , who put it out within five minutes of their arrival . However , the fire led to heavy smoke infiltrating the entire hotel and ground-floor through elevator shafts . The Landmark was evacuated , and hundreds of guests and employees were allowed to return inside at approximately 5:15 p.m. , after smoke had been cleared from the resorts interior . The 22nd through 27th floors had moderate smoke damage . Five hotel guests were treated for smoke inhalation , but none required hospitalization . Prospective buyers . During October 1977 , Summa was in negotiations with several prospective buyers for the Landmark , which had approximately 1,200 employees at the time . One interested buyer was a group of Chicago investors led by an attorney . Summa was also in negotiations to sell the Landmark for $12 million to Nick Lardakis , a tavern owner who lived in Akron , Ohio . Simultaneously , Summa was holding discussions with the Scott Corporation – a group of downtown Las Vegas entrepreneurs led by Frank Scott – which wanted to purchase the resort at a price of nearly $10 million . Lardakis acquisition of the Landmark was rejected that month as he was unable to raise the necessary funds to make the purchase ; according to Summa , Lardakis terms were unrealistic . The Chicago group made a $12 million offer , but Summas board of directors favored the offer by Scott Corporation , which had no down payment and included a 20-year payout period , while the Chicago group was opposed to a long-term mortgage arrangement with Summa . The Chicago group noted that Summa officials repeatedly declined to let the group examine the Landmarks 1973 property appraisal . Other $12 million offers came from Las Vegas heiress JoAnn Seigal and Beverly Hills management consultant Charles Fink . Seigal also complained that Summa would not provide her with a property appraisal to base her negotiations . The Beverly Hills-based Acro Management Consultants offered $16 million for the Landmark , the highest of five bids up to that time . Summa spokesman Fred Lewis said that Acros bid was considered more of an inquiry than a serious offer , a belief that was disputed by Leonard Gale , vice president of Acro . Gale acknowledged that the Landmark was the biggest lemon in Las Vegas , but was confident it could become a successful property under Acros ownership . After weeks of negotiations , Summa announced that no decision had been made on a sale of the Landmark , reportedly due to disagreements within the company . William Lummis , a cousin of Hughes , had been named chairman of the Summa board earlier in the year . Lummis wanted to sell all of Summas non-profitable properties , while chief operating officer Frank William Gay , citing the purported desires of Hughes , wanted to expand and modernize such properties . The Landmark was considered the weakest of Summas six gaming and hotel properties in Nevada , as it had never made a profit up to that time . Summa officials held a meeting on November 3 , 1977 , but the company made no decision on selling the Landmark , which lost an average of $500,000 per month . By that time , the Scott Corporation stated that it would likely withdraw its offer to purchase the Landmark because of inability to obtain long-term financing . In January 1978 , Summa announced that the Landmark would be sold to the Scott Corporation , with the sale price reportedly ranging between $10 million and $12 million . Up to that time , the resort had reportedly lost $15 million since its opening , despite numerous attempts to increase business . Experts believed that the Landmark suffered financially as a result of its low room-count ( 486 guest rooms at the time ) and its location across the street from the Las Vegas Hilton ( formerly the International ) , which was the worlds largest hotel at the time . Frank Scott owned downtown Las Vegas Union Plaza Hotel , which had become one of the citys most successful casinos , and he said the same management principles used at the Union Plaza would be applied to the Landmark . Scott intended to change the name of the resort , with The Plaza Tower as the favorite among several names under consideration . Scott planned to take over operations once the sale received approval from Summa , county and state gaming officials , and courts that were handling Hughes estate . Because higher offers were subsequently made for the Landmark , the Scott Corporations offer was rejected by a judge who was monitoring the Hughes estate . Wolfram/Tickel ownership . A group of midwestern investors purchased the Landmark from the Summa Corporation in February 1978 , at a cost of $12.5 million . The group was led by Lou Tickel and Zula Wolfram , and it included Gary Yelverton . The purchase was financed using money that Wolframs husband , Ed Wolfram , embezzled from his brokerage firm , Bell & Beckwith . Faye Todd , the Landmarks entertainment director and a corporate executive assistant , primarily oversaw the Landmarks operations for the Wolframs , who lived in Ohio . The Wolframs were high rollers who frequently stayed at the Desert Inn resort when visiting Las Vegas . Todd met the Wolframs while working for the Desert Inn as special events coordinator , and she became close friends with Zula Wolfram , who had been planning to purchase a Las Vegas hotel with her husband . Tickel , a former magistrate judge and a resident of Salina , Kansas , previously owned several other hotels . The group was confident that the Landmark would overcome its financial problems , and they planned to add a 750-room hotel tower to the property within two years . The sale was completed on March 31 , 1978 , under the new ownership of Zula Wofram , and Lou and Jo Ann Tickel . However , the new owners were unable to find someone with a gaming license and sufficient funds to continue operating the casino ahead of the sales completion . The investment group had yet to apply for gaming and liquor licenses , and the Summa Corporation declined to continue operating the casino , citing a lack of interest . The Landmarks casino , which had 272 employees , was closed on April 1 , 1978 , due to the lack of gaming licenses . The owners began a search for a suitable licensed individual who could temporarily operate the casino until they could receive their own gaming license . The hotel , restaurants , and shops remained open , with 700 other employees . The casino reopened on June 2 , 1978 , after a one-year gaming license had been granted to Frank Modica , a Las Vegas gaming figure who would temporarily operate the casino on the owners behalf . The casinos bingo parlor remained closed as it was undergoing renovations . In October 1978 , Tickel , Wolfram , and Yelverton were approved by the state to be licensed as the landlords of the Landmark . At the time , Ed Wolfram was listed as a financial adviser on the licensing plan . In 1979 , Jesse Jackson Jr . was the Landmark hotel manager , and was the only such manager in the Las Vegas hotel industry to be black . The Tickels remained as co-owners of the Landmark until 1980 , following Zula Wolframs approval to purchase their interest in the resort . In 1982 , architect Martin Stern Jr . was hired to design a large expansion of the Landmark . Revenue for the Landmark exceeded $26 million that year , although the resort lost $500,000 during the month of November 1982 . Up to that time , the Landmark had lost an average of $3 million every year since its opening . Federal investigators shut down Wolframs firm on February 7 , 1983 , after they discovered $36 million of money missing in six accounts that were managed by him and his wife , ultimately leading to the discovery of his embezzlement . Lawyer Patrick McGraw , trustee for Bell & Beckwith , was approved later that month to operate the Landmark until it could be liquidated . The expansion designed by Stern was cancelled , and Ed Wolfram was convicted of embezzling later that year , after admitting to using money from his firm to pay for various businesses ventures , with the Landmark being the most expensive . Zula Wolfram , who had owed $5 million to Summa since her purchase of the Landmark , was forced to sell her majority share in the resort . Morris ownership . The Landmark was entangled in a Toledo bankruptcy court in July 1983 , at which point Bill Morris , a Las Vegas lawyer , made plans to purchase the resort . Morris , also a member of the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority ( LVCVA ) , had previously owned the Holiday Inn Center Strip hotel-casino , as well as the Riverside Resort in nearby Laughlin . Morris had also previously represented Plaza Tower , Inc . at the time that Hughes completed his purchase of the resort . Morris intended to eventually expand the resort to 1,100 hotel rooms . Yelverton and his wife stated that they had been sold a five-percent interest in the Landmark in 1979 , but that the document was never filed with the county recorders office . In August 1983 , the Yelvertons filed a state suit to prevent the sale to Morris , stating that they would not be compensated for their interest if the sale proceeded . At the time , Gary Yelverton was the Landmarks casino manager . The Nevada Gaming Control Board delayed approval of Morris purchase until his offer could be updated to include what Zula Wolfram owed to Summa . Morris purchased the Landmark for $18.7 million , and took over ownership on October 30 , 1983 . The struggling resort had a profitable first month under its new management . Morris worked 18 hours a day to ensure the Landmarks success . He said the Landmark had never really been given a fair chance , citing the absence of on-hands management on a day-in , day-out basis as one reason for its lack of success . Morris also believed that previous operators tried to make the Landmark do something it was not meant to do by competing with superstar productions , whereas he believed the resorts location made it more ideal for serving attendees of the Las Vegas Convention Center . The Landmark remained open while Morris spent nearly $3.5 million on a renovation , which was underway in late 1983 . Morris said the Landmark would compete against rivals with its budget prices and good service . He intended to capitalize on the resorts location with a planned expansion that would feature three 15-story towers with 1,500 hotel rooms , accompanied by a large domed family entertainment center . The expansion was to be built west of the Landmark on of vacant land that Morris had purchased along with the resort . The expansion did not occur , and the Landmark struggled throughout the 1980s . By the middle of 1985 , Morris was negotiating a $28 million loan to pay for improvements and fire safety updates for the Landmark . Clark County officials considered taking action against the resort because of its failed compliance with fire safety standards . On July 29 , 1985 , the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) filed a $2.1 million lien against the property , because of Morris failure to pay withholding and payroll taxes for the resorts employees for the previous six months . Two days after the lien was filed , the Landmark filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy to prevent the IRS from seizing assets such as casino cage money . The resort remained open despite the bankruptcy filing , and the casino had enough money to remain operational . The Landmark had debts totaling $30.6 million , while it had $30.6 million in assets . Morris blamed the bankruptcy on McGraw , alleging that he derailed a $28.8 million refinancing of the Landmark 24 hours prior to the finalization of the loan . Morris said operations would continue as normal despite the bankruptcy filing . The Nevada National Bank requested in early 1986 that the bankruptcy be converted to a liquidation proceeding to pay off creditors , stating that the Landmarks bankruptcy reorganization plan could not succeed . Morris said he would have to cancel his reorganization plan and lay off 700 to 800 Landmark employees if a bankruptcy court did not allow the resort to abandon its union labor contracts . Part of Morris reorganization plan involved cutting employee wages by 15 percent , including his own yearly salary of $145,000 . The pay cut would give the Landmark an additional $6,500 per month , which would allow the resort to make its mortgage payments . Morris hoped to increase the hotels room count after the resorts eventual emergence from bankruptcy , with additional financing from a national franchise hotel chain . He hoped that the Landmark would be out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy by March 1 , 1986 , although it would ultimately remain in bankruptcy for the rest of its operation . In January 1987 , a small fire broke out in the resorts showroom , located next to the casino . Five employees were evacuated , and there were no injuries . Customers in the casino were unaware of the fire , which was quickly extinguished by the local fire department . The fire was determined to have likely been caused by an arsonist . In July 1987 , the Landmark began offering poker tournaments in its Nightcap Lounge each weekday night . To help bring in customers , two cash drawings were held during each tournament . Morris and bank company Drexel Burnham Lambert began a search in 1989 for a new owner to take over the Landmark . At the end of the year , a U.S . bankruptcy court judge gave Morris until 1990 to find a buyer or refinancing . Otherwise , the Landmark would be liquidated to pay off creditors , in accordance with a court order . On January 2 , 1990 , the Landmark was ordered into Chapter 7 bankruptcy after a judge ruled that the creditors would not be able to receive compensation under the reorganization plan . Between $43 million and $46 million was owed to various creditors . Morris gaming license expired that month after the resort failed to pay $500,000 in taxes and penalties . Richard Davis , a Las Vegas-based real estate agent , was appointed by the bankruptcy court that month to temporarily operate the resort . On February 21 , 1990 , the Nevada Gaming Commission extended the gaming license and allowed the resort to stay open for at least two additional weeks while its financial problems were analyzed by state experts . At that time , the hotel had $562,000 in cash , including $175,000 in revenue that had accumulated in the prior six weeks . The Landmark continued to struggle , although the introduction of various casino programs helped improve revenue . A U.S . bankruptcy court judge approved a request for the Landmark to be sold seven weeks later in a public auction scheduled for August 6 , 1990 . The request was made by Davis , who cited numerous failed attempts to sell the resort . More than 200 prospective buyers had inquired about the Landmark , but only five to ten of them were considered as having serious interest in the resort . In July 1990 , two Denver businessmen , David M . Droubay and Martin Heckmaster , offered $35.5 million to purchase the bankrupt resort . Morris was dissatisfied with the offer , stating that the property had been appraised as high as $70 million . Closure ( 1990–95 ) . On August 6 , 1990 , the bankruptcy hearing failed to attract a buyer for the Landmark . Ralph Engelstad and Charles Frias , who both held substantial interest in the resort , had made $100,000 deposits which allowed them to bid at the hearing , but they did not do so and left the hearing without commenting . Droubay and Heckmaster were ineligible to bid as they did not make a deposit . At the request of Davis attorney , a U.S . bankruptcy judge granted permission to close the Landmark . Gaming operations began shutting down that afternoon , within an hour of the failed hearing . Slot machine and hotel operations were scheduled to shut down later in the week . With 498 rooms at the time , the Landmark was unable to compete with new megaresorts , and was fully closed on August 8 , 1990 . Morris , upset about the failed auction , said , Sometimes it comes down to good luck and bad luck . I had nothing but bad luck . Someone is going to come in and run the Landmark and look like a genius . Forrest Woodward , who managed the casino for Davis , said , This is just an obsolete gaming property that no ones interested in , considering the debt , which included $48 million ; a portion of that was $10 million in unsecured claims . Davis attorney predicted the Landmark would be closed for 100 days or more while creditors pursued a foreclosure sale . A week after the closure , Davis received permission from the U.S . bankruptcy court to abandon the property as trustee , due to the cost of maintaining security at the closed resort . Davis attorney said it would cost between $60,000 and $200,000 each month to maintain the property . Creditors would be left to pay bills relating to the property until a foreclosure sale could take place . In December 1990 , the property was purchased through a foreclosure sale by Lloyds Bank of London for $20 million . Lloyds Bank made the purchase in order to protect a $25 million loan it had made to Morris in 1988 . By March 1993 , the Landmarks contents had been liquidated through a sale conducted by National Content Liquidators . By July 1993 , representatives of Lloyds Bank had approached the LVCVA about the possibility of purchasing the Landmark . LVCVA was interested in the proposal , with plans to use the Landmarks 21-acre property either for a parking lot or expansion . LVCVA purchased the Landmark in September 1993 , at a cost of $15.1 million . During 1994 , board members of LVCVA debated on whether to restore the Landmark or demolish it , ultimately deciding on the latter . Only three LVCVA board members voted to save the building . Among those voting in support was Lorraine Hunt , who later said that the Landmark was iconic and part of the history of Las Vegas . Had they kept it , it could have been the office for the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . Demolition . LVCVA paid $800,000 for asbestos removal in the tower . Central Environmental Inc . was hired to remove the asbestos , while AB-Haz Environmental , Inc . was the asbestos removal consultant . In mid-1994 , AB-Haz Environmental began removing asbestos insulation from the Landmark . The removal , scheduled for completion in August 1994 , took nearly six months . In October 1994 , it was announced that the Landmark would be demolished the following month to make way for a 21-acre parking lot , to be used by the Las Vegas Convention Center . Demolition of the tower was delayed several times , to allow for the removal of additional asbestos . The Clark County Health District proposed penalties against the asbestos companies . By February 1995 , AB-Haz had twice declared the Landmark to be asbestos-free and safe for demolition , although Clark County officials discovered that some hotel floors still contained 90 percent of the asbestos . Up to that time , LVCVA had already paid a total of $1 million to the asbestos companies to have the asbestos removed from the hotel and an adjacent apartment complex , allowing for their demolition . The Clark County Air Pollution Control Division recommended a $450,000 fine against AB-Haz for failure to remove the asbestos , while LVCVA would have to spend an additional $1 million for further asbestos removal . AB-Haz was ultimately cited for violating air emission standards during the asbestos removal , and signed a settlement in which the company agreed to pay an $18,000 fine . Central Environmental was removing asbestos from the tower as of August 1995 . Because of previous delays , officials for LVCVA had given up on setting a demolition date until all the asbestos was removed . In October 1995 , LVCVA paid Iconco Inc . $740,000 to remove remaining asbestos from the resort , hoping to have it demolished in time for ConExpo to be held on the propertys new parking lot in March 1996 . Controlled Demolition , Inc . ( CDI ) was hired to implode the tower . No blueprints could be found for the tower , which CDI president Mark Loizeaux considered unusual . Demolition crews discovered secret stairwells in the tower , and Loizeaux said , We have learned everything as we have gone in . It was a very strange structure , very unique . A week before the Landmark tower was demolished , crews removed the remaining asbestos from the low-rise structures and subsequently tore them down . Crews then spent the final days of demolition by drilling in the tower to weaken and prepare it ahead of its planned implosion . Less than 100 pounds of dynamite was placed in certain locations throughout the towers first four floors . At 5:37 a.m . on November 7 , 1995 , the Landmark tower was demolished through implosion . An estimated 7,000 people arrived to witness the implosion . Upon detonation , the towers northwest half was brought down , followed by the second half , which caved in on itself , followed by a black cloud of dust ascending 150 feet into the air . Most of the material from the demolished structure was to be recycled and used in other construction projects . The 31-story tower was the tallest reinforced concrete building ever demolished in North America , and the second tallest building in the world to be demolished . Demolition and related expenses cost $3 million . Frank Wright , curator of the Nevada State Museum and Historical Society , said I kind of hate to see it come down , stating that the Landmark tower still represented what the then-upcoming Stratosphere tower represented : the biggest and the tallest . The property was to become occupied by 2,200 parking spaces , expected to be ready by March 1996 . One of the Landmarks ground-level signs , with gold and blue cursive neon lettering , was restored by the Neon Museum and installed at the parking lot . As of 2017 , the property contains 2,948 parking spaces for the Las Vegas Convention Center . In 2019 , work was underway on an expansion of the convention center . It will be built on the former sites of the Landmark and the nearby Riviera . The sign has since been removed due to construction of the Convention Center expansion . Its approximate address was 3077 Paradise Road . Architecture . The Landmark tower was designed by architects Gerald Moffitt and Ed Hendricks . The uniquely designed Landmark tower was the first of its kind to be built in Nevada ; its design was inspired by the Space Needle located in Seattle , Washington . When construction stopped in 1962 , the project consisted of of floor space , and included two basements that were 30 feet deep . The towers height measured 297 feet , while its diameter measured 60 feet . The towers dome measured 141 feet in diameter . In 1966 – the year that construction resumed – architects George Tate and Thomas Dobrusky were hired to design new portions of the resort , including the ground-floor casino . Height . The Landmark tower was billed as having 31 floors , although it skipped floors 13 and 28 . The Landmark tower was the tallest building in the state from 1962 to 1969 . In 1967 , a revolving letter L neon sign was installed at the top of the tower . Excluding its rooftop sign , the tower stood , seven feet taller than the Mint hotel in downtown Las Vegas . Conflicting numbers have been given for the towers total height . According to Scherer , the sign measured , and the tower measured , including the sign . At the time of opening , the Landmark tower was billed as having a height of . By that time , the new 30-story International Hotel had become the tallest building in the state at . When it was demolished , the tower reportedly stood . According to Emporis , the tower stood from the ground to its roof , while the tip raised the height to a total of . Features . When the Landmark opened , it had a total of 400 slot machines . The ground-floor casino was , while a second casino , consisting of , was located in the dome on the 29th floor ; it was the first high-rise casino in the state . At the time of opening , the ground-floor casino featured red and black colors , while the upper casino used orange coloring and wood . The hotel contained 476 rooms and 27 suites for a total of 503 , a small number in comparison to other Las Vegas resorts , which commonly had 1,000 rooms . The tower included 157 hotel rooms , while the remaining units were located on ground level . The tower used an octagonal floorplan , and the rooms in the tower used a layout that had them shaped like pie slices . By 1977 , the room count had increased to 524 , before ultimately being lowered to 498 at the time of the Landmarks closure in 1990 . The Landmarks interior designer was Las Vegas resident Leonard Edward England , who designed the ground floor to include a colorful and primitive Incan theme , which gradually changed to a Space Age theme on subsequent floors . The interior included $200,000 light fixtures , glowing , red-colored Incan masks , and a burnished metal wall sculpture representing a Cape Kennedy launch . The interior also included 65 tons of black and white polished marble , and carved mahogany woodwork from Mexico . In addition , the interior featured murals depicting the eight Wonders of the World , which included the Landmark tower . After Hughes agreed to purchase the resort , he had an island built in the middle of the hotels 240-foot swimming pool , which cost $200,000 and was the longest in the world . The Landmarks pool included waterfalls and three carpeted bridges leading to its center island , which featured palm trees . For the hotel , Hughes replaced 72-inch beds with 80-inch beds and had color televisions built into the walls of each room ahead of the resorts opening . The Landmarks second floor was used for offices . The towers dome included five floors , although floors 26 and 30 were used by employees for maintenance equipment , elevator equipment , and dressing rooms . The shape and strength of the towers bubble dome was maintained by perlite concrete and steel girders . The Landmark included a high-speed exterior glass elevator , which took people up to the five-story cupola dome . The elevator was located on the towers west side , facing the Las Vegas Strip . It was capable of moving 1,000 feet per minute , allowing people to go from the ground floor to the 31st floor in 20 seconds . It was the fastest elevator in the Western United States . Hughes biographer Michael Drosnin stated that the elevator was prone to constant malfunctions , and that the Landmarks air-conditioning system never really worked . The dome provided wraparound views of the city , and was capable of holding over 2,000 people . The dome included lounges and a night club , as well as the high-rise casino on the 29th floor . At the time of the Landmarks opening , the showroom and the Cascade Terrace coffee shop were located on the first floor , while a steak and seafood gourmet restaurant known as Towers Restaurant was located on the 27th floor and a Chinese restaurant known as the Mandarin Room was located on the 29th floor . In April 1971 , plans were announced for a $750,000 expansion that would include luxury suites on the 29th floor , the highest in Las Vegas at the time . Also planned was the remodeling of the casino and lobby , and the expansion of a coffee shop . The Skytop Rendezvous , a piano bar and dance floor on the top floor of the tower , was reopened as a discotheque on February 3 , 1975 , specializing in middle of the road music . The Landmark was the only major hotel in the state to have a discotheque . When Morris renovation began in December 1983 , the tower contained 150 rooms , a number that was expected to be reduced as the rooms would be enlarged and upgraded to first class standards . Other plans included changes to the coffee shop , new casino carpeting , and redesigning and renaming the 27th-floor restaurant as Anthonys Seafood and Prime Rib Room . The renovation was financed by Valley Bank of Nevada . The Love Song Lounge operated on the top floor during the mid-1980s , before and after Morris renovation , and offered dancing . During 1985 through 1987 , the resort also operated the Sunset Room on the 27th floor , offering piano-bar music and fine dining , with an emphasis on steaks and seafood . The Poolside Room operated on the ground level . The Nightcap Lounge opened at the Landmark in 1986 , and offered comedy acts . Reception . In 1962 , the Los Angeles Times called the $6 million Landmark , By far the most spectacular project , out of several Las Vegas resorts that were under construction ; the newspaper further wrote that the Landmark was destined to become the Mark Hopkins of Las Vegas . The following year , the Reno Evening Gazette opined that the Landmark had the most unusual exterior architecture in Nevada . In 1966 , Billboard wrote that the mushroom-shaped Landmark tower had the most spectacular design of all recent high-rise structures in the city . In 1993 , architecture critic Alan Hess noted the simplicity of the Landmark and the nearby International Hotel when compared with previous Las Vegas casinos , writing , As singular , self-contained forms , they showed none of the complexity of the different pieces and sequential additions that made the original Strip visually and urbanistically richer . In 2002 , Geoff Carter of Las Vegas Weekly wrote that the demolished Landmark was Vegas coolest building and a veritable shrine to 1960s Googie architecture . Performances . Peggy Lee performed at the Landmark during the year of its opening . In its early years , the Landmark became well known for its performances by country singers , including Kay Starr , Jimmy Dean , Patti Page , Bobbie Gentry , and Danny Davis with his Nashville Brass band , as well as a four-week show starring Ferlin Husky and Archie Campbell . Frank Sinatra also performed at the Landmark , and Bobby Darin made one of his final appearances there . In 1974 , the Landmark launched Red McIlvaines Star Search , a variety show featuring people from across the United States . The following year , The Jim Halsey Company began Country Music USA , a show at the Landmark that featured a different country music headliner every two to three weeks . The show was usually sold out . Roy Clark and Mel Tillis made their debuts in Country Music USA , as did Freddy Fender . The Oak Ridge Boys made their Las Vegas debut in Country Music USA . Leroy Van Dyke performed in the show , with Fender as his opening act . Van Dyke performed again at the Landmark later in the 1970s , with Sons of the Pioneers as his opening act . Other artists who performed in Country Music USA included Barbara Fairchild , Johnny Paycheck and Tommy Overstreet , as well as Jody Miller , Roy Head , and Hank Thompson . Country Music USA ran for two years , until 1977 . Spellcaster , an 80-minute family oriented show featuring country-western singer Roy Clayborne , debuted at the Landmark in 1982 . Spellcaster , a production show with dancers and showgirls , featured Clayborne singing 15 songs . Spellcaster was named after one of the Wolframs racing horses , and was produced through Zula Wolframs Las Vegas production company , Zula Productions . The show was designed and directed by Larry Hart , a 1979 Grammy Award winner , and it ran for approximately eight months . At the time of Spellcasters debut , Danny Hein and Terri Dancer also began performing in the resorts Galaxy Lounge . Hein and Dancer had four different shows consisting of various costumes and set decorations , and were accompanied by a five-person band of musicians who backed up the duo . In the late 1980s , the Landmarks showroom hosted minor acts and was considered small in comparison to other Las Vegas resorts . The Landmark hosted magician Melinda Saxe in a family-friendly magic show , which was initially known as 88 Follies Revue and was renamed Follies Revue 89 the following year before concluding its run . In 1990 , the main showroom featured Spellbound , a magic show consisting of two illusionist teams . Dick Foster was the shows director and producer . In popular culture . The unfinished tower briefly appears in the 1964 film , Viva Las Vegas . In 1971 , Sean Connery and stuntmen rode atop the Landmarks exterior elevator as part of filming for scenes in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever ; the tower was among other Las Vegas resorts that stood in as the fictional Whyte House hotel-casino . In the 1980s , the Landmark appeared in the television series Vega$ and Crime Story . In October 1994 , the exterior entrance of the Landmark was lit up for one night so it could be used for outdoor shots as the fictional Tangiers casino , featured in the 1995 film , Casino . The Landmarks implosion was filmed for use in director Tim Burtons 1996 film , Mars Attacks! . In the film , the Landmark is portrayed as the fictional Galaxy Hotel , which is destroyed by an alien spaceship . Burton had stayed at the hotel a few times and was upset by the decision to demolish it , so he wanted to immortalize it in his film . A scale model of the Landmark tower was also made for the production of Mars Attacks! . The demolition of the Landmark also appears during the closing credits of the 2003 film , The Cooler . The Lucky 38 , a fictional tower casino featured in the 2010 video game , partially resembles the Landmark .
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Charles IV of France Charles IV ( 18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328 ) , called the Fair ( le Bel ) in France and the Bald ( el Calvo ) in Navarre , was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet , King of France and King of Navarre ( as Charles I ) from 1322 to 1328 . Charles was the third son of Philip IV ; like his father , he was known as the fair or the handsome . Beginning in 1323 Charles was confronted with a peasant revolt in Flanders , and in 1324 he made an unsuccessful bid to be elected Holy Roman Emperor . As Duke of Guyenne , King Edward II of England was a vassal of Charles , but he was reluctant to pay homage to another king . In retaliation , Charles conquered the Duchy of Guyenne in a conflict known as the War of Saint-Sardos ( 1324 ) . In a peace agreement , Edward II accepted to swear allegiance to Charles and to pay a fine . In exchange , Guyenne was returned to Edward but with a much-reduced territory . When Charles IV died without a male heir , the senior line of the House of Capet , descended from Philip IV , became extinct . He was succeeded in Navarre by his niece Joan II and in France by his paternal first cousin Philip of Valois . However , the dispute on the succession to the French throne between the Valois monarchs descended in male line from Charless grandfather Philip III of France , and the English monarchs descended from Charless sister Isabella , was a factor of the Hundred Years War . Personality and marriage . By virtue of the birthright of his mother , Joan I of Navarre , Charles claimed the title Charles I , King of Navarre . From 1314 to his accession to the throne , he held the title of Count of La Marche and was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims . Unlike Philip IV and Philip V , Charles is reputed to have been a relatively conservative , strait-laced king – he was inclined to forms and stiff-necked in defence of his prerogatives , while disinclined either to manipulate them to his own ends or achieve wider reform . Charles married his first wife , Blanche of Burgundy , the daughter of Otto IV , Count of Burgundy , in 1308 , but Blanche was caught up in the Tour de Nesle scandals of 1314 and imprisoned . After Charles assumed the throne he refused to release Blanche , their marriage was annulled , and Blanche retreated to a nunnery . His second wife , Marie of Luxembourg , the daughter of Henry VII , the Holy Roman Emperor , died following a premature birth . Charles married again in 1325 , this time to Jeanne dÉvreux : she was his first cousin , and the marriage required approval from Pope John XXII . Jeanne was crowned queen in 1326 , in one of the better recorded French coronation ceremonies . The ceremony represented a combination of a political statement , social event , and an expensive fashion statement ; the cost of food , furs , velvets , and jewellery for the event was so expensive that negotiations over the cost were still ongoing in 1329 . The coronation was also the first appearance of the latterly famous medieval cook , Guillaume Tirel , then only a junior servant . During the first half of his reign Charles relied heavily on his uncle , Charles of Valois , for advice and to undertake key military tasks . Charles of Valois was a powerful magnate in his own right , a key advisor to Louis X , and he had made a bid for the regency in 1316 , initially championing Louis Xs daughter Joan , before finally switching sides and backing Philip V . Charles of Valois would have been aware that if Charles died without male heirs , he and his male heirs would have a good claim to the crown . Domestic policy . Charles came to power following a troublesome two years in the south of France , where local nobles had resisted his elder brother Philip Vs plans for fiscal reform , and where his brother had fallen fatally ill during his progress of the region . Charles undertook rapid steps to assert his own control , executing the Count of LIsle-Jourdain , a troublesome southern noble , and making his own royal progress . Charles , a relatively well educated king , also founded a famous library at Fontainebleau . During his six-year reign Charles administration became increasingly unpopular . He debased the coinage to his own benefit , sold offices , increased taxation , exacted burdensome duties , and confiscated estates from enemies or those he disliked . He was also closely involved in Jewish issues during the period . Charles father , Philip IV , had confiscated the estates of numerous Jews in 1306 , and Charles took vigorous , but unpopular , steps to call in Christian debts to these accounts . Following the 1321 leper scare , in which numerous Jews had been fined for their alleged involvement in a conspiracy to poison wells across France through local lepers , and Charles worked hard to execute these fines . Finally , Charles at least acquiesced , or at worst actively ordered , in the expulsion of many Jews from France following the leper scare . Foreign policy . Charles and England . Charles inherited a long-running period of tension between England and France . Edward II , King of England , as Duke of Aquitaine , owed homage to the King of France , but he had successfully avoided paying homage under Charles older brother Louis X , and had only paid homage to Philip V under great pressure . Once Charles took up the throne , Edward attempted to avoid payment again . One of the elements in the disputes was the border province of Agenais , part of Gascony and in turn part of Aquitaine . Tensions rose in November 1323 after the construction of a bastide , a type of fortified town , in Saint-Sardos , part of the Agenais , by a French vassal . Gascon forces destroyed the bastide , and in turn Charles attacked the English-held Montpezat : the assault was unsuccessful , but in the subsequent War of Saint-Sardos Charles trusted uncle and advisor , Charles of Valois , successfully wrested control of Aquitaine from the English ; by 1324 , Charles had declared Edwards lands forfeit and had occupied the whole of Aquitaine apart from the coastal areas . Charless sister Isabella was married to King Edward and was sent to France in 1325 with the official mission of negotiating peace with her brother ; unofficially , some chroniclers suggested that she was also evading Hugh Despenser the elder and Hugh the younger , her political enemies in England . Charles had sent a message through Pope John XXII to Edward suggesting that he was willing to reverse the forfeiture of the lands if Edward ceded the Agenais and paid homage for the rest of the lands . The Pope in turn had proposed Isabella as an ambassador . Charles met with Isabella and was said to have welcomed her to France . Isabella was joined by the young Prince Edward later that year , who paid homage to Charles on his fathers behalf as a peace gesture . Despite this , Charles refused to return the lands in Aquitaine to the English king , resulting in a provisional agreement under which Edward resumed administration of the remaining English territories in early 1326 , whilst France continued to occupy the rest . Meanwhile , Isabella had entered into a relationship with the exiled English nobleman Roger Mortimer and refused to return to England , instead travelling to Hainaut , where she betrothed Prince Edward to Philippa , the daughter of the local Count . She then used this money , plus an earlier loan from Charles , to raise a mercenary army and invade England , deposing her husband Edward II , who was then murdered in 1327 . Under Isabellas instruction , Edward III agreed to a peace treaty with Charles : Aquitaine would be returned to Edward , with Charles receiving 50,000 livres , the territories of Limousin , Quercy , the Agenais , and Périgord , and the Bazas county , leaving the young Edward with a much reduced territory . Revolt in Flanders . Charles faced fresh problems in Flanders . The Count of Flanders ruled an immensely wealthy state that had traditionally led an autonomous existence on the edge of the French state . The French king was generally regarded as having suzerainty over Flanders , but under former monarchs the relationship had become strained . Philip V had avoided a military solution to the Flanders problem , instead enabling the succession of Louis as count – Louis was , to a great extent , already under French influence , having been brought up at the French court . Over time , however , Louis clear French loyalties and lack of political links within Flanders itself began to erode his position within the county itself . In 1323 a peasant revolt led by Nicolaas Zannekin broke out , threatening the position of Louis and finally imprisoning him in Bruges . Charles was relatively unconcerned at first , since in many ways the revolt could help the French crown by weakening the position of the Count of Flanders over the long term . By 1325 , however , the situation was becoming worse and Charles stance shifted . Not only did the uprising mean that Louis could not pay Charles some of the monies due to him under previous treaties , the scale of the rebellion represented a wider threat to the feudal order in France itself , and to some it might appear that Charles was actually unable , rather than unwilling , to intervene to protect his vassal . Accordingly , France intervened . In November 1325 Charles declared the rebels guilty of high treason and ordered them excommunicated , mobilising an army at the same time . Louis pardoned the rebels and was then released , but once safely back in Paris he shifted his position and promised Charles not to agree to any separate peace treaty . Despite having amassed forces along the border , Charles military attentions were distracted by the problems in Gascony , and he eventually chose to settle the rebellion peacefully through the Peace of Arques in 1326 , in which Louis was only indirectly involved . Charles and the Holy Roman Empire . Charles was also responsible for shaping the life of his nephew , Charles IV , Holy Roman Emperor . Charles IV , originally named Wenceslaus , came to the French court in 1323 , aged seven , where he was taken under the patronage of the French king . Charles gave his nephew a particularly advanced education by the standards of the day , arranged for his marriage to Blanche of Valois , and also renamed him . Charles and the Crusades . The crusades remained a popular cause in France during Charles reign . His father , Philip IV , had committed France to a fresh crusade and his brother , Philip V , had brought plans for a fresh invasion close to execution in 1320 . Their plans were cancelled , however , leading to the informal and chaotic Shepherds Crusade . Charles entrusted Charles of Valois to negotiate with Pope John XXII over a fresh crusade . Charles , a keen crusader who took the cross in 1323 , had a history of diplomatic intrigue in the Levant – he had attempted to become the Byzantine emperor earlier in his career . The negotiations floundered , however , over the Popes concerns whether Charles IV would actually use any monies raised for a crusade for actual crusading , or whether they would be frittered away on the more general activities of the French crown . Charles of Valoiss negotiations were also overtaken by the conflict with England over Gascony . After the death of Charles of Valois , Charles became increasingly interested in a French intervention in Byzantium , taking the cross in 1326 . Andronicus II responded by sending an envoy to Paris in 1327 , proposing peace and discussions on ecclesiastical union . A French envoy sent in return with Pope Johns blessing later in the year , however , found Byzantium beset with civil war , and negotiations floundered . The death of Charles the next year prevented any French intervention in Byzantium . Death and legacy . Charles IV died in 1328 at the Château de Vincennes , Val-de-Marne , and is interred with his third wife , Jeanne dÉvreux , in Saint Denis Basilica , with his heart buried at the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris . Like his brothers before him , Charles died without a surviving male heir , thus ending the direct line of the Capetian dynasty . Twelve years earlier , a rule against succession by women , arguably derived from the Salic Law , had been recognised – with some dissent – as controlling succession to the French throne . The application of this rule barred Charless one-year-old daughter Mary , by Jeanne dÉvreux , from succeeding as the monarch , but Jeanne was also pregnant at the time of Charles death . Since she might have given birth to a son , a regency was set up under the heir presumptive Philip of Valois , son of Charles of Valois and a member of the House of Valois , the next most senior branch of the Capetian dynasty . After two months , Jeanne gave birth to another daughter , Blanche , and thus Philip became king and in May was consecrated and crowned Philip VI . Edward III of England argued , however , that although the Salic law should forbid inheritance by a woman , it did not forbid inheritance through a female line – under this argument , Edward III , son of Queen Isabella , wife of Edward II and daughter of Philip IV , should have inherited the throne , forming the basis of his claim during the ensuing Hundred Years War ( 1337–1453 ) . Family and succession . Charles married three times and fathered seven legitimate children . In 1307 , he married Blanche of Burgundy , daughter of Otto IV , Count of Burgundy . The marriage was dissolved in 1322 . They had two children : 1 . Philip ( January 1314March 1322 ) 2 . Joan ( 131517 May 1321 ) . In 1322 , Charles married Marie of Luxembourg , daughter of Henry VII , Holy Roman Emperor . They had two children : 1 . Marie ( born and died 1323 ) . 2 . Louis ( born and died March 1324 ) . On 5 July 1324 , Charles married Jeanne dÉvreux ( 1310–71 ) . Their three children were : 1 . Jeanne ( May 1326January 1327 ) 2 . Marie ( 13276 October 1341 ) 3 . Blanche ( 1 April 13288 February 1393 ) . All but one of Charles children died young . Only his youngest daughter , Blanche , survived to adulthood . Incidentally , Blanche was born two months after Charles died . During those two months , Charles cousin Philip served as regent pending the birth of the child . Once a female child was born , the regent succeeded to the throne as King Philip VI of France , becoming the first French king from the House of Valois . In fiction . Charles is a character in Les Rois maudits ( The Accursed Kings ) , a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon . He was portrayed by in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series , and by in the 2005 adaptation . Bibliography . - Ainsworth , Peter . Representing Royalty : Kings , Queens and Captains in Some Early Fifteenth Century Manuscripts of Froissarts Chroniques . in Kooper ( ed ) 2006 . - Echols , Anne and Marty Williams . ( 1992 ) An Annotated Index of Medieval Women . Princeton : Markus Wiener . - Geanakoplos , Deno . ( 1975 ) Byzantium and the Crusades : 1261–1354 . in Hazard ( ed ) 1975 . - Given-Wilson , Chris and Nigel Saul ( eds ) . ( 2002 ) Fourteenth Century England , Volume 2 . Woodridge : Boydell Press . - Hassall , Arthur . ( 2009 ) France Mediaeval and Modern : a History . BiblioBazaar . - Hazard , Harry H . ( ed ) , ( 1975 ) A History of the Crusades : The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries , Volume 3 . Wisconsin : Wisconsin Press . - Holmes , George . ( 2000 ) Europe , Hierarchy and Revolt , 1320–1450 , 2nd edition . Oxford : Blackwell . - Housley , Norman . ( 1986 ) The Avignon papacy and the Crusades , 1305–1378 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . - Kibler , William W . ( 1995 ) Medieval France : an Encyclopedia . London : Routledge . - Kooper , Erik ( ed ) . ( 2006 ) The Medieval Chronicle IV . Amsterdam : Rodopi . - Lord , Carla . ( 2002 ) Queen Isabella at the Court of France . in Given-Wilson and Saul ( eds ) ( 2002 ) . - Neillands , Robin . ( 2001 ) The Hundred Years War . London : Routledge . - Nirenberg , David . ( 1996 ) Communities of Violence : Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages . Princeton : Princeton University Press . - Sumption , Jonathan . ( 1999 ) The Hundred Years War : Trial by Battle . Philadelphia : Pennsylvania University Press . - TeBrake , William Henry . ( 1994 ) A Plague of Insurrection : Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders , 1323–1328 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . - Vauchez , André , Richard Barrie Dobson and Michael Lapidge . ( 2000 ) Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages , Volume 1 . Cambridge : James Clark . - Wagner , John . A . ( 2006 ) Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War . Westport : Greenwood Press .
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Who was the spouse of Charles IV of France from Sep 1322 to Mar 1324?
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Charles IV of France Charles IV ( 18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328 ) , called the Fair ( le Bel ) in France and the Bald ( el Calvo ) in Navarre , was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet , King of France and King of Navarre ( as Charles I ) from 1322 to 1328 . Charles was the third son of Philip IV ; like his father , he was known as the fair or the handsome . Beginning in 1323 Charles was confronted with a peasant revolt in Flanders , and in 1324 he made an unsuccessful bid to be elected Holy Roman Emperor . As Duke of Guyenne , King Edward II of England was a vassal of Charles , but he was reluctant to pay homage to another king . In retaliation , Charles conquered the Duchy of Guyenne in a conflict known as the War of Saint-Sardos ( 1324 ) . In a peace agreement , Edward II accepted to swear allegiance to Charles and to pay a fine . In exchange , Guyenne was returned to Edward but with a much-reduced territory . When Charles IV died without a male heir , the senior line of the House of Capet , descended from Philip IV , became extinct . He was succeeded in Navarre by his niece Joan II and in France by his paternal first cousin Philip of Valois . However , the dispute on the succession to the French throne between the Valois monarchs descended in male line from Charless grandfather Philip III of France , and the English monarchs descended from Charless sister Isabella , was a factor of the Hundred Years War . Personality and marriage . By virtue of the birthright of his mother , Joan I of Navarre , Charles claimed the title Charles I , King of Navarre . From 1314 to his accession to the throne , he held the title of Count of La Marche and was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims . Unlike Philip IV and Philip V , Charles is reputed to have been a relatively conservative , strait-laced king – he was inclined to forms and stiff-necked in defence of his prerogatives , while disinclined either to manipulate them to his own ends or achieve wider reform . Charles married his first wife , Blanche of Burgundy , the daughter of Otto IV , Count of Burgundy , in 1308 , but Blanche was caught up in the Tour de Nesle scandals of 1314 and imprisoned . After Charles assumed the throne he refused to release Blanche , their marriage was annulled , and Blanche retreated to a nunnery . His second wife , Marie of Luxembourg , the daughter of Henry VII , the Holy Roman Emperor , died following a premature birth . Charles married again in 1325 , this time to Jeanne dÉvreux : she was his first cousin , and the marriage required approval from Pope John XXII . Jeanne was crowned queen in 1326 , in one of the better recorded French coronation ceremonies . The ceremony represented a combination of a political statement , social event , and an expensive fashion statement ; the cost of food , furs , velvets , and jewellery for the event was so expensive that negotiations over the cost were still ongoing in 1329 . The coronation was also the first appearance of the latterly famous medieval cook , Guillaume Tirel , then only a junior servant . During the first half of his reign Charles relied heavily on his uncle , Charles of Valois , for advice and to undertake key military tasks . Charles of Valois was a powerful magnate in his own right , a key advisor to Louis X , and he had made a bid for the regency in 1316 , initially championing Louis Xs daughter Joan , before finally switching sides and backing Philip V . Charles of Valois would have been aware that if Charles died without male heirs , he and his male heirs would have a good claim to the crown . Domestic policy . Charles came to power following a troublesome two years in the south of France , where local nobles had resisted his elder brother Philip Vs plans for fiscal reform , and where his brother had fallen fatally ill during his progress of the region . Charles undertook rapid steps to assert his own control , executing the Count of LIsle-Jourdain , a troublesome southern noble , and making his own royal progress . Charles , a relatively well educated king , also founded a famous library at Fontainebleau . During his six-year reign Charles administration became increasingly unpopular . He debased the coinage to his own benefit , sold offices , increased taxation , exacted burdensome duties , and confiscated estates from enemies or those he disliked . He was also closely involved in Jewish issues during the period . Charles father , Philip IV , had confiscated the estates of numerous Jews in 1306 , and Charles took vigorous , but unpopular , steps to call in Christian debts to these accounts . Following the 1321 leper scare , in which numerous Jews had been fined for their alleged involvement in a conspiracy to poison wells across France through local lepers , and Charles worked hard to execute these fines . Finally , Charles at least acquiesced , or at worst actively ordered , in the expulsion of many Jews from France following the leper scare . Foreign policy . Charles and England . Charles inherited a long-running period of tension between England and France . Edward II , King of England , as Duke of Aquitaine , owed homage to the King of France , but he had successfully avoided paying homage under Charles older brother Louis X , and had only paid homage to Philip V under great pressure . Once Charles took up the throne , Edward attempted to avoid payment again . One of the elements in the disputes was the border province of Agenais , part of Gascony and in turn part of Aquitaine . Tensions rose in November 1323 after the construction of a bastide , a type of fortified town , in Saint-Sardos , part of the Agenais , by a French vassal . Gascon forces destroyed the bastide , and in turn Charles attacked the English-held Montpezat : the assault was unsuccessful , but in the subsequent War of Saint-Sardos Charles trusted uncle and advisor , Charles of Valois , successfully wrested control of Aquitaine from the English ; by 1324 , Charles had declared Edwards lands forfeit and had occupied the whole of Aquitaine apart from the coastal areas . Charless sister Isabella was married to King Edward and was sent to France in 1325 with the official mission of negotiating peace with her brother ; unofficially , some chroniclers suggested that she was also evading Hugh Despenser the elder and Hugh the younger , her political enemies in England . Charles had sent a message through Pope John XXII to Edward suggesting that he was willing to reverse the forfeiture of the lands if Edward ceded the Agenais and paid homage for the rest of the lands . The Pope in turn had proposed Isabella as an ambassador . Charles met with Isabella and was said to have welcomed her to France . Isabella was joined by the young Prince Edward later that year , who paid homage to Charles on his fathers behalf as a peace gesture . Despite this , Charles refused to return the lands in Aquitaine to the English king , resulting in a provisional agreement under which Edward resumed administration of the remaining English territories in early 1326 , whilst France continued to occupy the rest . Meanwhile , Isabella had entered into a relationship with the exiled English nobleman Roger Mortimer and refused to return to England , instead travelling to Hainaut , where she betrothed Prince Edward to Philippa , the daughter of the local Count . She then used this money , plus an earlier loan from Charles , to raise a mercenary army and invade England , deposing her husband Edward II , who was then murdered in 1327 . Under Isabellas instruction , Edward III agreed to a peace treaty with Charles : Aquitaine would be returned to Edward , with Charles receiving 50,000 livres , the territories of Limousin , Quercy , the Agenais , and Périgord , and the Bazas county , leaving the young Edward with a much reduced territory . Revolt in Flanders . Charles faced fresh problems in Flanders . The Count of Flanders ruled an immensely wealthy state that had traditionally led an autonomous existence on the edge of the French state . The French king was generally regarded as having suzerainty over Flanders , but under former monarchs the relationship had become strained . Philip V had avoided a military solution to the Flanders problem , instead enabling the succession of Louis as count – Louis was , to a great extent , already under French influence , having been brought up at the French court . Over time , however , Louis clear French loyalties and lack of political links within Flanders itself began to erode his position within the county itself . In 1323 a peasant revolt led by Nicolaas Zannekin broke out , threatening the position of Louis and finally imprisoning him in Bruges . Charles was relatively unconcerned at first , since in many ways the revolt could help the French crown by weakening the position of the Count of Flanders over the long term . By 1325 , however , the situation was becoming worse and Charles stance shifted . Not only did the uprising mean that Louis could not pay Charles some of the monies due to him under previous treaties , the scale of the rebellion represented a wider threat to the feudal order in France itself , and to some it might appear that Charles was actually unable , rather than unwilling , to intervene to protect his vassal . Accordingly , France intervened . In November 1325 Charles declared the rebels guilty of high treason and ordered them excommunicated , mobilising an army at the same time . Louis pardoned the rebels and was then released , but once safely back in Paris he shifted his position and promised Charles not to agree to any separate peace treaty . Despite having amassed forces along the border , Charles military attentions were distracted by the problems in Gascony , and he eventually chose to settle the rebellion peacefully through the Peace of Arques in 1326 , in which Louis was only indirectly involved . Charles and the Holy Roman Empire . Charles was also responsible for shaping the life of his nephew , Charles IV , Holy Roman Emperor . Charles IV , originally named Wenceslaus , came to the French court in 1323 , aged seven , where he was taken under the patronage of the French king . Charles gave his nephew a particularly advanced education by the standards of the day , arranged for his marriage to Blanche of Valois , and also renamed him . Charles and the Crusades . The crusades remained a popular cause in France during Charles reign . His father , Philip IV , had committed France to a fresh crusade and his brother , Philip V , had brought plans for a fresh invasion close to execution in 1320 . Their plans were cancelled , however , leading to the informal and chaotic Shepherds Crusade . Charles entrusted Charles of Valois to negotiate with Pope John XXII over a fresh crusade . Charles , a keen crusader who took the cross in 1323 , had a history of diplomatic intrigue in the Levant – he had attempted to become the Byzantine emperor earlier in his career . The negotiations floundered , however , over the Popes concerns whether Charles IV would actually use any monies raised for a crusade for actual crusading , or whether they would be frittered away on the more general activities of the French crown . Charles of Valoiss negotiations were also overtaken by the conflict with England over Gascony . After the death of Charles of Valois , Charles became increasingly interested in a French intervention in Byzantium , taking the cross in 1326 . Andronicus II responded by sending an envoy to Paris in 1327 , proposing peace and discussions on ecclesiastical union . A French envoy sent in return with Pope Johns blessing later in the year , however , found Byzantium beset with civil war , and negotiations floundered . The death of Charles the next year prevented any French intervention in Byzantium . Death and legacy . Charles IV died in 1328 at the Château de Vincennes , Val-de-Marne , and is interred with his third wife , Jeanne dÉvreux , in Saint Denis Basilica , with his heart buried at the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris . Like his brothers before him , Charles died without a surviving male heir , thus ending the direct line of the Capetian dynasty . Twelve years earlier , a rule against succession by women , arguably derived from the Salic Law , had been recognised – with some dissent – as controlling succession to the French throne . The application of this rule barred Charless one-year-old daughter Mary , by Jeanne dÉvreux , from succeeding as the monarch , but Jeanne was also pregnant at the time of Charles death . Since she might have given birth to a son , a regency was set up under the heir presumptive Philip of Valois , son of Charles of Valois and a member of the House of Valois , the next most senior branch of the Capetian dynasty . After two months , Jeanne gave birth to another daughter , Blanche , and thus Philip became king and in May was consecrated and crowned Philip VI . Edward III of England argued , however , that although the Salic law should forbid inheritance by a woman , it did not forbid inheritance through a female line – under this argument , Edward III , son of Queen Isabella , wife of Edward II and daughter of Philip IV , should have inherited the throne , forming the basis of his claim during the ensuing Hundred Years War ( 1337–1453 ) . Family and succession . Charles married three times and fathered seven legitimate children . In 1307 , he married Blanche of Burgundy , daughter of Otto IV , Count of Burgundy . The marriage was dissolved in 1322 . They had two children : 1 . Philip ( January 1314March 1322 ) 2 . Joan ( 131517 May 1321 ) . In 1322 , Charles married Marie of Luxembourg , daughter of Henry VII , Holy Roman Emperor . They had two children : 1 . Marie ( born and died 1323 ) . 2 . Louis ( born and died March 1324 ) . On 5 July 1324 , Charles married Jeanne dÉvreux ( 1310–71 ) . Their three children were : 1 . Jeanne ( May 1326January 1327 ) 2 . Marie ( 13276 October 1341 ) 3 . Blanche ( 1 April 13288 February 1393 ) . All but one of Charles children died young . Only his youngest daughter , Blanche , survived to adulthood . Incidentally , Blanche was born two months after Charles died . During those two months , Charles cousin Philip served as regent pending the birth of the child . Once a female child was born , the regent succeeded to the throne as King Philip VI of France , becoming the first French king from the House of Valois . In fiction . Charles is a character in Les Rois maudits ( The Accursed Kings ) , a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon . He was portrayed by in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series , and by in the 2005 adaptation . Bibliography . - Ainsworth , Peter . Representing Royalty : Kings , Queens and Captains in Some Early Fifteenth Century Manuscripts of Froissarts Chroniques . in Kooper ( ed ) 2006 . - Echols , Anne and Marty Williams . ( 1992 ) An Annotated Index of Medieval Women . Princeton : Markus Wiener . - Geanakoplos , Deno . ( 1975 ) Byzantium and the Crusades : 1261–1354 . in Hazard ( ed ) 1975 . - Given-Wilson , Chris and Nigel Saul ( eds ) . ( 2002 ) Fourteenth Century England , Volume 2 . Woodridge : Boydell Press . - Hassall , Arthur . ( 2009 ) France Mediaeval and Modern : a History . BiblioBazaar . - Hazard , Harry H . ( ed ) , ( 1975 ) A History of the Crusades : The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries , Volume 3 . Wisconsin : Wisconsin Press . - Holmes , George . ( 2000 ) Europe , Hierarchy and Revolt , 1320–1450 , 2nd edition . Oxford : Blackwell . - Housley , Norman . ( 1986 ) The Avignon papacy and the Crusades , 1305–1378 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . - Kibler , William W . ( 1995 ) Medieval France : an Encyclopedia . London : Routledge . - Kooper , Erik ( ed ) . ( 2006 ) The Medieval Chronicle IV . Amsterdam : Rodopi . - Lord , Carla . ( 2002 ) Queen Isabella at the Court of France . in Given-Wilson and Saul ( eds ) ( 2002 ) . - Neillands , Robin . ( 2001 ) The Hundred Years War . London : Routledge . - Nirenberg , David . ( 1996 ) Communities of Violence : Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages . Princeton : Princeton University Press . - Sumption , Jonathan . ( 1999 ) The Hundred Years War : Trial by Battle . Philadelphia : Pennsylvania University Press . - TeBrake , William Henry . ( 1994 ) A Plague of Insurrection : Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders , 1323–1328 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . - Vauchez , André , Richard Barrie Dobson and Michael Lapidge . ( 2000 ) Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages , Volume 1 . Cambridge : James Clark . - Wagner , John . A . ( 2006 ) Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War . Westport : Greenwood Press .
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Who was the spouse of Charles IV of France from Jul 1324 to Feb 1328?
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Charles IV of France Charles IV ( 18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328 ) , called the Fair ( le Bel ) in France and the Bald ( el Calvo ) in Navarre , was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet , King of France and King of Navarre ( as Charles I ) from 1322 to 1328 . Charles was the third son of Philip IV ; like his father , he was known as the fair or the handsome . Beginning in 1323 Charles was confronted with a peasant revolt in Flanders , and in 1324 he made an unsuccessful bid to be elected Holy Roman Emperor . As Duke of Guyenne , King Edward II of England was a vassal of Charles , but he was reluctant to pay homage to another king . In retaliation , Charles conquered the Duchy of Guyenne in a conflict known as the War of Saint-Sardos ( 1324 ) . In a peace agreement , Edward II accepted to swear allegiance to Charles and to pay a fine . In exchange , Guyenne was returned to Edward but with a much-reduced territory . When Charles IV died without a male heir , the senior line of the House of Capet , descended from Philip IV , became extinct . He was succeeded in Navarre by his niece Joan II and in France by his paternal first cousin Philip of Valois . However , the dispute on the succession to the French throne between the Valois monarchs descended in male line from Charless grandfather Philip III of France , and the English monarchs descended from Charless sister Isabella , was a factor of the Hundred Years War . Personality and marriage . By virtue of the birthright of his mother , Joan I of Navarre , Charles claimed the title Charles I , King of Navarre . From 1314 to his accession to the throne , he held the title of Count of La Marche and was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims . Unlike Philip IV and Philip V , Charles is reputed to have been a relatively conservative , strait-laced king – he was inclined to forms and stiff-necked in defence of his prerogatives , while disinclined either to manipulate them to his own ends or achieve wider reform . Charles married his first wife , Blanche of Burgundy , the daughter of Otto IV , Count of Burgundy , in 1308 , but Blanche was caught up in the Tour de Nesle scandals of 1314 and imprisoned . After Charles assumed the throne he refused to release Blanche , their marriage was annulled , and Blanche retreated to a nunnery . His second wife , Marie of Luxembourg , the daughter of Henry VII , the Holy Roman Emperor , died following a premature birth . Charles married again in 1325 , this time to Jeanne dÉvreux : she was his first cousin , and the marriage required approval from Pope John XXII . Jeanne was crowned queen in 1326 , in one of the better recorded French coronation ceremonies . The ceremony represented a combination of a political statement , social event , and an expensive fashion statement ; the cost of food , furs , velvets , and jewellery for the event was so expensive that negotiations over the cost were still ongoing in 1329 . The coronation was also the first appearance of the latterly famous medieval cook , Guillaume Tirel , then only a junior servant . During the first half of his reign Charles relied heavily on his uncle , Charles of Valois , for advice and to undertake key military tasks . Charles of Valois was a powerful magnate in his own right , a key advisor to Louis X , and he had made a bid for the regency in 1316 , initially championing Louis Xs daughter Joan , before finally switching sides and backing Philip V . Charles of Valois would have been aware that if Charles died without male heirs , he and his male heirs would have a good claim to the crown . Domestic policy . Charles came to power following a troublesome two years in the south of France , where local nobles had resisted his elder brother Philip Vs plans for fiscal reform , and where his brother had fallen fatally ill during his progress of the region . Charles undertook rapid steps to assert his own control , executing the Count of LIsle-Jourdain , a troublesome southern noble , and making his own royal progress . Charles , a relatively well educated king , also founded a famous library at Fontainebleau . During his six-year reign Charles administration became increasingly unpopular . He debased the coinage to his own benefit , sold offices , increased taxation , exacted burdensome duties , and confiscated estates from enemies or those he disliked . He was also closely involved in Jewish issues during the period . Charles father , Philip IV , had confiscated the estates of numerous Jews in 1306 , and Charles took vigorous , but unpopular , steps to call in Christian debts to these accounts . Following the 1321 leper scare , in which numerous Jews had been fined for their alleged involvement in a conspiracy to poison wells across France through local lepers , and Charles worked hard to execute these fines . Finally , Charles at least acquiesced , or at worst actively ordered , in the expulsion of many Jews from France following the leper scare . Foreign policy . Charles and England . Charles inherited a long-running period of tension between England and France . Edward II , King of England , as Duke of Aquitaine , owed homage to the King of France , but he had successfully avoided paying homage under Charles older brother Louis X , and had only paid homage to Philip V under great pressure . Once Charles took up the throne , Edward attempted to avoid payment again . One of the elements in the disputes was the border province of Agenais , part of Gascony and in turn part of Aquitaine . Tensions rose in November 1323 after the construction of a bastide , a type of fortified town , in Saint-Sardos , part of the Agenais , by a French vassal . Gascon forces destroyed the bastide , and in turn Charles attacked the English-held Montpezat : the assault was unsuccessful , but in the subsequent War of Saint-Sardos Charles trusted uncle and advisor , Charles of Valois , successfully wrested control of Aquitaine from the English ; by 1324 , Charles had declared Edwards lands forfeit and had occupied the whole of Aquitaine apart from the coastal areas . Charless sister Isabella was married to King Edward and was sent to France in 1325 with the official mission of negotiating peace with her brother ; unofficially , some chroniclers suggested that she was also evading Hugh Despenser the elder and Hugh the younger , her political enemies in England . Charles had sent a message through Pope John XXII to Edward suggesting that he was willing to reverse the forfeiture of the lands if Edward ceded the Agenais and paid homage for the rest of the lands . The Pope in turn had proposed Isabella as an ambassador . Charles met with Isabella and was said to have welcomed her to France . Isabella was joined by the young Prince Edward later that year , who paid homage to Charles on his fathers behalf as a peace gesture . Despite this , Charles refused to return the lands in Aquitaine to the English king , resulting in a provisional agreement under which Edward resumed administration of the remaining English territories in early 1326 , whilst France continued to occupy the rest . Meanwhile , Isabella had entered into a relationship with the exiled English nobleman Roger Mortimer and refused to return to England , instead travelling to Hainaut , where she betrothed Prince Edward to Philippa , the daughter of the local Count . She then used this money , plus an earlier loan from Charles , to raise a mercenary army and invade England , deposing her husband Edward II , who was then murdered in 1327 . Under Isabellas instruction , Edward III agreed to a peace treaty with Charles : Aquitaine would be returned to Edward , with Charles receiving 50,000 livres , the territories of Limousin , Quercy , the Agenais , and Périgord , and the Bazas county , leaving the young Edward with a much reduced territory . Revolt in Flanders . Charles faced fresh problems in Flanders . The Count of Flanders ruled an immensely wealthy state that had traditionally led an autonomous existence on the edge of the French state . The French king was generally regarded as having suzerainty over Flanders , but under former monarchs the relationship had become strained . Philip V had avoided a military solution to the Flanders problem , instead enabling the succession of Louis as count – Louis was , to a great extent , already under French influence , having been brought up at the French court . Over time , however , Louis clear French loyalties and lack of political links within Flanders itself began to erode his position within the county itself . In 1323 a peasant revolt led by Nicolaas Zannekin broke out , threatening the position of Louis and finally imprisoning him in Bruges . Charles was relatively unconcerned at first , since in many ways the revolt could help the French crown by weakening the position of the Count of Flanders over the long term . By 1325 , however , the situation was becoming worse and Charles stance shifted . Not only did the uprising mean that Louis could not pay Charles some of the monies due to him under previous treaties , the scale of the rebellion represented a wider threat to the feudal order in France itself , and to some it might appear that Charles was actually unable , rather than unwilling , to intervene to protect his vassal . Accordingly , France intervened . In November 1325 Charles declared the rebels guilty of high treason and ordered them excommunicated , mobilising an army at the same time . Louis pardoned the rebels and was then released , but once safely back in Paris he shifted his position and promised Charles not to agree to any separate peace treaty . Despite having amassed forces along the border , Charles military attentions were distracted by the problems in Gascony , and he eventually chose to settle the rebellion peacefully through the Peace of Arques in 1326 , in which Louis was only indirectly involved . Charles and the Holy Roman Empire . Charles was also responsible for shaping the life of his nephew , Charles IV , Holy Roman Emperor . Charles IV , originally named Wenceslaus , came to the French court in 1323 , aged seven , where he was taken under the patronage of the French king . Charles gave his nephew a particularly advanced education by the standards of the day , arranged for his marriage to Blanche of Valois , and also renamed him . Charles and the Crusades . The crusades remained a popular cause in France during Charles reign . His father , Philip IV , had committed France to a fresh crusade and his brother , Philip V , had brought plans for a fresh invasion close to execution in 1320 . Their plans were cancelled , however , leading to the informal and chaotic Shepherds Crusade . Charles entrusted Charles of Valois to negotiate with Pope John XXII over a fresh crusade . Charles , a keen crusader who took the cross in 1323 , had a history of diplomatic intrigue in the Levant – he had attempted to become the Byzantine emperor earlier in his career . The negotiations floundered , however , over the Popes concerns whether Charles IV would actually use any monies raised for a crusade for actual crusading , or whether they would be frittered away on the more general activities of the French crown . Charles of Valoiss negotiations were also overtaken by the conflict with England over Gascony . After the death of Charles of Valois , Charles became increasingly interested in a French intervention in Byzantium , taking the cross in 1326 . Andronicus II responded by sending an envoy to Paris in 1327 , proposing peace and discussions on ecclesiastical union . A French envoy sent in return with Pope Johns blessing later in the year , however , found Byzantium beset with civil war , and negotiations floundered . The death of Charles the next year prevented any French intervention in Byzantium . Death and legacy . Charles IV died in 1328 at the Château de Vincennes , Val-de-Marne , and is interred with his third wife , Jeanne dÉvreux , in Saint Denis Basilica , with his heart buried at the now-demolished church of the Couvent des Jacobins in Paris . Like his brothers before him , Charles died without a surviving male heir , thus ending the direct line of the Capetian dynasty . Twelve years earlier , a rule against succession by women , arguably derived from the Salic Law , had been recognised – with some dissent – as controlling succession to the French throne . The application of this rule barred Charless one-year-old daughter Mary , by Jeanne dÉvreux , from succeeding as the monarch , but Jeanne was also pregnant at the time of Charles death . Since she might have given birth to a son , a regency was set up under the heir presumptive Philip of Valois , son of Charles of Valois and a member of the House of Valois , the next most senior branch of the Capetian dynasty . After two months , Jeanne gave birth to another daughter , Blanche , and thus Philip became king and in May was consecrated and crowned Philip VI . Edward III of England argued , however , that although the Salic law should forbid inheritance by a woman , it did not forbid inheritance through a female line – under this argument , Edward III , son of Queen Isabella , wife of Edward II and daughter of Philip IV , should have inherited the throne , forming the basis of his claim during the ensuing Hundred Years War ( 1337–1453 ) . Family and succession . Charles married three times and fathered seven legitimate children . In 1307 , he married Blanche of Burgundy , daughter of Otto IV , Count of Burgundy . The marriage was dissolved in 1322 . They had two children : 1 . Philip ( January 1314March 1322 ) 2 . Joan ( 131517 May 1321 ) . In 1322 , Charles married Marie of Luxembourg , daughter of Henry VII , Holy Roman Emperor . They had two children : 1 . Marie ( born and died 1323 ) . 2 . Louis ( born and died March 1324 ) . On 5 July 1324 , Charles married Jeanne dÉvreux ( 1310–71 ) . Their three children were : 1 . Jeanne ( May 1326January 1327 ) 2 . Marie ( 13276 October 1341 ) 3 . Blanche ( 1 April 13288 February 1393 ) . All but one of Charles children died young . Only his youngest daughter , Blanche , survived to adulthood . Incidentally , Blanche was born two months after Charles died . During those two months , Charles cousin Philip served as regent pending the birth of the child . Once a female child was born , the regent succeeded to the throne as King Philip VI of France , becoming the first French king from the House of Valois . In fiction . Charles is a character in Les Rois maudits ( The Accursed Kings ) , a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon . He was portrayed by in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series , and by in the 2005 adaptation . Bibliography . - Ainsworth , Peter . Representing Royalty : Kings , Queens and Captains in Some Early Fifteenth Century Manuscripts of Froissarts Chroniques . in Kooper ( ed ) 2006 . - Echols , Anne and Marty Williams . ( 1992 ) An Annotated Index of Medieval Women . Princeton : Markus Wiener . - Geanakoplos , Deno . ( 1975 ) Byzantium and the Crusades : 1261–1354 . in Hazard ( ed ) 1975 . - Given-Wilson , Chris and Nigel Saul ( eds ) . ( 2002 ) Fourteenth Century England , Volume 2 . Woodridge : Boydell Press . - Hassall , Arthur . ( 2009 ) France Mediaeval and Modern : a History . BiblioBazaar . - Hazard , Harry H . ( ed ) , ( 1975 ) A History of the Crusades : The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries , Volume 3 . Wisconsin : Wisconsin Press . - Holmes , George . ( 2000 ) Europe , Hierarchy and Revolt , 1320–1450 , 2nd edition . Oxford : Blackwell . - Housley , Norman . ( 1986 ) The Avignon papacy and the Crusades , 1305–1378 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . - Kibler , William W . ( 1995 ) Medieval France : an Encyclopedia . London : Routledge . - Kooper , Erik ( ed ) . ( 2006 ) The Medieval Chronicle IV . Amsterdam : Rodopi . - Lord , Carla . ( 2002 ) Queen Isabella at the Court of France . in Given-Wilson and Saul ( eds ) ( 2002 ) . - Neillands , Robin . ( 2001 ) The Hundred Years War . London : Routledge . - Nirenberg , David . ( 1996 ) Communities of Violence : Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages . Princeton : Princeton University Press . - Sumption , Jonathan . ( 1999 ) The Hundred Years War : Trial by Battle . Philadelphia : Pennsylvania University Press . - TeBrake , William Henry . ( 1994 ) A Plague of Insurrection : Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders , 1323–1328 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . - Vauchez , André , Richard Barrie Dobson and Michael Lapidge . ( 2000 ) Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages , Volume 1 . Cambridge : James Clark . - Wagner , John . A . ( 2006 ) Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War . Westport : Greenwood Press .
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[
"Bishop Suffragan of Southampton"
] |
easy
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What position did William Awdry take from 1895 to 1896?
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/wiki/William_Awdry#P39#0
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William Awdry He was the fourth son of Sir John Wither Awdry and his second wife Frances Ellen Carr , second daughter of Thomas Carr Awdry was educated at Winchester College and Balliol College , Oxford . While at Oxford , he rowed in the Oxford eight in the Boat Race in 1863 and 1864 and his crew won both times . Ordained in 1865 his early career was an academic one . He obtained a first-class in Literae Humaniores in 1865 ; and he was successively Fellow and Lecturer at Queens College , Oxford , 1866–1868 , Second master at his old school and finally Headmaster of Hurstpierpoint , 1873–1879 . In 1879 he became a Canon Residentiary at Chichester Cathedral and Principal of the nearby Theological College . After seven years he was appointed Vicar of Amport , his final post before ascending to the episcopate . Awdry was consecrated Bishop Suffragan of Southampton by Archbishop Benson at St . Pauls Cathedral on June 29 , 1895 . Awdry was appointed Bishop of Osaka in 1896 and was then installed as the Bishop of South Tokyo in 1897 , after the death of Bishop Edward Bickersteth . As the Bishop of South Tokyo , Awdry led the diocese during a period of growth , improved Anglo-Japanese diplomatic relations , as well as rapid social and political change . The Nippon Sei Ko Kai , benefited from greater protections enshrined in the Meiji Constitution of 1899 , but a new era of Japanese nationalist politics and an expansionist foreign policy also tested the leadership of the young church . As Bishop , Awdry was also instrumental in founding the Central Theological College , Tokyo Family . In 1868 Awdry married Frances Emily , daughter of the Rt Rev . George Moberly , Bishop of Salisbury . There were no children from the marriage . A nephew , Rev . W . Awdry was the creator of Thomas the Tank Engine and author of the acclaimed childrens Railway Series .
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[
"Bishop of Osaka",
"Bishop of South Tokyo"
] |
easy
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William Awdry took which position from 1896 to 1898?
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/wiki/William_Awdry#P39#1
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William Awdry He was the fourth son of Sir John Wither Awdry and his second wife Frances Ellen Carr , second daughter of Thomas Carr Awdry was educated at Winchester College and Balliol College , Oxford . While at Oxford , he rowed in the Oxford eight in the Boat Race in 1863 and 1864 and his crew won both times . Ordained in 1865 his early career was an academic one . He obtained a first-class in Literae Humaniores in 1865 ; and he was successively Fellow and Lecturer at Queens College , Oxford , 1866–1868 , Second master at his old school and finally Headmaster of Hurstpierpoint , 1873–1879 . In 1879 he became a Canon Residentiary at Chichester Cathedral and Principal of the nearby Theological College . After seven years he was appointed Vicar of Amport , his final post before ascending to the episcopate . Awdry was consecrated Bishop Suffragan of Southampton by Archbishop Benson at St . Pauls Cathedral on June 29 , 1895 . Awdry was appointed Bishop of Osaka in 1896 and was then installed as the Bishop of South Tokyo in 1897 , after the death of Bishop Edward Bickersteth . As the Bishop of South Tokyo , Awdry led the diocese during a period of growth , improved Anglo-Japanese diplomatic relations , as well as rapid social and political change . The Nippon Sei Ko Kai , benefited from greater protections enshrined in the Meiji Constitution of 1899 , but a new era of Japanese nationalist politics and an expansionist foreign policy also tested the leadership of the young church . As Bishop , Awdry was also instrumental in founding the Central Theological College , Tokyo Family . In 1868 Awdry married Frances Emily , daughter of the Rt Rev . George Moberly , Bishop of Salisbury . There were no children from the marriage . A nephew , Rev . W . Awdry was the creator of Thomas the Tank Engine and author of the acclaimed childrens Railway Series .
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[
"Bishop of South Tokyo"
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easy
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What was the position of William Awdry from 1898 to 1908?
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/wiki/William_Awdry#P39#2
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William Awdry He was the fourth son of Sir John Wither Awdry and his second wife Frances Ellen Carr , second daughter of Thomas Carr Awdry was educated at Winchester College and Balliol College , Oxford . While at Oxford , he rowed in the Oxford eight in the Boat Race in 1863 and 1864 and his crew won both times . Ordained in 1865 his early career was an academic one . He obtained a first-class in Literae Humaniores in 1865 ; and he was successively Fellow and Lecturer at Queens College , Oxford , 1866–1868 , Second master at his old school and finally Headmaster of Hurstpierpoint , 1873–1879 . In 1879 he became a Canon Residentiary at Chichester Cathedral and Principal of the nearby Theological College . After seven years he was appointed Vicar of Amport , his final post before ascending to the episcopate . Awdry was consecrated Bishop Suffragan of Southampton by Archbishop Benson at St . Pauls Cathedral on June 29 , 1895 . Awdry was appointed Bishop of Osaka in 1896 and was then installed as the Bishop of South Tokyo in 1897 , after the death of Bishop Edward Bickersteth . As the Bishop of South Tokyo , Awdry led the diocese during a period of growth , improved Anglo-Japanese diplomatic relations , as well as rapid social and political change . The Nippon Sei Ko Kai , benefited from greater protections enshrined in the Meiji Constitution of 1899 , but a new era of Japanese nationalist politics and an expansionist foreign policy also tested the leadership of the young church . As Bishop , Awdry was also instrumental in founding the Central Theological College , Tokyo Family . In 1868 Awdry married Frances Emily , daughter of the Rt Rev . George Moberly , Bishop of Salisbury . There were no children from the marriage . A nephew , Rev . W . Awdry was the creator of Thomas the Tank Engine and author of the acclaimed childrens Railway Series .
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[
"President of the Bundesrat",
"Minister President of Hesse"
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easy
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Which position did Hans Eichel hold from Nov 1998 to Apr 1999?
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/wiki/Hans_Eichel#P39#0
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Hans Eichel Hans Eichel ( born 24 December 1941 ) is a German politician ( SPD ) and the co-founder of the G20 , or Group of Twenty , an international forum for the governments and central bank governors of twenty developed and developing nations to discuss policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability . He was Germanys Minister of Finance between 1999 and 2005 . Eichel was chairman of the G7 in 1999 and chairman of the G20 in 2004 . Before that , Eichel served as the 6th Minister President of Hesse from 1991 to 1999 and as the 52nd President of the Bundesrat in 1998/99 . During his time in office , Eichel played a very important role in two landmark reforms – the far reaching reform of German society and economy ( also known as Agenda 2010 ) and the creation of the G-20 to reflect the rebalancing of world power . Some argue that Agenda 2010 helped turn Germany from the sick man of Europe into the best performing major Western economy in the aftermath of the global financial crisis . While some parties regarded it as the most successful economic reforms in Germany in over half a century , as well as in any G7 country in 30 years , it also created massive controversy and protests . The effects of the Agenda 2010 on German economic development remain disputed . As chairman of the G7 , Eichel initiated the creation of the G20 together with then US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers and hosted its inaugural meeting in Berlin . The G20 rapidly grew to become the most influential economic body in the world . Eichel went on to serve as chairman of the G20 in 2004 , when he pressed for the reforming of the international financial architecture and establishing a code of conduct on preventing financial crises . Background . He was brought up in Kassel where he did his Abitur in 1961 . He then completed a degree in German , philosophy , political science , history and education at the universities of Marburg and Berlin , graduating in 1970 . After that , he worked as a teacher for five years in a Kassel Gymnasium , the Wilhelmsgymnasium , before winning election as the mayor of Kassel at age 33 . Political career . In his early days , Eichel was known for his campaigns for green causes and against nuclear weapons but for most of his political career , he became associated with stimulating investment and creating jobs . He was noted for his consensus building skills and an ability to mix pragmatism with a mastery of detail . Eichel believed strongly in European federation and on merging Europes armies and foreign services , and on giving them a single foreign minister . He argued that Europe would be very much stronger if it spoke to the outside world with one voice . From 1975 to 1991 , Eichel served as mayor of Kassel , initially gaining the office at the age of only 33 . From 1991 to 1999 , he was the Minister-President of Hesse in a coalition with the Green Party . The coalition won again four years later and was the first red-green coalition to serve two consecutive terms . Eichel also served as President of the Bundesrat from November 1998 to April 1999 . However , he unexpectedly lost the 1999 state elections to Roland Kochs CDU and lost his office . In March 1999 , Oskar Lafontaine resigned as Minister of Finance in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , and Eichel replaced him a month later . He served as a member of the Bundestag from 2002 to 2009 . At the beginning of his term , Eichel tried to decrease the German federal deficit and wanted a balanced budget until 2006 . Initially he was successful and earned the nickname Iron Hans or Iron Minister because of his ability to exercise strict budget discipline . The Economist magazines description of him : It was Mr Eichel who achieved Germanys biggest tax cuts in half a century , preached a fierce austerity , and stuck rigidly to a policy of squeezing the budget . For two years after taking over as finance minister in 1999 from the left-wing , fiscally extravagant Oskar Lafontaine , Mr Eichel was the governments star . Despite his penchant for spending cuts , he was widely admired for his integrity , courage , and unwavering loyalty to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder Despite initial success , due to constraints by the cabinet and by the worsening economic situation after the short boom in 1999/2000 , he had to abandon those plans . After the election Eichel had to recalculate the budget due to the deteriorating economy and found that he would have $18 billion less in tax revenue than was anticipated . The German budget deficit was 3.8% , exceeding the 3% ceiling set by the EUs Stability Pact . Until 2005 , when he stepped down , Eichel did not reduce the deficit to under the 3% stability threshold , mainly due to the decision from Chancellor Schroder to not force excessive austerity on the German people on top of the deep economic reforms taking place . Toward the end of his term , in late 2004 , Eichel and U.S . Treasury Secretary John W . Snow worked out a proposal to cancel 80 percent , or about $33 billion , of the debt owed by Iraq to a group of creditor nations known as the Paris Club , capping an American effort for debt forgiveness . Controversy . Eichel had a public spat in 2003 with then International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) chief Horst Köhler , accusing Kohler and the IMF of being too harsh on Germany and too soft on the risks and policy failures of the United States . Köhler defended the harsh criticism of Germany and rejected the notion that the IMF was too soft on the US . However , experts pointed out in 2003 that there was growing evidence that the IMF was reluctant to explore the more problematic aspects of American economic and financial policies such as the concentration of derivative risks at a few big US financial institutions and early warning signs of the building up of risks in Fanny Mae and Freddie Mac . The public and global sentiment in 2003 was against Eichel as Germany was then viewed as the sick man of Europe but consequently , the developments of the global financial crisis radiating out of the US , happening in parallel with the renaissance of the German economy , would suggest that Eichel was in the right . After the tax reforms of 2001 and 2002 , the German banking industry association sent Eichels internal revenue ministry three letters in total in late 2002 and early 2003 warning about a tax loophole allowing investors to receive more than one tax reimbursement for a single short transaction . Depending on how many times investors short sold a share in a period of 48 hours after a dividend disbursement , tax refunds were erroneously paid out up to four or five times for that single short-sell transaction . Eichels ministry took no corrective action in response , and from that time forward , gradually larger and larger amounts of forfeited tax revenue resulted . G-20 . The G-20 was created in 1999 in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis as a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system . According to senior researchers at the Brookings Institution , the G-20 was founded at the initiative of Eichel , then German finance minister who was also concurrently chair of the G-7 . Other sources identify Hans Eichel , US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers , and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin as the three key initiators . According to University of Toronto professor John Kirton , the membership of the G-20 was decided by Eichels assistant Caio Koch-Weser and Summers assistant Timothy Geithner . In Kirtons book G20 Governance for a Globalised World , Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying , Canada in , Spain out , South Africa in , Nigeria and Egypt out , and so on ; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries ; and the invitations to the first meeting went out . The group was formally inaugurated in September 1999 , Canadian prime minister Paul Martin was chosen to be the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the first G-20 meeting of finance ministers in December 1999 in Berlin . Other activities . Eichel currently leads the expert group on sustainable structural development for the Friedrich Ebert Foundation , the worlds oldest and largest foundation to promote democracy and political education . In addition , Eichel has been holding various paid and unpaid positions since leaving active politics , including the following : - WMP Eurocom , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2010-2020 ) - Institute for Law and Finance at the Goethe University Frankfurt , Member of the Board of Trustees - Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum ( OMFIF ) , Member of the Advisory Board - Rheingau Musik Festival , Member of the Board of Trustees - Deutsche Sporthilfe , Member of the Foundation’s Council - 7000 Oaks Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees External links . - Website from Hans Eichel - Biography by German Bundestag - German news publisher Web site
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[
"Germanys Minister of Finance",
"chairman of the G7"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Hans Eichel from Apr 1999 to Oct 2002?
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/wiki/Hans_Eichel#P39#1
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Hans Eichel Hans Eichel ( born 24 December 1941 ) is a German politician ( SPD ) and the co-founder of the G20 , or Group of Twenty , an international forum for the governments and central bank governors of twenty developed and developing nations to discuss policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability . He was Germanys Minister of Finance between 1999 and 2005 . Eichel was chairman of the G7 in 1999 and chairman of the G20 in 2004 . Before that , Eichel served as the 6th Minister President of Hesse from 1991 to 1999 and as the 52nd President of the Bundesrat in 1998/99 . During his time in office , Eichel played a very important role in two landmark reforms – the far reaching reform of German society and economy ( also known as Agenda 2010 ) and the creation of the G-20 to reflect the rebalancing of world power . Some argue that Agenda 2010 helped turn Germany from the sick man of Europe into the best performing major Western economy in the aftermath of the global financial crisis . While some parties regarded it as the most successful economic reforms in Germany in over half a century , as well as in any G7 country in 30 years , it also created massive controversy and protests . The effects of the Agenda 2010 on German economic development remain disputed . As chairman of the G7 , Eichel initiated the creation of the G20 together with then US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers and hosted its inaugural meeting in Berlin . The G20 rapidly grew to become the most influential economic body in the world . Eichel went on to serve as chairman of the G20 in 2004 , when he pressed for the reforming of the international financial architecture and establishing a code of conduct on preventing financial crises . Background . He was brought up in Kassel where he did his Abitur in 1961 . He then completed a degree in German , philosophy , political science , history and education at the universities of Marburg and Berlin , graduating in 1970 . After that , he worked as a teacher for five years in a Kassel Gymnasium , the Wilhelmsgymnasium , before winning election as the mayor of Kassel at age 33 . Political career . In his early days , Eichel was known for his campaigns for green causes and against nuclear weapons but for most of his political career , he became associated with stimulating investment and creating jobs . He was noted for his consensus building skills and an ability to mix pragmatism with a mastery of detail . Eichel believed strongly in European federation and on merging Europes armies and foreign services , and on giving them a single foreign minister . He argued that Europe would be very much stronger if it spoke to the outside world with one voice . From 1975 to 1991 , Eichel served as mayor of Kassel , initially gaining the office at the age of only 33 . From 1991 to 1999 , he was the Minister-President of Hesse in a coalition with the Green Party . The coalition won again four years later and was the first red-green coalition to serve two consecutive terms . Eichel also served as President of the Bundesrat from November 1998 to April 1999 . However , he unexpectedly lost the 1999 state elections to Roland Kochs CDU and lost his office . In March 1999 , Oskar Lafontaine resigned as Minister of Finance in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , and Eichel replaced him a month later . He served as a member of the Bundestag from 2002 to 2009 . At the beginning of his term , Eichel tried to decrease the German federal deficit and wanted a balanced budget until 2006 . Initially he was successful and earned the nickname Iron Hans or Iron Minister because of his ability to exercise strict budget discipline . The Economist magazines description of him : It was Mr Eichel who achieved Germanys biggest tax cuts in half a century , preached a fierce austerity , and stuck rigidly to a policy of squeezing the budget . For two years after taking over as finance minister in 1999 from the left-wing , fiscally extravagant Oskar Lafontaine , Mr Eichel was the governments star . Despite his penchant for spending cuts , he was widely admired for his integrity , courage , and unwavering loyalty to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder Despite initial success , due to constraints by the cabinet and by the worsening economic situation after the short boom in 1999/2000 , he had to abandon those plans . After the election Eichel had to recalculate the budget due to the deteriorating economy and found that he would have $18 billion less in tax revenue than was anticipated . The German budget deficit was 3.8% , exceeding the 3% ceiling set by the EUs Stability Pact . Until 2005 , when he stepped down , Eichel did not reduce the deficit to under the 3% stability threshold , mainly due to the decision from Chancellor Schroder to not force excessive austerity on the German people on top of the deep economic reforms taking place . Toward the end of his term , in late 2004 , Eichel and U.S . Treasury Secretary John W . Snow worked out a proposal to cancel 80 percent , or about $33 billion , of the debt owed by Iraq to a group of creditor nations known as the Paris Club , capping an American effort for debt forgiveness . Controversy . Eichel had a public spat in 2003 with then International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) chief Horst Köhler , accusing Kohler and the IMF of being too harsh on Germany and too soft on the risks and policy failures of the United States . Köhler defended the harsh criticism of Germany and rejected the notion that the IMF was too soft on the US . However , experts pointed out in 2003 that there was growing evidence that the IMF was reluctant to explore the more problematic aspects of American economic and financial policies such as the concentration of derivative risks at a few big US financial institutions and early warning signs of the building up of risks in Fanny Mae and Freddie Mac . The public and global sentiment in 2003 was against Eichel as Germany was then viewed as the sick man of Europe but consequently , the developments of the global financial crisis radiating out of the US , happening in parallel with the renaissance of the German economy , would suggest that Eichel was in the right . After the tax reforms of 2001 and 2002 , the German banking industry association sent Eichels internal revenue ministry three letters in total in late 2002 and early 2003 warning about a tax loophole allowing investors to receive more than one tax reimbursement for a single short transaction . Depending on how many times investors short sold a share in a period of 48 hours after a dividend disbursement , tax refunds were erroneously paid out up to four or five times for that single short-sell transaction . Eichels ministry took no corrective action in response , and from that time forward , gradually larger and larger amounts of forfeited tax revenue resulted . G-20 . The G-20 was created in 1999 in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis as a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system . According to senior researchers at the Brookings Institution , the G-20 was founded at the initiative of Eichel , then German finance minister who was also concurrently chair of the G-7 . Other sources identify Hans Eichel , US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers , and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin as the three key initiators . According to University of Toronto professor John Kirton , the membership of the G-20 was decided by Eichels assistant Caio Koch-Weser and Summers assistant Timothy Geithner . In Kirtons book G20 Governance for a Globalised World , Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying , Canada in , Spain out , South Africa in , Nigeria and Egypt out , and so on ; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries ; and the invitations to the first meeting went out . The group was formally inaugurated in September 1999 , Canadian prime minister Paul Martin was chosen to be the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the first G-20 meeting of finance ministers in December 1999 in Berlin . Other activities . Eichel currently leads the expert group on sustainable structural development for the Friedrich Ebert Foundation , the worlds oldest and largest foundation to promote democracy and political education . In addition , Eichel has been holding various paid and unpaid positions since leaving active politics , including the following : - WMP Eurocom , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2010-2020 ) - Institute for Law and Finance at the Goethe University Frankfurt , Member of the Board of Trustees - Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum ( OMFIF ) , Member of the Advisory Board - Rheingau Musik Festival , Member of the Board of Trustees - Deutsche Sporthilfe , Member of the Foundation’s Council - 7000 Oaks Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees External links . - Website from Hans Eichel - Biography by German Bundestag - German news publisher Web site
|
[
"member of the Bundestag",
"Germanys Minister of Finance",
"chairman of the G20"
] |
easy
|
What position did Hans Eichel take from Oct 2002 to Oct 2005?
|
/wiki/Hans_Eichel#P39#2
|
Hans Eichel Hans Eichel ( born 24 December 1941 ) is a German politician ( SPD ) and the co-founder of the G20 , or Group of Twenty , an international forum for the governments and central bank governors of twenty developed and developing nations to discuss policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability . He was Germanys Minister of Finance between 1999 and 2005 . Eichel was chairman of the G7 in 1999 and chairman of the G20 in 2004 . Before that , Eichel served as the 6th Minister President of Hesse from 1991 to 1999 and as the 52nd President of the Bundesrat in 1998/99 . During his time in office , Eichel played a very important role in two landmark reforms – the far reaching reform of German society and economy ( also known as Agenda 2010 ) and the creation of the G-20 to reflect the rebalancing of world power . Some argue that Agenda 2010 helped turn Germany from the sick man of Europe into the best performing major Western economy in the aftermath of the global financial crisis . While some parties regarded it as the most successful economic reforms in Germany in over half a century , as well as in any G7 country in 30 years , it also created massive controversy and protests . The effects of the Agenda 2010 on German economic development remain disputed . As chairman of the G7 , Eichel initiated the creation of the G20 together with then US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers and hosted its inaugural meeting in Berlin . The G20 rapidly grew to become the most influential economic body in the world . Eichel went on to serve as chairman of the G20 in 2004 , when he pressed for the reforming of the international financial architecture and establishing a code of conduct on preventing financial crises . Background . He was brought up in Kassel where he did his Abitur in 1961 . He then completed a degree in German , philosophy , political science , history and education at the universities of Marburg and Berlin , graduating in 1970 . After that , he worked as a teacher for five years in a Kassel Gymnasium , the Wilhelmsgymnasium , before winning election as the mayor of Kassel at age 33 . Political career . In his early days , Eichel was known for his campaigns for green causes and against nuclear weapons but for most of his political career , he became associated with stimulating investment and creating jobs . He was noted for his consensus building skills and an ability to mix pragmatism with a mastery of detail . Eichel believed strongly in European federation and on merging Europes armies and foreign services , and on giving them a single foreign minister . He argued that Europe would be very much stronger if it spoke to the outside world with one voice . From 1975 to 1991 , Eichel served as mayor of Kassel , initially gaining the office at the age of only 33 . From 1991 to 1999 , he was the Minister-President of Hesse in a coalition with the Green Party . The coalition won again four years later and was the first red-green coalition to serve two consecutive terms . Eichel also served as President of the Bundesrat from November 1998 to April 1999 . However , he unexpectedly lost the 1999 state elections to Roland Kochs CDU and lost his office . In March 1999 , Oskar Lafontaine resigned as Minister of Finance in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , and Eichel replaced him a month later . He served as a member of the Bundestag from 2002 to 2009 . At the beginning of his term , Eichel tried to decrease the German federal deficit and wanted a balanced budget until 2006 . Initially he was successful and earned the nickname Iron Hans or Iron Minister because of his ability to exercise strict budget discipline . The Economist magazines description of him : It was Mr Eichel who achieved Germanys biggest tax cuts in half a century , preached a fierce austerity , and stuck rigidly to a policy of squeezing the budget . For two years after taking over as finance minister in 1999 from the left-wing , fiscally extravagant Oskar Lafontaine , Mr Eichel was the governments star . Despite his penchant for spending cuts , he was widely admired for his integrity , courage , and unwavering loyalty to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder Despite initial success , due to constraints by the cabinet and by the worsening economic situation after the short boom in 1999/2000 , he had to abandon those plans . After the election Eichel had to recalculate the budget due to the deteriorating economy and found that he would have $18 billion less in tax revenue than was anticipated . The German budget deficit was 3.8% , exceeding the 3% ceiling set by the EUs Stability Pact . Until 2005 , when he stepped down , Eichel did not reduce the deficit to under the 3% stability threshold , mainly due to the decision from Chancellor Schroder to not force excessive austerity on the German people on top of the deep economic reforms taking place . Toward the end of his term , in late 2004 , Eichel and U.S . Treasury Secretary John W . Snow worked out a proposal to cancel 80 percent , or about $33 billion , of the debt owed by Iraq to a group of creditor nations known as the Paris Club , capping an American effort for debt forgiveness . Controversy . Eichel had a public spat in 2003 with then International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) chief Horst Köhler , accusing Kohler and the IMF of being too harsh on Germany and too soft on the risks and policy failures of the United States . Köhler defended the harsh criticism of Germany and rejected the notion that the IMF was too soft on the US . However , experts pointed out in 2003 that there was growing evidence that the IMF was reluctant to explore the more problematic aspects of American economic and financial policies such as the concentration of derivative risks at a few big US financial institutions and early warning signs of the building up of risks in Fanny Mae and Freddie Mac . The public and global sentiment in 2003 was against Eichel as Germany was then viewed as the sick man of Europe but consequently , the developments of the global financial crisis radiating out of the US , happening in parallel with the renaissance of the German economy , would suggest that Eichel was in the right . After the tax reforms of 2001 and 2002 , the German banking industry association sent Eichels internal revenue ministry three letters in total in late 2002 and early 2003 warning about a tax loophole allowing investors to receive more than one tax reimbursement for a single short transaction . Depending on how many times investors short sold a share in a period of 48 hours after a dividend disbursement , tax refunds were erroneously paid out up to four or five times for that single short-sell transaction . Eichels ministry took no corrective action in response , and from that time forward , gradually larger and larger amounts of forfeited tax revenue resulted . G-20 . The G-20 was created in 1999 in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis as a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system . According to senior researchers at the Brookings Institution , the G-20 was founded at the initiative of Eichel , then German finance minister who was also concurrently chair of the G-7 . Other sources identify Hans Eichel , US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers , and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin as the three key initiators . According to University of Toronto professor John Kirton , the membership of the G-20 was decided by Eichels assistant Caio Koch-Weser and Summers assistant Timothy Geithner . In Kirtons book G20 Governance for a Globalised World , Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying , Canada in , Spain out , South Africa in , Nigeria and Egypt out , and so on ; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries ; and the invitations to the first meeting went out . The group was formally inaugurated in September 1999 , Canadian prime minister Paul Martin was chosen to be the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the first G-20 meeting of finance ministers in December 1999 in Berlin . Other activities . Eichel currently leads the expert group on sustainable structural development for the Friedrich Ebert Foundation , the worlds oldest and largest foundation to promote democracy and political education . In addition , Eichel has been holding various paid and unpaid positions since leaving active politics , including the following : - WMP Eurocom , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2010-2020 ) - Institute for Law and Finance at the Goethe University Frankfurt , Member of the Board of Trustees - Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum ( OMFIF ) , Member of the Advisory Board - Rheingau Musik Festival , Member of the Board of Trustees - Deutsche Sporthilfe , Member of the Foundation’s Council - 7000 Oaks Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees External links . - Website from Hans Eichel - Biography by German Bundestag - German news publisher Web site
|
[
"Germanys Minister of Finance"
] |
easy
|
What position did Hans Eichel take in Oct 2005?
|
/wiki/Hans_Eichel#P39#3
|
Hans Eichel Hans Eichel ( born 24 December 1941 ) is a German politician ( SPD ) and the co-founder of the G20 , or Group of Twenty , an international forum for the governments and central bank governors of twenty developed and developing nations to discuss policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability . He was Germanys Minister of Finance between 1999 and 2005 . Eichel was chairman of the G7 in 1999 and chairman of the G20 in 2004 . Before that , Eichel served as the 6th Minister President of Hesse from 1991 to 1999 and as the 52nd President of the Bundesrat in 1998/99 . During his time in office , Eichel played a very important role in two landmark reforms – the far reaching reform of German society and economy ( also known as Agenda 2010 ) and the creation of the G-20 to reflect the rebalancing of world power . Some argue that Agenda 2010 helped turn Germany from the sick man of Europe into the best performing major Western economy in the aftermath of the global financial crisis . While some parties regarded it as the most successful economic reforms in Germany in over half a century , as well as in any G7 country in 30 years , it also created massive controversy and protests . The effects of the Agenda 2010 on German economic development remain disputed . As chairman of the G7 , Eichel initiated the creation of the G20 together with then US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers and hosted its inaugural meeting in Berlin . The G20 rapidly grew to become the most influential economic body in the world . Eichel went on to serve as chairman of the G20 in 2004 , when he pressed for the reforming of the international financial architecture and establishing a code of conduct on preventing financial crises . Background . He was brought up in Kassel where he did his Abitur in 1961 . He then completed a degree in German , philosophy , political science , history and education at the universities of Marburg and Berlin , graduating in 1970 . After that , he worked as a teacher for five years in a Kassel Gymnasium , the Wilhelmsgymnasium , before winning election as the mayor of Kassel at age 33 . Political career . In his early days , Eichel was known for his campaigns for green causes and against nuclear weapons but for most of his political career , he became associated with stimulating investment and creating jobs . He was noted for his consensus building skills and an ability to mix pragmatism with a mastery of detail . Eichel believed strongly in European federation and on merging Europes armies and foreign services , and on giving them a single foreign minister . He argued that Europe would be very much stronger if it spoke to the outside world with one voice . From 1975 to 1991 , Eichel served as mayor of Kassel , initially gaining the office at the age of only 33 . From 1991 to 1999 , he was the Minister-President of Hesse in a coalition with the Green Party . The coalition won again four years later and was the first red-green coalition to serve two consecutive terms . Eichel also served as President of the Bundesrat from November 1998 to April 1999 . However , he unexpectedly lost the 1999 state elections to Roland Kochs CDU and lost his office . In March 1999 , Oskar Lafontaine resigned as Minister of Finance in the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , and Eichel replaced him a month later . He served as a member of the Bundestag from 2002 to 2009 . At the beginning of his term , Eichel tried to decrease the German federal deficit and wanted a balanced budget until 2006 . Initially he was successful and earned the nickname Iron Hans or Iron Minister because of his ability to exercise strict budget discipline . The Economist magazines description of him : It was Mr Eichel who achieved Germanys biggest tax cuts in half a century , preached a fierce austerity , and stuck rigidly to a policy of squeezing the budget . For two years after taking over as finance minister in 1999 from the left-wing , fiscally extravagant Oskar Lafontaine , Mr Eichel was the governments star . Despite his penchant for spending cuts , he was widely admired for his integrity , courage , and unwavering loyalty to Chancellor Gerhard Schröder Despite initial success , due to constraints by the cabinet and by the worsening economic situation after the short boom in 1999/2000 , he had to abandon those plans . After the election Eichel had to recalculate the budget due to the deteriorating economy and found that he would have $18 billion less in tax revenue than was anticipated . The German budget deficit was 3.8% , exceeding the 3% ceiling set by the EUs Stability Pact . Until 2005 , when he stepped down , Eichel did not reduce the deficit to under the 3% stability threshold , mainly due to the decision from Chancellor Schroder to not force excessive austerity on the German people on top of the deep economic reforms taking place . Toward the end of his term , in late 2004 , Eichel and U.S . Treasury Secretary John W . Snow worked out a proposal to cancel 80 percent , or about $33 billion , of the debt owed by Iraq to a group of creditor nations known as the Paris Club , capping an American effort for debt forgiveness . Controversy . Eichel had a public spat in 2003 with then International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) chief Horst Köhler , accusing Kohler and the IMF of being too harsh on Germany and too soft on the risks and policy failures of the United States . Köhler defended the harsh criticism of Germany and rejected the notion that the IMF was too soft on the US . However , experts pointed out in 2003 that there was growing evidence that the IMF was reluctant to explore the more problematic aspects of American economic and financial policies such as the concentration of derivative risks at a few big US financial institutions and early warning signs of the building up of risks in Fanny Mae and Freddie Mac . The public and global sentiment in 2003 was against Eichel as Germany was then viewed as the sick man of Europe but consequently , the developments of the global financial crisis radiating out of the US , happening in parallel with the renaissance of the German economy , would suggest that Eichel was in the right . After the tax reforms of 2001 and 2002 , the German banking industry association sent Eichels internal revenue ministry three letters in total in late 2002 and early 2003 warning about a tax loophole allowing investors to receive more than one tax reimbursement for a single short transaction . Depending on how many times investors short sold a share in a period of 48 hours after a dividend disbursement , tax refunds were erroneously paid out up to four or five times for that single short-sell transaction . Eichels ministry took no corrective action in response , and from that time forward , gradually larger and larger amounts of forfeited tax revenue resulted . G-20 . The G-20 was created in 1999 in the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis as a forum for cooperation and consultation on matters pertaining to the international financial system . According to senior researchers at the Brookings Institution , the G-20 was founded at the initiative of Eichel , then German finance minister who was also concurrently chair of the G-7 . Other sources identify Hans Eichel , US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers , and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin as the three key initiators . According to University of Toronto professor John Kirton , the membership of the G-20 was decided by Eichels assistant Caio Koch-Weser and Summers assistant Timothy Geithner . In Kirtons book G20 Governance for a Globalised World , Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying , Canada in , Spain out , South Africa in , Nigeria and Egypt out , and so on ; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries ; and the invitations to the first meeting went out . The group was formally inaugurated in September 1999 , Canadian prime minister Paul Martin was chosen to be the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the first G-20 meeting of finance ministers in December 1999 in Berlin . Other activities . Eichel currently leads the expert group on sustainable structural development for the Friedrich Ebert Foundation , the worlds oldest and largest foundation to promote democracy and political education . In addition , Eichel has been holding various paid and unpaid positions since leaving active politics , including the following : - WMP Eurocom , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2010-2020 ) - Institute for Law and Finance at the Goethe University Frankfurt , Member of the Board of Trustees - Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum ( OMFIF ) , Member of the Advisory Board - Rheingau Musik Festival , Member of the Board of Trustees - Deutsche Sporthilfe , Member of the Foundation’s Council - 7000 Oaks Foundation , Member of the Board of Trustees External links . - Website from Hans Eichel - Biography by German Bundestag - German news publisher Web site
|
[
"England"
] |
easy
|
Marek Szmid played for which team from 1998 to 1999?
|
/wiki/Marek_Szmid#P54#0
|
Marek Szmid Marek Andrezj Szmid ( born 2 March 1982 ) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Early life . Szmid was born in Nuneaton , Warkwickshire . Club career . Manchester United . Szmid signed for Manchester United as a youth trainee in July 1998 . He made his first appearance for United in the friendly against the San Diego Nomads in August . He scored his first goal for the club in the FA Premier Academy League under-17 match against Derby County on 12 September . United won the game 4−0 . On 5 December , Szmid made his first appearance for the reserves ; he replaced Lee Roche in the friendly against a Major League Soccer under-21 side . He featured in the NIVEA Junior Football Tournament in April 1999 and played against the likes of Bayern Munich and VfB Stuttgart as United were runners-up . In July , he played in every game as United participated in the Milk Cup in Northern Ireland . They lost 2−1 to Crewe Alexandra in the final . Szmid played in the Jersey Tournament in August 1999 ; he took part in the win versus Rangers and the defeat against Benfica . On 21 September , he signed his first professional contract with United . He played in the 2−1 defeat against Nottingham Forest in the FA Youth Cup third round at Gigg Lane . Szmid made 20 appearances as United finished third in Group B before falling to West Ham United in FA Premier Academy League under-19 playoffs . Post season he was part of the squad that took part in the International Youth Tournament hosted by Real Sociedad . He started all three group games against Sevilla , Osasuna , and Real Sociedad , but United failed to qualify for the final . In August 2000 , Szmid played in the Bayern Munich Centenary Youth Tournament ; he featured in four games and scored in the 2−2 draw with IFK Göteborg . He scored for the reserves in the friendly against Bristol City in September . The game , a testimonial for Citys Buster Footman , finished 4−0 at Ashton Gate . He featured throughout Uniteds run to the Manchester Senior Cup final but was an unused substitute in the final defeat to Manchester City at Old Trafford in May 2001 . He was released by United on 30 June . Szmid spent just over three years at United but failed to make a senior appearance . Southend United . Szmid signed for Third Division club Southend United in November 2001 . His first involvement with the first team was as an unused substitute in the defeat at Shrewsbury Town on 24 November . On 23 February 2002 , he made his debut when he replaced Brian Barry-Murphy in the 80th minute of the 5−1 defeat against Hartlepool United . Szmid was involved in several other matchday squads before the end of the season , but he only made one more appearance for United when he started the defeat against Leyton Orient in March . This was his final appearance for Southend and he left the club in the summer . Later career . Szmid later played non-league football with Sutton Coldfield Town and Marine . In the same season he moved to play for Nuneaton Griff . In 2004 , he played for Nuneaton Borough . The next season saw him playing for Vauxhall Motors . That season saw him suffering a bad injury which caused him to retire from playing football . After retiring , he attended Liverpool John Moores University where he graduated with a B.A . in Sports Development in 2007 . Whilst studying he suffered a severe injury which caused his playing career to stop . The following year he attended the University of Chester where he took part in the GTP ( Graduate Teacher Programme ) . He started teaching Physical Education at Ashton-on-Mersey School in Trafford in 2008 . In September 2010 he started work as the Assistant Head of Education and Welfare at Manchester United F.C . International career . ESFA U15 . Szmid represented English Schools Football Association ( ESFA ) under-15s and the team reached 3rd place of the mini World Cup at the Montaigu Tournament in France . He was in the last ESFA under-15 team when they beat Germany 1–0 at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin , before The Football Association took over the running of Schools Football . England U16 . Szmid represented England at 1999 UEFA European Under-16 Championship in the Czech Republic . He featured in the quarter final defeat against the Czech Republic on 2 May 1999 ; he played 61 minutes before being replaced by Jay Bothroyd as England lost 1−0 after extra time . England futsal . Szmid was called up to the England national futsal team for the Four Nations tournament in March 2005 . On 9 March , he made his debut against France and scored a penalty in the 5−2 defeat in Villeneuve-dAscq , France . Two days later , he played in the loss against Finland as England finished last place in the tournament . External links . - Marek Szmid at SouthendUnited.co.uk
|
[
"Southend United"
] |
easy
|
Marek Szmid played for which team from 2001 to 2002?
|
/wiki/Marek_Szmid#P54#1
|
Marek Szmid Marek Andrezj Szmid ( born 2 March 1982 ) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Early life . Szmid was born in Nuneaton , Warkwickshire . Club career . Manchester United . Szmid signed for Manchester United as a youth trainee in July 1998 . He made his first appearance for United in the friendly against the San Diego Nomads in August . He scored his first goal for the club in the FA Premier Academy League under-17 match against Derby County on 12 September . United won the game 4−0 . On 5 December , Szmid made his first appearance for the reserves ; he replaced Lee Roche in the friendly against a Major League Soccer under-21 side . He featured in the NIVEA Junior Football Tournament in April 1999 and played against the likes of Bayern Munich and VfB Stuttgart as United were runners-up . In July , he played in every game as United participated in the Milk Cup in Northern Ireland . They lost 2−1 to Crewe Alexandra in the final . Szmid played in the Jersey Tournament in August 1999 ; he took part in the win versus Rangers and the defeat against Benfica . On 21 September , he signed his first professional contract with United . He played in the 2−1 defeat against Nottingham Forest in the FA Youth Cup third round at Gigg Lane . Szmid made 20 appearances as United finished third in Group B before falling to West Ham United in FA Premier Academy League under-19 playoffs . Post season he was part of the squad that took part in the International Youth Tournament hosted by Real Sociedad . He started all three group games against Sevilla , Osasuna , and Real Sociedad , but United failed to qualify for the final . In August 2000 , Szmid played in the Bayern Munich Centenary Youth Tournament ; he featured in four games and scored in the 2−2 draw with IFK Göteborg . He scored for the reserves in the friendly against Bristol City in September . The game , a testimonial for Citys Buster Footman , finished 4−0 at Ashton Gate . He featured throughout Uniteds run to the Manchester Senior Cup final but was an unused substitute in the final defeat to Manchester City at Old Trafford in May 2001 . He was released by United on 30 June . Szmid spent just over three years at United but failed to make a senior appearance . Southend United . Szmid signed for Third Division club Southend United in November 2001 . His first involvement with the first team was as an unused substitute in the defeat at Shrewsbury Town on 24 November . On 23 February 2002 , he made his debut when he replaced Brian Barry-Murphy in the 80th minute of the 5−1 defeat against Hartlepool United . Szmid was involved in several other matchday squads before the end of the season , but he only made one more appearance for United when he started the defeat against Leyton Orient in March . This was his final appearance for Southend and he left the club in the summer . Later career . Szmid later played non-league football with Sutton Coldfield Town and Marine . In the same season he moved to play for Nuneaton Griff . In 2004 , he played for Nuneaton Borough . The next season saw him playing for Vauxhall Motors . That season saw him suffering a bad injury which caused him to retire from playing football . After retiring , he attended Liverpool John Moores University where he graduated with a B.A . in Sports Development in 2007 . Whilst studying he suffered a severe injury which caused his playing career to stop . The following year he attended the University of Chester where he took part in the GTP ( Graduate Teacher Programme ) . He started teaching Physical Education at Ashton-on-Mersey School in Trafford in 2008 . In September 2010 he started work as the Assistant Head of Education and Welfare at Manchester United F.C . International career . ESFA U15 . Szmid represented English Schools Football Association ( ESFA ) under-15s and the team reached 3rd place of the mini World Cup at the Montaigu Tournament in France . He was in the last ESFA under-15 team when they beat Germany 1–0 at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin , before The Football Association took over the running of Schools Football . England U16 . Szmid represented England at 1999 UEFA European Under-16 Championship in the Czech Republic . He featured in the quarter final defeat against the Czech Republic on 2 May 1999 ; he played 61 minutes before being replaced by Jay Bothroyd as England lost 1−0 after extra time . England futsal . Szmid was called up to the England national futsal team for the Four Nations tournament in March 2005 . On 9 March , he made his debut against France and scored a penalty in the 5−2 defeat in Villeneuve-dAscq , France . Two days later , he played in the loss against Finland as England finished last place in the tournament . External links . - Marek Szmid at SouthendUnited.co.uk
|
[
"Sutton Coldfield Town"
] |
easy
|
Marek Szmid played for which team from 2002 to 2003?
|
/wiki/Marek_Szmid#P54#2
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Marek Szmid Marek Andrezj Szmid ( born 2 March 1982 ) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Early life . Szmid was born in Nuneaton , Warkwickshire . Club career . Manchester United . Szmid signed for Manchester United as a youth trainee in July 1998 . He made his first appearance for United in the friendly against the San Diego Nomads in August . He scored his first goal for the club in the FA Premier Academy League under-17 match against Derby County on 12 September . United won the game 4−0 . On 5 December , Szmid made his first appearance for the reserves ; he replaced Lee Roche in the friendly against a Major League Soccer under-21 side . He featured in the NIVEA Junior Football Tournament in April 1999 and played against the likes of Bayern Munich and VfB Stuttgart as United were runners-up . In July , he played in every game as United participated in the Milk Cup in Northern Ireland . They lost 2−1 to Crewe Alexandra in the final . Szmid played in the Jersey Tournament in August 1999 ; he took part in the win versus Rangers and the defeat against Benfica . On 21 September , he signed his first professional contract with United . He played in the 2−1 defeat against Nottingham Forest in the FA Youth Cup third round at Gigg Lane . Szmid made 20 appearances as United finished third in Group B before falling to West Ham United in FA Premier Academy League under-19 playoffs . Post season he was part of the squad that took part in the International Youth Tournament hosted by Real Sociedad . He started all three group games against Sevilla , Osasuna , and Real Sociedad , but United failed to qualify for the final . In August 2000 , Szmid played in the Bayern Munich Centenary Youth Tournament ; he featured in four games and scored in the 2−2 draw with IFK Göteborg . He scored for the reserves in the friendly against Bristol City in September . The game , a testimonial for Citys Buster Footman , finished 4−0 at Ashton Gate . He featured throughout Uniteds run to the Manchester Senior Cup final but was an unused substitute in the final defeat to Manchester City at Old Trafford in May 2001 . He was released by United on 30 June . Szmid spent just over three years at United but failed to make a senior appearance . Southend United . Szmid signed for Third Division club Southend United in November 2001 . His first involvement with the first team was as an unused substitute in the defeat at Shrewsbury Town on 24 November . On 23 February 2002 , he made his debut when he replaced Brian Barry-Murphy in the 80th minute of the 5−1 defeat against Hartlepool United . Szmid was involved in several other matchday squads before the end of the season , but he only made one more appearance for United when he started the defeat against Leyton Orient in March . This was his final appearance for Southend and he left the club in the summer . Later career . Szmid later played non-league football with Sutton Coldfield Town and Marine . In the same season he moved to play for Nuneaton Griff . In 2004 , he played for Nuneaton Borough . The next season saw him playing for Vauxhall Motors . That season saw him suffering a bad injury which caused him to retire from playing football . After retiring , he attended Liverpool John Moores University where he graduated with a B.A . in Sports Development in 2007 . Whilst studying he suffered a severe injury which caused his playing career to stop . The following year he attended the University of Chester where he took part in the GTP ( Graduate Teacher Programme ) . He started teaching Physical Education at Ashton-on-Mersey School in Trafford in 2008 . In September 2010 he started work as the Assistant Head of Education and Welfare at Manchester United F.C . International career . ESFA U15 . Szmid represented English Schools Football Association ( ESFA ) under-15s and the team reached 3rd place of the mini World Cup at the Montaigu Tournament in France . He was in the last ESFA under-15 team when they beat Germany 1–0 at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin , before The Football Association took over the running of Schools Football . England U16 . Szmid represented England at 1999 UEFA European Under-16 Championship in the Czech Republic . He featured in the quarter final defeat against the Czech Republic on 2 May 1999 ; he played 61 minutes before being replaced by Jay Bothroyd as England lost 1−0 after extra time . England futsal . Szmid was called up to the England national futsal team for the Four Nations tournament in March 2005 . On 9 March , he made his debut against France and scored a penalty in the 5−2 defeat in Villeneuve-dAscq , France . Two days later , he played in the loss against Finland as England finished last place in the tournament . External links . - Marek Szmid at SouthendUnited.co.uk
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Which team did the player Marek Szmid belong to from 2003 to 2004?
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/wiki/Marek_Szmid#P54#3
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Marek Szmid Marek Andrezj Szmid ( born 2 March 1982 ) is an English retired professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Early life . Szmid was born in Nuneaton , Warkwickshire . Club career . Manchester United . Szmid signed for Manchester United as a youth trainee in July 1998 . He made his first appearance for United in the friendly against the San Diego Nomads in August . He scored his first goal for the club in the FA Premier Academy League under-17 match against Derby County on 12 September . United won the game 4−0 . On 5 December , Szmid made his first appearance for the reserves ; he replaced Lee Roche in the friendly against a Major League Soccer under-21 side . He featured in the NIVEA Junior Football Tournament in April 1999 and played against the likes of Bayern Munich and VfB Stuttgart as United were runners-up . In July , he played in every game as United participated in the Milk Cup in Northern Ireland . They lost 2−1 to Crewe Alexandra in the final . Szmid played in the Jersey Tournament in August 1999 ; he took part in the win versus Rangers and the defeat against Benfica . On 21 September , he signed his first professional contract with United . He played in the 2−1 defeat against Nottingham Forest in the FA Youth Cup third round at Gigg Lane . Szmid made 20 appearances as United finished third in Group B before falling to West Ham United in FA Premier Academy League under-19 playoffs . Post season he was part of the squad that took part in the International Youth Tournament hosted by Real Sociedad . He started all three group games against Sevilla , Osasuna , and Real Sociedad , but United failed to qualify for the final . In August 2000 , Szmid played in the Bayern Munich Centenary Youth Tournament ; he featured in four games and scored in the 2−2 draw with IFK Göteborg . He scored for the reserves in the friendly against Bristol City in September . The game , a testimonial for Citys Buster Footman , finished 4−0 at Ashton Gate . He featured throughout Uniteds run to the Manchester Senior Cup final but was an unused substitute in the final defeat to Manchester City at Old Trafford in May 2001 . He was released by United on 30 June . Szmid spent just over three years at United but failed to make a senior appearance . Southend United . Szmid signed for Third Division club Southend United in November 2001 . His first involvement with the first team was as an unused substitute in the defeat at Shrewsbury Town on 24 November . On 23 February 2002 , he made his debut when he replaced Brian Barry-Murphy in the 80th minute of the 5−1 defeat against Hartlepool United . Szmid was involved in several other matchday squads before the end of the season , but he only made one more appearance for United when he started the defeat against Leyton Orient in March . This was his final appearance for Southend and he left the club in the summer . Later career . Szmid later played non-league football with Sutton Coldfield Town and Marine . In the same season he moved to play for Nuneaton Griff . In 2004 , he played for Nuneaton Borough . The next season saw him playing for Vauxhall Motors . That season saw him suffering a bad injury which caused him to retire from playing football . After retiring , he attended Liverpool John Moores University where he graduated with a B.A . in Sports Development in 2007 . Whilst studying he suffered a severe injury which caused his playing career to stop . The following year he attended the University of Chester where he took part in the GTP ( Graduate Teacher Programme ) . He started teaching Physical Education at Ashton-on-Mersey School in Trafford in 2008 . In September 2010 he started work as the Assistant Head of Education and Welfare at Manchester United F.C . International career . ESFA U15 . Szmid represented English Schools Football Association ( ESFA ) under-15s and the team reached 3rd place of the mini World Cup at the Montaigu Tournament in France . He was in the last ESFA under-15 team when they beat Germany 1–0 at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin , before The Football Association took over the running of Schools Football . England U16 . Szmid represented England at 1999 UEFA European Under-16 Championship in the Czech Republic . He featured in the quarter final defeat against the Czech Republic on 2 May 1999 ; he played 61 minutes before being replaced by Jay Bothroyd as England lost 1−0 after extra time . England futsal . Szmid was called up to the England national futsal team for the Four Nations tournament in March 2005 . On 9 March , he made his debut against France and scored a penalty in the 5−2 defeat in Villeneuve-dAscq , France . Two days later , he played in the loss against Finland as England finished last place in the tournament . External links . - Marek Szmid at SouthendUnited.co.uk
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