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[
"National Basketball Association"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Val Ackerman work for from 1988 to 1996?
|
/wiki/Val_Ackerman#P108#1
|
Val Ackerman Valerie B . Ackerman ( born November 7 , 1959 in Lakewood Township , New Jersey ) is an American sports executive , former lawyer , and former basketball player . She is the current commissioner of the Big East Conference . She is best known for being the first president of the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , serving from 1996 to 2005 . Ackerman was inducted into the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011 . Early life . Ackerman was born in 1959 in Lakewood Township , New Jersey , but grew up in Pennington , New Jersey , United States . She was raised Roman Catholic . Her grandfather was director of athletics for Trenton State College , and her father was director of athletics at Ackermans own high school . Ackerman graduated in 1977 from Hopewell Valley Central High School in Hopewell Township , Mercer County , New Jersey . Ackermans 1466 points set the schools varsity basketball career record for points scored by any basketball player , male or female , and she set the schools career scoring record as a halfback in field hockey , topped off by graduating second in her class . In addition to basketball and field hockey , Ackerman also ran on her schools track team . She was inducted into the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association Hall of Fame in 1997 . College years . Ackerman was a 1979 student initiate of Omicron Delta Kappa from the University of Virginia , where she graduated in 1981 . She was among the schools first female students to receive an athletic scholarship . She was a starter all four years , captain three years , and twice named Academic All-American for the womens basketball team ; she was the schools first basketball player to score 1,000 points . She earned her B.A . in Political and Social Thought . In 1997 , Ackerman received U . Va.s Distinguished Alumna Award from the Universitys Womens Center . In 2003 , she was named a member of the Atlantic Coast Conferences 50th Anniversary Womens Basketball Team . Ackerman also earned a law degree from the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , and worked for two years as a corporate and banking associate at the New York City law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett . Career . Ackerman played professional basketball in France for one season . In 1988 , she was hired as a staff attorney for the National Basketball Association and later served as special assistant to NBA Commissioner David Stern , before being promoted to vice-president of business affairs , prior to her appointment to head the WNBA in 1996 . In 1989 , Ackerman was one of the NBAs first appointees to the Board of Directors of USA Basketball — the organization responsible for the selection and training of the teams that represent the United States in international tournaments , including both the World Cup and the Olympics . In that capacity , she acted as a liaison between the NBA and USA Basketball regarding the 1992 Olympics , 1994 World Championships and 1996 Olympics . From 1995 to 1996 , she was a driving force behind the creation of the USA Basketball Womens National Team program that culminated with a 60–0 record and the gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics . On August 7 , 1996 , Ackerman was named president of the WNBA . Over the course of her historic eight-year term , Ackerman would become the first woman ever to successfully launch and operate a womens team sports league . On February 1 , 2005 she stepped down , and Donna Orender was named as her successor ; Laurel Richie succeeded Orender in 2011 . In April 2005 , Ackerman was named to Sports Business Journals list of the 20 Most Influential Women in Sports Business . In May 2005 , she became the first female president of USA Basketball for the 2005–2008 term , succeeding Tom Jernstedt from the NCAA , who served from 2000 to 2004 . During her term , she oversaw a restructuring of the USA Basketball Board of Directors , and gold medal performances by the mens and womens basketball teams at the Beijing Olympics . In 2006 , Ackerman was named the U.S . delegate to the Central Board of the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) , which is basketballs worldwide governing body , and was elected for a second four-year term in 2010 . She is also a member of FIBAs Competition Commission . As of 2013 , Ackerman serves on the Executive Committee of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , the Board of Directors of the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame , the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics , and both the NCAAs Womens Basketball Competition Committee and its Honors Committee . She is a past member of the National Board of Directors of Girls Incorporated , the Board of Directors of the Virginia Athletics Foundation , and the National Board of Trustees for the March of Dimes . Also in 2006 , she was named a recipient of the NCAAs Silver Anniversary Award , which is awarded to former student athletes who have achieved personal distinction since graduation . In 2008 , she received the IOCs Women of Distinction diploma , and the John Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award from the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Since 2009 , she has been a member of the adjunct faculty for Columbia Universitys Master of Science in Sports Management Program , where she has taught Leadership and Personnel Management with Neal Pilson , former President of CBS Sports . In 2010 , she was named an inductee of the Womens Basketball Hall of Fames Class of 2011 . In 2011 , she was named a Champion in Sports Business by Sports Business Journal . The Womens Sports Foundation named Ackerman one of its 40 for 40 honorees as part of its celebration of the 40th anniversary of Title IX in 2012 . On June 26 , 2013 , she was named as the commissioner of the Big East Conference , which split from the American Athletic Conference that year . Also in 2013 , Ackerman received USA Basketballs Edward S . Steitz Award . She has also been a contributing columnist for ESPNW.com . Awards and honors . Ackermans other honors have included the Brandweek Co-Marketer of the Year Award in 1997 , which she shared with Rick Welts , then President of NBA Properties ; the New Jersey Sportswriters Association Executive of the Year Award in 1998 ; the March of Dimes Sports Achievement Award in 1997 ; induction into the GTE Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 1999 ; and the National Mothers Day Committees Outstanding Mother Award in 2002 . She was inducted into the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011 . Ackerman has also been inducted into the International Scholar-Athlete Hall of Fame ; received the National Women of Distinction Award from Girl Scouts of the USA ; and was granted a Women And Sport Achievement Diploma by the International Olympic Committee . Ackerman report . In November 2012 , Ackerman was hired by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) to study the womens game and come up with recommendations for improvement . She conveyed preliminary conclusions in a presentation at a Womens Basketball Coaches Association convention , and followed up with a formal written report in June 2013 . Some of the proposals including cutting the number of scholarships ( to improve parity ) , changing the dates or locations of the NCAA Tournament , and possible rules changes such as reducing the shot clock . Personal life . Ackerman lives in New York City with her husband , Charles Rappaport . They have two daughters , Emily and Sally .
|
[
"WNBA"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Val Ackerman work for from 1996 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Val_Ackerman#P108#2
|
Val Ackerman Valerie B . Ackerman ( born November 7 , 1959 in Lakewood Township , New Jersey ) is an American sports executive , former lawyer , and former basketball player . She is the current commissioner of the Big East Conference . She is best known for being the first president of the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , serving from 1996 to 2005 . Ackerman was inducted into the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011 . Early life . Ackerman was born in 1959 in Lakewood Township , New Jersey , but grew up in Pennington , New Jersey , United States . She was raised Roman Catholic . Her grandfather was director of athletics for Trenton State College , and her father was director of athletics at Ackermans own high school . Ackerman graduated in 1977 from Hopewell Valley Central High School in Hopewell Township , Mercer County , New Jersey . Ackermans 1466 points set the schools varsity basketball career record for points scored by any basketball player , male or female , and she set the schools career scoring record as a halfback in field hockey , topped off by graduating second in her class . In addition to basketball and field hockey , Ackerman also ran on her schools track team . She was inducted into the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association Hall of Fame in 1997 . College years . Ackerman was a 1979 student initiate of Omicron Delta Kappa from the University of Virginia , where she graduated in 1981 . She was among the schools first female students to receive an athletic scholarship . She was a starter all four years , captain three years , and twice named Academic All-American for the womens basketball team ; she was the schools first basketball player to score 1,000 points . She earned her B.A . in Political and Social Thought . In 1997 , Ackerman received U . Va.s Distinguished Alumna Award from the Universitys Womens Center . In 2003 , she was named a member of the Atlantic Coast Conferences 50th Anniversary Womens Basketball Team . Ackerman also earned a law degree from the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , and worked for two years as a corporate and banking associate at the New York City law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett . Career . Ackerman played professional basketball in France for one season . In 1988 , she was hired as a staff attorney for the National Basketball Association and later served as special assistant to NBA Commissioner David Stern , before being promoted to vice-president of business affairs , prior to her appointment to head the WNBA in 1996 . In 1989 , Ackerman was one of the NBAs first appointees to the Board of Directors of USA Basketball — the organization responsible for the selection and training of the teams that represent the United States in international tournaments , including both the World Cup and the Olympics . In that capacity , she acted as a liaison between the NBA and USA Basketball regarding the 1992 Olympics , 1994 World Championships and 1996 Olympics . From 1995 to 1996 , she was a driving force behind the creation of the USA Basketball Womens National Team program that culminated with a 60–0 record and the gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics . On August 7 , 1996 , Ackerman was named president of the WNBA . Over the course of her historic eight-year term , Ackerman would become the first woman ever to successfully launch and operate a womens team sports league . On February 1 , 2005 she stepped down , and Donna Orender was named as her successor ; Laurel Richie succeeded Orender in 2011 . In April 2005 , Ackerman was named to Sports Business Journals list of the 20 Most Influential Women in Sports Business . In May 2005 , she became the first female president of USA Basketball for the 2005–2008 term , succeeding Tom Jernstedt from the NCAA , who served from 2000 to 2004 . During her term , she oversaw a restructuring of the USA Basketball Board of Directors , and gold medal performances by the mens and womens basketball teams at the Beijing Olympics . In 2006 , Ackerman was named the U.S . delegate to the Central Board of the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) , which is basketballs worldwide governing body , and was elected for a second four-year term in 2010 . She is also a member of FIBAs Competition Commission . As of 2013 , Ackerman serves on the Executive Committee of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , the Board of Directors of the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame , the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics , and both the NCAAs Womens Basketball Competition Committee and its Honors Committee . She is a past member of the National Board of Directors of Girls Incorporated , the Board of Directors of the Virginia Athletics Foundation , and the National Board of Trustees for the March of Dimes . Also in 2006 , she was named a recipient of the NCAAs Silver Anniversary Award , which is awarded to former student athletes who have achieved personal distinction since graduation . In 2008 , she received the IOCs Women of Distinction diploma , and the John Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award from the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Since 2009 , she has been a member of the adjunct faculty for Columbia Universitys Master of Science in Sports Management Program , where she has taught Leadership and Personnel Management with Neal Pilson , former President of CBS Sports . In 2010 , she was named an inductee of the Womens Basketball Hall of Fames Class of 2011 . In 2011 , she was named a Champion in Sports Business by Sports Business Journal . The Womens Sports Foundation named Ackerman one of its 40 for 40 honorees as part of its celebration of the 40th anniversary of Title IX in 2012 . On June 26 , 2013 , she was named as the commissioner of the Big East Conference , which split from the American Athletic Conference that year . Also in 2013 , Ackerman received USA Basketballs Edward S . Steitz Award . She has also been a contributing columnist for ESPNW.com . Awards and honors . Ackermans other honors have included the Brandweek Co-Marketer of the Year Award in 1997 , which she shared with Rick Welts , then President of NBA Properties ; the New Jersey Sportswriters Association Executive of the Year Award in 1998 ; the March of Dimes Sports Achievement Award in 1997 ; induction into the GTE Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 1999 ; and the National Mothers Day Committees Outstanding Mother Award in 2002 . She was inducted into the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011 . Ackerman has also been inducted into the International Scholar-Athlete Hall of Fame ; received the National Women of Distinction Award from Girl Scouts of the USA ; and was granted a Women And Sport Achievement Diploma by the International Olympic Committee . Ackerman report . In November 2012 , Ackerman was hired by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) to study the womens game and come up with recommendations for improvement . She conveyed preliminary conclusions in a presentation at a Womens Basketball Coaches Association convention , and followed up with a formal written report in June 2013 . Some of the proposals including cutting the number of scholarships ( to improve parity ) , changing the dates or locations of the NCAA Tournament , and possible rules changes such as reducing the shot clock . Personal life . Ackerman lives in New York City with her husband , Charles Rappaport . They have two daughters , Emily and Sally .
|
[
"USA Basketball"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Val Ackerman work for from 2005 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Val_Ackerman#P108#3
|
Val Ackerman Valerie B . Ackerman ( born November 7 , 1959 in Lakewood Township , New Jersey ) is an American sports executive , former lawyer , and former basketball player . She is the current commissioner of the Big East Conference . She is best known for being the first president of the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , serving from 1996 to 2005 . Ackerman was inducted into the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011 . Early life . Ackerman was born in 1959 in Lakewood Township , New Jersey , but grew up in Pennington , New Jersey , United States . She was raised Roman Catholic . Her grandfather was director of athletics for Trenton State College , and her father was director of athletics at Ackermans own high school . Ackerman graduated in 1977 from Hopewell Valley Central High School in Hopewell Township , Mercer County , New Jersey . Ackermans 1466 points set the schools varsity basketball career record for points scored by any basketball player , male or female , and she set the schools career scoring record as a halfback in field hockey , topped off by graduating second in her class . In addition to basketball and field hockey , Ackerman also ran on her schools track team . She was inducted into the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association Hall of Fame in 1997 . College years . Ackerman was a 1979 student initiate of Omicron Delta Kappa from the University of Virginia , where she graduated in 1981 . She was among the schools first female students to receive an athletic scholarship . She was a starter all four years , captain three years , and twice named Academic All-American for the womens basketball team ; she was the schools first basketball player to score 1,000 points . She earned her B.A . in Political and Social Thought . In 1997 , Ackerman received U . Va.s Distinguished Alumna Award from the Universitys Womens Center . In 2003 , she was named a member of the Atlantic Coast Conferences 50th Anniversary Womens Basketball Team . Ackerman also earned a law degree from the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , and worked for two years as a corporate and banking associate at the New York City law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett . Career . Ackerman played professional basketball in France for one season . In 1988 , she was hired as a staff attorney for the National Basketball Association and later served as special assistant to NBA Commissioner David Stern , before being promoted to vice-president of business affairs , prior to her appointment to head the WNBA in 1996 . In 1989 , Ackerman was one of the NBAs first appointees to the Board of Directors of USA Basketball — the organization responsible for the selection and training of the teams that represent the United States in international tournaments , including both the World Cup and the Olympics . In that capacity , she acted as a liaison between the NBA and USA Basketball regarding the 1992 Olympics , 1994 World Championships and 1996 Olympics . From 1995 to 1996 , she was a driving force behind the creation of the USA Basketball Womens National Team program that culminated with a 60–0 record and the gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics . On August 7 , 1996 , Ackerman was named president of the WNBA . Over the course of her historic eight-year term , Ackerman would become the first woman ever to successfully launch and operate a womens team sports league . On February 1 , 2005 she stepped down , and Donna Orender was named as her successor ; Laurel Richie succeeded Orender in 2011 . In April 2005 , Ackerman was named to Sports Business Journals list of the 20 Most Influential Women in Sports Business . In May 2005 , she became the first female president of USA Basketball for the 2005–2008 term , succeeding Tom Jernstedt from the NCAA , who served from 2000 to 2004 . During her term , she oversaw a restructuring of the USA Basketball Board of Directors , and gold medal performances by the mens and womens basketball teams at the Beijing Olympics . In 2006 , Ackerman was named the U.S . delegate to the Central Board of the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) , which is basketballs worldwide governing body , and was elected for a second four-year term in 2010 . She is also a member of FIBAs Competition Commission . As of 2013 , Ackerman serves on the Executive Committee of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , the Board of Directors of the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame , the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics , and both the NCAAs Womens Basketball Competition Committee and its Honors Committee . She is a past member of the National Board of Directors of Girls Incorporated , the Board of Directors of the Virginia Athletics Foundation , and the National Board of Trustees for the March of Dimes . Also in 2006 , she was named a recipient of the NCAAs Silver Anniversary Award , which is awarded to former student athletes who have achieved personal distinction since graduation . In 2008 , she received the IOCs Women of Distinction diploma , and the John Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award from the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Since 2009 , she has been a member of the adjunct faculty for Columbia Universitys Master of Science in Sports Management Program , where she has taught Leadership and Personnel Management with Neal Pilson , former President of CBS Sports . In 2010 , she was named an inductee of the Womens Basketball Hall of Fames Class of 2011 . In 2011 , she was named a Champion in Sports Business by Sports Business Journal . The Womens Sports Foundation named Ackerman one of its 40 for 40 honorees as part of its celebration of the 40th anniversary of Title IX in 2012 . On June 26 , 2013 , she was named as the commissioner of the Big East Conference , which split from the American Athletic Conference that year . Also in 2013 , Ackerman received USA Basketballs Edward S . Steitz Award . She has also been a contributing columnist for ESPNW.com . Awards and honors . Ackermans other honors have included the Brandweek Co-Marketer of the Year Award in 1997 , which she shared with Rick Welts , then President of NBA Properties ; the New Jersey Sportswriters Association Executive of the Year Award in 1998 ; the March of Dimes Sports Achievement Award in 1997 ; induction into the GTE Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 1999 ; and the National Mothers Day Committees Outstanding Mother Award in 2002 . She was inducted into the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011 . Ackerman has also been inducted into the International Scholar-Athlete Hall of Fame ; received the National Women of Distinction Award from Girl Scouts of the USA ; and was granted a Women And Sport Achievement Diploma by the International Olympic Committee . Ackerman report . In November 2012 , Ackerman was hired by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) to study the womens game and come up with recommendations for improvement . She conveyed preliminary conclusions in a presentation at a Womens Basketball Coaches Association convention , and followed up with a formal written report in June 2013 . Some of the proposals including cutting the number of scholarships ( to improve parity ) , changing the dates or locations of the NCAA Tournament , and possible rules changes such as reducing the shot clock . Personal life . Ackerman lives in New York City with her husband , Charles Rappaport . They have two daughters , Emily and Sally .
|
[
"Big East"
] |
easy
|
Who did Val Ackerman work for from 2013 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Val_Ackerman#P108#4
|
Val Ackerman Valerie B . Ackerman ( born November 7 , 1959 in Lakewood Township , New Jersey ) is an American sports executive , former lawyer , and former basketball player . She is the current commissioner of the Big East Conference . She is best known for being the first president of the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) , serving from 1996 to 2005 . Ackerman was inducted into the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011 . Early life . Ackerman was born in 1959 in Lakewood Township , New Jersey , but grew up in Pennington , New Jersey , United States . She was raised Roman Catholic . Her grandfather was director of athletics for Trenton State College , and her father was director of athletics at Ackermans own high school . Ackerman graduated in 1977 from Hopewell Valley Central High School in Hopewell Township , Mercer County , New Jersey . Ackermans 1466 points set the schools varsity basketball career record for points scored by any basketball player , male or female , and she set the schools career scoring record as a halfback in field hockey , topped off by graduating second in her class . In addition to basketball and field hockey , Ackerman also ran on her schools track team . She was inducted into the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association Hall of Fame in 1997 . College years . Ackerman was a 1979 student initiate of Omicron Delta Kappa from the University of Virginia , where she graduated in 1981 . She was among the schools first female students to receive an athletic scholarship . She was a starter all four years , captain three years , and twice named Academic All-American for the womens basketball team ; she was the schools first basketball player to score 1,000 points . She earned her B.A . in Political and Social Thought . In 1997 , Ackerman received U . Va.s Distinguished Alumna Award from the Universitys Womens Center . In 2003 , she was named a member of the Atlantic Coast Conferences 50th Anniversary Womens Basketball Team . Ackerman also earned a law degree from the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , and worked for two years as a corporate and banking associate at the New York City law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett . Career . Ackerman played professional basketball in France for one season . In 1988 , she was hired as a staff attorney for the National Basketball Association and later served as special assistant to NBA Commissioner David Stern , before being promoted to vice-president of business affairs , prior to her appointment to head the WNBA in 1996 . In 1989 , Ackerman was one of the NBAs first appointees to the Board of Directors of USA Basketball — the organization responsible for the selection and training of the teams that represent the United States in international tournaments , including both the World Cup and the Olympics . In that capacity , she acted as a liaison between the NBA and USA Basketball regarding the 1992 Olympics , 1994 World Championships and 1996 Olympics . From 1995 to 1996 , she was a driving force behind the creation of the USA Basketball Womens National Team program that culminated with a 60–0 record and the gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics . On August 7 , 1996 , Ackerman was named president of the WNBA . Over the course of her historic eight-year term , Ackerman would become the first woman ever to successfully launch and operate a womens team sports league . On February 1 , 2005 she stepped down , and Donna Orender was named as her successor ; Laurel Richie succeeded Orender in 2011 . In April 2005 , Ackerman was named to Sports Business Journals list of the 20 Most Influential Women in Sports Business . In May 2005 , she became the first female president of USA Basketball for the 2005–2008 term , succeeding Tom Jernstedt from the NCAA , who served from 2000 to 2004 . During her term , she oversaw a restructuring of the USA Basketball Board of Directors , and gold medal performances by the mens and womens basketball teams at the Beijing Olympics . In 2006 , Ackerman was named the U.S . delegate to the Central Board of the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) , which is basketballs worldwide governing body , and was elected for a second four-year term in 2010 . She is also a member of FIBAs Competition Commission . As of 2013 , Ackerman serves on the Executive Committee of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , the Board of Directors of the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame , the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics , and both the NCAAs Womens Basketball Competition Committee and its Honors Committee . She is a past member of the National Board of Directors of Girls Incorporated , the Board of Directors of the Virginia Athletics Foundation , and the National Board of Trustees for the March of Dimes . Also in 2006 , she was named a recipient of the NCAAs Silver Anniversary Award , which is awarded to former student athletes who have achieved personal distinction since graduation . In 2008 , she received the IOCs Women of Distinction diploma , and the John Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award from the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Since 2009 , she has been a member of the adjunct faculty for Columbia Universitys Master of Science in Sports Management Program , where she has taught Leadership and Personnel Management with Neal Pilson , former President of CBS Sports . In 2010 , she was named an inductee of the Womens Basketball Hall of Fames Class of 2011 . In 2011 , she was named a Champion in Sports Business by Sports Business Journal . The Womens Sports Foundation named Ackerman one of its 40 for 40 honorees as part of its celebration of the 40th anniversary of Title IX in 2012 . On June 26 , 2013 , she was named as the commissioner of the Big East Conference , which split from the American Athletic Conference that year . Also in 2013 , Ackerman received USA Basketballs Edward S . Steitz Award . She has also been a contributing columnist for ESPNW.com . Awards and honors . Ackermans other honors have included the Brandweek Co-Marketer of the Year Award in 1997 , which she shared with Rick Welts , then President of NBA Properties ; the New Jersey Sportswriters Association Executive of the Year Award in 1998 ; the March of Dimes Sports Achievement Award in 1997 ; induction into the GTE Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 1999 ; and the National Mothers Day Committees Outstanding Mother Award in 2002 . She was inducted into the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2011 . Ackerman has also been inducted into the International Scholar-Athlete Hall of Fame ; received the National Women of Distinction Award from Girl Scouts of the USA ; and was granted a Women And Sport Achievement Diploma by the International Olympic Committee . Ackerman report . In November 2012 , Ackerman was hired by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) to study the womens game and come up with recommendations for improvement . She conveyed preliminary conclusions in a presentation at a Womens Basketball Coaches Association convention , and followed up with a formal written report in June 2013 . Some of the proposals including cutting the number of scholarships ( to improve parity ) , changing the dates or locations of the NCAA Tournament , and possible rules changes such as reducing the shot clock . Personal life . Ackerman lives in New York City with her husband , Charles Rappaport . They have two daughters , Emily and Sally .
|
[
"Alliance of Free Democrats ( SZDSZ )"
] |
easy
|
Which party was István Tarlós a member of from 1989 to 1994?
|
/wiki/István_Tarlós#P102#0
|
István Tarlós István Tarlós ( pronounced ; 26 May 1948 in Budapest ) is a Hungarian politician who served as the Mayor of Budapest from 2010 to 2019 . Previously he served as the Mayor of the Third District ( Óbuda-Békásmegyer ) of the city between 1990 and 2006 ( as an independent candidate ) . Since 2006 he was the Chairman of the Fidesz–Christian Democratic Peoples Party ( KDNP ) Fraction-Alliance in the General Assembly of the Municipality of Budapest , and served as the political leader of the initiative Social Referendum 2008 . Early life . István Tarlós was born on 26 May 1948 in Budapest as the son of Dr . István Tarlós , Sr. , a lawyer and Hilda Dienes , a chief accountant , both worked for the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . According to himself , he came from a civic-minded , religious family . He graduated from Árpád High Schools Humanities Department . He then started to work as an unskilled laborer before he faced conscription and joined the military in Orosháza . Tarlós completed the Technical University in Budapest and received his Civil Engineer Diploma later . He then post-graduated in Finance and Organization from Ybl Miklós Technical College . Tarlós worked for 15 years in the building industry mostly in investor and contractor tasks . Among the companies he worked for were Vasútépítő Vállalat , FŐBER , ÉM , Mélyépítő Vállalat , KKMV , IKV Budapest III . In his civil engineer career Tarlós worked in many positions such as foreman , deputy construction leader , construction leader , technical controller and head of production department . In the early 1990s Tarlós launched his own architect studio with his wife . He is married since 1973 , his wife Cecília Nagy is a civil engineer . Tarlós has three grown up children and six grandchildren . Political career . Mayor of Óbuda-Békásmegyer . Tarlós was not active in politics before the political change of the 1990s . He first entered politics by becoming a member of the anti-communist Alliance of Free Democrats ( SZDSZ ) in 1989 . He then , supported by SZDSZ and Fidesz , became Budapest District III ( Óbuda-Békásmegyer ) Mayor in 1990 . He left SZDSZ , which formed a coalition with the Hungarian Socialist Party ( MSZP ) , because of ideological and moral differences in the summer of 1994 . Tarlós could not accept the radical change in directions and principles of the party within the short period of its existence . He is an independent politician since then . As independent he had been continually reelected with great majority as Mayor in Budapest District III in 1994 , 1998 and 2002 . Tarlós made it to establish functioning nexus with the liberal and socialist fraction within the Municipality of his district . The General Assembly regularly passed Tarlóss Budget Plan and Budget Report without abstention and black ball . The remains of the first conservative party of Prime Minister József Antall of the democratic Hungary , Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) was only to handle Tarlóss Budapest mayoral candidacy controversial , which resulted in numerous secession of own party members and leaders as well as demonstrations on the streets of District III and within the own walls . Tarlós , supported by Fidesz , led by Viktor Orbán , entered the local election in 2006 as mayoral candidate of Budapest , and lost by a mere 1 percent against incumbent mayor Gábor Demszky ( SZDSZ ) . Until Tarlóss challenge Demszky has always received great majority . On the other hand , Tarlós received more votes than his supporter , Fidesz all together . He , still as independent but declared conservative politician , led the Fidesz-KDNP fraction in the General Assembly of Budapest from October 2006 until October 2010 . Next to his role as fraction-leader Tarlós is presently leading the Social Referendum 2008 campaign , initiated by Fidesz and Civil Social Basis . Mayor of Budapest . First term . In 2010 he was elected with the program of bringing the local government-owned companies under direct local government control and under full oversight of the assembly . He pledged to divert more funds to material and salary expenditures of services ( police , firefighters , schools , public transport ) the state of which he described as neglected . Instead of always choosing between individual developments while the stability of the city is according to him always pressed to the limit , he wants to drive the macroeconomic curves of the city into a long-term self-sustaining . The Prime Minister guaranteed the city will be provided with the funds necessary for finishing ongoing infrastructure investments . Until 2013 the mayors administration completely overhauled the structure of the companies owned by the local government . In the new structure the companies operate more efficiently , which resulted in significant reduction of operating costs . This money can be redirected to development . In 2013 Viktor Orbáns government started a program to lift Hungarys local governments out of debt . 100% of the debts of settlements whose population is under 5000 was repaid by the government . 60% of the debt of Budapest was repaid by the government . Later the remaining 40% was also repaid by the government , after the government decided to completely eliminate all debts of all local governments . In this year the national government accepted the request of the local government to finance the BKISZ project from EU funds . This project builds the sewerage system in all parts of the city that did not have this infrastructure yet . Construction works will finish in Summer of 2015 . The capacity of the citys wastewater treatment plants by 2009 had already been increased to be able to treat all generated wastewater . In 2013 István Tarlóss administration drafted the citys next development plan , that applies to the 2014-2030 time period . 27 large projects were initiated to be realised from EU funds until 2020 . Among them was the complete reconstruction and extension of Metro Line 3 , the extension of several tramlines and the purchase of new trams and buses . From 1 January 2014 the price of most public transport passes for natural persons was decreased by 10% . This was made possible by the reorganized control activity which reduced illegal travel , increased the number of passes sold and the amount of money flowing in from pass sales . This was the first time since the fall of communism that pass prices became cheaper . On 28 March 2014 , the fourth metro line , which was constructed for eight years , was opened to the public . During Tarlóss term the capital renegotiated the contracts , by which act it was able to regain tens of billions of forints of the total cost of more than 400 billion forints . In spring of 2014 a program was initiated to install 300 ticket and pass automats citywide . These automats allow payment both via cash or credit card . The automats operate 24 hours a day , thus provide more flexibility to customers . The automats also made queues at ticket and pass offices shorter . The municipal government operates approximately 1300 buses daily . By September 2014 500 modern low-floor buses were bought , of which 300 were newly manufactured . This made it possible to scrap 500 of the oldest buses that were both in a bad state and polluted the environment too much . The municipal government plans to serve the public from 2018 only by modern low-floor buses . In September 2014 introduction of the FUTÁR information system was completed . It allows the traffic control center to continuously monitor all public transport buses and carriages of the city by having installed GPS in each of them , and it makes communication possible with the drivers concerned , e.g . with all drivers of a specific line , or of all lines affected by an accident on their common route . FUTÁR also provides information to passengers : 263 digital boards were installed to high-traffic bus and tram stops . These boards show the approximate time that remains until the next buses and carriages of the different lines arrive to the stop . The central computer system calculates the time remaining until the buses and carriages reach the stops . The boards also inform passengers about temporary route modifications and other special circumstances . The information provided by the boards can also be accessed via internet , a smartphone application is also available to do this . In September 2014 the MOL Bubi bicycle hire system was opened for public use . It consists of 76 stations in the inner part of the city , which serve 1100 bicycles . The city was scheduled to receive 47 completely low-floor CAF trams in 2015 and 2016 according to a contract signed on 2014 March 5 . As prescribed by another contract signed on 8 October 2014 , by 2017 a modern electronic ticket and pass system will replace the current and outdated paper-based system . The system is going to be introduced in multiple phases . Second term . Tarlós was re-elected mayor for a second term ( which for this time is five years long ) in the 2014 election . He received 49.06% of the votes . The reconstruction of tramlines 1 and 3 was finished in this term . These lines run along two beltways at the border of the inner part of the city . The reconstruction eliminated the speed limits that had to be introduced because of poor condition of the tracks . In this term the Interweaving Tramlines Project of Buda ( Budai Fonódó Villamos Project ) was also completed . This project unified the tramlines of the Buda ( western ) side of the Capital , creating lines that enable travelling from the northern areas of the city to the southern areas , without the need to transfer from one line to another . On 11 November 2014 a contract was signed according to which 200 new low-floor buses entered service in 2015 . This increased the ratio of low-floor buses in the bus fleet of the city from 55% to 70% . The municipal government announced in June 2017 that the ratio of low-floor buses reaches 95-99% by September 2017 . The first train of Metro Line 3 was handed over in January 2016 to the Russian Metrowagonmash ( the original manufacturer ) to be reconstructed . Tarlós had preferred buying new trains , but he had been overwritten by the Orbán government . The prototype of the reconstructed trains entered service on 20 March 2017 . Since then , the number of reconstructed trains serving the line is scheduled to increase by 2 trains every month . On 4 September 2017 the contracts for reconstructing the whole tunnel of Metro Line 3 and the stations of the northern section were signed , thus the reconstruction effectively started . The stations will be finished by 31 December 2018 . After this phase , the stations of the middle- and the southern sections will be reconstructed , the order of these two phases is not yet decided . Overhauling the tunnel is set to end by 24 August 2020 . In June 2015 , Budapest decided to bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics . Tarlós emphasized the necessary city development projects and the expected boom in tourism . However , in January 2017 a civil organization called Momentum Movement started a petition to have a referendum for Budapest residents whether they want to organize it or not . The Movement campaigned for redirecting the funds from a high-risk investment to immediately support health care and education . On 17 February 2017 , it was announced that 266,151 signatures had been collected , to which Tarlós reacted by negotiating with PM Viktor Orbán and the Hungarian Olympic Committee , then agreeing to and withdrawing the bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics , leaving only Los Angeles and Paris in the race . Tarlós blamed the opposition parties they were backing out from their earlier position of supporting the bid , and called this attitude as treachery . On 5 February 2018 , nine opposition parties started collecting signatures to hold a referendum to ensure all 20 stations of Metro Line 3 are made fully accessible during the lines reconstruction . Until that point , the local government only planned to guarantee this at 12 stations , but on 7 February the mayors office negotiated with the national umbrella organization for disabled people , then announced it would build inclined elevators next to the existing escalators at 6 more stations . Both the opposition parties and the umbrella organization operating independently from them announced they regard acceptable only full compliance with accessibility standards at all stations . On February 21 , initiator of the referendum Csaba Horváth ( socialist floor leader of the Municipal Assembly ) cancelled the signature collecting , referring to the Mayors former announcement and to the calculations regarding the cost of the referendum can cover the cost of building elevators at the two remaining stations . On 10 October 2018 , István Tarlós announced that he will run for a third term as Mayor of Budapest , after negotiating about his future role with Prime Minister Viktor Orbán . According to the press , the two politicians concluded a 15-point agreement , which contained altogether HUF 1,000 billion development package . The Metropolitan Public Development Council was established with members delegated by both the government and the General Assembly of Budapest . Tarlós and Orbán also accepted a 10-year Budapest 2030 urban development plan . The government guaranteed the functions of garbage disposal and sewerage remained the responsibility of the local municipality . In June 2019 , in the oppositions first primary election , Gergely Karácsony was elected as the united oppositions joint candidate to the position of mayor . In the October 2019 local election , Tarlós , receiving 44.10% of the vote , was defeated by Karácsony , while the opposition parties also gained majority in the General Assembly of Budapest . After his defeat , Tarlós announced his retirement from politics and did not take over his gained seat in the General Assembly . Later career . Weeks after his defeat during the 2019 local elections , István Tarlós was appointed Prime Ministerial Commissioner for the Development of National Transportation and Public Service Infrastructure on 31 October 2019 . Officially , he took the position in the following day . Social work . Through assignment of numerous district mayors Tarlós became vice-chairman of the Council of Regional Development between 1999-2003 . He visited the Institutions of the EU in Brussels on diverse occasions . During this period Tarlós lead the Commission for Strategic Planning of the Central-Hungarian Region and co-founded the Hungarian Society of Law-Enforcement-Science , the Baross Gábor Society and became a member of the Széchenyi Society . Additionally Tarlós was given the task of the honorary chairman of the Disaster-Recovery and Civil Protection Council as well as of the Braunhaxler Association of Budapest District III . He is furthermore member of the board of the Christian Intellectual Alliance . Recognition of Elvis Presley . On 1 March 2011 , Tarlós announcement that the city would posthumously make US singer Elvis Presley ( 1935–77 ) an honorary citizen , as well as name a small park facing one of the citys eight crossings , and its second oldest , the Margaret Bridge , as a gesture of gratitude , made international headlines . Presleys involvement with the plight of Hungarian refugees fleeing from the effects of the 1956 Soviet invasion began on Sunday 28 October 1956 , as some 56.7 million Americans watched Ed Sullivans Sunday program at the CBS-TV network , which Presley was headlining for the second time . During that broadcast , a casual mention was made by Sullivan of the need to send aid to Hungarian refugees fleeing from the effects of the Soviet invasion . This led to Presleys official request , on his third and last appearance at Sullivans Show and as a further 54.6 million viewers watched on 6 January 1957 , for Mr . Sullivan , this time on his behalf , to request viewers to send their contributions . This was done by Mr . Sullivan himself with Presley off-camera as per the singers request on two separate occasions during the broadcast and leading up to Presleys dedication of a song which , in his opinion , fit the mood properly as the shows finale , namely the African American-written gospel song Peace in the Valley . By the end of 1957 , these contributions , as handled by the Geneva-based International Red Cross , and which translated into perishables and non perishables , as well as food rations , clothing , and other essentials , had amounted to some CHF 26 million ( US$6 million , in 1957 dollars ) and the equivalent after inflation adjustments , of US$55.6 million in 2019 dollars . Awards , prizes . - Minor Cross of Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary - Officers Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( 2008 ) - Golden Degree of Szent Gellért Award - Eötvös József Golden Medal - Henszlmann Imre Award - Remembrance Medal for Hungarian Urbanism - Grand Cross of Allegiance for Fatherland - Medal for Civil Organisations - Golden Seal-Ring Award of Mayors - Silver Medal of the Municipality of Székelyudvarhely - Palatinus Medal of the Municipality of Révkomárom - Honored Citizen , Budapest District III ( from 2007 ) Book . - Tarlós by Károly Boros ( Magyar Ház Kiadó , Budapest , 2007 ) External links . - István Tarlós Homepage Interviews , debates . - 3 January 2008 – Criticizing the liberal Budapest-Policy , MTV Nap-Kelte - 3 January 2008 – Without Taboos , Interview , Echo TV - 16 January 2008 – Debate , István Tarlós and Ildikó Lendvai ( MSZP ) , MTV Nagy Kérdés Speeches . - 17 August 2007 Civil Academy , Speech of István Tarlós , recorded by Echo TV
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"independent politician"
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Which political party did István Tarlós belong to from 1994 to 2006?
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/wiki/István_Tarlós#P102#1
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István Tarlós István Tarlós ( pronounced ; 26 May 1948 in Budapest ) is a Hungarian politician who served as the Mayor of Budapest from 2010 to 2019 . Previously he served as the Mayor of the Third District ( Óbuda-Békásmegyer ) of the city between 1990 and 2006 ( as an independent candidate ) . Since 2006 he was the Chairman of the Fidesz–Christian Democratic Peoples Party ( KDNP ) Fraction-Alliance in the General Assembly of the Municipality of Budapest , and served as the political leader of the initiative Social Referendum 2008 . Early life . István Tarlós was born on 26 May 1948 in Budapest as the son of Dr . István Tarlós , Sr. , a lawyer and Hilda Dienes , a chief accountant , both worked for the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . According to himself , he came from a civic-minded , religious family . He graduated from Árpád High Schools Humanities Department . He then started to work as an unskilled laborer before he faced conscription and joined the military in Orosháza . Tarlós completed the Technical University in Budapest and received his Civil Engineer Diploma later . He then post-graduated in Finance and Organization from Ybl Miklós Technical College . Tarlós worked for 15 years in the building industry mostly in investor and contractor tasks . Among the companies he worked for were Vasútépítő Vállalat , FŐBER , ÉM , Mélyépítő Vállalat , KKMV , IKV Budapest III . In his civil engineer career Tarlós worked in many positions such as foreman , deputy construction leader , construction leader , technical controller and head of production department . In the early 1990s Tarlós launched his own architect studio with his wife . He is married since 1973 , his wife Cecília Nagy is a civil engineer . Tarlós has three grown up children and six grandchildren . Political career . Mayor of Óbuda-Békásmegyer . Tarlós was not active in politics before the political change of the 1990s . He first entered politics by becoming a member of the anti-communist Alliance of Free Democrats ( SZDSZ ) in 1989 . He then , supported by SZDSZ and Fidesz , became Budapest District III ( Óbuda-Békásmegyer ) Mayor in 1990 . He left SZDSZ , which formed a coalition with the Hungarian Socialist Party ( MSZP ) , because of ideological and moral differences in the summer of 1994 . Tarlós could not accept the radical change in directions and principles of the party within the short period of its existence . He is an independent politician since then . As independent he had been continually reelected with great majority as Mayor in Budapest District III in 1994 , 1998 and 2002 . Tarlós made it to establish functioning nexus with the liberal and socialist fraction within the Municipality of his district . The General Assembly regularly passed Tarlóss Budget Plan and Budget Report without abstention and black ball . The remains of the first conservative party of Prime Minister József Antall of the democratic Hungary , Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) was only to handle Tarlóss Budapest mayoral candidacy controversial , which resulted in numerous secession of own party members and leaders as well as demonstrations on the streets of District III and within the own walls . Tarlós , supported by Fidesz , led by Viktor Orbán , entered the local election in 2006 as mayoral candidate of Budapest , and lost by a mere 1 percent against incumbent mayor Gábor Demszky ( SZDSZ ) . Until Tarlóss challenge Demszky has always received great majority . On the other hand , Tarlós received more votes than his supporter , Fidesz all together . He , still as independent but declared conservative politician , led the Fidesz-KDNP fraction in the General Assembly of Budapest from October 2006 until October 2010 . Next to his role as fraction-leader Tarlós is presently leading the Social Referendum 2008 campaign , initiated by Fidesz and Civil Social Basis . Mayor of Budapest . First term . In 2010 he was elected with the program of bringing the local government-owned companies under direct local government control and under full oversight of the assembly . He pledged to divert more funds to material and salary expenditures of services ( police , firefighters , schools , public transport ) the state of which he described as neglected . Instead of always choosing between individual developments while the stability of the city is according to him always pressed to the limit , he wants to drive the macroeconomic curves of the city into a long-term self-sustaining . The Prime Minister guaranteed the city will be provided with the funds necessary for finishing ongoing infrastructure investments . Until 2013 the mayors administration completely overhauled the structure of the companies owned by the local government . In the new structure the companies operate more efficiently , which resulted in significant reduction of operating costs . This money can be redirected to development . In 2013 Viktor Orbáns government started a program to lift Hungarys local governments out of debt . 100% of the debts of settlements whose population is under 5000 was repaid by the government . 60% of the debt of Budapest was repaid by the government . Later the remaining 40% was also repaid by the government , after the government decided to completely eliminate all debts of all local governments . In this year the national government accepted the request of the local government to finance the BKISZ project from EU funds . This project builds the sewerage system in all parts of the city that did not have this infrastructure yet . Construction works will finish in Summer of 2015 . The capacity of the citys wastewater treatment plants by 2009 had already been increased to be able to treat all generated wastewater . In 2013 István Tarlóss administration drafted the citys next development plan , that applies to the 2014-2030 time period . 27 large projects were initiated to be realised from EU funds until 2020 . Among them was the complete reconstruction and extension of Metro Line 3 , the extension of several tramlines and the purchase of new trams and buses . From 1 January 2014 the price of most public transport passes for natural persons was decreased by 10% . This was made possible by the reorganized control activity which reduced illegal travel , increased the number of passes sold and the amount of money flowing in from pass sales . This was the first time since the fall of communism that pass prices became cheaper . On 28 March 2014 , the fourth metro line , which was constructed for eight years , was opened to the public . During Tarlóss term the capital renegotiated the contracts , by which act it was able to regain tens of billions of forints of the total cost of more than 400 billion forints . In spring of 2014 a program was initiated to install 300 ticket and pass automats citywide . These automats allow payment both via cash or credit card . The automats operate 24 hours a day , thus provide more flexibility to customers . The automats also made queues at ticket and pass offices shorter . The municipal government operates approximately 1300 buses daily . By September 2014 500 modern low-floor buses were bought , of which 300 were newly manufactured . This made it possible to scrap 500 of the oldest buses that were both in a bad state and polluted the environment too much . The municipal government plans to serve the public from 2018 only by modern low-floor buses . In September 2014 introduction of the FUTÁR information system was completed . It allows the traffic control center to continuously monitor all public transport buses and carriages of the city by having installed GPS in each of them , and it makes communication possible with the drivers concerned , e.g . with all drivers of a specific line , or of all lines affected by an accident on their common route . FUTÁR also provides information to passengers : 263 digital boards were installed to high-traffic bus and tram stops . These boards show the approximate time that remains until the next buses and carriages of the different lines arrive to the stop . The central computer system calculates the time remaining until the buses and carriages reach the stops . The boards also inform passengers about temporary route modifications and other special circumstances . The information provided by the boards can also be accessed via internet , a smartphone application is also available to do this . In September 2014 the MOL Bubi bicycle hire system was opened for public use . It consists of 76 stations in the inner part of the city , which serve 1100 bicycles . The city was scheduled to receive 47 completely low-floor CAF trams in 2015 and 2016 according to a contract signed on 2014 March 5 . As prescribed by another contract signed on 8 October 2014 , by 2017 a modern electronic ticket and pass system will replace the current and outdated paper-based system . The system is going to be introduced in multiple phases . Second term . Tarlós was re-elected mayor for a second term ( which for this time is five years long ) in the 2014 election . He received 49.06% of the votes . The reconstruction of tramlines 1 and 3 was finished in this term . These lines run along two beltways at the border of the inner part of the city . The reconstruction eliminated the speed limits that had to be introduced because of poor condition of the tracks . In this term the Interweaving Tramlines Project of Buda ( Budai Fonódó Villamos Project ) was also completed . This project unified the tramlines of the Buda ( western ) side of the Capital , creating lines that enable travelling from the northern areas of the city to the southern areas , without the need to transfer from one line to another . On 11 November 2014 a contract was signed according to which 200 new low-floor buses entered service in 2015 . This increased the ratio of low-floor buses in the bus fleet of the city from 55% to 70% . The municipal government announced in June 2017 that the ratio of low-floor buses reaches 95-99% by September 2017 . The first train of Metro Line 3 was handed over in January 2016 to the Russian Metrowagonmash ( the original manufacturer ) to be reconstructed . Tarlós had preferred buying new trains , but he had been overwritten by the Orbán government . The prototype of the reconstructed trains entered service on 20 March 2017 . Since then , the number of reconstructed trains serving the line is scheduled to increase by 2 trains every month . On 4 September 2017 the contracts for reconstructing the whole tunnel of Metro Line 3 and the stations of the northern section were signed , thus the reconstruction effectively started . The stations will be finished by 31 December 2018 . After this phase , the stations of the middle- and the southern sections will be reconstructed , the order of these two phases is not yet decided . Overhauling the tunnel is set to end by 24 August 2020 . In June 2015 , Budapest decided to bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics . Tarlós emphasized the necessary city development projects and the expected boom in tourism . However , in January 2017 a civil organization called Momentum Movement started a petition to have a referendum for Budapest residents whether they want to organize it or not . The Movement campaigned for redirecting the funds from a high-risk investment to immediately support health care and education . On 17 February 2017 , it was announced that 266,151 signatures had been collected , to which Tarlós reacted by negotiating with PM Viktor Orbán and the Hungarian Olympic Committee , then agreeing to and withdrawing the bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics , leaving only Los Angeles and Paris in the race . Tarlós blamed the opposition parties they were backing out from their earlier position of supporting the bid , and called this attitude as treachery . On 5 February 2018 , nine opposition parties started collecting signatures to hold a referendum to ensure all 20 stations of Metro Line 3 are made fully accessible during the lines reconstruction . Until that point , the local government only planned to guarantee this at 12 stations , but on 7 February the mayors office negotiated with the national umbrella organization for disabled people , then announced it would build inclined elevators next to the existing escalators at 6 more stations . Both the opposition parties and the umbrella organization operating independently from them announced they regard acceptable only full compliance with accessibility standards at all stations . On February 21 , initiator of the referendum Csaba Horváth ( socialist floor leader of the Municipal Assembly ) cancelled the signature collecting , referring to the Mayors former announcement and to the calculations regarding the cost of the referendum can cover the cost of building elevators at the two remaining stations . On 10 October 2018 , István Tarlós announced that he will run for a third term as Mayor of Budapest , after negotiating about his future role with Prime Minister Viktor Orbán . According to the press , the two politicians concluded a 15-point agreement , which contained altogether HUF 1,000 billion development package . The Metropolitan Public Development Council was established with members delegated by both the government and the General Assembly of Budapest . Tarlós and Orbán also accepted a 10-year Budapest 2030 urban development plan . The government guaranteed the functions of garbage disposal and sewerage remained the responsibility of the local municipality . In June 2019 , in the oppositions first primary election , Gergely Karácsony was elected as the united oppositions joint candidate to the position of mayor . In the October 2019 local election , Tarlós , receiving 44.10% of the vote , was defeated by Karácsony , while the opposition parties also gained majority in the General Assembly of Budapest . After his defeat , Tarlós announced his retirement from politics and did not take over his gained seat in the General Assembly . Later career . Weeks after his defeat during the 2019 local elections , István Tarlós was appointed Prime Ministerial Commissioner for the Development of National Transportation and Public Service Infrastructure on 31 October 2019 . Officially , he took the position in the following day . Social work . Through assignment of numerous district mayors Tarlós became vice-chairman of the Council of Regional Development between 1999-2003 . He visited the Institutions of the EU in Brussels on diverse occasions . During this period Tarlós lead the Commission for Strategic Planning of the Central-Hungarian Region and co-founded the Hungarian Society of Law-Enforcement-Science , the Baross Gábor Society and became a member of the Széchenyi Society . Additionally Tarlós was given the task of the honorary chairman of the Disaster-Recovery and Civil Protection Council as well as of the Braunhaxler Association of Budapest District III . He is furthermore member of the board of the Christian Intellectual Alliance . Recognition of Elvis Presley . On 1 March 2011 , Tarlós announcement that the city would posthumously make US singer Elvis Presley ( 1935–77 ) an honorary citizen , as well as name a small park facing one of the citys eight crossings , and its second oldest , the Margaret Bridge , as a gesture of gratitude , made international headlines . Presleys involvement with the plight of Hungarian refugees fleeing from the effects of the 1956 Soviet invasion began on Sunday 28 October 1956 , as some 56.7 million Americans watched Ed Sullivans Sunday program at the CBS-TV network , which Presley was headlining for the second time . During that broadcast , a casual mention was made by Sullivan of the need to send aid to Hungarian refugees fleeing from the effects of the Soviet invasion . This led to Presleys official request , on his third and last appearance at Sullivans Show and as a further 54.6 million viewers watched on 6 January 1957 , for Mr . Sullivan , this time on his behalf , to request viewers to send their contributions . This was done by Mr . Sullivan himself with Presley off-camera as per the singers request on two separate occasions during the broadcast and leading up to Presleys dedication of a song which , in his opinion , fit the mood properly as the shows finale , namely the African American-written gospel song Peace in the Valley . By the end of 1957 , these contributions , as handled by the Geneva-based International Red Cross , and which translated into perishables and non perishables , as well as food rations , clothing , and other essentials , had amounted to some CHF 26 million ( US$6 million , in 1957 dollars ) and the equivalent after inflation adjustments , of US$55.6 million in 2019 dollars . Awards , prizes . - Minor Cross of Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary - Officers Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( 2008 ) - Golden Degree of Szent Gellért Award - Eötvös József Golden Medal - Henszlmann Imre Award - Remembrance Medal for Hungarian Urbanism - Grand Cross of Allegiance for Fatherland - Medal for Civil Organisations - Golden Seal-Ring Award of Mayors - Silver Medal of the Municipality of Székelyudvarhely - Palatinus Medal of the Municipality of Révkomárom - Honored Citizen , Budapest District III ( from 2007 ) Book . - Tarlós by Károly Boros ( Magyar Ház Kiadó , Budapest , 2007 ) External links . - István Tarlós Homepage Interviews , debates . - 3 January 2008 – Criticizing the liberal Budapest-Policy , MTV Nap-Kelte - 3 January 2008 – Without Taboos , Interview , Echo TV - 16 January 2008 – Debate , István Tarlós and Ildikó Lendvai ( MSZP ) , MTV Nagy Kérdés Speeches . - 17 August 2007 Civil Academy , Speech of István Tarlós , recorded by Echo TV
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Which political party did István Tarlós belong to from 2006 to 2007?
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/wiki/István_Tarlós#P102#2
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István Tarlós István Tarlós ( pronounced ; 26 May 1948 in Budapest ) is a Hungarian politician who served as the Mayor of Budapest from 2010 to 2019 . Previously he served as the Mayor of the Third District ( Óbuda-Békásmegyer ) of the city between 1990 and 2006 ( as an independent candidate ) . Since 2006 he was the Chairman of the Fidesz–Christian Democratic Peoples Party ( KDNP ) Fraction-Alliance in the General Assembly of the Municipality of Budapest , and served as the political leader of the initiative Social Referendum 2008 . Early life . István Tarlós was born on 26 May 1948 in Budapest as the son of Dr . István Tarlós , Sr. , a lawyer and Hilda Dienes , a chief accountant , both worked for the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . According to himself , he came from a civic-minded , religious family . He graduated from Árpád High Schools Humanities Department . He then started to work as an unskilled laborer before he faced conscription and joined the military in Orosháza . Tarlós completed the Technical University in Budapest and received his Civil Engineer Diploma later . He then post-graduated in Finance and Organization from Ybl Miklós Technical College . Tarlós worked for 15 years in the building industry mostly in investor and contractor tasks . Among the companies he worked for were Vasútépítő Vállalat , FŐBER , ÉM , Mélyépítő Vállalat , KKMV , IKV Budapest III . In his civil engineer career Tarlós worked in many positions such as foreman , deputy construction leader , construction leader , technical controller and head of production department . In the early 1990s Tarlós launched his own architect studio with his wife . He is married since 1973 , his wife Cecília Nagy is a civil engineer . Tarlós has three grown up children and six grandchildren . Political career . Mayor of Óbuda-Békásmegyer . Tarlós was not active in politics before the political change of the 1990s . He first entered politics by becoming a member of the anti-communist Alliance of Free Democrats ( SZDSZ ) in 1989 . He then , supported by SZDSZ and Fidesz , became Budapest District III ( Óbuda-Békásmegyer ) Mayor in 1990 . He left SZDSZ , which formed a coalition with the Hungarian Socialist Party ( MSZP ) , because of ideological and moral differences in the summer of 1994 . Tarlós could not accept the radical change in directions and principles of the party within the short period of its existence . He is an independent politician since then . As independent he had been continually reelected with great majority as Mayor in Budapest District III in 1994 , 1998 and 2002 . Tarlós made it to establish functioning nexus with the liberal and socialist fraction within the Municipality of his district . The General Assembly regularly passed Tarlóss Budget Plan and Budget Report without abstention and black ball . The remains of the first conservative party of Prime Minister József Antall of the democratic Hungary , Hungarian Democratic Forum ( MDF ) was only to handle Tarlóss Budapest mayoral candidacy controversial , which resulted in numerous secession of own party members and leaders as well as demonstrations on the streets of District III and within the own walls . Tarlós , supported by Fidesz , led by Viktor Orbán , entered the local election in 2006 as mayoral candidate of Budapest , and lost by a mere 1 percent against incumbent mayor Gábor Demszky ( SZDSZ ) . Until Tarlóss challenge Demszky has always received great majority . On the other hand , Tarlós received more votes than his supporter , Fidesz all together . He , still as independent but declared conservative politician , led the Fidesz-KDNP fraction in the General Assembly of Budapest from October 2006 until October 2010 . Next to his role as fraction-leader Tarlós is presently leading the Social Referendum 2008 campaign , initiated by Fidesz and Civil Social Basis . Mayor of Budapest . First term . In 2010 he was elected with the program of bringing the local government-owned companies under direct local government control and under full oversight of the assembly . He pledged to divert more funds to material and salary expenditures of services ( police , firefighters , schools , public transport ) the state of which he described as neglected . Instead of always choosing between individual developments while the stability of the city is according to him always pressed to the limit , he wants to drive the macroeconomic curves of the city into a long-term self-sustaining . The Prime Minister guaranteed the city will be provided with the funds necessary for finishing ongoing infrastructure investments . Until 2013 the mayors administration completely overhauled the structure of the companies owned by the local government . In the new structure the companies operate more efficiently , which resulted in significant reduction of operating costs . This money can be redirected to development . In 2013 Viktor Orbáns government started a program to lift Hungarys local governments out of debt . 100% of the debts of settlements whose population is under 5000 was repaid by the government . 60% of the debt of Budapest was repaid by the government . Later the remaining 40% was also repaid by the government , after the government decided to completely eliminate all debts of all local governments . In this year the national government accepted the request of the local government to finance the BKISZ project from EU funds . This project builds the sewerage system in all parts of the city that did not have this infrastructure yet . Construction works will finish in Summer of 2015 . The capacity of the citys wastewater treatment plants by 2009 had already been increased to be able to treat all generated wastewater . In 2013 István Tarlóss administration drafted the citys next development plan , that applies to the 2014-2030 time period . 27 large projects were initiated to be realised from EU funds until 2020 . Among them was the complete reconstruction and extension of Metro Line 3 , the extension of several tramlines and the purchase of new trams and buses . From 1 January 2014 the price of most public transport passes for natural persons was decreased by 10% . This was made possible by the reorganized control activity which reduced illegal travel , increased the number of passes sold and the amount of money flowing in from pass sales . This was the first time since the fall of communism that pass prices became cheaper . On 28 March 2014 , the fourth metro line , which was constructed for eight years , was opened to the public . During Tarlóss term the capital renegotiated the contracts , by which act it was able to regain tens of billions of forints of the total cost of more than 400 billion forints . In spring of 2014 a program was initiated to install 300 ticket and pass automats citywide . These automats allow payment both via cash or credit card . The automats operate 24 hours a day , thus provide more flexibility to customers . The automats also made queues at ticket and pass offices shorter . The municipal government operates approximately 1300 buses daily . By September 2014 500 modern low-floor buses were bought , of which 300 were newly manufactured . This made it possible to scrap 500 of the oldest buses that were both in a bad state and polluted the environment too much . The municipal government plans to serve the public from 2018 only by modern low-floor buses . In September 2014 introduction of the FUTÁR information system was completed . It allows the traffic control center to continuously monitor all public transport buses and carriages of the city by having installed GPS in each of them , and it makes communication possible with the drivers concerned , e.g . with all drivers of a specific line , or of all lines affected by an accident on their common route . FUTÁR also provides information to passengers : 263 digital boards were installed to high-traffic bus and tram stops . These boards show the approximate time that remains until the next buses and carriages of the different lines arrive to the stop . The central computer system calculates the time remaining until the buses and carriages reach the stops . The boards also inform passengers about temporary route modifications and other special circumstances . The information provided by the boards can also be accessed via internet , a smartphone application is also available to do this . In September 2014 the MOL Bubi bicycle hire system was opened for public use . It consists of 76 stations in the inner part of the city , which serve 1100 bicycles . The city was scheduled to receive 47 completely low-floor CAF trams in 2015 and 2016 according to a contract signed on 2014 March 5 . As prescribed by another contract signed on 8 October 2014 , by 2017 a modern electronic ticket and pass system will replace the current and outdated paper-based system . The system is going to be introduced in multiple phases . Second term . Tarlós was re-elected mayor for a second term ( which for this time is five years long ) in the 2014 election . He received 49.06% of the votes . The reconstruction of tramlines 1 and 3 was finished in this term . These lines run along two beltways at the border of the inner part of the city . The reconstruction eliminated the speed limits that had to be introduced because of poor condition of the tracks . In this term the Interweaving Tramlines Project of Buda ( Budai Fonódó Villamos Project ) was also completed . This project unified the tramlines of the Buda ( western ) side of the Capital , creating lines that enable travelling from the northern areas of the city to the southern areas , without the need to transfer from one line to another . On 11 November 2014 a contract was signed according to which 200 new low-floor buses entered service in 2015 . This increased the ratio of low-floor buses in the bus fleet of the city from 55% to 70% . The municipal government announced in June 2017 that the ratio of low-floor buses reaches 95-99% by September 2017 . The first train of Metro Line 3 was handed over in January 2016 to the Russian Metrowagonmash ( the original manufacturer ) to be reconstructed . Tarlós had preferred buying new trains , but he had been overwritten by the Orbán government . The prototype of the reconstructed trains entered service on 20 March 2017 . Since then , the number of reconstructed trains serving the line is scheduled to increase by 2 trains every month . On 4 September 2017 the contracts for reconstructing the whole tunnel of Metro Line 3 and the stations of the northern section were signed , thus the reconstruction effectively started . The stations will be finished by 31 December 2018 . After this phase , the stations of the middle- and the southern sections will be reconstructed , the order of these two phases is not yet decided . Overhauling the tunnel is set to end by 24 August 2020 . In June 2015 , Budapest decided to bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics . Tarlós emphasized the necessary city development projects and the expected boom in tourism . However , in January 2017 a civil organization called Momentum Movement started a petition to have a referendum for Budapest residents whether they want to organize it or not . The Movement campaigned for redirecting the funds from a high-risk investment to immediately support health care and education . On 17 February 2017 , it was announced that 266,151 signatures had been collected , to which Tarlós reacted by negotiating with PM Viktor Orbán and the Hungarian Olympic Committee , then agreeing to and withdrawing the bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics , leaving only Los Angeles and Paris in the race . Tarlós blamed the opposition parties they were backing out from their earlier position of supporting the bid , and called this attitude as treachery . On 5 February 2018 , nine opposition parties started collecting signatures to hold a referendum to ensure all 20 stations of Metro Line 3 are made fully accessible during the lines reconstruction . Until that point , the local government only planned to guarantee this at 12 stations , but on 7 February the mayors office negotiated with the national umbrella organization for disabled people , then announced it would build inclined elevators next to the existing escalators at 6 more stations . Both the opposition parties and the umbrella organization operating independently from them announced they regard acceptable only full compliance with accessibility standards at all stations . On February 21 , initiator of the referendum Csaba Horváth ( socialist floor leader of the Municipal Assembly ) cancelled the signature collecting , referring to the Mayors former announcement and to the calculations regarding the cost of the referendum can cover the cost of building elevators at the two remaining stations . On 10 October 2018 , István Tarlós announced that he will run for a third term as Mayor of Budapest , after negotiating about his future role with Prime Minister Viktor Orbán . According to the press , the two politicians concluded a 15-point agreement , which contained altogether HUF 1,000 billion development package . The Metropolitan Public Development Council was established with members delegated by both the government and the General Assembly of Budapest . Tarlós and Orbán also accepted a 10-year Budapest 2030 urban development plan . The government guaranteed the functions of garbage disposal and sewerage remained the responsibility of the local municipality . In June 2019 , in the oppositions first primary election , Gergely Karácsony was elected as the united oppositions joint candidate to the position of mayor . In the October 2019 local election , Tarlós , receiving 44.10% of the vote , was defeated by Karácsony , while the opposition parties also gained majority in the General Assembly of Budapest . After his defeat , Tarlós announced his retirement from politics and did not take over his gained seat in the General Assembly . Later career . Weeks after his defeat during the 2019 local elections , István Tarlós was appointed Prime Ministerial Commissioner for the Development of National Transportation and Public Service Infrastructure on 31 October 2019 . Officially , he took the position in the following day . Social work . Through assignment of numerous district mayors Tarlós became vice-chairman of the Council of Regional Development between 1999-2003 . He visited the Institutions of the EU in Brussels on diverse occasions . During this period Tarlós lead the Commission for Strategic Planning of the Central-Hungarian Region and co-founded the Hungarian Society of Law-Enforcement-Science , the Baross Gábor Society and became a member of the Széchenyi Society . Additionally Tarlós was given the task of the honorary chairman of the Disaster-Recovery and Civil Protection Council as well as of the Braunhaxler Association of Budapest District III . He is furthermore member of the board of the Christian Intellectual Alliance . Recognition of Elvis Presley . On 1 March 2011 , Tarlós announcement that the city would posthumously make US singer Elvis Presley ( 1935–77 ) an honorary citizen , as well as name a small park facing one of the citys eight crossings , and its second oldest , the Margaret Bridge , as a gesture of gratitude , made international headlines . Presleys involvement with the plight of Hungarian refugees fleeing from the effects of the 1956 Soviet invasion began on Sunday 28 October 1956 , as some 56.7 million Americans watched Ed Sullivans Sunday program at the CBS-TV network , which Presley was headlining for the second time . During that broadcast , a casual mention was made by Sullivan of the need to send aid to Hungarian refugees fleeing from the effects of the Soviet invasion . This led to Presleys official request , on his third and last appearance at Sullivans Show and as a further 54.6 million viewers watched on 6 January 1957 , for Mr . Sullivan , this time on his behalf , to request viewers to send their contributions . This was done by Mr . Sullivan himself with Presley off-camera as per the singers request on two separate occasions during the broadcast and leading up to Presleys dedication of a song which , in his opinion , fit the mood properly as the shows finale , namely the African American-written gospel song Peace in the Valley . By the end of 1957 , these contributions , as handled by the Geneva-based International Red Cross , and which translated into perishables and non perishables , as well as food rations , clothing , and other essentials , had amounted to some CHF 26 million ( US$6 million , in 1957 dollars ) and the equivalent after inflation adjustments , of US$55.6 million in 2019 dollars . Awards , prizes . - Minor Cross of Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary - Officers Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ( 2008 ) - Golden Degree of Szent Gellért Award - Eötvös József Golden Medal - Henszlmann Imre Award - Remembrance Medal for Hungarian Urbanism - Grand Cross of Allegiance for Fatherland - Medal for Civil Organisations - Golden Seal-Ring Award of Mayors - Silver Medal of the Municipality of Székelyudvarhely - Palatinus Medal of the Municipality of Révkomárom - Honored Citizen , Budapest District III ( from 2007 ) Book . - Tarlós by Károly Boros ( Magyar Ház Kiadó , Budapest , 2007 ) External links . - István Tarlós Homepage Interviews , debates . - 3 January 2008 – Criticizing the liberal Budapest-Policy , MTV Nap-Kelte - 3 January 2008 – Without Taboos , Interview , Echo TV - 16 January 2008 – Debate , István Tarlós and Ildikó Lendvai ( MSZP ) , MTV Nagy Kérdés Speeches . - 17 August 2007 Civil Academy , Speech of István Tarlós , recorded by Echo TV
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Which team did Jupp Heynckes play for from 1963 to 1966?
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Jupp Heynckes Josef Jupp Heynckes ( ; born 9 May 1945 ) is a German retired professional footballer and manager . As a player , he spent the majority of his career as a striker for Borussia Mönchengladbach in its golden era of the 1960s and 70s , where he won many national championships and the DFB-Pokal , as well as the UEFA Cup . During this period the team played in its only European Cup final in 1977 , losing to Liverpool . He is the fourth-highest goalscorer in the history of the Bundesliga , with 220 goals . He was a member of the West Germany national team that won the UEFA European Championship and the FIFA World Cup in the first half of the 1970s . As manager , Heynckes won four Bundesliga titles with Bayern Munich and two UEFA Champions Leagues ; with Real Madrid in 1997–98 and Bayern in 2012–13 . Playing career . Club level . Heynckes played 369 matches in the German Bundesliga , scoring 220 goals . His tally is the third highest in this league , after Gerd Müllers 365 goals and Klaus Fischers 268 . After playing for amateur club Grün-Weiß Holt as a youth , Heynckes started his professional career in 1964 with his hometown club Borussia Mönchengladbach who were then in the second division . In 1965 , the club , managed by Hennes Weisweiler , achieved promotion to the Bundesliga , with the teenaged striker scoring 23 goals in 25 matches in his debut season . In August 1965 , Heynckes scored his first two Bundesliga goals against SC Tasmania 1900 Berlin . He scored 27 Bundesliga goals in two seasons for Borussia before joining Hannover 96 , where he spent three years and scored 25 times in 86 league matches . He returned to Mönchengladbach in 1970 , with the club having just won the first league title in its history . With Heynckes , who scored 19 times in 33 matches , Gladbach became the first club to retain the Bundesliga title in 1970–71 . In the 1971–72 European Cup , Heynckes scored twice in an extraordinary 7–1 win against Italian champions Inter Milan . The match , however , was forced to be replayed after a drinks can had been thrown onto the pitch by a spectator , hitting Inters Roberto Boninsegna . Borussia drew the replayed home leg 0–0 and were eliminated 4–2 on aggregate . In 1973 , after eliminating Dutch club Twente 5–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals , Borussia Mönchengladbach became the first German side to reach the final of the UEFA Cup . Borussia lost the away leg of the final against Liverpool 3–0 at Anfield , after the match initially had to be abandoned after 27 minutes due to a waterlogged pitch . During the match , Heynckes had a penalty kick saved by Ray Clemence , denying his side a decisive away goal . In the return leg , Heynckes scored both goals in Gladbachs 2–0 win . The English team , however , prevailed 3–2 on aggregate to lift the trophy . With 12 goals , Heynckes was joint top scorer of the competition with Twentes Jan Jeuring . Despite disappointment in Europe , Gladbach ended the 1972–73 season with success in the DFB-Pokal final , beating 1 . FC Köln at the Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf . In the 1973–74 season , Heynckes was joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga , alongside Gerd Müller , with 30 goals . His Mönchengladbach side finished second in the table , with Müllers Bayern Munich winning a record third consecutive Bundesliga title . Heynckes was also the top scorer of the 1973–74 European Cup Winners Cup with eight goals . In this competition , Borussia Mönchengladbach were knocked out in the semi-finals by Milan , losing 2–1 on aggregate . In 1974–75 , die Fohlen won their third Bundesliga title , with Heynckes finishing as the leagues outright top goalscorer with 27 goals . The club also won its first European trophy with success in the UEFA Cup . After a 0–0 draw in the home leg of the final against Twente , Heynckes , who missed the home match , scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 away win in Enschede . This victory made Gladbach the first German winners of the UEFA Cup . Again , Heynckes was tournament top scorer , this time with ten goals . Altogether , Heynckes scored 23 goals in 21 games in the UEFA Cup , making him the ninth-highest goalscorer in the history of the competition , and the only member of the top ten to have scored at a ratio of over a goal per game . After regaining the title , Weisweiler left Borussia to become manager of Barcelona . He was replaced by Udo Lattek , under whom Heynckes would later begin his coaching career . Borussia Mönchengladbach went on to win the 1975–76 and 1976–77 Bundesliga titles , matching Bayerns feat of three titles in a row set earlier in the decade . In 1977 , Borussia also reached its first European Cup final . In the previous seasons competition , Heynckes had been top scorer with six goals . In 1976–77 European Cup , he was less prolific , scoring only one goal in the first round match against Austria Wien . In the final , Gladbach again lost out to Liverpool , losing 3–1 at Romes Stadio Olimpico . Heynckes scored 18 goals in the 1977–78 Bundesliga season , including five in the record 12–0 win against Borussia Dortmund on the final day of the season . However , this was not enough to secure a fourth successive title , as 1 . FC Köln won their final match against FC St . Pauli 5–0 to take first place on goal difference . Heynckes scored four goals in the 1977–78 European Cup as the team reached the semi-finals , where they were again defeated by Liverpool . Altogether , Heynckes scored 51 goals in 64 matches in European club competitions . His average of 0.8 goals per match is only bettered by compatriot Gerd Müller , who achieved an average of 0.89 goals per match . Heynckes ended his playing career in 1978 and began studying for his coaching licence at the Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln . During his club career , he won four Bundesliga titles , one DFB-Pokal and one UEFA Cup . He is the third-highest goalscorer in Bundesliga history and Borussia Mönchengladbachs top goalscorer in the competition with 195 goals . International level . Heynckes made 39 appearances for the West Germany national team and scored 14 goals . In February 1967 , he made his international debut at age 21 , scoring in a 5–1 friendly win against Morocco . Heynckes was a member of the West Germany team that won the 1972 UEFA European Championship , playing 90 minutes in the 3–0 win over the Soviet Union in the final . He was named by UEFA as one of seven German players in the official Team of the Tournament . Heynckes was included in West Germanys squad for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , which was held in West Germany . Despite his excellent form at club level , however , he spent most of the tournament on the bench as Gerd Müller , the national teams all-time top goalscorer , was used as the starting centre forward by coach Helmut Schön . Heynckes was in the starting line-up for West Germanys opening two fixtures against Chile and Australia but then played no further part due to injury and die Nationalelf won their second World Cup , beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final at Munichs Olympiastadion . In 2013 , Heynckes said of his experience at the 1974 World Cup , I was in the starting lineup for the German national team competing for the World Cup , but after an injury I was sidelined for the entire final . This was the greatest disappointment of my life , but it spurred me on and became my greatest source of motivation . Managerial career . 1979–91 : Early career . Borussia Mönchengladbach . After his playing career , Heynckes stayed with Borussia Mönchengladbach and served the club for eight more years , first as an assistant and then as a manager , succeeding Udo Lattek in this position in 1979 at age 34 . Heynckes took over on 1 July 1979 and in the 1979–80 season , Heynckes led Mönchengladbach to the 1980 UEFA Cup final , where they lost to Eintracht Frankfurt . They won the first leg 3–2 and lost the second leg 1–0 . in the league , Mönchengladbach finished in seventh place . The 1980–81 season started with a 2–1 loss to Fortuna Düsseldorf . During the 1980–81 season , Mönchengladbach defeated OSV Hannover , TuS Langerwehe , Bünder SV , and Atlas Delmenhorst to get to the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal where they lost to 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . Their seventh-place finish in the previous season failed to qualify them for a place in Europe . Mönchengladbach finished the league season in sixth place . The 1981–82 season started with a 4–2 loss to Werder Bremen on 8 August 1981 . Then they went on a six-match undefeated streak . This included a 7–2 win against SSV Dillenburg in the DFB-Pokal . Again they reached the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal . This time they were knocked out by 1 . FC Nürnberg . They finished the league season in seventh place . They were knocked out of the UEFA Cup in the second round by Dundee United . They had knocked out 1 . FC Magdeburg in the first round . Mönchengladbach finished the 1982–83 season in 12th place . Under Heynckes , Mönchengladbach had finished in seventh place in 1980 , sixth place in 1981 and seventh place in 1982 . For the third consecutive season , Mönchengladbach was eliminated in the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal . In the 1983–84 season , Die Fohlen finished third in the Bundesliga , missing out on the league title to VfB Stuttgart on goal difference . The team also reached the DFB-Pokal final , losing to Bayern Munich on penalties . Mönchengladbach finished the 1984–85 season in fourth place . They were eliminated in the second round of the UEFA Cup by Widzew Łódź and in the semi-final of the DFB-Pokal by Bayern Munich . Mönchengladbach finished the 1985–86 season in fourth place in the league . In the third-round of the UEFA Cup , Gladbach beat Real Madrid 5–1 at the Rheinstadion . However , a 4–0 loss at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the second leg saw Borussia eliminated on the away goals rule . In 2013 , Heynckes described it as the worst night of my career . In his final season in charge , Heynckes led Mönchengladbach to another third-place finish and the UEFA Cup semi-final . Despite not winning a trophy during his spell as manager of his hometown club , a record that earned him the nickname the champion without a title , he was appointed as manager of Bayern Munich in the summer of 1987 , where he again succeeded the outgoing Udo Lattek . Heynckes finished with a record of 169 wins , 77 draws and 97 losses . Bayern Munich . Heynckes was manager of Bayern Munich between 1 July 1987 and 8 October 1991 . In his first season , Bayern won the DFB-Supercup . Bayern defeated Hamburger SV 2–1 . During the season , Bayern went on to lose out on the league title by four points to Werder Bremen and were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the DFB-Pokal and the European Cup . Bayern won back-to-back titles in 1988–89 and 1989–90 seasons . In the 1988–89 season , Bayern were eliminated in the round of 16 in the DFB-Pokal and the semi-final in the UEFA Cup . Bayern started the 1989–90 season with a 4–3 loss to Borussia Dortmund in the DFB-Supercup on 25 July 1989 . Then they defeated 1 . FC Nürnberg 3–2 on matchday one on 29 July 1989 . They were knocked out of the DFB-Pokal in the round of 16 and they were knocked out once again in the semi-final of the European Cup . This time by Milan . Bayern started the 1990–91 season by defeating 1 . FC Kaiserslautern 4–1 in the DFB-Supercup on 31 July 1990 . Then they were eliminated in the first round of the German Cup on 4 August 1990 . In the European Cup Bayern were knocked out of a European semi-final for the third time in a row . This time by Red Star Belgrade . The club then achieved another second-placed finish in 1990–91 league season . Bayern started the 1991–92 season with a 1–1 draw against Werder Bremen . Bayern advanced to the second round of the UEFA Cup after eliminating Cork City . The first leg finished in a 1–1 draw and the second leg finished in a 2–0 win for Bayern . Heynckes was fired by Bayern on 4 October 1991 , after the team had won only four of its first 12 Bundesliga matches . His final match as coach was a 4–1 home defeat to Stuttgarter Kickers . Bayern were in 12th place at the time of his sacking . The team continued to struggle after his departure , eventually finishing five points clear of relegation in tenth place . The decision to sack Heynckes was later described by general manager Uli Hoeneß as the biggest mistake of my career . Under Heynckes , Bayern reached the semi-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup , the 1989–90 European Cup and the 1990–91 European Cup . In each campaign , they were knocked out by the team which went on to win the competition . Heynckes finished with a record of 113 wins , 46 draws and 39 losses . 1992–98 : Coaching in Spain and return to Bundesliga . Athletic Bilbao . In 1992 , he was appointed manager of Athletic Bilbao , becoming only the third German manager in Spains La Liga after Hennes Weisweiler and Udo Lattek , both of whom managed Barcelona . Heynckes managed his first match against Cádiz on 5 September 1992 . He led them to an eighth-placed finish in his first season . They were eliminated in the third round of Copa del Rey . He led the Basque club to fifth spot in the league and qualification for the UEFA Cup in 1993–94 . They were eliminated in the fourth round of the Copa del Rey . His final match was a 3–2 win against Tenerife . Eintracht Frankfurt . On 1 July 1994 , Heynckes returned to Germany to become manager of Eintracht Frankfurt and was manager until 2 April 1995 . His first match was a 6–0 win against I . SC Göttingen 05 in the first round of the German Cup . Heynckes spell at the Eintracht was problematic and he clashed with the clubs star players Anthony Yeboah , Jay-Jay Okocha and Maurizio Gaudino . In December 1994 , the three players were punished for a perceived lack of effort with extra training sessions . Because of this the players refused to play in Eintrachts next match against Hamburger SV and were suspended indefinitely by the club . Gaudino was loaned out to Manchester City later in the month and Yeboah was sold to Leeds United in January 1995 . Okocha was later allowed to return to the team before leaving for Fenerbahçe S.K . in 1996 . Heynckes left the club on 2 April 1995 after a 3–0 home defeat to Schalke 04 with the team in 13th place in the table . Heynckes finished with a record of 12 wins , 10 draws and 12 losses . Tenerife and Real Madrid . In 1995 , Heynckes returned to Spain to take over at Tenerife . He won his first match as manager against Sevilla on 2 September 1995 . In his first season he led the team from the Canary Islands into the UEFA Cup with a fifth-placed finish in La Liga . In the Copa del Rey , they got to the quarter-finals where they lost to Atlético Madrid . The following season the club finished ninth in La Liga and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup , where they were beaten by eventual winners Schalke 04 . In the Copa del Rey , Tenerife had a bye until the fourth round where they were eliminated by Real Betis after losing both legs of the tie . In June 1997 , Heynckes was hired by the Spanish champions Real Madrid . His first match was a 2–1 loss to Barcelona in the first leg of the Spanish Super Cup . Real Madrid would go on to win the Super Cup after winning the second leg 4–1 . Real Madrid were knocked out of the Copa del Rey in the round of 16 . There , he celebrated one of his greatest triumphs , as Madrid beat Juventus 1–0 in the UEFA Champions League Final for their first European Cup victory since 1966 . However , the lack of domestic success – finishing fourth , eleven points behind champions Barcelona – saw his tenure terminated at the end of the season . 1999–2003 : Benfica and return to Athletic . After his dismissal by Real Madrid , Heynckes took a year out of football before joining Portuguese club Benfica for the 1999–2000 season . Heynckes replaced Graeme Souness . Benfica finished third in Heynckes only full season in charge and were knocked out of the UEFA Cup at the third round with an 8–1 aggregate defeat by Celta de Vigo , losing the first leg 7–0 . They were knocked out in the round of 16 of the Portuguese Cup . After releasing club icon and captain João Pinto , who then joined Lisbon rivals Sporting CP , after transfer listing him . Heynckes became unpopular with the Benfica fans and left the club by mutual agreement in September 2000 . His final match at the club was a 2–1 win against Estrela Amadora on 17 September 2000 . Benfica were tied for seventh place at the time of his departure . In 2001 , Heynckes returned to Athletic Bilbao for a second spell as coach . In the 2001–02 season , Athletic finished tenth in La Liga , missing out on qualification to the UEFA Cup by a point , and reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey . The following season , Athletic secured a seventh-place finish , again finishing one point short of UEFA Cup qualification . They were eliminated in the second round of the Copa del Rey . In June 2003 , Heynckes left Athletic to become head coach of Schalke 04 . 2003–07 : Return to the Bundesliga . Schalke . In 2003 , after eight years managing in Iberia , Heynckes returned to Germany to manage Schalke 04 . Upon joining die Königsblauen Heynckes said Schalke is something special , for many it is like a religion , for me it is an absolutely ideal position . His first match was a 1–0 win against Dacia Chișinău on 19 July 2003 in the Intertoto Cup . His first league match was a 2–2 draw against Borussia Dortmund on 2 August 2003 . Despite targeting a top five finish upon his appointment , Schalke were eliminated in the second round of the German Cup by SC Freiburg . Freiburg won 7–3 and scored four goals in extra time . Schalke finished the 2003–04 season in seventh place in the Bundesliga . Schalke started 2004–05 season with a 5–0 win against Vardar on 17 July 2004 in the Intertoto Cup . Schalke defeated Hertha BSC II in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Schalke started the league season in the relegation zone after losing three of their opening four league matches . On 15 September 2004 , Heynckes was fired by the clubs general manager Rudi Assauer . Heynckes finished with a record of 28 wins , 14 draws and 15 losses . Borussia Mönchengladbach . In May 2006 , Heynckes returned to manage Borussia Mönchengladbach , the club where he had begun his career as both a player and manager . Heynckes first match was a 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus on 12 August 2006 . Heynckes comeback started well , with Gladbach in fifth position in the Bundesliga at the end of the seventh matchday after winning each of their opening four home matches . He resigned on 31 January 2007 , however , after 14-straight Bundesliga matches without a win saw Borussia drop to 17th place in the table . with the coach requiring police protection for matches against VfL Bochum and Energie Cottbus in the previous month . On departing Borussia , Heynckes refused a pay-off and returned his company car to the club office freshly cleaned and with a full tank of petrol . In May 2013 , upon returning to Borussia-Park for his originally final match as a Bundesliga coach , Heynckes said , This is my club . Its where I started as a 19-year-old professional , then worked as a coach . Since then I have come full circle . Mönchengladbach is my home town , I spent 23 years at the club , so this will not be just a normal game for me . The teams fortunes did not improve after Heynckes departure and the club was relegated at the end of the season , finishing last in the Bundesliga table . Heynckes finished with a record of 5 wins , 4 draws and 12 losses . 2009–13 : Final years . Caretaker role at Bayern Munich . After over two years out of football , Heynckes came out of retirement and returned to football in April 2009 , becoming caretaker manager of his former club Bayern Munich , replacing the sacked Jürgen Klinsmann . Bayern were in danger of missing out on qualification for the Champions League upon Heynckes appointment , but the team won four and drew one of its remaining matches , finishing second in the Bundesliga , two points behind champions VfL Wolfsburg . The four Bayern wins were against Borussia Mönchengladbach , Energie Cottbus , Bayer Leverkusen , and VfB Stuttgart . The draw was against 1899 Hoffenheim . Bayer Leverkusen . On 5 June 2009 , Heynckes signed a two-year contract to manage Bayer Leverkusen . Heynckes first match was a 1–0 German Cup win against SV Babelsberg 03 on 31 July 2009 . Bayer Leverkusen were eventually eliminated by Kaiserslautern in the second round . The team started the season with a record 24 Bundesliga matches unbeaten , challenging Bayern Munich for the league title . The teams unbeaten record finally came to an end in March 2010 with a 3–2 defeat at 1 . FC Nürnberg , after which Leverkusen only won two of their final nine matches and finished in fourth place . In the 2010–11 season , Leverkusen finished runner-up in the Bundesliga to Borussia Dortmund , thus qualifying for the Champions League for the first time since 2005 . It was also the clubs highest final league position since the 2001–02 season . They were knocked out in the second round of the DFB-Pokal for the second consecutive season . They also reached the round of 16 in the Europa League . Despite his success , Heynckes decided not to extend his contract and left Bayer Leverkusen in the 2011 close season to take over at Bayern Munich for a third time . On 25 March 2011 , it was announced that Heynckes would be replacing Louis van Gaal as the manager of Bayern Munich at the beginning of the 2011–12 season . At the age of 66 , he was the oldest coach in the Bundesliga . Heynckes took over a team which had finished third in the 2010–11 Bundesliga , three points behind his Bayer Leverkusen side . He finished with a record of 44 wins , 26 draws and 14 losses at Bayer Leverkusen . 2011–13 : Third stint at Bayern Munich . 2011–12 season . Heynckes first match was a 3–0 win against Eintracht Braunschweig in the first round of the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal . Bayern started the league season with a surprise 1–0 defeat to Heynckes former club Borussia Mönchengladbach at the Allianz Arena , before six consecutive Bundesliga wins without conceding took them to the top of the table . In all competitions , Bayern kept 12 consecutive clean sheets , including four Champions League matches , the last of which came in a 4–0 win over Hertha BSC . This run of good form ended with a 2–1 defeat to Hannover 96 , and losses to Borussia Dortmund and Mainz 05 soon followed , allowing Dortmund , the previous seasons champions , to overtake Bayern at the top of the table . Bayern briefly regained top spot in January and February , but after the Bavarians draw with Hamburger SV on matchday 20 , Dortmund again gained first position and went on to retain their title by eight points , ending the season on a 28-match unbeaten run . On 17 March 2012 , Heynckes oversaw his 600th Bundesliga match as manager , a 6–0 victory over Hertha BSC . His opposing coach that day , Otto Rehhagel , is the only coach who has managed more Bundesliga matches , with over 800 . After finishing the Bundesliga season in second place , Bayern faced champions Dortmund in the 2012 DFB-Pokal final , losing 5–2 . Despite their disappointments in domestic competitions , Heynckes Bayern had qualified for the 2012 Champions League Final in April 2012 , defeating Real Madrid on penalty kicks in the semi-finals . In the final , held at the Allianz Arena , die Roten faced English club Chelsea . Despite controlling most of the match and taking a 1–0 lead in the 83rd minute , Bayern lost the match 4–3 on penalties . This meant that Bayern had finished as runners-up in all three major competitions in which they had competed in 2011–12 . 2012–13 season . Bayern started the 2012–13 season by defeating Borussia Dortmund 2–1 in the DFL-Supercup . It was a significant result as the Bavarians had lost all three encounters with die Schwarzgelben in the previous season , and the last five encounters between the clubs overall . Bayerns Bundesliga campaign began with a record-breaking eight consecutive wins before they suffered their only league defeat of the season at Bayer Leverkusen . Bayern quickly regained form and went into the winter break nine points clear at the top of the table . On 16 January 2013 , Bayern announced that former Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola would replace Heynckes in July 2013 . General manager Uli Hoeneß later stated that it was not Heynckes decision to leave Bayern at the end of the season and was forced by the clubs wish to appoint Guardiola . Though the clubs press release announcing Bayerns agreement with Guardiola had claimed Heynckes would be retiring on the expiration of his contract , he stated he would not make a decision on his future until the end of the season . After returning from the winter break , Bayern only dropped two points in the entire second half of the Bundesliga season , winning 14 consecutive matches from January onwards and being confirmed as champions on 6 April 2013 . This was the earliest a team had ever won the Bundesliga , and Bayern broke several other records during the season including ; most points in a season ( 91 ) , highest league winning points margin ( 25 ) , most wins in a season ( 29 ) , longest winning streak in a season ( 14 ) , most clean sheets in a season ( 21 ) , best goal difference in a season ( +80 ) and fewest goals conceded in a season ( 18 ) . The team scored in every match and suffered only one defeat . On 23 February 2013 , Heynckes participated in his 1,000th Bundesliga match as player and manager combined , making him the man with the second most appearances in Bundesliga history . On 14 May 2013 , he took charge of a Bundesliga match for what he claimed to be the final time . Fittingly , the match was away at Borussia Mönchengladbach , Heynckes hometown club who he served for over 20 years as a player and coach . In the Champions League , Bayern faced Barcelona at the semi-final stage , thrashing the favourites 7–0 on aggregate to reach a second successive final . The performance was seen as a display of physical and tactical superiority of Bayern over Barcelona . In the 2013 Champions League final , Heynckes Bayern defeated Bundesliga rivals Borussia Dortmund 2–1 at Wembley Stadium , making him the fourth manager ( after Ernst Happel , Ottmar Hitzfeld and José Mourinho ) to win the competition with two clubs . On 1 June 2013 , Heynckes took charge of Bayern for the last time in the 2013 DFB-Pokal final against VfB Stuttgart . Bayern won the match 3–2 , becoming the first German club to complete the treble of the domestic league , the domestic cup and the European Cup . Former Bayern and West Germany captain Franz Beckenbauer , who led die Roten to three consecutive European Cup wins in the 1970s , called Heynckes 2012–13 side the best Bayern team ever , a view shared by the clubs legendary forward Karl-Heinz Rummenigge . He finished with a record of 83 wins , 12 draws , and 14 losses . Consequently , he won the FIFA World Coach of the Year 2013 finishing ahead of Jürgen Klopp ( second ) and Sir Alex Ferguson ( third ) . On 4 June 2013 , Heynckes announced he would not coach a team during the 2013–14 season . On 21 June , in an interview with Der Spiegel , Heynckes said , After everything thats happened over the past two years , Im ready for some peace and quiet . After this string of successes , I could transfer to just about any club in Europe . I have a problem with the finality of saying never . But I can assure you that I have no intention of coaching again . I had a worthy ending . He was replaced by Pep Guardiola , who had his first training session on 26 June 2013 . 2017–18 : Return to management . Fourth stint at Bayern . On 6 October 2017 , Heynckes was appointed Bayern Munich manager until the end of the 2017–18 season . Carlo Ancelotti was dismissed and Willy Sagnol managed the team on 1 October against Hertha BSC . Heynckes officially took the role on 9 October . His first match in his fourth stint was a 5–0 win against Freiburg . On 4 April 2018 , Heynckes set a new Champions League record of most consecutive wins as a manager with twelve wins by defeating Sevilla in the quarter-final 1st leg match in 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , surpassing the record of ten wins in a row set by Louis van Gaal and Carlo Ancelotti . Bayern president Uli Hoeneß said numerous times in interviews that he wanted Heynckes to stay as manager for the 2018–19 season . Heynckes said in an interview with Sport Bild that he was only going to manage Bayern until the end of the season . Heynckes managed Bayern in 26 Bundesliga matches . He won 22 , lost three and one match ended with a draw . In the Champions League , Heynckes was in charge of 10 matches . He won seven , lost one and two matches ended with a draw . His only defeat was against his old club , Real Madrid , in the first leg in the semi-finals . Retirement . Heynckes retired at the end of the 2017–18 season . In his career , Heynckes managed 1,265 matches in all competitions and in three leagues . He managed 668 Bundesliga matches with five clubs , won 343 , lost 164 and drew 161 matches . Heynckes managed 200 La Liga matches with three clubs . In La Liga , he won 79 , lost 62 and drew 59 matches . He also managed 38 matches in the Primeira Liga with Benfica , winning 23 matches , losing 8 and drawing 7 matches . Trivia . Heynckes face is known to redden noticeably when he is under stress or in a generally agitated state , especially as a manager on the sidelines during a match . This has earned him the nickname Osram ( in reference to a German lighting manufacturer ) . Rudi Gores is said to have first used this moniker to describe Heynckes . Later , the nickname became universally known among German football aficionados and has been used by the media as well . Career statistics . Player . Club . - 1.Includes Regionalliga promotion playoffs , DFB-Ligapokal and Intercontinental Cup . Honours . Club . Borussia Mönchengladbach - UEFA Cup : 1974–75 - Bundesliga : 1970–71 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 - DFB-Pokal : 1972–73 International . West Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1974 - UEFA European Championship : 1972 Manager . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1988–89 , 1989–90 , 2012–13 , 2017–18 - DFB-Pokal : 2012–13 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 , 1990 , 2012 - UEFA Champions League : 2012–13 ; runner-up : 2011–12 Real Madrid - UEFA Champions League : 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1997 Schalke 04 - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 , 2004 Individual . Player - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1971–72 , 1973–74 , 1974–75 - Bundesliga top scorer : 1973–74 , 1974–75 - European Cup top scorer : 1975–76 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup top scorer : 1973–74 - UEFA Cup top scorer : 1972–73 , 1974–75 - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1972 Manager - FIFA World Coach of the Year : 2013 - IFFHS Worlds Best Club Coach : 2013 ; runner-up : 1998 - European Coach of the Year—Alf Ramsey Award : 2013 - European Coach of the Season : 2012–13 - German Football Manager of the Year : 2013 , 2018 - World Soccer Awards Manager of the Year : 2013 - France Football Magazine 25th Greatest Manager of All time : 2019 External links . - Jupp Heynckes at eintracht-archiv.de - Athletic Bilbao manager profile
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Jupp Heynckes Josef Jupp Heynckes ( ; born 9 May 1945 ) is a German retired professional footballer and manager . As a player , he spent the majority of his career as a striker for Borussia Mönchengladbach in its golden era of the 1960s and 70s , where he won many national championships and the DFB-Pokal , as well as the UEFA Cup . During this period the team played in its only European Cup final in 1977 , losing to Liverpool . He is the fourth-highest goalscorer in the history of the Bundesliga , with 220 goals . He was a member of the West Germany national team that won the UEFA European Championship and the FIFA World Cup in the first half of the 1970s . As manager , Heynckes won four Bundesliga titles with Bayern Munich and two UEFA Champions Leagues ; with Real Madrid in 1997–98 and Bayern in 2012–13 . Playing career . Club level . Heynckes played 369 matches in the German Bundesliga , scoring 220 goals . His tally is the third highest in this league , after Gerd Müllers 365 goals and Klaus Fischers 268 . After playing for amateur club Grün-Weiß Holt as a youth , Heynckes started his professional career in 1964 with his hometown club Borussia Mönchengladbach who were then in the second division . In 1965 , the club , managed by Hennes Weisweiler , achieved promotion to the Bundesliga , with the teenaged striker scoring 23 goals in 25 matches in his debut season . In August 1965 , Heynckes scored his first two Bundesliga goals against SC Tasmania 1900 Berlin . He scored 27 Bundesliga goals in two seasons for Borussia before joining Hannover 96 , where he spent three years and scored 25 times in 86 league matches . He returned to Mönchengladbach in 1970 , with the club having just won the first league title in its history . With Heynckes , who scored 19 times in 33 matches , Gladbach became the first club to retain the Bundesliga title in 1970–71 . In the 1971–72 European Cup , Heynckes scored twice in an extraordinary 7–1 win against Italian champions Inter Milan . The match , however , was forced to be replayed after a drinks can had been thrown onto the pitch by a spectator , hitting Inters Roberto Boninsegna . Borussia drew the replayed home leg 0–0 and were eliminated 4–2 on aggregate . In 1973 , after eliminating Dutch club Twente 5–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals , Borussia Mönchengladbach became the first German side to reach the final of the UEFA Cup . Borussia lost the away leg of the final against Liverpool 3–0 at Anfield , after the match initially had to be abandoned after 27 minutes due to a waterlogged pitch . During the match , Heynckes had a penalty kick saved by Ray Clemence , denying his side a decisive away goal . In the return leg , Heynckes scored both goals in Gladbachs 2–0 win . The English team , however , prevailed 3–2 on aggregate to lift the trophy . With 12 goals , Heynckes was joint top scorer of the competition with Twentes Jan Jeuring . Despite disappointment in Europe , Gladbach ended the 1972–73 season with success in the DFB-Pokal final , beating 1 . FC Köln at the Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf . In the 1973–74 season , Heynckes was joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga , alongside Gerd Müller , with 30 goals . His Mönchengladbach side finished second in the table , with Müllers Bayern Munich winning a record third consecutive Bundesliga title . Heynckes was also the top scorer of the 1973–74 European Cup Winners Cup with eight goals . In this competition , Borussia Mönchengladbach were knocked out in the semi-finals by Milan , losing 2–1 on aggregate . In 1974–75 , die Fohlen won their third Bundesliga title , with Heynckes finishing as the leagues outright top goalscorer with 27 goals . The club also won its first European trophy with success in the UEFA Cup . After a 0–0 draw in the home leg of the final against Twente , Heynckes , who missed the home match , scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 away win in Enschede . This victory made Gladbach the first German winners of the UEFA Cup . Again , Heynckes was tournament top scorer , this time with ten goals . Altogether , Heynckes scored 23 goals in 21 games in the UEFA Cup , making him the ninth-highest goalscorer in the history of the competition , and the only member of the top ten to have scored at a ratio of over a goal per game . After regaining the title , Weisweiler left Borussia to become manager of Barcelona . He was replaced by Udo Lattek , under whom Heynckes would later begin his coaching career . Borussia Mönchengladbach went on to win the 1975–76 and 1976–77 Bundesliga titles , matching Bayerns feat of three titles in a row set earlier in the decade . In 1977 , Borussia also reached its first European Cup final . In the previous seasons competition , Heynckes had been top scorer with six goals . In 1976–77 European Cup , he was less prolific , scoring only one goal in the first round match against Austria Wien . In the final , Gladbach again lost out to Liverpool , losing 3–1 at Romes Stadio Olimpico . Heynckes scored 18 goals in the 1977–78 Bundesliga season , including five in the record 12–0 win against Borussia Dortmund on the final day of the season . However , this was not enough to secure a fourth successive title , as 1 . FC Köln won their final match against FC St . Pauli 5–0 to take first place on goal difference . Heynckes scored four goals in the 1977–78 European Cup as the team reached the semi-finals , where they were again defeated by Liverpool . Altogether , Heynckes scored 51 goals in 64 matches in European club competitions . His average of 0.8 goals per match is only bettered by compatriot Gerd Müller , who achieved an average of 0.89 goals per match . Heynckes ended his playing career in 1978 and began studying for his coaching licence at the Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln . During his club career , he won four Bundesliga titles , one DFB-Pokal and one UEFA Cup . He is the third-highest goalscorer in Bundesliga history and Borussia Mönchengladbachs top goalscorer in the competition with 195 goals . International level . Heynckes made 39 appearances for the West Germany national team and scored 14 goals . In February 1967 , he made his international debut at age 21 , scoring in a 5–1 friendly win against Morocco . Heynckes was a member of the West Germany team that won the 1972 UEFA European Championship , playing 90 minutes in the 3–0 win over the Soviet Union in the final . He was named by UEFA as one of seven German players in the official Team of the Tournament . Heynckes was included in West Germanys squad for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , which was held in West Germany . Despite his excellent form at club level , however , he spent most of the tournament on the bench as Gerd Müller , the national teams all-time top goalscorer , was used as the starting centre forward by coach Helmut Schön . Heynckes was in the starting line-up for West Germanys opening two fixtures against Chile and Australia but then played no further part due to injury and die Nationalelf won their second World Cup , beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final at Munichs Olympiastadion . In 2013 , Heynckes said of his experience at the 1974 World Cup , I was in the starting lineup for the German national team competing for the World Cup , but after an injury I was sidelined for the entire final . This was the greatest disappointment of my life , but it spurred me on and became my greatest source of motivation . Managerial career . 1979–91 : Early career . Borussia Mönchengladbach . After his playing career , Heynckes stayed with Borussia Mönchengladbach and served the club for eight more years , first as an assistant and then as a manager , succeeding Udo Lattek in this position in 1979 at age 34 . Heynckes took over on 1 July 1979 and in the 1979–80 season , Heynckes led Mönchengladbach to the 1980 UEFA Cup final , where they lost to Eintracht Frankfurt . They won the first leg 3–2 and lost the second leg 1–0 . in the league , Mönchengladbach finished in seventh place . The 1980–81 season started with a 2–1 loss to Fortuna Düsseldorf . During the 1980–81 season , Mönchengladbach defeated OSV Hannover , TuS Langerwehe , Bünder SV , and Atlas Delmenhorst to get to the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal where they lost to 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . Their seventh-place finish in the previous season failed to qualify them for a place in Europe . Mönchengladbach finished the league season in sixth place . The 1981–82 season started with a 4–2 loss to Werder Bremen on 8 August 1981 . Then they went on a six-match undefeated streak . This included a 7–2 win against SSV Dillenburg in the DFB-Pokal . Again they reached the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal . This time they were knocked out by 1 . FC Nürnberg . They finished the league season in seventh place . They were knocked out of the UEFA Cup in the second round by Dundee United . They had knocked out 1 . FC Magdeburg in the first round . Mönchengladbach finished the 1982–83 season in 12th place . Under Heynckes , Mönchengladbach had finished in seventh place in 1980 , sixth place in 1981 and seventh place in 1982 . For the third consecutive season , Mönchengladbach was eliminated in the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal . In the 1983–84 season , Die Fohlen finished third in the Bundesliga , missing out on the league title to VfB Stuttgart on goal difference . The team also reached the DFB-Pokal final , losing to Bayern Munich on penalties . Mönchengladbach finished the 1984–85 season in fourth place . They were eliminated in the second round of the UEFA Cup by Widzew Łódź and in the semi-final of the DFB-Pokal by Bayern Munich . Mönchengladbach finished the 1985–86 season in fourth place in the league . In the third-round of the UEFA Cup , Gladbach beat Real Madrid 5–1 at the Rheinstadion . However , a 4–0 loss at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the second leg saw Borussia eliminated on the away goals rule . In 2013 , Heynckes described it as the worst night of my career . In his final season in charge , Heynckes led Mönchengladbach to another third-place finish and the UEFA Cup semi-final . Despite not winning a trophy during his spell as manager of his hometown club , a record that earned him the nickname the champion without a title , he was appointed as manager of Bayern Munich in the summer of 1987 , where he again succeeded the outgoing Udo Lattek . Heynckes finished with a record of 169 wins , 77 draws and 97 losses . Bayern Munich . Heynckes was manager of Bayern Munich between 1 July 1987 and 8 October 1991 . In his first season , Bayern won the DFB-Supercup . Bayern defeated Hamburger SV 2–1 . During the season , Bayern went on to lose out on the league title by four points to Werder Bremen and were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the DFB-Pokal and the European Cup . Bayern won back-to-back titles in 1988–89 and 1989–90 seasons . In the 1988–89 season , Bayern were eliminated in the round of 16 in the DFB-Pokal and the semi-final in the UEFA Cup . Bayern started the 1989–90 season with a 4–3 loss to Borussia Dortmund in the DFB-Supercup on 25 July 1989 . Then they defeated 1 . FC Nürnberg 3–2 on matchday one on 29 July 1989 . They were knocked out of the DFB-Pokal in the round of 16 and they were knocked out once again in the semi-final of the European Cup . This time by Milan . Bayern started the 1990–91 season by defeating 1 . FC Kaiserslautern 4–1 in the DFB-Supercup on 31 July 1990 . Then they were eliminated in the first round of the German Cup on 4 August 1990 . In the European Cup Bayern were knocked out of a European semi-final for the third time in a row . This time by Red Star Belgrade . The club then achieved another second-placed finish in 1990–91 league season . Bayern started the 1991–92 season with a 1–1 draw against Werder Bremen . Bayern advanced to the second round of the UEFA Cup after eliminating Cork City . The first leg finished in a 1–1 draw and the second leg finished in a 2–0 win for Bayern . Heynckes was fired by Bayern on 4 October 1991 , after the team had won only four of its first 12 Bundesliga matches . His final match as coach was a 4–1 home defeat to Stuttgarter Kickers . Bayern were in 12th place at the time of his sacking . The team continued to struggle after his departure , eventually finishing five points clear of relegation in tenth place . The decision to sack Heynckes was later described by general manager Uli Hoeneß as the biggest mistake of my career . Under Heynckes , Bayern reached the semi-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup , the 1989–90 European Cup and the 1990–91 European Cup . In each campaign , they were knocked out by the team which went on to win the competition . Heynckes finished with a record of 113 wins , 46 draws and 39 losses . 1992–98 : Coaching in Spain and return to Bundesliga . Athletic Bilbao . In 1992 , he was appointed manager of Athletic Bilbao , becoming only the third German manager in Spains La Liga after Hennes Weisweiler and Udo Lattek , both of whom managed Barcelona . Heynckes managed his first match against Cádiz on 5 September 1992 . He led them to an eighth-placed finish in his first season . They were eliminated in the third round of Copa del Rey . He led the Basque club to fifth spot in the league and qualification for the UEFA Cup in 1993–94 . They were eliminated in the fourth round of the Copa del Rey . His final match was a 3–2 win against Tenerife . Eintracht Frankfurt . On 1 July 1994 , Heynckes returned to Germany to become manager of Eintracht Frankfurt and was manager until 2 April 1995 . His first match was a 6–0 win against I . SC Göttingen 05 in the first round of the German Cup . Heynckes spell at the Eintracht was problematic and he clashed with the clubs star players Anthony Yeboah , Jay-Jay Okocha and Maurizio Gaudino . In December 1994 , the three players were punished for a perceived lack of effort with extra training sessions . Because of this the players refused to play in Eintrachts next match against Hamburger SV and were suspended indefinitely by the club . Gaudino was loaned out to Manchester City later in the month and Yeboah was sold to Leeds United in January 1995 . Okocha was later allowed to return to the team before leaving for Fenerbahçe S.K . in 1996 . Heynckes left the club on 2 April 1995 after a 3–0 home defeat to Schalke 04 with the team in 13th place in the table . Heynckes finished with a record of 12 wins , 10 draws and 12 losses . Tenerife and Real Madrid . In 1995 , Heynckes returned to Spain to take over at Tenerife . He won his first match as manager against Sevilla on 2 September 1995 . In his first season he led the team from the Canary Islands into the UEFA Cup with a fifth-placed finish in La Liga . In the Copa del Rey , they got to the quarter-finals where they lost to Atlético Madrid . The following season the club finished ninth in La Liga and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup , where they were beaten by eventual winners Schalke 04 . In the Copa del Rey , Tenerife had a bye until the fourth round where they were eliminated by Real Betis after losing both legs of the tie . In June 1997 , Heynckes was hired by the Spanish champions Real Madrid . His first match was a 2–1 loss to Barcelona in the first leg of the Spanish Super Cup . Real Madrid would go on to win the Super Cup after winning the second leg 4–1 . Real Madrid were knocked out of the Copa del Rey in the round of 16 . There , he celebrated one of his greatest triumphs , as Madrid beat Juventus 1–0 in the UEFA Champions League Final for their first European Cup victory since 1966 . However , the lack of domestic success – finishing fourth , eleven points behind champions Barcelona – saw his tenure terminated at the end of the season . 1999–2003 : Benfica and return to Athletic . After his dismissal by Real Madrid , Heynckes took a year out of football before joining Portuguese club Benfica for the 1999–2000 season . Heynckes replaced Graeme Souness . Benfica finished third in Heynckes only full season in charge and were knocked out of the UEFA Cup at the third round with an 8–1 aggregate defeat by Celta de Vigo , losing the first leg 7–0 . They were knocked out in the round of 16 of the Portuguese Cup . After releasing club icon and captain João Pinto , who then joined Lisbon rivals Sporting CP , after transfer listing him . Heynckes became unpopular with the Benfica fans and left the club by mutual agreement in September 2000 . His final match at the club was a 2–1 win against Estrela Amadora on 17 September 2000 . Benfica were tied for seventh place at the time of his departure . In 2001 , Heynckes returned to Athletic Bilbao for a second spell as coach . In the 2001–02 season , Athletic finished tenth in La Liga , missing out on qualification to the UEFA Cup by a point , and reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey . The following season , Athletic secured a seventh-place finish , again finishing one point short of UEFA Cup qualification . They were eliminated in the second round of the Copa del Rey . In June 2003 , Heynckes left Athletic to become head coach of Schalke 04 . 2003–07 : Return to the Bundesliga . Schalke . In 2003 , after eight years managing in Iberia , Heynckes returned to Germany to manage Schalke 04 . Upon joining die Königsblauen Heynckes said Schalke is something special , for many it is like a religion , for me it is an absolutely ideal position . His first match was a 1–0 win against Dacia Chișinău on 19 July 2003 in the Intertoto Cup . His first league match was a 2–2 draw against Borussia Dortmund on 2 August 2003 . Despite targeting a top five finish upon his appointment , Schalke were eliminated in the second round of the German Cup by SC Freiburg . Freiburg won 7–3 and scored four goals in extra time . Schalke finished the 2003–04 season in seventh place in the Bundesliga . Schalke started 2004–05 season with a 5–0 win against Vardar on 17 July 2004 in the Intertoto Cup . Schalke defeated Hertha BSC II in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Schalke started the league season in the relegation zone after losing three of their opening four league matches . On 15 September 2004 , Heynckes was fired by the clubs general manager Rudi Assauer . Heynckes finished with a record of 28 wins , 14 draws and 15 losses . Borussia Mönchengladbach . In May 2006 , Heynckes returned to manage Borussia Mönchengladbach , the club where he had begun his career as both a player and manager . Heynckes first match was a 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus on 12 August 2006 . Heynckes comeback started well , with Gladbach in fifth position in the Bundesliga at the end of the seventh matchday after winning each of their opening four home matches . He resigned on 31 January 2007 , however , after 14-straight Bundesliga matches without a win saw Borussia drop to 17th place in the table . with the coach requiring police protection for matches against VfL Bochum and Energie Cottbus in the previous month . On departing Borussia , Heynckes refused a pay-off and returned his company car to the club office freshly cleaned and with a full tank of petrol . In May 2013 , upon returning to Borussia-Park for his originally final match as a Bundesliga coach , Heynckes said , This is my club . Its where I started as a 19-year-old professional , then worked as a coach . Since then I have come full circle . Mönchengladbach is my home town , I spent 23 years at the club , so this will not be just a normal game for me . The teams fortunes did not improve after Heynckes departure and the club was relegated at the end of the season , finishing last in the Bundesliga table . Heynckes finished with a record of 5 wins , 4 draws and 12 losses . 2009–13 : Final years . Caretaker role at Bayern Munich . After over two years out of football , Heynckes came out of retirement and returned to football in April 2009 , becoming caretaker manager of his former club Bayern Munich , replacing the sacked Jürgen Klinsmann . Bayern were in danger of missing out on qualification for the Champions League upon Heynckes appointment , but the team won four and drew one of its remaining matches , finishing second in the Bundesliga , two points behind champions VfL Wolfsburg . The four Bayern wins were against Borussia Mönchengladbach , Energie Cottbus , Bayer Leverkusen , and VfB Stuttgart . The draw was against 1899 Hoffenheim . Bayer Leverkusen . On 5 June 2009 , Heynckes signed a two-year contract to manage Bayer Leverkusen . Heynckes first match was a 1–0 German Cup win against SV Babelsberg 03 on 31 July 2009 . Bayer Leverkusen were eventually eliminated by Kaiserslautern in the second round . The team started the season with a record 24 Bundesliga matches unbeaten , challenging Bayern Munich for the league title . The teams unbeaten record finally came to an end in March 2010 with a 3–2 defeat at 1 . FC Nürnberg , after which Leverkusen only won two of their final nine matches and finished in fourth place . In the 2010–11 season , Leverkusen finished runner-up in the Bundesliga to Borussia Dortmund , thus qualifying for the Champions League for the first time since 2005 . It was also the clubs highest final league position since the 2001–02 season . They were knocked out in the second round of the DFB-Pokal for the second consecutive season . They also reached the round of 16 in the Europa League . Despite his success , Heynckes decided not to extend his contract and left Bayer Leverkusen in the 2011 close season to take over at Bayern Munich for a third time . On 25 March 2011 , it was announced that Heynckes would be replacing Louis van Gaal as the manager of Bayern Munich at the beginning of the 2011–12 season . At the age of 66 , he was the oldest coach in the Bundesliga . Heynckes took over a team which had finished third in the 2010–11 Bundesliga , three points behind his Bayer Leverkusen side . He finished with a record of 44 wins , 26 draws and 14 losses at Bayer Leverkusen . 2011–13 : Third stint at Bayern Munich . 2011–12 season . Heynckes first match was a 3–0 win against Eintracht Braunschweig in the first round of the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal . Bayern started the league season with a surprise 1–0 defeat to Heynckes former club Borussia Mönchengladbach at the Allianz Arena , before six consecutive Bundesliga wins without conceding took them to the top of the table . In all competitions , Bayern kept 12 consecutive clean sheets , including four Champions League matches , the last of which came in a 4–0 win over Hertha BSC . This run of good form ended with a 2–1 defeat to Hannover 96 , and losses to Borussia Dortmund and Mainz 05 soon followed , allowing Dortmund , the previous seasons champions , to overtake Bayern at the top of the table . Bayern briefly regained top spot in January and February , but after the Bavarians draw with Hamburger SV on matchday 20 , Dortmund again gained first position and went on to retain their title by eight points , ending the season on a 28-match unbeaten run . On 17 March 2012 , Heynckes oversaw his 600th Bundesliga match as manager , a 6–0 victory over Hertha BSC . His opposing coach that day , Otto Rehhagel , is the only coach who has managed more Bundesliga matches , with over 800 . After finishing the Bundesliga season in second place , Bayern faced champions Dortmund in the 2012 DFB-Pokal final , losing 5–2 . Despite their disappointments in domestic competitions , Heynckes Bayern had qualified for the 2012 Champions League Final in April 2012 , defeating Real Madrid on penalty kicks in the semi-finals . In the final , held at the Allianz Arena , die Roten faced English club Chelsea . Despite controlling most of the match and taking a 1–0 lead in the 83rd minute , Bayern lost the match 4–3 on penalties . This meant that Bayern had finished as runners-up in all three major competitions in which they had competed in 2011–12 . 2012–13 season . Bayern started the 2012–13 season by defeating Borussia Dortmund 2–1 in the DFL-Supercup . It was a significant result as the Bavarians had lost all three encounters with die Schwarzgelben in the previous season , and the last five encounters between the clubs overall . Bayerns Bundesliga campaign began with a record-breaking eight consecutive wins before they suffered their only league defeat of the season at Bayer Leverkusen . Bayern quickly regained form and went into the winter break nine points clear at the top of the table . On 16 January 2013 , Bayern announced that former Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola would replace Heynckes in July 2013 . General manager Uli Hoeneß later stated that it was not Heynckes decision to leave Bayern at the end of the season and was forced by the clubs wish to appoint Guardiola . Though the clubs press release announcing Bayerns agreement with Guardiola had claimed Heynckes would be retiring on the expiration of his contract , he stated he would not make a decision on his future until the end of the season . After returning from the winter break , Bayern only dropped two points in the entire second half of the Bundesliga season , winning 14 consecutive matches from January onwards and being confirmed as champions on 6 April 2013 . This was the earliest a team had ever won the Bundesliga , and Bayern broke several other records during the season including ; most points in a season ( 91 ) , highest league winning points margin ( 25 ) , most wins in a season ( 29 ) , longest winning streak in a season ( 14 ) , most clean sheets in a season ( 21 ) , best goal difference in a season ( +80 ) and fewest goals conceded in a season ( 18 ) . The team scored in every match and suffered only one defeat . On 23 February 2013 , Heynckes participated in his 1,000th Bundesliga match as player and manager combined , making him the man with the second most appearances in Bundesliga history . On 14 May 2013 , he took charge of a Bundesliga match for what he claimed to be the final time . Fittingly , the match was away at Borussia Mönchengladbach , Heynckes hometown club who he served for over 20 years as a player and coach . In the Champions League , Bayern faced Barcelona at the semi-final stage , thrashing the favourites 7–0 on aggregate to reach a second successive final . The performance was seen as a display of physical and tactical superiority of Bayern over Barcelona . In the 2013 Champions League final , Heynckes Bayern defeated Bundesliga rivals Borussia Dortmund 2–1 at Wembley Stadium , making him the fourth manager ( after Ernst Happel , Ottmar Hitzfeld and José Mourinho ) to win the competition with two clubs . On 1 June 2013 , Heynckes took charge of Bayern for the last time in the 2013 DFB-Pokal final against VfB Stuttgart . Bayern won the match 3–2 , becoming the first German club to complete the treble of the domestic league , the domestic cup and the European Cup . Former Bayern and West Germany captain Franz Beckenbauer , who led die Roten to three consecutive European Cup wins in the 1970s , called Heynckes 2012–13 side the best Bayern team ever , a view shared by the clubs legendary forward Karl-Heinz Rummenigge . He finished with a record of 83 wins , 12 draws , and 14 losses . Consequently , he won the FIFA World Coach of the Year 2013 finishing ahead of Jürgen Klopp ( second ) and Sir Alex Ferguson ( third ) . On 4 June 2013 , Heynckes announced he would not coach a team during the 2013–14 season . On 21 June , in an interview with Der Spiegel , Heynckes said , After everything thats happened over the past two years , Im ready for some peace and quiet . After this string of successes , I could transfer to just about any club in Europe . I have a problem with the finality of saying never . But I can assure you that I have no intention of coaching again . I had a worthy ending . He was replaced by Pep Guardiola , who had his first training session on 26 June 2013 . 2017–18 : Return to management . Fourth stint at Bayern . On 6 October 2017 , Heynckes was appointed Bayern Munich manager until the end of the 2017–18 season . Carlo Ancelotti was dismissed and Willy Sagnol managed the team on 1 October against Hertha BSC . Heynckes officially took the role on 9 October . His first match in his fourth stint was a 5–0 win against Freiburg . On 4 April 2018 , Heynckes set a new Champions League record of most consecutive wins as a manager with twelve wins by defeating Sevilla in the quarter-final 1st leg match in 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , surpassing the record of ten wins in a row set by Louis van Gaal and Carlo Ancelotti . Bayern president Uli Hoeneß said numerous times in interviews that he wanted Heynckes to stay as manager for the 2018–19 season . Heynckes said in an interview with Sport Bild that he was only going to manage Bayern until the end of the season . Heynckes managed Bayern in 26 Bundesliga matches . He won 22 , lost three and one match ended with a draw . In the Champions League , Heynckes was in charge of 10 matches . He won seven , lost one and two matches ended with a draw . His only defeat was against his old club , Real Madrid , in the first leg in the semi-finals . Retirement . Heynckes retired at the end of the 2017–18 season . In his career , Heynckes managed 1,265 matches in all competitions and in three leagues . He managed 668 Bundesliga matches with five clubs , won 343 , lost 164 and drew 161 matches . Heynckes managed 200 La Liga matches with three clubs . In La Liga , he won 79 , lost 62 and drew 59 matches . He also managed 38 matches in the Primeira Liga with Benfica , winning 23 matches , losing 8 and drawing 7 matches . Trivia . Heynckes face is known to redden noticeably when he is under stress or in a generally agitated state , especially as a manager on the sidelines during a match . This has earned him the nickname Osram ( in reference to a German lighting manufacturer ) . Rudi Gores is said to have first used this moniker to describe Heynckes . Later , the nickname became universally known among German football aficionados and has been used by the media as well . Career statistics . Player . Club . - 1.Includes Regionalliga promotion playoffs , DFB-Ligapokal and Intercontinental Cup . Honours . Club . Borussia Mönchengladbach - UEFA Cup : 1974–75 - Bundesliga : 1970–71 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 - DFB-Pokal : 1972–73 International . West Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1974 - UEFA European Championship : 1972 Manager . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1988–89 , 1989–90 , 2012–13 , 2017–18 - DFB-Pokal : 2012–13 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 , 1990 , 2012 - UEFA Champions League : 2012–13 ; runner-up : 2011–12 Real Madrid - UEFA Champions League : 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1997 Schalke 04 - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 , 2004 Individual . Player - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1971–72 , 1973–74 , 1974–75 - Bundesliga top scorer : 1973–74 , 1974–75 - European Cup top scorer : 1975–76 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup top scorer : 1973–74 - UEFA Cup top scorer : 1972–73 , 1974–75 - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1972 Manager - FIFA World Coach of the Year : 2013 - IFFHS Worlds Best Club Coach : 2013 ; runner-up : 1998 - European Coach of the Year—Alf Ramsey Award : 2013 - European Coach of the Season : 2012–13 - German Football Manager of the Year : 2013 , 2018 - World Soccer Awards Manager of the Year : 2013 - France Football Magazine 25th Greatest Manager of All time : 2019 External links . - Jupp Heynckes at eintracht-archiv.de - Athletic Bilbao manager profile
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Jupp Heynckes Josef Jupp Heynckes ( ; born 9 May 1945 ) is a German retired professional footballer and manager . As a player , he spent the majority of his career as a striker for Borussia Mönchengladbach in its golden era of the 1960s and 70s , where he won many national championships and the DFB-Pokal , as well as the UEFA Cup . During this period the team played in its only European Cup final in 1977 , losing to Liverpool . He is the fourth-highest goalscorer in the history of the Bundesliga , with 220 goals . He was a member of the West Germany national team that won the UEFA European Championship and the FIFA World Cup in the first half of the 1970s . As manager , Heynckes won four Bundesliga titles with Bayern Munich and two UEFA Champions Leagues ; with Real Madrid in 1997–98 and Bayern in 2012–13 . Playing career . Club level . Heynckes played 369 matches in the German Bundesliga , scoring 220 goals . His tally is the third highest in this league , after Gerd Müllers 365 goals and Klaus Fischers 268 . After playing for amateur club Grün-Weiß Holt as a youth , Heynckes started his professional career in 1964 with his hometown club Borussia Mönchengladbach who were then in the second division . In 1965 , the club , managed by Hennes Weisweiler , achieved promotion to the Bundesliga , with the teenaged striker scoring 23 goals in 25 matches in his debut season . In August 1965 , Heynckes scored his first two Bundesliga goals against SC Tasmania 1900 Berlin . He scored 27 Bundesliga goals in two seasons for Borussia before joining Hannover 96 , where he spent three years and scored 25 times in 86 league matches . He returned to Mönchengladbach in 1970 , with the club having just won the first league title in its history . With Heynckes , who scored 19 times in 33 matches , Gladbach became the first club to retain the Bundesliga title in 1970–71 . In the 1971–72 European Cup , Heynckes scored twice in an extraordinary 7–1 win against Italian champions Inter Milan . The match , however , was forced to be replayed after a drinks can had been thrown onto the pitch by a spectator , hitting Inters Roberto Boninsegna . Borussia drew the replayed home leg 0–0 and were eliminated 4–2 on aggregate . In 1973 , after eliminating Dutch club Twente 5–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals , Borussia Mönchengladbach became the first German side to reach the final of the UEFA Cup . Borussia lost the away leg of the final against Liverpool 3–0 at Anfield , after the match initially had to be abandoned after 27 minutes due to a waterlogged pitch . During the match , Heynckes had a penalty kick saved by Ray Clemence , denying his side a decisive away goal . In the return leg , Heynckes scored both goals in Gladbachs 2–0 win . The English team , however , prevailed 3–2 on aggregate to lift the trophy . With 12 goals , Heynckes was joint top scorer of the competition with Twentes Jan Jeuring . Despite disappointment in Europe , Gladbach ended the 1972–73 season with success in the DFB-Pokal final , beating 1 . FC Köln at the Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf . In the 1973–74 season , Heynckes was joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga , alongside Gerd Müller , with 30 goals . His Mönchengladbach side finished second in the table , with Müllers Bayern Munich winning a record third consecutive Bundesliga title . Heynckes was also the top scorer of the 1973–74 European Cup Winners Cup with eight goals . In this competition , Borussia Mönchengladbach were knocked out in the semi-finals by Milan , losing 2–1 on aggregate . In 1974–75 , die Fohlen won their third Bundesliga title , with Heynckes finishing as the leagues outright top goalscorer with 27 goals . The club also won its first European trophy with success in the UEFA Cup . After a 0–0 draw in the home leg of the final against Twente , Heynckes , who missed the home match , scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 away win in Enschede . This victory made Gladbach the first German winners of the UEFA Cup . Again , Heynckes was tournament top scorer , this time with ten goals . Altogether , Heynckes scored 23 goals in 21 games in the UEFA Cup , making him the ninth-highest goalscorer in the history of the competition , and the only member of the top ten to have scored at a ratio of over a goal per game . After regaining the title , Weisweiler left Borussia to become manager of Barcelona . He was replaced by Udo Lattek , under whom Heynckes would later begin his coaching career . Borussia Mönchengladbach went on to win the 1975–76 and 1976–77 Bundesliga titles , matching Bayerns feat of three titles in a row set earlier in the decade . In 1977 , Borussia also reached its first European Cup final . In the previous seasons competition , Heynckes had been top scorer with six goals . In 1976–77 European Cup , he was less prolific , scoring only one goal in the first round match against Austria Wien . In the final , Gladbach again lost out to Liverpool , losing 3–1 at Romes Stadio Olimpico . Heynckes scored 18 goals in the 1977–78 Bundesliga season , including five in the record 12–0 win against Borussia Dortmund on the final day of the season . However , this was not enough to secure a fourth successive title , as 1 . FC Köln won their final match against FC St . Pauli 5–0 to take first place on goal difference . Heynckes scored four goals in the 1977–78 European Cup as the team reached the semi-finals , where they were again defeated by Liverpool . Altogether , Heynckes scored 51 goals in 64 matches in European club competitions . His average of 0.8 goals per match is only bettered by compatriot Gerd Müller , who achieved an average of 0.89 goals per match . Heynckes ended his playing career in 1978 and began studying for his coaching licence at the Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln . During his club career , he won four Bundesliga titles , one DFB-Pokal and one UEFA Cup . He is the third-highest goalscorer in Bundesliga history and Borussia Mönchengladbachs top goalscorer in the competition with 195 goals . International level . Heynckes made 39 appearances for the West Germany national team and scored 14 goals . In February 1967 , he made his international debut at age 21 , scoring in a 5–1 friendly win against Morocco . Heynckes was a member of the West Germany team that won the 1972 UEFA European Championship , playing 90 minutes in the 3–0 win over the Soviet Union in the final . He was named by UEFA as one of seven German players in the official Team of the Tournament . Heynckes was included in West Germanys squad for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , which was held in West Germany . Despite his excellent form at club level , however , he spent most of the tournament on the bench as Gerd Müller , the national teams all-time top goalscorer , was used as the starting centre forward by coach Helmut Schön . Heynckes was in the starting line-up for West Germanys opening two fixtures against Chile and Australia but then played no further part due to injury and die Nationalelf won their second World Cup , beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final at Munichs Olympiastadion . In 2013 , Heynckes said of his experience at the 1974 World Cup , I was in the starting lineup for the German national team competing for the World Cup , but after an injury I was sidelined for the entire final . This was the greatest disappointment of my life , but it spurred me on and became my greatest source of motivation . Managerial career . 1979–91 : Early career . Borussia Mönchengladbach . After his playing career , Heynckes stayed with Borussia Mönchengladbach and served the club for eight more years , first as an assistant and then as a manager , succeeding Udo Lattek in this position in 1979 at age 34 . Heynckes took over on 1 July 1979 and in the 1979–80 season , Heynckes led Mönchengladbach to the 1980 UEFA Cup final , where they lost to Eintracht Frankfurt . They won the first leg 3–2 and lost the second leg 1–0 . in the league , Mönchengladbach finished in seventh place . The 1980–81 season started with a 2–1 loss to Fortuna Düsseldorf . During the 1980–81 season , Mönchengladbach defeated OSV Hannover , TuS Langerwehe , Bünder SV , and Atlas Delmenhorst to get to the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal where they lost to 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . Their seventh-place finish in the previous season failed to qualify them for a place in Europe . Mönchengladbach finished the league season in sixth place . The 1981–82 season started with a 4–2 loss to Werder Bremen on 8 August 1981 . Then they went on a six-match undefeated streak . This included a 7–2 win against SSV Dillenburg in the DFB-Pokal . Again they reached the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal . This time they were knocked out by 1 . FC Nürnberg . They finished the league season in seventh place . They were knocked out of the UEFA Cup in the second round by Dundee United . They had knocked out 1 . FC Magdeburg in the first round . Mönchengladbach finished the 1982–83 season in 12th place . Under Heynckes , Mönchengladbach had finished in seventh place in 1980 , sixth place in 1981 and seventh place in 1982 . For the third consecutive season , Mönchengladbach was eliminated in the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal . In the 1983–84 season , Die Fohlen finished third in the Bundesliga , missing out on the league title to VfB Stuttgart on goal difference . The team also reached the DFB-Pokal final , losing to Bayern Munich on penalties . Mönchengladbach finished the 1984–85 season in fourth place . They were eliminated in the second round of the UEFA Cup by Widzew Łódź and in the semi-final of the DFB-Pokal by Bayern Munich . Mönchengladbach finished the 1985–86 season in fourth place in the league . In the third-round of the UEFA Cup , Gladbach beat Real Madrid 5–1 at the Rheinstadion . However , a 4–0 loss at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the second leg saw Borussia eliminated on the away goals rule . In 2013 , Heynckes described it as the worst night of my career . In his final season in charge , Heynckes led Mönchengladbach to another third-place finish and the UEFA Cup semi-final . Despite not winning a trophy during his spell as manager of his hometown club , a record that earned him the nickname the champion without a title , he was appointed as manager of Bayern Munich in the summer of 1987 , where he again succeeded the outgoing Udo Lattek . Heynckes finished with a record of 169 wins , 77 draws and 97 losses . Bayern Munich . Heynckes was manager of Bayern Munich between 1 July 1987 and 8 October 1991 . In his first season , Bayern won the DFB-Supercup . Bayern defeated Hamburger SV 2–1 . During the season , Bayern went on to lose out on the league title by four points to Werder Bremen and were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the DFB-Pokal and the European Cup . Bayern won back-to-back titles in 1988–89 and 1989–90 seasons . In the 1988–89 season , Bayern were eliminated in the round of 16 in the DFB-Pokal and the semi-final in the UEFA Cup . Bayern started the 1989–90 season with a 4–3 loss to Borussia Dortmund in the DFB-Supercup on 25 July 1989 . Then they defeated 1 . FC Nürnberg 3–2 on matchday one on 29 July 1989 . They were knocked out of the DFB-Pokal in the round of 16 and they were knocked out once again in the semi-final of the European Cup . This time by Milan . Bayern started the 1990–91 season by defeating 1 . FC Kaiserslautern 4–1 in the DFB-Supercup on 31 July 1990 . Then they were eliminated in the first round of the German Cup on 4 August 1990 . In the European Cup Bayern were knocked out of a European semi-final for the third time in a row . This time by Red Star Belgrade . The club then achieved another second-placed finish in 1990–91 league season . Bayern started the 1991–92 season with a 1–1 draw against Werder Bremen . Bayern advanced to the second round of the UEFA Cup after eliminating Cork City . The first leg finished in a 1–1 draw and the second leg finished in a 2–0 win for Bayern . Heynckes was fired by Bayern on 4 October 1991 , after the team had won only four of its first 12 Bundesliga matches . His final match as coach was a 4–1 home defeat to Stuttgarter Kickers . Bayern were in 12th place at the time of his sacking . The team continued to struggle after his departure , eventually finishing five points clear of relegation in tenth place . The decision to sack Heynckes was later described by general manager Uli Hoeneß as the biggest mistake of my career . Under Heynckes , Bayern reached the semi-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup , the 1989–90 European Cup and the 1990–91 European Cup . In each campaign , they were knocked out by the team which went on to win the competition . Heynckes finished with a record of 113 wins , 46 draws and 39 losses . 1992–98 : Coaching in Spain and return to Bundesliga . Athletic Bilbao . In 1992 , he was appointed manager of Athletic Bilbao , becoming only the third German manager in Spains La Liga after Hennes Weisweiler and Udo Lattek , both of whom managed Barcelona . Heynckes managed his first match against Cádiz on 5 September 1992 . He led them to an eighth-placed finish in his first season . They were eliminated in the third round of Copa del Rey . He led the Basque club to fifth spot in the league and qualification for the UEFA Cup in 1993–94 . They were eliminated in the fourth round of the Copa del Rey . His final match was a 3–2 win against Tenerife . Eintracht Frankfurt . On 1 July 1994 , Heynckes returned to Germany to become manager of Eintracht Frankfurt and was manager until 2 April 1995 . His first match was a 6–0 win against I . SC Göttingen 05 in the first round of the German Cup . Heynckes spell at the Eintracht was problematic and he clashed with the clubs star players Anthony Yeboah , Jay-Jay Okocha and Maurizio Gaudino . In December 1994 , the three players were punished for a perceived lack of effort with extra training sessions . Because of this the players refused to play in Eintrachts next match against Hamburger SV and were suspended indefinitely by the club . Gaudino was loaned out to Manchester City later in the month and Yeboah was sold to Leeds United in January 1995 . Okocha was later allowed to return to the team before leaving for Fenerbahçe S.K . in 1996 . Heynckes left the club on 2 April 1995 after a 3–0 home defeat to Schalke 04 with the team in 13th place in the table . Heynckes finished with a record of 12 wins , 10 draws and 12 losses . Tenerife and Real Madrid . In 1995 , Heynckes returned to Spain to take over at Tenerife . He won his first match as manager against Sevilla on 2 September 1995 . In his first season he led the team from the Canary Islands into the UEFA Cup with a fifth-placed finish in La Liga . In the Copa del Rey , they got to the quarter-finals where they lost to Atlético Madrid . The following season the club finished ninth in La Liga and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup , where they were beaten by eventual winners Schalke 04 . In the Copa del Rey , Tenerife had a bye until the fourth round where they were eliminated by Real Betis after losing both legs of the tie . In June 1997 , Heynckes was hired by the Spanish champions Real Madrid . His first match was a 2–1 loss to Barcelona in the first leg of the Spanish Super Cup . Real Madrid would go on to win the Super Cup after winning the second leg 4–1 . Real Madrid were knocked out of the Copa del Rey in the round of 16 . There , he celebrated one of his greatest triumphs , as Madrid beat Juventus 1–0 in the UEFA Champions League Final for their first European Cup victory since 1966 . However , the lack of domestic success – finishing fourth , eleven points behind champions Barcelona – saw his tenure terminated at the end of the season . 1999–2003 : Benfica and return to Athletic . After his dismissal by Real Madrid , Heynckes took a year out of football before joining Portuguese club Benfica for the 1999–2000 season . Heynckes replaced Graeme Souness . Benfica finished third in Heynckes only full season in charge and were knocked out of the UEFA Cup at the third round with an 8–1 aggregate defeat by Celta de Vigo , losing the first leg 7–0 . They were knocked out in the round of 16 of the Portuguese Cup . After releasing club icon and captain João Pinto , who then joined Lisbon rivals Sporting CP , after transfer listing him . Heynckes became unpopular with the Benfica fans and left the club by mutual agreement in September 2000 . His final match at the club was a 2–1 win against Estrela Amadora on 17 September 2000 . Benfica were tied for seventh place at the time of his departure . In 2001 , Heynckes returned to Athletic Bilbao for a second spell as coach . In the 2001–02 season , Athletic finished tenth in La Liga , missing out on qualification to the UEFA Cup by a point , and reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey . The following season , Athletic secured a seventh-place finish , again finishing one point short of UEFA Cup qualification . They were eliminated in the second round of the Copa del Rey . In June 2003 , Heynckes left Athletic to become head coach of Schalke 04 . 2003–07 : Return to the Bundesliga . Schalke . In 2003 , after eight years managing in Iberia , Heynckes returned to Germany to manage Schalke 04 . Upon joining die Königsblauen Heynckes said Schalke is something special , for many it is like a religion , for me it is an absolutely ideal position . His first match was a 1–0 win against Dacia Chișinău on 19 July 2003 in the Intertoto Cup . His first league match was a 2–2 draw against Borussia Dortmund on 2 August 2003 . Despite targeting a top five finish upon his appointment , Schalke were eliminated in the second round of the German Cup by SC Freiburg . Freiburg won 7–3 and scored four goals in extra time . Schalke finished the 2003–04 season in seventh place in the Bundesliga . Schalke started 2004–05 season with a 5–0 win against Vardar on 17 July 2004 in the Intertoto Cup . Schalke defeated Hertha BSC II in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Schalke started the league season in the relegation zone after losing three of their opening four league matches . On 15 September 2004 , Heynckes was fired by the clubs general manager Rudi Assauer . Heynckes finished with a record of 28 wins , 14 draws and 15 losses . Borussia Mönchengladbach . In May 2006 , Heynckes returned to manage Borussia Mönchengladbach , the club where he had begun his career as both a player and manager . Heynckes first match was a 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus on 12 August 2006 . Heynckes comeback started well , with Gladbach in fifth position in the Bundesliga at the end of the seventh matchday after winning each of their opening four home matches . He resigned on 31 January 2007 , however , after 14-straight Bundesliga matches without a win saw Borussia drop to 17th place in the table . with the coach requiring police protection for matches against VfL Bochum and Energie Cottbus in the previous month . On departing Borussia , Heynckes refused a pay-off and returned his company car to the club office freshly cleaned and with a full tank of petrol . In May 2013 , upon returning to Borussia-Park for his originally final match as a Bundesliga coach , Heynckes said , This is my club . Its where I started as a 19-year-old professional , then worked as a coach . Since then I have come full circle . Mönchengladbach is my home town , I spent 23 years at the club , so this will not be just a normal game for me . The teams fortunes did not improve after Heynckes departure and the club was relegated at the end of the season , finishing last in the Bundesliga table . Heynckes finished with a record of 5 wins , 4 draws and 12 losses . 2009–13 : Final years . Caretaker role at Bayern Munich . After over two years out of football , Heynckes came out of retirement and returned to football in April 2009 , becoming caretaker manager of his former club Bayern Munich , replacing the sacked Jürgen Klinsmann . Bayern were in danger of missing out on qualification for the Champions League upon Heynckes appointment , but the team won four and drew one of its remaining matches , finishing second in the Bundesliga , two points behind champions VfL Wolfsburg . The four Bayern wins were against Borussia Mönchengladbach , Energie Cottbus , Bayer Leverkusen , and VfB Stuttgart . The draw was against 1899 Hoffenheim . Bayer Leverkusen . On 5 June 2009 , Heynckes signed a two-year contract to manage Bayer Leverkusen . Heynckes first match was a 1–0 German Cup win against SV Babelsberg 03 on 31 July 2009 . Bayer Leverkusen were eventually eliminated by Kaiserslautern in the second round . The team started the season with a record 24 Bundesliga matches unbeaten , challenging Bayern Munich for the league title . The teams unbeaten record finally came to an end in March 2010 with a 3–2 defeat at 1 . FC Nürnberg , after which Leverkusen only won two of their final nine matches and finished in fourth place . In the 2010–11 season , Leverkusen finished runner-up in the Bundesliga to Borussia Dortmund , thus qualifying for the Champions League for the first time since 2005 . It was also the clubs highest final league position since the 2001–02 season . They were knocked out in the second round of the DFB-Pokal for the second consecutive season . They also reached the round of 16 in the Europa League . Despite his success , Heynckes decided not to extend his contract and left Bayer Leverkusen in the 2011 close season to take over at Bayern Munich for a third time . On 25 March 2011 , it was announced that Heynckes would be replacing Louis van Gaal as the manager of Bayern Munich at the beginning of the 2011–12 season . At the age of 66 , he was the oldest coach in the Bundesliga . Heynckes took over a team which had finished third in the 2010–11 Bundesliga , three points behind his Bayer Leverkusen side . He finished with a record of 44 wins , 26 draws and 14 losses at Bayer Leverkusen . 2011–13 : Third stint at Bayern Munich . 2011–12 season . Heynckes first match was a 3–0 win against Eintracht Braunschweig in the first round of the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal . Bayern started the league season with a surprise 1–0 defeat to Heynckes former club Borussia Mönchengladbach at the Allianz Arena , before six consecutive Bundesliga wins without conceding took them to the top of the table . In all competitions , Bayern kept 12 consecutive clean sheets , including four Champions League matches , the last of which came in a 4–0 win over Hertha BSC . This run of good form ended with a 2–1 defeat to Hannover 96 , and losses to Borussia Dortmund and Mainz 05 soon followed , allowing Dortmund , the previous seasons champions , to overtake Bayern at the top of the table . Bayern briefly regained top spot in January and February , but after the Bavarians draw with Hamburger SV on matchday 20 , Dortmund again gained first position and went on to retain their title by eight points , ending the season on a 28-match unbeaten run . On 17 March 2012 , Heynckes oversaw his 600th Bundesliga match as manager , a 6–0 victory over Hertha BSC . His opposing coach that day , Otto Rehhagel , is the only coach who has managed more Bundesliga matches , with over 800 . After finishing the Bundesliga season in second place , Bayern faced champions Dortmund in the 2012 DFB-Pokal final , losing 5–2 . Despite their disappointments in domestic competitions , Heynckes Bayern had qualified for the 2012 Champions League Final in April 2012 , defeating Real Madrid on penalty kicks in the semi-finals . In the final , held at the Allianz Arena , die Roten faced English club Chelsea . Despite controlling most of the match and taking a 1–0 lead in the 83rd minute , Bayern lost the match 4–3 on penalties . This meant that Bayern had finished as runners-up in all three major competitions in which they had competed in 2011–12 . 2012–13 season . Bayern started the 2012–13 season by defeating Borussia Dortmund 2–1 in the DFL-Supercup . It was a significant result as the Bavarians had lost all three encounters with die Schwarzgelben in the previous season , and the last five encounters between the clubs overall . Bayerns Bundesliga campaign began with a record-breaking eight consecutive wins before they suffered their only league defeat of the season at Bayer Leverkusen . Bayern quickly regained form and went into the winter break nine points clear at the top of the table . On 16 January 2013 , Bayern announced that former Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola would replace Heynckes in July 2013 . General manager Uli Hoeneß later stated that it was not Heynckes decision to leave Bayern at the end of the season and was forced by the clubs wish to appoint Guardiola . Though the clubs press release announcing Bayerns agreement with Guardiola had claimed Heynckes would be retiring on the expiration of his contract , he stated he would not make a decision on his future until the end of the season . After returning from the winter break , Bayern only dropped two points in the entire second half of the Bundesliga season , winning 14 consecutive matches from January onwards and being confirmed as champions on 6 April 2013 . This was the earliest a team had ever won the Bundesliga , and Bayern broke several other records during the season including ; most points in a season ( 91 ) , highest league winning points margin ( 25 ) , most wins in a season ( 29 ) , longest winning streak in a season ( 14 ) , most clean sheets in a season ( 21 ) , best goal difference in a season ( +80 ) and fewest goals conceded in a season ( 18 ) . The team scored in every match and suffered only one defeat . On 23 February 2013 , Heynckes participated in his 1,000th Bundesliga match as player and manager combined , making him the man with the second most appearances in Bundesliga history . On 14 May 2013 , he took charge of a Bundesliga match for what he claimed to be the final time . Fittingly , the match was away at Borussia Mönchengladbach , Heynckes hometown club who he served for over 20 years as a player and coach . In the Champions League , Bayern faced Barcelona at the semi-final stage , thrashing the favourites 7–0 on aggregate to reach a second successive final . The performance was seen as a display of physical and tactical superiority of Bayern over Barcelona . In the 2013 Champions League final , Heynckes Bayern defeated Bundesliga rivals Borussia Dortmund 2–1 at Wembley Stadium , making him the fourth manager ( after Ernst Happel , Ottmar Hitzfeld and José Mourinho ) to win the competition with two clubs . On 1 June 2013 , Heynckes took charge of Bayern for the last time in the 2013 DFB-Pokal final against VfB Stuttgart . Bayern won the match 3–2 , becoming the first German club to complete the treble of the domestic league , the domestic cup and the European Cup . Former Bayern and West Germany captain Franz Beckenbauer , who led die Roten to three consecutive European Cup wins in the 1970s , called Heynckes 2012–13 side the best Bayern team ever , a view shared by the clubs legendary forward Karl-Heinz Rummenigge . He finished with a record of 83 wins , 12 draws , and 14 losses . Consequently , he won the FIFA World Coach of the Year 2013 finishing ahead of Jürgen Klopp ( second ) and Sir Alex Ferguson ( third ) . On 4 June 2013 , Heynckes announced he would not coach a team during the 2013–14 season . On 21 June , in an interview with Der Spiegel , Heynckes said , After everything thats happened over the past two years , Im ready for some peace and quiet . After this string of successes , I could transfer to just about any club in Europe . I have a problem with the finality of saying never . But I can assure you that I have no intention of coaching again . I had a worthy ending . He was replaced by Pep Guardiola , who had his first training session on 26 June 2013 . 2017–18 : Return to management . Fourth stint at Bayern . On 6 October 2017 , Heynckes was appointed Bayern Munich manager until the end of the 2017–18 season . Carlo Ancelotti was dismissed and Willy Sagnol managed the team on 1 October against Hertha BSC . Heynckes officially took the role on 9 October . His first match in his fourth stint was a 5–0 win against Freiburg . On 4 April 2018 , Heynckes set a new Champions League record of most consecutive wins as a manager with twelve wins by defeating Sevilla in the quarter-final 1st leg match in 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , surpassing the record of ten wins in a row set by Louis van Gaal and Carlo Ancelotti . Bayern president Uli Hoeneß said numerous times in interviews that he wanted Heynckes to stay as manager for the 2018–19 season . Heynckes said in an interview with Sport Bild that he was only going to manage Bayern until the end of the season . Heynckes managed Bayern in 26 Bundesliga matches . He won 22 , lost three and one match ended with a draw . In the Champions League , Heynckes was in charge of 10 matches . He won seven , lost one and two matches ended with a draw . His only defeat was against his old club , Real Madrid , in the first leg in the semi-finals . Retirement . Heynckes retired at the end of the 2017–18 season . In his career , Heynckes managed 1,265 matches in all competitions and in three leagues . He managed 668 Bundesliga matches with five clubs , won 343 , lost 164 and drew 161 matches . Heynckes managed 200 La Liga matches with three clubs . In La Liga , he won 79 , lost 62 and drew 59 matches . He also managed 38 matches in the Primeira Liga with Benfica , winning 23 matches , losing 8 and drawing 7 matches . Trivia . Heynckes face is known to redden noticeably when he is under stress or in a generally agitated state , especially as a manager on the sidelines during a match . This has earned him the nickname Osram ( in reference to a German lighting manufacturer ) . Rudi Gores is said to have first used this moniker to describe Heynckes . Later , the nickname became universally known among German football aficionados and has been used by the media as well . Career statistics . Player . Club . - 1.Includes Regionalliga promotion playoffs , DFB-Ligapokal and Intercontinental Cup . Honours . Club . Borussia Mönchengladbach - UEFA Cup : 1974–75 - Bundesliga : 1970–71 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 - DFB-Pokal : 1972–73 International . West Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1974 - UEFA European Championship : 1972 Manager . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1988–89 , 1989–90 , 2012–13 , 2017–18 - DFB-Pokal : 2012–13 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 , 1990 , 2012 - UEFA Champions League : 2012–13 ; runner-up : 2011–12 Real Madrid - UEFA Champions League : 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1997 Schalke 04 - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 , 2004 Individual . Player - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1971–72 , 1973–74 , 1974–75 - Bundesliga top scorer : 1973–74 , 1974–75 - European Cup top scorer : 1975–76 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup top scorer : 1973–74 - UEFA Cup top scorer : 1972–73 , 1974–75 - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1972 Manager - FIFA World Coach of the Year : 2013 - IFFHS Worlds Best Club Coach : 2013 ; runner-up : 1998 - European Coach of the Year—Alf Ramsey Award : 2013 - European Coach of the Season : 2012–13 - German Football Manager of the Year : 2013 , 2018 - World Soccer Awards Manager of the Year : 2013 - France Football Magazine 25th Greatest Manager of All time : 2019 External links . - Jupp Heynckes at eintracht-archiv.de - Athletic Bilbao manager profile
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Jupp Heynckes Josef Jupp Heynckes ( ; born 9 May 1945 ) is a German retired professional footballer and manager . As a player , he spent the majority of his career as a striker for Borussia Mönchengladbach in its golden era of the 1960s and 70s , where he won many national championships and the DFB-Pokal , as well as the UEFA Cup . During this period the team played in its only European Cup final in 1977 , losing to Liverpool . He is the fourth-highest goalscorer in the history of the Bundesliga , with 220 goals . He was a member of the West Germany national team that won the UEFA European Championship and the FIFA World Cup in the first half of the 1970s . As manager , Heynckes won four Bundesliga titles with Bayern Munich and two UEFA Champions Leagues ; with Real Madrid in 1997–98 and Bayern in 2012–13 . Playing career . Club level . Heynckes played 369 matches in the German Bundesliga , scoring 220 goals . His tally is the third highest in this league , after Gerd Müllers 365 goals and Klaus Fischers 268 . After playing for amateur club Grün-Weiß Holt as a youth , Heynckes started his professional career in 1964 with his hometown club Borussia Mönchengladbach who were then in the second division . In 1965 , the club , managed by Hennes Weisweiler , achieved promotion to the Bundesliga , with the teenaged striker scoring 23 goals in 25 matches in his debut season . In August 1965 , Heynckes scored his first two Bundesliga goals against SC Tasmania 1900 Berlin . He scored 27 Bundesliga goals in two seasons for Borussia before joining Hannover 96 , where he spent three years and scored 25 times in 86 league matches . He returned to Mönchengladbach in 1970 , with the club having just won the first league title in its history . With Heynckes , who scored 19 times in 33 matches , Gladbach became the first club to retain the Bundesliga title in 1970–71 . In the 1971–72 European Cup , Heynckes scored twice in an extraordinary 7–1 win against Italian champions Inter Milan . The match , however , was forced to be replayed after a drinks can had been thrown onto the pitch by a spectator , hitting Inters Roberto Boninsegna . Borussia drew the replayed home leg 0–0 and were eliminated 4–2 on aggregate . In 1973 , after eliminating Dutch club Twente 5–1 on aggregate in the semi-finals , Borussia Mönchengladbach became the first German side to reach the final of the UEFA Cup . Borussia lost the away leg of the final against Liverpool 3–0 at Anfield , after the match initially had to be abandoned after 27 minutes due to a waterlogged pitch . During the match , Heynckes had a penalty kick saved by Ray Clemence , denying his side a decisive away goal . In the return leg , Heynckes scored both goals in Gladbachs 2–0 win . The English team , however , prevailed 3–2 on aggregate to lift the trophy . With 12 goals , Heynckes was joint top scorer of the competition with Twentes Jan Jeuring . Despite disappointment in Europe , Gladbach ended the 1972–73 season with success in the DFB-Pokal final , beating 1 . FC Köln at the Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf . In the 1973–74 season , Heynckes was joint top goalscorer in the Bundesliga , alongside Gerd Müller , with 30 goals . His Mönchengladbach side finished second in the table , with Müllers Bayern Munich winning a record third consecutive Bundesliga title . Heynckes was also the top scorer of the 1973–74 European Cup Winners Cup with eight goals . In this competition , Borussia Mönchengladbach were knocked out in the semi-finals by Milan , losing 2–1 on aggregate . In 1974–75 , die Fohlen won their third Bundesliga title , with Heynckes finishing as the leagues outright top goalscorer with 27 goals . The club also won its first European trophy with success in the UEFA Cup . After a 0–0 draw in the home leg of the final against Twente , Heynckes , who missed the home match , scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 away win in Enschede . This victory made Gladbach the first German winners of the UEFA Cup . Again , Heynckes was tournament top scorer , this time with ten goals . Altogether , Heynckes scored 23 goals in 21 games in the UEFA Cup , making him the ninth-highest goalscorer in the history of the competition , and the only member of the top ten to have scored at a ratio of over a goal per game . After regaining the title , Weisweiler left Borussia to become manager of Barcelona . He was replaced by Udo Lattek , under whom Heynckes would later begin his coaching career . Borussia Mönchengladbach went on to win the 1975–76 and 1976–77 Bundesliga titles , matching Bayerns feat of three titles in a row set earlier in the decade . In 1977 , Borussia also reached its first European Cup final . In the previous seasons competition , Heynckes had been top scorer with six goals . In 1976–77 European Cup , he was less prolific , scoring only one goal in the first round match against Austria Wien . In the final , Gladbach again lost out to Liverpool , losing 3–1 at Romes Stadio Olimpico . Heynckes scored 18 goals in the 1977–78 Bundesliga season , including five in the record 12–0 win against Borussia Dortmund on the final day of the season . However , this was not enough to secure a fourth successive title , as 1 . FC Köln won their final match against FC St . Pauli 5–0 to take first place on goal difference . Heynckes scored four goals in the 1977–78 European Cup as the team reached the semi-finals , where they were again defeated by Liverpool . Altogether , Heynckes scored 51 goals in 64 matches in European club competitions . His average of 0.8 goals per match is only bettered by compatriot Gerd Müller , who achieved an average of 0.89 goals per match . Heynckes ended his playing career in 1978 and began studying for his coaching licence at the Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln . During his club career , he won four Bundesliga titles , one DFB-Pokal and one UEFA Cup . He is the third-highest goalscorer in Bundesliga history and Borussia Mönchengladbachs top goalscorer in the competition with 195 goals . International level . Heynckes made 39 appearances for the West Germany national team and scored 14 goals . In February 1967 , he made his international debut at age 21 , scoring in a 5–1 friendly win against Morocco . Heynckes was a member of the West Germany team that won the 1972 UEFA European Championship , playing 90 minutes in the 3–0 win over the Soviet Union in the final . He was named by UEFA as one of seven German players in the official Team of the Tournament . Heynckes was included in West Germanys squad for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , which was held in West Germany . Despite his excellent form at club level , however , he spent most of the tournament on the bench as Gerd Müller , the national teams all-time top goalscorer , was used as the starting centre forward by coach Helmut Schön . Heynckes was in the starting line-up for West Germanys opening two fixtures against Chile and Australia but then played no further part due to injury and die Nationalelf won their second World Cup , beating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final at Munichs Olympiastadion . In 2013 , Heynckes said of his experience at the 1974 World Cup , I was in the starting lineup for the German national team competing for the World Cup , but after an injury I was sidelined for the entire final . This was the greatest disappointment of my life , but it spurred me on and became my greatest source of motivation . Managerial career . 1979–91 : Early career . Borussia Mönchengladbach . After his playing career , Heynckes stayed with Borussia Mönchengladbach and served the club for eight more years , first as an assistant and then as a manager , succeeding Udo Lattek in this position in 1979 at age 34 . Heynckes took over on 1 July 1979 and in the 1979–80 season , Heynckes led Mönchengladbach to the 1980 UEFA Cup final , where they lost to Eintracht Frankfurt . They won the first leg 3–2 and lost the second leg 1–0 . in the league , Mönchengladbach finished in seventh place . The 1980–81 season started with a 2–1 loss to Fortuna Düsseldorf . During the 1980–81 season , Mönchengladbach defeated OSV Hannover , TuS Langerwehe , Bünder SV , and Atlas Delmenhorst to get to the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal where they lost to 1 . FC Kaiserslautern . Their seventh-place finish in the previous season failed to qualify them for a place in Europe . Mönchengladbach finished the league season in sixth place . The 1981–82 season started with a 4–2 loss to Werder Bremen on 8 August 1981 . Then they went on a six-match undefeated streak . This included a 7–2 win against SSV Dillenburg in the DFB-Pokal . Again they reached the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal . This time they were knocked out by 1 . FC Nürnberg . They finished the league season in seventh place . They were knocked out of the UEFA Cup in the second round by Dundee United . They had knocked out 1 . FC Magdeburg in the first round . Mönchengladbach finished the 1982–83 season in 12th place . Under Heynckes , Mönchengladbach had finished in seventh place in 1980 , sixth place in 1981 and seventh place in 1982 . For the third consecutive season , Mönchengladbach was eliminated in the quarter-final of the DFB-Pokal . In the 1983–84 season , Die Fohlen finished third in the Bundesliga , missing out on the league title to VfB Stuttgart on goal difference . The team also reached the DFB-Pokal final , losing to Bayern Munich on penalties . Mönchengladbach finished the 1984–85 season in fourth place . They were eliminated in the second round of the UEFA Cup by Widzew Łódź and in the semi-final of the DFB-Pokal by Bayern Munich . Mönchengladbach finished the 1985–86 season in fourth place in the league . In the third-round of the UEFA Cup , Gladbach beat Real Madrid 5–1 at the Rheinstadion . However , a 4–0 loss at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the second leg saw Borussia eliminated on the away goals rule . In 2013 , Heynckes described it as the worst night of my career . In his final season in charge , Heynckes led Mönchengladbach to another third-place finish and the UEFA Cup semi-final . Despite not winning a trophy during his spell as manager of his hometown club , a record that earned him the nickname the champion without a title , he was appointed as manager of Bayern Munich in the summer of 1987 , where he again succeeded the outgoing Udo Lattek . Heynckes finished with a record of 169 wins , 77 draws and 97 losses . Bayern Munich . Heynckes was manager of Bayern Munich between 1 July 1987 and 8 October 1991 . In his first season , Bayern won the DFB-Supercup . Bayern defeated Hamburger SV 2–1 . During the season , Bayern went on to lose out on the league title by four points to Werder Bremen and were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the DFB-Pokal and the European Cup . Bayern won back-to-back titles in 1988–89 and 1989–90 seasons . In the 1988–89 season , Bayern were eliminated in the round of 16 in the DFB-Pokal and the semi-final in the UEFA Cup . Bayern started the 1989–90 season with a 4–3 loss to Borussia Dortmund in the DFB-Supercup on 25 July 1989 . Then they defeated 1 . FC Nürnberg 3–2 on matchday one on 29 July 1989 . They were knocked out of the DFB-Pokal in the round of 16 and they were knocked out once again in the semi-final of the European Cup . This time by Milan . Bayern started the 1990–91 season by defeating 1 . FC Kaiserslautern 4–1 in the DFB-Supercup on 31 July 1990 . Then they were eliminated in the first round of the German Cup on 4 August 1990 . In the European Cup Bayern were knocked out of a European semi-final for the third time in a row . This time by Red Star Belgrade . The club then achieved another second-placed finish in 1990–91 league season . Bayern started the 1991–92 season with a 1–1 draw against Werder Bremen . Bayern advanced to the second round of the UEFA Cup after eliminating Cork City . The first leg finished in a 1–1 draw and the second leg finished in a 2–0 win for Bayern . Heynckes was fired by Bayern on 4 October 1991 , after the team had won only four of its first 12 Bundesliga matches . His final match as coach was a 4–1 home defeat to Stuttgarter Kickers . Bayern were in 12th place at the time of his sacking . The team continued to struggle after his departure , eventually finishing five points clear of relegation in tenth place . The decision to sack Heynckes was later described by general manager Uli Hoeneß as the biggest mistake of my career . Under Heynckes , Bayern reached the semi-finals of the 1988–89 UEFA Cup , the 1989–90 European Cup and the 1990–91 European Cup . In each campaign , they were knocked out by the team which went on to win the competition . Heynckes finished with a record of 113 wins , 46 draws and 39 losses . 1992–98 : Coaching in Spain and return to Bundesliga . Athletic Bilbao . In 1992 , he was appointed manager of Athletic Bilbao , becoming only the third German manager in Spains La Liga after Hennes Weisweiler and Udo Lattek , both of whom managed Barcelona . Heynckes managed his first match against Cádiz on 5 September 1992 . He led them to an eighth-placed finish in his first season . They were eliminated in the third round of Copa del Rey . He led the Basque club to fifth spot in the league and qualification for the UEFA Cup in 1993–94 . They were eliminated in the fourth round of the Copa del Rey . His final match was a 3–2 win against Tenerife . Eintracht Frankfurt . On 1 July 1994 , Heynckes returned to Germany to become manager of Eintracht Frankfurt and was manager until 2 April 1995 . His first match was a 6–0 win against I . SC Göttingen 05 in the first round of the German Cup . Heynckes spell at the Eintracht was problematic and he clashed with the clubs star players Anthony Yeboah , Jay-Jay Okocha and Maurizio Gaudino . In December 1994 , the three players were punished for a perceived lack of effort with extra training sessions . Because of this the players refused to play in Eintrachts next match against Hamburger SV and were suspended indefinitely by the club . Gaudino was loaned out to Manchester City later in the month and Yeboah was sold to Leeds United in January 1995 . Okocha was later allowed to return to the team before leaving for Fenerbahçe S.K . in 1996 . Heynckes left the club on 2 April 1995 after a 3–0 home defeat to Schalke 04 with the team in 13th place in the table . Heynckes finished with a record of 12 wins , 10 draws and 12 losses . Tenerife and Real Madrid . In 1995 , Heynckes returned to Spain to take over at Tenerife . He won his first match as manager against Sevilla on 2 September 1995 . In his first season he led the team from the Canary Islands into the UEFA Cup with a fifth-placed finish in La Liga . In the Copa del Rey , they got to the quarter-finals where they lost to Atlético Madrid . The following season the club finished ninth in La Liga and reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup , where they were beaten by eventual winners Schalke 04 . In the Copa del Rey , Tenerife had a bye until the fourth round where they were eliminated by Real Betis after losing both legs of the tie . In June 1997 , Heynckes was hired by the Spanish champions Real Madrid . His first match was a 2–1 loss to Barcelona in the first leg of the Spanish Super Cup . Real Madrid would go on to win the Super Cup after winning the second leg 4–1 . Real Madrid were knocked out of the Copa del Rey in the round of 16 . There , he celebrated one of his greatest triumphs , as Madrid beat Juventus 1–0 in the UEFA Champions League Final for their first European Cup victory since 1966 . However , the lack of domestic success – finishing fourth , eleven points behind champions Barcelona – saw his tenure terminated at the end of the season . 1999–2003 : Benfica and return to Athletic . After his dismissal by Real Madrid , Heynckes took a year out of football before joining Portuguese club Benfica for the 1999–2000 season . Heynckes replaced Graeme Souness . Benfica finished third in Heynckes only full season in charge and were knocked out of the UEFA Cup at the third round with an 8–1 aggregate defeat by Celta de Vigo , losing the first leg 7–0 . They were knocked out in the round of 16 of the Portuguese Cup . After releasing club icon and captain João Pinto , who then joined Lisbon rivals Sporting CP , after transfer listing him . Heynckes became unpopular with the Benfica fans and left the club by mutual agreement in September 2000 . His final match at the club was a 2–1 win against Estrela Amadora on 17 September 2000 . Benfica were tied for seventh place at the time of his departure . In 2001 , Heynckes returned to Athletic Bilbao for a second spell as coach . In the 2001–02 season , Athletic finished tenth in La Liga , missing out on qualification to the UEFA Cup by a point , and reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey . The following season , Athletic secured a seventh-place finish , again finishing one point short of UEFA Cup qualification . They were eliminated in the second round of the Copa del Rey . In June 2003 , Heynckes left Athletic to become head coach of Schalke 04 . 2003–07 : Return to the Bundesliga . Schalke . In 2003 , after eight years managing in Iberia , Heynckes returned to Germany to manage Schalke 04 . Upon joining die Königsblauen Heynckes said Schalke is something special , for many it is like a religion , for me it is an absolutely ideal position . His first match was a 1–0 win against Dacia Chișinău on 19 July 2003 in the Intertoto Cup . His first league match was a 2–2 draw against Borussia Dortmund on 2 August 2003 . Despite targeting a top five finish upon his appointment , Schalke were eliminated in the second round of the German Cup by SC Freiburg . Freiburg won 7–3 and scored four goals in extra time . Schalke finished the 2003–04 season in seventh place in the Bundesliga . Schalke started 2004–05 season with a 5–0 win against Vardar on 17 July 2004 in the Intertoto Cup . Schalke defeated Hertha BSC II in the first round of the DFB-Pokal . Schalke started the league season in the relegation zone after losing three of their opening four league matches . On 15 September 2004 , Heynckes was fired by the clubs general manager Rudi Assauer . Heynckes finished with a record of 28 wins , 14 draws and 15 losses . Borussia Mönchengladbach . In May 2006 , Heynckes returned to manage Borussia Mönchengladbach , the club where he had begun his career as both a player and manager . Heynckes first match was a 2–0 win against Energie Cottbus on 12 August 2006 . Heynckes comeback started well , with Gladbach in fifth position in the Bundesliga at the end of the seventh matchday after winning each of their opening four home matches . He resigned on 31 January 2007 , however , after 14-straight Bundesliga matches without a win saw Borussia drop to 17th place in the table . with the coach requiring police protection for matches against VfL Bochum and Energie Cottbus in the previous month . On departing Borussia , Heynckes refused a pay-off and returned his company car to the club office freshly cleaned and with a full tank of petrol . In May 2013 , upon returning to Borussia-Park for his originally final match as a Bundesliga coach , Heynckes said , This is my club . Its where I started as a 19-year-old professional , then worked as a coach . Since then I have come full circle . Mönchengladbach is my home town , I spent 23 years at the club , so this will not be just a normal game for me . The teams fortunes did not improve after Heynckes departure and the club was relegated at the end of the season , finishing last in the Bundesliga table . Heynckes finished with a record of 5 wins , 4 draws and 12 losses . 2009–13 : Final years . Caretaker role at Bayern Munich . After over two years out of football , Heynckes came out of retirement and returned to football in April 2009 , becoming caretaker manager of his former club Bayern Munich , replacing the sacked Jürgen Klinsmann . Bayern were in danger of missing out on qualification for the Champions League upon Heynckes appointment , but the team won four and drew one of its remaining matches , finishing second in the Bundesliga , two points behind champions VfL Wolfsburg . The four Bayern wins were against Borussia Mönchengladbach , Energie Cottbus , Bayer Leverkusen , and VfB Stuttgart . The draw was against 1899 Hoffenheim . Bayer Leverkusen . On 5 June 2009 , Heynckes signed a two-year contract to manage Bayer Leverkusen . Heynckes first match was a 1–0 German Cup win against SV Babelsberg 03 on 31 July 2009 . Bayer Leverkusen were eventually eliminated by Kaiserslautern in the second round . The team started the season with a record 24 Bundesliga matches unbeaten , challenging Bayern Munich for the league title . The teams unbeaten record finally came to an end in March 2010 with a 3–2 defeat at 1 . FC Nürnberg , after which Leverkusen only won two of their final nine matches and finished in fourth place . In the 2010–11 season , Leverkusen finished runner-up in the Bundesliga to Borussia Dortmund , thus qualifying for the Champions League for the first time since 2005 . It was also the clubs highest final league position since the 2001–02 season . They were knocked out in the second round of the DFB-Pokal for the second consecutive season . They also reached the round of 16 in the Europa League . Despite his success , Heynckes decided not to extend his contract and left Bayer Leverkusen in the 2011 close season to take over at Bayern Munich for a third time . On 25 March 2011 , it was announced that Heynckes would be replacing Louis van Gaal as the manager of Bayern Munich at the beginning of the 2011–12 season . At the age of 66 , he was the oldest coach in the Bundesliga . Heynckes took over a team which had finished third in the 2010–11 Bundesliga , three points behind his Bayer Leverkusen side . He finished with a record of 44 wins , 26 draws and 14 losses at Bayer Leverkusen . 2011–13 : Third stint at Bayern Munich . 2011–12 season . Heynckes first match was a 3–0 win against Eintracht Braunschweig in the first round of the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal . Bayern started the league season with a surprise 1–0 defeat to Heynckes former club Borussia Mönchengladbach at the Allianz Arena , before six consecutive Bundesliga wins without conceding took them to the top of the table . In all competitions , Bayern kept 12 consecutive clean sheets , including four Champions League matches , the last of which came in a 4–0 win over Hertha BSC . This run of good form ended with a 2–1 defeat to Hannover 96 , and losses to Borussia Dortmund and Mainz 05 soon followed , allowing Dortmund , the previous seasons champions , to overtake Bayern at the top of the table . Bayern briefly regained top spot in January and February , but after the Bavarians draw with Hamburger SV on matchday 20 , Dortmund again gained first position and went on to retain their title by eight points , ending the season on a 28-match unbeaten run . On 17 March 2012 , Heynckes oversaw his 600th Bundesliga match as manager , a 6–0 victory over Hertha BSC . His opposing coach that day , Otto Rehhagel , is the only coach who has managed more Bundesliga matches , with over 800 . After finishing the Bundesliga season in second place , Bayern faced champions Dortmund in the 2012 DFB-Pokal final , losing 5–2 . Despite their disappointments in domestic competitions , Heynckes Bayern had qualified for the 2012 Champions League Final in April 2012 , defeating Real Madrid on penalty kicks in the semi-finals . In the final , held at the Allianz Arena , die Roten faced English club Chelsea . Despite controlling most of the match and taking a 1–0 lead in the 83rd minute , Bayern lost the match 4–3 on penalties . This meant that Bayern had finished as runners-up in all three major competitions in which they had competed in 2011–12 . 2012–13 season . Bayern started the 2012–13 season by defeating Borussia Dortmund 2–1 in the DFL-Supercup . It was a significant result as the Bavarians had lost all three encounters with die Schwarzgelben in the previous season , and the last five encounters between the clubs overall . Bayerns Bundesliga campaign began with a record-breaking eight consecutive wins before they suffered their only league defeat of the season at Bayer Leverkusen . Bayern quickly regained form and went into the winter break nine points clear at the top of the table . On 16 January 2013 , Bayern announced that former Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola would replace Heynckes in July 2013 . General manager Uli Hoeneß later stated that it was not Heynckes decision to leave Bayern at the end of the season and was forced by the clubs wish to appoint Guardiola . Though the clubs press release announcing Bayerns agreement with Guardiola had claimed Heynckes would be retiring on the expiration of his contract , he stated he would not make a decision on his future until the end of the season . After returning from the winter break , Bayern only dropped two points in the entire second half of the Bundesliga season , winning 14 consecutive matches from January onwards and being confirmed as champions on 6 April 2013 . This was the earliest a team had ever won the Bundesliga , and Bayern broke several other records during the season including ; most points in a season ( 91 ) , highest league winning points margin ( 25 ) , most wins in a season ( 29 ) , longest winning streak in a season ( 14 ) , most clean sheets in a season ( 21 ) , best goal difference in a season ( +80 ) and fewest goals conceded in a season ( 18 ) . The team scored in every match and suffered only one defeat . On 23 February 2013 , Heynckes participated in his 1,000th Bundesliga match as player and manager combined , making him the man with the second most appearances in Bundesliga history . On 14 May 2013 , he took charge of a Bundesliga match for what he claimed to be the final time . Fittingly , the match was away at Borussia Mönchengladbach , Heynckes hometown club who he served for over 20 years as a player and coach . In the Champions League , Bayern faced Barcelona at the semi-final stage , thrashing the favourites 7–0 on aggregate to reach a second successive final . The performance was seen as a display of physical and tactical superiority of Bayern over Barcelona . In the 2013 Champions League final , Heynckes Bayern defeated Bundesliga rivals Borussia Dortmund 2–1 at Wembley Stadium , making him the fourth manager ( after Ernst Happel , Ottmar Hitzfeld and José Mourinho ) to win the competition with two clubs . On 1 June 2013 , Heynckes took charge of Bayern for the last time in the 2013 DFB-Pokal final against VfB Stuttgart . Bayern won the match 3–2 , becoming the first German club to complete the treble of the domestic league , the domestic cup and the European Cup . Former Bayern and West Germany captain Franz Beckenbauer , who led die Roten to three consecutive European Cup wins in the 1970s , called Heynckes 2012–13 side the best Bayern team ever , a view shared by the clubs legendary forward Karl-Heinz Rummenigge . He finished with a record of 83 wins , 12 draws , and 14 losses . Consequently , he won the FIFA World Coach of the Year 2013 finishing ahead of Jürgen Klopp ( second ) and Sir Alex Ferguson ( third ) . On 4 June 2013 , Heynckes announced he would not coach a team during the 2013–14 season . On 21 June , in an interview with Der Spiegel , Heynckes said , After everything thats happened over the past two years , Im ready for some peace and quiet . After this string of successes , I could transfer to just about any club in Europe . I have a problem with the finality of saying never . But I can assure you that I have no intention of coaching again . I had a worthy ending . He was replaced by Pep Guardiola , who had his first training session on 26 June 2013 . 2017–18 : Return to management . Fourth stint at Bayern . On 6 October 2017 , Heynckes was appointed Bayern Munich manager until the end of the 2017–18 season . Carlo Ancelotti was dismissed and Willy Sagnol managed the team on 1 October against Hertha BSC . Heynckes officially took the role on 9 October . His first match in his fourth stint was a 5–0 win against Freiburg . On 4 April 2018 , Heynckes set a new Champions League record of most consecutive wins as a manager with twelve wins by defeating Sevilla in the quarter-final 1st leg match in 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , surpassing the record of ten wins in a row set by Louis van Gaal and Carlo Ancelotti . Bayern president Uli Hoeneß said numerous times in interviews that he wanted Heynckes to stay as manager for the 2018–19 season . Heynckes said in an interview with Sport Bild that he was only going to manage Bayern until the end of the season . Heynckes managed Bayern in 26 Bundesliga matches . He won 22 , lost three and one match ended with a draw . In the Champions League , Heynckes was in charge of 10 matches . He won seven , lost one and two matches ended with a draw . His only defeat was against his old club , Real Madrid , in the first leg in the semi-finals . Retirement . Heynckes retired at the end of the 2017–18 season . In his career , Heynckes managed 1,265 matches in all competitions and in three leagues . He managed 668 Bundesliga matches with five clubs , won 343 , lost 164 and drew 161 matches . Heynckes managed 200 La Liga matches with three clubs . In La Liga , he won 79 , lost 62 and drew 59 matches . He also managed 38 matches in the Primeira Liga with Benfica , winning 23 matches , losing 8 and drawing 7 matches . Trivia . Heynckes face is known to redden noticeably when he is under stress or in a generally agitated state , especially as a manager on the sidelines during a match . This has earned him the nickname Osram ( in reference to a German lighting manufacturer ) . Rudi Gores is said to have first used this moniker to describe Heynckes . Later , the nickname became universally known among German football aficionados and has been used by the media as well . Career statistics . Player . Club . - 1.Includes Regionalliga promotion playoffs , DFB-Ligapokal and Intercontinental Cup . Honours . Club . Borussia Mönchengladbach - UEFA Cup : 1974–75 - Bundesliga : 1970–71 , 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1976–77 - DFB-Pokal : 1972–73 International . West Germany - FIFA World Cup : 1974 - UEFA European Championship : 1972 Manager . Bayern Munich - Bundesliga : 1988–89 , 1989–90 , 2012–13 , 2017–18 - DFB-Pokal : 2012–13 - DFL-Supercup : 1987 , 1990 , 2012 - UEFA Champions League : 2012–13 ; runner-up : 2011–12 Real Madrid - UEFA Champions League : 1997–98 - Supercopa de España : 1997 Schalke 04 - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2003 , 2004 Individual . Player - kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season : 1971–72 , 1973–74 , 1974–75 - Bundesliga top scorer : 1973–74 , 1974–75 - European Cup top scorer : 1975–76 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup top scorer : 1973–74 - UEFA Cup top scorer : 1972–73 , 1974–75 - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 1972 Manager - FIFA World Coach of the Year : 2013 - IFFHS Worlds Best Club Coach : 2013 ; runner-up : 1998 - European Coach of the Year—Alf Ramsey Award : 2013 - European Coach of the Season : 2012–13 - German Football Manager of the Year : 2013 , 2018 - World Soccer Awards Manager of the Year : 2013 - France Football Magazine 25th Greatest Manager of All time : 2019 External links . - Jupp Heynckes at eintracht-archiv.de - Athletic Bilbao manager profile
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"Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament"
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Sharna Fernandez took which position from May 2014 to Mar 2019?
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/wiki/Sharna_Fernandez#P39#0
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Sharna Fernandez Sharna Gail Fernandez is a South African politician and former banker who serves as the Western Cape Provincial Minister of Social Development . A member of the governing Democratic Alliance , she also serves as a Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament . She served as the 6th Speaker of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament from 2014 to 2019 . Early life and career . Fernandez grew up in Retreat on the Cape Flats and matriculated from the South Peninsula High School . She obtained a degree from the University of Witwatersrand . Fernandez has served a thirty-year career working in three of the four large South African banks and has held the positions of Regional Manager , Sales and Service and acting General Manager of the ABSA mortgage division . In August 2009 , Fernandez was diagnosed with the H1N1 virus and was forced to take early retirement in order to restore her health . Her recovery period lasted three years and once it ended , Fernandez started doing community work and became actively involved in civic matters . She served as Chairperson of the local neighbourhood watch and joined and participated in many local community structures . She joined the Democratic Alliance in 2011 and has held various positions , such as chairperson of Ward 72 ( Princess Vlei ) and deputy chairperson of South Peninsula 2 constituency . She is currently constituency head of the Athlone 1 region in the City of Cape Town municipality . In 2014 , Fernandez was elected a Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament . It was announced after the elections that she would be the Democratic Alliances candidate for the position of Speaker of the Provincial Parliament . On 21 May 2014 , the legislature reconvened for its first sitting of the Fifth Parliament . Judge President of the Western Cape High Court , John Hlope , presided over the election of Speaker . The largest opposition party , African National Congress , nominated Maurencia Gillion as their candidate . The vote was held by means of a secret ballot . Fernandez won the election . Fernandez was also designated to be the chairperson of the Rules Committee . In September 2018 , Fernandez declared herself to be a candidate to replace Patricia de Lille as Mayor of Cape Town as De Lille announced in August 2018 , that she would step down in October 2018 after months of legal battles with the Democratic Alliance . She was one of many candidates , alongside former Mayor Dan Plato and Deputy Mayor Ian Neilson . Her candidacy focused on regaining the trust of the people of Cape Town by serving the peoples needs and addressing crime in the city . She subsequently lost to Dan Plato , when the Democratic Alliance announced in September 2018 that Plato is their preferred candidate to be mayor . Following the May 2019 elections , Fernandez was succeeded by Masizole Mnqasela as Speaker of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament . She was appointed Provincial Minister of Social Development . Personal life . She is a Cape Filipina , with ancestry from Simons Town and Kalk Bay . Fernandez has lived in many South African provinces , such as the North West , Gauteng and Free State before returning to the Western Cape in 2009 .
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"Provincial Minister of Social Development"
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What position did Sharna Fernandez take from May 2019 to May 2020?
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/wiki/Sharna_Fernandez#P39#1
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Sharna Fernandez Sharna Gail Fernandez is a South African politician and former banker who serves as the Western Cape Provincial Minister of Social Development . A member of the governing Democratic Alliance , she also serves as a Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament . She served as the 6th Speaker of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament from 2014 to 2019 . Early life and career . Fernandez grew up in Retreat on the Cape Flats and matriculated from the South Peninsula High School . She obtained a degree from the University of Witwatersrand . Fernandez has served a thirty-year career working in three of the four large South African banks and has held the positions of Regional Manager , Sales and Service and acting General Manager of the ABSA mortgage division . In August 2009 , Fernandez was diagnosed with the H1N1 virus and was forced to take early retirement in order to restore her health . Her recovery period lasted three years and once it ended , Fernandez started doing community work and became actively involved in civic matters . She served as Chairperson of the local neighbourhood watch and joined and participated in many local community structures . She joined the Democratic Alliance in 2011 and has held various positions , such as chairperson of Ward 72 ( Princess Vlei ) and deputy chairperson of South Peninsula 2 constituency . She is currently constituency head of the Athlone 1 region in the City of Cape Town municipality . In 2014 , Fernandez was elected a Member of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament . It was announced after the elections that she would be the Democratic Alliances candidate for the position of Speaker of the Provincial Parliament . On 21 May 2014 , the legislature reconvened for its first sitting of the Fifth Parliament . Judge President of the Western Cape High Court , John Hlope , presided over the election of Speaker . The largest opposition party , African National Congress , nominated Maurencia Gillion as their candidate . The vote was held by means of a secret ballot . Fernandez won the election . Fernandez was also designated to be the chairperson of the Rules Committee . In September 2018 , Fernandez declared herself to be a candidate to replace Patricia de Lille as Mayor of Cape Town as De Lille announced in August 2018 , that she would step down in October 2018 after months of legal battles with the Democratic Alliance . She was one of many candidates , alongside former Mayor Dan Plato and Deputy Mayor Ian Neilson . Her candidacy focused on regaining the trust of the people of Cape Town by serving the peoples needs and addressing crime in the city . She subsequently lost to Dan Plato , when the Democratic Alliance announced in September 2018 that Plato is their preferred candidate to be mayor . Following the May 2019 elections , Fernandez was succeeded by Masizole Mnqasela as Speaker of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament . She was appointed Provincial Minister of Social Development . Personal life . She is a Cape Filipina , with ancestry from Simons Town and Kalk Bay . Fernandez has lived in many South African provinces , such as the North West , Gauteng and Free State before returning to the Western Cape in 2009 .
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"Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly"
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Willie Hay, Baron Hay of Ballyore took which position from Jun 1998 to Apr 2003?
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/wiki/Willie_Hay,_Baron_Hay_of_Ballyore#P39#0
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Willie Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore William Alexander Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore ( called Willie ; born 16 April 1950 , Milford , County Donegal , Republic of Ireland ) is a Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) politician , who was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly ( MLA ) for Foyle from 1998 to 2014 . He has been a Member of the House of Lords since 2014 . He was the Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly from 8 May 2007 to 13 October 2014 . He attended Faughan Valley High School , Drumahoe , County Londonderry . An Irish citizen by birth , he has objected to not being deemed automatically eligible for British nationality . Political career . Hay was elected to Londonderry City Council in Northern Ireland in 1981 for the Democratic Unionist Party . He served as Mayor in 1993 and Deputy Mayor in 1992 . In 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Northern Ireland Forum election in Foyle. , but was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 . He is a member of the Northern Ireland Housing Council and the Londonderry Port and Harbour Commission . and in 2001 became a member of the Northern Ireland Policing Board . Hay was elected Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 May 2007 following the restoration of devolution . He also is a prominent member of the Orange Order and Apprentice Boys of Derry . On 6 October 2014 , Hay announced his retirement from the Northern Ireland Assembly as both MLA and Speaker . The role of the Speaker had been taken on by Mitchel McLaughlin in a temporary capacity in September 2014 because of Hays ill health . However , in a letter read to the Assembly , he announced his retirement from the Assembly effective from 13 October 2014 in order to concentrate on returning to good health . In August 2014 , it was announced that he would get a life peerage to sit in the House of Lords and he opted to sit there as a crossbencher , despite being nominated by DUP . Hay was ennobled on 16 December 2014 and took the title Baron Hay of Ballyore , of Ballyore in the City of Londonderry . He subsequently sat as a DUP member . Nationality . He is an Irish citizen with an Irish passport because he refuses to pay an £1,300 UK naturalisation fee ( and take the Life in the UK test ) required for people , such as he , who wish to become a British citizen . I see myself as a British citizen living in Northern Ireland all my life . I have a right to British citizenship and a British passport . I am being discriminated against because I cant get my British passport , he told the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee at Westminster in April 2021 .
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Willie Hay, Baron Hay of Ballyore took which position from Nov 2003 to 2007?
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/wiki/Willie_Hay,_Baron_Hay_of_Ballyore#P39#1
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Willie Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore William Alexander Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore ( called Willie ; born 16 April 1950 , Milford , County Donegal , Republic of Ireland ) is a Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) politician , who was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly ( MLA ) for Foyle from 1998 to 2014 . He has been a Member of the House of Lords since 2014 . He was the Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly from 8 May 2007 to 13 October 2014 . He attended Faughan Valley High School , Drumahoe , County Londonderry . An Irish citizen by birth , he has objected to not being deemed automatically eligible for British nationality . Political career . Hay was elected to Londonderry City Council in Northern Ireland in 1981 for the Democratic Unionist Party . He served as Mayor in 1993 and Deputy Mayor in 1992 . In 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Northern Ireland Forum election in Foyle. , but was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 . He is a member of the Northern Ireland Housing Council and the Londonderry Port and Harbour Commission . and in 2001 became a member of the Northern Ireland Policing Board . Hay was elected Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 May 2007 following the restoration of devolution . He also is a prominent member of the Orange Order and Apprentice Boys of Derry . On 6 October 2014 , Hay announced his retirement from the Northern Ireland Assembly as both MLA and Speaker . The role of the Speaker had been taken on by Mitchel McLaughlin in a temporary capacity in September 2014 because of Hays ill health . However , in a letter read to the Assembly , he announced his retirement from the Assembly effective from 13 October 2014 in order to concentrate on returning to good health . In August 2014 , it was announced that he would get a life peerage to sit in the House of Lords and he opted to sit there as a crossbencher , despite being nominated by DUP . Hay was ennobled on 16 December 2014 and took the title Baron Hay of Ballyore , of Ballyore in the City of Londonderry . He subsequently sat as a DUP member . Nationality . He is an Irish citizen with an Irish passport because he refuses to pay an £1,300 UK naturalisation fee ( and take the Life in the UK test ) required for people , such as he , who wish to become a British citizen . I see myself as a British citizen living in Northern Ireland all my life . I have a right to British citizenship and a British passport . I am being discriminated against because I cant get my British passport , he told the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee at Westminster in April 2021 .
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Which position did Willie Hay, Baron Hay of Ballyore hold in Mar 2007?
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/wiki/Willie_Hay,_Baron_Hay_of_Ballyore#P39#2
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Willie Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore William Alexander Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore ( called Willie ; born 16 April 1950 , Milford , County Donegal , Republic of Ireland ) is a Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) politician , who was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly ( MLA ) for Foyle from 1998 to 2014 . He has been a Member of the House of Lords since 2014 . He was the Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly from 8 May 2007 to 13 October 2014 . He attended Faughan Valley High School , Drumahoe , County Londonderry . An Irish citizen by birth , he has objected to not being deemed automatically eligible for British nationality . Political career . Hay was elected to Londonderry City Council in Northern Ireland in 1981 for the Democratic Unionist Party . He served as Mayor in 1993 and Deputy Mayor in 1992 . In 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Northern Ireland Forum election in Foyle. , but was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 . He is a member of the Northern Ireland Housing Council and the Londonderry Port and Harbour Commission . and in 2001 became a member of the Northern Ireland Policing Board . Hay was elected Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 May 2007 following the restoration of devolution . He also is a prominent member of the Orange Order and Apprentice Boys of Derry . On 6 October 2014 , Hay announced his retirement from the Northern Ireland Assembly as both MLA and Speaker . The role of the Speaker had been taken on by Mitchel McLaughlin in a temporary capacity in September 2014 because of Hays ill health . However , in a letter read to the Assembly , he announced his retirement from the Assembly effective from 13 October 2014 in order to concentrate on returning to good health . In August 2014 , it was announced that he would get a life peerage to sit in the House of Lords and he opted to sit there as a crossbencher , despite being nominated by DUP . Hay was ennobled on 16 December 2014 and took the title Baron Hay of Ballyore , of Ballyore in the City of Londonderry . He subsequently sat as a DUP member . Nationality . He is an Irish citizen with an Irish passport because he refuses to pay an £1,300 UK naturalisation fee ( and take the Life in the UK test ) required for people , such as he , who wish to become a British citizen . I see myself as a British citizen living in Northern Ireland all my life . I have a right to British citizenship and a British passport . I am being discriminated against because I cant get my British passport , he told the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee at Westminster in April 2021 .
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"Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly"
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What was the position of Willie Hay, Baron Hay of Ballyore from May 2007 to Mar 2011?
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/wiki/Willie_Hay,_Baron_Hay_of_Ballyore#P39#3
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Willie Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore William Alexander Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore ( called Willie ; born 16 April 1950 , Milford , County Donegal , Republic of Ireland ) is a Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) politician , who was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly ( MLA ) for Foyle from 1998 to 2014 . He has been a Member of the House of Lords since 2014 . He was the Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly from 8 May 2007 to 13 October 2014 . He attended Faughan Valley High School , Drumahoe , County Londonderry . An Irish citizen by birth , he has objected to not being deemed automatically eligible for British nationality . Political career . Hay was elected to Londonderry City Council in Northern Ireland in 1981 for the Democratic Unionist Party . He served as Mayor in 1993 and Deputy Mayor in 1992 . In 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Northern Ireland Forum election in Foyle. , but was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 . He is a member of the Northern Ireland Housing Council and the Londonderry Port and Harbour Commission . and in 2001 became a member of the Northern Ireland Policing Board . Hay was elected Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 May 2007 following the restoration of devolution . He also is a prominent member of the Orange Order and Apprentice Boys of Derry . On 6 October 2014 , Hay announced his retirement from the Northern Ireland Assembly as both MLA and Speaker . The role of the Speaker had been taken on by Mitchel McLaughlin in a temporary capacity in September 2014 because of Hays ill health . However , in a letter read to the Assembly , he announced his retirement from the Assembly effective from 13 October 2014 in order to concentrate on returning to good health . In August 2014 , it was announced that he would get a life peerage to sit in the House of Lords and he opted to sit there as a crossbencher , despite being nominated by DUP . Hay was ennobled on 16 December 2014 and took the title Baron Hay of Ballyore , of Ballyore in the City of Londonderry . He subsequently sat as a DUP member . Nationality . He is an Irish citizen with an Irish passport because he refuses to pay an £1,300 UK naturalisation fee ( and take the Life in the UK test ) required for people , such as he , who wish to become a British citizen . I see myself as a British citizen living in Northern Ireland all my life . I have a right to British citizenship and a British passport . I am being discriminated against because I cant get my British passport , he told the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee at Westminster in April 2021 .
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"Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly"
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Which position did Willie Hay, Baron Hay of Ballyore hold from May 2011 to Oct 2014?
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/wiki/Willie_Hay,_Baron_Hay_of_Ballyore#P39#4
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Willie Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore William Alexander Hay , Baron Hay of Ballyore ( called Willie ; born 16 April 1950 , Milford , County Donegal , Republic of Ireland ) is a Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) politician , who was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly ( MLA ) for Foyle from 1998 to 2014 . He has been a Member of the House of Lords since 2014 . He was the Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly from 8 May 2007 to 13 October 2014 . He attended Faughan Valley High School , Drumahoe , County Londonderry . An Irish citizen by birth , he has objected to not being deemed automatically eligible for British nationality . Political career . Hay was elected to Londonderry City Council in Northern Ireland in 1981 for the Democratic Unionist Party . He served as Mayor in 1993 and Deputy Mayor in 1992 . In 1996 he was an unsuccessful candidate in the Northern Ireland Forum election in Foyle. , but was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 . He is a member of the Northern Ireland Housing Council and the Londonderry Port and Harbour Commission . and in 2001 became a member of the Northern Ireland Policing Board . Hay was elected Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 May 2007 following the restoration of devolution . He also is a prominent member of the Orange Order and Apprentice Boys of Derry . On 6 October 2014 , Hay announced his retirement from the Northern Ireland Assembly as both MLA and Speaker . The role of the Speaker had been taken on by Mitchel McLaughlin in a temporary capacity in September 2014 because of Hays ill health . However , in a letter read to the Assembly , he announced his retirement from the Assembly effective from 13 October 2014 in order to concentrate on returning to good health . In August 2014 , it was announced that he would get a life peerage to sit in the House of Lords and he opted to sit there as a crossbencher , despite being nominated by DUP . Hay was ennobled on 16 December 2014 and took the title Baron Hay of Ballyore , of Ballyore in the City of Londonderry . He subsequently sat as a DUP member . Nationality . He is an Irish citizen with an Irish passport because he refuses to pay an £1,300 UK naturalisation fee ( and take the Life in the UK test ) required for people , such as he , who wish to become a British citizen . I see myself as a British citizen living in Northern Ireland all my life . I have a right to British citizenship and a British passport . I am being discriminated against because I cant get my British passport , he told the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee at Westminster in April 2021 .
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"Attorney General of Arizona"
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Bruce Babbitt took which position from 1975 to Mar 1978?
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/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt#P39#0
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Bruce Babbitt Bruce Edward Babbitt ( born June 27 , 1938 ) is an American attorney and politician from the state of Arizona . A member of the Democratic Party , Babbitt served as the 16th governor of Arizona from 1978 to 1987 , and as the President Bill Clintons Secretary of the Interior from 1993 to 2001 . He won election as Arizona Attorney General after graduating from Harvard Law School . He became Governor of Arizona after the death of his predecessor , Wesley Bolin . Babbitt won election to a full term in 1978 and won re-election in 1982 . He focused on tax reform , health care , and water management . He helped found the Democratic Leadership Council and sought the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination , but dropped out of the race after the first set of primaries . In 1988-92 , Babbitt served as head of the League of Conservation Voters . Clinton strongly considered nominating Babbitt to the Supreme Court after vacancies arose in 1993 and 1994 . After leaving public office in 2001 , Babbitt became an attorney with Latham & Watkins . Personal life . Babbitt was born into a prominent Roman Catholic Flagstaff , Arizona family , the son of Frances B . ( Perry ) and Paul James Babbitt Sr . He graduated from the University of Notre Dame , attended Newcastle University in the United Kingdom on a Marshall Scholarship , and then received his law degree at Harvard Law School . He married Harriet Coons ( known as Hattie ) in 1968 . She has worked as an attorney in Arizona and Washington , D.C. , and served as United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States from 1993 to 1997 , and as Deputy Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development from 1997 to 2001 during the Clinton Administration . As attorney for the Scottsdale Daily Progress newspaper , Babbitt worked with publisher Jonathan Marshall in crafting legislation that became Arizonas open meeting law . Political career . Arizona . In the state election of November 1974 , Babbitt overcame Republican incumbent N . Warner Lee to become Attorney General of Arizona . He succeeded Wesley Bolin as governor when Bolin died in office on March 4 , 1978 . Arizona does not have a lieutenant governor ; the Arizona Secretary of State , if holding office by election , stands first in line in case the governor vacates his or her post . However , Rose Mofford , then secretary of state , had been appointed to her post and thus was not eligible to become governor according to the Arizona state constitution . Babbitt , as attorney general , was next in the line of succession , and thus served the balance of the term to which Raúl Héctor Castro had originally been elected in 1974 . Babbitt was elected for a full four-year term later in 1978 , and again in 1982 . He did not run for a third term in 1986 . In 1982 , Babbitt intervened in negotiations between the Cochise County sheriff and leaders of the Christ Miracle Healing Church and Center over the release of church members whom the church was hiding from facing charges for assault . The church , which had been implicated in bomb-making , would play a central role in the Miracle Valley shootout later that year . In 1983 , Babbitt sent the Arizona National Guard to the strike against the Phelps Dodge mining company in Morenci , Arizona . With the retirement of Republican Barry Goldwater from the U.S . Senate in 1986 , many in Arizona expected Babbitt to oppose Representative John McCain for the seat . In a surprise press conference in 1985 , Babbitt instead announced he would forgo the Senate race to concentrate on a White House bid in 1988 . Babbitt is the only Arizona governor to have completed two four-year terms with nine years of service . George W.P . Hunt is Arizonas longest-serving governor , however , with 17 years of total service and seven terms . National work . In 1979 , Babbitt was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to serve as a commissioner on the Presidents Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island , a six-month investigation of the March 1979 accident at a commercial nuclear power plant at Middletown , Pennsylvania . Babbitt spoke at the 1980 Democratic National Convention , which nominated incumbent Jimmy Carter as the Democratic candidate for president . A founding member of the Democratic Leadership Council and the chairman of the Democratic Governors Association in 1985 , Babbitt sought the Democratic Partys 1988 nomination for President of the United States . Among his proposals was a national sales tax to remedy the then-record budget deficits piled up during the several past administrations . He enjoyed positive press attention ( called a boomlet in USA Today ) , but after finishing out of the top tier of candidates in the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary , he dropped out of the race . In an intentional reference to Richard Nixon ( who said after losing the California governorship in the 1962 election that the press wont have [ me ] to kick around anymore ) , Babbitt joked in his last campaign press conference that the media wont have Bruce Babbitt to puff up anymore . The Washington Post reported that Babbitt dropped this line from the prepared text of his withdrawal speech . Secretary of the Interior 1993-2001 . After leading the League of Conservation Voters , Babbitt served for eight years , 1993–2001 , as the Secretary of the Interior during the Presidency of Bill Clinton . According to John D . Leshy : Babbitt worked to protect scenic and historic areas of Americas federal public lands . In 2000 Babbitt created the National Landscape Conservation System , a collection of 15 U.S . National Monuments and 14 National Conservation Areas to be managed by the Bureau of Land Management in such a way as to keep them healthy , open , and wild . A major issue involved low fees charged ranchers who grazed cattle on public lands . The animal unit month ( AUM ) fee was only $1.35 and was far below the 1983 market value . The argument was that the federal government in effect was subsidizing ranchers , with a few major corporations controlling millions of acres of grazing land . Babbitt tried to rally environmentalists and raise fees , but senators from Western states successfully blocked his proposals . In 1993 , Babbitt was seriously considered by President Clinton to replace retiring United States Supreme Court Justice Byron White . Due to his lead on environmental issues , however , Clinton nominated Ruth Bader Ginsburg instead . Clinton again considered Babbitt for the high court in 1994 when Harry Blackmun announced his retirement . Babbitt was passed over again , this time in favor of Stephen Breyer , due to Breyers immense support in the U.S . Senate , primarily because he was close to Sen . Ted Kennedy . In 1998 Babbitt was the subject of a federal grand jury investigation into whether he had lied to Congress about having denied an Indian casino license in Wisconsin in return for political donations . The controversy has been called Wampumgate . Babbitt was cleared of wrongdoing in the special prosecutors final report on the investigation the following year . Post-political life . Babbitt took a job as chief counsel of the environmental litigation department of Latham & Watkins , an international law firm , after leaving the Department of the Interior . During his time at Latham & Watkins , Babbitt offended many environmentalists by taking on two clients trying to build large developments near the coastline . Babbitt defended both projects , one on Hearst Corporation land in central California and the other on the Ahmanson Ranch north of Los Angeles . Babbitt has attracted the ire of some environmentalists and Native American groups for his representation of the Arizona Snowbowl ski resort and its effort to expand the resort and use waste water to make artificial snow . He serves as trustee of the World Wildlife Fund Secretariat Trustees in the U.S. , and was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations until 2012 . He has also served on the Board of Directors since 2009 for the Amazon Conservation Association , whose mission is to conserve the biological diversity of the Amazon . Babbitt is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One .
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[
"governor"
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easy
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Which position did Bruce Babbitt hold from Mar 1978 to 1987?
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/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt#P39#1
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Bruce Babbitt Bruce Edward Babbitt ( born June 27 , 1938 ) is an American attorney and politician from the state of Arizona . A member of the Democratic Party , Babbitt served as the 16th governor of Arizona from 1978 to 1987 , and as the President Bill Clintons Secretary of the Interior from 1993 to 2001 . He won election as Arizona Attorney General after graduating from Harvard Law School . He became Governor of Arizona after the death of his predecessor , Wesley Bolin . Babbitt won election to a full term in 1978 and won re-election in 1982 . He focused on tax reform , health care , and water management . He helped found the Democratic Leadership Council and sought the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination , but dropped out of the race after the first set of primaries . In 1988-92 , Babbitt served as head of the League of Conservation Voters . Clinton strongly considered nominating Babbitt to the Supreme Court after vacancies arose in 1993 and 1994 . After leaving public office in 2001 , Babbitt became an attorney with Latham & Watkins . Personal life . Babbitt was born into a prominent Roman Catholic Flagstaff , Arizona family , the son of Frances B . ( Perry ) and Paul James Babbitt Sr . He graduated from the University of Notre Dame , attended Newcastle University in the United Kingdom on a Marshall Scholarship , and then received his law degree at Harvard Law School . He married Harriet Coons ( known as Hattie ) in 1968 . She has worked as an attorney in Arizona and Washington , D.C. , and served as United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States from 1993 to 1997 , and as Deputy Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development from 1997 to 2001 during the Clinton Administration . As attorney for the Scottsdale Daily Progress newspaper , Babbitt worked with publisher Jonathan Marshall in crafting legislation that became Arizonas open meeting law . Political career . Arizona . In the state election of November 1974 , Babbitt overcame Republican incumbent N . Warner Lee to become Attorney General of Arizona . He succeeded Wesley Bolin as governor when Bolin died in office on March 4 , 1978 . Arizona does not have a lieutenant governor ; the Arizona Secretary of State , if holding office by election , stands first in line in case the governor vacates his or her post . However , Rose Mofford , then secretary of state , had been appointed to her post and thus was not eligible to become governor according to the Arizona state constitution . Babbitt , as attorney general , was next in the line of succession , and thus served the balance of the term to which Raúl Héctor Castro had originally been elected in 1974 . Babbitt was elected for a full four-year term later in 1978 , and again in 1982 . He did not run for a third term in 1986 . In 1982 , Babbitt intervened in negotiations between the Cochise County sheriff and leaders of the Christ Miracle Healing Church and Center over the release of church members whom the church was hiding from facing charges for assault . The church , which had been implicated in bomb-making , would play a central role in the Miracle Valley shootout later that year . In 1983 , Babbitt sent the Arizona National Guard to the strike against the Phelps Dodge mining company in Morenci , Arizona . With the retirement of Republican Barry Goldwater from the U.S . Senate in 1986 , many in Arizona expected Babbitt to oppose Representative John McCain for the seat . In a surprise press conference in 1985 , Babbitt instead announced he would forgo the Senate race to concentrate on a White House bid in 1988 . Babbitt is the only Arizona governor to have completed two four-year terms with nine years of service . George W.P . Hunt is Arizonas longest-serving governor , however , with 17 years of total service and seven terms . National work . In 1979 , Babbitt was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to serve as a commissioner on the Presidents Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island , a six-month investigation of the March 1979 accident at a commercial nuclear power plant at Middletown , Pennsylvania . Babbitt spoke at the 1980 Democratic National Convention , which nominated incumbent Jimmy Carter as the Democratic candidate for president . A founding member of the Democratic Leadership Council and the chairman of the Democratic Governors Association in 1985 , Babbitt sought the Democratic Partys 1988 nomination for President of the United States . Among his proposals was a national sales tax to remedy the then-record budget deficits piled up during the several past administrations . He enjoyed positive press attention ( called a boomlet in USA Today ) , but after finishing out of the top tier of candidates in the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary , he dropped out of the race . In an intentional reference to Richard Nixon ( who said after losing the California governorship in the 1962 election that the press wont have [ me ] to kick around anymore ) , Babbitt joked in his last campaign press conference that the media wont have Bruce Babbitt to puff up anymore . The Washington Post reported that Babbitt dropped this line from the prepared text of his withdrawal speech . Secretary of the Interior 1993-2001 . After leading the League of Conservation Voters , Babbitt served for eight years , 1993–2001 , as the Secretary of the Interior during the Presidency of Bill Clinton . According to John D . Leshy : Babbitt worked to protect scenic and historic areas of Americas federal public lands . In 2000 Babbitt created the National Landscape Conservation System , a collection of 15 U.S . National Monuments and 14 National Conservation Areas to be managed by the Bureau of Land Management in such a way as to keep them healthy , open , and wild . A major issue involved low fees charged ranchers who grazed cattle on public lands . The animal unit month ( AUM ) fee was only $1.35 and was far below the 1983 market value . The argument was that the federal government in effect was subsidizing ranchers , with a few major corporations controlling millions of acres of grazing land . Babbitt tried to rally environmentalists and raise fees , but senators from Western states successfully blocked his proposals . In 1993 , Babbitt was seriously considered by President Clinton to replace retiring United States Supreme Court Justice Byron White . Due to his lead on environmental issues , however , Clinton nominated Ruth Bader Ginsburg instead . Clinton again considered Babbitt for the high court in 1994 when Harry Blackmun announced his retirement . Babbitt was passed over again , this time in favor of Stephen Breyer , due to Breyers immense support in the U.S . Senate , primarily because he was close to Sen . Ted Kennedy . In 1998 Babbitt was the subject of a federal grand jury investigation into whether he had lied to Congress about having denied an Indian casino license in Wisconsin in return for political donations . The controversy has been called Wampumgate . Babbitt was cleared of wrongdoing in the special prosecutors final report on the investigation the following year . Post-political life . Babbitt took a job as chief counsel of the environmental litigation department of Latham & Watkins , an international law firm , after leaving the Department of the Interior . During his time at Latham & Watkins , Babbitt offended many environmentalists by taking on two clients trying to build large developments near the coastline . Babbitt defended both projects , one on Hearst Corporation land in central California and the other on the Ahmanson Ranch north of Los Angeles . Babbitt has attracted the ire of some environmentalists and Native American groups for his representation of the Arizona Snowbowl ski resort and its effort to expand the resort and use waste water to make artificial snow . He serves as trustee of the World Wildlife Fund Secretariat Trustees in the U.S. , and was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations until 2012 . He has also served on the Board of Directors since 2009 for the Amazon Conservation Association , whose mission is to conserve the biological diversity of the Amazon . Babbitt is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One .
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[
"Secretary of the Interior"
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Bruce Babbitt took which position from 1993 to 2001?
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/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt#P39#2
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Bruce Babbitt Bruce Edward Babbitt ( born June 27 , 1938 ) is an American attorney and politician from the state of Arizona . A member of the Democratic Party , Babbitt served as the 16th governor of Arizona from 1978 to 1987 , and as the President Bill Clintons Secretary of the Interior from 1993 to 2001 . He won election as Arizona Attorney General after graduating from Harvard Law School . He became Governor of Arizona after the death of his predecessor , Wesley Bolin . Babbitt won election to a full term in 1978 and won re-election in 1982 . He focused on tax reform , health care , and water management . He helped found the Democratic Leadership Council and sought the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination , but dropped out of the race after the first set of primaries . In 1988-92 , Babbitt served as head of the League of Conservation Voters . Clinton strongly considered nominating Babbitt to the Supreme Court after vacancies arose in 1993 and 1994 . After leaving public office in 2001 , Babbitt became an attorney with Latham & Watkins . Personal life . Babbitt was born into a prominent Roman Catholic Flagstaff , Arizona family , the son of Frances B . ( Perry ) and Paul James Babbitt Sr . He graduated from the University of Notre Dame , attended Newcastle University in the United Kingdom on a Marshall Scholarship , and then received his law degree at Harvard Law School . He married Harriet Coons ( known as Hattie ) in 1968 . She has worked as an attorney in Arizona and Washington , D.C. , and served as United States Ambassador to the Organization of American States from 1993 to 1997 , and as Deputy Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development from 1997 to 2001 during the Clinton Administration . As attorney for the Scottsdale Daily Progress newspaper , Babbitt worked with publisher Jonathan Marshall in crafting legislation that became Arizonas open meeting law . Political career . Arizona . In the state election of November 1974 , Babbitt overcame Republican incumbent N . Warner Lee to become Attorney General of Arizona . He succeeded Wesley Bolin as governor when Bolin died in office on March 4 , 1978 . Arizona does not have a lieutenant governor ; the Arizona Secretary of State , if holding office by election , stands first in line in case the governor vacates his or her post . However , Rose Mofford , then secretary of state , had been appointed to her post and thus was not eligible to become governor according to the Arizona state constitution . Babbitt , as attorney general , was next in the line of succession , and thus served the balance of the term to which Raúl Héctor Castro had originally been elected in 1974 . Babbitt was elected for a full four-year term later in 1978 , and again in 1982 . He did not run for a third term in 1986 . In 1982 , Babbitt intervened in negotiations between the Cochise County sheriff and leaders of the Christ Miracle Healing Church and Center over the release of church members whom the church was hiding from facing charges for assault . The church , which had been implicated in bomb-making , would play a central role in the Miracle Valley shootout later that year . In 1983 , Babbitt sent the Arizona National Guard to the strike against the Phelps Dodge mining company in Morenci , Arizona . With the retirement of Republican Barry Goldwater from the U.S . Senate in 1986 , many in Arizona expected Babbitt to oppose Representative John McCain for the seat . In a surprise press conference in 1985 , Babbitt instead announced he would forgo the Senate race to concentrate on a White House bid in 1988 . Babbitt is the only Arizona governor to have completed two four-year terms with nine years of service . George W.P . Hunt is Arizonas longest-serving governor , however , with 17 years of total service and seven terms . National work . In 1979 , Babbitt was appointed by President Jimmy Carter to serve as a commissioner on the Presidents Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island , a six-month investigation of the March 1979 accident at a commercial nuclear power plant at Middletown , Pennsylvania . Babbitt spoke at the 1980 Democratic National Convention , which nominated incumbent Jimmy Carter as the Democratic candidate for president . A founding member of the Democratic Leadership Council and the chairman of the Democratic Governors Association in 1985 , Babbitt sought the Democratic Partys 1988 nomination for President of the United States . Among his proposals was a national sales tax to remedy the then-record budget deficits piled up during the several past administrations . He enjoyed positive press attention ( called a boomlet in USA Today ) , but after finishing out of the top tier of candidates in the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary , he dropped out of the race . In an intentional reference to Richard Nixon ( who said after losing the California governorship in the 1962 election that the press wont have [ me ] to kick around anymore ) , Babbitt joked in his last campaign press conference that the media wont have Bruce Babbitt to puff up anymore . The Washington Post reported that Babbitt dropped this line from the prepared text of his withdrawal speech . Secretary of the Interior 1993-2001 . After leading the League of Conservation Voters , Babbitt served for eight years , 1993–2001 , as the Secretary of the Interior during the Presidency of Bill Clinton . According to John D . Leshy : Babbitt worked to protect scenic and historic areas of Americas federal public lands . In 2000 Babbitt created the National Landscape Conservation System , a collection of 15 U.S . National Monuments and 14 National Conservation Areas to be managed by the Bureau of Land Management in such a way as to keep them healthy , open , and wild . A major issue involved low fees charged ranchers who grazed cattle on public lands . The animal unit month ( AUM ) fee was only $1.35 and was far below the 1983 market value . The argument was that the federal government in effect was subsidizing ranchers , with a few major corporations controlling millions of acres of grazing land . Babbitt tried to rally environmentalists and raise fees , but senators from Western states successfully blocked his proposals . In 1993 , Babbitt was seriously considered by President Clinton to replace retiring United States Supreme Court Justice Byron White . Due to his lead on environmental issues , however , Clinton nominated Ruth Bader Ginsburg instead . Clinton again considered Babbitt for the high court in 1994 when Harry Blackmun announced his retirement . Babbitt was passed over again , this time in favor of Stephen Breyer , due to Breyers immense support in the U.S . Senate , primarily because he was close to Sen . Ted Kennedy . In 1998 Babbitt was the subject of a federal grand jury investigation into whether he had lied to Congress about having denied an Indian casino license in Wisconsin in return for political donations . The controversy has been called Wampumgate . Babbitt was cleared of wrongdoing in the special prosecutors final report on the investigation the following year . Post-political life . Babbitt took a job as chief counsel of the environmental litigation department of Latham & Watkins , an international law firm , after leaving the Department of the Interior . During his time at Latham & Watkins , Babbitt offended many environmentalists by taking on two clients trying to build large developments near the coastline . Babbitt defended both projects , one on Hearst Corporation land in central California and the other on the Ahmanson Ranch north of Los Angeles . Babbitt has attracted the ire of some environmentalists and Native American groups for his representation of the Arizona Snowbowl ski resort and its effort to expand the resort and use waste water to make artificial snow . He serves as trustee of the World Wildlife Fund Secretariat Trustees in the U.S. , and was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations until 2012 . He has also served on the Board of Directors since 2009 for the Amazon Conservation Association , whose mission is to conserve the biological diversity of the Amazon . Babbitt is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One .
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[
"Giovanni Sforza"
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easy
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Who was the spouse of Lucrezia Borgia from Jun 1493 to 1497?
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/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia#P26#0
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Lucrezia Borgia Lucrezia Borgia ( ; ; 18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519 ) was a Spanish-Italian noblewoman of the House of Borgia who was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei . She reigned as the Governor of Spoleto , a position usually held by cardinals , in her own right . Her family arranged several marriages for her that advanced their own political position including Giovanni Sforza , Lord of Pesaro and Gradara , Count of Catignola ; Alfonso of Aragon , Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno ; and Alfonso I dEste , Duke of Ferrara . Tradition has it that Alfonso of Aragon was an illegitimate son of the King of Naples and that her brother Cesare Borgia may have had him murdered after his political value waned . Rumors about her and her family cast Lucrezia as a femme fatale , a role in which she has been portrayed in many artworks , novels and films . Early life . Lucrezia Borgia was born on 18 April 1480 at Subiaco , near Rome . Her mother was Vannozza dei Cattanei , one of the mistresses of Lucrezias father , Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia ( later Pope Alexander VI ) . During her early life , Lucrezia Borgias education was entrusted to Adriana Orsini de Milan , a close confidant of her father . Her education would primarily take place in the Piazza Pizzo de Merlo , a building adjacent to her fathers residence . Unlike most educated women of her time , for whom convents were the primary source for knowledge , her education came from within the sphere of intellectuals in the court and close relatives , and it included a solid grounding in the Humanities , which the Catholic Church was reviving at the time . She was a thoroughly accomplished princess , fluent in Spanish , Catalan , Italian , and French , which prepared her for advantageous marriage to any European monarch or prince , and literate in both Latin and Greek . She would also become proficient in the lute , poetry , and oration . The biggest testament to her intelligence is her capability in administration , as later on in life she took care of Vatican City correspondence and governance of Ferrara . Marriages . First marriage : Giovanni Sforza ( Lord of Pesaro and Gradara ) . On 26 February 1491 , a matrimonial arrangement was drawn up between Lucrezia and the Lord of Val DAyora , in the kingdom of Valencia , Don Cherubino Joan de Centelles , which was annulled less than two months later in favour of a new contract engaging Lucrezia to Don Gaspare Aversa , count of Procida . When Rodrigo became Pope Alexander VI , he sought to be allied with powerful princely families and founding dynasties of Italy . He therefore called off Lucrezias previous engagements and arranged for her to marry Giovanni Sforza , a member of the House of Sforza who was Lord of Pesaro and titled Count of Catignola . Giovanni was an illegitimate son of Costanzo I Sforza and a Sforza of the second rank . He married Lucrezia on 12 June 1493 in Rome . Before long , the Borgia family no longer needed the Sforzas , and the presence of Giovanni Sforza in the papal court was superfluous . The Pope needed new , more advantageous political alliances , so he might have covertly ordered the execution of Giovanni : the generally accepted version is that Lucrezia was informed of this by her brother Cesare , and she warned her husband , who fled Rome . Alexander asked Giovannis uncle , Cardinal Ascanio Sforza , to persuade Giovanni to agree to an annulment of the marriage . Giovanni refused and accused Lucrezia of paternal incest . The pope asserted that his daughters marriage had not been consummated and was thus invalid . Giovanni was offered her dowry in return for his cooperation . The Sforza family threatened to withdraw their protection should he refuse . Giovanni finally signed confessions of impotence and documents of annulment before witnesses . Alleged affair with Perotto . There has been speculation that during the prolonged process of the annulment , Lucrezia consummated a relationship with someone , perhaps Alexanders chamberlain Pedro Calderon , also named Perotto . In any case , families hostile to the Borgias would later accuse her of being pregnant at the time her marriage was annulled for non-consummation . She is known to have retired to the convent of San Sisto in June 1497 to await the outcome of the annulment proceedings , which were finalized in December of the same year . The bodies of Pedro Calderon and a maid , Pantasilea , were found in the Tiber in February 1498 . In March 1498 , the Ferrarese ambassador claimed that Lucrezia had given birth , but this was denied by other sources . A child was born , however , in the Borgia household the year before Lucrezias marriage to Alfonso of Aragon . He was named Giovanni but is known to historians as the Infans Romanus . In 1501 , two papal bulls were issued concerning the child , Giovanni Borgia . In the first , he was recognized as Cesares child from an affair before his marriage . The second , contradictory , bull recognized him as the son of Pope Alexander VI . Lucrezias name is not mentioned in either , and rumours that she was his mother have never been proven . The second bull was kept secret for many years , and Giovanni was assumed to be Cesares son . This is supported by the fact that in 1502 he became Duke of Camerino , one of Cesares recent conquests , hence the natural inheritance of the Duke of Romagnas oldest son . Giovanni went to stay with Lucrezia in Ferrara after Alexanders death , where he was accepted as her half-brother . Second marriage : Alfonso dAragon ( Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno ) . Following her annulment from Sforza , Lucrezia was married to the Neapolitan Alfonso of Aragon , the half-brother of Sancha of Aragon who was the wife of Lucrezias brother Gioffre Borgia . The marriage was a short one . They were married in 1498 , making Lucrezia the Duchess consort of Bisceglie and Princess consort of Salerno . Lucrezia – not her husband – was appointed governor of Spoleto in 1499 ; Alfonso fled Rome shortly afterwards but returned at Lucrezias request , only to be murdered in 1500 . It was widely rumoured that Lucrezias brother Cesare was responsible for Alfonsos death , as he had recently allied himself ( through marriage ) with France against Naples . Lucrezia and Alfonso had one child , Rodrigo of Aragon , who was born in 1499 and predeceased his mother in August 1512 at the age of 12 . Third marriage : Alfonso dEste ( Duke of Ferrara ) . After the death of Lucrezias second husband , her father , Pope Alexander VI , arranged a third marriage . She then married Alfonso I dEste , Duke of Ferrara , in early 1502 in Ferrara . She had eight children during this marriage and was considered a respectable and accomplished Renaissance duchess , effectively rising above her previous reputation and surviving the fall of the Borgias following her fathers death . Neither partner was faithful : beginning in 1503 , Lucrezia enjoyed a long relationship with her brother-in-law , Francesco II Gonzaga , Marquess of Mantua . Francescos wife was the cultured intellectual Isabella dEste , the sister of Alfonso , to whom Lucrezia had made overtures of friendship to no avail . The affair between Francesco and Lucrezia was passionate , more sexual than sentimental as can be attested in the fevered love letters the pair wrote one another . It has been claimed that the affair ended when Francesco contracted syphilis and had to end sexual relations with Lucrezia . This last assertion is problematic as Francesco had contracted syphilis before 1500 as it was known that he passed the disease onto his eldest son Federico Gonzaga who was born in 1500 . Francesco did not meet Lucrezia until 1502 . Lucrezia also had a love affair with the poet Pietro Bembo during her third marriage . Their love letters were deemed The prettiest love letters in the world by the Romantic poet Lord Byron when he saw them in the Ambrosian Library of Milan on 15 October 1816 . On the same occasion Byron claimed to have stolen a lock of Lucrezias hair – the prettiest and fairest imaginable – that was also held there on display . Lucrezia met the famed French soldier , the Chevalier Bayard while the latter was co-commanding the French allied garrison of Ferrara in 1510 . According to his biographer , the Chevalier became a great admirer of Lucrezias , considering her a pearl on this Earth . After a long history of complicated pregnancies and miscarriages , on 14 June 1519 Lucrezia gave birth to her tenth child , named Isabella Maria in honour of Alfonsos sister Isabella dEste . The child was sickly and – fearing she would die unbaptised – Alfonso ordered her to be baptised straightaway with Eleonora della Mirandola and Count Alexandro Serafino as godparents . Lucrezia had become very weak during the pregnancy and fell seriously ill after the birth . After seeming to recover for two days , she worsened again and died on 24 June the same year . She was buried in the convent of Corpus Domini . Appearance . She is described as having heavy blonde hair that fell past her knees , a beautiful complexion , hazel eyes that changed colour , a full , high bosom , and a natural grace that made her appear to walk on air . These physical attributes were highly appreciated in Italy during that period . Another description said , her mouth is rather large , the teeth brilliantly white , her neck is slender and fair , and the bust is admirably proportioned . One painting , Portrait of a Youth by Dosso Dossi at the National Gallery of Victoria , was identified as a portrait of Lucrezia in November 2008 . This painting may be the only surviving formal portrait of Lucrezia Borgia ; however , doubts have been cast on that attribution . Several other paintings , such as Venetos fanciful portrait , have also been said to depict her , but none have been accepted by scholars at present . According to Mandell Creighton in his History of the Papacy , Lucrezia .. . was personally popular through her beauty and her affability . Her long golden hair , her sweet childish face , her pleasant expression and her graceful ways , seem to have struck all who saw her . Rumours . Several rumours have persisted throughout the years , primarily speculating as to the nature of the extravagant parties thrown by the Borgia family . One example is the Banquet of Chestnuts . Many of these concern allegations of incest , poisoning , and murder on her part ; however , no historical basis for these rumours has ever been brought forward beyond allegations made by rival parties . - It is rumoured that Lucrezia was in possession of a hollow ring that she used frequently to poison drinks . - An early 20th-century by Frank Cadogan Cowper that hangs in the London art gallery , Tate Britain , portrays Lucrezia taking the place of her father , Pope Alexander VI , at an official Vatican meeting . This apparently documents an actual event , although the precise moment depicted ( a Franciscan friar kissing Lucrezias feet ) was invented by the artist . Issue . Lucrezia was mother to seven or eight known children : 1 . Rodrigo of Aragon ( 1 November 1499 – August 1512 ) . Son by Alfonso of Aragon ; 2 . A stillborn daughter ( 1502 ) , First child by dEste ; 3 . Alessandro dEste ( 1505–1505 ) ; 4 . Ercole II dEste , Duke of Ferrara ( 5 April 1508 – 3 October 1559 ) ; 5 . Ippolito II dEste ( 25 August 1509 – 1 December 1572 ) . Archbishop of Milan and later Cardinal ; 6 . Alessandro dEste ( 1514–1516 ) . ; 7 . Leonora dEste ( 3 July 1515 – 15 July 1575 ) , a nun and composer ; 8 . Francesco dEste , Marquess of Massalombarda ( 1 November 1516 – 2 February 1578 ) ; 9 . Isabella Maria dEste ( born and died on 14 June 1519 ) . Complications at birth caused the death of Lucrezia ten days later . Giovanni Borgia , infans Romanus ( Child of Rome , c . 1498–1548 ) had his paternity acknowledged by both Alexander and Cesare in two separate Papal bulls , but it was rumoured that he was the child of Lucrezia and Perotto . The child ( identified in later life as Lucrezias half-brother ) was most likely the result of a liaison between Rodrigo Borgia ( Pope Alexander VI , Lucrezias father ) and an unknown mistress and was not Lucrezias child . At least one biographer ( including Maria Bellonci ) claims that Lucrezia gave birth to three more children , one by Alfonso of Aragon and two by Alfonso dEste , who did not survive infancy . She is also thought to have had at least four miscarriages . Biographies . - Lucrezia Borgia : Life , Love And Death in Renaissance Italy by Sarah Bradford ; Viking 2004 ; - Lucrezia Borgia : A Biography by Rachel Erlanger ; 1978 ; - Lucrezia Borgia by Maria Bellonci ; Phoenix 2002 ; - The Borgias ( 1971 ) by Michael Mallett - Lucretia Borgia ( 1874? ) by Ferdinand Gregorovius ( Author ) ; translated in 1903 by John Leslie Garner ( Translator ) - The Borgias by Christopher Hibbert ; Constable 2011 ; - The Borgias : Historys Most Notorious Dynasty by Mary Hollingsworth ; Quercus 2011 ; In fiction . - Blood And Beauty by Sarah Dunant ; ; ; Harper Collins Publishers Ltd | 8 July 2013 | - The Vatican Princess by C.W . Gortner ; released 9 February 2016 - In the Name of the Family by Sarah Dunant ; ; Virago Press 2017 - The Pope’s Daughter by Dario Fo , translated from Italian by Antony Shugaar ; . Translation copyright ( c ) 2015 by Europa Editions - The Borgia Bride by Jeanne Kalogridis ; released 31 January 2005 Treatments and references . Literature and opera . - French author Victor Hugo wrote in 1833 the stage play Lucrèce Borgia . - Victor Hugos play was transformed into a libretto by Felice Romani for Donizettis opera , Lucrezia Borgia ( 1834 ) , first performed at La Scala , Milan , 26 December 1833 . - Kathleen McGowan refers to Lucrece , as one of the many unjustly vilified women , in her book The Expected One . She refers in particular to Frank Cadogan Cowpers painting Lucretia Borgia Reigns in the Vatican in the Absence of Pope Alexander VI on display at the Tate Gallery in London . - F . M . Klingers 1791 novel Fausts Leben , Thaten und Höllenfahrt features an episode in which the Borgias figure , including an affair between Faust and Lucrezia . - Rafael Sabatini wrote the 1912 non-fiction book , The Life of Cesare Borgia , that attempts to treat the Borgias historically . - The 1947 historical novel Prince of Foxes by Samuel Shellabarger describes the adventures of the fictional Andrea Orsini , a captain in the service of Cesare Borgia , during his conquest of the Romagna ; it was made into a film of the same name in 1949 , starring Orson Welles and Tyrone Power . - Jean Plaidys two 1958 novels , Madonna of the Seven Hills and Light on Lucrezia , follow the story of Lucrezia and her entanglement with her father and brothers . - Lucrezia , Cesare and Alexander play key roles in Cecelia Hollands 1979 historical novel City of God : A Novel of the Borgias . - In Roberta Gelliss 2003 novel Lucrezia Borgia and the Mother of Poisons ( ) , Alfonso dEste of Ferrara accuses Lucrezia of murder , and she must solve the crime and expose the true murderer . - The Dutch writer Louis Couperus published a story called in 1920 and takes place between the death of her second husband and the marriage of her third . Film and television . - Lucrezia Borgia is based on the life of Lucrezia , who is played by Liane Haid . Cesare Borgia is portrayed by Conrad Veidt . - Lucrezia ( Estelle Taylor ) and Cesare ( Warner Oland ) Borgia are the major antagonists in Alan Croslands 1926 silent film Don Juan , starring John Barrymore . - Lucrezia is the subject of Abel Gances film Lucrezia Borgia ( 1935 ) and of a 1953 French film , played by Martine Carol . - Lucrezia is the Bride of Vengeance ( 1949 ) , played by Paulette Goddard , with Macdonald Carey in the role of Cesare Borgia , and John Lund playing Alfonso dEste ( Duke of Ferrara ) . - In Walerian Borowczyks 1973 feature film Immoral Tales , Lucrezia is played by Florence Bellamy . - In Italian movie Lucrezia giovane ( Young Lucrezia ) that was written and directed in 1974 by Luciano Ercoli ( as André Colbert ) , Lucrezia was played by Simonetta Stefanelli . - In the 1981 BBC series , The Borgias , Lucrezia was played by Anne-Louise Lambert . - In the 1982 feature film The Secret Nights of Lucrezia Borgia of director Roberto Bianchi Montero , Lucrezia is played by Sirpa Lane . - She is featured as a major plot point in the 1994 TV movie The Shaggy Dog . A portrait of her , along with a display case of her rings are featured in a local museum along with a legend that she had written spells to turn her lovers into dogs . The legend is revealed to be true as the main character accidentally casts one on himself while holding one of her rings and reading its inscription . - She is played by Holliday Grainger in the 2011–2013 Showtime/Bravo TV series The Borgias , which explores a theme of incest with Cesare , despite lack of historical evidence for such events . Her character is portrayed not as a ruthless murderer , but initially as a compassionate and sweet young girl who suffers from her familys ambitions , both struggling against and eventually aiding them . - In the Canal+ television series Borgia , Lucrezia is portrayed by German actress Isolda Dychauk . - In the video game , Lucrezia is in an incestuous relationship with her brother Cesare . She is kidnapped by Ezio Auditore during the course of the story and appears near the end of the game as a much changed woman .
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"Alfonso dAragon"
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Who was the spouse of Lucrezia Borgia from 1498 to 1500?
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/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia#P26#1
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Lucrezia Borgia Lucrezia Borgia ( ; ; 18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519 ) was a Spanish-Italian noblewoman of the House of Borgia who was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei . She reigned as the Governor of Spoleto , a position usually held by cardinals , in her own right . Her family arranged several marriages for her that advanced their own political position including Giovanni Sforza , Lord of Pesaro and Gradara , Count of Catignola ; Alfonso of Aragon , Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno ; and Alfonso I dEste , Duke of Ferrara . Tradition has it that Alfonso of Aragon was an illegitimate son of the King of Naples and that her brother Cesare Borgia may have had him murdered after his political value waned . Rumors about her and her family cast Lucrezia as a femme fatale , a role in which she has been portrayed in many artworks , novels and films . Early life . Lucrezia Borgia was born on 18 April 1480 at Subiaco , near Rome . Her mother was Vannozza dei Cattanei , one of the mistresses of Lucrezias father , Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia ( later Pope Alexander VI ) . During her early life , Lucrezia Borgias education was entrusted to Adriana Orsini de Milan , a close confidant of her father . Her education would primarily take place in the Piazza Pizzo de Merlo , a building adjacent to her fathers residence . Unlike most educated women of her time , for whom convents were the primary source for knowledge , her education came from within the sphere of intellectuals in the court and close relatives , and it included a solid grounding in the Humanities , which the Catholic Church was reviving at the time . She was a thoroughly accomplished princess , fluent in Spanish , Catalan , Italian , and French , which prepared her for advantageous marriage to any European monarch or prince , and literate in both Latin and Greek . She would also become proficient in the lute , poetry , and oration . The biggest testament to her intelligence is her capability in administration , as later on in life she took care of Vatican City correspondence and governance of Ferrara . Marriages . First marriage : Giovanni Sforza ( Lord of Pesaro and Gradara ) . On 26 February 1491 , a matrimonial arrangement was drawn up between Lucrezia and the Lord of Val DAyora , in the kingdom of Valencia , Don Cherubino Joan de Centelles , which was annulled less than two months later in favour of a new contract engaging Lucrezia to Don Gaspare Aversa , count of Procida . When Rodrigo became Pope Alexander VI , he sought to be allied with powerful princely families and founding dynasties of Italy . He therefore called off Lucrezias previous engagements and arranged for her to marry Giovanni Sforza , a member of the House of Sforza who was Lord of Pesaro and titled Count of Catignola . Giovanni was an illegitimate son of Costanzo I Sforza and a Sforza of the second rank . He married Lucrezia on 12 June 1493 in Rome . Before long , the Borgia family no longer needed the Sforzas , and the presence of Giovanni Sforza in the papal court was superfluous . The Pope needed new , more advantageous political alliances , so he might have covertly ordered the execution of Giovanni : the generally accepted version is that Lucrezia was informed of this by her brother Cesare , and she warned her husband , who fled Rome . Alexander asked Giovannis uncle , Cardinal Ascanio Sforza , to persuade Giovanni to agree to an annulment of the marriage . Giovanni refused and accused Lucrezia of paternal incest . The pope asserted that his daughters marriage had not been consummated and was thus invalid . Giovanni was offered her dowry in return for his cooperation . The Sforza family threatened to withdraw their protection should he refuse . Giovanni finally signed confessions of impotence and documents of annulment before witnesses . Alleged affair with Perotto . There has been speculation that during the prolonged process of the annulment , Lucrezia consummated a relationship with someone , perhaps Alexanders chamberlain Pedro Calderon , also named Perotto . In any case , families hostile to the Borgias would later accuse her of being pregnant at the time her marriage was annulled for non-consummation . She is known to have retired to the convent of San Sisto in June 1497 to await the outcome of the annulment proceedings , which were finalized in December of the same year . The bodies of Pedro Calderon and a maid , Pantasilea , were found in the Tiber in February 1498 . In March 1498 , the Ferrarese ambassador claimed that Lucrezia had given birth , but this was denied by other sources . A child was born , however , in the Borgia household the year before Lucrezias marriage to Alfonso of Aragon . He was named Giovanni but is known to historians as the Infans Romanus . In 1501 , two papal bulls were issued concerning the child , Giovanni Borgia . In the first , he was recognized as Cesares child from an affair before his marriage . The second , contradictory , bull recognized him as the son of Pope Alexander VI . Lucrezias name is not mentioned in either , and rumours that she was his mother have never been proven . The second bull was kept secret for many years , and Giovanni was assumed to be Cesares son . This is supported by the fact that in 1502 he became Duke of Camerino , one of Cesares recent conquests , hence the natural inheritance of the Duke of Romagnas oldest son . Giovanni went to stay with Lucrezia in Ferrara after Alexanders death , where he was accepted as her half-brother . Second marriage : Alfonso dAragon ( Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno ) . Following her annulment from Sforza , Lucrezia was married to the Neapolitan Alfonso of Aragon , the half-brother of Sancha of Aragon who was the wife of Lucrezias brother Gioffre Borgia . The marriage was a short one . They were married in 1498 , making Lucrezia the Duchess consort of Bisceglie and Princess consort of Salerno . Lucrezia – not her husband – was appointed governor of Spoleto in 1499 ; Alfonso fled Rome shortly afterwards but returned at Lucrezias request , only to be murdered in 1500 . It was widely rumoured that Lucrezias brother Cesare was responsible for Alfonsos death , as he had recently allied himself ( through marriage ) with France against Naples . Lucrezia and Alfonso had one child , Rodrigo of Aragon , who was born in 1499 and predeceased his mother in August 1512 at the age of 12 . Third marriage : Alfonso dEste ( Duke of Ferrara ) . After the death of Lucrezias second husband , her father , Pope Alexander VI , arranged a third marriage . She then married Alfonso I dEste , Duke of Ferrara , in early 1502 in Ferrara . She had eight children during this marriage and was considered a respectable and accomplished Renaissance duchess , effectively rising above her previous reputation and surviving the fall of the Borgias following her fathers death . Neither partner was faithful : beginning in 1503 , Lucrezia enjoyed a long relationship with her brother-in-law , Francesco II Gonzaga , Marquess of Mantua . Francescos wife was the cultured intellectual Isabella dEste , the sister of Alfonso , to whom Lucrezia had made overtures of friendship to no avail . The affair between Francesco and Lucrezia was passionate , more sexual than sentimental as can be attested in the fevered love letters the pair wrote one another . It has been claimed that the affair ended when Francesco contracted syphilis and had to end sexual relations with Lucrezia . This last assertion is problematic as Francesco had contracted syphilis before 1500 as it was known that he passed the disease onto his eldest son Federico Gonzaga who was born in 1500 . Francesco did not meet Lucrezia until 1502 . Lucrezia also had a love affair with the poet Pietro Bembo during her third marriage . Their love letters were deemed The prettiest love letters in the world by the Romantic poet Lord Byron when he saw them in the Ambrosian Library of Milan on 15 October 1816 . On the same occasion Byron claimed to have stolen a lock of Lucrezias hair – the prettiest and fairest imaginable – that was also held there on display . Lucrezia met the famed French soldier , the Chevalier Bayard while the latter was co-commanding the French allied garrison of Ferrara in 1510 . According to his biographer , the Chevalier became a great admirer of Lucrezias , considering her a pearl on this Earth . After a long history of complicated pregnancies and miscarriages , on 14 June 1519 Lucrezia gave birth to her tenth child , named Isabella Maria in honour of Alfonsos sister Isabella dEste . The child was sickly and – fearing she would die unbaptised – Alfonso ordered her to be baptised straightaway with Eleonora della Mirandola and Count Alexandro Serafino as godparents . Lucrezia had become very weak during the pregnancy and fell seriously ill after the birth . After seeming to recover for two days , she worsened again and died on 24 June the same year . She was buried in the convent of Corpus Domini . Appearance . She is described as having heavy blonde hair that fell past her knees , a beautiful complexion , hazel eyes that changed colour , a full , high bosom , and a natural grace that made her appear to walk on air . These physical attributes were highly appreciated in Italy during that period . Another description said , her mouth is rather large , the teeth brilliantly white , her neck is slender and fair , and the bust is admirably proportioned . One painting , Portrait of a Youth by Dosso Dossi at the National Gallery of Victoria , was identified as a portrait of Lucrezia in November 2008 . This painting may be the only surviving formal portrait of Lucrezia Borgia ; however , doubts have been cast on that attribution . Several other paintings , such as Venetos fanciful portrait , have also been said to depict her , but none have been accepted by scholars at present . According to Mandell Creighton in his History of the Papacy , Lucrezia .. . was personally popular through her beauty and her affability . Her long golden hair , her sweet childish face , her pleasant expression and her graceful ways , seem to have struck all who saw her . Rumours . Several rumours have persisted throughout the years , primarily speculating as to the nature of the extravagant parties thrown by the Borgia family . One example is the Banquet of Chestnuts . Many of these concern allegations of incest , poisoning , and murder on her part ; however , no historical basis for these rumours has ever been brought forward beyond allegations made by rival parties . - It is rumoured that Lucrezia was in possession of a hollow ring that she used frequently to poison drinks . - An early 20th-century by Frank Cadogan Cowper that hangs in the London art gallery , Tate Britain , portrays Lucrezia taking the place of her father , Pope Alexander VI , at an official Vatican meeting . This apparently documents an actual event , although the precise moment depicted ( a Franciscan friar kissing Lucrezias feet ) was invented by the artist . Issue . Lucrezia was mother to seven or eight known children : 1 . Rodrigo of Aragon ( 1 November 1499 – August 1512 ) . Son by Alfonso of Aragon ; 2 . A stillborn daughter ( 1502 ) , First child by dEste ; 3 . Alessandro dEste ( 1505–1505 ) ; 4 . Ercole II dEste , Duke of Ferrara ( 5 April 1508 – 3 October 1559 ) ; 5 . Ippolito II dEste ( 25 August 1509 – 1 December 1572 ) . Archbishop of Milan and later Cardinal ; 6 . Alessandro dEste ( 1514–1516 ) . ; 7 . Leonora dEste ( 3 July 1515 – 15 July 1575 ) , a nun and composer ; 8 . Francesco dEste , Marquess of Massalombarda ( 1 November 1516 – 2 February 1578 ) ; 9 . Isabella Maria dEste ( born and died on 14 June 1519 ) . Complications at birth caused the death of Lucrezia ten days later . Giovanni Borgia , infans Romanus ( Child of Rome , c . 1498–1548 ) had his paternity acknowledged by both Alexander and Cesare in two separate Papal bulls , but it was rumoured that he was the child of Lucrezia and Perotto . The child ( identified in later life as Lucrezias half-brother ) was most likely the result of a liaison between Rodrigo Borgia ( Pope Alexander VI , Lucrezias father ) and an unknown mistress and was not Lucrezias child . At least one biographer ( including Maria Bellonci ) claims that Lucrezia gave birth to three more children , one by Alfonso of Aragon and two by Alfonso dEste , who did not survive infancy . She is also thought to have had at least four miscarriages . Biographies . - Lucrezia Borgia : Life , Love And Death in Renaissance Italy by Sarah Bradford ; Viking 2004 ; - Lucrezia Borgia : A Biography by Rachel Erlanger ; 1978 ; - Lucrezia Borgia by Maria Bellonci ; Phoenix 2002 ; - The Borgias ( 1971 ) by Michael Mallett - Lucretia Borgia ( 1874? ) by Ferdinand Gregorovius ( Author ) ; translated in 1903 by John Leslie Garner ( Translator ) - The Borgias by Christopher Hibbert ; Constable 2011 ; - The Borgias : Historys Most Notorious Dynasty by Mary Hollingsworth ; Quercus 2011 ; In fiction . - Blood And Beauty by Sarah Dunant ; ; ; Harper Collins Publishers Ltd | 8 July 2013 | - The Vatican Princess by C.W . Gortner ; released 9 February 2016 - In the Name of the Family by Sarah Dunant ; ; Virago Press 2017 - The Pope’s Daughter by Dario Fo , translated from Italian by Antony Shugaar ; . Translation copyright ( c ) 2015 by Europa Editions - The Borgia Bride by Jeanne Kalogridis ; released 31 January 2005 Treatments and references . Literature and opera . - French author Victor Hugo wrote in 1833 the stage play Lucrèce Borgia . - Victor Hugos play was transformed into a libretto by Felice Romani for Donizettis opera , Lucrezia Borgia ( 1834 ) , first performed at La Scala , Milan , 26 December 1833 . - Kathleen McGowan refers to Lucrece , as one of the many unjustly vilified women , in her book The Expected One . She refers in particular to Frank Cadogan Cowpers painting Lucretia Borgia Reigns in the Vatican in the Absence of Pope Alexander VI on display at the Tate Gallery in London . - F . M . Klingers 1791 novel Fausts Leben , Thaten und Höllenfahrt features an episode in which the Borgias figure , including an affair between Faust and Lucrezia . - Rafael Sabatini wrote the 1912 non-fiction book , The Life of Cesare Borgia , that attempts to treat the Borgias historically . - The 1947 historical novel Prince of Foxes by Samuel Shellabarger describes the adventures of the fictional Andrea Orsini , a captain in the service of Cesare Borgia , during his conquest of the Romagna ; it was made into a film of the same name in 1949 , starring Orson Welles and Tyrone Power . - Jean Plaidys two 1958 novels , Madonna of the Seven Hills and Light on Lucrezia , follow the story of Lucrezia and her entanglement with her father and brothers . - Lucrezia , Cesare and Alexander play key roles in Cecelia Hollands 1979 historical novel City of God : A Novel of the Borgias . - In Roberta Gelliss 2003 novel Lucrezia Borgia and the Mother of Poisons ( ) , Alfonso dEste of Ferrara accuses Lucrezia of murder , and she must solve the crime and expose the true murderer . - The Dutch writer Louis Couperus published a story called in 1920 and takes place between the death of her second husband and the marriage of her third . Film and television . - Lucrezia Borgia is based on the life of Lucrezia , who is played by Liane Haid . Cesare Borgia is portrayed by Conrad Veidt . - Lucrezia ( Estelle Taylor ) and Cesare ( Warner Oland ) Borgia are the major antagonists in Alan Croslands 1926 silent film Don Juan , starring John Barrymore . - Lucrezia is the subject of Abel Gances film Lucrezia Borgia ( 1935 ) and of a 1953 French film , played by Martine Carol . - Lucrezia is the Bride of Vengeance ( 1949 ) , played by Paulette Goddard , with Macdonald Carey in the role of Cesare Borgia , and John Lund playing Alfonso dEste ( Duke of Ferrara ) . - In Walerian Borowczyks 1973 feature film Immoral Tales , Lucrezia is played by Florence Bellamy . - In Italian movie Lucrezia giovane ( Young Lucrezia ) that was written and directed in 1974 by Luciano Ercoli ( as André Colbert ) , Lucrezia was played by Simonetta Stefanelli . - In the 1981 BBC series , The Borgias , Lucrezia was played by Anne-Louise Lambert . - In the 1982 feature film The Secret Nights of Lucrezia Borgia of director Roberto Bianchi Montero , Lucrezia is played by Sirpa Lane . - She is featured as a major plot point in the 1994 TV movie The Shaggy Dog . A portrait of her , along with a display case of her rings are featured in a local museum along with a legend that she had written spells to turn her lovers into dogs . The legend is revealed to be true as the main character accidentally casts one on himself while holding one of her rings and reading its inscription . - She is played by Holliday Grainger in the 2011–2013 Showtime/Bravo TV series The Borgias , which explores a theme of incest with Cesare , despite lack of historical evidence for such events . Her character is portrayed not as a ruthless murderer , but initially as a compassionate and sweet young girl who suffers from her familys ambitions , both struggling against and eventually aiding them . - In the Canal+ television series Borgia , Lucrezia is portrayed by German actress Isolda Dychauk . - In the video game , Lucrezia is in an incestuous relationship with her brother Cesare . She is kidnapped by Ezio Auditore during the course of the story and appears near the end of the game as a much changed woman .
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"Alfonso dEste"
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Who was Lucrezia Borgia 's spouse from 1502 to Jun 1519?
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/wiki/Lucrezia_Borgia#P26#2
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Lucrezia Borgia Lucrezia Borgia ( ; ; 18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519 ) was a Spanish-Italian noblewoman of the House of Borgia who was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei . She reigned as the Governor of Spoleto , a position usually held by cardinals , in her own right . Her family arranged several marriages for her that advanced their own political position including Giovanni Sforza , Lord of Pesaro and Gradara , Count of Catignola ; Alfonso of Aragon , Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno ; and Alfonso I dEste , Duke of Ferrara . Tradition has it that Alfonso of Aragon was an illegitimate son of the King of Naples and that her brother Cesare Borgia may have had him murdered after his political value waned . Rumors about her and her family cast Lucrezia as a femme fatale , a role in which she has been portrayed in many artworks , novels and films . Early life . Lucrezia Borgia was born on 18 April 1480 at Subiaco , near Rome . Her mother was Vannozza dei Cattanei , one of the mistresses of Lucrezias father , Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia ( later Pope Alexander VI ) . During her early life , Lucrezia Borgias education was entrusted to Adriana Orsini de Milan , a close confidant of her father . Her education would primarily take place in the Piazza Pizzo de Merlo , a building adjacent to her fathers residence . Unlike most educated women of her time , for whom convents were the primary source for knowledge , her education came from within the sphere of intellectuals in the court and close relatives , and it included a solid grounding in the Humanities , which the Catholic Church was reviving at the time . She was a thoroughly accomplished princess , fluent in Spanish , Catalan , Italian , and French , which prepared her for advantageous marriage to any European monarch or prince , and literate in both Latin and Greek . She would also become proficient in the lute , poetry , and oration . The biggest testament to her intelligence is her capability in administration , as later on in life she took care of Vatican City correspondence and governance of Ferrara . Marriages . First marriage : Giovanni Sforza ( Lord of Pesaro and Gradara ) . On 26 February 1491 , a matrimonial arrangement was drawn up between Lucrezia and the Lord of Val DAyora , in the kingdom of Valencia , Don Cherubino Joan de Centelles , which was annulled less than two months later in favour of a new contract engaging Lucrezia to Don Gaspare Aversa , count of Procida . When Rodrigo became Pope Alexander VI , he sought to be allied with powerful princely families and founding dynasties of Italy . He therefore called off Lucrezias previous engagements and arranged for her to marry Giovanni Sforza , a member of the House of Sforza who was Lord of Pesaro and titled Count of Catignola . Giovanni was an illegitimate son of Costanzo I Sforza and a Sforza of the second rank . He married Lucrezia on 12 June 1493 in Rome . Before long , the Borgia family no longer needed the Sforzas , and the presence of Giovanni Sforza in the papal court was superfluous . The Pope needed new , more advantageous political alliances , so he might have covertly ordered the execution of Giovanni : the generally accepted version is that Lucrezia was informed of this by her brother Cesare , and she warned her husband , who fled Rome . Alexander asked Giovannis uncle , Cardinal Ascanio Sforza , to persuade Giovanni to agree to an annulment of the marriage . Giovanni refused and accused Lucrezia of paternal incest . The pope asserted that his daughters marriage had not been consummated and was thus invalid . Giovanni was offered her dowry in return for his cooperation . The Sforza family threatened to withdraw their protection should he refuse . Giovanni finally signed confessions of impotence and documents of annulment before witnesses . Alleged affair with Perotto . There has been speculation that during the prolonged process of the annulment , Lucrezia consummated a relationship with someone , perhaps Alexanders chamberlain Pedro Calderon , also named Perotto . In any case , families hostile to the Borgias would later accuse her of being pregnant at the time her marriage was annulled for non-consummation . She is known to have retired to the convent of San Sisto in June 1497 to await the outcome of the annulment proceedings , which were finalized in December of the same year . The bodies of Pedro Calderon and a maid , Pantasilea , were found in the Tiber in February 1498 . In March 1498 , the Ferrarese ambassador claimed that Lucrezia had given birth , but this was denied by other sources . A child was born , however , in the Borgia household the year before Lucrezias marriage to Alfonso of Aragon . He was named Giovanni but is known to historians as the Infans Romanus . In 1501 , two papal bulls were issued concerning the child , Giovanni Borgia . In the first , he was recognized as Cesares child from an affair before his marriage . The second , contradictory , bull recognized him as the son of Pope Alexander VI . Lucrezias name is not mentioned in either , and rumours that she was his mother have never been proven . The second bull was kept secret for many years , and Giovanni was assumed to be Cesares son . This is supported by the fact that in 1502 he became Duke of Camerino , one of Cesares recent conquests , hence the natural inheritance of the Duke of Romagnas oldest son . Giovanni went to stay with Lucrezia in Ferrara after Alexanders death , where he was accepted as her half-brother . Second marriage : Alfonso dAragon ( Duke of Bisceglie and Prince of Salerno ) . Following her annulment from Sforza , Lucrezia was married to the Neapolitan Alfonso of Aragon , the half-brother of Sancha of Aragon who was the wife of Lucrezias brother Gioffre Borgia . The marriage was a short one . They were married in 1498 , making Lucrezia the Duchess consort of Bisceglie and Princess consort of Salerno . Lucrezia – not her husband – was appointed governor of Spoleto in 1499 ; Alfonso fled Rome shortly afterwards but returned at Lucrezias request , only to be murdered in 1500 . It was widely rumoured that Lucrezias brother Cesare was responsible for Alfonsos death , as he had recently allied himself ( through marriage ) with France against Naples . Lucrezia and Alfonso had one child , Rodrigo of Aragon , who was born in 1499 and predeceased his mother in August 1512 at the age of 12 . Third marriage : Alfonso dEste ( Duke of Ferrara ) . After the death of Lucrezias second husband , her father , Pope Alexander VI , arranged a third marriage . She then married Alfonso I dEste , Duke of Ferrara , in early 1502 in Ferrara . She had eight children during this marriage and was considered a respectable and accomplished Renaissance duchess , effectively rising above her previous reputation and surviving the fall of the Borgias following her fathers death . Neither partner was faithful : beginning in 1503 , Lucrezia enjoyed a long relationship with her brother-in-law , Francesco II Gonzaga , Marquess of Mantua . Francescos wife was the cultured intellectual Isabella dEste , the sister of Alfonso , to whom Lucrezia had made overtures of friendship to no avail . The affair between Francesco and Lucrezia was passionate , more sexual than sentimental as can be attested in the fevered love letters the pair wrote one another . It has been claimed that the affair ended when Francesco contracted syphilis and had to end sexual relations with Lucrezia . This last assertion is problematic as Francesco had contracted syphilis before 1500 as it was known that he passed the disease onto his eldest son Federico Gonzaga who was born in 1500 . Francesco did not meet Lucrezia until 1502 . Lucrezia also had a love affair with the poet Pietro Bembo during her third marriage . Their love letters were deemed The prettiest love letters in the world by the Romantic poet Lord Byron when he saw them in the Ambrosian Library of Milan on 15 October 1816 . On the same occasion Byron claimed to have stolen a lock of Lucrezias hair – the prettiest and fairest imaginable – that was also held there on display . Lucrezia met the famed French soldier , the Chevalier Bayard while the latter was co-commanding the French allied garrison of Ferrara in 1510 . According to his biographer , the Chevalier became a great admirer of Lucrezias , considering her a pearl on this Earth . After a long history of complicated pregnancies and miscarriages , on 14 June 1519 Lucrezia gave birth to her tenth child , named Isabella Maria in honour of Alfonsos sister Isabella dEste . The child was sickly and – fearing she would die unbaptised – Alfonso ordered her to be baptised straightaway with Eleonora della Mirandola and Count Alexandro Serafino as godparents . Lucrezia had become very weak during the pregnancy and fell seriously ill after the birth . After seeming to recover for two days , she worsened again and died on 24 June the same year . She was buried in the convent of Corpus Domini . Appearance . She is described as having heavy blonde hair that fell past her knees , a beautiful complexion , hazel eyes that changed colour , a full , high bosom , and a natural grace that made her appear to walk on air . These physical attributes were highly appreciated in Italy during that period . Another description said , her mouth is rather large , the teeth brilliantly white , her neck is slender and fair , and the bust is admirably proportioned . One painting , Portrait of a Youth by Dosso Dossi at the National Gallery of Victoria , was identified as a portrait of Lucrezia in November 2008 . This painting may be the only surviving formal portrait of Lucrezia Borgia ; however , doubts have been cast on that attribution . Several other paintings , such as Venetos fanciful portrait , have also been said to depict her , but none have been accepted by scholars at present . According to Mandell Creighton in his History of the Papacy , Lucrezia .. . was personally popular through her beauty and her affability . Her long golden hair , her sweet childish face , her pleasant expression and her graceful ways , seem to have struck all who saw her . Rumours . Several rumours have persisted throughout the years , primarily speculating as to the nature of the extravagant parties thrown by the Borgia family . One example is the Banquet of Chestnuts . Many of these concern allegations of incest , poisoning , and murder on her part ; however , no historical basis for these rumours has ever been brought forward beyond allegations made by rival parties . - It is rumoured that Lucrezia was in possession of a hollow ring that she used frequently to poison drinks . - An early 20th-century by Frank Cadogan Cowper that hangs in the London art gallery , Tate Britain , portrays Lucrezia taking the place of her father , Pope Alexander VI , at an official Vatican meeting . This apparently documents an actual event , although the precise moment depicted ( a Franciscan friar kissing Lucrezias feet ) was invented by the artist . Issue . Lucrezia was mother to seven or eight known children : 1 . Rodrigo of Aragon ( 1 November 1499 – August 1512 ) . Son by Alfonso of Aragon ; 2 . A stillborn daughter ( 1502 ) , First child by dEste ; 3 . Alessandro dEste ( 1505–1505 ) ; 4 . Ercole II dEste , Duke of Ferrara ( 5 April 1508 – 3 October 1559 ) ; 5 . Ippolito II dEste ( 25 August 1509 – 1 December 1572 ) . Archbishop of Milan and later Cardinal ; 6 . Alessandro dEste ( 1514–1516 ) . ; 7 . Leonora dEste ( 3 July 1515 – 15 July 1575 ) , a nun and composer ; 8 . Francesco dEste , Marquess of Massalombarda ( 1 November 1516 – 2 February 1578 ) ; 9 . Isabella Maria dEste ( born and died on 14 June 1519 ) . Complications at birth caused the death of Lucrezia ten days later . Giovanni Borgia , infans Romanus ( Child of Rome , c . 1498–1548 ) had his paternity acknowledged by both Alexander and Cesare in two separate Papal bulls , but it was rumoured that he was the child of Lucrezia and Perotto . The child ( identified in later life as Lucrezias half-brother ) was most likely the result of a liaison between Rodrigo Borgia ( Pope Alexander VI , Lucrezias father ) and an unknown mistress and was not Lucrezias child . At least one biographer ( including Maria Bellonci ) claims that Lucrezia gave birth to three more children , one by Alfonso of Aragon and two by Alfonso dEste , who did not survive infancy . She is also thought to have had at least four miscarriages . Biographies . - Lucrezia Borgia : Life , Love And Death in Renaissance Italy by Sarah Bradford ; Viking 2004 ; - Lucrezia Borgia : A Biography by Rachel Erlanger ; 1978 ; - Lucrezia Borgia by Maria Bellonci ; Phoenix 2002 ; - The Borgias ( 1971 ) by Michael Mallett - Lucretia Borgia ( 1874? ) by Ferdinand Gregorovius ( Author ) ; translated in 1903 by John Leslie Garner ( Translator ) - The Borgias by Christopher Hibbert ; Constable 2011 ; - The Borgias : Historys Most Notorious Dynasty by Mary Hollingsworth ; Quercus 2011 ; In fiction . - Blood And Beauty by Sarah Dunant ; ; ; Harper Collins Publishers Ltd | 8 July 2013 | - The Vatican Princess by C.W . Gortner ; released 9 February 2016 - In the Name of the Family by Sarah Dunant ; ; Virago Press 2017 - The Pope’s Daughter by Dario Fo , translated from Italian by Antony Shugaar ; . Translation copyright ( c ) 2015 by Europa Editions - The Borgia Bride by Jeanne Kalogridis ; released 31 January 2005 Treatments and references . Literature and opera . - French author Victor Hugo wrote in 1833 the stage play Lucrèce Borgia . - Victor Hugos play was transformed into a libretto by Felice Romani for Donizettis opera , Lucrezia Borgia ( 1834 ) , first performed at La Scala , Milan , 26 December 1833 . - Kathleen McGowan refers to Lucrece , as one of the many unjustly vilified women , in her book The Expected One . She refers in particular to Frank Cadogan Cowpers painting Lucretia Borgia Reigns in the Vatican in the Absence of Pope Alexander VI on display at the Tate Gallery in London . - F . M . Klingers 1791 novel Fausts Leben , Thaten und Höllenfahrt features an episode in which the Borgias figure , including an affair between Faust and Lucrezia . - Rafael Sabatini wrote the 1912 non-fiction book , The Life of Cesare Borgia , that attempts to treat the Borgias historically . - The 1947 historical novel Prince of Foxes by Samuel Shellabarger describes the adventures of the fictional Andrea Orsini , a captain in the service of Cesare Borgia , during his conquest of the Romagna ; it was made into a film of the same name in 1949 , starring Orson Welles and Tyrone Power . - Jean Plaidys two 1958 novels , Madonna of the Seven Hills and Light on Lucrezia , follow the story of Lucrezia and her entanglement with her father and brothers . - Lucrezia , Cesare and Alexander play key roles in Cecelia Hollands 1979 historical novel City of God : A Novel of the Borgias . - In Roberta Gelliss 2003 novel Lucrezia Borgia and the Mother of Poisons ( ) , Alfonso dEste of Ferrara accuses Lucrezia of murder , and she must solve the crime and expose the true murderer . - The Dutch writer Louis Couperus published a story called in 1920 and takes place between the death of her second husband and the marriage of her third . Film and television . - Lucrezia Borgia is based on the life of Lucrezia , who is played by Liane Haid . Cesare Borgia is portrayed by Conrad Veidt . - Lucrezia ( Estelle Taylor ) and Cesare ( Warner Oland ) Borgia are the major antagonists in Alan Croslands 1926 silent film Don Juan , starring John Barrymore . - Lucrezia is the subject of Abel Gances film Lucrezia Borgia ( 1935 ) and of a 1953 French film , played by Martine Carol . - Lucrezia is the Bride of Vengeance ( 1949 ) , played by Paulette Goddard , with Macdonald Carey in the role of Cesare Borgia , and John Lund playing Alfonso dEste ( Duke of Ferrara ) . - In Walerian Borowczyks 1973 feature film Immoral Tales , Lucrezia is played by Florence Bellamy . - In Italian movie Lucrezia giovane ( Young Lucrezia ) that was written and directed in 1974 by Luciano Ercoli ( as André Colbert ) , Lucrezia was played by Simonetta Stefanelli . - In the 1981 BBC series , The Borgias , Lucrezia was played by Anne-Louise Lambert . - In the 1982 feature film The Secret Nights of Lucrezia Borgia of director Roberto Bianchi Montero , Lucrezia is played by Sirpa Lane . - She is featured as a major plot point in the 1994 TV movie The Shaggy Dog . A portrait of her , along with a display case of her rings are featured in a local museum along with a legend that she had written spells to turn her lovers into dogs . The legend is revealed to be true as the main character accidentally casts one on himself while holding one of her rings and reading its inscription . - She is played by Holliday Grainger in the 2011–2013 Showtime/Bravo TV series The Borgias , which explores a theme of incest with Cesare , despite lack of historical evidence for such events . Her character is portrayed not as a ruthless murderer , but initially as a compassionate and sweet young girl who suffers from her familys ambitions , both struggling against and eventually aiding them . - In the Canal+ television series Borgia , Lucrezia is portrayed by German actress Isolda Dychauk . - In the video game , Lucrezia is in an incestuous relationship with her brother Cesare . She is kidnapped by Ezio Auditore during the course of the story and appears near the end of the game as a much changed woman .
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"Kings College , Cambridge"
] |
easy
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Who did Charles Bruce (governor) work for from 1865 to 1868?
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/wiki/Charles_Bruce_(governor)#P108#0
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Charles Bruce ( governor ) Sir Charles Bruce ( 1836 – 13 December 1920 ) was a British colonial administrator and author . He was the 18th Governor of Mauritius , from 1897 to 1903 . Early life . Charles Bruce was born in India in 1836 , the son of Thomas Bruce , of Arnott , Kinross-shire , who worked for many years for the Honourable East India Company . His father was a descendant of the 9th Earl of Home . Young Charles was educated at Harrow and Yale University . In early life he went to Germany , and devoted himself to the study of Oriental language and literature , mainly Sanskrit and Zend-Pahlavi . He assisted in preliminary work for the Great Sandskrit Dictionary by Otto von Böhtlingk and Rudolf von Roth ( Sanskrit Wörterbuch , 7 vols. , 1855–75 ) , published by the Imperial Academy of St . Petersburg . It was through this connection he was able to get the academy to publish his work Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) , an attempt to restore the original text of an episode in the Indian epic , the Mahabharata . While serving as a librarian at the British Museum , he was in 1865 elected Professor of Sanskrit at Kings College , Cambridge . Colonial administrator . Bruce left for Mauritius in 1868 , to take up position as Rector of the Royal College in Port Louis . He held this post for 10 years , until he transferred to Ceylon in 1878 to become Director of Public Instruction . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in the 1881 Birthday Honours for his service during his years in Ceylon . By 1882 he was back in Mauritius as Colonial Secretary , but left for British Guiana in 1885 to become Lieutenant-Governor . He continued as such until 1893 , during which he was three times Acting Governor , and in 1889 was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) . In 1893 , Bruce was appointed Governor of the Windward Islands . The colony of the Windward Islands consisted at this time of Grenada , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and St . Lucia , the Governor had his seat in Grenada . Bruce was appointed Governor of Mauritius in May 1897 . The six years of his tenure as governor , until 1903 , were marked by substantial progress . With the support of the Colonial Secretary , Joseph Chamberlain , he reformed every public department and took measures to prepare the island to meet frequent devastating hurricanes . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in August 1901 , on the occasion of the royal visit of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York ( later King George V and Queen Mary ) His work The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) described his experience of the problems with Crown colony administration . Later life . On his return to the United Kingdom , Bruce became a campaigner for Indian immigrants and settlers in other British colonies , especially in South Africa . He was an early member of the committee formed in London to uphold their claims , and in June 1908 he headed a representative deputation to ask Lord Crewe for the intervention of the Home Government . He was also a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant for Kinross-shire Family . Bruce married , in 1868 , Clara Lucas , daughter of John Lucas , and had two sons . Charles Maurice Dundas Bruce was born in Mauritius in 1869 and killed in action in the First Somaliland Campaign in 1903 . Lady Bruce died in April 1916 . He himself died in Edinburgh 13 December 1920 . Publications . - Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) - Poems ( 1865 ) - The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) - The True Temper of Empire ( 1912 ) - Milestones on my Long Journey ( 1917 )
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[
"Royal College in Port Louis"
] |
easy
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Who did Charles Bruce (governor) work for from 1868 to 1878?
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/wiki/Charles_Bruce_(governor)#P108#1
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Charles Bruce ( governor ) Sir Charles Bruce ( 1836 – 13 December 1920 ) was a British colonial administrator and author . He was the 18th Governor of Mauritius , from 1897 to 1903 . Early life . Charles Bruce was born in India in 1836 , the son of Thomas Bruce , of Arnott , Kinross-shire , who worked for many years for the Honourable East India Company . His father was a descendant of the 9th Earl of Home . Young Charles was educated at Harrow and Yale University . In early life he went to Germany , and devoted himself to the study of Oriental language and literature , mainly Sanskrit and Zend-Pahlavi . He assisted in preliminary work for the Great Sandskrit Dictionary by Otto von Böhtlingk and Rudolf von Roth ( Sanskrit Wörterbuch , 7 vols. , 1855–75 ) , published by the Imperial Academy of St . Petersburg . It was through this connection he was able to get the academy to publish his work Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) , an attempt to restore the original text of an episode in the Indian epic , the Mahabharata . While serving as a librarian at the British Museum , he was in 1865 elected Professor of Sanskrit at Kings College , Cambridge . Colonial administrator . Bruce left for Mauritius in 1868 , to take up position as Rector of the Royal College in Port Louis . He held this post for 10 years , until he transferred to Ceylon in 1878 to become Director of Public Instruction . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in the 1881 Birthday Honours for his service during his years in Ceylon . By 1882 he was back in Mauritius as Colonial Secretary , but left for British Guiana in 1885 to become Lieutenant-Governor . He continued as such until 1893 , during which he was three times Acting Governor , and in 1889 was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) . In 1893 , Bruce was appointed Governor of the Windward Islands . The colony of the Windward Islands consisted at this time of Grenada , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and St . Lucia , the Governor had his seat in Grenada . Bruce was appointed Governor of Mauritius in May 1897 . The six years of his tenure as governor , until 1903 , were marked by substantial progress . With the support of the Colonial Secretary , Joseph Chamberlain , he reformed every public department and took measures to prepare the island to meet frequent devastating hurricanes . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in August 1901 , on the occasion of the royal visit of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York ( later King George V and Queen Mary ) His work The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) described his experience of the problems with Crown colony administration . Later life . On his return to the United Kingdom , Bruce became a campaigner for Indian immigrants and settlers in other British colonies , especially in South Africa . He was an early member of the committee formed in London to uphold their claims , and in June 1908 he headed a representative deputation to ask Lord Crewe for the intervention of the Home Government . He was also a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant for Kinross-shire Family . Bruce married , in 1868 , Clara Lucas , daughter of John Lucas , and had two sons . Charles Maurice Dundas Bruce was born in Mauritius in 1869 and killed in action in the First Somaliland Campaign in 1903 . Lady Bruce died in April 1916 . He himself died in Edinburgh 13 December 1920 . Publications . - Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) - Poems ( 1865 ) - The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) - The True Temper of Empire ( 1912 ) - Milestones on my Long Journey ( 1917 )
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""
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easy
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Which employer did Charles Bruce (governor) work for from 1878 to 1904?
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/wiki/Charles_Bruce_(governor)#P108#2
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Charles Bruce ( governor ) Sir Charles Bruce ( 1836 – 13 December 1920 ) was a British colonial administrator and author . He was the 18th Governor of Mauritius , from 1897 to 1903 . Early life . Charles Bruce was born in India in 1836 , the son of Thomas Bruce , of Arnott , Kinross-shire , who worked for many years for the Honourable East India Company . His father was a descendant of the 9th Earl of Home . Young Charles was educated at Harrow and Yale University . In early life he went to Germany , and devoted himself to the study of Oriental language and literature , mainly Sanskrit and Zend-Pahlavi . He assisted in preliminary work for the Great Sandskrit Dictionary by Otto von Böhtlingk and Rudolf von Roth ( Sanskrit Wörterbuch , 7 vols. , 1855–75 ) , published by the Imperial Academy of St . Petersburg . It was through this connection he was able to get the academy to publish his work Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) , an attempt to restore the original text of an episode in the Indian epic , the Mahabharata . While serving as a librarian at the British Museum , he was in 1865 elected Professor of Sanskrit at Kings College , Cambridge . Colonial administrator . Bruce left for Mauritius in 1868 , to take up position as Rector of the Royal College in Port Louis . He held this post for 10 years , until he transferred to Ceylon in 1878 to become Director of Public Instruction . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in the 1881 Birthday Honours for his service during his years in Ceylon . By 1882 he was back in Mauritius as Colonial Secretary , but left for British Guiana in 1885 to become Lieutenant-Governor . He continued as such until 1893 , during which he was three times Acting Governor , and in 1889 was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) . In 1893 , Bruce was appointed Governor of the Windward Islands . The colony of the Windward Islands consisted at this time of Grenada , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and St . Lucia , the Governor had his seat in Grenada . Bruce was appointed Governor of Mauritius in May 1897 . The six years of his tenure as governor , until 1903 , were marked by substantial progress . With the support of the Colonial Secretary , Joseph Chamberlain , he reformed every public department and took measures to prepare the island to meet frequent devastating hurricanes . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in August 1901 , on the occasion of the royal visit of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York ( later King George V and Queen Mary ) His work The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) described his experience of the problems with Crown colony administration . Later life . On his return to the United Kingdom , Bruce became a campaigner for Indian immigrants and settlers in other British colonies , especially in South Africa . He was an early member of the committee formed in London to uphold their claims , and in June 1908 he headed a representative deputation to ask Lord Crewe for the intervention of the Home Government . He was also a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant for Kinross-shire Family . Bruce married , in 1868 , Clara Lucas , daughter of John Lucas , and had two sons . Charles Maurice Dundas Bruce was born in Mauritius in 1869 and killed in action in the First Somaliland Campaign in 1903 . Lady Bruce died in April 1916 . He himself died in Edinburgh 13 December 1920 . Publications . - Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) - Poems ( 1865 ) - The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) - The True Temper of Empire ( 1912 ) - Milestones on my Long Journey ( 1917 )
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[
"Atlético River"
] |
easy
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Pablo Granoche played for which team from 2001 to 2002?
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/wiki/Pablo_Granoche#P54#0
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Pablo Granoche Pablo Mariano Granoche Louro ( born 5 September 1983 ) is a Uruguayan football player , in the role of striker in Italy for Triestina . He is nicknamed El Diablo . Career . He started his professional career with Tacuarembó , and was successively signed by Club Atlético River Plate ( Uruguay ) for the 2000–2001 clausura season . His breakthrough however came during his time at Miramar Misiones , where he scored 38 goals in 56 matches being noted and then signed by Mexican club Toluca . He however failed to impress while at Toluca , and soon left for Veracruz , where he however scored only a single goal during his stay at the club . He spent the 2006–07 with Mexican Second Division side Coatzacoalcos . Triestina . Noted by an Italian scout , he was reported to Serie B club Triestina , who signed him in an alleged €1,000,000 bid . However , in fact the club paid a proxy club Centro Atlético Fénix €500,000 . Since his arrival at Triestina , he immediately impressed both football fans and pundits thanks to an exciting start , scoring 24 goals during the 36 matches with the alabardati and quickly confirming his prolific striker reputation . Chievo . Granoche moved to Chievo in a co-ownership bid on 21 August 2008 , for €400,000 , but loaned back to Trieste on 1 September . Chievo also subsided Triestina €400,000 as premi di valorizzazione for the loan . In 2016 the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) also found Chievo had also paid a company called International Sport Services S.r.l . for €240,000 , violating the regulation of the federation . During the loan , Triestina also paid the same company €100,000 . The company was owned by football agents Fabio Grossi and Maurizio De Giorgis , which FIGC also penalized them for conflict of interests of representing both the player and clubs such as Chievo , Triestina , Novara , Varese and Cesena . Granoche returned to Chievo on 1 July 2009 . He played 30 games for the club in 2009–10 Serie A . After Triestina was relegated from Serie B in 2010 , he was acquired by Chievo outright on 24 June 2010 for a nominal fee of just €1,000 , making his transfer fee was €641,000 in total ( or €1,041,000 including the subsidy ) . In July 2011 he joined newly promoted Serie A club Novara on loan until the end of the season , for a loan fee of €400,000 . On 16 July 2012 Granoche moved to Serie B club Padova on a loan deal for the 2012–13 Serie B . Cesena . In the second part of the 2012–13 league campaign , Chievo gifted half of the registration rights of Granoche to Cesena for just €500 . on 20 June 2013 Chievo bought back Granoche in a 3-year deal . However , 2 weeks after returning to Chievo , on 12 July 2013 , he was re-signed to Cesena on loan for the 2013–14 season . Modena . On 31 January 2014 , Granoche was loaned to Serie B side Modena for the remainder of the 2013–14 season . He recorded 10 goals in 21 matches until the end of the season . With his highly impressive loan spell , Modena acquired him from Chievo on a permanent basis on 14 July 2014 , for €340,000 fee . Granoche was also suspended once on 6 September 2015 , due to receiving extra employee benefits for €25,000 , on 30 June 2008 , from Stefano Mario Fantinel , the president of Triestina directly . Due to employing agent that had conflict of interests , Granoche was suspended for 2 matches again in 2016 . Spezia . Granoche was signed by Spezia on 31 August 2016 on a free transfer . During that summer transfer window , along with other free agents , he also obtained the license to be a youth team coach ( UEFA B License ) . External links . - 2007–08 Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport - Granoche profile @ UnioneTriestina.it
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[
""
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easy
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Pablo Granoche played for which team from 2005 to 2006?
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/wiki/Pablo_Granoche#P54#1
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Pablo Granoche Pablo Mariano Granoche Louro ( born 5 September 1983 ) is a Uruguayan football player , in the role of striker in Italy for Triestina . He is nicknamed El Diablo . Career . He started his professional career with Tacuarembó , and was successively signed by Club Atlético River Plate ( Uruguay ) for the 2000–2001 clausura season . His breakthrough however came during his time at Miramar Misiones , where he scored 38 goals in 56 matches being noted and then signed by Mexican club Toluca . He however failed to impress while at Toluca , and soon left for Veracruz , where he however scored only a single goal during his stay at the club . He spent the 2006–07 with Mexican Second Division side Coatzacoalcos . Triestina . Noted by an Italian scout , he was reported to Serie B club Triestina , who signed him in an alleged €1,000,000 bid . However , in fact the club paid a proxy club Centro Atlético Fénix €500,000 . Since his arrival at Triestina , he immediately impressed both football fans and pundits thanks to an exciting start , scoring 24 goals during the 36 matches with the alabardati and quickly confirming his prolific striker reputation . Chievo . Granoche moved to Chievo in a co-ownership bid on 21 August 2008 , for €400,000 , but loaned back to Trieste on 1 September . Chievo also subsided Triestina €400,000 as premi di valorizzazione for the loan . In 2016 the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) also found Chievo had also paid a company called International Sport Services S.r.l . for €240,000 , violating the regulation of the federation . During the loan , Triestina also paid the same company €100,000 . The company was owned by football agents Fabio Grossi and Maurizio De Giorgis , which FIGC also penalized them for conflict of interests of representing both the player and clubs such as Chievo , Triestina , Novara , Varese and Cesena . Granoche returned to Chievo on 1 July 2009 . He played 30 games for the club in 2009–10 Serie A . After Triestina was relegated from Serie B in 2010 , he was acquired by Chievo outright on 24 June 2010 for a nominal fee of just €1,000 , making his transfer fee was €641,000 in total ( or €1,041,000 including the subsidy ) . In July 2011 he joined newly promoted Serie A club Novara on loan until the end of the season , for a loan fee of €400,000 . On 16 July 2012 Granoche moved to Serie B club Padova on a loan deal for the 2012–13 Serie B . Cesena . In the second part of the 2012–13 league campaign , Chievo gifted half of the registration rights of Granoche to Cesena for just €500 . on 20 June 2013 Chievo bought back Granoche in a 3-year deal . However , 2 weeks after returning to Chievo , on 12 July 2013 , he was re-signed to Cesena on loan for the 2013–14 season . Modena . On 31 January 2014 , Granoche was loaned to Serie B side Modena for the remainder of the 2013–14 season . He recorded 10 goals in 21 matches until the end of the season . With his highly impressive loan spell , Modena acquired him from Chievo on a permanent basis on 14 July 2014 , for €340,000 fee . Granoche was also suspended once on 6 September 2015 , due to receiving extra employee benefits for €25,000 , on 30 June 2008 , from Stefano Mario Fantinel , the president of Triestina directly . Due to employing agent that had conflict of interests , Granoche was suspended for 2 matches again in 2016 . Spezia . Granoche was signed by Spezia on 31 August 2016 on a free transfer . During that summer transfer window , along with other free agents , he also obtained the license to be a youth team coach ( UEFA B License ) . External links . - 2007–08 Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport - Granoche profile @ UnioneTriestina.it
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[
"Coatzacoalcos"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Pablo Granoche belong to from 2006 to 2007?
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/wiki/Pablo_Granoche#P54#2
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Pablo Granoche Pablo Mariano Granoche Louro ( born 5 September 1983 ) is a Uruguayan football player , in the role of striker in Italy for Triestina . He is nicknamed El Diablo . Career . He started his professional career with Tacuarembó , and was successively signed by Club Atlético River Plate ( Uruguay ) for the 2000–2001 clausura season . His breakthrough however came during his time at Miramar Misiones , where he scored 38 goals in 56 matches being noted and then signed by Mexican club Toluca . He however failed to impress while at Toluca , and soon left for Veracruz , where he however scored only a single goal during his stay at the club . He spent the 2006–07 with Mexican Second Division side Coatzacoalcos . Triestina . Noted by an Italian scout , he was reported to Serie B club Triestina , who signed him in an alleged €1,000,000 bid . However , in fact the club paid a proxy club Centro Atlético Fénix €500,000 . Since his arrival at Triestina , he immediately impressed both football fans and pundits thanks to an exciting start , scoring 24 goals during the 36 matches with the alabardati and quickly confirming his prolific striker reputation . Chievo . Granoche moved to Chievo in a co-ownership bid on 21 August 2008 , for €400,000 , but loaned back to Trieste on 1 September . Chievo also subsided Triestina €400,000 as premi di valorizzazione for the loan . In 2016 the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) also found Chievo had also paid a company called International Sport Services S.r.l . for €240,000 , violating the regulation of the federation . During the loan , Triestina also paid the same company €100,000 . The company was owned by football agents Fabio Grossi and Maurizio De Giorgis , which FIGC also penalized them for conflict of interests of representing both the player and clubs such as Chievo , Triestina , Novara , Varese and Cesena . Granoche returned to Chievo on 1 July 2009 . He played 30 games for the club in 2009–10 Serie A . After Triestina was relegated from Serie B in 2010 , he was acquired by Chievo outright on 24 June 2010 for a nominal fee of just €1,000 , making his transfer fee was €641,000 in total ( or €1,041,000 including the subsidy ) . In July 2011 he joined newly promoted Serie A club Novara on loan until the end of the season , for a loan fee of €400,000 . On 16 July 2012 Granoche moved to Serie B club Padova on a loan deal for the 2012–13 Serie B . Cesena . In the second part of the 2012–13 league campaign , Chievo gifted half of the registration rights of Granoche to Cesena for just €500 . on 20 June 2013 Chievo bought back Granoche in a 3-year deal . However , 2 weeks after returning to Chievo , on 12 July 2013 , he was re-signed to Cesena on loan for the 2013–14 season . Modena . On 31 January 2014 , Granoche was loaned to Serie B side Modena for the remainder of the 2013–14 season . He recorded 10 goals in 21 matches until the end of the season . With his highly impressive loan spell , Modena acquired him from Chievo on a permanent basis on 14 July 2014 , for €340,000 fee . Granoche was also suspended once on 6 September 2015 , due to receiving extra employee benefits for €25,000 , on 30 June 2008 , from Stefano Mario Fantinel , the president of Triestina directly . Due to employing agent that had conflict of interests , Granoche was suspended for 2 matches again in 2016 . Spezia . Granoche was signed by Spezia on 31 August 2016 on a free transfer . During that summer transfer window , along with other free agents , he also obtained the license to be a youth team coach ( UEFA B License ) . External links . - 2007–08 Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport - Granoche profile @ UnioneTriestina.it
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[
"Chievo"
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easy
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Which team did the player Pablo Granoche belong to from 2007 to 2010?
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/wiki/Pablo_Granoche#P54#3
|
Pablo Granoche Pablo Mariano Granoche Louro ( born 5 September 1983 ) is a Uruguayan football player , in the role of striker in Italy for Triestina . He is nicknamed El Diablo . Career . He started his professional career with Tacuarembó , and was successively signed by Club Atlético River Plate ( Uruguay ) for the 2000–2001 clausura season . His breakthrough however came during his time at Miramar Misiones , where he scored 38 goals in 56 matches being noted and then signed by Mexican club Toluca . He however failed to impress while at Toluca , and soon left for Veracruz , where he however scored only a single goal during his stay at the club . He spent the 2006–07 with Mexican Second Division side Coatzacoalcos . Triestina . Noted by an Italian scout , he was reported to Serie B club Triestina , who signed him in an alleged €1,000,000 bid . However , in fact the club paid a proxy club Centro Atlético Fénix €500,000 . Since his arrival at Triestina , he immediately impressed both football fans and pundits thanks to an exciting start , scoring 24 goals during the 36 matches with the alabardati and quickly confirming his prolific striker reputation . Chievo . Granoche moved to Chievo in a co-ownership bid on 21 August 2008 , for €400,000 , but loaned back to Trieste on 1 September . Chievo also subsided Triestina €400,000 as premi di valorizzazione for the loan . In 2016 the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) also found Chievo had also paid a company called International Sport Services S.r.l . for €240,000 , violating the regulation of the federation . During the loan , Triestina also paid the same company €100,000 . The company was owned by football agents Fabio Grossi and Maurizio De Giorgis , which FIGC also penalized them for conflict of interests of representing both the player and clubs such as Chievo , Triestina , Novara , Varese and Cesena . Granoche returned to Chievo on 1 July 2009 . He played 30 games for the club in 2009–10 Serie A . After Triestina was relegated from Serie B in 2010 , he was acquired by Chievo outright on 24 June 2010 for a nominal fee of just €1,000 , making his transfer fee was €641,000 in total ( or €1,041,000 including the subsidy ) . In July 2011 he joined newly promoted Serie A club Novara on loan until the end of the season , for a loan fee of €400,000 . On 16 July 2012 Granoche moved to Serie B club Padova on a loan deal for the 2012–13 Serie B . Cesena . In the second part of the 2012–13 league campaign , Chievo gifted half of the registration rights of Granoche to Cesena for just €500 . on 20 June 2013 Chievo bought back Granoche in a 3-year deal . However , 2 weeks after returning to Chievo , on 12 July 2013 , he was re-signed to Cesena on loan for the 2013–14 season . Modena . On 31 January 2014 , Granoche was loaned to Serie B side Modena for the remainder of the 2013–14 season . He recorded 10 goals in 21 matches until the end of the season . With his highly impressive loan spell , Modena acquired him from Chievo on a permanent basis on 14 July 2014 , for €340,000 fee . Granoche was also suspended once on 6 September 2015 , due to receiving extra employee benefits for €25,000 , on 30 June 2008 , from Stefano Mario Fantinel , the president of Triestina directly . Due to employing agent that had conflict of interests , Granoche was suspended for 2 matches again in 2016 . Spezia . Granoche was signed by Spezia on 31 August 2016 on a free transfer . During that summer transfer window , along with other free agents , he also obtained the license to be a youth team coach ( UEFA B License ) . External links . - 2007–08 Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport - Granoche profile @ UnioneTriestina.it
|
[
"Novara"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Pablo Granoche play for from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Pablo_Granoche#P54#4
|
Pablo Granoche Pablo Mariano Granoche Louro ( born 5 September 1983 ) is a Uruguayan football player , in the role of striker in Italy for Triestina . He is nicknamed El Diablo . Career . He started his professional career with Tacuarembó , and was successively signed by Club Atlético River Plate ( Uruguay ) for the 2000–2001 clausura season . His breakthrough however came during his time at Miramar Misiones , where he scored 38 goals in 56 matches being noted and then signed by Mexican club Toluca . He however failed to impress while at Toluca , and soon left for Veracruz , where he however scored only a single goal during his stay at the club . He spent the 2006–07 with Mexican Second Division side Coatzacoalcos . Triestina . Noted by an Italian scout , he was reported to Serie B club Triestina , who signed him in an alleged €1,000,000 bid . However , in fact the club paid a proxy club Centro Atlético Fénix €500,000 . Since his arrival at Triestina , he immediately impressed both football fans and pundits thanks to an exciting start , scoring 24 goals during the 36 matches with the alabardati and quickly confirming his prolific striker reputation . Chievo . Granoche moved to Chievo in a co-ownership bid on 21 August 2008 , for €400,000 , but loaned back to Trieste on 1 September . Chievo also subsided Triestina €400,000 as premi di valorizzazione for the loan . In 2016 the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) also found Chievo had also paid a company called International Sport Services S.r.l . for €240,000 , violating the regulation of the federation . During the loan , Triestina also paid the same company €100,000 . The company was owned by football agents Fabio Grossi and Maurizio De Giorgis , which FIGC also penalized them for conflict of interests of representing both the player and clubs such as Chievo , Triestina , Novara , Varese and Cesena . Granoche returned to Chievo on 1 July 2009 . He played 30 games for the club in 2009–10 Serie A . After Triestina was relegated from Serie B in 2010 , he was acquired by Chievo outright on 24 June 2010 for a nominal fee of just €1,000 , making his transfer fee was €641,000 in total ( or €1,041,000 including the subsidy ) . In July 2011 he joined newly promoted Serie A club Novara on loan until the end of the season , for a loan fee of €400,000 . On 16 July 2012 Granoche moved to Serie B club Padova on a loan deal for the 2012–13 Serie B . Cesena . In the second part of the 2012–13 league campaign , Chievo gifted half of the registration rights of Granoche to Cesena for just €500 . on 20 June 2013 Chievo bought back Granoche in a 3-year deal . However , 2 weeks after returning to Chievo , on 12 July 2013 , he was re-signed to Cesena on loan for the 2013–14 season . Modena . On 31 January 2014 , Granoche was loaned to Serie B side Modena for the remainder of the 2013–14 season . He recorded 10 goals in 21 matches until the end of the season . With his highly impressive loan spell , Modena acquired him from Chievo on a permanent basis on 14 July 2014 , for €340,000 fee . Granoche was also suspended once on 6 September 2015 , due to receiving extra employee benefits for €25,000 , on 30 June 2008 , from Stefano Mario Fantinel , the president of Triestina directly . Due to employing agent that had conflict of interests , Granoche was suspended for 2 matches again in 2016 . Spezia . Granoche was signed by Spezia on 31 August 2016 on a free transfer . During that summer transfer window , along with other free agents , he also obtained the license to be a youth team coach ( UEFA B License ) . External links . - 2007–08 Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport - Granoche profile @ UnioneTriestina.it
|
[
"club Padova",
"Cesena"
] |
easy
|
Pablo Granoche played for which team from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Pablo_Granoche#P54#5
|
Pablo Granoche Pablo Mariano Granoche Louro ( born 5 September 1983 ) is a Uruguayan football player , in the role of striker in Italy for Triestina . He is nicknamed El Diablo . Career . He started his professional career with Tacuarembó , and was successively signed by Club Atlético River Plate ( Uruguay ) for the 2000–2001 clausura season . His breakthrough however came during his time at Miramar Misiones , where he scored 38 goals in 56 matches being noted and then signed by Mexican club Toluca . He however failed to impress while at Toluca , and soon left for Veracruz , where he however scored only a single goal during his stay at the club . He spent the 2006–07 with Mexican Second Division side Coatzacoalcos . Triestina . Noted by an Italian scout , he was reported to Serie B club Triestina , who signed him in an alleged €1,000,000 bid . However , in fact the club paid a proxy club Centro Atlético Fénix €500,000 . Since his arrival at Triestina , he immediately impressed both football fans and pundits thanks to an exciting start , scoring 24 goals during the 36 matches with the alabardati and quickly confirming his prolific striker reputation . Chievo . Granoche moved to Chievo in a co-ownership bid on 21 August 2008 , for €400,000 , but loaned back to Trieste on 1 September . Chievo also subsided Triestina €400,000 as premi di valorizzazione for the loan . In 2016 the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) also found Chievo had also paid a company called International Sport Services S.r.l . for €240,000 , violating the regulation of the federation . During the loan , Triestina also paid the same company €100,000 . The company was owned by football agents Fabio Grossi and Maurizio De Giorgis , which FIGC also penalized them for conflict of interests of representing both the player and clubs such as Chievo , Triestina , Novara , Varese and Cesena . Granoche returned to Chievo on 1 July 2009 . He played 30 games for the club in 2009–10 Serie A . After Triestina was relegated from Serie B in 2010 , he was acquired by Chievo outright on 24 June 2010 for a nominal fee of just €1,000 , making his transfer fee was €641,000 in total ( or €1,041,000 including the subsidy ) . In July 2011 he joined newly promoted Serie A club Novara on loan until the end of the season , for a loan fee of €400,000 . On 16 July 2012 Granoche moved to Serie B club Padova on a loan deal for the 2012–13 Serie B . Cesena . In the second part of the 2012–13 league campaign , Chievo gifted half of the registration rights of Granoche to Cesena for just €500 . on 20 June 2013 Chievo bought back Granoche in a 3-year deal . However , 2 weeks after returning to Chievo , on 12 July 2013 , he was re-signed to Cesena on loan for the 2013–14 season . Modena . On 31 January 2014 , Granoche was loaned to Serie B side Modena for the remainder of the 2013–14 season . He recorded 10 goals in 21 matches until the end of the season . With his highly impressive loan spell , Modena acquired him from Chievo on a permanent basis on 14 July 2014 , for €340,000 fee . Granoche was also suspended once on 6 September 2015 , due to receiving extra employee benefits for €25,000 , on 30 June 2008 , from Stefano Mario Fantinel , the president of Triestina directly . Due to employing agent that had conflict of interests , Granoche was suspended for 2 matches again in 2016 . Spezia . Granoche was signed by Spezia on 31 August 2016 on a free transfer . During that summer transfer window , along with other free agents , he also obtained the license to be a youth team coach ( UEFA B License ) . External links . - 2007–08 Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport - Granoche profile @ UnioneTriestina.it
|
[
"Modena"
] |
easy
|
Pablo Granoche played for which team from 2013 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Pablo_Granoche#P54#6
|
Pablo Granoche Pablo Mariano Granoche Louro ( born 5 September 1983 ) is a Uruguayan football player , in the role of striker in Italy for Triestina . He is nicknamed El Diablo . Career . He started his professional career with Tacuarembó , and was successively signed by Club Atlético River Plate ( Uruguay ) for the 2000–2001 clausura season . His breakthrough however came during his time at Miramar Misiones , where he scored 38 goals in 56 matches being noted and then signed by Mexican club Toluca . He however failed to impress while at Toluca , and soon left for Veracruz , where he however scored only a single goal during his stay at the club . He spent the 2006–07 with Mexican Second Division side Coatzacoalcos . Triestina . Noted by an Italian scout , he was reported to Serie B club Triestina , who signed him in an alleged €1,000,000 bid . However , in fact the club paid a proxy club Centro Atlético Fénix €500,000 . Since his arrival at Triestina , he immediately impressed both football fans and pundits thanks to an exciting start , scoring 24 goals during the 36 matches with the alabardati and quickly confirming his prolific striker reputation . Chievo . Granoche moved to Chievo in a co-ownership bid on 21 August 2008 , for €400,000 , but loaned back to Trieste on 1 September . Chievo also subsided Triestina €400,000 as premi di valorizzazione for the loan . In 2016 the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) also found Chievo had also paid a company called International Sport Services S.r.l . for €240,000 , violating the regulation of the federation . During the loan , Triestina also paid the same company €100,000 . The company was owned by football agents Fabio Grossi and Maurizio De Giorgis , which FIGC also penalized them for conflict of interests of representing both the player and clubs such as Chievo , Triestina , Novara , Varese and Cesena . Granoche returned to Chievo on 1 July 2009 . He played 30 games for the club in 2009–10 Serie A . After Triestina was relegated from Serie B in 2010 , he was acquired by Chievo outright on 24 June 2010 for a nominal fee of just €1,000 , making his transfer fee was €641,000 in total ( or €1,041,000 including the subsidy ) . In July 2011 he joined newly promoted Serie A club Novara on loan until the end of the season , for a loan fee of €400,000 . On 16 July 2012 Granoche moved to Serie B club Padova on a loan deal for the 2012–13 Serie B . Cesena . In the second part of the 2012–13 league campaign , Chievo gifted half of the registration rights of Granoche to Cesena for just €500 . on 20 June 2013 Chievo bought back Granoche in a 3-year deal . However , 2 weeks after returning to Chievo , on 12 July 2013 , he was re-signed to Cesena on loan for the 2013–14 season . Modena . On 31 January 2014 , Granoche was loaned to Serie B side Modena for the remainder of the 2013–14 season . He recorded 10 goals in 21 matches until the end of the season . With his highly impressive loan spell , Modena acquired him from Chievo on a permanent basis on 14 July 2014 , for €340,000 fee . Granoche was also suspended once on 6 September 2015 , due to receiving extra employee benefits for €25,000 , on 30 June 2008 , from Stefano Mario Fantinel , the president of Triestina directly . Due to employing agent that had conflict of interests , Granoche was suspended for 2 matches again in 2016 . Spezia . Granoche was signed by Spezia on 31 August 2016 on a free transfer . During that summer transfer window , along with other free agents , he also obtained the license to be a youth team coach ( UEFA B License ) . External links . - 2007–08 Profile at La Gazzetta dello Sport - Granoche profile @ UnioneTriestina.it
|
[
"Domenico Bartolucci"
] |
easy
|
Who was the director or manager of Sistine Chapel Choir from 1956 to May 1997?
|
/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir#P1037#0
|
Sistine Chapel Choir The Sistine Chapel Choir , as it is generally called in English , or officially the Coro della Cappella Musicale Pontificia Sistina in Italian , is the Popes personal choir . It performs at papal functions in the Sistine Chapel and in any other church in Rome where the Pope is officiating , including St . Peters Basilica . One of the oldest choirs in the world , it was constituted as the Popes personal choir by Pope Sixtus IV ( from whom both the choir and the chapel in which it performs take their names ) . Although it was established in the late 15th century , its roots go back to the 4th century and the reign of Pope Sylvester I . The choirs composition and numbers have fluctuated over the centuries . However , the modern choir comprises twenty men ( tenors and basses ) and thirty boys ( sopranos and altos ) . The mens choir ( Cantori ) is composed of professional singers . The members of the boys choir ( Pueri Cantores ) are not paid when performing at papal functions , but receive a free education at their own school in Rome , known as the Schola Puerorum . Since the late 20th century , in addition to its papal duties , the choir has undertaken international tours , participated in radio and television broadcasts , and recorded for Deutsche Grammophon . History . Precursors . Papal patronage of music , and especially singing , dates to the 4th century when , according to 9th-century written accounts , Pope Sylvester I constituted company of singers , under the name of schola cantorum . The schola was reorganized by Pope Gregory I during his reign ( 590–604 ) . The purpose of the Gregorian schola was to teach both singing techniques and the existing plainsong repertory , which at the time was passed down by oral tradition . Under Pope Gregory the course of study was said to be nine years . When Innocent IV fled to Lyon in the 13th century , he provided for the scholas continuance in Rome by turning property over to it . When Pope Clement V moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon in 1309 , he formed his own choir in Avignon . Gregory XI brought the papal court back to Rome in 1377 bringing with him his choir which consisted largely of French singers and amalgamated it with what was left of the old schola cantorum . Establishment and early history . Pope Sixtus IV , who reigned from 1471 to 1484 , established the Cappella Musicale Pontificia as his permanent personal choir . It sang in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace which Sixtus had renovated to become his private chapel , originally called the Cappella Magna and later known as the Sistine Chapel . The choir was and remains all-male and sang without musical accompaniment ( a cappella ) . It initially consisted of between 16 and 24 singers with the men singing the bass , tenor , and alto parts and pre-adolescent boys singing the soprano parts , although from the mid-16th century , adult castrato singers began to replace the boy singers . The choir was to become the most important center of Roman music . Josquin des Prez , one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance , served as its composer and directed the choir from 1486 to 1484 . In April 1545 , the members of the choir sent a delegation to the choirs maestro di cappella at the time , Ludovico Magnasco , petitioning for a new constitution . It was argued that new constitution was needed because all previous copies had been destroyed in the 1527 sack of Rome . Written largely from memory with a few additions , it was completed on 17 November 1545 . Five years later , the singers rebelled against Magnasco and appealed to Pope Julius III . They accused him of appointing singers without papal permission and without an audition . The most egregious of such appointments was Ottavio Gemelli who was later suspended for thievery . They also complained that Magnasco held back the salaries of several singers without justification and prohibited others from even entering the Sistine Chapel . In November 1550 , Julius III ousted Magnansco as maestro di cappella and replaced him with Girolamo Maccabei . Julius III was also keen to reduce the size of the choir which had been bloated by the patronage system and contained many members who were singers in name only . In an undated motu proprio c.1553 , he decreed that no new singers would be taken on until the choir was reduced by attrition to 24 members , after which new members were required to pass a strict audition . However , Julius III defied his own reforms when in January 1555 , he appointed his favourite composer , Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , to the choir without an audition . Palestrinas time in the choir , which he also conducted , was cut short when the austere Paul IV ascended to the papacy . In a motu proprio promulgated on 30 July 1555 , he decreed that married men could no longer be members of the choir . Palestrina and two other married singers , Domenico Ferrabosco , and Leonardo Barré , were dismissed with pensions . Nevertheless , according to musicologist Richard Sherr , Palestrina more than any other composer was to personify music in the Sistine Chapel . Like his predecessors and his successor , Magnansco was a high-ranking cleric and not a musician . He had been the Bishop of Castro del Lazio and was the Bishop of Assisi from 1543 . The situation changed in 1586 when Pope Sixtus V issued a Papal bull which reorganized the choirs structure and finances . It established the College of Singers as a legal entity , required that the maestro di cappella be a singer elected by his peers , and entrusted the secular welfare of the choir to a cardinal protector . 18th and 19th centuries . During their first trip to Italy , the 14-year-old Mozart and his father Leopold arrived in Rome on 11 April 1770 . It was Holy Week , and that evening they attended a performance of Allegris Miserere in the Sistine Chapel . Allegri , who had been a singer in the Sistine Chapel Choir , had composed the piece in 1638 . A complex nine-part choral work , the Allegri Miserere was considered one of the choirs most famous pieces and was performed during the Tenebrae service on the Wednesday and Friday of every Holy Week . The score was closely guarded , and its publication was forbidden by the choir on pain of excommunication , although Emperor Leopold I , King John V of Portugal , and the composer Giovanni Battista Martini were known to have authorized copies . According to multiple biographies of Mozart and based largely on accounts by his father , the young Mozart wrote down the score from memory after hearing it at the 11 April performance . He later declaimed it to one of the choirs singers who recognized it immediately , a feat which caused a sensation at the time . The Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century almost led to the disintegration of the choir . The armies of the Papal states were defeated by the French forces who occupied Rome and placed the Pope under house arrest . Travel to Italy , especially for those from the countries at war with Napoleon , became difficult . The number of foreign visitors who once flocked to Rome to hear the choir in the 18th century drastically declined . Following Napoleons defeat at Waterloo and the renewed interest in Italian history and culture fueled by the writers of the Romantic Era , foreign travelers returned to Rome , and hearing a performance by the choir , especially during Holy Week , was considered on important stop on their tour . The composer and bass singer , Giuseppe Baini , was admitted to the choir in 1795 and unanimously elected as its director in 1818 , a position he held until his death in 1844 . In 1828 , he published an influential two-volume treatise on the life and works of Palestrina , one of the choirs most famous composers . According to music historian Richard Boursy , the book enhanced not only the reputation of Palestrina but also that of Baini and the choir itself , adding to the mystique it still held in the first half of the 19th century . Following Bainis death the choir remained without a permanent director ( perpetual director in the choirs terminology ) for over 30 years . The revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states and the establishment of the short-lived Roman Republic ushered in a period of disruption for the choir . It was suspended under the Roman Republic . When the Republic fell , Pope Pius IX returned to Rome , and the choir resumed its activities . However , four of its members had sung in a Te Deum on 9 February 1849 in thanksgiving for the Republican victory—Alessandro Montecchiani , Giovanni Poli , Alessandro Chiari and Domenico Mustafà . In reprisals against those suspected of supporting or sympathizing with the Republicans , Montecchiani was dismissed from the choir , while Chiari , Poli and Mustafà were made to undergo spiritual exercises before resuming their activities with the choir . Further disruption came in 1870 when the Capture of Rome permanently ended the Papal States and caused the suspension of the First Vatican Council . The choir finally received a perpetual director in 1878 when Pius IX appointed Mustafà to the post . Mustafà , who had entered the choir in 1845 , had been a virtuoso soprano castrato in his prime and was also a composer and skilled conductor . During the 19th century , the ever-increasing popularity of opera made it difficult for the choir to attract highly skilled singers who could make more money on the operatic stage . As early as 1830 , Mendelssohn complained of the quality of the singing . The problem was exacerbated as the supply of castrato singers , the mainstays of the virtuoso soprano parts , began to dry up . With the unification of Italy in 1871 , the castration of boy singers was made illegal . In a group photograph of the choir taken in 1898 , there were six castrati choristers left , apart from Mustafa who had retired from singing—Domenico Salvatori ( 1855–1909 ) , Alessandro Moreschi ( 1858–1922 ) , Giovanni Cesari ( 1843–1904 ) , Vincenzo Sebastianelli ( 1851–1919 ) , Gustavo Pesci ( 1833–1913 ) , and Giuseppe Ritarossi ( 1841–1902 ) . 20th century . Domenico Mustafàs leadership of the choir and the careers of its castrati singers came to a close beginning in 1898 when Lorenzo Perosi was appointed joint perpetual director of the choir . At the time Perosi was only 26 , but already had a considerable reputation as a composer of sacred music . Mustafà had thought that Perosi would carry on the musical traditions of the choir that had guided him . However , Perosi was an adherent of the Cecilian Movement which eschewed the operatic and theatrical style of church music which had been ascendant on the 18th and 19th centuries . He was also strongly against using castrati in the choir and wished to replace them with boy singers . At Perosis urging , a Papal decree of 3 February 1902 by Pope Leo XIII stipulated that henceforth castrati would no longer be accepted into the choir . Mustafà retired as perpetual director of the choir in January 1903 leaving Perosi the sole director . The remaining castrati gradually died , retired , or were pensioned off . Moreschi , the youngest of the six remaining castrati choristers photographed in 1898 , remained on the choirs books until his retirement in 1913 . The ascendance to the papacy of Perosis mentor and fellow Cecilianist , Pius X in August 1903 further cemented his position . Under his direction the last remaining castrati were phased out , and a stable 30-voice boys choir was added . The choirs music focused once again on Gregorian chant and the polyphonic music of the Renaissance period , especially that of Palestrina . Perosi served as the choirs director until his death in 1956 , although his tenure was periodically interrupted by bouts of mental illness . Perosi was succeeded by Domenico Bartolucci who had served as his deputy since 1952 . Bartolucci reorganised the choirs musical arrangements , adding some of his own works to the repertoire , including his Missa de Angelis , and further increased the emphasis on Palestrinas music , on which he was an authority . He also strengthened the adult choir , created a dedicated rehearsal space for them , and established a school for the choirs boy singers . The choir school , known as the Schola Puerorum , was established in 1963 and is located in a large palazzo on Via del Monte della Farina which also serves as the administrative and rehearsal base of the Sistine Choir . In addition to training in singing and music , it provides the standard Italian education curriculum for children from the ages of 9 to 13 . The boys are not paid for singing at papal functions , but receive their education at the school free of charge . Bartolucci was deeply opposed to the changes in liturgy and church music brought about by Vatican II ( 1962-65 ) which resulted in the introduction of folk and popular music to the liturgy , a trend continued under Pope John Paul II . In 1997 , at the instigation of Piero Marini , the master of pontifical ceremonies , Bartolucci was replaced as director of the choir with Giuseppe Liberto . In a 2006 interview with LEspresso , Bartolucci discussed what he considered the deleterious effect that Vatican II and subsequent developments had had on church music : 21st century . In 2010 Pope Benedict XVI , who had been Bartoluccis sole supporter on the Curia when he was dismissed in 1997 , appointed Massimo Palombella to replace Liberto as the choirs musical director . Under Bartolucci , the choir had begun participating in radio and television broadcasts as well as regular international tours , including a 17-city tour of the United States in 1986 . It was a trend that continued under Palombella . The choir made its first tour of Asia in 2014 and released three studio albums on the Deutsche Grammophon label between 2015 and 2017 . June 2012 marked the first time in its history that the Sistine Choir performed jointly in a papal function with another choir from outside the Vatican . The occasion was a Papal Mass celebrated in St Peters Basilica by Pope Benedict sung by the Sistine Choir and the Westminster Abbey Choir . The two choirs also sang together at Westminster Abbey in May 2015 and again in 2018 . Cecilia Bartoli become the first woman to perform inside the Sistine Chapel in November 2017 when she sang with the Sistine Choir in Pérotins Beata Viscera . In September of that year , the choir made its first visit to the United States in 30 years , performing at St . Patricks Cathedral in New York , the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C. , and the Detroit Opera House . More controversial was the choirs performance at the Met Gala in May 2018 where many of the celebrity guests dressed in costumes that according to The National Catholic Register were deemed by many to be a sacrilegious mockery of the Church . The affair also sparked complaints from some of the boys parents . In June of that year the choirs planned multi-city tour of the United States was abruptly cancelled . The choirs administrator , Michelangelo Nardella , was suspended in July when the Vatican opened an investigation into alleged money laundering , fraud and embezzlement involving both Nardella and Palombella and related to the choirs foreign tours . In a motu proprio issued by Pope Francis on 19 January 2019 , the Sistine Chapel Choir was placed under the administration of the Office of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations . Mons . Guido Marini , the master of ceremonies for papal liturgies , was tasked with drafting new statutes for the choir . Nardella was replaced by Archbishop Guido Pozzo as the choirs administrator , but for a time Palombella retained his post as the choirs musical director . In July 2019 Palombella resigned as director of the choir . Marcos Pavan , who leads the Pueri Cantores ( the boys section of the choir ) was named as interim director . Past members . Past members of the choir include : - Andrea Adami da Bolsena - Gregorio Allegri - Jacques Arcadelt - Giuseppe Baini - Odoardo Ceccarelli - Giovanni Cesari - Costanzo Festa - Bruno Filippini - Antimo Liberati - Alessandro Moreschi - Domenico Mustafà - Marbrianus de Orto - Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina - MarcAntonio Pasqualini - Josquin des Prez - Domenico Salvatori - Giuseppe Santarelli - Gaspar van Weerbeke - Annibale Zoilo Former boy singers . Former boy singers of the choir , most of whom became opera singers as adults include : - Nazzareno De Angelis - Salvatore Baccaloni - Vittorio Grigolo - Renato Rascel - Giuseppe Sabbatini - Pietro Spagnoli Recordings . - Habemus Papam ( 2014 ) – live recordings of the music sung by the Sistine Chapel Choir before , during and after the conclave which elected Pope Francis in 2013 : the Mass for the Election of the Roman Pontiff , the entry of the Cardinal-Electors into the Sistine Chapel , Pope Franciss Mass with the Cardinal-Electors , and the Mass in St . Peters Square for his coronation on 19 March 2013 . Label : Deutsche Grammophon - Cantate Domino ( 2015 ) – Gregorian chants and music by Palestrina , Allegri , Orlando di Lasso , Felice Anerio , and Tomas Luis de Victoria . Label : Deutsche Grammophon ( the choirs first studio album ) - Palestrina ( 2016 ) – motets by Palestrina and his Missa Papae Marcelli . Label : Deutsche Grammophon - Veni Domine ( 2017 ) – Advent and Christmas music by Pérotin , Palestrina , Allegri , Tomas Luis de Victoria , Josquin Desprez , Jean Mouton , and Jacobus Clemens . Label : Deutsche Grammophon - O Crux Benedicta ( 2019 ) – Lent and Holy Week music by Palestrina , Tomas Luis de Victoria , Francesco Soriano , Cipriano de Rore , Orlande de Lassus , Costanzo Festa , Francesco Rosselli , Felice Anerio , and Francisco Gabriel Gálvez
|
[
"Giuseppe Liberto"
] |
easy
|
Who directed or managed Sistine Chapel Choir from May 1997 to Oct 2010?
|
/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir#P1037#1
|
Sistine Chapel Choir The Sistine Chapel Choir , as it is generally called in English , or officially the Coro della Cappella Musicale Pontificia Sistina in Italian , is the Popes personal choir . It performs at papal functions in the Sistine Chapel and in any other church in Rome where the Pope is officiating , including St . Peters Basilica . One of the oldest choirs in the world , it was constituted as the Popes personal choir by Pope Sixtus IV ( from whom both the choir and the chapel in which it performs take their names ) . Although it was established in the late 15th century , its roots go back to the 4th century and the reign of Pope Sylvester I . The choirs composition and numbers have fluctuated over the centuries . However , the modern choir comprises twenty men ( tenors and basses ) and thirty boys ( sopranos and altos ) . The mens choir ( Cantori ) is composed of professional singers . The members of the boys choir ( Pueri Cantores ) are not paid when performing at papal functions , but receive a free education at their own school in Rome , known as the Schola Puerorum . Since the late 20th century , in addition to its papal duties , the choir has undertaken international tours , participated in radio and television broadcasts , and recorded for Deutsche Grammophon . History . Precursors . Papal patronage of music , and especially singing , dates to the 4th century when , according to 9th-century written accounts , Pope Sylvester I constituted company of singers , under the name of schola cantorum . The schola was reorganized by Pope Gregory I during his reign ( 590–604 ) . The purpose of the Gregorian schola was to teach both singing techniques and the existing plainsong repertory , which at the time was passed down by oral tradition . Under Pope Gregory the course of study was said to be nine years . When Innocent IV fled to Lyon in the 13th century , he provided for the scholas continuance in Rome by turning property over to it . When Pope Clement V moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon in 1309 , he formed his own choir in Avignon . Gregory XI brought the papal court back to Rome in 1377 bringing with him his choir which consisted largely of French singers and amalgamated it with what was left of the old schola cantorum . Establishment and early history . Pope Sixtus IV , who reigned from 1471 to 1484 , established the Cappella Musicale Pontificia as his permanent personal choir . It sang in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace which Sixtus had renovated to become his private chapel , originally called the Cappella Magna and later known as the Sistine Chapel . The choir was and remains all-male and sang without musical accompaniment ( a cappella ) . It initially consisted of between 16 and 24 singers with the men singing the bass , tenor , and alto parts and pre-adolescent boys singing the soprano parts , although from the mid-16th century , adult castrato singers began to replace the boy singers . The choir was to become the most important center of Roman music . Josquin des Prez , one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance , served as its composer and directed the choir from 1486 to 1484 . In April 1545 , the members of the choir sent a delegation to the choirs maestro di cappella at the time , Ludovico Magnasco , petitioning for a new constitution . It was argued that new constitution was needed because all previous copies had been destroyed in the 1527 sack of Rome . Written largely from memory with a few additions , it was completed on 17 November 1545 . Five years later , the singers rebelled against Magnasco and appealed to Pope Julius III . They accused him of appointing singers without papal permission and without an audition . The most egregious of such appointments was Ottavio Gemelli who was later suspended for thievery . They also complained that Magnasco held back the salaries of several singers without justification and prohibited others from even entering the Sistine Chapel . In November 1550 , Julius III ousted Magnansco as maestro di cappella and replaced him with Girolamo Maccabei . Julius III was also keen to reduce the size of the choir which had been bloated by the patronage system and contained many members who were singers in name only . In an undated motu proprio c.1553 , he decreed that no new singers would be taken on until the choir was reduced by attrition to 24 members , after which new members were required to pass a strict audition . However , Julius III defied his own reforms when in January 1555 , he appointed his favourite composer , Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , to the choir without an audition . Palestrinas time in the choir , which he also conducted , was cut short when the austere Paul IV ascended to the papacy . In a motu proprio promulgated on 30 July 1555 , he decreed that married men could no longer be members of the choir . Palestrina and two other married singers , Domenico Ferrabosco , and Leonardo Barré , were dismissed with pensions . Nevertheless , according to musicologist Richard Sherr , Palestrina more than any other composer was to personify music in the Sistine Chapel . Like his predecessors and his successor , Magnansco was a high-ranking cleric and not a musician . He had been the Bishop of Castro del Lazio and was the Bishop of Assisi from 1543 . The situation changed in 1586 when Pope Sixtus V issued a Papal bull which reorganized the choirs structure and finances . It established the College of Singers as a legal entity , required that the maestro di cappella be a singer elected by his peers , and entrusted the secular welfare of the choir to a cardinal protector . 18th and 19th centuries . During their first trip to Italy , the 14-year-old Mozart and his father Leopold arrived in Rome on 11 April 1770 . It was Holy Week , and that evening they attended a performance of Allegris Miserere in the Sistine Chapel . Allegri , who had been a singer in the Sistine Chapel Choir , had composed the piece in 1638 . A complex nine-part choral work , the Allegri Miserere was considered one of the choirs most famous pieces and was performed during the Tenebrae service on the Wednesday and Friday of every Holy Week . The score was closely guarded , and its publication was forbidden by the choir on pain of excommunication , although Emperor Leopold I , King John V of Portugal , and the composer Giovanni Battista Martini were known to have authorized copies . According to multiple biographies of Mozart and based largely on accounts by his father , the young Mozart wrote down the score from memory after hearing it at the 11 April performance . He later declaimed it to one of the choirs singers who recognized it immediately , a feat which caused a sensation at the time . The Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century almost led to the disintegration of the choir . The armies of the Papal states were defeated by the French forces who occupied Rome and placed the Pope under house arrest . Travel to Italy , especially for those from the countries at war with Napoleon , became difficult . The number of foreign visitors who once flocked to Rome to hear the choir in the 18th century drastically declined . Following Napoleons defeat at Waterloo and the renewed interest in Italian history and culture fueled by the writers of the Romantic Era , foreign travelers returned to Rome , and hearing a performance by the choir , especially during Holy Week , was considered on important stop on their tour . The composer and bass singer , Giuseppe Baini , was admitted to the choir in 1795 and unanimously elected as its director in 1818 , a position he held until his death in 1844 . In 1828 , he published an influential two-volume treatise on the life and works of Palestrina , one of the choirs most famous composers . According to music historian Richard Boursy , the book enhanced not only the reputation of Palestrina but also that of Baini and the choir itself , adding to the mystique it still held in the first half of the 19th century . Following Bainis death the choir remained without a permanent director ( perpetual director in the choirs terminology ) for over 30 years . The revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states and the establishment of the short-lived Roman Republic ushered in a period of disruption for the choir . It was suspended under the Roman Republic . When the Republic fell , Pope Pius IX returned to Rome , and the choir resumed its activities . However , four of its members had sung in a Te Deum on 9 February 1849 in thanksgiving for the Republican victory—Alessandro Montecchiani , Giovanni Poli , Alessandro Chiari and Domenico Mustafà . In reprisals against those suspected of supporting or sympathizing with the Republicans , Montecchiani was dismissed from the choir , while Chiari , Poli and Mustafà were made to undergo spiritual exercises before resuming their activities with the choir . Further disruption came in 1870 when the Capture of Rome permanently ended the Papal States and caused the suspension of the First Vatican Council . The choir finally received a perpetual director in 1878 when Pius IX appointed Mustafà to the post . Mustafà , who had entered the choir in 1845 , had been a virtuoso soprano castrato in his prime and was also a composer and skilled conductor . During the 19th century , the ever-increasing popularity of opera made it difficult for the choir to attract highly skilled singers who could make more money on the operatic stage . As early as 1830 , Mendelssohn complained of the quality of the singing . The problem was exacerbated as the supply of castrato singers , the mainstays of the virtuoso soprano parts , began to dry up . With the unification of Italy in 1871 , the castration of boy singers was made illegal . In a group photograph of the choir taken in 1898 , there were six castrati choristers left , apart from Mustafa who had retired from singing—Domenico Salvatori ( 1855–1909 ) , Alessandro Moreschi ( 1858–1922 ) , Giovanni Cesari ( 1843–1904 ) , Vincenzo Sebastianelli ( 1851–1919 ) , Gustavo Pesci ( 1833–1913 ) , and Giuseppe Ritarossi ( 1841–1902 ) . 20th century . Domenico Mustafàs leadership of the choir and the careers of its castrati singers came to a close beginning in 1898 when Lorenzo Perosi was appointed joint perpetual director of the choir . At the time Perosi was only 26 , but already had a considerable reputation as a composer of sacred music . Mustafà had thought that Perosi would carry on the musical traditions of the choir that had guided him . However , Perosi was an adherent of the Cecilian Movement which eschewed the operatic and theatrical style of church music which had been ascendant on the 18th and 19th centuries . He was also strongly against using castrati in the choir and wished to replace them with boy singers . At Perosis urging , a Papal decree of 3 February 1902 by Pope Leo XIII stipulated that henceforth castrati would no longer be accepted into the choir . Mustafà retired as perpetual director of the choir in January 1903 leaving Perosi the sole director . The remaining castrati gradually died , retired , or were pensioned off . Moreschi , the youngest of the six remaining castrati choristers photographed in 1898 , remained on the choirs books until his retirement in 1913 . The ascendance to the papacy of Perosis mentor and fellow Cecilianist , Pius X in August 1903 further cemented his position . Under his direction the last remaining castrati were phased out , and a stable 30-voice boys choir was added . The choirs music focused once again on Gregorian chant and the polyphonic music of the Renaissance period , especially that of Palestrina . Perosi served as the choirs director until his death in 1956 , although his tenure was periodically interrupted by bouts of mental illness . Perosi was succeeded by Domenico Bartolucci who had served as his deputy since 1952 . Bartolucci reorganised the choirs musical arrangements , adding some of his own works to the repertoire , including his Missa de Angelis , and further increased the emphasis on Palestrinas music , on which he was an authority . He also strengthened the adult choir , created a dedicated rehearsal space for them , and established a school for the choirs boy singers . The choir school , known as the Schola Puerorum , was established in 1963 and is located in a large palazzo on Via del Monte della Farina which also serves as the administrative and rehearsal base of the Sistine Choir . In addition to training in singing and music , it provides the standard Italian education curriculum for children from the ages of 9 to 13 . The boys are not paid for singing at papal functions , but receive their education at the school free of charge . Bartolucci was deeply opposed to the changes in liturgy and church music brought about by Vatican II ( 1962-65 ) which resulted in the introduction of folk and popular music to the liturgy , a trend continued under Pope John Paul II . In 1997 , at the instigation of Piero Marini , the master of pontifical ceremonies , Bartolucci was replaced as director of the choir with Giuseppe Liberto . In a 2006 interview with LEspresso , Bartolucci discussed what he considered the deleterious effect that Vatican II and subsequent developments had had on church music : 21st century . In 2010 Pope Benedict XVI , who had been Bartoluccis sole supporter on the Curia when he was dismissed in 1997 , appointed Massimo Palombella to replace Liberto as the choirs musical director . Under Bartolucci , the choir had begun participating in radio and television broadcasts as well as regular international tours , including a 17-city tour of the United States in 1986 . It was a trend that continued under Palombella . The choir made its first tour of Asia in 2014 and released three studio albums on the Deutsche Grammophon label between 2015 and 2017 . June 2012 marked the first time in its history that the Sistine Choir performed jointly in a papal function with another choir from outside the Vatican . The occasion was a Papal Mass celebrated in St Peters Basilica by Pope Benedict sung by the Sistine Choir and the Westminster Abbey Choir . The two choirs also sang together at Westminster Abbey in May 2015 and again in 2018 . Cecilia Bartoli become the first woman to perform inside the Sistine Chapel in November 2017 when she sang with the Sistine Choir in Pérotins Beata Viscera . In September of that year , the choir made its first visit to the United States in 30 years , performing at St . Patricks Cathedral in New York , the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C. , and the Detroit Opera House . More controversial was the choirs performance at the Met Gala in May 2018 where many of the celebrity guests dressed in costumes that according to The National Catholic Register were deemed by many to be a sacrilegious mockery of the Church . The affair also sparked complaints from some of the boys parents . In June of that year the choirs planned multi-city tour of the United States was abruptly cancelled . The choirs administrator , Michelangelo Nardella , was suspended in July when the Vatican opened an investigation into alleged money laundering , fraud and embezzlement involving both Nardella and Palombella and related to the choirs foreign tours . In a motu proprio issued by Pope Francis on 19 January 2019 , the Sistine Chapel Choir was placed under the administration of the Office of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations . Mons . Guido Marini , the master of ceremonies for papal liturgies , was tasked with drafting new statutes for the choir . Nardella was replaced by Archbishop Guido Pozzo as the choirs administrator , but for a time Palombella retained his post as the choirs musical director . In July 2019 Palombella resigned as director of the choir . Marcos Pavan , who leads the Pueri Cantores ( the boys section of the choir ) was named as interim director . Past members . Past members of the choir include : - Andrea Adami da Bolsena - Gregorio Allegri - Jacques Arcadelt - Giuseppe Baini - Odoardo Ceccarelli - Giovanni Cesari - Costanzo Festa - Bruno Filippini - Antimo Liberati - Alessandro Moreschi - Domenico Mustafà - Marbrianus de Orto - Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina - MarcAntonio Pasqualini - Josquin des Prez - Domenico Salvatori - Giuseppe Santarelli - Gaspar van Weerbeke - Annibale Zoilo Former boy singers . Former boy singers of the choir , most of whom became opera singers as adults include : - Nazzareno De Angelis - Salvatore Baccaloni - Vittorio Grigolo - Renato Rascel - Giuseppe Sabbatini - Pietro Spagnoli Recordings . - Habemus Papam ( 2014 ) – live recordings of the music sung by the Sistine Chapel Choir before , during and after the conclave which elected Pope Francis in 2013 : the Mass for the Election of the Roman Pontiff , the entry of the Cardinal-Electors into the Sistine Chapel , Pope Franciss Mass with the Cardinal-Electors , and the Mass in St . Peters Square for his coronation on 19 March 2013 . Label : Deutsche Grammophon - Cantate Domino ( 2015 ) – Gregorian chants and music by Palestrina , Allegri , Orlando di Lasso , Felice Anerio , and Tomas Luis de Victoria . Label : Deutsche Grammophon ( the choirs first studio album ) - Palestrina ( 2016 ) – motets by Palestrina and his Missa Papae Marcelli . Label : Deutsche Grammophon - Veni Domine ( 2017 ) – Advent and Christmas music by Pérotin , Palestrina , Allegri , Tomas Luis de Victoria , Josquin Desprez , Jean Mouton , and Jacobus Clemens . Label : Deutsche Grammophon - O Crux Benedicta ( 2019 ) – Lent and Holy Week music by Palestrina , Tomas Luis de Victoria , Francesco Soriano , Cipriano de Rore , Orlande de Lassus , Costanzo Festa , Francesco Rosselli , Felice Anerio , and Francisco Gabriel Gálvez
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[
"Massimo Palombella"
] |
easy
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Sistine Chapel Choir was managed or directed by whom from Oct 2010 to Oct 2011?
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/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir#P1037#2
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Sistine Chapel Choir The Sistine Chapel Choir , as it is generally called in English , or officially the Coro della Cappella Musicale Pontificia Sistina in Italian , is the Popes personal choir . It performs at papal functions in the Sistine Chapel and in any other church in Rome where the Pope is officiating , including St . Peters Basilica . One of the oldest choirs in the world , it was constituted as the Popes personal choir by Pope Sixtus IV ( from whom both the choir and the chapel in which it performs take their names ) . Although it was established in the late 15th century , its roots go back to the 4th century and the reign of Pope Sylvester I . The choirs composition and numbers have fluctuated over the centuries . However , the modern choir comprises twenty men ( tenors and basses ) and thirty boys ( sopranos and altos ) . The mens choir ( Cantori ) is composed of professional singers . The members of the boys choir ( Pueri Cantores ) are not paid when performing at papal functions , but receive a free education at their own school in Rome , known as the Schola Puerorum . Since the late 20th century , in addition to its papal duties , the choir has undertaken international tours , participated in radio and television broadcasts , and recorded for Deutsche Grammophon . History . Precursors . Papal patronage of music , and especially singing , dates to the 4th century when , according to 9th-century written accounts , Pope Sylvester I constituted company of singers , under the name of schola cantorum . The schola was reorganized by Pope Gregory I during his reign ( 590–604 ) . The purpose of the Gregorian schola was to teach both singing techniques and the existing plainsong repertory , which at the time was passed down by oral tradition . Under Pope Gregory the course of study was said to be nine years . When Innocent IV fled to Lyon in the 13th century , he provided for the scholas continuance in Rome by turning property over to it . When Pope Clement V moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon in 1309 , he formed his own choir in Avignon . Gregory XI brought the papal court back to Rome in 1377 bringing with him his choir which consisted largely of French singers and amalgamated it with what was left of the old schola cantorum . Establishment and early history . Pope Sixtus IV , who reigned from 1471 to 1484 , established the Cappella Musicale Pontificia as his permanent personal choir . It sang in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace which Sixtus had renovated to become his private chapel , originally called the Cappella Magna and later known as the Sistine Chapel . The choir was and remains all-male and sang without musical accompaniment ( a cappella ) . It initially consisted of between 16 and 24 singers with the men singing the bass , tenor , and alto parts and pre-adolescent boys singing the soprano parts , although from the mid-16th century , adult castrato singers began to replace the boy singers . The choir was to become the most important center of Roman music . Josquin des Prez , one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance , served as its composer and directed the choir from 1486 to 1484 . In April 1545 , the members of the choir sent a delegation to the choirs maestro di cappella at the time , Ludovico Magnasco , petitioning for a new constitution . It was argued that new constitution was needed because all previous copies had been destroyed in the 1527 sack of Rome . Written largely from memory with a few additions , it was completed on 17 November 1545 . Five years later , the singers rebelled against Magnasco and appealed to Pope Julius III . They accused him of appointing singers without papal permission and without an audition . The most egregious of such appointments was Ottavio Gemelli who was later suspended for thievery . They also complained that Magnasco held back the salaries of several singers without justification and prohibited others from even entering the Sistine Chapel . In November 1550 , Julius III ousted Magnansco as maestro di cappella and replaced him with Girolamo Maccabei . Julius III was also keen to reduce the size of the choir which had been bloated by the patronage system and contained many members who were singers in name only . In an undated motu proprio c.1553 , he decreed that no new singers would be taken on until the choir was reduced by attrition to 24 members , after which new members were required to pass a strict audition . However , Julius III defied his own reforms when in January 1555 , he appointed his favourite composer , Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , to the choir without an audition . Palestrinas time in the choir , which he also conducted , was cut short when the austere Paul IV ascended to the papacy . In a motu proprio promulgated on 30 July 1555 , he decreed that married men could no longer be members of the choir . Palestrina and two other married singers , Domenico Ferrabosco , and Leonardo Barré , were dismissed with pensions . Nevertheless , according to musicologist Richard Sherr , Palestrina more than any other composer was to personify music in the Sistine Chapel . Like his predecessors and his successor , Magnansco was a high-ranking cleric and not a musician . He had been the Bishop of Castro del Lazio and was the Bishop of Assisi from 1543 . The situation changed in 1586 when Pope Sixtus V issued a Papal bull which reorganized the choirs structure and finances . It established the College of Singers as a legal entity , required that the maestro di cappella be a singer elected by his peers , and entrusted the secular welfare of the choir to a cardinal protector . 18th and 19th centuries . During their first trip to Italy , the 14-year-old Mozart and his father Leopold arrived in Rome on 11 April 1770 . It was Holy Week , and that evening they attended a performance of Allegris Miserere in the Sistine Chapel . Allegri , who had been a singer in the Sistine Chapel Choir , had composed the piece in 1638 . A complex nine-part choral work , the Allegri Miserere was considered one of the choirs most famous pieces and was performed during the Tenebrae service on the Wednesday and Friday of every Holy Week . The score was closely guarded , and its publication was forbidden by the choir on pain of excommunication , although Emperor Leopold I , King John V of Portugal , and the composer Giovanni Battista Martini were known to have authorized copies . According to multiple biographies of Mozart and based largely on accounts by his father , the young Mozart wrote down the score from memory after hearing it at the 11 April performance . He later declaimed it to one of the choirs singers who recognized it immediately , a feat which caused a sensation at the time . The Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century almost led to the disintegration of the choir . The armies of the Papal states were defeated by the French forces who occupied Rome and placed the Pope under house arrest . Travel to Italy , especially for those from the countries at war with Napoleon , became difficult . The number of foreign visitors who once flocked to Rome to hear the choir in the 18th century drastically declined . Following Napoleons defeat at Waterloo and the renewed interest in Italian history and culture fueled by the writers of the Romantic Era , foreign travelers returned to Rome , and hearing a performance by the choir , especially during Holy Week , was considered on important stop on their tour . The composer and bass singer , Giuseppe Baini , was admitted to the choir in 1795 and unanimously elected as its director in 1818 , a position he held until his death in 1844 . In 1828 , he published an influential two-volume treatise on the life and works of Palestrina , one of the choirs most famous composers . According to music historian Richard Boursy , the book enhanced not only the reputation of Palestrina but also that of Baini and the choir itself , adding to the mystique it still held in the first half of the 19th century . Following Bainis death the choir remained without a permanent director ( perpetual director in the choirs terminology ) for over 30 years . The revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states and the establishment of the short-lived Roman Republic ushered in a period of disruption for the choir . It was suspended under the Roman Republic . When the Republic fell , Pope Pius IX returned to Rome , and the choir resumed its activities . However , four of its members had sung in a Te Deum on 9 February 1849 in thanksgiving for the Republican victory—Alessandro Montecchiani , Giovanni Poli , Alessandro Chiari and Domenico Mustafà . In reprisals against those suspected of supporting or sympathizing with the Republicans , Montecchiani was dismissed from the choir , while Chiari , Poli and Mustafà were made to undergo spiritual exercises before resuming their activities with the choir . Further disruption came in 1870 when the Capture of Rome permanently ended the Papal States and caused the suspension of the First Vatican Council . The choir finally received a perpetual director in 1878 when Pius IX appointed Mustafà to the post . Mustafà , who had entered the choir in 1845 , had been a virtuoso soprano castrato in his prime and was also a composer and skilled conductor . During the 19th century , the ever-increasing popularity of opera made it difficult for the choir to attract highly skilled singers who could make more money on the operatic stage . As early as 1830 , Mendelssohn complained of the quality of the singing . The problem was exacerbated as the supply of castrato singers , the mainstays of the virtuoso soprano parts , began to dry up . With the unification of Italy in 1871 , the castration of boy singers was made illegal . In a group photograph of the choir taken in 1898 , there were six castrati choristers left , apart from Mustafa who had retired from singing—Domenico Salvatori ( 1855–1909 ) , Alessandro Moreschi ( 1858–1922 ) , Giovanni Cesari ( 1843–1904 ) , Vincenzo Sebastianelli ( 1851–1919 ) , Gustavo Pesci ( 1833–1913 ) , and Giuseppe Ritarossi ( 1841–1902 ) . 20th century . Domenico Mustafàs leadership of the choir and the careers of its castrati singers came to a close beginning in 1898 when Lorenzo Perosi was appointed joint perpetual director of the choir . At the time Perosi was only 26 , but already had a considerable reputation as a composer of sacred music . Mustafà had thought that Perosi would carry on the musical traditions of the choir that had guided him . However , Perosi was an adherent of the Cecilian Movement which eschewed the operatic and theatrical style of church music which had been ascendant on the 18th and 19th centuries . He was also strongly against using castrati in the choir and wished to replace them with boy singers . At Perosis urging , a Papal decree of 3 February 1902 by Pope Leo XIII stipulated that henceforth castrati would no longer be accepted into the choir . Mustafà retired as perpetual director of the choir in January 1903 leaving Perosi the sole director . The remaining castrati gradually died , retired , or were pensioned off . Moreschi , the youngest of the six remaining castrati choristers photographed in 1898 , remained on the choirs books until his retirement in 1913 . The ascendance to the papacy of Perosis mentor and fellow Cecilianist , Pius X in August 1903 further cemented his position . Under his direction the last remaining castrati were phased out , and a stable 30-voice boys choir was added . The choirs music focused once again on Gregorian chant and the polyphonic music of the Renaissance period , especially that of Palestrina . Perosi served as the choirs director until his death in 1956 , although his tenure was periodically interrupted by bouts of mental illness . Perosi was succeeded by Domenico Bartolucci who had served as his deputy since 1952 . Bartolucci reorganised the choirs musical arrangements , adding some of his own works to the repertoire , including his Missa de Angelis , and further increased the emphasis on Palestrinas music , on which he was an authority . He also strengthened the adult choir , created a dedicated rehearsal space for them , and established a school for the choirs boy singers . The choir school , known as the Schola Puerorum , was established in 1963 and is located in a large palazzo on Via del Monte della Farina which also serves as the administrative and rehearsal base of the Sistine Choir . In addition to training in singing and music , it provides the standard Italian education curriculum for children from the ages of 9 to 13 . The boys are not paid for singing at papal functions , but receive their education at the school free of charge . Bartolucci was deeply opposed to the changes in liturgy and church music brought about by Vatican II ( 1962-65 ) which resulted in the introduction of folk and popular music to the liturgy , a trend continued under Pope John Paul II . In 1997 , at the instigation of Piero Marini , the master of pontifical ceremonies , Bartolucci was replaced as director of the choir with Giuseppe Liberto . In a 2006 interview with LEspresso , Bartolucci discussed what he considered the deleterious effect that Vatican II and subsequent developments had had on church music : 21st century . In 2010 Pope Benedict XVI , who had been Bartoluccis sole supporter on the Curia when he was dismissed in 1997 , appointed Massimo Palombella to replace Liberto as the choirs musical director . Under Bartolucci , the choir had begun participating in radio and television broadcasts as well as regular international tours , including a 17-city tour of the United States in 1986 . It was a trend that continued under Palombella . The choir made its first tour of Asia in 2014 and released three studio albums on the Deutsche Grammophon label between 2015 and 2017 . June 2012 marked the first time in its history that the Sistine Choir performed jointly in a papal function with another choir from outside the Vatican . The occasion was a Papal Mass celebrated in St Peters Basilica by Pope Benedict sung by the Sistine Choir and the Westminster Abbey Choir . The two choirs also sang together at Westminster Abbey in May 2015 and again in 2018 . Cecilia Bartoli become the first woman to perform inside the Sistine Chapel in November 2017 when she sang with the Sistine Choir in Pérotins Beata Viscera . In September of that year , the choir made its first visit to the United States in 30 years , performing at St . Patricks Cathedral in New York , the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C. , and the Detroit Opera House . More controversial was the choirs performance at the Met Gala in May 2018 where many of the celebrity guests dressed in costumes that according to The National Catholic Register were deemed by many to be a sacrilegious mockery of the Church . The affair also sparked complaints from some of the boys parents . In June of that year the choirs planned multi-city tour of the United States was abruptly cancelled . The choirs administrator , Michelangelo Nardella , was suspended in July when the Vatican opened an investigation into alleged money laundering , fraud and embezzlement involving both Nardella and Palombella and related to the choirs foreign tours . In a motu proprio issued by Pope Francis on 19 January 2019 , the Sistine Chapel Choir was placed under the administration of the Office of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations . Mons . Guido Marini , the master of ceremonies for papal liturgies , was tasked with drafting new statutes for the choir . Nardella was replaced by Archbishop Guido Pozzo as the choirs administrator , but for a time Palombella retained his post as the choirs musical director . In July 2019 Palombella resigned as director of the choir . Marcos Pavan , who leads the Pueri Cantores ( the boys section of the choir ) was named as interim director . Past members . Past members of the choir include : - Andrea Adami da Bolsena - Gregorio Allegri - Jacques Arcadelt - Giuseppe Baini - Odoardo Ceccarelli - Giovanni Cesari - Costanzo Festa - Bruno Filippini - Antimo Liberati - Alessandro Moreschi - Domenico Mustafà - Marbrianus de Orto - Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina - MarcAntonio Pasqualini - Josquin des Prez - Domenico Salvatori - Giuseppe Santarelli - Gaspar van Weerbeke - Annibale Zoilo Former boy singers . Former boy singers of the choir , most of whom became opera singers as adults include : - Nazzareno De Angelis - Salvatore Baccaloni - Vittorio Grigolo - Renato Rascel - Giuseppe Sabbatini - Pietro Spagnoli Recordings . - Habemus Papam ( 2014 ) – live recordings of the music sung by the Sistine Chapel Choir before , during and after the conclave which elected Pope Francis in 2013 : the Mass for the Election of the Roman Pontiff , the entry of the Cardinal-Electors into the Sistine Chapel , Pope Franciss Mass with the Cardinal-Electors , and the Mass in St . Peters Square for his coronation on 19 March 2013 . Label : Deutsche Grammophon - Cantate Domino ( 2015 ) – Gregorian chants and music by Palestrina , Allegri , Orlando di Lasso , Felice Anerio , and Tomas Luis de Victoria . Label : Deutsche Grammophon ( the choirs first studio album ) - Palestrina ( 2016 ) – motets by Palestrina and his Missa Papae Marcelli . Label : Deutsche Grammophon - Veni Domine ( 2017 ) – Advent and Christmas music by Pérotin , Palestrina , Allegri , Tomas Luis de Victoria , Josquin Desprez , Jean Mouton , and Jacobus Clemens . Label : Deutsche Grammophon - O Crux Benedicta ( 2019 ) – Lent and Holy Week music by Palestrina , Tomas Luis de Victoria , Francesco Soriano , Cipriano de Rore , Orlande de Lassus , Costanzo Festa , Francesco Rosselli , Felice Anerio , and Francisco Gabriel Gálvez
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[
"the House of Representatives"
] |
easy
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What position did William Gibson (Australian politician) take from Dec 1918 to Oct 1929?
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/wiki/William_Gibson_(Australian_politician)#P39#0
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William Gibson ( Australian politician ) William Gerrand Gibson ( 19 May 1869 – 22 May 1955 ) was an Australian politician . He was the first member of the Country Party elected to federal parliament , serving in the House of Representatives ( 1918–1929 , 1931–1934 ) and as a Senator for Victoria ( 1935–1947 ) . He was the partys deputy leader from 1923 to 1929 and was a government minister in the Bruce–Page Government . Early life . Gibson was born on 19 May 1869 in Gisborne , Victoria . His parents Grace ( née Gerrand ) and David Gibson were both born in Scotland , and arrived in Victoria in 1860 . His younger brother David also became a member of parliament . Gibson was educated locally , and worked with his father for a period before acquiring his own farm . He married Mary Helen Young Paterson on 4 November 1896 at Riddells Creek . As well as farming , Gibson established himself as a merchant , running general stores at Romsey and Lancefield . He was president of the Romsey and West Bourke Agricultural Society and the local branch of the Australian Natives Association . In 1910 , Gibson bought a subdivision of Gnarpurt , James Chester Manifolds property near Lismore in the Western District . He subsequently established a successful grazing property , with his brother David taking up land nearby in Cressy . He was elected manager of the Western Plains Co-operative Society in 1911 . Politics . Early career . In 1911 Gibson was elected secretary of the Lismore branch of the Peoples Party . In 1916 , Victorian farmers became suspicious of price-fixing of the price of wheat under the War Precautions Act 1914 and established the Victorian Farmers Union in response and Gibson was elected secretary of its Lismore branch . His brother , David Havelock ( Harvey ) , won the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Grenville for the union in 1917 . At a 1918 by-election , he won the federal seat of Corangamite for the Farmers Union , defeating James Scullin on preferences . It was the first win for what would become the Country Party . In February 1920 , when parliament resumed after the 1919 federal election , Gibson chaired the inaugural meeting of the parliamentary Country Party , which saw William McWilliams elected unopposed as leader . Government minister . He successfully pressed for regulated wheat and dairy prices to be raised until the abolition of price controls in 1921 . He was Postmaster-General from 1923 to 1929 , and encouraged the construction of telephone lines , the extension of roadside mail deliveries and the building of post offices in country districts . He also encouraged the development of radio broadcasting . In 1928 , he was appointed Minister for Works and Railways , as well . Gibson was defeated with the Bruce-Page government at the 1929 elections and returned to farming . He won Corangamite back at the 1931 elections , but Joseph Lyons did not take the Country Party into his ministry . Senate . At the 1934 elections , he was elected to the Senate and he remained a senator until he retired in 1947 . Gibson was elected to the Senate on a joint ticket with the UAP , with the support of the Victorian state executive of the Country Party . This was opposed by the federal executive , which endorsed the sitting Country Party senator Robert Elliott ; he lost his seat . Gibson took his seat on 1 July 1935 as a member of the Country Party . However , on 23 September the parliamentary party voted to expel him . He subsequently sat as an Independent Country senator . He was not re-admitted to the party until November 1939 , when the new leader Archie Cameron invited him to rejoin . In 1941 , Gibson was elected chair of the Joint Committee on Wireless Broadcasting , which came to be known as the Gibson Committee due to his vigorous leadership . Its report led to the passage of the Broadcasting Act 1942 by the Curtin Government . Later life . Gibson retired to Cluan , his home in Lismore , and in retirement enjoyed fishing , shooting , and golf . He died at the Lismore Bush Nursing Hospital on 22 May 1955 , aged 86 . He was survived by his son David and daughter Margaret , having been widowed in 1944 . His daughter Grace died suddenly in 1946 at the age of 48 ; she had been his private secretary for 20 years .
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[
"the House of Representatives"
] |
easy
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What position did William Gibson (Australian politician) take from Dec 1931 to Aug 1934?
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/wiki/William_Gibson_(Australian_politician)#P39#1
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William Gibson ( Australian politician ) William Gerrand Gibson ( 19 May 1869 – 22 May 1955 ) was an Australian politician . He was the first member of the Country Party elected to federal parliament , serving in the House of Representatives ( 1918–1929 , 1931–1934 ) and as a Senator for Victoria ( 1935–1947 ) . He was the partys deputy leader from 1923 to 1929 and was a government minister in the Bruce–Page Government . Early life . Gibson was born on 19 May 1869 in Gisborne , Victoria . His parents Grace ( née Gerrand ) and David Gibson were both born in Scotland , and arrived in Victoria in 1860 . His younger brother David also became a member of parliament . Gibson was educated locally , and worked with his father for a period before acquiring his own farm . He married Mary Helen Young Paterson on 4 November 1896 at Riddells Creek . As well as farming , Gibson established himself as a merchant , running general stores at Romsey and Lancefield . He was president of the Romsey and West Bourke Agricultural Society and the local branch of the Australian Natives Association . In 1910 , Gibson bought a subdivision of Gnarpurt , James Chester Manifolds property near Lismore in the Western District . He subsequently established a successful grazing property , with his brother David taking up land nearby in Cressy . He was elected manager of the Western Plains Co-operative Society in 1911 . Politics . Early career . In 1911 Gibson was elected secretary of the Lismore branch of the Peoples Party . In 1916 , Victorian farmers became suspicious of price-fixing of the price of wheat under the War Precautions Act 1914 and established the Victorian Farmers Union in response and Gibson was elected secretary of its Lismore branch . His brother , David Havelock ( Harvey ) , won the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Grenville for the union in 1917 . At a 1918 by-election , he won the federal seat of Corangamite for the Farmers Union , defeating James Scullin on preferences . It was the first win for what would become the Country Party . In February 1920 , when parliament resumed after the 1919 federal election , Gibson chaired the inaugural meeting of the parliamentary Country Party , which saw William McWilliams elected unopposed as leader . Government minister . He successfully pressed for regulated wheat and dairy prices to be raised until the abolition of price controls in 1921 . He was Postmaster-General from 1923 to 1929 , and encouraged the construction of telephone lines , the extension of roadside mail deliveries and the building of post offices in country districts . He also encouraged the development of radio broadcasting . In 1928 , he was appointed Minister for Works and Railways , as well . Gibson was defeated with the Bruce-Page government at the 1929 elections and returned to farming . He won Corangamite back at the 1931 elections , but Joseph Lyons did not take the Country Party into his ministry . Senate . At the 1934 elections , he was elected to the Senate and he remained a senator until he retired in 1947 . Gibson was elected to the Senate on a joint ticket with the UAP , with the support of the Victorian state executive of the Country Party . This was opposed by the federal executive , which endorsed the sitting Country Party senator Robert Elliott ; he lost his seat . Gibson took his seat on 1 July 1935 as a member of the Country Party . However , on 23 September the parliamentary party voted to expel him . He subsequently sat as an Independent Country senator . He was not re-admitted to the party until November 1939 , when the new leader Archie Cameron invited him to rejoin . In 1941 , Gibson was elected chair of the Joint Committee on Wireless Broadcasting , which came to be known as the Gibson Committee due to his vigorous leadership . Its report led to the passage of the Broadcasting Act 1942 by the Curtin Government . Later life . Gibson retired to Cluan , his home in Lismore , and in retirement enjoyed fishing , shooting , and golf . He died at the Lismore Bush Nursing Hospital on 22 May 1955 , aged 86 . He was survived by his son David and daughter Margaret , having been widowed in 1944 . His daughter Grace died suddenly in 1946 at the age of 48 ; she had been his private secretary for 20 years .
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[
"Senator for Victoria"
] |
easy
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Which position did William Gibson (Australian politician) hold from Jul 1935 to Jun 1947?
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/wiki/William_Gibson_(Australian_politician)#P39#2
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William Gibson ( Australian politician ) William Gerrand Gibson ( 19 May 1869 – 22 May 1955 ) was an Australian politician . He was the first member of the Country Party elected to federal parliament , serving in the House of Representatives ( 1918–1929 , 1931–1934 ) and as a Senator for Victoria ( 1935–1947 ) . He was the partys deputy leader from 1923 to 1929 and was a government minister in the Bruce–Page Government . Early life . Gibson was born on 19 May 1869 in Gisborne , Victoria . His parents Grace ( née Gerrand ) and David Gibson were both born in Scotland , and arrived in Victoria in 1860 . His younger brother David also became a member of parliament . Gibson was educated locally , and worked with his father for a period before acquiring his own farm . He married Mary Helen Young Paterson on 4 November 1896 at Riddells Creek . As well as farming , Gibson established himself as a merchant , running general stores at Romsey and Lancefield . He was president of the Romsey and West Bourke Agricultural Society and the local branch of the Australian Natives Association . In 1910 , Gibson bought a subdivision of Gnarpurt , James Chester Manifolds property near Lismore in the Western District . He subsequently established a successful grazing property , with his brother David taking up land nearby in Cressy . He was elected manager of the Western Plains Co-operative Society in 1911 . Politics . Early career . In 1911 Gibson was elected secretary of the Lismore branch of the Peoples Party . In 1916 , Victorian farmers became suspicious of price-fixing of the price of wheat under the War Precautions Act 1914 and established the Victorian Farmers Union in response and Gibson was elected secretary of its Lismore branch . His brother , David Havelock ( Harvey ) , won the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Grenville for the union in 1917 . At a 1918 by-election , he won the federal seat of Corangamite for the Farmers Union , defeating James Scullin on preferences . It was the first win for what would become the Country Party . In February 1920 , when parliament resumed after the 1919 federal election , Gibson chaired the inaugural meeting of the parliamentary Country Party , which saw William McWilliams elected unopposed as leader . Government minister . He successfully pressed for regulated wheat and dairy prices to be raised until the abolition of price controls in 1921 . He was Postmaster-General from 1923 to 1929 , and encouraged the construction of telephone lines , the extension of roadside mail deliveries and the building of post offices in country districts . He also encouraged the development of radio broadcasting . In 1928 , he was appointed Minister for Works and Railways , as well . Gibson was defeated with the Bruce-Page government at the 1929 elections and returned to farming . He won Corangamite back at the 1931 elections , but Joseph Lyons did not take the Country Party into his ministry . Senate . At the 1934 elections , he was elected to the Senate and he remained a senator until he retired in 1947 . Gibson was elected to the Senate on a joint ticket with the UAP , with the support of the Victorian state executive of the Country Party . This was opposed by the federal executive , which endorsed the sitting Country Party senator Robert Elliott ; he lost his seat . Gibson took his seat on 1 July 1935 as a member of the Country Party . However , on 23 September the parliamentary party voted to expel him . He subsequently sat as an Independent Country senator . He was not re-admitted to the party until November 1939 , when the new leader Archie Cameron invited him to rejoin . In 1941 , Gibson was elected chair of the Joint Committee on Wireless Broadcasting , which came to be known as the Gibson Committee due to his vigorous leadership . Its report led to the passage of the Broadcasting Act 1942 by the Curtin Government . Later life . Gibson retired to Cluan , his home in Lismore , and in retirement enjoyed fishing , shooting , and golf . He died at the Lismore Bush Nursing Hospital on 22 May 1955 , aged 86 . He was survived by his son David and daughter Margaret , having been widowed in 1944 . His daughter Grace died suddenly in 1946 at the age of 48 ; she had been his private secretary for 20 years .
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[
"editor-in-chief of the SPD organ"
] |
easy
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What position did Ernst Paul take from Sep 1949 to Oct 1955?
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/wiki/Ernst_Paul#P39#0
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Ernst Paul Ernst Paul ( 1897–1978 ) was a Sudeten German Social Democratic politician and journalist . Youth . Paul was born on 27 April 1897 in Steindorf , Bohemia , the son of Anton Paul and Anna Paul ( née Tampe ) . His father was a weaver and the family lived in poverty . He attended volksschule in Riegersdorf 1903–1908 . Between 1908 and 1911 he attended bürgerschule in Eulau . After leaving school , Paul worked as a typesetter apprentice 1911–1915 . Pauls mother died in 1912 . In the same year he joined the Young Workers League of Austria . He became a SDAPÖ member in 1913 . World War I . During World War I he served as corporal in the Austro-Hungarian army . He fought at the Battles of the Isonzo and on the Eastern Front in Galicia , Bukovina and Romania . He was awarded a Medal for Bravery . In Czechoslovakia . After his military service , he became a member of the German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic ( DSAP ) . He took part in founding of the Social Democratic Workers Youth League and served as chairman until 1920 . In 1920 he moved to Teplitz-Schönau . Between 1920 and 1926 he served as chairman of the Socialist Youth League . He took part in the founding of the Socialist Youth International , and served as a member of its bureau between 1923 and 1932 . In 1924 he moved to Prague . Between 1925 and 1938 he served as editor of the Prague-based newspaper Der Sozialdemokrat ( The Social Democrat ) . In 1930 he was named Educational Secretary of the party , later being named Central Secretary of DSAP . He served as vice chairman of the German Popular Education Institute . Moreover , Paul led the paramilitary wing of the party , Republikanische Bürgerwehr . Years in exile . At the time of the signing of the Munich Agreement , Paul was visiting Sweden . He stayed in Sweden in exile to avoid arrest back home . Paul lived in Stockholm from 1938 to 1948 . He functioned as the leader of Sudeten German exiles in Sweden . 1941–1942 he went to London to negotiate with the Czechoslovak government-in-exile president Edvard Beneš on the future of the Sudeten Germans . He took part in forming the International Group of Democratic Socialists in Stockholm in 1942 . His Czechoslovak citizenship was withdrawn in 1943 by the government-in-exile , rendering Paul stateless . In West Germany . In 1948 Paul moved to the West German town of Esslingen am Neckar . He served as editor-in-chief of the SPD organ in Baden Württemberg , Allgemeine Zeitung in Stuttgart/Mannheim , 1949–1951 . He was a Bundestag member 1949–1969 . He was part of the West German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 1956–1967 . Moreover , he was a delegate to the assembly of the Western European Union . Paul died on 11 June 1978 in Gallspach , Austria . He was buried in Esslingen am Neckar on 16 June 1978 .
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[
"delegate to the assembly of the Western European Union"
] |
easy
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Which position did Ernst Paul hold from Apr 1956 to Apr 1967?
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/wiki/Ernst_Paul#P39#1
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Ernst Paul Ernst Paul ( 1897–1978 ) was a Sudeten German Social Democratic politician and journalist . Youth . Paul was born on 27 April 1897 in Steindorf , Bohemia , the son of Anton Paul and Anna Paul ( née Tampe ) . His father was a weaver and the family lived in poverty . He attended volksschule in Riegersdorf 1903–1908 . Between 1908 and 1911 he attended bürgerschule in Eulau . After leaving school , Paul worked as a typesetter apprentice 1911–1915 . Pauls mother died in 1912 . In the same year he joined the Young Workers League of Austria . He became a SDAPÖ member in 1913 . World War I . During World War I he served as corporal in the Austro-Hungarian army . He fought at the Battles of the Isonzo and on the Eastern Front in Galicia , Bukovina and Romania . He was awarded a Medal for Bravery . In Czechoslovakia . After his military service , he became a member of the German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic ( DSAP ) . He took part in founding of the Social Democratic Workers Youth League and served as chairman until 1920 . In 1920 he moved to Teplitz-Schönau . Between 1920 and 1926 he served as chairman of the Socialist Youth League . He took part in the founding of the Socialist Youth International , and served as a member of its bureau between 1923 and 1932 . In 1924 he moved to Prague . Between 1925 and 1938 he served as editor of the Prague-based newspaper Der Sozialdemokrat ( The Social Democrat ) . In 1930 he was named Educational Secretary of the party , later being named Central Secretary of DSAP . He served as vice chairman of the German Popular Education Institute . Moreover , Paul led the paramilitary wing of the party , Republikanische Bürgerwehr . Years in exile . At the time of the signing of the Munich Agreement , Paul was visiting Sweden . He stayed in Sweden in exile to avoid arrest back home . Paul lived in Stockholm from 1938 to 1948 . He functioned as the leader of Sudeten German exiles in Sweden . 1941–1942 he went to London to negotiate with the Czechoslovak government-in-exile president Edvard Beneš on the future of the Sudeten Germans . He took part in forming the International Group of Democratic Socialists in Stockholm in 1942 . His Czechoslovak citizenship was withdrawn in 1943 by the government-in-exile , rendering Paul stateless . In West Germany . In 1948 Paul moved to the West German town of Esslingen am Neckar . He served as editor-in-chief of the SPD organ in Baden Württemberg , Allgemeine Zeitung in Stuttgart/Mannheim , 1949–1951 . He was a Bundestag member 1949–1969 . He was part of the West German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 1956–1967 . Moreover , he was a delegate to the assembly of the Western European Union . Paul died on 11 June 1978 in Gallspach , Austria . He was buried in Esslingen am Neckar on 16 June 1978 .
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[
"Edelweiss",
"LOiseau Bleu"
] |
easy
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SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4 was operated by what from Jun 1957 to May 1964?
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/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RAm_TEE_I_and_NS_DE4#P121#0
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SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4 The SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE and NS DE4 were a class of five 4-car diesel-electric trainsets ordered for Trans Europe Express ( TEE ) service . Two were ordered by the Swiss Federal Railways ( SBB-CFF-FFS ) and three by Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( NS ) History . In planning the launch of the TEE services , it was decided to use diesel-powered fixed sets for the new trains . While the French and the Italians refined existing designs , the Germans introduced a new design , the VT 11.5 . The Swiss and Dutch railways cooperated on a joint development for a new 4-car diesel-electric trainset . The design comprised : - A power car with compartments for luggage , customs and the train conductor . - A nine-compartment trailer car ( 54 seats ) - A kitchen-restaurant trailer car with a 32-seat dining section , and an 18-seat first-class open saloon - A driving trailer car with 42-seat open saloon , and a staff sleeping compartment . All 114 seats were first class , with 2+1 seating in the saloons , and 2+2 in the dining section . The power cars were built by Werkspoor , with electrics by Brown , Boveri & Cie ; they were powered by a pair of RUHB diesel engines . A third diesel engine of provided power for heating , lighting , air-conditioning and the kitchen in the dining car . The trailer cars were built by Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft ( SIG ) ; the design was based on the SBBs standard carriage design ( Einheitswagen I ) due to the short time available for design and construction . Only one entrance vestibule was provided at the front end of the cars , doors were of the folding aluminum type , and windows were double-glazed with a passenger-operated venetian blinds between the panes . The sets were equipped with Scharfenberg couplers , and were geared for a maximum speed of . They were painted in the TEE colours of dark red ( RAL 3004 purpurrot ) and cream ( RAL 1001 beige ) . Ownership of the sets was down-played in favour of the service – the restaurant cars having TRANS EUROPE EXPRESS lettering above the windows , while the owner ( SBB-CFF-FFS or NS ) and fleet number were only marked by small lettering on the power cars Service . From 2 June 1957 to 30 May 1964 the five sets were used in a four-day service pool as follows : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Basel SBB – Strasbourg – – Brussels-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 - TEE 128 LÉtoile du Nord — Amsterdam CS – Paris-Nord - TEE 145 LOiseau Bleu — Paris-Nord – Brussels-Midi - Day 3 - TEE 108 LOiseau Bleu — Bruxelles-Midi – Paris-Nord - TEE 125 LÉtoile du Nord — Paris-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 4 - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 5 - Maintenance layover in Zürich One curious feature of this pool was the use of Swiss-Dutch stock on a Franco-Belgian route . When a RAm/DE4 set was unavailable , an SNCF locomotive with a set of was substituted . From 31 May 1964 , the LOiseau Bleu went to permanently locomotive-hauled Inox coaches , whereupon the service pool became : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 - TEE 122 LÉtoile du Nord — Amsterdam CS – Paris-Nord - TEE 125 LÉtoile du Nord — Paris-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 3 - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB The spare and maintenance sets were stationed ant Zürich and Amsterdam . From 2 August 1964 LÉtoile du Nord also went loco-hauled ; the service pool changing to a three-day circuit : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 : - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 3 - TEE 8 LArbalète — Zürich HB – Paris-Est - TEE 9 LArbalète — Paris-Est – Zürich HB This lasted until 28 September 1969 , LArbalète became locomotive-hauled Inox coaches ; the filling-in turn was then changed : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 : - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 3 - TEE 57 Bavaria — Zürich HB – Munich Hbf - TEE 56 Bavaria — Munich Hbf – Zürich HB This three-day pool lasted until one trainset was written off in an accident in February 1971 ( see below ) whereafter the remaining 4 sets were diagrammed for use only on the Edelweiss until 24 May 1974 which was their last day in TEE service . Accidents and incidents . - In August 1961 SBB 501 caught fire , and was out of service for 176 days until January 1962 . - – On 9 February 1971 SBB 501 was running as the northbound Bavaria with 53 passengers on board . Running trailer-first on the double track Munich–Lindau line , it entered an S-curve near Aitrang at about and derailed , fouling both lines . It was then struck by a VT98 Uerdingen railbus . Twenty-eight were killed and 42 were seriuosuly injured . Of the fatalities , 26 were in the TEE , 2 in the railbus , and included both drivers , and the German actor/director Leonard Steckel . The cause , although not known for certain , was assumed to be brake failure , possible caused by condensation freezing in the air-brake lines . The three trailers were scrapped on site ; the power car as taken to Tilburg works , but was later condemned and scrapped . End of TEE service . As from 26 May 1974 , TEE discontinued the use of diesel trainsets on all its services . The three Dutch and the surviving Swiss set were stored at Utrecht until another use or a buyer could be found . A plan by NS to convert them to electric operation come to nothing . In 1977 , all four were sold to the Ontario Northland Railway ( ONT ) of Canada . Northlander . The four trainsets were shipped to Canada , and after being modified to make them compliant with Canadian railway standards , they entered Ontario Northland service on the Northlander between Toronto Union Station and Timmins . ONR never used the driving trailers as they preferred the weight of the power car at the front of the train in case of hitting snow or a crossing collision Unfortunately the power cars proved unsatisfactory - they could not cope with the harsh Canadian winters , and the maintenance crews were unfamiliar with the European equipment . In 1979 and 1980 , the power cars were replaced with standard EMD FP7 diesel locomotives . The trains continued in service until February 1992 . Repatriation . The Swiss foundation TEE Classics bought eight cars to restore a trainset to its original condition . Five cars were repatriated to Europe : - One car of former NS 1001 ; - The control car of former NS 1002 ; - The three cars of the former NS 1003 . They were loaded onto the Norwegian cargo ship and sailed from Saint John , New Brunswick on 19 October 1998 , arriving at Hamburg on 5 November . After standing in Hamburg docks for several months due to having Canadian rather than European wheel profiles , they were moved to Heilbronn . One of the driving trailers was restored and displayed at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne . In June 2006 the TEE Netherlands Foundation brought all five cars together at Zwolle for restoration . One of the trailer cars was repainted back into the TEE red and cream livery to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the trainsets introduction . They also plan to construct a new powercar to replace the missing originals , none of which survive . The trainset has been on the railway yard Dijksgracht in Amsterdam since 2007 , waiting for repair . The intention is to use them again in the future after the restoration and rebuilding of the missing motor car . Shortly before the 50th anniversary of the Trans Europ Express ( June 2 1957 - June 2 2007 ) the head of one of the control cars was repainted in the old red TEE color . On December 23 , 2020 , the foundation announced that the carriages will be transferred to the Nederlands Transport Museum in Nieuw-Vennep where they will be restored . Ownership of the coaches was transferred on January 5 , 2021 . The TEE Nederland Foundation is disbanded . Funds are raised for the transport to Nieuw-Vennep and subsequent repairs . Models . Models of the RAm have been manufactured by Märklin and Roco in HO scale and by Trix in both HO scale , and ( under their Minitrix brand ) in N . Models of the RAm and Dutch DE trainsets were also made by LS Models and RailTop in exact 1/87 scale . A new model , fully made of metal will be released by Maerklin and Trix in 2020 as an Insider model . External links . - TEE-Classics ( Switzerland – in German ) - Stichting TEE ( Netherlands – in Dutch )
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[
"Edelweiss",
"LOiseau Bleu"
] |
easy
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SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4 was operated by what in Aug 1964?
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/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RAm_TEE_I_and_NS_DE4#P121#1
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SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4 The SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE and NS DE4 were a class of five 4-car diesel-electric trainsets ordered for Trans Europe Express ( TEE ) service . Two were ordered by the Swiss Federal Railways ( SBB-CFF-FFS ) and three by Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( NS ) History . In planning the launch of the TEE services , it was decided to use diesel-powered fixed sets for the new trains . While the French and the Italians refined existing designs , the Germans introduced a new design , the VT 11.5 . The Swiss and Dutch railways cooperated on a joint development for a new 4-car diesel-electric trainset . The design comprised : - A power car with compartments for luggage , customs and the train conductor . - A nine-compartment trailer car ( 54 seats ) - A kitchen-restaurant trailer car with a 32-seat dining section , and an 18-seat first-class open saloon - A driving trailer car with 42-seat open saloon , and a staff sleeping compartment . All 114 seats were first class , with 2+1 seating in the saloons , and 2+2 in the dining section . The power cars were built by Werkspoor , with electrics by Brown , Boveri & Cie ; they were powered by a pair of RUHB diesel engines . A third diesel engine of provided power for heating , lighting , air-conditioning and the kitchen in the dining car . The trailer cars were built by Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft ( SIG ) ; the design was based on the SBBs standard carriage design ( Einheitswagen I ) due to the short time available for design and construction . Only one entrance vestibule was provided at the front end of the cars , doors were of the folding aluminum type , and windows were double-glazed with a passenger-operated venetian blinds between the panes . The sets were equipped with Scharfenberg couplers , and were geared for a maximum speed of . They were painted in the TEE colours of dark red ( RAL 3004 purpurrot ) and cream ( RAL 1001 beige ) . Ownership of the sets was down-played in favour of the service – the restaurant cars having TRANS EUROPE EXPRESS lettering above the windows , while the owner ( SBB-CFF-FFS or NS ) and fleet number were only marked by small lettering on the power cars Service . From 2 June 1957 to 30 May 1964 the five sets were used in a four-day service pool as follows : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Basel SBB – Strasbourg – – Brussels-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 - TEE 128 LÉtoile du Nord — Amsterdam CS – Paris-Nord - TEE 145 LOiseau Bleu — Paris-Nord – Brussels-Midi - Day 3 - TEE 108 LOiseau Bleu — Bruxelles-Midi – Paris-Nord - TEE 125 LÉtoile du Nord — Paris-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 4 - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 5 - Maintenance layover in Zürich One curious feature of this pool was the use of Swiss-Dutch stock on a Franco-Belgian route . When a RAm/DE4 set was unavailable , an SNCF locomotive with a set of was substituted . From 31 May 1964 , the LOiseau Bleu went to permanently locomotive-hauled Inox coaches , whereupon the service pool became : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 - TEE 122 LÉtoile du Nord — Amsterdam CS – Paris-Nord - TEE 125 LÉtoile du Nord — Paris-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 3 - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB The spare and maintenance sets were stationed ant Zürich and Amsterdam . From 2 August 1964 LÉtoile du Nord also went loco-hauled ; the service pool changing to a three-day circuit : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 : - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 3 - TEE 8 LArbalète — Zürich HB – Paris-Est - TEE 9 LArbalète — Paris-Est – Zürich HB This lasted until 28 September 1969 , LArbalète became locomotive-hauled Inox coaches ; the filling-in turn was then changed : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 : - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 3 - TEE 57 Bavaria — Zürich HB – Munich Hbf - TEE 56 Bavaria — Munich Hbf – Zürich HB This three-day pool lasted until one trainset was written off in an accident in February 1971 ( see below ) whereafter the remaining 4 sets were diagrammed for use only on the Edelweiss until 24 May 1974 which was their last day in TEE service . Accidents and incidents . - In August 1961 SBB 501 caught fire , and was out of service for 176 days until January 1962 . - – On 9 February 1971 SBB 501 was running as the northbound Bavaria with 53 passengers on board . Running trailer-first on the double track Munich–Lindau line , it entered an S-curve near Aitrang at about and derailed , fouling both lines . It was then struck by a VT98 Uerdingen railbus . Twenty-eight were killed and 42 were seriuosuly injured . Of the fatalities , 26 were in the TEE , 2 in the railbus , and included both drivers , and the German actor/director Leonard Steckel . The cause , although not known for certain , was assumed to be brake failure , possible caused by condensation freezing in the air-brake lines . The three trailers were scrapped on site ; the power car as taken to Tilburg works , but was later condemned and scrapped . End of TEE service . As from 26 May 1974 , TEE discontinued the use of diesel trainsets on all its services . The three Dutch and the surviving Swiss set were stored at Utrecht until another use or a buyer could be found . A plan by NS to convert them to electric operation come to nothing . In 1977 , all four were sold to the Ontario Northland Railway ( ONT ) of Canada . Northlander . The four trainsets were shipped to Canada , and after being modified to make them compliant with Canadian railway standards , they entered Ontario Northland service on the Northlander between Toronto Union Station and Timmins . ONR never used the driving trailers as they preferred the weight of the power car at the front of the train in case of hitting snow or a crossing collision Unfortunately the power cars proved unsatisfactory - they could not cope with the harsh Canadian winters , and the maintenance crews were unfamiliar with the European equipment . In 1979 and 1980 , the power cars were replaced with standard EMD FP7 diesel locomotives . The trains continued in service until February 1992 . Repatriation . The Swiss foundation TEE Classics bought eight cars to restore a trainset to its original condition . Five cars were repatriated to Europe : - One car of former NS 1001 ; - The control car of former NS 1002 ; - The three cars of the former NS 1003 . They were loaded onto the Norwegian cargo ship and sailed from Saint John , New Brunswick on 19 October 1998 , arriving at Hamburg on 5 November . After standing in Hamburg docks for several months due to having Canadian rather than European wheel profiles , they were moved to Heilbronn . One of the driving trailers was restored and displayed at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne . In June 2006 the TEE Netherlands Foundation brought all five cars together at Zwolle for restoration . One of the trailer cars was repainted back into the TEE red and cream livery to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the trainsets introduction . They also plan to construct a new powercar to replace the missing originals , none of which survive . The trainset has been on the railway yard Dijksgracht in Amsterdam since 2007 , waiting for repair . The intention is to use them again in the future after the restoration and rebuilding of the missing motor car . Shortly before the 50th anniversary of the Trans Europ Express ( June 2 1957 - June 2 2007 ) the head of one of the control cars was repainted in the old red TEE color . On December 23 , 2020 , the foundation announced that the carriages will be transferred to the Nederlands Transport Museum in Nieuw-Vennep where they will be restored . Ownership of the coaches was transferred on January 5 , 2021 . The TEE Nederland Foundation is disbanded . Funds are raised for the transport to Nieuw-Vennep and subsequent repairs . Models . Models of the RAm have been manufactured by Märklin and Roco in HO scale and by Trix in both HO scale , and ( under their Minitrix brand ) in N . Models of the RAm and Dutch DE trainsets were also made by LS Models and RailTop in exact 1/87 scale . A new model , fully made of metal will be released by Maerklin and Trix in 2020 as an Insider model . External links . - TEE-Classics ( Switzerland – in German ) - Stichting TEE ( Netherlands – in Dutch )
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[
""
] |
easy
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SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4 was operated by what from Aug 1964 to Sep 1969?
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/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RAm_TEE_I_and_NS_DE4#P121#2
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SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4 The SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE and NS DE4 were a class of five 4-car diesel-electric trainsets ordered for Trans Europe Express ( TEE ) service . Two were ordered by the Swiss Federal Railways ( SBB-CFF-FFS ) and three by Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( NS ) History . In planning the launch of the TEE services , it was decided to use diesel-powered fixed sets for the new trains . While the French and the Italians refined existing designs , the Germans introduced a new design , the VT 11.5 . The Swiss and Dutch railways cooperated on a joint development for a new 4-car diesel-electric trainset . The design comprised : - A power car with compartments for luggage , customs and the train conductor . - A nine-compartment trailer car ( 54 seats ) - A kitchen-restaurant trailer car with a 32-seat dining section , and an 18-seat first-class open saloon - A driving trailer car with 42-seat open saloon , and a staff sleeping compartment . All 114 seats were first class , with 2+1 seating in the saloons , and 2+2 in the dining section . The power cars were built by Werkspoor , with electrics by Brown , Boveri & Cie ; they were powered by a pair of RUHB diesel engines . A third diesel engine of provided power for heating , lighting , air-conditioning and the kitchen in the dining car . The trailer cars were built by Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft ( SIG ) ; the design was based on the SBBs standard carriage design ( Einheitswagen I ) due to the short time available for design and construction . Only one entrance vestibule was provided at the front end of the cars , doors were of the folding aluminum type , and windows were double-glazed with a passenger-operated venetian blinds between the panes . The sets were equipped with Scharfenberg couplers , and were geared for a maximum speed of . They were painted in the TEE colours of dark red ( RAL 3004 purpurrot ) and cream ( RAL 1001 beige ) . Ownership of the sets was down-played in favour of the service – the restaurant cars having TRANS EUROPE EXPRESS lettering above the windows , while the owner ( SBB-CFF-FFS or NS ) and fleet number were only marked by small lettering on the power cars Service . From 2 June 1957 to 30 May 1964 the five sets were used in a four-day service pool as follows : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Basel SBB – Strasbourg – – Brussels-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 - TEE 128 LÉtoile du Nord — Amsterdam CS – Paris-Nord - TEE 145 LOiseau Bleu — Paris-Nord – Brussels-Midi - Day 3 - TEE 108 LOiseau Bleu — Bruxelles-Midi – Paris-Nord - TEE 125 LÉtoile du Nord — Paris-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 4 - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 5 - Maintenance layover in Zürich One curious feature of this pool was the use of Swiss-Dutch stock on a Franco-Belgian route . When a RAm/DE4 set was unavailable , an SNCF locomotive with a set of was substituted . From 31 May 1964 , the LOiseau Bleu went to permanently locomotive-hauled Inox coaches , whereupon the service pool became : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 - TEE 122 LÉtoile du Nord — Amsterdam CS – Paris-Nord - TEE 125 LÉtoile du Nord — Paris-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 3 - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB The spare and maintenance sets were stationed ant Zürich and Amsterdam . From 2 August 1964 LÉtoile du Nord also went loco-hauled ; the service pool changing to a three-day circuit : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 : - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 3 - TEE 8 LArbalète — Zürich HB – Paris-Est - TEE 9 LArbalète — Paris-Est – Zürich HB This lasted until 28 September 1969 , LArbalète became locomotive-hauled Inox coaches ; the filling-in turn was then changed : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 : - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 3 - TEE 57 Bavaria — Zürich HB – Munich Hbf - TEE 56 Bavaria — Munich Hbf – Zürich HB This three-day pool lasted until one trainset was written off in an accident in February 1971 ( see below ) whereafter the remaining 4 sets were diagrammed for use only on the Edelweiss until 24 May 1974 which was their last day in TEE service . Accidents and incidents . - In August 1961 SBB 501 caught fire , and was out of service for 176 days until January 1962 . - – On 9 February 1971 SBB 501 was running as the northbound Bavaria with 53 passengers on board . Running trailer-first on the double track Munich–Lindau line , it entered an S-curve near Aitrang at about and derailed , fouling both lines . It was then struck by a VT98 Uerdingen railbus . Twenty-eight were killed and 42 were seriuosuly injured . Of the fatalities , 26 were in the TEE , 2 in the railbus , and included both drivers , and the German actor/director Leonard Steckel . The cause , although not known for certain , was assumed to be brake failure , possible caused by condensation freezing in the air-brake lines . The three trailers were scrapped on site ; the power car as taken to Tilburg works , but was later condemned and scrapped . End of TEE service . As from 26 May 1974 , TEE discontinued the use of diesel trainsets on all its services . The three Dutch and the surviving Swiss set were stored at Utrecht until another use or a buyer could be found . A plan by NS to convert them to electric operation come to nothing . In 1977 , all four were sold to the Ontario Northland Railway ( ONT ) of Canada . Northlander . The four trainsets were shipped to Canada , and after being modified to make them compliant with Canadian railway standards , they entered Ontario Northland service on the Northlander between Toronto Union Station and Timmins . ONR never used the driving trailers as they preferred the weight of the power car at the front of the train in case of hitting snow or a crossing collision Unfortunately the power cars proved unsatisfactory - they could not cope with the harsh Canadian winters , and the maintenance crews were unfamiliar with the European equipment . In 1979 and 1980 , the power cars were replaced with standard EMD FP7 diesel locomotives . The trains continued in service until February 1992 . Repatriation . The Swiss foundation TEE Classics bought eight cars to restore a trainset to its original condition . Five cars were repatriated to Europe : - One car of former NS 1001 ; - The control car of former NS 1002 ; - The three cars of the former NS 1003 . They were loaded onto the Norwegian cargo ship and sailed from Saint John , New Brunswick on 19 October 1998 , arriving at Hamburg on 5 November . After standing in Hamburg docks for several months due to having Canadian rather than European wheel profiles , they were moved to Heilbronn . One of the driving trailers was restored and displayed at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne . In June 2006 the TEE Netherlands Foundation brought all five cars together at Zwolle for restoration . One of the trailer cars was repainted back into the TEE red and cream livery to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the trainsets introduction . They also plan to construct a new powercar to replace the missing originals , none of which survive . The trainset has been on the railway yard Dijksgracht in Amsterdam since 2007 , waiting for repair . The intention is to use them again in the future after the restoration and rebuilding of the missing motor car . Shortly before the 50th anniversary of the Trans Europ Express ( June 2 1957 - June 2 2007 ) the head of one of the control cars was repainted in the old red TEE color . On December 23 , 2020 , the foundation announced that the carriages will be transferred to the Nederlands Transport Museum in Nieuw-Vennep where they will be restored . Ownership of the coaches was transferred on January 5 , 2021 . The TEE Nederland Foundation is disbanded . Funds are raised for the transport to Nieuw-Vennep and subsequent repairs . Models . Models of the RAm have been manufactured by Märklin and Roco in HO scale and by Trix in both HO scale , and ( under their Minitrix brand ) in N . Models of the RAm and Dutch DE trainsets were also made by LS Models and RailTop in exact 1/87 scale . A new model , fully made of metal will be released by Maerklin and Trix in 2020 as an Insider model . External links . - TEE-Classics ( Switzerland – in German ) - Stichting TEE ( Netherlands – in Dutch )
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[
"Bavaria"
] |
easy
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SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4 was operated by what from Sep 1969 to Feb 1971?
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/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RAm_TEE_I_and_NS_DE4#P121#3
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SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE I and NS DE4 The SBB-CFF-FFS RAm TEE and NS DE4 were a class of five 4-car diesel-electric trainsets ordered for Trans Europe Express ( TEE ) service . Two were ordered by the Swiss Federal Railways ( SBB-CFF-FFS ) and three by Nederlandse Spoorwegen ( NS ) History . In planning the launch of the TEE services , it was decided to use diesel-powered fixed sets for the new trains . While the French and the Italians refined existing designs , the Germans introduced a new design , the VT 11.5 . The Swiss and Dutch railways cooperated on a joint development for a new 4-car diesel-electric trainset . The design comprised : - A power car with compartments for luggage , customs and the train conductor . - A nine-compartment trailer car ( 54 seats ) - A kitchen-restaurant trailer car with a 32-seat dining section , and an 18-seat first-class open saloon - A driving trailer car with 42-seat open saloon , and a staff sleeping compartment . All 114 seats were first class , with 2+1 seating in the saloons , and 2+2 in the dining section . The power cars were built by Werkspoor , with electrics by Brown , Boveri & Cie ; they were powered by a pair of RUHB diesel engines . A third diesel engine of provided power for heating , lighting , air-conditioning and the kitchen in the dining car . The trailer cars were built by Schweizerische Industrie Gesellschaft ( SIG ) ; the design was based on the SBBs standard carriage design ( Einheitswagen I ) due to the short time available for design and construction . Only one entrance vestibule was provided at the front end of the cars , doors were of the folding aluminum type , and windows were double-glazed with a passenger-operated venetian blinds between the panes . The sets were equipped with Scharfenberg couplers , and were geared for a maximum speed of . They were painted in the TEE colours of dark red ( RAL 3004 purpurrot ) and cream ( RAL 1001 beige ) . Ownership of the sets was down-played in favour of the service – the restaurant cars having TRANS EUROPE EXPRESS lettering above the windows , while the owner ( SBB-CFF-FFS or NS ) and fleet number were only marked by small lettering on the power cars Service . From 2 June 1957 to 30 May 1964 the five sets were used in a four-day service pool as follows : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Basel SBB – Strasbourg – – Brussels-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 - TEE 128 LÉtoile du Nord — Amsterdam CS – Paris-Nord - TEE 145 LOiseau Bleu — Paris-Nord – Brussels-Midi - Day 3 - TEE 108 LOiseau Bleu — Bruxelles-Midi – Paris-Nord - TEE 125 LÉtoile du Nord — Paris-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 4 - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 5 - Maintenance layover in Zürich One curious feature of this pool was the use of Swiss-Dutch stock on a Franco-Belgian route . When a RAm/DE4 set was unavailable , an SNCF locomotive with a set of was substituted . From 31 May 1964 , the LOiseau Bleu went to permanently locomotive-hauled Inox coaches , whereupon the service pool became : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 - TEE 122 LÉtoile du Nord — Amsterdam CS – Paris-Nord - TEE 125 LÉtoile du Nord — Paris-Nord – Amsterdam CS - Day 3 - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB The spare and maintenance sets were stationed ant Zürich and Amsterdam . From 2 August 1964 LÉtoile du Nord also went loco-hauled ; the service pool changing to a three-day circuit : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 : - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 3 - TEE 8 LArbalète — Zürich HB – Paris-Est - TEE 9 LArbalète — Paris-Est – Zürich HB This lasted until 28 September 1969 , LArbalète became locomotive-hauled Inox coaches ; the filling-in turn was then changed : - Day 1 : - TEE 30 Edelweiss — Zürich HB – Amsterdam CS - Day 2 : - TEE 31 Edelweiss : Amsterdam CS – Zürich HB - Day 3 - TEE 57 Bavaria — Zürich HB – Munich Hbf - TEE 56 Bavaria — Munich Hbf – Zürich HB This three-day pool lasted until one trainset was written off in an accident in February 1971 ( see below ) whereafter the remaining 4 sets were diagrammed for use only on the Edelweiss until 24 May 1974 which was their last day in TEE service . Accidents and incidents . - In August 1961 SBB 501 caught fire , and was out of service for 176 days until January 1962 . - – On 9 February 1971 SBB 501 was running as the northbound Bavaria with 53 passengers on board . Running trailer-first on the double track Munich–Lindau line , it entered an S-curve near Aitrang at about and derailed , fouling both lines . It was then struck by a VT98 Uerdingen railbus . Twenty-eight were killed and 42 were seriuosuly injured . Of the fatalities , 26 were in the TEE , 2 in the railbus , and included both drivers , and the German actor/director Leonard Steckel . The cause , although not known for certain , was assumed to be brake failure , possible caused by condensation freezing in the air-brake lines . The three trailers were scrapped on site ; the power car as taken to Tilburg works , but was later condemned and scrapped . End of TEE service . As from 26 May 1974 , TEE discontinued the use of diesel trainsets on all its services . The three Dutch and the surviving Swiss set were stored at Utrecht until another use or a buyer could be found . A plan by NS to convert them to electric operation come to nothing . In 1977 , all four were sold to the Ontario Northland Railway ( ONT ) of Canada . Northlander . The four trainsets were shipped to Canada , and after being modified to make them compliant with Canadian railway standards , they entered Ontario Northland service on the Northlander between Toronto Union Station and Timmins . ONR never used the driving trailers as they preferred the weight of the power car at the front of the train in case of hitting snow or a crossing collision Unfortunately the power cars proved unsatisfactory - they could not cope with the harsh Canadian winters , and the maintenance crews were unfamiliar with the European equipment . In 1979 and 1980 , the power cars were replaced with standard EMD FP7 diesel locomotives . The trains continued in service until February 1992 . Repatriation . The Swiss foundation TEE Classics bought eight cars to restore a trainset to its original condition . Five cars were repatriated to Europe : - One car of former NS 1001 ; - The control car of former NS 1002 ; - The three cars of the former NS 1003 . They were loaded onto the Norwegian cargo ship and sailed from Saint John , New Brunswick on 19 October 1998 , arriving at Hamburg on 5 November . After standing in Hamburg docks for several months due to having Canadian rather than European wheel profiles , they were moved to Heilbronn . One of the driving trailers was restored and displayed at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne . In June 2006 the TEE Netherlands Foundation brought all five cars together at Zwolle for restoration . One of the trailer cars was repainted back into the TEE red and cream livery to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the trainsets introduction . They also plan to construct a new powercar to replace the missing originals , none of which survive . The trainset has been on the railway yard Dijksgracht in Amsterdam since 2007 , waiting for repair . The intention is to use them again in the future after the restoration and rebuilding of the missing motor car . Shortly before the 50th anniversary of the Trans Europ Express ( June 2 1957 - June 2 2007 ) the head of one of the control cars was repainted in the old red TEE color . On December 23 , 2020 , the foundation announced that the carriages will be transferred to the Nederlands Transport Museum in Nieuw-Vennep where they will be restored . Ownership of the coaches was transferred on January 5 , 2021 . The TEE Nederland Foundation is disbanded . Funds are raised for the transport to Nieuw-Vennep and subsequent repairs . Models . Models of the RAm have been manufactured by Märklin and Roco in HO scale and by Trix in both HO scale , and ( under their Minitrix brand ) in N . Models of the RAm and Dutch DE trainsets were also made by LS Models and RailTop in exact 1/87 scale . A new model , fully made of metal will be released by Maerklin and Trix in 2020 as an Insider model . External links . - TEE-Classics ( Switzerland – in German ) - Stichting TEE ( Netherlands – in Dutch )
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[
"Josef Filbig"
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Amberg from 1952 to 1958?
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/wiki/Amberg#P6#0
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Amberg Amberg ( ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany . It is located in the Upper Palatinate , roughly halfway between Regensburg and Bayreuth . In 2013 , over 41,000 people lived in the town . History . The town was first mentioned in 1034 , at that time under the name Ammenberg . It became an important trading centre in the Middle Ages , exporting mainly iron ore and iron products . In 1269 , together with Bamberg , the town became subordinate to the Wittelsbach dynasty that ruled Bavaria . In 1329 the town and the entire region fell to the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach family . The region adopted the name Upper Palatinate . It was no longer part of the duchy of Bavaria politically , though in geographic terms it was regarded as Bavarian and the region was part of the Bavarian circle in the organization of the Imperial Circles . In the 16th century , the rulers of Upper Palatinate turned to Protestantism . The town turned to Lutheranism . Later attempts of the ruling family to introduce the more radical Calvinism failed due to the reluctance of its citizens . In 1628 Amberg and Upper Palatinate became part of the electorate of Bavaria . The inhabitants were given the choice to return to Catholicism or emigrate . Many families left the town and moved to the Free Imperial Cities of Regensburg and Nuremberg . On 24 August 1796 , during the French Revolutionary Wars , the city and its environs were the locale of a major battle at which 35,000 French , under the command of Jean Baptiste Jourdan fought with 40,000 Austrians under the command of Archduke Charles ; the French suffered significantly more losses in this Austrian victory . Amberg was the regional capital of Upper Palatinate until 1810 when power was transferred to the larger city of Regensburg . After World War II , when Bavaria fell into the American Sector , Amberg was home to Pond Barracks , a United States Army post . I.F.Stone writes about it in his book Underground to Palestine ( pp . 31ff ) . The post was closed in 1992 and the facility turned over to the local community for housing , most of it for social housing . In late 2018 , the town was the site of the Amberg attacks , resulting in Rainer Wendt asking the Federal government to take a stand on the case . The city was said to be in a state of emergency . Joachim Herrmann , Bavarian Minister of the Interior , visited Amberg for consultations . Horst Seehofer , Federal Minister of the Interior , said the violent attacks are worrisome . Jewish history . Jews had settled in Amberg before 1294 , when the first documentation can be found . Shortly after , in 1298 , thirteen of the town Jews died during the Rindfleisch massacres . Nevertheless , in 1347 six families received permission to settle in Amberg and twenty years after , in 1367 , a Yeshivah was opened in it , though the Jewish community was expelled from Amberg in 1403 . Upon the expulsion , the synagogue was annexed to the nearby church . Twelve Jews remained in town in 1942 . The few survivors returned to the town after 1945 , and a displaced persons camp named Amberg - located nearby the town - housed mostly Jewish refugees and survivors . As a result of immigration from the former USSR to Germany , the Jewish population in town grew to about 275 in 2003 . A synagogue exists in town nowadays . Subdistricts . Amberg has 25 sub-districts , which include its surrounding villages : - Amberg - Atzlricht - Bergsteig - Bernricht - Eglsee - Fiederhof - Fuchsstein - Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-West - Gärbershof - Karmensölden - Kemnathermühl - Kleinraigering - Krumbach - Lengenloh - Luitpoldhöhe - Neubernricht - Neumühle - Neuricht - Oberammersricht - Raigering - Schäflohe - Schweighof - Speckmannshof Lord mayors . - 1866–1892 : Vincent König - 1892–1907 : Josef Heldmann - 1907–1913 : Georg Schön - 1913–1933 : Eduard Klug , BVP - 1933 : Otto Saugel ( temporary ) - 1933–1945 : Josef Filbig , NSDAP - 1945–1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946 : Eduard Klug - 1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946–1952 : Michael Lotter , CSU - 1952–1958 : Josef Filbig , Deutsche Gemeinschaft ( Deutschland ) - 1958–1970 : Wolf Steininger , CSU - 1970–1990 : Franz Prechtl , CSU - 1990–2014 : Wolfgang Dandorfer , CSU - since 2014 : Michael Cerny , CSU Sights . A defining feature of the town is the Stadtbrille ( literally : town spectacles ) – a bridge , originally a part of the town fortifications , whose arches reflected on the river waters resemble a pair of spectacles . Other tourist attractions in Amberg include : - Market Square , which contains the Gothic town hall ( built in 1358 ) and the late-Gothic parish church of St . Martin - The New Palace , the former residence of the counts of the Rhenish Palatinate , built at the beginning of the 15th century and renovated in 1603 - A well-preserved section of the medieval walls and gates - The baroque Franciscan monastery on the Hill of Our Lady Help of Christians ( Germ . Mariahilfberg ) above the town . This hill was given its name during the bubonic plague in the Thirty Years War in 1633/4 when the locals beseeched the Virgin Mary to rid them of the plague . - The Little Wedding House ( local German dialect Eh’häusl ) , claimed by town authorities to be the worlds smallest hotel . Built in 1728 , the 2 metre wide hotel was sold to young couples for one night to circumvent laws prohibiting marriages between poor people . - The town museum ( Stadtmuseum Amberg ) includes exhibits on life and industry in Amberg , the history of clothing and works of Michael Mathias Prechtl and houses travelling exhibitions . - Air Museum ( Luftmuseum ) , opened in 2006 . Twin towns – sister cities . Amberg is twinned with : - Bad Bergzabern , Germany - Bystrzyca Kłodzka , Poland - Desenzano del Garda , Italy - Périgueux , France - Trikala , Greece - Ústí nad Orlicí , Czech Republic Notable people . - Karl Addicks ( born 1950 ) , politician ( FDP ) , Member of Bundestag 2004-2009 - Hans Aumeier ( 1906–1948 ) , Nazi SS officer in a leading position in several concentration camps executed for war crimes - Hans Baumann ( 1914–1988 ) , elementary school teacher , poet , song composer , Childrens Book Author , Nazi official - Alexander Bugera ( born 1978 ) , football player - Sara Däbritz ( born 1995 ) , German football player ( Bayern Munich , German national team ) - Daniel Ernemann ( born 1976 ) , football player - Heiner Fleischmann ( 1914–1963 ) , motorcycle racer ( mainly on NSU ) - Fritz Hilpert ( born 1956 ) , musician ( Kraftwerk ) - Theodor Kaes ( 1852–1913 ) , German neurologist , was a native of Amberg - Barbara Meier ( born 1986 ) , German fashion model - Franz Stigler ( 1915-2008 ) , German World War II Luftwaffe fighter ace , 45 aerial victories , member of Jagdgeschwader 27 , and Jagdverband 44 . Known best for Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident . - Kathrine Switzer ( born 1947 ) , first woman to run the Boston Marathon , was born to American parents in Amberg . Sport . - FC Amberg , football team
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[
"Wolf Steininger"
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Amberg from 1958 to 1970?
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/wiki/Amberg#P6#1
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Amberg Amberg ( ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany . It is located in the Upper Palatinate , roughly halfway between Regensburg and Bayreuth . In 2013 , over 41,000 people lived in the town . History . The town was first mentioned in 1034 , at that time under the name Ammenberg . It became an important trading centre in the Middle Ages , exporting mainly iron ore and iron products . In 1269 , together with Bamberg , the town became subordinate to the Wittelsbach dynasty that ruled Bavaria . In 1329 the town and the entire region fell to the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach family . The region adopted the name Upper Palatinate . It was no longer part of the duchy of Bavaria politically , though in geographic terms it was regarded as Bavarian and the region was part of the Bavarian circle in the organization of the Imperial Circles . In the 16th century , the rulers of Upper Palatinate turned to Protestantism . The town turned to Lutheranism . Later attempts of the ruling family to introduce the more radical Calvinism failed due to the reluctance of its citizens . In 1628 Amberg and Upper Palatinate became part of the electorate of Bavaria . The inhabitants were given the choice to return to Catholicism or emigrate . Many families left the town and moved to the Free Imperial Cities of Regensburg and Nuremberg . On 24 August 1796 , during the French Revolutionary Wars , the city and its environs were the locale of a major battle at which 35,000 French , under the command of Jean Baptiste Jourdan fought with 40,000 Austrians under the command of Archduke Charles ; the French suffered significantly more losses in this Austrian victory . Amberg was the regional capital of Upper Palatinate until 1810 when power was transferred to the larger city of Regensburg . After World War II , when Bavaria fell into the American Sector , Amberg was home to Pond Barracks , a United States Army post . I.F.Stone writes about it in his book Underground to Palestine ( pp . 31ff ) . The post was closed in 1992 and the facility turned over to the local community for housing , most of it for social housing . In late 2018 , the town was the site of the Amberg attacks , resulting in Rainer Wendt asking the Federal government to take a stand on the case . The city was said to be in a state of emergency . Joachim Herrmann , Bavarian Minister of the Interior , visited Amberg for consultations . Horst Seehofer , Federal Minister of the Interior , said the violent attacks are worrisome . Jewish history . Jews had settled in Amberg before 1294 , when the first documentation can be found . Shortly after , in 1298 , thirteen of the town Jews died during the Rindfleisch massacres . Nevertheless , in 1347 six families received permission to settle in Amberg and twenty years after , in 1367 , a Yeshivah was opened in it , though the Jewish community was expelled from Amberg in 1403 . Upon the expulsion , the synagogue was annexed to the nearby church . Twelve Jews remained in town in 1942 . The few survivors returned to the town after 1945 , and a displaced persons camp named Amberg - located nearby the town - housed mostly Jewish refugees and survivors . As a result of immigration from the former USSR to Germany , the Jewish population in town grew to about 275 in 2003 . A synagogue exists in town nowadays . Subdistricts . Amberg has 25 sub-districts , which include its surrounding villages : - Amberg - Atzlricht - Bergsteig - Bernricht - Eglsee - Fiederhof - Fuchsstein - Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-West - Gärbershof - Karmensölden - Kemnathermühl - Kleinraigering - Krumbach - Lengenloh - Luitpoldhöhe - Neubernricht - Neumühle - Neuricht - Oberammersricht - Raigering - Schäflohe - Schweighof - Speckmannshof Lord mayors . - 1866–1892 : Vincent König - 1892–1907 : Josef Heldmann - 1907–1913 : Georg Schön - 1913–1933 : Eduard Klug , BVP - 1933 : Otto Saugel ( temporary ) - 1933–1945 : Josef Filbig , NSDAP - 1945–1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946 : Eduard Klug - 1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946–1952 : Michael Lotter , CSU - 1952–1958 : Josef Filbig , Deutsche Gemeinschaft ( Deutschland ) - 1958–1970 : Wolf Steininger , CSU - 1970–1990 : Franz Prechtl , CSU - 1990–2014 : Wolfgang Dandorfer , CSU - since 2014 : Michael Cerny , CSU Sights . A defining feature of the town is the Stadtbrille ( literally : town spectacles ) – a bridge , originally a part of the town fortifications , whose arches reflected on the river waters resemble a pair of spectacles . Other tourist attractions in Amberg include : - Market Square , which contains the Gothic town hall ( built in 1358 ) and the late-Gothic parish church of St . Martin - The New Palace , the former residence of the counts of the Rhenish Palatinate , built at the beginning of the 15th century and renovated in 1603 - A well-preserved section of the medieval walls and gates - The baroque Franciscan monastery on the Hill of Our Lady Help of Christians ( Germ . Mariahilfberg ) above the town . This hill was given its name during the bubonic plague in the Thirty Years War in 1633/4 when the locals beseeched the Virgin Mary to rid them of the plague . - The Little Wedding House ( local German dialect Eh’häusl ) , claimed by town authorities to be the worlds smallest hotel . Built in 1728 , the 2 metre wide hotel was sold to young couples for one night to circumvent laws prohibiting marriages between poor people . - The town museum ( Stadtmuseum Amberg ) includes exhibits on life and industry in Amberg , the history of clothing and works of Michael Mathias Prechtl and houses travelling exhibitions . - Air Museum ( Luftmuseum ) , opened in 2006 . Twin towns – sister cities . Amberg is twinned with : - Bad Bergzabern , Germany - Bystrzyca Kłodzka , Poland - Desenzano del Garda , Italy - Périgueux , France - Trikala , Greece - Ústí nad Orlicí , Czech Republic Notable people . - Karl Addicks ( born 1950 ) , politician ( FDP ) , Member of Bundestag 2004-2009 - Hans Aumeier ( 1906–1948 ) , Nazi SS officer in a leading position in several concentration camps executed for war crimes - Hans Baumann ( 1914–1988 ) , elementary school teacher , poet , song composer , Childrens Book Author , Nazi official - Alexander Bugera ( born 1978 ) , football player - Sara Däbritz ( born 1995 ) , German football player ( Bayern Munich , German national team ) - Daniel Ernemann ( born 1976 ) , football player - Heiner Fleischmann ( 1914–1963 ) , motorcycle racer ( mainly on NSU ) - Fritz Hilpert ( born 1956 ) , musician ( Kraftwerk ) - Theodor Kaes ( 1852–1913 ) , German neurologist , was a native of Amberg - Barbara Meier ( born 1986 ) , German fashion model - Franz Stigler ( 1915-2008 ) , German World War II Luftwaffe fighter ace , 45 aerial victories , member of Jagdgeschwader 27 , and Jagdverband 44 . Known best for Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident . - Kathrine Switzer ( born 1947 ) , first woman to run the Boston Marathon , was born to American parents in Amberg . Sport . - FC Amberg , football team
|
[
"Franz Prechtl"
] |
easy
|
Who was in charge of Amberg from 1970 to 1990?
|
/wiki/Amberg#P6#2
|
Amberg Amberg ( ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany . It is located in the Upper Palatinate , roughly halfway between Regensburg and Bayreuth . In 2013 , over 41,000 people lived in the town . History . The town was first mentioned in 1034 , at that time under the name Ammenberg . It became an important trading centre in the Middle Ages , exporting mainly iron ore and iron products . In 1269 , together with Bamberg , the town became subordinate to the Wittelsbach dynasty that ruled Bavaria . In 1329 the town and the entire region fell to the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach family . The region adopted the name Upper Palatinate . It was no longer part of the duchy of Bavaria politically , though in geographic terms it was regarded as Bavarian and the region was part of the Bavarian circle in the organization of the Imperial Circles . In the 16th century , the rulers of Upper Palatinate turned to Protestantism . The town turned to Lutheranism . Later attempts of the ruling family to introduce the more radical Calvinism failed due to the reluctance of its citizens . In 1628 Amberg and Upper Palatinate became part of the electorate of Bavaria . The inhabitants were given the choice to return to Catholicism or emigrate . Many families left the town and moved to the Free Imperial Cities of Regensburg and Nuremberg . On 24 August 1796 , during the French Revolutionary Wars , the city and its environs were the locale of a major battle at which 35,000 French , under the command of Jean Baptiste Jourdan fought with 40,000 Austrians under the command of Archduke Charles ; the French suffered significantly more losses in this Austrian victory . Amberg was the regional capital of Upper Palatinate until 1810 when power was transferred to the larger city of Regensburg . After World War II , when Bavaria fell into the American Sector , Amberg was home to Pond Barracks , a United States Army post . I.F.Stone writes about it in his book Underground to Palestine ( pp . 31ff ) . The post was closed in 1992 and the facility turned over to the local community for housing , most of it for social housing . In late 2018 , the town was the site of the Amberg attacks , resulting in Rainer Wendt asking the Federal government to take a stand on the case . The city was said to be in a state of emergency . Joachim Herrmann , Bavarian Minister of the Interior , visited Amberg for consultations . Horst Seehofer , Federal Minister of the Interior , said the violent attacks are worrisome . Jewish history . Jews had settled in Amberg before 1294 , when the first documentation can be found . Shortly after , in 1298 , thirteen of the town Jews died during the Rindfleisch massacres . Nevertheless , in 1347 six families received permission to settle in Amberg and twenty years after , in 1367 , a Yeshivah was opened in it , though the Jewish community was expelled from Amberg in 1403 . Upon the expulsion , the synagogue was annexed to the nearby church . Twelve Jews remained in town in 1942 . The few survivors returned to the town after 1945 , and a displaced persons camp named Amberg - located nearby the town - housed mostly Jewish refugees and survivors . As a result of immigration from the former USSR to Germany , the Jewish population in town grew to about 275 in 2003 . A synagogue exists in town nowadays . Subdistricts . Amberg has 25 sub-districts , which include its surrounding villages : - Amberg - Atzlricht - Bergsteig - Bernricht - Eglsee - Fiederhof - Fuchsstein - Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-West - Gärbershof - Karmensölden - Kemnathermühl - Kleinraigering - Krumbach - Lengenloh - Luitpoldhöhe - Neubernricht - Neumühle - Neuricht - Oberammersricht - Raigering - Schäflohe - Schweighof - Speckmannshof Lord mayors . - 1866–1892 : Vincent König - 1892–1907 : Josef Heldmann - 1907–1913 : Georg Schön - 1913–1933 : Eduard Klug , BVP - 1933 : Otto Saugel ( temporary ) - 1933–1945 : Josef Filbig , NSDAP - 1945–1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946 : Eduard Klug - 1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946–1952 : Michael Lotter , CSU - 1952–1958 : Josef Filbig , Deutsche Gemeinschaft ( Deutschland ) - 1958–1970 : Wolf Steininger , CSU - 1970–1990 : Franz Prechtl , CSU - 1990–2014 : Wolfgang Dandorfer , CSU - since 2014 : Michael Cerny , CSU Sights . A defining feature of the town is the Stadtbrille ( literally : town spectacles ) – a bridge , originally a part of the town fortifications , whose arches reflected on the river waters resemble a pair of spectacles . Other tourist attractions in Amberg include : - Market Square , which contains the Gothic town hall ( built in 1358 ) and the late-Gothic parish church of St . Martin - The New Palace , the former residence of the counts of the Rhenish Palatinate , built at the beginning of the 15th century and renovated in 1603 - A well-preserved section of the medieval walls and gates - The baroque Franciscan monastery on the Hill of Our Lady Help of Christians ( Germ . Mariahilfberg ) above the town . This hill was given its name during the bubonic plague in the Thirty Years War in 1633/4 when the locals beseeched the Virgin Mary to rid them of the plague . - The Little Wedding House ( local German dialect Eh’häusl ) , claimed by town authorities to be the worlds smallest hotel . Built in 1728 , the 2 metre wide hotel was sold to young couples for one night to circumvent laws prohibiting marriages between poor people . - The town museum ( Stadtmuseum Amberg ) includes exhibits on life and industry in Amberg , the history of clothing and works of Michael Mathias Prechtl and houses travelling exhibitions . - Air Museum ( Luftmuseum ) , opened in 2006 . Twin towns – sister cities . Amberg is twinned with : - Bad Bergzabern , Germany - Bystrzyca Kłodzka , Poland - Desenzano del Garda , Italy - Périgueux , France - Trikala , Greece - Ústí nad Orlicí , Czech Republic Notable people . - Karl Addicks ( born 1950 ) , politician ( FDP ) , Member of Bundestag 2004-2009 - Hans Aumeier ( 1906–1948 ) , Nazi SS officer in a leading position in several concentration camps executed for war crimes - Hans Baumann ( 1914–1988 ) , elementary school teacher , poet , song composer , Childrens Book Author , Nazi official - Alexander Bugera ( born 1978 ) , football player - Sara Däbritz ( born 1995 ) , German football player ( Bayern Munich , German national team ) - Daniel Ernemann ( born 1976 ) , football player - Heiner Fleischmann ( 1914–1963 ) , motorcycle racer ( mainly on NSU ) - Fritz Hilpert ( born 1956 ) , musician ( Kraftwerk ) - Theodor Kaes ( 1852–1913 ) , German neurologist , was a native of Amberg - Barbara Meier ( born 1986 ) , German fashion model - Franz Stigler ( 1915-2008 ) , German World War II Luftwaffe fighter ace , 45 aerial victories , member of Jagdgeschwader 27 , and Jagdverband 44 . Known best for Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident . - Kathrine Switzer ( born 1947 ) , first woman to run the Boston Marathon , was born to American parents in Amberg . Sport . - FC Amberg , football team
|
[
"Wolfgang Dandorfer"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Amberg from 1990 to Apr 2014?
|
/wiki/Amberg#P6#3
|
Amberg Amberg ( ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany . It is located in the Upper Palatinate , roughly halfway between Regensburg and Bayreuth . In 2013 , over 41,000 people lived in the town . History . The town was first mentioned in 1034 , at that time under the name Ammenberg . It became an important trading centre in the Middle Ages , exporting mainly iron ore and iron products . In 1269 , together with Bamberg , the town became subordinate to the Wittelsbach dynasty that ruled Bavaria . In 1329 the town and the entire region fell to the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach family . The region adopted the name Upper Palatinate . It was no longer part of the duchy of Bavaria politically , though in geographic terms it was regarded as Bavarian and the region was part of the Bavarian circle in the organization of the Imperial Circles . In the 16th century , the rulers of Upper Palatinate turned to Protestantism . The town turned to Lutheranism . Later attempts of the ruling family to introduce the more radical Calvinism failed due to the reluctance of its citizens . In 1628 Amberg and Upper Palatinate became part of the electorate of Bavaria . The inhabitants were given the choice to return to Catholicism or emigrate . Many families left the town and moved to the Free Imperial Cities of Regensburg and Nuremberg . On 24 August 1796 , during the French Revolutionary Wars , the city and its environs were the locale of a major battle at which 35,000 French , under the command of Jean Baptiste Jourdan fought with 40,000 Austrians under the command of Archduke Charles ; the French suffered significantly more losses in this Austrian victory . Amberg was the regional capital of Upper Palatinate until 1810 when power was transferred to the larger city of Regensburg . After World War II , when Bavaria fell into the American Sector , Amberg was home to Pond Barracks , a United States Army post . I.F.Stone writes about it in his book Underground to Palestine ( pp . 31ff ) . The post was closed in 1992 and the facility turned over to the local community for housing , most of it for social housing . In late 2018 , the town was the site of the Amberg attacks , resulting in Rainer Wendt asking the Federal government to take a stand on the case . The city was said to be in a state of emergency . Joachim Herrmann , Bavarian Minister of the Interior , visited Amberg for consultations . Horst Seehofer , Federal Minister of the Interior , said the violent attacks are worrisome . Jewish history . Jews had settled in Amberg before 1294 , when the first documentation can be found . Shortly after , in 1298 , thirteen of the town Jews died during the Rindfleisch massacres . Nevertheless , in 1347 six families received permission to settle in Amberg and twenty years after , in 1367 , a Yeshivah was opened in it , though the Jewish community was expelled from Amberg in 1403 . Upon the expulsion , the synagogue was annexed to the nearby church . Twelve Jews remained in town in 1942 . The few survivors returned to the town after 1945 , and a displaced persons camp named Amberg - located nearby the town - housed mostly Jewish refugees and survivors . As a result of immigration from the former USSR to Germany , the Jewish population in town grew to about 275 in 2003 . A synagogue exists in town nowadays . Subdistricts . Amberg has 25 sub-districts , which include its surrounding villages : - Amberg - Atzlricht - Bergsteig - Bernricht - Eglsee - Fiederhof - Fuchsstein - Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-West - Gärbershof - Karmensölden - Kemnathermühl - Kleinraigering - Krumbach - Lengenloh - Luitpoldhöhe - Neubernricht - Neumühle - Neuricht - Oberammersricht - Raigering - Schäflohe - Schweighof - Speckmannshof Lord mayors . - 1866–1892 : Vincent König - 1892–1907 : Josef Heldmann - 1907–1913 : Georg Schön - 1913–1933 : Eduard Klug , BVP - 1933 : Otto Saugel ( temporary ) - 1933–1945 : Josef Filbig , NSDAP - 1945–1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946 : Eduard Klug - 1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946–1952 : Michael Lotter , CSU - 1952–1958 : Josef Filbig , Deutsche Gemeinschaft ( Deutschland ) - 1958–1970 : Wolf Steininger , CSU - 1970–1990 : Franz Prechtl , CSU - 1990–2014 : Wolfgang Dandorfer , CSU - since 2014 : Michael Cerny , CSU Sights . A defining feature of the town is the Stadtbrille ( literally : town spectacles ) – a bridge , originally a part of the town fortifications , whose arches reflected on the river waters resemble a pair of spectacles . Other tourist attractions in Amberg include : - Market Square , which contains the Gothic town hall ( built in 1358 ) and the late-Gothic parish church of St . Martin - The New Palace , the former residence of the counts of the Rhenish Palatinate , built at the beginning of the 15th century and renovated in 1603 - A well-preserved section of the medieval walls and gates - The baroque Franciscan monastery on the Hill of Our Lady Help of Christians ( Germ . Mariahilfberg ) above the town . This hill was given its name during the bubonic plague in the Thirty Years War in 1633/4 when the locals beseeched the Virgin Mary to rid them of the plague . - The Little Wedding House ( local German dialect Eh’häusl ) , claimed by town authorities to be the worlds smallest hotel . Built in 1728 , the 2 metre wide hotel was sold to young couples for one night to circumvent laws prohibiting marriages between poor people . - The town museum ( Stadtmuseum Amberg ) includes exhibits on life and industry in Amberg , the history of clothing and works of Michael Mathias Prechtl and houses travelling exhibitions . - Air Museum ( Luftmuseum ) , opened in 2006 . Twin towns – sister cities . Amberg is twinned with : - Bad Bergzabern , Germany - Bystrzyca Kłodzka , Poland - Desenzano del Garda , Italy - Périgueux , France - Trikala , Greece - Ústí nad Orlicí , Czech Republic Notable people . - Karl Addicks ( born 1950 ) , politician ( FDP ) , Member of Bundestag 2004-2009 - Hans Aumeier ( 1906–1948 ) , Nazi SS officer in a leading position in several concentration camps executed for war crimes - Hans Baumann ( 1914–1988 ) , elementary school teacher , poet , song composer , Childrens Book Author , Nazi official - Alexander Bugera ( born 1978 ) , football player - Sara Däbritz ( born 1995 ) , German football player ( Bayern Munich , German national team ) - Daniel Ernemann ( born 1976 ) , football player - Heiner Fleischmann ( 1914–1963 ) , motorcycle racer ( mainly on NSU ) - Fritz Hilpert ( born 1956 ) , musician ( Kraftwerk ) - Theodor Kaes ( 1852–1913 ) , German neurologist , was a native of Amberg - Barbara Meier ( born 1986 ) , German fashion model - Franz Stigler ( 1915-2008 ) , German World War II Luftwaffe fighter ace , 45 aerial victories , member of Jagdgeschwader 27 , and Jagdverband 44 . Known best for Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident . - Kathrine Switzer ( born 1947 ) , first woman to run the Boston Marathon , was born to American parents in Amberg . Sport . - FC Amberg , football team
|
[
"Michael Cerny",
"Wolfgang Dandorfer"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Amberg in Apr 2014?
|
/wiki/Amberg#P6#4
|
Amberg Amberg ( ) is a town in Bavaria , Germany . It is located in the Upper Palatinate , roughly halfway between Regensburg and Bayreuth . In 2013 , over 41,000 people lived in the town . History . The town was first mentioned in 1034 , at that time under the name Ammenberg . It became an important trading centre in the Middle Ages , exporting mainly iron ore and iron products . In 1269 , together with Bamberg , the town became subordinate to the Wittelsbach dynasty that ruled Bavaria . In 1329 the town and the entire region fell to the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach family . The region adopted the name Upper Palatinate . It was no longer part of the duchy of Bavaria politically , though in geographic terms it was regarded as Bavarian and the region was part of the Bavarian circle in the organization of the Imperial Circles . In the 16th century , the rulers of Upper Palatinate turned to Protestantism . The town turned to Lutheranism . Later attempts of the ruling family to introduce the more radical Calvinism failed due to the reluctance of its citizens . In 1628 Amberg and Upper Palatinate became part of the electorate of Bavaria . The inhabitants were given the choice to return to Catholicism or emigrate . Many families left the town and moved to the Free Imperial Cities of Regensburg and Nuremberg . On 24 August 1796 , during the French Revolutionary Wars , the city and its environs were the locale of a major battle at which 35,000 French , under the command of Jean Baptiste Jourdan fought with 40,000 Austrians under the command of Archduke Charles ; the French suffered significantly more losses in this Austrian victory . Amberg was the regional capital of Upper Palatinate until 1810 when power was transferred to the larger city of Regensburg . After World War II , when Bavaria fell into the American Sector , Amberg was home to Pond Barracks , a United States Army post . I.F.Stone writes about it in his book Underground to Palestine ( pp . 31ff ) . The post was closed in 1992 and the facility turned over to the local community for housing , most of it for social housing . In late 2018 , the town was the site of the Amberg attacks , resulting in Rainer Wendt asking the Federal government to take a stand on the case . The city was said to be in a state of emergency . Joachim Herrmann , Bavarian Minister of the Interior , visited Amberg for consultations . Horst Seehofer , Federal Minister of the Interior , said the violent attacks are worrisome . Jewish history . Jews had settled in Amberg before 1294 , when the first documentation can be found . Shortly after , in 1298 , thirteen of the town Jews died during the Rindfleisch massacres . Nevertheless , in 1347 six families received permission to settle in Amberg and twenty years after , in 1367 , a Yeshivah was opened in it , though the Jewish community was expelled from Amberg in 1403 . Upon the expulsion , the synagogue was annexed to the nearby church . Twelve Jews remained in town in 1942 . The few survivors returned to the town after 1945 , and a displaced persons camp named Amberg - located nearby the town - housed mostly Jewish refugees and survivors . As a result of immigration from the former USSR to Germany , the Jewish population in town grew to about 275 in 2003 . A synagogue exists in town nowadays . Subdistricts . Amberg has 25 sub-districts , which include its surrounding villages : - Amberg - Atzlricht - Bergsteig - Bernricht - Eglsee - Fiederhof - Fuchsstein - Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-Gailoh - Gewerbegebiet-West - Gärbershof - Karmensölden - Kemnathermühl - Kleinraigering - Krumbach - Lengenloh - Luitpoldhöhe - Neubernricht - Neumühle - Neuricht - Oberammersricht - Raigering - Schäflohe - Schweighof - Speckmannshof Lord mayors . - 1866–1892 : Vincent König - 1892–1907 : Josef Heldmann - 1907–1913 : Georg Schön - 1913–1933 : Eduard Klug , BVP - 1933 : Otto Saugel ( temporary ) - 1933–1945 : Josef Filbig , NSDAP - 1945–1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946 : Eduard Klug - 1946 : Christian Endemann , SPD - 1946–1952 : Michael Lotter , CSU - 1952–1958 : Josef Filbig , Deutsche Gemeinschaft ( Deutschland ) - 1958–1970 : Wolf Steininger , CSU - 1970–1990 : Franz Prechtl , CSU - 1990–2014 : Wolfgang Dandorfer , CSU - since 2014 : Michael Cerny , CSU Sights . A defining feature of the town is the Stadtbrille ( literally : town spectacles ) – a bridge , originally a part of the town fortifications , whose arches reflected on the river waters resemble a pair of spectacles . Other tourist attractions in Amberg include : - Market Square , which contains the Gothic town hall ( built in 1358 ) and the late-Gothic parish church of St . Martin - The New Palace , the former residence of the counts of the Rhenish Palatinate , built at the beginning of the 15th century and renovated in 1603 - A well-preserved section of the medieval walls and gates - The baroque Franciscan monastery on the Hill of Our Lady Help of Christians ( Germ . Mariahilfberg ) above the town . This hill was given its name during the bubonic plague in the Thirty Years War in 1633/4 when the locals beseeched the Virgin Mary to rid them of the plague . - The Little Wedding House ( local German dialect Eh’häusl ) , claimed by town authorities to be the worlds smallest hotel . Built in 1728 , the 2 metre wide hotel was sold to young couples for one night to circumvent laws prohibiting marriages between poor people . - The town museum ( Stadtmuseum Amberg ) includes exhibits on life and industry in Amberg , the history of clothing and works of Michael Mathias Prechtl and houses travelling exhibitions . - Air Museum ( Luftmuseum ) , opened in 2006 . Twin towns – sister cities . Amberg is twinned with : - Bad Bergzabern , Germany - Bystrzyca Kłodzka , Poland - Desenzano del Garda , Italy - Périgueux , France - Trikala , Greece - Ústí nad Orlicí , Czech Republic Notable people . - Karl Addicks ( born 1950 ) , politician ( FDP ) , Member of Bundestag 2004-2009 - Hans Aumeier ( 1906–1948 ) , Nazi SS officer in a leading position in several concentration camps executed for war crimes - Hans Baumann ( 1914–1988 ) , elementary school teacher , poet , song composer , Childrens Book Author , Nazi official - Alexander Bugera ( born 1978 ) , football player - Sara Däbritz ( born 1995 ) , German football player ( Bayern Munich , German national team ) - Daniel Ernemann ( born 1976 ) , football player - Heiner Fleischmann ( 1914–1963 ) , motorcycle racer ( mainly on NSU ) - Fritz Hilpert ( born 1956 ) , musician ( Kraftwerk ) - Theodor Kaes ( 1852–1913 ) , German neurologist , was a native of Amberg - Barbara Meier ( born 1986 ) , German fashion model - Franz Stigler ( 1915-2008 ) , German World War II Luftwaffe fighter ace , 45 aerial victories , member of Jagdgeschwader 27 , and Jagdverband 44 . Known best for Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident . - Kathrine Switzer ( born 1947 ) , first woman to run the Boston Marathon , was born to American parents in Amberg . Sport . - FC Amberg , football team
|
[
"auxiliary Bishop"
] |
easy
|
Eugênio Sales took which position from Jun 1954 to Apr 1969?
|
/wiki/Eugênio_Sales#P39#0
|
Eugênio Sales Eugênio de Araújo Sales ( 8 November 1920 – 9 July 2012 ) was a cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church , having been elevated by Pope Paul VI on 28 April 1969 . He served as archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro for thirty years until his resignation was accepted in 2001 , when he had already passed the maximum age for voting in a papal conclave . He was the Cardinal Protopriest of the Holy Roman Church and also the longest-serving living Cardinal of the Catholic Church from 16 February 2009 until his death . Early life and ordination . Sales was born in Acari , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil to a prominent upper-class family : his father , Celso Dantas Sales , was a judge in the Court of Appeals of the State of Rio Grande do Norte . Eugênio Sales did humanistic studies as a teenager and entered the minor seminary at Natal in 1936 . After spending one year in the minor seminary , Sales graduated to the major seminary at Fortaleza , where he prepared to the priesthood from 1937 to 1943 . He was ordained to the priesthood on 21 November 1943 , and spent the following decade in pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Natal . Bishop . Pope Pius XII appointed Sales to the Episcopate , naming him titular Bishop of Thibica and auxiliary Bishop of Natal on 1 June 1954 . Sales was consecrated a Bishop on 15 August 1954 . On 9 January 1962 , Pope John XXIII named Sales Apostolic Administrator of Natal , and on 9 July 1964 Pope Paul VI transferred him to the Primatial See of São Salvador da Bahia also as Apostolic Administrator sede plena . Bishop Sales attended all the sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965 . On 29 October 1968 , Sales , until then Apostolic Administrator , was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia , becoming ex officio the Primate of Brazil . Cardinal . On the consistory of 28 April 1969 , Pope Paul created Archbishop Sales a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church . On 30 April 1969 Cardinal Sales received his red biretta and the title of Cardinal-Priest of S . Gregorio VII . Sales , then Metropolitan Archbishop of Salvador and Primate of Brazil was appointed papal legate to the Brazilian National Eucharistic Congress held in 1970 and in that capacity he presided over the aforementioned gathering , which took place in Brasília , the Nations capital . On 13 March 1971 , Pope Paul VI transferred Sales to the Metropolitan Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro . Sales took possession of his new See on 27 March 1971 . In 1972 Sales received the additional responsibility of Ordinary to the Faithful of Oriental Rite in Brazil without their own Ordinary . As a Cardinal-elector , Sales participated in the August and October 1978 conclaves . Sales led the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro for thirty years , between 1971 and 2001 . In the Roman Curia , Sales was appointed a member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of Holy See in 1981 . While serving as Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , Sales attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in 1971 , the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate in 1979 , the Extraordinary Consistory ( plenary meeting of the College of Cardinals ) also in 1979 , the V Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , the Extraordinary Consistory of 1982 , the VI Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , in 1983 , the Extraordinary Consistory of 1985 and the Second Extraordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , also in 1985 , the 4th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate , in 1992 . Chosen by Pope John Paul II , he served as president-delegate of the Special Synod of Bishops for America that was held in 1997 . In addition to his service as papal legate a latere in 1970 and of his legation as president delegate of the Special Assembly for America of the Synod of Bishops in 1997 , Sales also served as Special Papal Envoy on three occasions : the first was when , in 1991 , he presided over the 12th National Eucharistic Congress of Brazil held in the city of Natal ; his second appointment as special papal envoy came after his retirement as Archbishop of Rio , when he represented the Pope during the celebrations held in Aparecida marking three events : the centennial of the Coronation of the image of Our Lady Aparecida by mandate of Pope Pius X in 1904 , the 150th anniversary of the proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception , and a renewed Papal Coronation of the image of Our Lady Aparecida , performed by Sales on behalf of Pope Jonh Paul II ; the triple celebration took place on 8 September 2004 . Sales third mission as special papal envoy was performed when he travelled to Braga , Portugal , and there presided , on 8 December 2004 over celebrations commemorating the centennial of the coronation of the image of Our Lady of Sameiro and the sesquicentennial of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception . As of July 2011 , Pope Benedict XVI held three days of prayer and reflection , each on the eve of an ordinary public consistory for the creation of new Cardinals . Although those days of prayer and reflection were not convoked as formal extraordinary consistories , all members of the College of Cardinals ( electors and non-electors ) were summoned to attend the meetings , together with the prelates that were about to be raised to the cardinalate . Sales attended all three of those meetings , on 23 March 2006 , 23 November 2007 and 19 November 2010 . Retirement . In accordance with Canon Law , Sales tendered his resignation from the See of Rio de Janeiro when he became 75 years old in 1995 , and he reiterated the letter of resignation a few times in the succeeding years , but Pope John Paul II only accepted Sales resignation on 25 July 2001 . Sales had already completed 80 years of age in the previous year and had thus lost , since 8 November 2000 , the right to take part in a papal conclave and his membership in the Dicasteries of the Roman Curia . The fact that he was allowed to continue serving as Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro after that milestone was extremely unusual . As is the normal practice , by mandate of the Holy See , Sales , now Archbishop emeritus , continued to govern the See of Rio de Janeiro as Apostolic Administrator from the acceptance of his resignation on 25 July 2001 until the installation of his successor on 22 September 2001 . Saless transition to retirement was completed on 3 October 2001 when his resignation from the office of Ordinary to the Faithful of Oriental Rite in Brazil without their own Ordinary was accepted by Pope John Paul II . At the death of Pope John Paul II , Sales was the second-longest-serving cardinal in the Church and as such , although at 84 unable to vote in the 2005 Papal conclave , he played an important role in the pre-conclave discussions . He presided at one of the funeral masses for John Paul II during the Novemdiales ( nine days of mourning for the deceased Pope ) as senior Cardinal-Priest present in Rome during the 2005 sede vacante . Also in that capacity , Sales was present in the first and third ( non-public ) parts of the funeral of Pope John Paul II , and was one of those who signed the rogito ( the parchment containing biographical data that was placed inside the papal coffin ) . Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan , the then Cardinal Protopriest , was ill and was not present in Rome during the days of the sede vacante . As the next Cardinal in the order of precedence , Sales therefore performed the duties of the Protopriest at that time . Cardinal Kim did manage to arrive for the installation of the new Roman Pontiff , Pope Benedict XVI . After the death of Cardinal Kim in February 2009 , Sales became both the Cardinal protoprete and also the longest serving living Cardinal of the Catholic Church . On 28 April 2009 , Sales completed 40 years as a member of the College of Cardinals . On 8 November 2010 the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro held celebrations to commemorate the Cardinals 90th birthday ; by the time of his 90th birthday , Sales was already the last living Cardinal created in the Consistory of 28 April 1969 . He was thus the last living person to have been raised to the Cardinalate before the entry into force of the modern form of the Mass promulgated by Pope Paul VI with the Constitution Missale Romanum . Although retired , Sales still engaged in pastoral activities . He still kept the commitment of writing a weekly article on a topic of faith or morals , which was published in the O Globo newspaper , and as of March 2011 he was still often seen celebrating Mass on Sundays or other holy days in the parish church of Our Lady of Peace in the neighbourhood of Ipanema . That parish church is adjacent to a Church owned office building where Sales maintained an office . In May 2011 the 90-year-old Cardinal stopped publishing his weekly articles in O Globo ( he had written weekly articles for the newspaper for 40 years , since his installation as Archbishop of Rio in 1971 ) and , on his recommendation , the Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , Orani João Tempesta , was invited by the owners of the newspaper to continue the religious articles and he agreed to assume that task . Sales last article was published on 25 April 2011 . Death . Sales died at age 91 during his sleep on 9 July 2012 from a heart attack . His funeral mass and burial were on Wednesday , 11 July 2012 , with Rio de Janeiros current archbishop , Orani João Tempesta , presiding along with the other prelates of the archdiocese . Views . Protests against human rights violations . As Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro from 1971 , Sales protested the many human rights violations in Brazil during the period of military rule that lasted from 31 March 1964 to 15 March 1985 . His work supporting those tortured by the regime in this era has been only recently noted by historians of Brazil . Fight against dissent . Following the fall of the military dictatorship and Pope John Paul IIs reining in of theological dissent , Sales became the Church in Brazils most prominent voice against what he saw as dissent from Catholic moral teaching in the country . In the 1990s he made many efforts to become a cultural leader in this struggle : going so far as to oppose the traditional Carnival in Rio de Janeiro with a festival of prayer which he saw as opposing trends towards sexual libertinism in modern Brazil . External links . - Biography - catholic-hierarchy.org - Secret Dialogues : Church-State Relations , Torture , and Social Justice in Authoritarian Brazil
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[
"Cardinal-Priest of S . Gregorio VII"
] |
easy
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Eugênio Sales took which position from Apr 1969 to Jul 1972?
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/wiki/Eugênio_Sales#P39#1
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Eugênio Sales Eugênio de Araújo Sales ( 8 November 1920 – 9 July 2012 ) was a cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church , having been elevated by Pope Paul VI on 28 April 1969 . He served as archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro for thirty years until his resignation was accepted in 2001 , when he had already passed the maximum age for voting in a papal conclave . He was the Cardinal Protopriest of the Holy Roman Church and also the longest-serving living Cardinal of the Catholic Church from 16 February 2009 until his death . Early life and ordination . Sales was born in Acari , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil to a prominent upper-class family : his father , Celso Dantas Sales , was a judge in the Court of Appeals of the State of Rio Grande do Norte . Eugênio Sales did humanistic studies as a teenager and entered the minor seminary at Natal in 1936 . After spending one year in the minor seminary , Sales graduated to the major seminary at Fortaleza , where he prepared to the priesthood from 1937 to 1943 . He was ordained to the priesthood on 21 November 1943 , and spent the following decade in pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Natal . Bishop . Pope Pius XII appointed Sales to the Episcopate , naming him titular Bishop of Thibica and auxiliary Bishop of Natal on 1 June 1954 . Sales was consecrated a Bishop on 15 August 1954 . On 9 January 1962 , Pope John XXIII named Sales Apostolic Administrator of Natal , and on 9 July 1964 Pope Paul VI transferred him to the Primatial See of São Salvador da Bahia also as Apostolic Administrator sede plena . Bishop Sales attended all the sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965 . On 29 October 1968 , Sales , until then Apostolic Administrator , was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia , becoming ex officio the Primate of Brazil . Cardinal . On the consistory of 28 April 1969 , Pope Paul created Archbishop Sales a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church . On 30 April 1969 Cardinal Sales received his red biretta and the title of Cardinal-Priest of S . Gregorio VII . Sales , then Metropolitan Archbishop of Salvador and Primate of Brazil was appointed papal legate to the Brazilian National Eucharistic Congress held in 1970 and in that capacity he presided over the aforementioned gathering , which took place in Brasília , the Nations capital . On 13 March 1971 , Pope Paul VI transferred Sales to the Metropolitan Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro . Sales took possession of his new See on 27 March 1971 . In 1972 Sales received the additional responsibility of Ordinary to the Faithful of Oriental Rite in Brazil without their own Ordinary . As a Cardinal-elector , Sales participated in the August and October 1978 conclaves . Sales led the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro for thirty years , between 1971 and 2001 . In the Roman Curia , Sales was appointed a member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of Holy See in 1981 . While serving as Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , Sales attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in 1971 , the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate in 1979 , the Extraordinary Consistory ( plenary meeting of the College of Cardinals ) also in 1979 , the V Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , the Extraordinary Consistory of 1982 , the VI Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , in 1983 , the Extraordinary Consistory of 1985 and the Second Extraordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , also in 1985 , the 4th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate , in 1992 . Chosen by Pope John Paul II , he served as president-delegate of the Special Synod of Bishops for America that was held in 1997 . In addition to his service as papal legate a latere in 1970 and of his legation as president delegate of the Special Assembly for America of the Synod of Bishops in 1997 , Sales also served as Special Papal Envoy on three occasions : the first was when , in 1991 , he presided over the 12th National Eucharistic Congress of Brazil held in the city of Natal ; his second appointment as special papal envoy came after his retirement as Archbishop of Rio , when he represented the Pope during the celebrations held in Aparecida marking three events : the centennial of the Coronation of the image of Our Lady Aparecida by mandate of Pope Pius X in 1904 , the 150th anniversary of the proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception , and a renewed Papal Coronation of the image of Our Lady Aparecida , performed by Sales on behalf of Pope Jonh Paul II ; the triple celebration took place on 8 September 2004 . Sales third mission as special papal envoy was performed when he travelled to Braga , Portugal , and there presided , on 8 December 2004 over celebrations commemorating the centennial of the coronation of the image of Our Lady of Sameiro and the sesquicentennial of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception . As of July 2011 , Pope Benedict XVI held three days of prayer and reflection , each on the eve of an ordinary public consistory for the creation of new Cardinals . Although those days of prayer and reflection were not convoked as formal extraordinary consistories , all members of the College of Cardinals ( electors and non-electors ) were summoned to attend the meetings , together with the prelates that were about to be raised to the cardinalate . Sales attended all three of those meetings , on 23 March 2006 , 23 November 2007 and 19 November 2010 . Retirement . In accordance with Canon Law , Sales tendered his resignation from the See of Rio de Janeiro when he became 75 years old in 1995 , and he reiterated the letter of resignation a few times in the succeeding years , but Pope John Paul II only accepted Sales resignation on 25 July 2001 . Sales had already completed 80 years of age in the previous year and had thus lost , since 8 November 2000 , the right to take part in a papal conclave and his membership in the Dicasteries of the Roman Curia . The fact that he was allowed to continue serving as Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro after that milestone was extremely unusual . As is the normal practice , by mandate of the Holy See , Sales , now Archbishop emeritus , continued to govern the See of Rio de Janeiro as Apostolic Administrator from the acceptance of his resignation on 25 July 2001 until the installation of his successor on 22 September 2001 . Saless transition to retirement was completed on 3 October 2001 when his resignation from the office of Ordinary to the Faithful of Oriental Rite in Brazil without their own Ordinary was accepted by Pope John Paul II . At the death of Pope John Paul II , Sales was the second-longest-serving cardinal in the Church and as such , although at 84 unable to vote in the 2005 Papal conclave , he played an important role in the pre-conclave discussions . He presided at one of the funeral masses for John Paul II during the Novemdiales ( nine days of mourning for the deceased Pope ) as senior Cardinal-Priest present in Rome during the 2005 sede vacante . Also in that capacity , Sales was present in the first and third ( non-public ) parts of the funeral of Pope John Paul II , and was one of those who signed the rogito ( the parchment containing biographical data that was placed inside the papal coffin ) . Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan , the then Cardinal Protopriest , was ill and was not present in Rome during the days of the sede vacante . As the next Cardinal in the order of precedence , Sales therefore performed the duties of the Protopriest at that time . Cardinal Kim did manage to arrive for the installation of the new Roman Pontiff , Pope Benedict XVI . After the death of Cardinal Kim in February 2009 , Sales became both the Cardinal protoprete and also the longest serving living Cardinal of the Catholic Church . On 28 April 2009 , Sales completed 40 years as a member of the College of Cardinals . On 8 November 2010 the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro held celebrations to commemorate the Cardinals 90th birthday ; by the time of his 90th birthday , Sales was already the last living Cardinal created in the Consistory of 28 April 1969 . He was thus the last living person to have been raised to the Cardinalate before the entry into force of the modern form of the Mass promulgated by Pope Paul VI with the Constitution Missale Romanum . Although retired , Sales still engaged in pastoral activities . He still kept the commitment of writing a weekly article on a topic of faith or morals , which was published in the O Globo newspaper , and as of March 2011 he was still often seen celebrating Mass on Sundays or other holy days in the parish church of Our Lady of Peace in the neighbourhood of Ipanema . That parish church is adjacent to a Church owned office building where Sales maintained an office . In May 2011 the 90-year-old Cardinal stopped publishing his weekly articles in O Globo ( he had written weekly articles for the newspaper for 40 years , since his installation as Archbishop of Rio in 1971 ) and , on his recommendation , the Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , Orani João Tempesta , was invited by the owners of the newspaper to continue the religious articles and he agreed to assume that task . Sales last article was published on 25 April 2011 . Death . Sales died at age 91 during his sleep on 9 July 2012 from a heart attack . His funeral mass and burial were on Wednesday , 11 July 2012 , with Rio de Janeiros current archbishop , Orani João Tempesta , presiding along with the other prelates of the archdiocese . Views . Protests against human rights violations . As Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro from 1971 , Sales protested the many human rights violations in Brazil during the period of military rule that lasted from 31 March 1964 to 15 March 1985 . His work supporting those tortured by the regime in this era has been only recently noted by historians of Brazil . Fight against dissent . Following the fall of the military dictatorship and Pope John Paul IIs reining in of theological dissent , Sales became the Church in Brazils most prominent voice against what he saw as dissent from Catholic moral teaching in the country . In the 1990s he made many efforts to become a cultural leader in this struggle : going so far as to oppose the traditional Carnival in Rio de Janeiro with a festival of prayer which he saw as opposing trends towards sexual libertinism in modern Brazil . External links . - Biography - catholic-hierarchy.org - Secret Dialogues : Church-State Relations , Torture , and Social Justice in Authoritarian Brazil
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[
"Cardinal-elector"
] |
easy
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Eugênio Sales took which position from Jul 1972 to Jul 1973?
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/wiki/Eugênio_Sales#P39#2
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Eugênio Sales Eugênio de Araújo Sales ( 8 November 1920 – 9 July 2012 ) was a cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church , having been elevated by Pope Paul VI on 28 April 1969 . He served as archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro for thirty years until his resignation was accepted in 2001 , when he had already passed the maximum age for voting in a papal conclave . He was the Cardinal Protopriest of the Holy Roman Church and also the longest-serving living Cardinal of the Catholic Church from 16 February 2009 until his death . Early life and ordination . Sales was born in Acari , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil to a prominent upper-class family : his father , Celso Dantas Sales , was a judge in the Court of Appeals of the State of Rio Grande do Norte . Eugênio Sales did humanistic studies as a teenager and entered the minor seminary at Natal in 1936 . After spending one year in the minor seminary , Sales graduated to the major seminary at Fortaleza , where he prepared to the priesthood from 1937 to 1943 . He was ordained to the priesthood on 21 November 1943 , and spent the following decade in pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Natal . Bishop . Pope Pius XII appointed Sales to the Episcopate , naming him titular Bishop of Thibica and auxiliary Bishop of Natal on 1 June 1954 . Sales was consecrated a Bishop on 15 August 1954 . On 9 January 1962 , Pope John XXIII named Sales Apostolic Administrator of Natal , and on 9 July 1964 Pope Paul VI transferred him to the Primatial See of São Salvador da Bahia also as Apostolic Administrator sede plena . Bishop Sales attended all the sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965 . On 29 October 1968 , Sales , until then Apostolic Administrator , was appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia , becoming ex officio the Primate of Brazil . Cardinal . On the consistory of 28 April 1969 , Pope Paul created Archbishop Sales a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church . On 30 April 1969 Cardinal Sales received his red biretta and the title of Cardinal-Priest of S . Gregorio VII . Sales , then Metropolitan Archbishop of Salvador and Primate of Brazil was appointed papal legate to the Brazilian National Eucharistic Congress held in 1970 and in that capacity he presided over the aforementioned gathering , which took place in Brasília , the Nations capital . On 13 March 1971 , Pope Paul VI transferred Sales to the Metropolitan Archdiocese of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro . Sales took possession of his new See on 27 March 1971 . In 1972 Sales received the additional responsibility of Ordinary to the Faithful of Oriental Rite in Brazil without their own Ordinary . As a Cardinal-elector , Sales participated in the August and October 1978 conclaves . Sales led the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro for thirty years , between 1971 and 2001 . In the Roman Curia , Sales was appointed a member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of the Organizational and Economic Problems of Holy See in 1981 . While serving as Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , Sales attended the II Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in 1971 , the III General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate in 1979 , the Extraordinary Consistory ( plenary meeting of the College of Cardinals ) also in 1979 , the V Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , the Extraordinary Consistory of 1982 , the VI Ordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , in 1983 , the Extraordinary Consistory of 1985 and the Second Extraordinary Assembly of the Synod of Bishops , also in 1985 , the 4th General Conference of the Latin American Episcopate , in 1992 . Chosen by Pope John Paul II , he served as president-delegate of the Special Synod of Bishops for America that was held in 1997 . In addition to his service as papal legate a latere in 1970 and of his legation as president delegate of the Special Assembly for America of the Synod of Bishops in 1997 , Sales also served as Special Papal Envoy on three occasions : the first was when , in 1991 , he presided over the 12th National Eucharistic Congress of Brazil held in the city of Natal ; his second appointment as special papal envoy came after his retirement as Archbishop of Rio , when he represented the Pope during the celebrations held in Aparecida marking three events : the centennial of the Coronation of the image of Our Lady Aparecida by mandate of Pope Pius X in 1904 , the 150th anniversary of the proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception , and a renewed Papal Coronation of the image of Our Lady Aparecida , performed by Sales on behalf of Pope Jonh Paul II ; the triple celebration took place on 8 September 2004 . Sales third mission as special papal envoy was performed when he travelled to Braga , Portugal , and there presided , on 8 December 2004 over celebrations commemorating the centennial of the coronation of the image of Our Lady of Sameiro and the sesquicentennial of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception . As of July 2011 , Pope Benedict XVI held three days of prayer and reflection , each on the eve of an ordinary public consistory for the creation of new Cardinals . Although those days of prayer and reflection were not convoked as formal extraordinary consistories , all members of the College of Cardinals ( electors and non-electors ) were summoned to attend the meetings , together with the prelates that were about to be raised to the cardinalate . Sales attended all three of those meetings , on 23 March 2006 , 23 November 2007 and 19 November 2010 . Retirement . In accordance with Canon Law , Sales tendered his resignation from the See of Rio de Janeiro when he became 75 years old in 1995 , and he reiterated the letter of resignation a few times in the succeeding years , but Pope John Paul II only accepted Sales resignation on 25 July 2001 . Sales had already completed 80 years of age in the previous year and had thus lost , since 8 November 2000 , the right to take part in a papal conclave and his membership in the Dicasteries of the Roman Curia . The fact that he was allowed to continue serving as Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro after that milestone was extremely unusual . As is the normal practice , by mandate of the Holy See , Sales , now Archbishop emeritus , continued to govern the See of Rio de Janeiro as Apostolic Administrator from the acceptance of his resignation on 25 July 2001 until the installation of his successor on 22 September 2001 . Saless transition to retirement was completed on 3 October 2001 when his resignation from the office of Ordinary to the Faithful of Oriental Rite in Brazil without their own Ordinary was accepted by Pope John Paul II . At the death of Pope John Paul II , Sales was the second-longest-serving cardinal in the Church and as such , although at 84 unable to vote in the 2005 Papal conclave , he played an important role in the pre-conclave discussions . He presided at one of the funeral masses for John Paul II during the Novemdiales ( nine days of mourning for the deceased Pope ) as senior Cardinal-Priest present in Rome during the 2005 sede vacante . Also in that capacity , Sales was present in the first and third ( non-public ) parts of the funeral of Pope John Paul II , and was one of those who signed the rogito ( the parchment containing biographical data that was placed inside the papal coffin ) . Cardinal Stephen Kim Sou-hwan , the then Cardinal Protopriest , was ill and was not present in Rome during the days of the sede vacante . As the next Cardinal in the order of precedence , Sales therefore performed the duties of the Protopriest at that time . Cardinal Kim did manage to arrive for the installation of the new Roman Pontiff , Pope Benedict XVI . After the death of Cardinal Kim in February 2009 , Sales became both the Cardinal protoprete and also the longest serving living Cardinal of the Catholic Church . On 28 April 2009 , Sales completed 40 years as a member of the College of Cardinals . On 8 November 2010 the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro held celebrations to commemorate the Cardinals 90th birthday ; by the time of his 90th birthday , Sales was already the last living Cardinal created in the Consistory of 28 April 1969 . He was thus the last living person to have been raised to the Cardinalate before the entry into force of the modern form of the Mass promulgated by Pope Paul VI with the Constitution Missale Romanum . Although retired , Sales still engaged in pastoral activities . He still kept the commitment of writing a weekly article on a topic of faith or morals , which was published in the O Globo newspaper , and as of March 2011 he was still often seen celebrating Mass on Sundays or other holy days in the parish church of Our Lady of Peace in the neighbourhood of Ipanema . That parish church is adjacent to a Church owned office building where Sales maintained an office . In May 2011 the 90-year-old Cardinal stopped publishing his weekly articles in O Globo ( he had written weekly articles for the newspaper for 40 years , since his installation as Archbishop of Rio in 1971 ) and , on his recommendation , the Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , Orani João Tempesta , was invited by the owners of the newspaper to continue the religious articles and he agreed to assume that task . Sales last article was published on 25 April 2011 . Death . Sales died at age 91 during his sleep on 9 July 2012 from a heart attack . His funeral mass and burial were on Wednesday , 11 July 2012 , with Rio de Janeiros current archbishop , Orani João Tempesta , presiding along with the other prelates of the archdiocese . Views . Protests against human rights violations . As Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro from 1971 , Sales protested the many human rights violations in Brazil during the period of military rule that lasted from 31 March 1964 to 15 March 1985 . His work supporting those tortured by the regime in this era has been only recently noted by historians of Brazil . Fight against dissent . Following the fall of the military dictatorship and Pope John Paul IIs reining in of theological dissent , Sales became the Church in Brazils most prominent voice against what he saw as dissent from Catholic moral teaching in the country . In the 1990s he made many efforts to become a cultural leader in this struggle : going so far as to oppose the traditional Carnival in Rio de Janeiro with a festival of prayer which he saw as opposing trends towards sexual libertinism in modern Brazil . External links . - Biography - catholic-hierarchy.org - Secret Dialogues : Church-State Relations , Torture , and Social Justice in Authoritarian Brazil
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[
"Hamilton College"
] |
easy
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Which school did Matt Cartwright go to from 1982 to 1983?
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/wiki/Matt_Cartwright#P69#0
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Matt Cartwright Matthew Alton Cartwright ( born May 1 , 1961 ) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the U.S . Representative for Pennsylvanias 8th congressional district since 2013 . The district , numbered as the 17th district from 2013 through 2019 , includes a large swath of northeastern Pennsylvania , anchored by Scranton , Wilkes-Barre and the Poconos . A member of the Democratic Party , Cartwright defeated 10-term incumbent Blue Dog Tim Holden , the dean of the Pennsylvania congressional delegation , in the Democratic primary on April 24 , 2012 , by a 57%–43% margin . Cartwright went on to defeat Republican Laureen Cummings in the general election on November 6 , 2012 , by a 61%–39% margin . As an attorney , Cartwright previously worked at the law firm of Munley , Munley , and Cartwright . Early life and education . Cartwright was born on May 1 , 1961 , in Erie , Pennsylvania , the son of Alton S . Cartwright and Adelaide ( Igoe ) Cartwright . Matt Cartwright attended Upper Canada College ( Toronto ) , graduating in 1979 , before going on to earn a magna cum laude Bachelor of Arts Degree in History from Hamilton College in 1983 , where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa . Cartwright studied law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School . He served two years as an Editor of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review and received his Juris Doctor degree in 1986 . In 1981 , Cartwright attended the London School of Economics where he met his future wife , Marion Munley . After graduating from law school , both Munley and Cartwright joined the Munley familys law firm in the Scranton area . Law career . For twenty-five years , Cartwright worked as an attorney and partner at Munley , Munley and Cartwright , a Scranton firm specializing in representation of consumers and small businesses in personal and business litigation . He was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1986 and in 2005 was further admitted to the Bar of New York . In 2008 , Cartwright was inducted into the International Society of Barristers . Cartwright served from 2009 to 2012 as a member of the Board of Governors of the American Association for Justice . Between 2005 and 2011 , Cartwright was the on-air legal analyst for The Law & You . In the segment , aired nightly as part of NBC affiliate WBRE-TVs evening newscast , he fielded viewer questions on legal matters . In 2011 , Cartwright co-authored the legal treatise Litigating Commercial and Business Tort Cases published by Thomson Reuters . During the 1992 presidential election , Cartwright was an Elected Delegate for candidate Bill Clinton at the Democratic National Convention , representing Pennsylvanias 10th congressional district . In 2001–2002 , he served as District Governor for Rotary International District 7410 , covering northeastern Pennsylvania . On November 5 , 2010 , the Boy Scouts of Americas Northeastern Pennsylvania Council presented Cartwright with its Silver Beaver Award for volunteer service to that organization . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2012 Pennsylvania Republicans , who controlled the redistricting process after the 2010 United States Census , significantly altered Holdens 17th district . The old 17th had been based in Harrisburg , but the new 17th had been pushed well to the north and east . In the process , it absorbed heavily Democratic Scranton and Wilkes-Barre , previously in the 11th district . The remap significantly altered the 17ths demographics . The old 17th had been anchored in traditionally Republican territory in central Pennsylvania ; in much of the district , Holden was the only elected Democrat above the county level . John McCain carried it with 51 percent of the vote . In contrast , the new 17th was anchored in northeastern Pennsylvania , which had long been the most Democratic region of the state outside of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh . Had the district existed in 2008 , Barack Obama would have carried it with 56 percent of the vote . An internal poll from Cartwright showed him up seven points against Holden , the incumbent . The new district was significantly bluer than its predecessor and was located in territory where constituents were unfamiliar with Holden . The only portion of the district that had been in the old 17th was Holdens home in Schuylkill County , with the majority of Democratic primary voters located in counties considered more favorable to Cartwrights candidacy . During the primary , Cartwright described himself as being from the Democratic wing of the Democratic Party — a line often employed by Howard Dean and Paul Wellstone . He was supported by MoveOn.org , the League of Conservation Voters , and the Campaign for Primary Accountability . Cartwright ran as a self-professed FDR Democrat , and as an ally of President Obama on taxes and health care reform , and pledged to work with U.S . Senator Robert P . Casey Jr. , also of Scranton , on regulations for safety in fracking . Cartwright also benefited in the race from endorsements from popular local public figures like State Representative Phyllis Mundy and former Scranton mayor Jimmy Connors . Holdens opposition to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and his support of energy legislation that included the Halliburton loophole are believed to have contributed to his defeat . On April 24 , 2012 , Cartwright defeated Holden by 57%-43% in the primary . In the November general election , Cartwright faced Republican nurse Laureen Cummings , a leader of the Scranton Tea Party . On November 6 , Cartwright defeated Cummings , 61%–39% to become the districts next congressman . On January 4 , 2013 , Cartwright was selected by his peers to serve as a class president of the 49 new Democratic members of the 113th Congress . - 2014 On November 4 , 2014 , Cartwright won a second term , defeating Republican challenger David Moylan , M.D. , the elected Coroner of Schuylkill County , by 13.6 points . - 2016 On November 8 , 2016 , Cartwright won a third term , defeating Republican challenger Matthew Connolly , a businessman from Northampton County , by seven points . - 2018 In the 2016 general election , President Donald Trump won the 17th district by over 10% in the concurrent presidential election . Facing an underfunded opponent , Cartwright did not run television advertisements . That year , Cartwright won re-election by only seven points , representing his lowest margin of victory . As a result , the National Republican Congressional Committee began to see Cartwright as potentially vulnerable , and listed him as a top target . In response , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee included him on its frontline list . Despite this , the district was rated as Likely D , meaning it was expected that Cartwright would win re-election . After the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania threw out Pennsylvanias previous congressional map , Cartwrights district was renumbered as the 8th district . It was pushed to the north and now covers the northeast corner of the state , but it also sweeps west to grab Scranton and Wilkes-Barre . In the process , it absorbed the remainder of Lackawanna County previously in the 10th district , as well as almost all of Luzerne County . In the election , Cartwright faced a self-funding opponent who spent $1.7 million of his familys money in the race , in total outspending Cartwright by nearly $300,000 , including direct expenditures of $625,778 by the NRCC . Cartwright won his fourth term by 9.3% with 54.65% of the vote without financial assistance from the DCCC . Following the general election , Cartwright was elected to House Democratic leadership , to serve as Co-chair of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee for the 116th Congress in the House Democratic Caucus elections . - 2020 On November 3 , 2020 , Cartwright won a fifth term , defeating Republican challenger Jim Bognet , the former senior vice president for communications of the Export–Import Bank of the United States , by nearly three points , representing his lowest margin of victory to date . In contrast , Trump won the district against Democratic challenger and Scranton native Joe Biden by five points during the concurrent presidential election . As a result , Cartwright became one of only seven incumbent Democratic Representatives to win their seats despite Trump prevailing over Biden in them . Political positions . Healthcare . Ed OKeefe of the Washington Post wrote on November 3 , 2013 , that Cartwright was elected largely based on the Affordable Care Act because the veteran moderate Democrat he challenged in a primary voted against it . According to OKeefe , Cartwright spent his first year in office preparing constituents for the ACA . In May 2017 , Cartwright voted against the Republican-sponsored American Health Care Act . Cartwright said in January 2018 that he continued to support the Affordable Care Act . Cartwright also supports Medicare for All . Immigration . In July 2015 , Cartwright voted against a bill that would have withdrawn funding from municipalities that declined to detain undocumented persons for the Immigration and Customs Enforcement service . In June 2017 , Cartwright was one of three Democrats who joined the 228-195 majority voting to cut off some particular federal grants from cities not agreeing to detentions . He voted for Kates Law , to increase criminal punishment for undocumented recidivist violent criminals . He co-sponsored legislation to protect the Dreamers , people who entered the country illegally as children . When President Trump ordered a temporary limit on immigration from certain countries , Cartwright criticized the order . Technology . On April 12 , 2016 , Cartwright introduced H.R . 4904 , the MEGABYTE Act , to reduce duplication of computer software procurement by the federal government . The bill passed in the U.S . House on June 7 , 2016 , and passed the U.S . Senate on July 14 , 2016 . It was signed by President Obama on July 29 , 2016 . Cartwright supports net neutrality . Veterans . On June 29 , 2017 , Cartwright introduced H.R . 3122 , the Veterans Care Financial Protection Act of 2017 , to crack down on scams targeting veterans applying for the Aid and Attendance benefits . The bill passed in the U.S . House on November 6 , 2017 , and passed the Senate on February 15 , 2018 . It was signed by President Trump on March 9 , 2018 . Economic issues . Cartwright supports increasing the income tax on the highest incomes . He also believes the current tax system in place gives too many breaks to Americans in the highest tax brackets . He describes the middle class as being under assault and seeks to alter the tax system to allow the middle-class to carry less of a burden . Cartwright has criticized the Trump tax cut , saying that it gave taxpayers little relief while adding huge sums to the national debt . Cartwright has stated that promoting family-sustaining jobs is his No . 1 message . He introduced H.R . 2296 , the Job Creation through Energy Efficiency Manufacturing Act , and H.R . 5812 , the Innovate America Act . He supports stricter enforcement of prohibitions against gender-based discrimination in wages . He has described education as the only method of truly alleviating poverty . Cartwright supports reducing defense spending in some areas . Environment . To combat global warming , Cartwright supports implementing cap-and-trade emission standards for companies to encourage lowering emissions . On February 26 , 2014 , Cartwright introduced the Streamlining Energy Efficiency for Schools Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4092 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would require the United States Department of Energy to establish a centralized clearinghouse to disseminate information on federal programs , incentives , and mechanisms for financing energy-efficient retrofits and upgrades at schools . Cartwright argued that the bill is a strategic and cost-saving investment to relieve the fiscal pressure felt by schools across the country while bringing us closer to energy security . Cartwrights bill passed unanimously out of the Energy and Commerce Committee on April 30 , 2014 . It passed the full House of Representatives on June 23 , 2014 . Gun policy . Cartwright is in favor of more gun control . During his first month in office he co-sponsored four bills involving gun control . He opposes gun-makers legal immunity after a crime has occurred , and he opposes assault rifle sales . LGBT rights . He supports same-sex marriages and stated theres no reason to discriminate against gay people . He does not believe religious leaders should be mandated to perform same-sex wedding ceremonies . The Human Rights Campaign scorecard has given Cartwright a 100% score for his tenure in Congress . Abortion . Cartwright describes himself as personally pro-life but has consistently voted for abortion rights . Student loans . In October 2018 , Cartwright co-authored a Washington Post article proposing a pilot program to examine the effectiveness of non-transferable financial incentives such as certain student loan forgiveness being given to increase organ donation . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice and Science ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government ( Vice Chair ) - Subcommittee on Military Construction and Veterans Affairs - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States - House Democratic Committee on Steering and Policy Caucuses . - Congressional Progressive Caucus - House Military Depot and Industrial Facilities Caucus - the Sustainable Energy and Environment Coalition Caucus - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Veterinary Medicine Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus - Blue Collar Caucus Personal life . Cartwright married Marion K . Munley on August 10 , 1985 , in Archbald , Pennsylvania . They live in Moosic , Pennsylvania , with their two sons . External links . - Congressman Matt Cartwright official U.S . House website - Matt Cartwright for Congress
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[
"University of Pennsylvania Law School"
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easy
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Matt Cartwright went to which school from 1983 to 1984?
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/wiki/Matt_Cartwright#P69#1
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Matt Cartwright Matthew Alton Cartwright ( born May 1 , 1961 ) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the U.S . Representative for Pennsylvanias 8th congressional district since 2013 . The district , numbered as the 17th district from 2013 through 2019 , includes a large swath of northeastern Pennsylvania , anchored by Scranton , Wilkes-Barre and the Poconos . A member of the Democratic Party , Cartwright defeated 10-term incumbent Blue Dog Tim Holden , the dean of the Pennsylvania congressional delegation , in the Democratic primary on April 24 , 2012 , by a 57%–43% margin . Cartwright went on to defeat Republican Laureen Cummings in the general election on November 6 , 2012 , by a 61%–39% margin . As an attorney , Cartwright previously worked at the law firm of Munley , Munley , and Cartwright . Early life and education . Cartwright was born on May 1 , 1961 , in Erie , Pennsylvania , the son of Alton S . Cartwright and Adelaide ( Igoe ) Cartwright . Matt Cartwright attended Upper Canada College ( Toronto ) , graduating in 1979 , before going on to earn a magna cum laude Bachelor of Arts Degree in History from Hamilton College in 1983 , where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa . Cartwright studied law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School . He served two years as an Editor of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review and received his Juris Doctor degree in 1986 . In 1981 , Cartwright attended the London School of Economics where he met his future wife , Marion Munley . After graduating from law school , both Munley and Cartwright joined the Munley familys law firm in the Scranton area . Law career . For twenty-five years , Cartwright worked as an attorney and partner at Munley , Munley and Cartwright , a Scranton firm specializing in representation of consumers and small businesses in personal and business litigation . He was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1986 and in 2005 was further admitted to the Bar of New York . In 2008 , Cartwright was inducted into the International Society of Barristers . Cartwright served from 2009 to 2012 as a member of the Board of Governors of the American Association for Justice . Between 2005 and 2011 , Cartwright was the on-air legal analyst for The Law & You . In the segment , aired nightly as part of NBC affiliate WBRE-TVs evening newscast , he fielded viewer questions on legal matters . In 2011 , Cartwright co-authored the legal treatise Litigating Commercial and Business Tort Cases published by Thomson Reuters . During the 1992 presidential election , Cartwright was an Elected Delegate for candidate Bill Clinton at the Democratic National Convention , representing Pennsylvanias 10th congressional district . In 2001–2002 , he served as District Governor for Rotary International District 7410 , covering northeastern Pennsylvania . On November 5 , 2010 , the Boy Scouts of Americas Northeastern Pennsylvania Council presented Cartwright with its Silver Beaver Award for volunteer service to that organization . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2012 Pennsylvania Republicans , who controlled the redistricting process after the 2010 United States Census , significantly altered Holdens 17th district . The old 17th had been based in Harrisburg , but the new 17th had been pushed well to the north and east . In the process , it absorbed heavily Democratic Scranton and Wilkes-Barre , previously in the 11th district . The remap significantly altered the 17ths demographics . The old 17th had been anchored in traditionally Republican territory in central Pennsylvania ; in much of the district , Holden was the only elected Democrat above the county level . John McCain carried it with 51 percent of the vote . In contrast , the new 17th was anchored in northeastern Pennsylvania , which had long been the most Democratic region of the state outside of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh . Had the district existed in 2008 , Barack Obama would have carried it with 56 percent of the vote . An internal poll from Cartwright showed him up seven points against Holden , the incumbent . The new district was significantly bluer than its predecessor and was located in territory where constituents were unfamiliar with Holden . The only portion of the district that had been in the old 17th was Holdens home in Schuylkill County , with the majority of Democratic primary voters located in counties considered more favorable to Cartwrights candidacy . During the primary , Cartwright described himself as being from the Democratic wing of the Democratic Party — a line often employed by Howard Dean and Paul Wellstone . He was supported by MoveOn.org , the League of Conservation Voters , and the Campaign for Primary Accountability . Cartwright ran as a self-professed FDR Democrat , and as an ally of President Obama on taxes and health care reform , and pledged to work with U.S . Senator Robert P . Casey Jr. , also of Scranton , on regulations for safety in fracking . Cartwright also benefited in the race from endorsements from popular local public figures like State Representative Phyllis Mundy and former Scranton mayor Jimmy Connors . Holdens opposition to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and his support of energy legislation that included the Halliburton loophole are believed to have contributed to his defeat . On April 24 , 2012 , Cartwright defeated Holden by 57%-43% in the primary . In the November general election , Cartwright faced Republican nurse Laureen Cummings , a leader of the Scranton Tea Party . On November 6 , Cartwright defeated Cummings , 61%–39% to become the districts next congressman . On January 4 , 2013 , Cartwright was selected by his peers to serve as a class president of the 49 new Democratic members of the 113th Congress . - 2014 On November 4 , 2014 , Cartwright won a second term , defeating Republican challenger David Moylan , M.D. , the elected Coroner of Schuylkill County , by 13.6 points . - 2016 On November 8 , 2016 , Cartwright won a third term , defeating Republican challenger Matthew Connolly , a businessman from Northampton County , by seven points . - 2018 In the 2016 general election , President Donald Trump won the 17th district by over 10% in the concurrent presidential election . Facing an underfunded opponent , Cartwright did not run television advertisements . That year , Cartwright won re-election by only seven points , representing his lowest margin of victory . As a result , the National Republican Congressional Committee began to see Cartwright as potentially vulnerable , and listed him as a top target . In response , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee included him on its frontline list . Despite this , the district was rated as Likely D , meaning it was expected that Cartwright would win re-election . After the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania threw out Pennsylvanias previous congressional map , Cartwrights district was renumbered as the 8th district . It was pushed to the north and now covers the northeast corner of the state , but it also sweeps west to grab Scranton and Wilkes-Barre . In the process , it absorbed the remainder of Lackawanna County previously in the 10th district , as well as almost all of Luzerne County . In the election , Cartwright faced a self-funding opponent who spent $1.7 million of his familys money in the race , in total outspending Cartwright by nearly $300,000 , including direct expenditures of $625,778 by the NRCC . Cartwright won his fourth term by 9.3% with 54.65% of the vote without financial assistance from the DCCC . Following the general election , Cartwright was elected to House Democratic leadership , to serve as Co-chair of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee for the 116th Congress in the House Democratic Caucus elections . - 2020 On November 3 , 2020 , Cartwright won a fifth term , defeating Republican challenger Jim Bognet , the former senior vice president for communications of the Export–Import Bank of the United States , by nearly three points , representing his lowest margin of victory to date . In contrast , Trump won the district against Democratic challenger and Scranton native Joe Biden by five points during the concurrent presidential election . As a result , Cartwright became one of only seven incumbent Democratic Representatives to win their seats despite Trump prevailing over Biden in them . Political positions . Healthcare . Ed OKeefe of the Washington Post wrote on November 3 , 2013 , that Cartwright was elected largely based on the Affordable Care Act because the veteran moderate Democrat he challenged in a primary voted against it . According to OKeefe , Cartwright spent his first year in office preparing constituents for the ACA . In May 2017 , Cartwright voted against the Republican-sponsored American Health Care Act . Cartwright said in January 2018 that he continued to support the Affordable Care Act . Cartwright also supports Medicare for All . Immigration . In July 2015 , Cartwright voted against a bill that would have withdrawn funding from municipalities that declined to detain undocumented persons for the Immigration and Customs Enforcement service . In June 2017 , Cartwright was one of three Democrats who joined the 228-195 majority voting to cut off some particular federal grants from cities not agreeing to detentions . He voted for Kates Law , to increase criminal punishment for undocumented recidivist violent criminals . He co-sponsored legislation to protect the Dreamers , people who entered the country illegally as children . When President Trump ordered a temporary limit on immigration from certain countries , Cartwright criticized the order . Technology . On April 12 , 2016 , Cartwright introduced H.R . 4904 , the MEGABYTE Act , to reduce duplication of computer software procurement by the federal government . The bill passed in the U.S . House on June 7 , 2016 , and passed the U.S . Senate on July 14 , 2016 . It was signed by President Obama on July 29 , 2016 . Cartwright supports net neutrality . Veterans . On June 29 , 2017 , Cartwright introduced H.R . 3122 , the Veterans Care Financial Protection Act of 2017 , to crack down on scams targeting veterans applying for the Aid and Attendance benefits . The bill passed in the U.S . House on November 6 , 2017 , and passed the Senate on February 15 , 2018 . It was signed by President Trump on March 9 , 2018 . Economic issues . Cartwright supports increasing the income tax on the highest incomes . He also believes the current tax system in place gives too many breaks to Americans in the highest tax brackets . He describes the middle class as being under assault and seeks to alter the tax system to allow the middle-class to carry less of a burden . Cartwright has criticized the Trump tax cut , saying that it gave taxpayers little relief while adding huge sums to the national debt . Cartwright has stated that promoting family-sustaining jobs is his No . 1 message . He introduced H.R . 2296 , the Job Creation through Energy Efficiency Manufacturing Act , and H.R . 5812 , the Innovate America Act . He supports stricter enforcement of prohibitions against gender-based discrimination in wages . He has described education as the only method of truly alleviating poverty . Cartwright supports reducing defense spending in some areas . Environment . To combat global warming , Cartwright supports implementing cap-and-trade emission standards for companies to encourage lowering emissions . On February 26 , 2014 , Cartwright introduced the Streamlining Energy Efficiency for Schools Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4092 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would require the United States Department of Energy to establish a centralized clearinghouse to disseminate information on federal programs , incentives , and mechanisms for financing energy-efficient retrofits and upgrades at schools . Cartwright argued that the bill is a strategic and cost-saving investment to relieve the fiscal pressure felt by schools across the country while bringing us closer to energy security . Cartwrights bill passed unanimously out of the Energy and Commerce Committee on April 30 , 2014 . It passed the full House of Representatives on June 23 , 2014 . Gun policy . Cartwright is in favor of more gun control . During his first month in office he co-sponsored four bills involving gun control . He opposes gun-makers legal immunity after a crime has occurred , and he opposes assault rifle sales . LGBT rights . He supports same-sex marriages and stated theres no reason to discriminate against gay people . He does not believe religious leaders should be mandated to perform same-sex wedding ceremonies . The Human Rights Campaign scorecard has given Cartwright a 100% score for his tenure in Congress . Abortion . Cartwright describes himself as personally pro-life but has consistently voted for abortion rights . Student loans . In October 2018 , Cartwright co-authored a Washington Post article proposing a pilot program to examine the effectiveness of non-transferable financial incentives such as certain student loan forgiveness being given to increase organ donation . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice and Science ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government ( Vice Chair ) - Subcommittee on Military Construction and Veterans Affairs - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States - House Democratic Committee on Steering and Policy Caucuses . - Congressional Progressive Caucus - House Military Depot and Industrial Facilities Caucus - the Sustainable Energy and Environment Coalition Caucus - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Veterinary Medicine Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus - Blue Collar Caucus Personal life . Cartwright married Marion K . Munley on August 10 , 1985 , in Archbald , Pennsylvania . They live in Moosic , Pennsylvania , with their two sons . External links . - Congressman Matt Cartwright official U.S . House website - Matt Cartwright for Congress
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[
""
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easy
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Where was Matt Cartwright educated from 1984 to 1985?
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/wiki/Matt_Cartwright#P69#2
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Matt Cartwright Matthew Alton Cartwright ( born May 1 , 1961 ) is an American politician and lawyer serving as the U.S . Representative for Pennsylvanias 8th congressional district since 2013 . The district , numbered as the 17th district from 2013 through 2019 , includes a large swath of northeastern Pennsylvania , anchored by Scranton , Wilkes-Barre and the Poconos . A member of the Democratic Party , Cartwright defeated 10-term incumbent Blue Dog Tim Holden , the dean of the Pennsylvania congressional delegation , in the Democratic primary on April 24 , 2012 , by a 57%–43% margin . Cartwright went on to defeat Republican Laureen Cummings in the general election on November 6 , 2012 , by a 61%–39% margin . As an attorney , Cartwright previously worked at the law firm of Munley , Munley , and Cartwright . Early life and education . Cartwright was born on May 1 , 1961 , in Erie , Pennsylvania , the son of Alton S . Cartwright and Adelaide ( Igoe ) Cartwright . Matt Cartwright attended Upper Canada College ( Toronto ) , graduating in 1979 , before going on to earn a magna cum laude Bachelor of Arts Degree in History from Hamilton College in 1983 , where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa . Cartwright studied law at the University of Pennsylvania Law School . He served two years as an Editor of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review and received his Juris Doctor degree in 1986 . In 1981 , Cartwright attended the London School of Economics where he met his future wife , Marion Munley . After graduating from law school , both Munley and Cartwright joined the Munley familys law firm in the Scranton area . Law career . For twenty-five years , Cartwright worked as an attorney and partner at Munley , Munley and Cartwright , a Scranton firm specializing in representation of consumers and small businesses in personal and business litigation . He was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1986 and in 2005 was further admitted to the Bar of New York . In 2008 , Cartwright was inducted into the International Society of Barristers . Cartwright served from 2009 to 2012 as a member of the Board of Governors of the American Association for Justice . Between 2005 and 2011 , Cartwright was the on-air legal analyst for The Law & You . In the segment , aired nightly as part of NBC affiliate WBRE-TVs evening newscast , he fielded viewer questions on legal matters . In 2011 , Cartwright co-authored the legal treatise Litigating Commercial and Business Tort Cases published by Thomson Reuters . During the 1992 presidential election , Cartwright was an Elected Delegate for candidate Bill Clinton at the Democratic National Convention , representing Pennsylvanias 10th congressional district . In 2001–2002 , he served as District Governor for Rotary International District 7410 , covering northeastern Pennsylvania . On November 5 , 2010 , the Boy Scouts of Americas Northeastern Pennsylvania Council presented Cartwright with its Silver Beaver Award for volunteer service to that organization . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2012 Pennsylvania Republicans , who controlled the redistricting process after the 2010 United States Census , significantly altered Holdens 17th district . The old 17th had been based in Harrisburg , but the new 17th had been pushed well to the north and east . In the process , it absorbed heavily Democratic Scranton and Wilkes-Barre , previously in the 11th district . The remap significantly altered the 17ths demographics . The old 17th had been anchored in traditionally Republican territory in central Pennsylvania ; in much of the district , Holden was the only elected Democrat above the county level . John McCain carried it with 51 percent of the vote . In contrast , the new 17th was anchored in northeastern Pennsylvania , which had long been the most Democratic region of the state outside of Philadelphia and Pittsburgh . Had the district existed in 2008 , Barack Obama would have carried it with 56 percent of the vote . An internal poll from Cartwright showed him up seven points against Holden , the incumbent . The new district was significantly bluer than its predecessor and was located in territory where constituents were unfamiliar with Holden . The only portion of the district that had been in the old 17th was Holdens home in Schuylkill County , with the majority of Democratic primary voters located in counties considered more favorable to Cartwrights candidacy . During the primary , Cartwright described himself as being from the Democratic wing of the Democratic Party — a line often employed by Howard Dean and Paul Wellstone . He was supported by MoveOn.org , the League of Conservation Voters , and the Campaign for Primary Accountability . Cartwright ran as a self-professed FDR Democrat , and as an ally of President Obama on taxes and health care reform , and pledged to work with U.S . Senator Robert P . Casey Jr. , also of Scranton , on regulations for safety in fracking . Cartwright also benefited in the race from endorsements from popular local public figures like State Representative Phyllis Mundy and former Scranton mayor Jimmy Connors . Holdens opposition to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and his support of energy legislation that included the Halliburton loophole are believed to have contributed to his defeat . On April 24 , 2012 , Cartwright defeated Holden by 57%-43% in the primary . In the November general election , Cartwright faced Republican nurse Laureen Cummings , a leader of the Scranton Tea Party . On November 6 , Cartwright defeated Cummings , 61%–39% to become the districts next congressman . On January 4 , 2013 , Cartwright was selected by his peers to serve as a class president of the 49 new Democratic members of the 113th Congress . - 2014 On November 4 , 2014 , Cartwright won a second term , defeating Republican challenger David Moylan , M.D. , the elected Coroner of Schuylkill County , by 13.6 points . - 2016 On November 8 , 2016 , Cartwright won a third term , defeating Republican challenger Matthew Connolly , a businessman from Northampton County , by seven points . - 2018 In the 2016 general election , President Donald Trump won the 17th district by over 10% in the concurrent presidential election . Facing an underfunded opponent , Cartwright did not run television advertisements . That year , Cartwright won re-election by only seven points , representing his lowest margin of victory . As a result , the National Republican Congressional Committee began to see Cartwright as potentially vulnerable , and listed him as a top target . In response , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee included him on its frontline list . Despite this , the district was rated as Likely D , meaning it was expected that Cartwright would win re-election . After the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania threw out Pennsylvanias previous congressional map , Cartwrights district was renumbered as the 8th district . It was pushed to the north and now covers the northeast corner of the state , but it also sweeps west to grab Scranton and Wilkes-Barre . In the process , it absorbed the remainder of Lackawanna County previously in the 10th district , as well as almost all of Luzerne County . In the election , Cartwright faced a self-funding opponent who spent $1.7 million of his familys money in the race , in total outspending Cartwright by nearly $300,000 , including direct expenditures of $625,778 by the NRCC . Cartwright won his fourth term by 9.3% with 54.65% of the vote without financial assistance from the DCCC . Following the general election , Cartwright was elected to House Democratic leadership , to serve as Co-chair of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee for the 116th Congress in the House Democratic Caucus elections . - 2020 On November 3 , 2020 , Cartwright won a fifth term , defeating Republican challenger Jim Bognet , the former senior vice president for communications of the Export–Import Bank of the United States , by nearly three points , representing his lowest margin of victory to date . In contrast , Trump won the district against Democratic challenger and Scranton native Joe Biden by five points during the concurrent presidential election . As a result , Cartwright became one of only seven incumbent Democratic Representatives to win their seats despite Trump prevailing over Biden in them . Political positions . Healthcare . Ed OKeefe of the Washington Post wrote on November 3 , 2013 , that Cartwright was elected largely based on the Affordable Care Act because the veteran moderate Democrat he challenged in a primary voted against it . According to OKeefe , Cartwright spent his first year in office preparing constituents for the ACA . In May 2017 , Cartwright voted against the Republican-sponsored American Health Care Act . Cartwright said in January 2018 that he continued to support the Affordable Care Act . Cartwright also supports Medicare for All . Immigration . In July 2015 , Cartwright voted against a bill that would have withdrawn funding from municipalities that declined to detain undocumented persons for the Immigration and Customs Enforcement service . In June 2017 , Cartwright was one of three Democrats who joined the 228-195 majority voting to cut off some particular federal grants from cities not agreeing to detentions . He voted for Kates Law , to increase criminal punishment for undocumented recidivist violent criminals . He co-sponsored legislation to protect the Dreamers , people who entered the country illegally as children . When President Trump ordered a temporary limit on immigration from certain countries , Cartwright criticized the order . Technology . On April 12 , 2016 , Cartwright introduced H.R . 4904 , the MEGABYTE Act , to reduce duplication of computer software procurement by the federal government . The bill passed in the U.S . House on June 7 , 2016 , and passed the U.S . Senate on July 14 , 2016 . It was signed by President Obama on July 29 , 2016 . Cartwright supports net neutrality . Veterans . On June 29 , 2017 , Cartwright introduced H.R . 3122 , the Veterans Care Financial Protection Act of 2017 , to crack down on scams targeting veterans applying for the Aid and Attendance benefits . The bill passed in the U.S . House on November 6 , 2017 , and passed the Senate on February 15 , 2018 . It was signed by President Trump on March 9 , 2018 . Economic issues . Cartwright supports increasing the income tax on the highest incomes . He also believes the current tax system in place gives too many breaks to Americans in the highest tax brackets . He describes the middle class as being under assault and seeks to alter the tax system to allow the middle-class to carry less of a burden . Cartwright has criticized the Trump tax cut , saying that it gave taxpayers little relief while adding huge sums to the national debt . Cartwright has stated that promoting family-sustaining jobs is his No . 1 message . He introduced H.R . 2296 , the Job Creation through Energy Efficiency Manufacturing Act , and H.R . 5812 , the Innovate America Act . He supports stricter enforcement of prohibitions against gender-based discrimination in wages . He has described education as the only method of truly alleviating poverty . Cartwright supports reducing defense spending in some areas . Environment . To combat global warming , Cartwright supports implementing cap-and-trade emission standards for companies to encourage lowering emissions . On February 26 , 2014 , Cartwright introduced the Streamlining Energy Efficiency for Schools Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4092 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would require the United States Department of Energy to establish a centralized clearinghouse to disseminate information on federal programs , incentives , and mechanisms for financing energy-efficient retrofits and upgrades at schools . Cartwright argued that the bill is a strategic and cost-saving investment to relieve the fiscal pressure felt by schools across the country while bringing us closer to energy security . Cartwrights bill passed unanimously out of the Energy and Commerce Committee on April 30 , 2014 . It passed the full House of Representatives on June 23 , 2014 . Gun policy . Cartwright is in favor of more gun control . During his first month in office he co-sponsored four bills involving gun control . He opposes gun-makers legal immunity after a crime has occurred , and he opposes assault rifle sales . LGBT rights . He supports same-sex marriages and stated theres no reason to discriminate against gay people . He does not believe religious leaders should be mandated to perform same-sex wedding ceremonies . The Human Rights Campaign scorecard has given Cartwright a 100% score for his tenure in Congress . Abortion . Cartwright describes himself as personally pro-life but has consistently voted for abortion rights . Student loans . In October 2018 , Cartwright co-authored a Washington Post article proposing a pilot program to examine the effectiveness of non-transferable financial incentives such as certain student loan forgiveness being given to increase organ donation . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice and Science ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government ( Vice Chair ) - Subcommittee on Military Construction and Veterans Affairs - Committee on Natural Resources - Subcommittee on Indigenous Peoples of the United States - House Democratic Committee on Steering and Policy Caucuses . - Congressional Progressive Caucus - House Military Depot and Industrial Facilities Caucus - the Sustainable Energy and Environment Coalition Caucus - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Veterinary Medicine Caucus - Climate Solutions Caucus - Blue Collar Caucus Personal life . Cartwright married Marion K . Munley on August 10 , 1985 , in Archbald , Pennsylvania . They live in Moosic , Pennsylvania , with their two sons . External links . - Congressman Matt Cartwright official U.S . House website - Matt Cartwright for Congress
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[
"Chief of Staff of the French Army"
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Maurice Schmitt took which position from Sep 1985 to Nov 1987?
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/wiki/Maurice_Schmitt#P39#0
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Maurice Schmitt Maurice Schmitt , born on 23 January 1930 at Marseille ( Bouches-du-Rhône ) , is a French general and chief of the general staff headquarters of the Armies ( CEMA ) from 16 November 1987 until 23 April 1991 . He was then appointed as Governor of Les Invalides until 1996 . Biography . Early life . Maurice is the son of général Gaston Schmitt . Military career . He entered the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in October 1948 . After attending a course at the artillery school , he was assigned to the 1st Colonial Artillery Regiment ( 1 RAC ) , Troupes coloniales ( known as Troupes de marine since 1958 ) , whose barracks was at Melun . Designated to serve in the Far East on January 1953 , he was assigned to the 4th Colonial Artillery Regiment 4 RAC , then the North-West Operational Artillery Group ( GONO ) , the designated name of the garrison of Dien Bien Phu . During the subsequent battle , he was taken as a prisoner of war on 7 May 1954 . He was released on 2 September 1954 . Knight Order of the Order of the Légion dhonneur at 25 , he became a military instructor at the infantry application school until September 1956 , he was then assigned to the 3rd Colonial Parachute Regiment ( 3 RPC ) in North Africa where he commanded a combat support company from 1958 until October 1959 . In 1959 , he was made an Officer of the Order of the Légion dhonneur at 29 . Following these engagements , his name often came up and was cited when the torture practices were evoked during the Algerian war . Promoted to Colonel in 1974 , then Général de brigade in 1979 , he became Chief of Staff of the French Army in 1985 , then Chef détat-major des Armées in 1987 responsible for French forces during the Gulf War in 1990 and 1991 . He was replaced by Admiral Jacques Lanxade on 23 April 1991 . In 1990 , he was elevated to the dignity of Grand-Cross of the Légion dhonneur and became Governor of Les Invalides in 1991 , until 1996 . Recognitions and Honors . - Knight Order of the Légion dhonneur : 1955 - Officer Order of the Légion dhonneur : 1959 - Grand Officier of the Légion dhonneur : 1986 - Grand-Croix of the Order of the Légion dhonneur : 1990 - Commander Order of National Order of Merit - Croix de guerre des théâtres dopérations extérieures - Cross for Military Valour - Colonial Medal - Commemorative Medal 39-45 - Commemorative Medal of Indochina - Commemorative Medal of the North Africa ( AFN ) - Commander Order of the Legion of Merit ( United States ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Germany ) - Grand Croix of the merit of Norway ( Norway ) - Grand Officer of the National Order of the Cedar ( Lebanon ) - Grand Officier de la Rose blanche de Finlande ( Finland ) - Grand Officer of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia - Order of Merit of Venezuela - Medal Order of the Legion of Oman - Medal Order of Intiaz of Pakistan - Merit Medal of the National Security of the Republic of Korea Publications . - Deuxième bataille dAlger , 2002-2007 , la bataille judiciaire ( The second battle of Algiers ) , LHarmattan , 2008 - Alger-été 1957 : une victoire sur le terrorisme ( Algiers summer of 1957 : a victory against terrorism ) , LHarmattan , 2002 - Le double jeu du maréchal : légende ou réalité ( The double game of the marshal : legend or reality ) , Presses de la Cité , 1996 - De Diên Biên Phu à Koweït City ( From Dien Bien Phu to Kuwait City ) , Grasset , 1992
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"Chef détat-major des Armées"
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Maurice Schmitt took which position from Nov 1987 to Apr 1991?
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/wiki/Maurice_Schmitt#P39#1
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Maurice Schmitt Maurice Schmitt , born on 23 January 1930 at Marseille ( Bouches-du-Rhône ) , is a French general and chief of the general staff headquarters of the Armies ( CEMA ) from 16 November 1987 until 23 April 1991 . He was then appointed as Governor of Les Invalides until 1996 . Biography . Early life . Maurice is the son of général Gaston Schmitt . Military career . He entered the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in October 1948 . After attending a course at the artillery school , he was assigned to the 1st Colonial Artillery Regiment ( 1 RAC ) , Troupes coloniales ( known as Troupes de marine since 1958 ) , whose barracks was at Melun . Designated to serve in the Far East on January 1953 , he was assigned to the 4th Colonial Artillery Regiment 4 RAC , then the North-West Operational Artillery Group ( GONO ) , the designated name of the garrison of Dien Bien Phu . During the subsequent battle , he was taken as a prisoner of war on 7 May 1954 . He was released on 2 September 1954 . Knight Order of the Order of the Légion dhonneur at 25 , he became a military instructor at the infantry application school until September 1956 , he was then assigned to the 3rd Colonial Parachute Regiment ( 3 RPC ) in North Africa where he commanded a combat support company from 1958 until October 1959 . In 1959 , he was made an Officer of the Order of the Légion dhonneur at 29 . Following these engagements , his name often came up and was cited when the torture practices were evoked during the Algerian war . Promoted to Colonel in 1974 , then Général de brigade in 1979 , he became Chief of Staff of the French Army in 1985 , then Chef détat-major des Armées in 1987 responsible for French forces during the Gulf War in 1990 and 1991 . He was replaced by Admiral Jacques Lanxade on 23 April 1991 . In 1990 , he was elevated to the dignity of Grand-Cross of the Légion dhonneur and became Governor of Les Invalides in 1991 , until 1996 . Recognitions and Honors . - Knight Order of the Légion dhonneur : 1955 - Officer Order of the Légion dhonneur : 1959 - Grand Officier of the Légion dhonneur : 1986 - Grand-Croix of the Order of the Légion dhonneur : 1990 - Commander Order of National Order of Merit - Croix de guerre des théâtres dopérations extérieures - Cross for Military Valour - Colonial Medal - Commemorative Medal 39-45 - Commemorative Medal of Indochina - Commemorative Medal of the North Africa ( AFN ) - Commander Order of the Legion of Merit ( United States ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Germany ) - Grand Croix of the merit of Norway ( Norway ) - Grand Officer of the National Order of the Cedar ( Lebanon ) - Grand Officier de la Rose blanche de Finlande ( Finland ) - Grand Officer of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia - Order of Merit of Venezuela - Medal Order of the Legion of Oman - Medal Order of Intiaz of Pakistan - Merit Medal of the National Security of the Republic of Korea Publications . - Deuxième bataille dAlger , 2002-2007 , la bataille judiciaire ( The second battle of Algiers ) , LHarmattan , 2008 - Alger-été 1957 : une victoire sur le terrorisme ( Algiers summer of 1957 : a victory against terrorism ) , LHarmattan , 2002 - Le double jeu du maréchal : légende ou réalité ( The double game of the marshal : legend or reality ) , Presses de la Cité , 1996 - De Diên Biên Phu à Koweït City ( From Dien Bien Phu to Kuwait City ) , Grasset , 1992
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[
"Governor of Les Invalides"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Maurice Schmitt from Jul 1991 to Dec 1996?
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/wiki/Maurice_Schmitt#P39#2
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Maurice Schmitt Maurice Schmitt , born on 23 January 1930 at Marseille ( Bouches-du-Rhône ) , is a French general and chief of the general staff headquarters of the Armies ( CEMA ) from 16 November 1987 until 23 April 1991 . He was then appointed as Governor of Les Invalides until 1996 . Biography . Early life . Maurice is the son of général Gaston Schmitt . Military career . He entered the École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr in October 1948 . After attending a course at the artillery school , he was assigned to the 1st Colonial Artillery Regiment ( 1 RAC ) , Troupes coloniales ( known as Troupes de marine since 1958 ) , whose barracks was at Melun . Designated to serve in the Far East on January 1953 , he was assigned to the 4th Colonial Artillery Regiment 4 RAC , then the North-West Operational Artillery Group ( GONO ) , the designated name of the garrison of Dien Bien Phu . During the subsequent battle , he was taken as a prisoner of war on 7 May 1954 . He was released on 2 September 1954 . Knight Order of the Order of the Légion dhonneur at 25 , he became a military instructor at the infantry application school until September 1956 , he was then assigned to the 3rd Colonial Parachute Regiment ( 3 RPC ) in North Africa where he commanded a combat support company from 1958 until October 1959 . In 1959 , he was made an Officer of the Order of the Légion dhonneur at 29 . Following these engagements , his name often came up and was cited when the torture practices were evoked during the Algerian war . Promoted to Colonel in 1974 , then Général de brigade in 1979 , he became Chief of Staff of the French Army in 1985 , then Chef détat-major des Armées in 1987 responsible for French forces during the Gulf War in 1990 and 1991 . He was replaced by Admiral Jacques Lanxade on 23 April 1991 . In 1990 , he was elevated to the dignity of Grand-Cross of the Légion dhonneur and became Governor of Les Invalides in 1991 , until 1996 . Recognitions and Honors . - Knight Order of the Légion dhonneur : 1955 - Officer Order of the Légion dhonneur : 1959 - Grand Officier of the Légion dhonneur : 1986 - Grand-Croix of the Order of the Légion dhonneur : 1990 - Commander Order of National Order of Merit - Croix de guerre des théâtres dopérations extérieures - Cross for Military Valour - Colonial Medal - Commemorative Medal 39-45 - Commemorative Medal of Indochina - Commemorative Medal of the North Africa ( AFN ) - Commander Order of the Legion of Merit ( United States ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Germany ) - Grand Croix of the merit of Norway ( Norway ) - Grand Officer of the National Order of the Cedar ( Lebanon ) - Grand Officier de la Rose blanche de Finlande ( Finland ) - Grand Officer of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia - Order of Merit of Venezuela - Medal Order of the Legion of Oman - Medal Order of Intiaz of Pakistan - Merit Medal of the National Security of the Republic of Korea Publications . - Deuxième bataille dAlger , 2002-2007 , la bataille judiciaire ( The second battle of Algiers ) , LHarmattan , 2008 - Alger-été 1957 : une victoire sur le terrorisme ( Algiers summer of 1957 : a victory against terrorism ) , LHarmattan , 2002 - Le double jeu du maréchal : légende ou réalité ( The double game of the marshal : legend or reality ) , Presses de la Cité , 1996 - De Diên Biên Phu à Koweït City ( From Dien Bien Phu to Kuwait City ) , Grasset , 1992
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[
"National Historic Site of Canada"
] |
easy
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Which site was the heritage designation of Province House (Prince Edward Island) from Oct 1966 to Oct 1979?
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/wiki/Province_House_(Prince_Edward_Island)#P1435#0
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Province House ( Prince Edward Island ) Province House is where the Prince Edward Island Legislature , known as the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island , has met since 1847 . The building is located at the intersection of Richmond and Great George Streets in Charlottetown ; it is Canadas second-oldest seat of government . History . The cornerstone was laid in May 1843 and it commenced operation for the first time in January 1847 . The entire structure was built for a cost of £10,000 and was designed by Isaac Smith . Smith was a self-trained architect from Yorkshire , who also designed the residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island . It was built by Island craftsmen during a time of prosperity for the colony . Its architectural lines include Greek and Roman influences , common to public buildings in North America built during this era . From September 1–7 , 1864 , Province House had an important role in helping Prince Edward Island host the Charlottetown Conference which resulted in Canadian Confederation . In 1973 , Parks Canada approached the government of Prince Edward Island with a proposal for joint management and restoration of the structure in recognition of its important role in Canadian history . Under the ensuing agreement , both parties agreed to a 99-year period of joint management . Parks Canada paid for a $3.5 million ( CAD ) restoration from 1979–1983 which involved part of the building being restored to the 1864 period . The provincial legislature occupies one end of the building , whereas the restored Confederation Chamber displays the room where the Charlottetown Conference meetings occurred . On April 20 , 1995 , a powerful pipe bomb exploded beneath a wooden wheelchair ramp on the north side of Province House , destroying glass in windows and causing some minor structural damage . Several passersby were injured and the explosion occurred only five minutes after an entire class of school children on a tour of the building had passed through the area . The bombing occurred only one day after the Oklahoma City bombing and is considered to be a copycat action . Responsibility was claimed by a group calling itself Loki 7 ; however , a subsequent police investigation and criminal court case blamed a single individual , Roger Charles Bell . In 2015 , Province House was closed for repairs and conservation work . The legislature moved to the adjacent Hon . George Coles Building , where it is expected to remain for several years . Province House National Historic Site . Province House was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1973 . It is one of only three provincial legislative buildings , along with Province House in Halifax and the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in Regina , to be so designated . Province House is also designated under the provincial Heritage Places Protection Act . Visitors can tour the 1860s period rooms , which include displays about the Charlottetown Conference , the building and the Provincial Legislative Assembly . An audio-visual presentation about the Conference is available , titled A Great Dream . Monuments and memorials . In front of the Legislature on Grafton Street is the Charlottetown Veterans Memorial consisting of three soldiers . The bronze memorial by G . W . Hill commemorates the dead from the two World Wars and the Korean War . A Boer War Memorial by Hamilton MacCarthy was erected to honour the members of the Royal Canadian Regiment on the side of legislature . A series of plaques commemorating the provinces Fathers of Confederation are found along the side of the building : - Edward Whelan - Thomas Heath Haviland - Edward Palmer - John Hamilton Gray - Andrew Archibald Macdonald - William Henry Pope - George Coles A small statue of Eckhart the Mouse from David Weales childrens story The True Meaning of Crumbfest is also found on the grounds of legislature . External links . - Province House , Charlottetown at the Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which site was the heritage designation of Province House (Prince Edward Island) from Oct 1979 to May 2005?
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/wiki/Province_House_(Prince_Edward_Island)#P1435#1
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Province House ( Prince Edward Island ) Province House is where the Prince Edward Island Legislature , known as the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island , has met since 1847 . The building is located at the intersection of Richmond and Great George Streets in Charlottetown ; it is Canadas second-oldest seat of government . History . The cornerstone was laid in May 1843 and it commenced operation for the first time in January 1847 . The entire structure was built for a cost of £10,000 and was designed by Isaac Smith . Smith was a self-trained architect from Yorkshire , who also designed the residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island . It was built by Island craftsmen during a time of prosperity for the colony . Its architectural lines include Greek and Roman influences , common to public buildings in North America built during this era . From September 1–7 , 1864 , Province House had an important role in helping Prince Edward Island host the Charlottetown Conference which resulted in Canadian Confederation . In 1973 , Parks Canada approached the government of Prince Edward Island with a proposal for joint management and restoration of the structure in recognition of its important role in Canadian history . Under the ensuing agreement , both parties agreed to a 99-year period of joint management . Parks Canada paid for a $3.5 million ( CAD ) restoration from 1979–1983 which involved part of the building being restored to the 1864 period . The provincial legislature occupies one end of the building , whereas the restored Confederation Chamber displays the room where the Charlottetown Conference meetings occurred . On April 20 , 1995 , a powerful pipe bomb exploded beneath a wooden wheelchair ramp on the north side of Province House , destroying glass in windows and causing some minor structural damage . Several passersby were injured and the explosion occurred only five minutes after an entire class of school children on a tour of the building had passed through the area . The bombing occurred only one day after the Oklahoma City bombing and is considered to be a copycat action . Responsibility was claimed by a group calling itself Loki 7 ; however , a subsequent police investigation and criminal court case blamed a single individual , Roger Charles Bell . In 2015 , Province House was closed for repairs and conservation work . The legislature moved to the adjacent Hon . George Coles Building , where it is expected to remain for several years . Province House National Historic Site . Province House was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1973 . It is one of only three provincial legislative buildings , along with Province House in Halifax and the Saskatchewan Legislative Building in Regina , to be so designated . Province House is also designated under the provincial Heritage Places Protection Act . Visitors can tour the 1860s period rooms , which include displays about the Charlottetown Conference , the building and the Provincial Legislative Assembly . An audio-visual presentation about the Conference is available , titled A Great Dream . Monuments and memorials . In front of the Legislature on Grafton Street is the Charlottetown Veterans Memorial consisting of three soldiers . The bronze memorial by G . W . Hill commemorates the dead from the two World Wars and the Korean War . A Boer War Memorial by Hamilton MacCarthy was erected to honour the members of the Royal Canadian Regiment on the side of legislature . A series of plaques commemorating the provinces Fathers of Confederation are found along the side of the building : - Edward Whelan - Thomas Heath Haviland - Edward Palmer - John Hamilton Gray - Andrew Archibald Macdonald - William Henry Pope - George Coles A small statue of Eckhart the Mouse from David Weales childrens story The True Meaning of Crumbfest is also found on the grounds of legislature . External links . - Province House , Charlottetown at the Canadian Encyclopedia
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[
"University of Pennsylvania"
] |
easy
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What was the name of the employer Jonah Berger work for from 2007 to 2010?
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/wiki/Jonah_Berger#P108#0
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Jonah Berger Jonah Berger is a professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania , internationally bestselling author , and a world-renowned expert on change , word of mouth , viral marketing , social influence , and how products , ideas , and behaviors catch on . He has published over 50 articles in top-tier academic journals , teaches Wharton’s highest rated online course , and accounts of his work often appear in places like The New York Times , Wall Street Journal , and Harvard Business Review . Over a million copies of his books Contagious : Why Things Catch On , Invisible Influence : The Hidden Forces that Shape Behavior , and The Catalyst : How to Change Anyones Mind are in print in over 35 countries around the world . Berger often keynotes major conferences and events like SXSW and Cannes Lions , advises various early stage companies , and consults for organizations like Apple , Google , Nike , Amazon , GE , 3M , and the Gates Foundation . Biography . Berger grew up in Washington , DC and Chevy Chase , Maryland and attended the magnet program at Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring . He attended Stanford University and earned a B.A . in Human Judgment and Decision Making in 2002 , and a Ph.D . in marketing from Stanford’s Graduate School of Business in 2007 . Berger writes about psychology , marketing , social influence , and virality as a LinkedIn Influencer . Publications . Books . - The Catalyst : How to Change Anyones Mind - Invisible Influence : The Hidden Factors that Shape Behavior , Simon & Schuster , 2016 - Contagious : Why Things Catch On , Simon & Schuster , 2013 - Amazon Best book of 2013 - Audible Best Audiobook of 2013 Selected articles . - Berger , Jonah and Grant Packard ( 2018 ) , “Are Atypical Things More Popular?” Psychological Science , 29 ( 7 ) , 1178-1184 . - Packard , Grant and Jonah Berger ( 2017 ) , “How Language Shapes Word of Mouth’s Impact,” Journal of Marketing Research , 54 ( 4 ) , 572-588 . - Akpinar , Ezgi and Jonah Berger ( 2015 ) , “Drivers of Cultural Evolution : The Case of Sensory Metaphors,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 109 ( 1 ) , 20-34 . - Berger , Jonah ( 2014 ) “Word-of-Mouth and Interpersonal Communication : A Review and Directions for Future Research” Journal of Consumer Psychology , 24 ( 4 ) , 586-607 . - Berger , Jonah and Katy Milkman ( 2012 ) , “What Makes Online Content Viral?” Journal of Marketing Research , 49 ( 2 ) , 192-205 . - Berger , Jonah and Raghuram Iyengar ( 2013 ) , “Communication Channels and Word of Mouth : How the Medium Shapes the Message,” Journal of Consumer Research , October . - Zoey Chen and Jonah Berger ( 2013 ) , “When , Why , and How Controversy Causes Conversation,” Journal of Consumer Research , October . - Berger , Jonah , Eric Bradlow , Alex Braunstein , and Yao Zhang ( 2012 ) , “From Karen to Katie : Using Baby names to Study Cultural Evolution” Psychological Science , 23 ( 10 ) , 1067-1073 . - Sela , Aner and Jonah Berger ( 2012 ) , “Decision Quicksand : How Trivial Choice Suck Us In” Journal of Consumer Research , 39 ( 2 ) , 360-370 . - Berger , Jonah and Eric Schwartz ( 2011 ) , “What Drives Immediate and Ongoing Word of Mouth?” Journal of Marketing Research , October , 869-880 . - Berger , Jonah and Devin Pope ( 2011 ) , “Can Losing Lead to Winning?” Management Science , 57 ( 5 ) , 817-827 . - Berger , Jonah , Alan T . Sorensen , and Scott J . Rasmussen ( 2010 ) , “Positive Effects of Negative Publicity : When Negative Reviews Increase Sales,” Marketing Science , 29 ( 5 ) , 815-827 . - Berger , Jonah and Gael Le Mens ( 2009 ) , “How Adoption Speed Affects the Abandonment of Cultural Tastes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 106 , 8146-8150 . - Berger , Jonah , Marc Meredith , and S . Christian Wheeler ( 2008 ) , “Contextual Priming : Where People Vote Affects How They Vote,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 105 ( 26 ) , 8846-8849 . - Berger , Jonah and Gráinne M . Fitzsimons ( 2008 ) , “Dogs on the Street , Pumas on Your Feet : How Cues in the Environment Influence Product Evaluation and Choice,” Journal of Marketing Research , 45 ( 1 ) , 1-14 . - Berger , Jonah and Chip Heath ( 2007 ) , “Where Consumers Diverge from Others : Identity-Signaling and Product Domains,” Journal of Consumer Research , 34 ( 2 ) , 121-134 . Awards . - The American Marketing Association ( AMA ) Top 5 Most Productive Researchers in Marketing - The Association for Consumer Research ( ACR ) Early Career Award for Contribution to Consumer Research - The Society for Consumer Psychology ( SCP ) Early Career Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Consumer Psychology - The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Iron Professor Award for Awesome Faculty Research - The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania MBA Teaching Commitment and Curricular Innovation Award , 2011 - New York Times , Year in Ideas External links . - Official site - Faculty page at Wharton - NPR Interview with Jonah Berge
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[
"University of Pennsylvania"
] |
easy
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Jonah Berger was an employee for whom from 2010 to 2013?
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/wiki/Jonah_Berger#P108#1
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Jonah Berger Jonah Berger is a professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania , internationally bestselling author , and a world-renowned expert on change , word of mouth , viral marketing , social influence , and how products , ideas , and behaviors catch on . He has published over 50 articles in top-tier academic journals , teaches Wharton’s highest rated online course , and accounts of his work often appear in places like The New York Times , Wall Street Journal , and Harvard Business Review . Over a million copies of his books Contagious : Why Things Catch On , Invisible Influence : The Hidden Forces that Shape Behavior , and The Catalyst : How to Change Anyones Mind are in print in over 35 countries around the world . Berger often keynotes major conferences and events like SXSW and Cannes Lions , advises various early stage companies , and consults for organizations like Apple , Google , Nike , Amazon , GE , 3M , and the Gates Foundation . Biography . Berger grew up in Washington , DC and Chevy Chase , Maryland and attended the magnet program at Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring . He attended Stanford University and earned a B.A . in Human Judgment and Decision Making in 2002 , and a Ph.D . in marketing from Stanford’s Graduate School of Business in 2007 . Berger writes about psychology , marketing , social influence , and virality as a LinkedIn Influencer . Publications . Books . - The Catalyst : How to Change Anyones Mind - Invisible Influence : The Hidden Factors that Shape Behavior , Simon & Schuster , 2016 - Contagious : Why Things Catch On , Simon & Schuster , 2013 - Amazon Best book of 2013 - Audible Best Audiobook of 2013 Selected articles . - Berger , Jonah and Grant Packard ( 2018 ) , “Are Atypical Things More Popular?” Psychological Science , 29 ( 7 ) , 1178-1184 . - Packard , Grant and Jonah Berger ( 2017 ) , “How Language Shapes Word of Mouth’s Impact,” Journal of Marketing Research , 54 ( 4 ) , 572-588 . - Akpinar , Ezgi and Jonah Berger ( 2015 ) , “Drivers of Cultural Evolution : The Case of Sensory Metaphors,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 109 ( 1 ) , 20-34 . - Berger , Jonah ( 2014 ) “Word-of-Mouth and Interpersonal Communication : A Review and Directions for Future Research” Journal of Consumer Psychology , 24 ( 4 ) , 586-607 . - Berger , Jonah and Katy Milkman ( 2012 ) , “What Makes Online Content Viral?” Journal of Marketing Research , 49 ( 2 ) , 192-205 . - Berger , Jonah and Raghuram Iyengar ( 2013 ) , “Communication Channels and Word of Mouth : How the Medium Shapes the Message,” Journal of Consumer Research , October . - Zoey Chen and Jonah Berger ( 2013 ) , “When , Why , and How Controversy Causes Conversation,” Journal of Consumer Research , October . - Berger , Jonah , Eric Bradlow , Alex Braunstein , and Yao Zhang ( 2012 ) , “From Karen to Katie : Using Baby names to Study Cultural Evolution” Psychological Science , 23 ( 10 ) , 1067-1073 . - Sela , Aner and Jonah Berger ( 2012 ) , “Decision Quicksand : How Trivial Choice Suck Us In” Journal of Consumer Research , 39 ( 2 ) , 360-370 . - Berger , Jonah and Eric Schwartz ( 2011 ) , “What Drives Immediate and Ongoing Word of Mouth?” Journal of Marketing Research , October , 869-880 . - Berger , Jonah and Devin Pope ( 2011 ) , “Can Losing Lead to Winning?” Management Science , 57 ( 5 ) , 817-827 . - Berger , Jonah , Alan T . Sorensen , and Scott J . Rasmussen ( 2010 ) , “Positive Effects of Negative Publicity : When Negative Reviews Increase Sales,” Marketing Science , 29 ( 5 ) , 815-827 . - Berger , Jonah and Gael Le Mens ( 2009 ) , “How Adoption Speed Affects the Abandonment of Cultural Tastes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 106 , 8146-8150 . - Berger , Jonah , Marc Meredith , and S . Christian Wheeler ( 2008 ) , “Contextual Priming : Where People Vote Affects How They Vote,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 105 ( 26 ) , 8846-8849 . - Berger , Jonah and Gráinne M . Fitzsimons ( 2008 ) , “Dogs on the Street , Pumas on Your Feet : How Cues in the Environment Influence Product Evaluation and Choice,” Journal of Marketing Research , 45 ( 1 ) , 1-14 . - Berger , Jonah and Chip Heath ( 2007 ) , “Where Consumers Diverge from Others : Identity-Signaling and Product Domains,” Journal of Consumer Research , 34 ( 2 ) , 121-134 . Awards . - The American Marketing Association ( AMA ) Top 5 Most Productive Researchers in Marketing - The Association for Consumer Research ( ACR ) Early Career Award for Contribution to Consumer Research - The Society for Consumer Psychology ( SCP ) Early Career Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Consumer Psychology - The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Iron Professor Award for Awesome Faculty Research - The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania MBA Teaching Commitment and Curricular Innovation Award , 2011 - New York Times , Year in Ideas External links . - Official site - Faculty page at Wharton - NPR Interview with Jonah Berge
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[
""
] |
easy
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Who did Jonah Berger work for from 2013 to 2015?
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/wiki/Jonah_Berger#P108#2
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Jonah Berger Jonah Berger is a professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania , internationally bestselling author , and a world-renowned expert on change , word of mouth , viral marketing , social influence , and how products , ideas , and behaviors catch on . He has published over 50 articles in top-tier academic journals , teaches Wharton’s highest rated online course , and accounts of his work often appear in places like The New York Times , Wall Street Journal , and Harvard Business Review . Over a million copies of his books Contagious : Why Things Catch On , Invisible Influence : The Hidden Forces that Shape Behavior , and The Catalyst : How to Change Anyones Mind are in print in over 35 countries around the world . Berger often keynotes major conferences and events like SXSW and Cannes Lions , advises various early stage companies , and consults for organizations like Apple , Google , Nike , Amazon , GE , 3M , and the Gates Foundation . Biography . Berger grew up in Washington , DC and Chevy Chase , Maryland and attended the magnet program at Montgomery Blair High School in Silver Spring . He attended Stanford University and earned a B.A . in Human Judgment and Decision Making in 2002 , and a Ph.D . in marketing from Stanford’s Graduate School of Business in 2007 . Berger writes about psychology , marketing , social influence , and virality as a LinkedIn Influencer . Publications . Books . - The Catalyst : How to Change Anyones Mind - Invisible Influence : The Hidden Factors that Shape Behavior , Simon & Schuster , 2016 - Contagious : Why Things Catch On , Simon & Schuster , 2013 - Amazon Best book of 2013 - Audible Best Audiobook of 2013 Selected articles . - Berger , Jonah and Grant Packard ( 2018 ) , “Are Atypical Things More Popular?” Psychological Science , 29 ( 7 ) , 1178-1184 . - Packard , Grant and Jonah Berger ( 2017 ) , “How Language Shapes Word of Mouth’s Impact,” Journal of Marketing Research , 54 ( 4 ) , 572-588 . - Akpinar , Ezgi and Jonah Berger ( 2015 ) , “Drivers of Cultural Evolution : The Case of Sensory Metaphors,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 109 ( 1 ) , 20-34 . - Berger , Jonah ( 2014 ) “Word-of-Mouth and Interpersonal Communication : A Review and Directions for Future Research” Journal of Consumer Psychology , 24 ( 4 ) , 586-607 . - Berger , Jonah and Katy Milkman ( 2012 ) , “What Makes Online Content Viral?” Journal of Marketing Research , 49 ( 2 ) , 192-205 . - Berger , Jonah and Raghuram Iyengar ( 2013 ) , “Communication Channels and Word of Mouth : How the Medium Shapes the Message,” Journal of Consumer Research , October . - Zoey Chen and Jonah Berger ( 2013 ) , “When , Why , and How Controversy Causes Conversation,” Journal of Consumer Research , October . - Berger , Jonah , Eric Bradlow , Alex Braunstein , and Yao Zhang ( 2012 ) , “From Karen to Katie : Using Baby names to Study Cultural Evolution” Psychological Science , 23 ( 10 ) , 1067-1073 . - Sela , Aner and Jonah Berger ( 2012 ) , “Decision Quicksand : How Trivial Choice Suck Us In” Journal of Consumer Research , 39 ( 2 ) , 360-370 . - Berger , Jonah and Eric Schwartz ( 2011 ) , “What Drives Immediate and Ongoing Word of Mouth?” Journal of Marketing Research , October , 869-880 . - Berger , Jonah and Devin Pope ( 2011 ) , “Can Losing Lead to Winning?” Management Science , 57 ( 5 ) , 817-827 . - Berger , Jonah , Alan T . Sorensen , and Scott J . Rasmussen ( 2010 ) , “Positive Effects of Negative Publicity : When Negative Reviews Increase Sales,” Marketing Science , 29 ( 5 ) , 815-827 . - Berger , Jonah and Gael Le Mens ( 2009 ) , “How Adoption Speed Affects the Abandonment of Cultural Tastes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 106 , 8146-8150 . - Berger , Jonah , Marc Meredith , and S . Christian Wheeler ( 2008 ) , “Contextual Priming : Where People Vote Affects How They Vote,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 105 ( 26 ) , 8846-8849 . - Berger , Jonah and Gráinne M . Fitzsimons ( 2008 ) , “Dogs on the Street , Pumas on Your Feet : How Cues in the Environment Influence Product Evaluation and Choice,” Journal of Marketing Research , 45 ( 1 ) , 1-14 . - Berger , Jonah and Chip Heath ( 2007 ) , “Where Consumers Diverge from Others : Identity-Signaling and Product Domains,” Journal of Consumer Research , 34 ( 2 ) , 121-134 . Awards . - The American Marketing Association ( AMA ) Top 5 Most Productive Researchers in Marketing - The Association for Consumer Research ( ACR ) Early Career Award for Contribution to Consumer Research - The Society for Consumer Psychology ( SCP ) Early Career Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Consumer Psychology - The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Iron Professor Award for Awesome Faculty Research - The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania MBA Teaching Commitment and Curricular Innovation Award , 2011 - New York Times , Year in Ideas External links . - Official site - Faculty page at Wharton - NPR Interview with Jonah Berge
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[
"First Great Eastern",
"West Anglia Great Northern"
] |
easy
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What operated British Rail Class 315 from 1997 to Mar 2004?
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/wiki/British_Rail_Class_315#P137#0
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British Rail Class 315 The British Rail Class 315 alternating current ( AC ) electric multiple units ( EMU ) are National Rail units currently in operation on suburban lines in London . They were built by British Rail Engineering Limited at Holgate Road carriage works from 1980 to 1981 , and they were the fifth and final variant of British Rails then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs , which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes ( Class 313/314/315/507/508 ) . They operate on the 25 kV overhead line and work inner-suburban Transport for London-run services on the Shenfield Metro for TfL Rail , on weekdays only . Description . Each complete Class 315 unit is formed of four vehicles with them running for the majority in an 8 car formation with 12 car formations being common if demand is high or the route they are taking is long , such as ones to Southend Victoria or Southminster ( operated by Greater Anglia ) . The vehicles include : Driving Motor Standard Open ( DMSO ) , Pantograph Trailer Standard Open ( PTSO ) , Trailer Standard Open ( TSO ) , and Driving Motor Standard Open ( DMSO ) . Each DMSO carries four traction motors ( 315801-841 originally had Brush TM61-53 and 315842-861 had GEC G310AZ , but these motors are interchangeable and nowadays any type can be found on any unit ) rated at each and a main compressor and air reservoir which carries air for the brakes and suspension . The original pneumatic door system has been replaced by an all-electric door system . The PTSO carries the main and auxiliary transformers , batteries and battery charger , Stone Faiveley AMBR Mk.1 pantograph , vacuum circuit breaker and auxiliary compressor . The TSO carries no equipment other than that which is standard to all coaches . The coaches only contain standard seating and have no toilet facilities . Car numbering is as follows : - 64461-64582 - DMSO - 71281-71341 - PTSO - 71389-71449 - TSO Each four-car set is able to seat 318 passengers . The Class 315 units replaced the Class 306 units . Operations . Historical services . Following the privatisation of British Rail , the Class 315s were divided between First Great Eastern ( 43 units ) and West Anglia Great Northern ( 18 units ) . The leasing company Eversholt Rail Group has owned the entire Class 315 fleet since privatisation . From April 2004 , National Express East Anglia ( NXEA ) ran the inaugural Greater Anglia franchise , which combined the previous operations of both First Great Eastern and West Anglia Great Northern , meaning the two Class 315 fleets were combined . The franchise was initially known as One but was rebranded National Express East Anglia ( NXEA ) in February 2008 . A refurbishment programme commenced from mid-2004 , when National Express East Anglia ( then One railway ) contracted Bombardier to carry out the refurbishment of all 61 units , starting with the ex-First Great Eastern examples . The low-back 3+2 seating is retained , so the capacity stays the same . The Class 315 fleet transferred to new operator Abellio Greater Anglia in February 2012 . Abellio repainted the trains in its own livery , and undertook a refresh of the fleet , including a Passenger Information System and a flexible space for wheelchairs and cycles which includes tip-up seating and call to aid buttons . Abellio used the fleet for local services out of to ( the popular Shenfield Metro service ) on the Great Eastern Main Line and , and on the Lea Valley Lines . They were also seen on the Romford–Upminster line between and , a duty shared with Class 317s . However , until the end of operation by Abellio Greater Anglia , a number of them were found running further afield , running on the Great Eastern and West Anglia Main Lines at peak times only to Bishops Stortford , Broxbourne , Southminster and Southend Victoria . Initially , the Shenfield Metro and Upminster Branch Line services used only units 315801-843 and the Lea Valley Lines only 315844-861 , reflecting the allocations of the former franchises . All 61 units were then used interchangeably , operating out of Ilford EMU Depot . Current services . The current operator of the fleet is TfL Rail , who operate the units on Shenfield metro services on weekdays only . Most of the withdrawn Class 315s were scrapped , but some TfL Rail Class 315s were temporarily moved to London Overground as a temporary measure and were in operation until the Class 710 was fully introduced . Replacement . In July 2015 , TfL confirmed that it would place a £260m order for 45 units Class 710 Aventra trains , which would replace London Overground Class 315 . The Class 710 Aventra would be introduced on the West Anglia Routes , taken over from Abellio Greater Anglia in May 2015 , in 2018 . The first units on the Lea Valley lines entered service on 3 March 2020 after a first attempt on 24 February 2020 . Additionally , TfL Rail Class 315s were replaced by new Class 345 Aventra trains from August 2017 . On 20 October 2018 , the first retired unit , 315850 , was hauled to C F Booth of Rotherham to be scrapped . Fleet details . Named units . Some units have names , these are as follows : - 315817 : Transport for London ( unit scrapped ) - 315829 : London Borough of Havering Celebrating 40 years ( unit scrapped ) - 315845 : Herbie Woodward ( unit scrapped ) - 315857 : Stratford Connections ( denamed )
|
[
"National Express East Anglia"
] |
easy
|
What was the operator of British Rail Class 315 from Apr 2004 to Feb 2012?
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/wiki/British_Rail_Class_315#P137#1
|
British Rail Class 315 The British Rail Class 315 alternating current ( AC ) electric multiple units ( EMU ) are National Rail units currently in operation on suburban lines in London . They were built by British Rail Engineering Limited at Holgate Road carriage works from 1980 to 1981 , and they were the fifth and final variant of British Rails then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs , which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes ( Class 313/314/315/507/508 ) . They operate on the 25 kV overhead line and work inner-suburban Transport for London-run services on the Shenfield Metro for TfL Rail , on weekdays only . Description . Each complete Class 315 unit is formed of four vehicles with them running for the majority in an 8 car formation with 12 car formations being common if demand is high or the route they are taking is long , such as ones to Southend Victoria or Southminster ( operated by Greater Anglia ) . The vehicles include : Driving Motor Standard Open ( DMSO ) , Pantograph Trailer Standard Open ( PTSO ) , Trailer Standard Open ( TSO ) , and Driving Motor Standard Open ( DMSO ) . Each DMSO carries four traction motors ( 315801-841 originally had Brush TM61-53 and 315842-861 had GEC G310AZ , but these motors are interchangeable and nowadays any type can be found on any unit ) rated at each and a main compressor and air reservoir which carries air for the brakes and suspension . The original pneumatic door system has been replaced by an all-electric door system . The PTSO carries the main and auxiliary transformers , batteries and battery charger , Stone Faiveley AMBR Mk.1 pantograph , vacuum circuit breaker and auxiliary compressor . The TSO carries no equipment other than that which is standard to all coaches . The coaches only contain standard seating and have no toilet facilities . Car numbering is as follows : - 64461-64582 - DMSO - 71281-71341 - PTSO - 71389-71449 - TSO Each four-car set is able to seat 318 passengers . The Class 315 units replaced the Class 306 units . Operations . Historical services . Following the privatisation of British Rail , the Class 315s were divided between First Great Eastern ( 43 units ) and West Anglia Great Northern ( 18 units ) . The leasing company Eversholt Rail Group has owned the entire Class 315 fleet since privatisation . From April 2004 , National Express East Anglia ( NXEA ) ran the inaugural Greater Anglia franchise , which combined the previous operations of both First Great Eastern and West Anglia Great Northern , meaning the two Class 315 fleets were combined . The franchise was initially known as One but was rebranded National Express East Anglia ( NXEA ) in February 2008 . A refurbishment programme commenced from mid-2004 , when National Express East Anglia ( then One railway ) contracted Bombardier to carry out the refurbishment of all 61 units , starting with the ex-First Great Eastern examples . The low-back 3+2 seating is retained , so the capacity stays the same . The Class 315 fleet transferred to new operator Abellio Greater Anglia in February 2012 . Abellio repainted the trains in its own livery , and undertook a refresh of the fleet , including a Passenger Information System and a flexible space for wheelchairs and cycles which includes tip-up seating and call to aid buttons . Abellio used the fleet for local services out of to ( the popular Shenfield Metro service ) on the Great Eastern Main Line and , and on the Lea Valley Lines . They were also seen on the Romford–Upminster line between and , a duty shared with Class 317s . However , until the end of operation by Abellio Greater Anglia , a number of them were found running further afield , running on the Great Eastern and West Anglia Main Lines at peak times only to Bishops Stortford , Broxbourne , Southminster and Southend Victoria . Initially , the Shenfield Metro and Upminster Branch Line services used only units 315801-843 and the Lea Valley Lines only 315844-861 , reflecting the allocations of the former franchises . All 61 units were then used interchangeably , operating out of Ilford EMU Depot . Current services . The current operator of the fleet is TfL Rail , who operate the units on Shenfield metro services on weekdays only . Most of the withdrawn Class 315s were scrapped , but some TfL Rail Class 315s were temporarily moved to London Overground as a temporary measure and were in operation until the Class 710 was fully introduced . Replacement . In July 2015 , TfL confirmed that it would place a £260m order for 45 units Class 710 Aventra trains , which would replace London Overground Class 315 . The Class 710 Aventra would be introduced on the West Anglia Routes , taken over from Abellio Greater Anglia in May 2015 , in 2018 . The first units on the Lea Valley lines entered service on 3 March 2020 after a first attempt on 24 February 2020 . Additionally , TfL Rail Class 315s were replaced by new Class 345 Aventra trains from August 2017 . On 20 October 2018 , the first retired unit , 315850 , was hauled to C F Booth of Rotherham to be scrapped . Fleet details . Named units . Some units have names , these are as follows : - 315817 : Transport for London ( unit scrapped ) - 315829 : London Borough of Havering Celebrating 40 years ( unit scrapped ) - 315845 : Herbie Woodward ( unit scrapped ) - 315857 : Stratford Connections ( denamed )
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[
"Abellio Greater Anglia"
] |
easy
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What was the operator of British Rail Class 315 from Feb 2012 to May 2015?
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/wiki/British_Rail_Class_315#P137#2
|
British Rail Class 315 The British Rail Class 315 alternating current ( AC ) electric multiple units ( EMU ) are National Rail units currently in operation on suburban lines in London . They were built by British Rail Engineering Limited at Holgate Road carriage works from 1980 to 1981 , and they were the fifth and final variant of British Rails then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs , which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes ( Class 313/314/315/507/508 ) . They operate on the 25 kV overhead line and work inner-suburban Transport for London-run services on the Shenfield Metro for TfL Rail , on weekdays only . Description . Each complete Class 315 unit is formed of four vehicles with them running for the majority in an 8 car formation with 12 car formations being common if demand is high or the route they are taking is long , such as ones to Southend Victoria or Southminster ( operated by Greater Anglia ) . The vehicles include : Driving Motor Standard Open ( DMSO ) , Pantograph Trailer Standard Open ( PTSO ) , Trailer Standard Open ( TSO ) , and Driving Motor Standard Open ( DMSO ) . Each DMSO carries four traction motors ( 315801-841 originally had Brush TM61-53 and 315842-861 had GEC G310AZ , but these motors are interchangeable and nowadays any type can be found on any unit ) rated at each and a main compressor and air reservoir which carries air for the brakes and suspension . The original pneumatic door system has been replaced by an all-electric door system . The PTSO carries the main and auxiliary transformers , batteries and battery charger , Stone Faiveley AMBR Mk.1 pantograph , vacuum circuit breaker and auxiliary compressor . The TSO carries no equipment other than that which is standard to all coaches . The coaches only contain standard seating and have no toilet facilities . Car numbering is as follows : - 64461-64582 - DMSO - 71281-71341 - PTSO - 71389-71449 - TSO Each four-car set is able to seat 318 passengers . The Class 315 units replaced the Class 306 units . Operations . Historical services . Following the privatisation of British Rail , the Class 315s were divided between First Great Eastern ( 43 units ) and West Anglia Great Northern ( 18 units ) . The leasing company Eversholt Rail Group has owned the entire Class 315 fleet since privatisation . From April 2004 , National Express East Anglia ( NXEA ) ran the inaugural Greater Anglia franchise , which combined the previous operations of both First Great Eastern and West Anglia Great Northern , meaning the two Class 315 fleets were combined . The franchise was initially known as One but was rebranded National Express East Anglia ( NXEA ) in February 2008 . A refurbishment programme commenced from mid-2004 , when National Express East Anglia ( then One railway ) contracted Bombardier to carry out the refurbishment of all 61 units , starting with the ex-First Great Eastern examples . The low-back 3+2 seating is retained , so the capacity stays the same . The Class 315 fleet transferred to new operator Abellio Greater Anglia in February 2012 . Abellio repainted the trains in its own livery , and undertook a refresh of the fleet , including a Passenger Information System and a flexible space for wheelchairs and cycles which includes tip-up seating and call to aid buttons . Abellio used the fleet for local services out of to ( the popular Shenfield Metro service ) on the Great Eastern Main Line and , and on the Lea Valley Lines . They were also seen on the Romford–Upminster line between and , a duty shared with Class 317s . However , until the end of operation by Abellio Greater Anglia , a number of them were found running further afield , running on the Great Eastern and West Anglia Main Lines at peak times only to Bishops Stortford , Broxbourne , Southminster and Southend Victoria . Initially , the Shenfield Metro and Upminster Branch Line services used only units 315801-843 and the Lea Valley Lines only 315844-861 , reflecting the allocations of the former franchises . All 61 units were then used interchangeably , operating out of Ilford EMU Depot . Current services . The current operator of the fleet is TfL Rail , who operate the units on Shenfield metro services on weekdays only . Most of the withdrawn Class 315s were scrapped , but some TfL Rail Class 315s were temporarily moved to London Overground as a temporary measure and were in operation until the Class 710 was fully introduced . Replacement . In July 2015 , TfL confirmed that it would place a £260m order for 45 units Class 710 Aventra trains , which would replace London Overground Class 315 . The Class 710 Aventra would be introduced on the West Anglia Routes , taken over from Abellio Greater Anglia in May 2015 , in 2018 . The first units on the Lea Valley lines entered service on 3 March 2020 after a first attempt on 24 February 2020 . Additionally , TfL Rail Class 315s were replaced by new Class 345 Aventra trains from August 2017 . On 20 October 2018 , the first retired unit , 315850 , was hauled to C F Booth of Rotherham to be scrapped . Fleet details . Named units . Some units have names , these are as follows : - 315817 : Transport for London ( unit scrapped ) - 315829 : London Borough of Havering Celebrating 40 years ( unit scrapped ) - 315845 : Herbie Woodward ( unit scrapped ) - 315857 : Stratford Connections ( denamed )
|
[
"TfL Rail"
] |
easy
|
What was the operator of British Rail Class 315 from May 2015 to May 2016?
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/wiki/British_Rail_Class_315#P137#3
|
British Rail Class 315 The British Rail Class 315 alternating current ( AC ) electric multiple units ( EMU ) are National Rail units currently in operation on suburban lines in London . They were built by British Rail Engineering Limited at Holgate Road carriage works from 1980 to 1981 , and they were the fifth and final variant of British Rails then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs , which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes ( Class 313/314/315/507/508 ) . They operate on the 25 kV overhead line and work inner-suburban Transport for London-run services on the Shenfield Metro for TfL Rail , on weekdays only . Description . Each complete Class 315 unit is formed of four vehicles with them running for the majority in an 8 car formation with 12 car formations being common if demand is high or the route they are taking is long , such as ones to Southend Victoria or Southminster ( operated by Greater Anglia ) . The vehicles include : Driving Motor Standard Open ( DMSO ) , Pantograph Trailer Standard Open ( PTSO ) , Trailer Standard Open ( TSO ) , and Driving Motor Standard Open ( DMSO ) . Each DMSO carries four traction motors ( 315801-841 originally had Brush TM61-53 and 315842-861 had GEC G310AZ , but these motors are interchangeable and nowadays any type can be found on any unit ) rated at each and a main compressor and air reservoir which carries air for the brakes and suspension . The original pneumatic door system has been replaced by an all-electric door system . The PTSO carries the main and auxiliary transformers , batteries and battery charger , Stone Faiveley AMBR Mk.1 pantograph , vacuum circuit breaker and auxiliary compressor . The TSO carries no equipment other than that which is standard to all coaches . The coaches only contain standard seating and have no toilet facilities . Car numbering is as follows : - 64461-64582 - DMSO - 71281-71341 - PTSO - 71389-71449 - TSO Each four-car set is able to seat 318 passengers . The Class 315 units replaced the Class 306 units . Operations . Historical services . Following the privatisation of British Rail , the Class 315s were divided between First Great Eastern ( 43 units ) and West Anglia Great Northern ( 18 units ) . The leasing company Eversholt Rail Group has owned the entire Class 315 fleet since privatisation . From April 2004 , National Express East Anglia ( NXEA ) ran the inaugural Greater Anglia franchise , which combined the previous operations of both First Great Eastern and West Anglia Great Northern , meaning the two Class 315 fleets were combined . The franchise was initially known as One but was rebranded National Express East Anglia ( NXEA ) in February 2008 . A refurbishment programme commenced from mid-2004 , when National Express East Anglia ( then One railway ) contracted Bombardier to carry out the refurbishment of all 61 units , starting with the ex-First Great Eastern examples . The low-back 3+2 seating is retained , so the capacity stays the same . The Class 315 fleet transferred to new operator Abellio Greater Anglia in February 2012 . Abellio repainted the trains in its own livery , and undertook a refresh of the fleet , including a Passenger Information System and a flexible space for wheelchairs and cycles which includes tip-up seating and call to aid buttons . Abellio used the fleet for local services out of to ( the popular Shenfield Metro service ) on the Great Eastern Main Line and , and on the Lea Valley Lines . They were also seen on the Romford–Upminster line between and , a duty shared with Class 317s . However , until the end of operation by Abellio Greater Anglia , a number of them were found running further afield , running on the Great Eastern and West Anglia Main Lines at peak times only to Bishops Stortford , Broxbourne , Southminster and Southend Victoria . Initially , the Shenfield Metro and Upminster Branch Line services used only units 315801-843 and the Lea Valley Lines only 315844-861 , reflecting the allocations of the former franchises . All 61 units were then used interchangeably , operating out of Ilford EMU Depot . Current services . The current operator of the fleet is TfL Rail , who operate the units on Shenfield metro services on weekdays only . Most of the withdrawn Class 315s were scrapped , but some TfL Rail Class 315s were temporarily moved to London Overground as a temporary measure and were in operation until the Class 710 was fully introduced . Replacement . In July 2015 , TfL confirmed that it would place a £260m order for 45 units Class 710 Aventra trains , which would replace London Overground Class 315 . The Class 710 Aventra would be introduced on the West Anglia Routes , taken over from Abellio Greater Anglia in May 2015 , in 2018 . The first units on the Lea Valley lines entered service on 3 March 2020 after a first attempt on 24 February 2020 . Additionally , TfL Rail Class 315s were replaced by new Class 345 Aventra trains from August 2017 . On 20 October 2018 , the first retired unit , 315850 , was hauled to C F Booth of Rotherham to be scrapped . Fleet details . Named units . Some units have names , these are as follows : - 315817 : Transport for London ( unit scrapped ) - 315829 : London Borough of Havering Celebrating 40 years ( unit scrapped ) - 315845 : Herbie Woodward ( unit scrapped ) - 315857 : Stratford Connections ( denamed )
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[
"Royal Air Force"
] |
easy
|
What was the operator of RAF Lakenheath from 1941 to 1948?
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/wiki/RAF_Lakenheath#P137#0
|
RAF Lakenheath Royal Air Force Lakenheath or RAF Lakenheath is a Royal Air Force station near the village of Lakenheath in Suffolk , England , UK , north-east of Mildenhall and west of Thetford . The base also sits close to Brandon . Despite being an RAF station , Lakenheath currently only hosts United States Air Force units and personnel . The host wing is the 48th Fighter Wing ( 48 FW ) , also known as the Liberty Wing , assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) . History . First World War . The first use of Lakenheath Warren as a Royal Flying Corps airfield was during the First World War , when the area was made into a bombing and ground-attack range for aircraft flying from elsewhere in the area . It appears to have been little used , and was abandoned when peace came in 1918 . Second World War ( 1940–1945 ) . Royal Air Force use . In 1940 , the Air Ministry selected Lakenheath as an alternative for nearby RAF Mildenhall and used it as a decoy airfield . False lights , runways and aircraft diverted Luftwaffe attacks from Mildenhall . Surfaced runways were constructed in 1941 , with the main runway ( 04/22 ) being , and the subsidiaries at ( 12/30 ) and ( 16/34 ) . Another was added to runway 16/34 . Hardstands for thirty-six aircraft were built , along with two T-2 and a B-1 hangar . One T-2 was on the technical site , the other hangars to the east across the Mildenhall-Brandon road ( A1065 ) were reached by taxiways . Lakenheath was used by RAF flying units on detachment late in 1941 . The station soon functioned as a Mildenhall satellite with Short Stirling bombers of No . 149 Squadron dispersed from the parent airfield as conditions allowed . The squadron exchanged its Vickers Wellingtons for Stirlings late in November 1941 . After becoming fully operational with its new aircraft , the squadron moved into Lakenheath on 6 April 1942 and remained until mid 1944 when the squadron moved to RAF Methwold in Norfolk . Taking part in more than 350 operations , more than half mine-laying , No . 149 Squadron had one of the lowest percentage loss rates of all Stirling squadrons . One Stirling pilot , Flight Sergeant Rawdon Middleton , was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for valour on the night of 28–29 November 1942 , when despite serious face wounds and loss of blood from shell-fire during a raid on the Fiat works at Turin in Italy , he brought the damaged aircraft back towards southern England . With fuel nearly exhausted his crew were ordered to bail out . Middleton was killed when the Stirling , BF372 OJ-H , crashed into the English Channel . In early 1943 , three T-2 hangars were erected on the north side of the airfield for glider storage , forty Horsa Gliders being dispersed at Lakenheath during that year . On 21 June 1943 , No . 199 Squadron was established as a second Stirling squadron . Commencing operations on 31 July , it laid mines during the winter of 1943–44 . At the end of April 1944 , after sixty-eight operations , the squadron transferred to No . 100 Group for bomber support , moving to RAF North Creake in Norfolk on 1 May 1944 . No . 149 Squadron ended its association with RAF Lakenheath the same month , taking its Stirlings to RAF Methwold . Between them , the two squadrons lost 116 Stirling bombers in combat while flying from Lakenheath . The reason for the departure of the two bomber squadrons was Lakenheaths selection for upgrading to a Very Heavy Bomber airfield . Lakenheath was one of three RAF airfields being prepared to receive United States Army Air Forces Boeing B-29 Superfortresses , which were tentatively planned to replace some of Eighth Air Forces Third Air Division Consolidated B-24 Liberator groups in the spring of 1945 . The work entailed removal of the existing runways and laying new ones comprising of high-grade concrete . The main runway ( 07/25 ) was long ; the subsidiaries , 01/19 and 14/32 , both ; all three being wide . Part of the A1065 road between Brandon and Mildenhall was closed , and a new section built further to the east on the Warren . During the peak period of construction , over 1,000 men were working on the site ; yet instead of the 12 months planned , it took 18 months for the ground work alone and years before Lakenheaths transformation was complete . The cost was nearly £2 million . By the time construction ended the war with Germany was over and RAF Lakenheath was put on a care and maintenance status . Cold War ( 1946–1990 ) . Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union in Europe began as early as 1946 . In November , President Harry S . Truman ordered Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) B-29 bombers to RAF Burtonwood in Lancashire , and from there to various bases in West Germany as a training deployment . In May 1947 , additional B-29s were sent to the UK and Germany to keep up the presence of a training program . These deployments were only a pretense , as the true aim of these B-29s was to have a strategic air force permanently stationed in Europe . In April 1947 , RAF Bomber Command returned to Lakenheath and had the runways repaired , resurfaced , and readied for operations by May 1948 . Strategic Air Command . In response to the threat by the Soviet Union , by the 1948 Berlin blockade , President Truman decided to realign United States Air Force Europe ( USAFE ) into a permanent combat-capable force . In July , B-29 Superfortresses of the SAC 2nd Bombardment Group were deployed to Lakenheath for a 90-day temporary deployment . On 27 November 1948 , operational control of RAF Lakenheath was transferred from the Royal Air Force to USAFE . The first USAFE host unit at Lakenheath was the 7504th Base Completion Squadron , being activated on that date . The squadron was elevated to an Air Base Group ( ABG ) on 28 January 1950 , and to a Wing ( ABW ) on 26 September 1950 . Control of Lakenheath was allocated to the Third Air Force at RAF South Ruislip , which had command of SAC B-29 operations in England . The Third Air Force was subsequently placed directly under USAF orders , with SAC establishing the 7th Air Division Headquarters at RAF Mildenhall . The collocation of the two headquarters within the United Kingdom allowed HQ USAFE to discharge its responsibilities in England , while at the same time allowing SAC to continue in its deterrent role while retaining operational control over flying activities at Lakenheath . By 1950 , Lakenheath was one of three main operating bases for the SAC in the UK , the others being RAF Marham and RAF Sculthorpe both in Norfolk . A succession of bombardment squadrons and wings , thirty-three in all , rotated through Lakenheath , the B-29s giving way to the improved Boeing B-50 Superfortresses and subsequently , in June 1954 , Boeing B-47 Stratojets . On 1 May 1951 , Lakenheath was transferred from USAFE to SAC , and placed under the 3909th Air Base Group . By 1952 , a high security perimeter fencing was erected . The 3909th moved to RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire during 1954 , and was replaced by the 3910th Air Base Group.Known SAC units which deployed to RAF Lakenheath on temporary duty ( TDY ) were : - 830th Bombardment Squadron ( 1 June 1949 – 21 August 1949 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY from the 509th Composite Group , Walker AFB , New Mexico ) - 65th Bombardment Squadron ( 15 August 1949 – 15 November 1949 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY From the 43d Bombardment Wing , Davis-Monthan AFB , Arizona ) - 33d Bombardment Squadron ( 20 November 1949 – 18 February 1950 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From the 22d Bombardment Wing , March AFB , California ) - 96th Bombardment Squadron ( 22 February 1950 – 12 May 1950 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY From the 2d Bombardment Wing , Hunter AFB , Georgia ) - 301st Bombardment Wing ( 28 June 1950 – 28 November 1950 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From Barksdale AFB , Louisiana ) - 97th Bombardment Wing ( 15 March 1952 – 1 April 1952 ) ( B-50D , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Biggs AFB , Texas ) - 19th Bombardment Squadron ( 6 September 1951 – 13 December 1951 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From the 22d Bombardment Wing , March AFB , California ) The increasing tension of the Cold War lead to a re-evaluation of these deployments , and by 1953 SAC bombers began to move its heavy bomb groups further west , behind RAF fighter forces , to RAF Brize Norton , RAF Greenham Common , RAF Upper Heyford and RAF Fairford , while its shorter-range B-47 were sent to East Anglia . - 43d Air Refueling Squadron ( 21 March 1953 – 5 June 1953 ) ( KC-97 ) ( TDY From the 43d Bombardment Wing , Davis-Monthan AFB , Arizona ) - 321st Bombardment Wing ( 9 December 1954 – 9 March 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Pinecastle AFB , Florida ) - 40th Bombardment Wing ( 9 June 1955 – 9 September 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Schilling AFB , Kansas ) - 340th Bombardment Wing ( 14 September 1955 – 3 November 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Whiteman AFB , Missouri ) - 98th Bombardment Wing ( 12 November 1955 – 28 January 1956 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Lincoln AFB , Nebraska ) - Lakenheath Task Force ( Provisional ) ( 1 May 1955 – UNK ) ( RB/ERB-47H ) ( Electronic Reconnaissance and Countermeasures ) ( TDY From 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing , Forbes AFB , Kansas ) - 509th Air Refueling Squadron ( 26 January 1956 – 30 April 1956 ) ( KC-97 ) ( TDY From Walker AFB , New Mexico ) - 307th Bombardment Wing ( 11 July 1956 – 5 October 1956 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Lincoln AFB , Nebraska ) Many SAC Squadrons had aircraft at Lakenheath on a transitory basis without any recorded deployment to the base . For example , in January 1951 , a detachment of Convair RB-36D Peacemaker intercontinental bombers from the 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Travis AFB , California arrived for a few days , and various tanker and transport aircraft also made periodic appearances at the base . Several of the temporary detachments included in-flight refuelling tanker aircraft . On 30 April 1956 , two Lockheed U-2s were airlifted to Lakenheath to form CIA Detachment A . The first flight of the U-2 was on 21 May . The Central Intelligence Agency unit did not remain long , moving to Wiesbaden Air Base , West Germany on 15 June . On 10 October 1956 , a United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean after departure from RAF Lakenheath for a flight to Lajes Field in the Azores . The aircraft was on a Military Air Transport Service flight carrying 50 members of the 307th Bombardment Wing , on their way home to the United States after a temporary duty assignment and a US Navy crew of nine . All 59 personnel on board were lost . 48th Tactical Fighter Wing . Following French president Charles de Gaulles insistence in 1959 that all non-French nuclear-capable forces should be withdrawn from his country , the USAF began a redeployment of its North American F-100-equipped units from France . The 48th TFW left its base at Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base , France on 15 January 1960 , its aircraft arriving at Lakenheath that afternoon . When the first F-100D touched down on Lakenheaths runway , the landing symbolised a return for the Statue of Liberty Wing . Almost 16 years had passed since the Second World War Ninth Air Force 48th Fighter Groups arrival at RAF Ibsley , England , for the D-Day invasion . In conjunction with this transfer , control of Lakenheath was transferred from Strategic Air Command back to USAFE . As SAC elements began their departure , the 3910th Air Base Group began its transition of handing Lakenheaths facilities and real estate over to the 48ths Combat Support Group elements . The tactical components of the 48th TFW upon arrival at Lakenheath were : - 492d Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LR , blue colours ) - 493d Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LS , yellow colours ) - 494th Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LT , red colours ) The squadron markings consisted of alternating stripes across the tailfin in squadron colours , with a shadowed V shaped chevron on the nose . Starting in March 1970 , squadron tail codes ( shown above ) were added when the aircraft went from a natural finish to a Southeast Asian camouflage motif . The period between 1972 and 1977 can be described as a five-year aircraft conversion . Beginning in late 1971 , the 48th TFW started its conversion to the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II , with the aircraft being transferred from the 81st TFW at RAF Bentwaters in Suffolk . The conversion to the F-4D took several years , with the last F-100 departing in August 1974 . With the arrival of the Phantoms , the F-4s adopted a common tail code of LK . This tail code lasted only a few months as in July and August 1972 the 48th TFW further recoded to LN . The F-4D carried squadron identifying fin cap colours of blue , yellow and red ( 492d , 493d , 494th respectively ) . The F-4s service with the 48th TFW was short , as operation Ready Switch transferred the F-4D assets to the 474th TFW at Nellis AFB , Nevada . The 474th sent their General Dynamics F-111 . As to the 366th TFW at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho , and the 366th sent their F-111Fs to Lakenheath in early 1977 . A fourth fighter squadron , the 495th Tactical Fighter Squadron was activated with the 48th TFW on 1 April 1977 , with a squadron tail colour of green . This was 33 years to the day since the squadrons inactivation . The 495ths mission of functioning as a replacement training unit for the other three fighter squadrons . This made the 495th and the 48th TFW unique , as the only WSO ( Weapons System Operator ) training unit for USAFE . F-111s from the 48th TFW participated in 1986 United States bombing of Libya in 1986 . This bombing of Libya prompted the mock-acronym , Lakenheath Is Bombing Your Ass . During the operation one F-111 from Lakenheath was shot down by Libyan forces and the two crew members were killed . The Libyan government eventually returned one of the bodies . Post Cold War ( 1991 – present ) . Lakenheath received its first McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagles in 1992 . With the departure of the F-111s , the 495th FS was inactivated on 13 December 1991 . On 18 December 1992 , the last F-111 departed the base . Along with its departure , the 493d FS was also inactivated . With the pending closure of Bitburg Air Base in Germany on 25 February 1994 , it was decided to reactivate the 493d as an F-15C/D squadron . Aircraft were transferred from the 33d Fighter Wing at Eglin AFB , Florida , and the 493d was reactivated on 1 January . The 493ds arrival meant that the 48th became the largest F-15E/F-15C composite unit in the U.S . Air Force . In 2003 , the 48th FW received the first of ten new F-15Es . The aircraft were part of the final batch of F-15s expected to be ordered by the Air Force . On 2 March 2011 , members of the 48th Security Forces Squadron were involved in a shooting at Frankfurt Airport in Germany . The members were on a bus bound for Ramstein Air Base in Germany when they were attacked by a lone gunman . On 22 March 2011 , F-15E 91-0304 crash-landed and was destroyed in eastern Libya after reportedly suffering from a mechanical failure . Both crewmen ejected and were safely recovered . On 7 January 2014 , a Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk from the base crashed following a bird strike while on a low-level training exercise with another helicopter ( also a Pave Hawk ) , into the Cley Marshes near Cley next the Sea on the nearby North Norfolk coast . All four occupants died in the crash . On 8 October 2014 , F-15D 86-0182 belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in a field outside Spalding , Lincolnshire . The pilot successfully ejected and was shortly recovered back to Lakenheath on board a Pave Hawk . A US Marine Corps Boeing F/A-18 Hornet of VMFA-232 Red Devils from MCAS . Miramar , California , crashed after taking off from RAF Lakenheath on 21 October 2015 . The pilot , Major Taj Cabbie Sareen ( 34 ) , did not survive . On 15 June 2020 , an F-15C belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in the North Sea , 74 nautical miles east of Scarborough at about . The body of pilot 1st Lt . Kenneth Allen has been found deceased . Near nuclear disasters . Because RAF Lakenheath was one of several British air bases which was used by the U.S . Air Force to store nuclear weapons during the Cold War , there was a possibility of nuclear incidents occurring at the air base . Records show that there were at least two serious near nuclear disasters at the base . The first near nuclear accident occurred on 27 July 1956 , when a B-47 bomber crashed into a storage igloo containing three Mark-6 nuclear weapons . The aircraft exploded and the nuclear bombs were showered with burning fuel . Although the bombs did not have their plutonium fissile cores installed , each of them contained a quantity of depleted uranium-238 . The crash and ensuing fire did not ignite the high explosives and no detonation occurred . However , a bomb disposal expert stated it was a miracle exposed detonators on one bomb did not fire , which would have released nuclear material into the environment . The B-47 involved in the accident , which killed four crewmen , was part of the 307th Bombardment Wing . The event caused great concern for the British government , and as a result of the incident it was determined that it would be desirable to block US authorities from ordering evacuations in future if one of its nuclear weapons fell upon the British countryside . This began a debate over how to block the US military from alerting the public - and thereby causing expected national panic . The policy for the next few years was to completely deny any incident had occurred if the press got word of a nuclear accident . A similar near nuclear disaster occurred at RAF Greenham Common less than two years later in February 1958 , when an aircraft allegedly carrying a nuclear bomb caught fire . The 1956 incident was not a freak occurrence , and a second near nuclear disaster occurred at Lakenheath five years later . In January 1961 , a parked U.S . Air Force F-100 Super Sabre loaded with a mark 28 hydrogen bomb caught fire after the pilot accidentally jettisoned his fuel tanks , rupturing as they struck the concrete runway beneath . The aviation fuel ignited and flames engulfed the nuclear bomb beneath the aircraft , but the fire was brought under control before the bombs high explosive detonated or before the fire caused the bombs arming components to function . However , the incident left the weapon scorched and blistered . Role and operations . The 48th Fighter Wing at RAF Lakenheath is the Statue of Liberty Wing , the only USAF wing with both a number and a name . Since activation at Chaumont-Semoutiers AB , France , on 10 July 1952 , Liberty Wing has been one of the premier fighter wings of the United States Air Forces in Europe , spending over 50 years as part of USAFE . The 48 FW has nearly 5,700 active-duty military members , 2,000 British and U.S . civilians , and includes a Geographically Separate Unit ( GSU ) at nearby RAF Feltwell . Tactical squadrons of the 48th Operations Group are : - 492nd Fighter Squadron ( F-15E ) - 493rd Fighter Squadron ( F-15C/D ) - 494th Fighter Squadron ( F-15E ) Aircraft of the 48th FW carry the tail code LN . In addition to supporting three combat-ready squadrons of F-15E Strike Eagle and F-15C Eagle fighter aircraft , the Liberty Wing housed the 56th Rescue Squadrons HH-60G Combat Search and Rescue helicopters . The 56th and 57th Rescue Squadrons re-located to Aviano Air Base in 2018 . RAF Lakenheath and its sister base RAF Mildenhall are the two main U.S . Air Force bases in United Kingdom , and 48th Fighter Wing is the only U.S . Air Force F-15 fighter wing in U.K . and also in Europe . Based units . Flying and notable non-flying units based at RAF Lakenheath . United States Air Force . United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) - 48th Fighter Wing - 48th Operations Group - 492nd Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle - 493nd Fighter Squadron – F-15C/D Eagle - 494th Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle - 48th Operations Support Squadron - 48th Maintenance Group - 48th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron - 748th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron - 48th Component Maintenance Squadron - 48th Equipment Maintenance Squadron - 48th Maintenance Operations Squadron - 48th Munitions Squadron - 48th Medical Group - 48th Dental Squadron - 48th Inpatient Operations Squadron - 48th Medical Operations Squadron - 48th Medical Support Squadron - 48th Surgical Operations Squadron - 48th Mission Support Group - 48th Civil Engineer Squadron - 48th Communications Squadron - 48th Contracting Squadron - 48th Force Support Squadron - 48th Logistics Readiness Squadron - 48th Security Forces Squadron Future . F-35A Lightning II . In January 2015 , the US Department of Defense announced that from 2020 , Lakenheath would become home to 54 of the US Air Forces Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II multi-role fighters . The aircraft would be split between two squadrons and there would be an increase of 1,200 military personnel and between 60 and 100 civilian workers at the station . The F-35 would operate alongside the two existing F-15E squadrons based at Lakenheath . By November 2018 , the number of craft had been revised to 48 and their arrival date as late 2021 . F-35 Infrastructure . To accommodate the new aircraft a F-35 Campus is to be constructed on the south side of the airfield . Projects . The main new operational buildings being developed as part of the F-35 project are as follows . - Two six-bay maintenance hangars – Space for service , maintenance , storage , and staff support facilities ( to be known as Hangars 4-1 and 4–2 ) . - Hangar 6 ( Consolidated Parts Store ) – Single-storey extension to the southern side of Hangar 6 , including offices and warehouses and the storage of aircraft equipment and parts . - Dual Squadron Operations/Aircraft Maintenance Unit – A three-storey building to provide combined facilities for two squadrons comprising Squadron Operations and Aircraft Maintenance Unit ( AMU ) facilities , including mission planning , administration space in the operations section and offices to manage the maintenance of aircraft and storage space . - Corrosion control and wash rack facility – Comprising single-storey hangar to maintain aircraft including a paint and sanding booth and wash rack . - Flight simulator facility – Comprising a single-storey building to accommodate six F-35A flight simulators , administration , records , classrooms , brief/debrief rooms , and storage space . - A Field Training Detachment Facility , comprising A three-storey building to provide F-35A training programme to maintain the aircraft , incorporating classrooms and administration rooms . Field Training Detachment Facility – A three-storey building to provide F-35A maintenance , including classrooms and administration rooms . - Aircraft Ground Equipment ( AGE ) Facilities – A single storey building extension and new covered storage associated with an existing building used for maintenance and storage of AGE related to the F-35A . - Fuel System Maintenance Dock – A single storey hangar with fuel system maintenance dock to support the operation of the F-35A . - Munitions Maintenance Facility – A single storey building extension and new covered storage to an existing building for the maintenance of munitions used by the F-35A . - Residential accommodation – A three or four-storey dormitory for up to 144 beds to accommodate the increase in station personnel . - Flight-line Dining Facility - Munitions Storage Administration Maintenance building - Hospital – Replacement medical facility up to four storeys to provide inpatient services , outpatient and speciality care clinics , ancillary services , support and medical administrative functions . - High school – A three or four-storey building to house approximately 560 students . The airfield operational surfaces would also be expanded as follows . - Charlie Apron , currently used by F-15s will be redeveloped and extended to allow the parking of up to forty-two F-35A aircraft in dual-occupancy shelters constructed from a light weight , canopy structure with open sides . The total area of Charlie Apron once extended will be approximately 78,392 square metres , combining the retained area of 58,780 square metres with the new area of 19,612 square metres . It will be connected to Maintenance Hangars 4-1 and 4-2 and the Squadron Operations/AMU building . - Alpha-Bravo Apron will be extended to accommodate existing F-15 aircraft currently using Charlie Apron . The total area of Alpha-Bravo Apron once extended will be approximately 54,179 square metres , combining the retained area of 39,750 square metres with the new area of 14,429 square metres . Up to thirty-eight F-15 aircraft will be capable of being accommodated on the open apron which would not feature any shelters . Infrastructure delivery . Investment of $148.4 million ( £116.7M ) for the delivery of F-35A infrastructure at Lakenheath was authorised by the US administration in August 2018 . In November 2018 , the Defence Infrastructure Organisation awarded a £160M contract for infrastructure work to a joint venture between Kier Group and VolkerFitzpatrick . To make way for the F-35 Campus , demolition of the first of eighteen buildings began in March 2019 . The work on Alpha-Bravo Apron was completed in August 2020 , allowing F-15E Strike Eagle operations of the 492nd and 494th Fighter Squadrons to be consolidated on one ramp . Heritage . Gate guardian . RAF Lakenheaths gate guardian is North American F-100D Super Sabre , serial number 54-2269 . The aircraft was originally delivered to the French Air Force . On return it was moved to the Wings of Liberty Memorial Park at RAF Lakenheath . Firstly it was painted as 55-4048 , latterly as 56-3319 . Protests . Since the bases founding , RAF Lakenheath has been targeted for numerous peace protests from groups such as Stop the war coalition and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . Pershing . Lakenheath was one of the proposed sites of the NATO Pershing II Missile System . The deployment of the Missile system sparked protests all over Western Europe , and RAF Lakenheath was one of the most prominent military sites . The radical historian E.P . Thompson wrote in a pamphlet that basing the system at RAF Lakenheath directly endangered the lives of those in the nearby city of Cambridge:...Lakenheath is , by crow or cruise , just over twenty miles from Cambridge . It is possible that Cambridge but less probable that Oxford will fall outside the CEP . Within the CEP we must suppose some fifteen or twenty detonations at least on the scale of Hiroshima , without taking into account any possible detonations , release of radio-active materials , etc. , if the strike should succeed in finding out the cruise missiles at which it was aimed . A semi-permanent peace camp was set up outside RAF Lakenheath . In 1985 , the future Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams was arrested for singing psalms at a CND protest at Lakenheath . Libya . Over 1,000 people demonstrated outside RAF Lakenheath in protest at the 1986 United States bombing of Libya . Iraq war and later . The 2003 Iraq War sparked a new wave of peace protests . In one incident , 9 protestors gained access to the base by cutting through its perimeter fence.The protestors rode bicycles along the main runway , before chaining themselves together . Activists later established a peace camp outside RAF Lakenheath to draw attention to the base . In 2006 , a group of 200 people protested against the alleged nuclear weapons stored at RAF Lakenheath . Addressing the crowd was Jeremy Corbyn , who cycled to RAF Lakenheath from the railway station in Ely . There were further protests on this issue in 2008 .
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RAF Lakenheath Royal Air Force Lakenheath or RAF Lakenheath is a Royal Air Force station near the village of Lakenheath in Suffolk , England , UK , north-east of Mildenhall and west of Thetford . The base also sits close to Brandon . Despite being an RAF station , Lakenheath currently only hosts United States Air Force units and personnel . The host wing is the 48th Fighter Wing ( 48 FW ) , also known as the Liberty Wing , assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) . History . First World War . The first use of Lakenheath Warren as a Royal Flying Corps airfield was during the First World War , when the area was made into a bombing and ground-attack range for aircraft flying from elsewhere in the area . It appears to have been little used , and was abandoned when peace came in 1918 . Second World War ( 1940–1945 ) . Royal Air Force use . In 1940 , the Air Ministry selected Lakenheath as an alternative for nearby RAF Mildenhall and used it as a decoy airfield . False lights , runways and aircraft diverted Luftwaffe attacks from Mildenhall . Surfaced runways were constructed in 1941 , with the main runway ( 04/22 ) being , and the subsidiaries at ( 12/30 ) and ( 16/34 ) . Another was added to runway 16/34 . Hardstands for thirty-six aircraft were built , along with two T-2 and a B-1 hangar . One T-2 was on the technical site , the other hangars to the east across the Mildenhall-Brandon road ( A1065 ) were reached by taxiways . Lakenheath was used by RAF flying units on detachment late in 1941 . The station soon functioned as a Mildenhall satellite with Short Stirling bombers of No . 149 Squadron dispersed from the parent airfield as conditions allowed . The squadron exchanged its Vickers Wellingtons for Stirlings late in November 1941 . After becoming fully operational with its new aircraft , the squadron moved into Lakenheath on 6 April 1942 and remained until mid 1944 when the squadron moved to RAF Methwold in Norfolk . Taking part in more than 350 operations , more than half mine-laying , No . 149 Squadron had one of the lowest percentage loss rates of all Stirling squadrons . One Stirling pilot , Flight Sergeant Rawdon Middleton , was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for valour on the night of 28–29 November 1942 , when despite serious face wounds and loss of blood from shell-fire during a raid on the Fiat works at Turin in Italy , he brought the damaged aircraft back towards southern England . With fuel nearly exhausted his crew were ordered to bail out . Middleton was killed when the Stirling , BF372 OJ-H , crashed into the English Channel . In early 1943 , three T-2 hangars were erected on the north side of the airfield for glider storage , forty Horsa Gliders being dispersed at Lakenheath during that year . On 21 June 1943 , No . 199 Squadron was established as a second Stirling squadron . Commencing operations on 31 July , it laid mines during the winter of 1943–44 . At the end of April 1944 , after sixty-eight operations , the squadron transferred to No . 100 Group for bomber support , moving to RAF North Creake in Norfolk on 1 May 1944 . No . 149 Squadron ended its association with RAF Lakenheath the same month , taking its Stirlings to RAF Methwold . Between them , the two squadrons lost 116 Stirling bombers in combat while flying from Lakenheath . The reason for the departure of the two bomber squadrons was Lakenheaths selection for upgrading to a Very Heavy Bomber airfield . Lakenheath was one of three RAF airfields being prepared to receive United States Army Air Forces Boeing B-29 Superfortresses , which were tentatively planned to replace some of Eighth Air Forces Third Air Division Consolidated B-24 Liberator groups in the spring of 1945 . The work entailed removal of the existing runways and laying new ones comprising of high-grade concrete . The main runway ( 07/25 ) was long ; the subsidiaries , 01/19 and 14/32 , both ; all three being wide . Part of the A1065 road between Brandon and Mildenhall was closed , and a new section built further to the east on the Warren . During the peak period of construction , over 1,000 men were working on the site ; yet instead of the 12 months planned , it took 18 months for the ground work alone and years before Lakenheaths transformation was complete . The cost was nearly £2 million . By the time construction ended the war with Germany was over and RAF Lakenheath was put on a care and maintenance status . Cold War ( 1946–1990 ) . Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union in Europe began as early as 1946 . In November , President Harry S . Truman ordered Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) B-29 bombers to RAF Burtonwood in Lancashire , and from there to various bases in West Germany as a training deployment . In May 1947 , additional B-29s were sent to the UK and Germany to keep up the presence of a training program . These deployments were only a pretense , as the true aim of these B-29s was to have a strategic air force permanently stationed in Europe . In April 1947 , RAF Bomber Command returned to Lakenheath and had the runways repaired , resurfaced , and readied for operations by May 1948 . Strategic Air Command . In response to the threat by the Soviet Union , by the 1948 Berlin blockade , President Truman decided to realign United States Air Force Europe ( USAFE ) into a permanent combat-capable force . In July , B-29 Superfortresses of the SAC 2nd Bombardment Group were deployed to Lakenheath for a 90-day temporary deployment . On 27 November 1948 , operational control of RAF Lakenheath was transferred from the Royal Air Force to USAFE . The first USAFE host unit at Lakenheath was the 7504th Base Completion Squadron , being activated on that date . The squadron was elevated to an Air Base Group ( ABG ) on 28 January 1950 , and to a Wing ( ABW ) on 26 September 1950 . Control of Lakenheath was allocated to the Third Air Force at RAF South Ruislip , which had command of SAC B-29 operations in England . The Third Air Force was subsequently placed directly under USAF orders , with SAC establishing the 7th Air Division Headquarters at RAF Mildenhall . The collocation of the two headquarters within the United Kingdom allowed HQ USAFE to discharge its responsibilities in England , while at the same time allowing SAC to continue in its deterrent role while retaining operational control over flying activities at Lakenheath . By 1950 , Lakenheath was one of three main operating bases for the SAC in the UK , the others being RAF Marham and RAF Sculthorpe both in Norfolk . A succession of bombardment squadrons and wings , thirty-three in all , rotated through Lakenheath , the B-29s giving way to the improved Boeing B-50 Superfortresses and subsequently , in June 1954 , Boeing B-47 Stratojets . On 1 May 1951 , Lakenheath was transferred from USAFE to SAC , and placed under the 3909th Air Base Group . By 1952 , a high security perimeter fencing was erected . The 3909th moved to RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire during 1954 , and was replaced by the 3910th Air Base Group.Known SAC units which deployed to RAF Lakenheath on temporary duty ( TDY ) were : - 830th Bombardment Squadron ( 1 June 1949 – 21 August 1949 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY from the 509th Composite Group , Walker AFB , New Mexico ) - 65th Bombardment Squadron ( 15 August 1949 – 15 November 1949 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY From the 43d Bombardment Wing , Davis-Monthan AFB , Arizona ) - 33d Bombardment Squadron ( 20 November 1949 – 18 February 1950 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From the 22d Bombardment Wing , March AFB , California ) - 96th Bombardment Squadron ( 22 February 1950 – 12 May 1950 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY From the 2d Bombardment Wing , Hunter AFB , Georgia ) - 301st Bombardment Wing ( 28 June 1950 – 28 November 1950 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From Barksdale AFB , Louisiana ) - 97th Bombardment Wing ( 15 March 1952 – 1 April 1952 ) ( B-50D , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Biggs AFB , Texas ) - 19th Bombardment Squadron ( 6 September 1951 – 13 December 1951 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From the 22d Bombardment Wing , March AFB , California ) The increasing tension of the Cold War lead to a re-evaluation of these deployments , and by 1953 SAC bombers began to move its heavy bomb groups further west , behind RAF fighter forces , to RAF Brize Norton , RAF Greenham Common , RAF Upper Heyford and RAF Fairford , while its shorter-range B-47 were sent to East Anglia . - 43d Air Refueling Squadron ( 21 March 1953 – 5 June 1953 ) ( KC-97 ) ( TDY From the 43d Bombardment Wing , Davis-Monthan AFB , Arizona ) - 321st Bombardment Wing ( 9 December 1954 – 9 March 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Pinecastle AFB , Florida ) - 40th Bombardment Wing ( 9 June 1955 – 9 September 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Schilling AFB , Kansas ) - 340th Bombardment Wing ( 14 September 1955 – 3 November 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Whiteman AFB , Missouri ) - 98th Bombardment Wing ( 12 November 1955 – 28 January 1956 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Lincoln AFB , Nebraska ) - Lakenheath Task Force ( Provisional ) ( 1 May 1955 – UNK ) ( RB/ERB-47H ) ( Electronic Reconnaissance and Countermeasures ) ( TDY From 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing , Forbes AFB , Kansas ) - 509th Air Refueling Squadron ( 26 January 1956 – 30 April 1956 ) ( KC-97 ) ( TDY From Walker AFB , New Mexico ) - 307th Bombardment Wing ( 11 July 1956 – 5 October 1956 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Lincoln AFB , Nebraska ) Many SAC Squadrons had aircraft at Lakenheath on a transitory basis without any recorded deployment to the base . For example , in January 1951 , a detachment of Convair RB-36D Peacemaker intercontinental bombers from the 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Travis AFB , California arrived for a few days , and various tanker and transport aircraft also made periodic appearances at the base . Several of the temporary detachments included in-flight refuelling tanker aircraft . On 30 April 1956 , two Lockheed U-2s were airlifted to Lakenheath to form CIA Detachment A . The first flight of the U-2 was on 21 May . The Central Intelligence Agency unit did not remain long , moving to Wiesbaden Air Base , West Germany on 15 June . On 10 October 1956 , a United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean after departure from RAF Lakenheath for a flight to Lajes Field in the Azores . The aircraft was on a Military Air Transport Service flight carrying 50 members of the 307th Bombardment Wing , on their way home to the United States after a temporary duty assignment and a US Navy crew of nine . All 59 personnel on board were lost . 48th Tactical Fighter Wing . Following French president Charles de Gaulles insistence in 1959 that all non-French nuclear-capable forces should be withdrawn from his country , the USAF began a redeployment of its North American F-100-equipped units from France . The 48th TFW left its base at Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base , France on 15 January 1960 , its aircraft arriving at Lakenheath that afternoon . When the first F-100D touched down on Lakenheaths runway , the landing symbolised a return for the Statue of Liberty Wing . Almost 16 years had passed since the Second World War Ninth Air Force 48th Fighter Groups arrival at RAF Ibsley , England , for the D-Day invasion . In conjunction with this transfer , control of Lakenheath was transferred from Strategic Air Command back to USAFE . As SAC elements began their departure , the 3910th Air Base Group began its transition of handing Lakenheaths facilities and real estate over to the 48ths Combat Support Group elements . The tactical components of the 48th TFW upon arrival at Lakenheath were : - 492d Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LR , blue colours ) - 493d Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LS , yellow colours ) - 494th Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LT , red colours ) The squadron markings consisted of alternating stripes across the tailfin in squadron colours , with a shadowed V shaped chevron on the nose . Starting in March 1970 , squadron tail codes ( shown above ) were added when the aircraft went from a natural finish to a Southeast Asian camouflage motif . The period between 1972 and 1977 can be described as a five-year aircraft conversion . Beginning in late 1971 , the 48th TFW started its conversion to the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II , with the aircraft being transferred from the 81st TFW at RAF Bentwaters in Suffolk . The conversion to the F-4D took several years , with the last F-100 departing in August 1974 . With the arrival of the Phantoms , the F-4s adopted a common tail code of LK . This tail code lasted only a few months as in July and August 1972 the 48th TFW further recoded to LN . The F-4D carried squadron identifying fin cap colours of blue , yellow and red ( 492d , 493d , 494th respectively ) . The F-4s service with the 48th TFW was short , as operation Ready Switch transferred the F-4D assets to the 474th TFW at Nellis AFB , Nevada . The 474th sent their General Dynamics F-111 . As to the 366th TFW at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho , and the 366th sent their F-111Fs to Lakenheath in early 1977 . A fourth fighter squadron , the 495th Tactical Fighter Squadron was activated with the 48th TFW on 1 April 1977 , with a squadron tail colour of green . This was 33 years to the day since the squadrons inactivation . The 495ths mission of functioning as a replacement training unit for the other three fighter squadrons . This made the 495th and the 48th TFW unique , as the only WSO ( Weapons System Operator ) training unit for USAFE . F-111s from the 48th TFW participated in 1986 United States bombing of Libya in 1986 . This bombing of Libya prompted the mock-acronym , Lakenheath Is Bombing Your Ass . During the operation one F-111 from Lakenheath was shot down by Libyan forces and the two crew members were killed . The Libyan government eventually returned one of the bodies . Post Cold War ( 1991 – present ) . Lakenheath received its first McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagles in 1992 . With the departure of the F-111s , the 495th FS was inactivated on 13 December 1991 . On 18 December 1992 , the last F-111 departed the base . Along with its departure , the 493d FS was also inactivated . With the pending closure of Bitburg Air Base in Germany on 25 February 1994 , it was decided to reactivate the 493d as an F-15C/D squadron . Aircraft were transferred from the 33d Fighter Wing at Eglin AFB , Florida , and the 493d was reactivated on 1 January . The 493ds arrival meant that the 48th became the largest F-15E/F-15C composite unit in the U.S . Air Force . In 2003 , the 48th FW received the first of ten new F-15Es . The aircraft were part of the final batch of F-15s expected to be ordered by the Air Force . On 2 March 2011 , members of the 48th Security Forces Squadron were involved in a shooting at Frankfurt Airport in Germany . The members were on a bus bound for Ramstein Air Base in Germany when they were attacked by a lone gunman . On 22 March 2011 , F-15E 91-0304 crash-landed and was destroyed in eastern Libya after reportedly suffering from a mechanical failure . Both crewmen ejected and were safely recovered . On 7 January 2014 , a Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk from the base crashed following a bird strike while on a low-level training exercise with another helicopter ( also a Pave Hawk ) , into the Cley Marshes near Cley next the Sea on the nearby North Norfolk coast . All four occupants died in the crash . On 8 October 2014 , F-15D 86-0182 belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in a field outside Spalding , Lincolnshire . The pilot successfully ejected and was shortly recovered back to Lakenheath on board a Pave Hawk . A US Marine Corps Boeing F/A-18 Hornet of VMFA-232 Red Devils from MCAS . Miramar , California , crashed after taking off from RAF Lakenheath on 21 October 2015 . The pilot , Major Taj Cabbie Sareen ( 34 ) , did not survive . On 15 June 2020 , an F-15C belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in the North Sea , 74 nautical miles east of Scarborough at about . The body of pilot 1st Lt . Kenneth Allen has been found deceased . Near nuclear disasters . Because RAF Lakenheath was one of several British air bases which was used by the U.S . Air Force to store nuclear weapons during the Cold War , there was a possibility of nuclear incidents occurring at the air base . Records show that there were at least two serious near nuclear disasters at the base . The first near nuclear accident occurred on 27 July 1956 , when a B-47 bomber crashed into a storage igloo containing three Mark-6 nuclear weapons . The aircraft exploded and the nuclear bombs were showered with burning fuel . Although the bombs did not have their plutonium fissile cores installed , each of them contained a quantity of depleted uranium-238 . The crash and ensuing fire did not ignite the high explosives and no detonation occurred . However , a bomb disposal expert stated it was a miracle exposed detonators on one bomb did not fire , which would have released nuclear material into the environment . The B-47 involved in the accident , which killed four crewmen , was part of the 307th Bombardment Wing . The event caused great concern for the British government , and as a result of the incident it was determined that it would be desirable to block US authorities from ordering evacuations in future if one of its nuclear weapons fell upon the British countryside . This began a debate over how to block the US military from alerting the public - and thereby causing expected national panic . The policy for the next few years was to completely deny any incident had occurred if the press got word of a nuclear accident . A similar near nuclear disaster occurred at RAF Greenham Common less than two years later in February 1958 , when an aircraft allegedly carrying a nuclear bomb caught fire . The 1956 incident was not a freak occurrence , and a second near nuclear disaster occurred at Lakenheath five years later . In January 1961 , a parked U.S . Air Force F-100 Super Sabre loaded with a mark 28 hydrogen bomb caught fire after the pilot accidentally jettisoned his fuel tanks , rupturing as they struck the concrete runway beneath . The aviation fuel ignited and flames engulfed the nuclear bomb beneath the aircraft , but the fire was brought under control before the bombs high explosive detonated or before the fire caused the bombs arming components to function . However , the incident left the weapon scorched and blistered . Role and operations . The 48th Fighter Wing at RAF Lakenheath is the Statue of Liberty Wing , the only USAF wing with both a number and a name . Since activation at Chaumont-Semoutiers AB , France , on 10 July 1952 , Liberty Wing has been one of the premier fighter wings of the United States Air Forces in Europe , spending over 50 years as part of USAFE . The 48 FW has nearly 5,700 active-duty military members , 2,000 British and U.S . civilians , and includes a Geographically Separate Unit ( GSU ) at nearby RAF Feltwell . Tactical squadrons of the 48th Operations Group are : - 492nd Fighter Squadron ( F-15E ) - 493rd Fighter Squadron ( F-15C/D ) - 494th Fighter Squadron ( F-15E ) Aircraft of the 48th FW carry the tail code LN . In addition to supporting three combat-ready squadrons of F-15E Strike Eagle and F-15C Eagle fighter aircraft , the Liberty Wing housed the 56th Rescue Squadrons HH-60G Combat Search and Rescue helicopters . The 56th and 57th Rescue Squadrons re-located to Aviano Air Base in 2018 . RAF Lakenheath and its sister base RAF Mildenhall are the two main U.S . Air Force bases in United Kingdom , and 48th Fighter Wing is the only U.S . Air Force F-15 fighter wing in U.K . and also in Europe . Based units . Flying and notable non-flying units based at RAF Lakenheath . United States Air Force . United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) - 48th Fighter Wing - 48th Operations Group - 492nd Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle - 493nd Fighter Squadron – F-15C/D Eagle - 494th Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle - 48th Operations Support Squadron - 48th Maintenance Group - 48th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron - 748th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron - 48th Component Maintenance Squadron - 48th Equipment Maintenance Squadron - 48th Maintenance Operations Squadron - 48th Munitions Squadron - 48th Medical Group - 48th Dental Squadron - 48th Inpatient Operations Squadron - 48th Medical Operations Squadron - 48th Medical Support Squadron - 48th Surgical Operations Squadron - 48th Mission Support Group - 48th Civil Engineer Squadron - 48th Communications Squadron - 48th Contracting Squadron - 48th Force Support Squadron - 48th Logistics Readiness Squadron - 48th Security Forces Squadron Future . F-35A Lightning II . In January 2015 , the US Department of Defense announced that from 2020 , Lakenheath would become home to 54 of the US Air Forces Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II multi-role fighters . The aircraft would be split between two squadrons and there would be an increase of 1,200 military personnel and between 60 and 100 civilian workers at the station . The F-35 would operate alongside the two existing F-15E squadrons based at Lakenheath . By November 2018 , the number of craft had been revised to 48 and their arrival date as late 2021 . F-35 Infrastructure . To accommodate the new aircraft a F-35 Campus is to be constructed on the south side of the airfield . Projects . The main new operational buildings being developed as part of the F-35 project are as follows . - Two six-bay maintenance hangars – Space for service , maintenance , storage , and staff support facilities ( to be known as Hangars 4-1 and 4–2 ) . - Hangar 6 ( Consolidated Parts Store ) – Single-storey extension to the southern side of Hangar 6 , including offices and warehouses and the storage of aircraft equipment and parts . - Dual Squadron Operations/Aircraft Maintenance Unit – A three-storey building to provide combined facilities for two squadrons comprising Squadron Operations and Aircraft Maintenance Unit ( AMU ) facilities , including mission planning , administration space in the operations section and offices to manage the maintenance of aircraft and storage space . - Corrosion control and wash rack facility – Comprising single-storey hangar to maintain aircraft including a paint and sanding booth and wash rack . - Flight simulator facility – Comprising a single-storey building to accommodate six F-35A flight simulators , administration , records , classrooms , brief/debrief rooms , and storage space . - A Field Training Detachment Facility , comprising A three-storey building to provide F-35A training programme to maintain the aircraft , incorporating classrooms and administration rooms . Field Training Detachment Facility – A three-storey building to provide F-35A maintenance , including classrooms and administration rooms . - Aircraft Ground Equipment ( AGE ) Facilities – A single storey building extension and new covered storage associated with an existing building used for maintenance and storage of AGE related to the F-35A . - Fuel System Maintenance Dock – A single storey hangar with fuel system maintenance dock to support the operation of the F-35A . - Munitions Maintenance Facility – A single storey building extension and new covered storage to an existing building for the maintenance of munitions used by the F-35A . - Residential accommodation – A three or four-storey dormitory for up to 144 beds to accommodate the increase in station personnel . - Flight-line Dining Facility - Munitions Storage Administration Maintenance building - Hospital – Replacement medical facility up to four storeys to provide inpatient services , outpatient and speciality care clinics , ancillary services , support and medical administrative functions . - High school – A three or four-storey building to house approximately 560 students . The airfield operational surfaces would also be expanded as follows . - Charlie Apron , currently used by F-15s will be redeveloped and extended to allow the parking of up to forty-two F-35A aircraft in dual-occupancy shelters constructed from a light weight , canopy structure with open sides . The total area of Charlie Apron once extended will be approximately 78,392 square metres , combining the retained area of 58,780 square metres with the new area of 19,612 square metres . It will be connected to Maintenance Hangars 4-1 and 4-2 and the Squadron Operations/AMU building . - Alpha-Bravo Apron will be extended to accommodate existing F-15 aircraft currently using Charlie Apron . The total area of Alpha-Bravo Apron once extended will be approximately 54,179 square metres , combining the retained area of 39,750 square metres with the new area of 14,429 square metres . Up to thirty-eight F-15 aircraft will be capable of being accommodated on the open apron which would not feature any shelters . Infrastructure delivery . Investment of $148.4 million ( £116.7M ) for the delivery of F-35A infrastructure at Lakenheath was authorised by the US administration in August 2018 . In November 2018 , the Defence Infrastructure Organisation awarded a £160M contract for infrastructure work to a joint venture between Kier Group and VolkerFitzpatrick . To make way for the F-35 Campus , demolition of the first of eighteen buildings began in March 2019 . The work on Alpha-Bravo Apron was completed in August 2020 , allowing F-15E Strike Eagle operations of the 492nd and 494th Fighter Squadrons to be consolidated on one ramp . Heritage . Gate guardian . RAF Lakenheaths gate guardian is North American F-100D Super Sabre , serial number 54-2269 . The aircraft was originally delivered to the French Air Force . On return it was moved to the Wings of Liberty Memorial Park at RAF Lakenheath . Firstly it was painted as 55-4048 , latterly as 56-3319 . Protests . Since the bases founding , RAF Lakenheath has been targeted for numerous peace protests from groups such as Stop the war coalition and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . Pershing . Lakenheath was one of the proposed sites of the NATO Pershing II Missile System . The deployment of the Missile system sparked protests all over Western Europe , and RAF Lakenheath was one of the most prominent military sites . The radical historian E.P . Thompson wrote in a pamphlet that basing the system at RAF Lakenheath directly endangered the lives of those in the nearby city of Cambridge:...Lakenheath is , by crow or cruise , just over twenty miles from Cambridge . It is possible that Cambridge but less probable that Oxford will fall outside the CEP . Within the CEP we must suppose some fifteen or twenty detonations at least on the scale of Hiroshima , without taking into account any possible detonations , release of radio-active materials , etc. , if the strike should succeed in finding out the cruise missiles at which it was aimed . A semi-permanent peace camp was set up outside RAF Lakenheath . In 1985 , the future Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams was arrested for singing psalms at a CND protest at Lakenheath . Libya . Over 1,000 people demonstrated outside RAF Lakenheath in protest at the 1986 United States bombing of Libya . Iraq war and later . The 2003 Iraq War sparked a new wave of peace protests . In one incident , 9 protestors gained access to the base by cutting through its perimeter fence.The protestors rode bicycles along the main runway , before chaining themselves together . Activists later established a peace camp outside RAF Lakenheath to draw attention to the base . In 2006 , a group of 200 people protested against the alleged nuclear weapons stored at RAF Lakenheath . Addressing the crowd was Jeremy Corbyn , who cycled to RAF Lakenheath from the railway station in Ely . There were further protests on this issue in 2008 .
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RAF Lakenheath Royal Air Force Lakenheath or RAF Lakenheath is a Royal Air Force station near the village of Lakenheath in Suffolk , England , UK , north-east of Mildenhall and west of Thetford . The base also sits close to Brandon . Despite being an RAF station , Lakenheath currently only hosts United States Air Force units and personnel . The host wing is the 48th Fighter Wing ( 48 FW ) , also known as the Liberty Wing , assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) . History . First World War . The first use of Lakenheath Warren as a Royal Flying Corps airfield was during the First World War , when the area was made into a bombing and ground-attack range for aircraft flying from elsewhere in the area . It appears to have been little used , and was abandoned when peace came in 1918 . Second World War ( 1940–1945 ) . Royal Air Force use . In 1940 , the Air Ministry selected Lakenheath as an alternative for nearby RAF Mildenhall and used it as a decoy airfield . False lights , runways and aircraft diverted Luftwaffe attacks from Mildenhall . Surfaced runways were constructed in 1941 , with the main runway ( 04/22 ) being , and the subsidiaries at ( 12/30 ) and ( 16/34 ) . Another was added to runway 16/34 . Hardstands for thirty-six aircraft were built , along with two T-2 and a B-1 hangar . One T-2 was on the technical site , the other hangars to the east across the Mildenhall-Brandon road ( A1065 ) were reached by taxiways . Lakenheath was used by RAF flying units on detachment late in 1941 . The station soon functioned as a Mildenhall satellite with Short Stirling bombers of No . 149 Squadron dispersed from the parent airfield as conditions allowed . The squadron exchanged its Vickers Wellingtons for Stirlings late in November 1941 . After becoming fully operational with its new aircraft , the squadron moved into Lakenheath on 6 April 1942 and remained until mid 1944 when the squadron moved to RAF Methwold in Norfolk . Taking part in more than 350 operations , more than half mine-laying , No . 149 Squadron had one of the lowest percentage loss rates of all Stirling squadrons . One Stirling pilot , Flight Sergeant Rawdon Middleton , was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for valour on the night of 28–29 November 1942 , when despite serious face wounds and loss of blood from shell-fire during a raid on the Fiat works at Turin in Italy , he brought the damaged aircraft back towards southern England . With fuel nearly exhausted his crew were ordered to bail out . Middleton was killed when the Stirling , BF372 OJ-H , crashed into the English Channel . In early 1943 , three T-2 hangars were erected on the north side of the airfield for glider storage , forty Horsa Gliders being dispersed at Lakenheath during that year . On 21 June 1943 , No . 199 Squadron was established as a second Stirling squadron . Commencing operations on 31 July , it laid mines during the winter of 1943–44 . At the end of April 1944 , after sixty-eight operations , the squadron transferred to No . 100 Group for bomber support , moving to RAF North Creake in Norfolk on 1 May 1944 . No . 149 Squadron ended its association with RAF Lakenheath the same month , taking its Stirlings to RAF Methwold . Between them , the two squadrons lost 116 Stirling bombers in combat while flying from Lakenheath . The reason for the departure of the two bomber squadrons was Lakenheaths selection for upgrading to a Very Heavy Bomber airfield . Lakenheath was one of three RAF airfields being prepared to receive United States Army Air Forces Boeing B-29 Superfortresses , which were tentatively planned to replace some of Eighth Air Forces Third Air Division Consolidated B-24 Liberator groups in the spring of 1945 . The work entailed removal of the existing runways and laying new ones comprising of high-grade concrete . The main runway ( 07/25 ) was long ; the subsidiaries , 01/19 and 14/32 , both ; all three being wide . Part of the A1065 road between Brandon and Mildenhall was closed , and a new section built further to the east on the Warren . During the peak period of construction , over 1,000 men were working on the site ; yet instead of the 12 months planned , it took 18 months for the ground work alone and years before Lakenheaths transformation was complete . The cost was nearly £2 million . By the time construction ended the war with Germany was over and RAF Lakenheath was put on a care and maintenance status . Cold War ( 1946–1990 ) . Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union in Europe began as early as 1946 . In November , President Harry S . Truman ordered Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) B-29 bombers to RAF Burtonwood in Lancashire , and from there to various bases in West Germany as a training deployment . In May 1947 , additional B-29s were sent to the UK and Germany to keep up the presence of a training program . These deployments were only a pretense , as the true aim of these B-29s was to have a strategic air force permanently stationed in Europe . In April 1947 , RAF Bomber Command returned to Lakenheath and had the runways repaired , resurfaced , and readied for operations by May 1948 . Strategic Air Command . In response to the threat by the Soviet Union , by the 1948 Berlin blockade , President Truman decided to realign United States Air Force Europe ( USAFE ) into a permanent combat-capable force . In July , B-29 Superfortresses of the SAC 2nd Bombardment Group were deployed to Lakenheath for a 90-day temporary deployment . On 27 November 1948 , operational control of RAF Lakenheath was transferred from the Royal Air Force to USAFE . The first USAFE host unit at Lakenheath was the 7504th Base Completion Squadron , being activated on that date . The squadron was elevated to an Air Base Group ( ABG ) on 28 January 1950 , and to a Wing ( ABW ) on 26 September 1950 . Control of Lakenheath was allocated to the Third Air Force at RAF South Ruislip , which had command of SAC B-29 operations in England . The Third Air Force was subsequently placed directly under USAF orders , with SAC establishing the 7th Air Division Headquarters at RAF Mildenhall . The collocation of the two headquarters within the United Kingdom allowed HQ USAFE to discharge its responsibilities in England , while at the same time allowing SAC to continue in its deterrent role while retaining operational control over flying activities at Lakenheath . By 1950 , Lakenheath was one of three main operating bases for the SAC in the UK , the others being RAF Marham and RAF Sculthorpe both in Norfolk . A succession of bombardment squadrons and wings , thirty-three in all , rotated through Lakenheath , the B-29s giving way to the improved Boeing B-50 Superfortresses and subsequently , in June 1954 , Boeing B-47 Stratojets . On 1 May 1951 , Lakenheath was transferred from USAFE to SAC , and placed under the 3909th Air Base Group . By 1952 , a high security perimeter fencing was erected . The 3909th moved to RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire during 1954 , and was replaced by the 3910th Air Base Group.Known SAC units which deployed to RAF Lakenheath on temporary duty ( TDY ) were : - 830th Bombardment Squadron ( 1 June 1949 – 21 August 1949 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY from the 509th Composite Group , Walker AFB , New Mexico ) - 65th Bombardment Squadron ( 15 August 1949 – 15 November 1949 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY From the 43d Bombardment Wing , Davis-Monthan AFB , Arizona ) - 33d Bombardment Squadron ( 20 November 1949 – 18 February 1950 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From the 22d Bombardment Wing , March AFB , California ) - 96th Bombardment Squadron ( 22 February 1950 – 12 May 1950 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY From the 2d Bombardment Wing , Hunter AFB , Georgia ) - 301st Bombardment Wing ( 28 June 1950 – 28 November 1950 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From Barksdale AFB , Louisiana ) - 97th Bombardment Wing ( 15 March 1952 – 1 April 1952 ) ( B-50D , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Biggs AFB , Texas ) - 19th Bombardment Squadron ( 6 September 1951 – 13 December 1951 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From the 22d Bombardment Wing , March AFB , California ) The increasing tension of the Cold War lead to a re-evaluation of these deployments , and by 1953 SAC bombers began to move its heavy bomb groups further west , behind RAF fighter forces , to RAF Brize Norton , RAF Greenham Common , RAF Upper Heyford and RAF Fairford , while its shorter-range B-47 were sent to East Anglia . - 43d Air Refueling Squadron ( 21 March 1953 – 5 June 1953 ) ( KC-97 ) ( TDY From the 43d Bombardment Wing , Davis-Monthan AFB , Arizona ) - 321st Bombardment Wing ( 9 December 1954 – 9 March 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Pinecastle AFB , Florida ) - 40th Bombardment Wing ( 9 June 1955 – 9 September 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Schilling AFB , Kansas ) - 340th Bombardment Wing ( 14 September 1955 – 3 November 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Whiteman AFB , Missouri ) - 98th Bombardment Wing ( 12 November 1955 – 28 January 1956 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Lincoln AFB , Nebraska ) - Lakenheath Task Force ( Provisional ) ( 1 May 1955 – UNK ) ( RB/ERB-47H ) ( Electronic Reconnaissance and Countermeasures ) ( TDY From 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing , Forbes AFB , Kansas ) - 509th Air Refueling Squadron ( 26 January 1956 – 30 April 1956 ) ( KC-97 ) ( TDY From Walker AFB , New Mexico ) - 307th Bombardment Wing ( 11 July 1956 – 5 October 1956 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Lincoln AFB , Nebraska ) Many SAC Squadrons had aircraft at Lakenheath on a transitory basis without any recorded deployment to the base . For example , in January 1951 , a detachment of Convair RB-36D Peacemaker intercontinental bombers from the 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Travis AFB , California arrived for a few days , and various tanker and transport aircraft also made periodic appearances at the base . Several of the temporary detachments included in-flight refuelling tanker aircraft . On 30 April 1956 , two Lockheed U-2s were airlifted to Lakenheath to form CIA Detachment A . The first flight of the U-2 was on 21 May . The Central Intelligence Agency unit did not remain long , moving to Wiesbaden Air Base , West Germany on 15 June . On 10 October 1956 , a United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean after departure from RAF Lakenheath for a flight to Lajes Field in the Azores . The aircraft was on a Military Air Transport Service flight carrying 50 members of the 307th Bombardment Wing , on their way home to the United States after a temporary duty assignment and a US Navy crew of nine . All 59 personnel on board were lost . 48th Tactical Fighter Wing . Following French president Charles de Gaulles insistence in 1959 that all non-French nuclear-capable forces should be withdrawn from his country , the USAF began a redeployment of its North American F-100-equipped units from France . The 48th TFW left its base at Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base , France on 15 January 1960 , its aircraft arriving at Lakenheath that afternoon . When the first F-100D touched down on Lakenheaths runway , the landing symbolised a return for the Statue of Liberty Wing . Almost 16 years had passed since the Second World War Ninth Air Force 48th Fighter Groups arrival at RAF Ibsley , England , for the D-Day invasion . In conjunction with this transfer , control of Lakenheath was transferred from Strategic Air Command back to USAFE . As SAC elements began their departure , the 3910th Air Base Group began its transition of handing Lakenheaths facilities and real estate over to the 48ths Combat Support Group elements . The tactical components of the 48th TFW upon arrival at Lakenheath were : - 492d Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LR , blue colours ) - 493d Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LS , yellow colours ) - 494th Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LT , red colours ) The squadron markings consisted of alternating stripes across the tailfin in squadron colours , with a shadowed V shaped chevron on the nose . Starting in March 1970 , squadron tail codes ( shown above ) were added when the aircraft went from a natural finish to a Southeast Asian camouflage motif . The period between 1972 and 1977 can be described as a five-year aircraft conversion . Beginning in late 1971 , the 48th TFW started its conversion to the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II , with the aircraft being transferred from the 81st TFW at RAF Bentwaters in Suffolk . The conversion to the F-4D took several years , with the last F-100 departing in August 1974 . With the arrival of the Phantoms , the F-4s adopted a common tail code of LK . This tail code lasted only a few months as in July and August 1972 the 48th TFW further recoded to LN . The F-4D carried squadron identifying fin cap colours of blue , yellow and red ( 492d , 493d , 494th respectively ) . The F-4s service with the 48th TFW was short , as operation Ready Switch transferred the F-4D assets to the 474th TFW at Nellis AFB , Nevada . The 474th sent their General Dynamics F-111 . As to the 366th TFW at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho , and the 366th sent their F-111Fs to Lakenheath in early 1977 . A fourth fighter squadron , the 495th Tactical Fighter Squadron was activated with the 48th TFW on 1 April 1977 , with a squadron tail colour of green . This was 33 years to the day since the squadrons inactivation . The 495ths mission of functioning as a replacement training unit for the other three fighter squadrons . This made the 495th and the 48th TFW unique , as the only WSO ( Weapons System Operator ) training unit for USAFE . F-111s from the 48th TFW participated in 1986 United States bombing of Libya in 1986 . This bombing of Libya prompted the mock-acronym , Lakenheath Is Bombing Your Ass . During the operation one F-111 from Lakenheath was shot down by Libyan forces and the two crew members were killed . The Libyan government eventually returned one of the bodies . Post Cold War ( 1991 – present ) . Lakenheath received its first McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagles in 1992 . With the departure of the F-111s , the 495th FS was inactivated on 13 December 1991 . On 18 December 1992 , the last F-111 departed the base . Along with its departure , the 493d FS was also inactivated . With the pending closure of Bitburg Air Base in Germany on 25 February 1994 , it was decided to reactivate the 493d as an F-15C/D squadron . Aircraft were transferred from the 33d Fighter Wing at Eglin AFB , Florida , and the 493d was reactivated on 1 January . The 493ds arrival meant that the 48th became the largest F-15E/F-15C composite unit in the U.S . Air Force . In 2003 , the 48th FW received the first of ten new F-15Es . The aircraft were part of the final batch of F-15s expected to be ordered by the Air Force . On 2 March 2011 , members of the 48th Security Forces Squadron were involved in a shooting at Frankfurt Airport in Germany . The members were on a bus bound for Ramstein Air Base in Germany when they were attacked by a lone gunman . On 22 March 2011 , F-15E 91-0304 crash-landed and was destroyed in eastern Libya after reportedly suffering from a mechanical failure . Both crewmen ejected and were safely recovered . On 7 January 2014 , a Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk from the base crashed following a bird strike while on a low-level training exercise with another helicopter ( also a Pave Hawk ) , into the Cley Marshes near Cley next the Sea on the nearby North Norfolk coast . All four occupants died in the crash . On 8 October 2014 , F-15D 86-0182 belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in a field outside Spalding , Lincolnshire . The pilot successfully ejected and was shortly recovered back to Lakenheath on board a Pave Hawk . A US Marine Corps Boeing F/A-18 Hornet of VMFA-232 Red Devils from MCAS . Miramar , California , crashed after taking off from RAF Lakenheath on 21 October 2015 . The pilot , Major Taj Cabbie Sareen ( 34 ) , did not survive . On 15 June 2020 , an F-15C belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in the North Sea , 74 nautical miles east of Scarborough at about . The body of pilot 1st Lt . Kenneth Allen has been found deceased . Near nuclear disasters . Because RAF Lakenheath was one of several British air bases which was used by the U.S . Air Force to store nuclear weapons during the Cold War , there was a possibility of nuclear incidents occurring at the air base . Records show that there were at least two serious near nuclear disasters at the base . The first near nuclear accident occurred on 27 July 1956 , when a B-47 bomber crashed into a storage igloo containing three Mark-6 nuclear weapons . The aircraft exploded and the nuclear bombs were showered with burning fuel . Although the bombs did not have their plutonium fissile cores installed , each of them contained a quantity of depleted uranium-238 . The crash and ensuing fire did not ignite the high explosives and no detonation occurred . However , a bomb disposal expert stated it was a miracle exposed detonators on one bomb did not fire , which would have released nuclear material into the environment . The B-47 involved in the accident , which killed four crewmen , was part of the 307th Bombardment Wing . The event caused great concern for the British government , and as a result of the incident it was determined that it would be desirable to block US authorities from ordering evacuations in future if one of its nuclear weapons fell upon the British countryside . This began a debate over how to block the US military from alerting the public - and thereby causing expected national panic . The policy for the next few years was to completely deny any incident had occurred if the press got word of a nuclear accident . A similar near nuclear disaster occurred at RAF Greenham Common less than two years later in February 1958 , when an aircraft allegedly carrying a nuclear bomb caught fire . The 1956 incident was not a freak occurrence , and a second near nuclear disaster occurred at Lakenheath five years later . In January 1961 , a parked U.S . Air Force F-100 Super Sabre loaded with a mark 28 hydrogen bomb caught fire after the pilot accidentally jettisoned his fuel tanks , rupturing as they struck the concrete runway beneath . The aviation fuel ignited and flames engulfed the nuclear bomb beneath the aircraft , but the fire was brought under control before the bombs high explosive detonated or before the fire caused the bombs arming components to function . However , the incident left the weapon scorched and blistered . Role and operations . The 48th Fighter Wing at RAF Lakenheath is the Statue of Liberty Wing , the only USAF wing with both a number and a name . Since activation at Chaumont-Semoutiers AB , France , on 10 July 1952 , Liberty Wing has been one of the premier fighter wings of the United States Air Forces in Europe , spending over 50 years as part of USAFE . The 48 FW has nearly 5,700 active-duty military members , 2,000 British and U.S . civilians , and includes a Geographically Separate Unit ( GSU ) at nearby RAF Feltwell . Tactical squadrons of the 48th Operations Group are : - 492nd Fighter Squadron ( F-15E ) - 493rd Fighter Squadron ( F-15C/D ) - 494th Fighter Squadron ( F-15E ) Aircraft of the 48th FW carry the tail code LN . In addition to supporting three combat-ready squadrons of F-15E Strike Eagle and F-15C Eagle fighter aircraft , the Liberty Wing housed the 56th Rescue Squadrons HH-60G Combat Search and Rescue helicopters . The 56th and 57th Rescue Squadrons re-located to Aviano Air Base in 2018 . RAF Lakenheath and its sister base RAF Mildenhall are the two main U.S . Air Force bases in United Kingdom , and 48th Fighter Wing is the only U.S . Air Force F-15 fighter wing in U.K . and also in Europe . Based units . Flying and notable non-flying units based at RAF Lakenheath . United States Air Force . United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) - 48th Fighter Wing - 48th Operations Group - 492nd Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle - 493nd Fighter Squadron – F-15C/D Eagle - 494th Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle - 48th Operations Support Squadron - 48th Maintenance Group - 48th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron - 748th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron - 48th Component Maintenance Squadron - 48th Equipment Maintenance Squadron - 48th Maintenance Operations Squadron - 48th Munitions Squadron - 48th Medical Group - 48th Dental Squadron - 48th Inpatient Operations Squadron - 48th Medical Operations Squadron - 48th Medical Support Squadron - 48th Surgical Operations Squadron - 48th Mission Support Group - 48th Civil Engineer Squadron - 48th Communications Squadron - 48th Contracting Squadron - 48th Force Support Squadron - 48th Logistics Readiness Squadron - 48th Security Forces Squadron Future . F-35A Lightning II . In January 2015 , the US Department of Defense announced that from 2020 , Lakenheath would become home to 54 of the US Air Forces Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II multi-role fighters . The aircraft would be split between two squadrons and there would be an increase of 1,200 military personnel and between 60 and 100 civilian workers at the station . The F-35 would operate alongside the two existing F-15E squadrons based at Lakenheath . By November 2018 , the number of craft had been revised to 48 and their arrival date as late 2021 . F-35 Infrastructure . To accommodate the new aircraft a F-35 Campus is to be constructed on the south side of the airfield . Projects . The main new operational buildings being developed as part of the F-35 project are as follows . - Two six-bay maintenance hangars – Space for service , maintenance , storage , and staff support facilities ( to be known as Hangars 4-1 and 4–2 ) . - Hangar 6 ( Consolidated Parts Store ) – Single-storey extension to the southern side of Hangar 6 , including offices and warehouses and the storage of aircraft equipment and parts . - Dual Squadron Operations/Aircraft Maintenance Unit – A three-storey building to provide combined facilities for two squadrons comprising Squadron Operations and Aircraft Maintenance Unit ( AMU ) facilities , including mission planning , administration space in the operations section and offices to manage the maintenance of aircraft and storage space . - Corrosion control and wash rack facility – Comprising single-storey hangar to maintain aircraft including a paint and sanding booth and wash rack . - Flight simulator facility – Comprising a single-storey building to accommodate six F-35A flight simulators , administration , records , classrooms , brief/debrief rooms , and storage space . - A Field Training Detachment Facility , comprising A three-storey building to provide F-35A training programme to maintain the aircraft , incorporating classrooms and administration rooms . Field Training Detachment Facility – A three-storey building to provide F-35A maintenance , including classrooms and administration rooms . - Aircraft Ground Equipment ( AGE ) Facilities – A single storey building extension and new covered storage associated with an existing building used for maintenance and storage of AGE related to the F-35A . - Fuel System Maintenance Dock – A single storey hangar with fuel system maintenance dock to support the operation of the F-35A . - Munitions Maintenance Facility – A single storey building extension and new covered storage to an existing building for the maintenance of munitions used by the F-35A . - Residential accommodation – A three or four-storey dormitory for up to 144 beds to accommodate the increase in station personnel . - Flight-line Dining Facility - Munitions Storage Administration Maintenance building - Hospital – Replacement medical facility up to four storeys to provide inpatient services , outpatient and speciality care clinics , ancillary services , support and medical administrative functions . - High school – A three or four-storey building to house approximately 560 students . The airfield operational surfaces would also be expanded as follows . - Charlie Apron , currently used by F-15s will be redeveloped and extended to allow the parking of up to forty-two F-35A aircraft in dual-occupancy shelters constructed from a light weight , canopy structure with open sides . The total area of Charlie Apron once extended will be approximately 78,392 square metres , combining the retained area of 58,780 square metres with the new area of 19,612 square metres . It will be connected to Maintenance Hangars 4-1 and 4-2 and the Squadron Operations/AMU building . - Alpha-Bravo Apron will be extended to accommodate existing F-15 aircraft currently using Charlie Apron . The total area of Alpha-Bravo Apron once extended will be approximately 54,179 square metres , combining the retained area of 39,750 square metres with the new area of 14,429 square metres . Up to thirty-eight F-15 aircraft will be capable of being accommodated on the open apron which would not feature any shelters . Infrastructure delivery . Investment of $148.4 million ( £116.7M ) for the delivery of F-35A infrastructure at Lakenheath was authorised by the US administration in August 2018 . In November 2018 , the Defence Infrastructure Organisation awarded a £160M contract for infrastructure work to a joint venture between Kier Group and VolkerFitzpatrick . To make way for the F-35 Campus , demolition of the first of eighteen buildings began in March 2019 . The work on Alpha-Bravo Apron was completed in August 2020 , allowing F-15E Strike Eagle operations of the 492nd and 494th Fighter Squadrons to be consolidated on one ramp . Heritage . Gate guardian . RAF Lakenheaths gate guardian is North American F-100D Super Sabre , serial number 54-2269 . The aircraft was originally delivered to the French Air Force . On return it was moved to the Wings of Liberty Memorial Park at RAF Lakenheath . Firstly it was painted as 55-4048 , latterly as 56-3319 . Protests . Since the bases founding , RAF Lakenheath has been targeted for numerous peace protests from groups such as Stop the war coalition and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . Pershing . Lakenheath was one of the proposed sites of the NATO Pershing II Missile System . The deployment of the Missile system sparked protests all over Western Europe , and RAF Lakenheath was one of the most prominent military sites . The radical historian E.P . Thompson wrote in a pamphlet that basing the system at RAF Lakenheath directly endangered the lives of those in the nearby city of Cambridge:...Lakenheath is , by crow or cruise , just over twenty miles from Cambridge . It is possible that Cambridge but less probable that Oxford will fall outside the CEP . Within the CEP we must suppose some fifteen or twenty detonations at least on the scale of Hiroshima , without taking into account any possible detonations , release of radio-active materials , etc. , if the strike should succeed in finding out the cruise missiles at which it was aimed . A semi-permanent peace camp was set up outside RAF Lakenheath . In 1985 , the future Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams was arrested for singing psalms at a CND protest at Lakenheath . Libya . Over 1,000 people demonstrated outside RAF Lakenheath in protest at the 1986 United States bombing of Libya . Iraq war and later . The 2003 Iraq War sparked a new wave of peace protests . In one incident , 9 protestors gained access to the base by cutting through its perimeter fence.The protestors rode bicycles along the main runway , before chaining themselves together . Activists later established a peace camp outside RAF Lakenheath to draw attention to the base . In 2006 , a group of 200 people protested against the alleged nuclear weapons stored at RAF Lakenheath . Addressing the crowd was Jeremy Corbyn , who cycled to RAF Lakenheath from the railway station in Ely . There were further protests on this issue in 2008 .
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RAF Lakenheath Royal Air Force Lakenheath or RAF Lakenheath is a Royal Air Force station near the village of Lakenheath in Suffolk , England , UK , north-east of Mildenhall and west of Thetford . The base also sits close to Brandon . Despite being an RAF station , Lakenheath currently only hosts United States Air Force units and personnel . The host wing is the 48th Fighter Wing ( 48 FW ) , also known as the Liberty Wing , assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) . History . First World War . The first use of Lakenheath Warren as a Royal Flying Corps airfield was during the First World War , when the area was made into a bombing and ground-attack range for aircraft flying from elsewhere in the area . It appears to have been little used , and was abandoned when peace came in 1918 . Second World War ( 1940–1945 ) . Royal Air Force use . In 1940 , the Air Ministry selected Lakenheath as an alternative for nearby RAF Mildenhall and used it as a decoy airfield . False lights , runways and aircraft diverted Luftwaffe attacks from Mildenhall . Surfaced runways were constructed in 1941 , with the main runway ( 04/22 ) being , and the subsidiaries at ( 12/30 ) and ( 16/34 ) . Another was added to runway 16/34 . Hardstands for thirty-six aircraft were built , along with two T-2 and a B-1 hangar . One T-2 was on the technical site , the other hangars to the east across the Mildenhall-Brandon road ( A1065 ) were reached by taxiways . Lakenheath was used by RAF flying units on detachment late in 1941 . The station soon functioned as a Mildenhall satellite with Short Stirling bombers of No . 149 Squadron dispersed from the parent airfield as conditions allowed . The squadron exchanged its Vickers Wellingtons for Stirlings late in November 1941 . After becoming fully operational with its new aircraft , the squadron moved into Lakenheath on 6 April 1942 and remained until mid 1944 when the squadron moved to RAF Methwold in Norfolk . Taking part in more than 350 operations , more than half mine-laying , No . 149 Squadron had one of the lowest percentage loss rates of all Stirling squadrons . One Stirling pilot , Flight Sergeant Rawdon Middleton , was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for valour on the night of 28–29 November 1942 , when despite serious face wounds and loss of blood from shell-fire during a raid on the Fiat works at Turin in Italy , he brought the damaged aircraft back towards southern England . With fuel nearly exhausted his crew were ordered to bail out . Middleton was killed when the Stirling , BF372 OJ-H , crashed into the English Channel . In early 1943 , three T-2 hangars were erected on the north side of the airfield for glider storage , forty Horsa Gliders being dispersed at Lakenheath during that year . On 21 June 1943 , No . 199 Squadron was established as a second Stirling squadron . Commencing operations on 31 July , it laid mines during the winter of 1943–44 . At the end of April 1944 , after sixty-eight operations , the squadron transferred to No . 100 Group for bomber support , moving to RAF North Creake in Norfolk on 1 May 1944 . No . 149 Squadron ended its association with RAF Lakenheath the same month , taking its Stirlings to RAF Methwold . Between them , the two squadrons lost 116 Stirling bombers in combat while flying from Lakenheath . The reason for the departure of the two bomber squadrons was Lakenheaths selection for upgrading to a Very Heavy Bomber airfield . Lakenheath was one of three RAF airfields being prepared to receive United States Army Air Forces Boeing B-29 Superfortresses , which were tentatively planned to replace some of Eighth Air Forces Third Air Division Consolidated B-24 Liberator groups in the spring of 1945 . The work entailed removal of the existing runways and laying new ones comprising of high-grade concrete . The main runway ( 07/25 ) was long ; the subsidiaries , 01/19 and 14/32 , both ; all three being wide . Part of the A1065 road between Brandon and Mildenhall was closed , and a new section built further to the east on the Warren . During the peak period of construction , over 1,000 men were working on the site ; yet instead of the 12 months planned , it took 18 months for the ground work alone and years before Lakenheaths transformation was complete . The cost was nearly £2 million . By the time construction ended the war with Germany was over and RAF Lakenheath was put on a care and maintenance status . Cold War ( 1946–1990 ) . Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union in Europe began as early as 1946 . In November , President Harry S . Truman ordered Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) B-29 bombers to RAF Burtonwood in Lancashire , and from there to various bases in West Germany as a training deployment . In May 1947 , additional B-29s were sent to the UK and Germany to keep up the presence of a training program . These deployments were only a pretense , as the true aim of these B-29s was to have a strategic air force permanently stationed in Europe . In April 1947 , RAF Bomber Command returned to Lakenheath and had the runways repaired , resurfaced , and readied for operations by May 1948 . Strategic Air Command . In response to the threat by the Soviet Union , by the 1948 Berlin blockade , President Truman decided to realign United States Air Force Europe ( USAFE ) into a permanent combat-capable force . In July , B-29 Superfortresses of the SAC 2nd Bombardment Group were deployed to Lakenheath for a 90-day temporary deployment . On 27 November 1948 , operational control of RAF Lakenheath was transferred from the Royal Air Force to USAFE . The first USAFE host unit at Lakenheath was the 7504th Base Completion Squadron , being activated on that date . The squadron was elevated to an Air Base Group ( ABG ) on 28 January 1950 , and to a Wing ( ABW ) on 26 September 1950 . Control of Lakenheath was allocated to the Third Air Force at RAF South Ruislip , which had command of SAC B-29 operations in England . The Third Air Force was subsequently placed directly under USAF orders , with SAC establishing the 7th Air Division Headquarters at RAF Mildenhall . The collocation of the two headquarters within the United Kingdom allowed HQ USAFE to discharge its responsibilities in England , while at the same time allowing SAC to continue in its deterrent role while retaining operational control over flying activities at Lakenheath . By 1950 , Lakenheath was one of three main operating bases for the SAC in the UK , the others being RAF Marham and RAF Sculthorpe both in Norfolk . A succession of bombardment squadrons and wings , thirty-three in all , rotated through Lakenheath , the B-29s giving way to the improved Boeing B-50 Superfortresses and subsequently , in June 1954 , Boeing B-47 Stratojets . On 1 May 1951 , Lakenheath was transferred from USAFE to SAC , and placed under the 3909th Air Base Group . By 1952 , a high security perimeter fencing was erected . The 3909th moved to RAF Greenham Common in Berkshire during 1954 , and was replaced by the 3910th Air Base Group.Known SAC units which deployed to RAF Lakenheath on temporary duty ( TDY ) were : - 830th Bombardment Squadron ( 1 June 1949 – 21 August 1949 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY from the 509th Composite Group , Walker AFB , New Mexico ) - 65th Bombardment Squadron ( 15 August 1949 – 15 November 1949 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY From the 43d Bombardment Wing , Davis-Monthan AFB , Arizona ) - 33d Bombardment Squadron ( 20 November 1949 – 18 February 1950 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From the 22d Bombardment Wing , March AFB , California ) - 96th Bombardment Squadron ( 22 February 1950 – 12 May 1950 ) ( B-50D ) ( TDY From the 2d Bombardment Wing , Hunter AFB , Georgia ) - 301st Bombardment Wing ( 28 June 1950 – 28 November 1950 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From Barksdale AFB , Louisiana ) - 97th Bombardment Wing ( 15 March 1952 – 1 April 1952 ) ( B-50D , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Biggs AFB , Texas ) - 19th Bombardment Squadron ( 6 September 1951 – 13 December 1951 ) ( B-29 ) ( TDY From the 22d Bombardment Wing , March AFB , California ) The increasing tension of the Cold War lead to a re-evaluation of these deployments , and by 1953 SAC bombers began to move its heavy bomb groups further west , behind RAF fighter forces , to RAF Brize Norton , RAF Greenham Common , RAF Upper Heyford and RAF Fairford , while its shorter-range B-47 were sent to East Anglia . - 43d Air Refueling Squadron ( 21 March 1953 – 5 June 1953 ) ( KC-97 ) ( TDY From the 43d Bombardment Wing , Davis-Monthan AFB , Arizona ) - 321st Bombardment Wing ( 9 December 1954 – 9 March 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Pinecastle AFB , Florida ) - 40th Bombardment Wing ( 9 June 1955 – 9 September 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Schilling AFB , Kansas ) - 340th Bombardment Wing ( 14 September 1955 – 3 November 1955 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Whiteman AFB , Missouri ) - 98th Bombardment Wing ( 12 November 1955 – 28 January 1956 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Lincoln AFB , Nebraska ) - Lakenheath Task Force ( Provisional ) ( 1 May 1955 – UNK ) ( RB/ERB-47H ) ( Electronic Reconnaissance and Countermeasures ) ( TDY From 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing , Forbes AFB , Kansas ) - 509th Air Refueling Squadron ( 26 January 1956 – 30 April 1956 ) ( KC-97 ) ( TDY From Walker AFB , New Mexico ) - 307th Bombardment Wing ( 11 July 1956 – 5 October 1956 ) ( B-47 , KC-97 ) ( TDY From Lincoln AFB , Nebraska ) Many SAC Squadrons had aircraft at Lakenheath on a transitory basis without any recorded deployment to the base . For example , in January 1951 , a detachment of Convair RB-36D Peacemaker intercontinental bombers from the 5th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Travis AFB , California arrived for a few days , and various tanker and transport aircraft also made periodic appearances at the base . Several of the temporary detachments included in-flight refuelling tanker aircraft . On 30 April 1956 , two Lockheed U-2s were airlifted to Lakenheath to form CIA Detachment A . The first flight of the U-2 was on 21 May . The Central Intelligence Agency unit did not remain long , moving to Wiesbaden Air Base , West Germany on 15 June . On 10 October 1956 , a United States Navy Douglas R6D-1 Liftmaster disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean after departure from RAF Lakenheath for a flight to Lajes Field in the Azores . The aircraft was on a Military Air Transport Service flight carrying 50 members of the 307th Bombardment Wing , on their way home to the United States after a temporary duty assignment and a US Navy crew of nine . All 59 personnel on board were lost . 48th Tactical Fighter Wing . Following French president Charles de Gaulles insistence in 1959 that all non-French nuclear-capable forces should be withdrawn from his country , the USAF began a redeployment of its North American F-100-equipped units from France . The 48th TFW left its base at Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base , France on 15 January 1960 , its aircraft arriving at Lakenheath that afternoon . When the first F-100D touched down on Lakenheaths runway , the landing symbolised a return for the Statue of Liberty Wing . Almost 16 years had passed since the Second World War Ninth Air Force 48th Fighter Groups arrival at RAF Ibsley , England , for the D-Day invasion . In conjunction with this transfer , control of Lakenheath was transferred from Strategic Air Command back to USAFE . As SAC elements began their departure , the 3910th Air Base Group began its transition of handing Lakenheaths facilities and real estate over to the 48ths Combat Support Group elements . The tactical components of the 48th TFW upon arrival at Lakenheath were : - 492d Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LR , blue colours ) - 493d Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LS , yellow colours ) - 494th Tactical Fighter Squadron ( LT , red colours ) The squadron markings consisted of alternating stripes across the tailfin in squadron colours , with a shadowed V shaped chevron on the nose . Starting in March 1970 , squadron tail codes ( shown above ) were added when the aircraft went from a natural finish to a Southeast Asian camouflage motif . The period between 1972 and 1977 can be described as a five-year aircraft conversion . Beginning in late 1971 , the 48th TFW started its conversion to the McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II , with the aircraft being transferred from the 81st TFW at RAF Bentwaters in Suffolk . The conversion to the F-4D took several years , with the last F-100 departing in August 1974 . With the arrival of the Phantoms , the F-4s adopted a common tail code of LK . This tail code lasted only a few months as in July and August 1972 the 48th TFW further recoded to LN . The F-4D carried squadron identifying fin cap colours of blue , yellow and red ( 492d , 493d , 494th respectively ) . The F-4s service with the 48th TFW was short , as operation Ready Switch transferred the F-4D assets to the 474th TFW at Nellis AFB , Nevada . The 474th sent their General Dynamics F-111 . As to the 366th TFW at Mountain Home AFB , Idaho , and the 366th sent their F-111Fs to Lakenheath in early 1977 . A fourth fighter squadron , the 495th Tactical Fighter Squadron was activated with the 48th TFW on 1 April 1977 , with a squadron tail colour of green . This was 33 years to the day since the squadrons inactivation . The 495ths mission of functioning as a replacement training unit for the other three fighter squadrons . This made the 495th and the 48th TFW unique , as the only WSO ( Weapons System Operator ) training unit for USAFE . F-111s from the 48th TFW participated in 1986 United States bombing of Libya in 1986 . This bombing of Libya prompted the mock-acronym , Lakenheath Is Bombing Your Ass . During the operation one F-111 from Lakenheath was shot down by Libyan forces and the two crew members were killed . The Libyan government eventually returned one of the bodies . Post Cold War ( 1991 – present ) . Lakenheath received its first McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagles in 1992 . With the departure of the F-111s , the 495th FS was inactivated on 13 December 1991 . On 18 December 1992 , the last F-111 departed the base . Along with its departure , the 493d FS was also inactivated . With the pending closure of Bitburg Air Base in Germany on 25 February 1994 , it was decided to reactivate the 493d as an F-15C/D squadron . Aircraft were transferred from the 33d Fighter Wing at Eglin AFB , Florida , and the 493d was reactivated on 1 January . The 493ds arrival meant that the 48th became the largest F-15E/F-15C composite unit in the U.S . Air Force . In 2003 , the 48th FW received the first of ten new F-15Es . The aircraft were part of the final batch of F-15s expected to be ordered by the Air Force . On 2 March 2011 , members of the 48th Security Forces Squadron were involved in a shooting at Frankfurt Airport in Germany . The members were on a bus bound for Ramstein Air Base in Germany when they were attacked by a lone gunman . On 22 March 2011 , F-15E 91-0304 crash-landed and was destroyed in eastern Libya after reportedly suffering from a mechanical failure . Both crewmen ejected and were safely recovered . On 7 January 2014 , a Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk from the base crashed following a bird strike while on a low-level training exercise with another helicopter ( also a Pave Hawk ) , into the Cley Marshes near Cley next the Sea on the nearby North Norfolk coast . All four occupants died in the crash . On 8 October 2014 , F-15D 86-0182 belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in a field outside Spalding , Lincolnshire . The pilot successfully ejected and was shortly recovered back to Lakenheath on board a Pave Hawk . A US Marine Corps Boeing F/A-18 Hornet of VMFA-232 Red Devils from MCAS . Miramar , California , crashed after taking off from RAF Lakenheath on 21 October 2015 . The pilot , Major Taj Cabbie Sareen ( 34 ) , did not survive . On 15 June 2020 , an F-15C belonging to the 493d Fighter Squadron crashed during a training flight in the North Sea , 74 nautical miles east of Scarborough at about . The body of pilot 1st Lt . Kenneth Allen has been found deceased . Near nuclear disasters . Because RAF Lakenheath was one of several British air bases which was used by the U.S . Air Force to store nuclear weapons during the Cold War , there was a possibility of nuclear incidents occurring at the air base . Records show that there were at least two serious near nuclear disasters at the base . The first near nuclear accident occurred on 27 July 1956 , when a B-47 bomber crashed into a storage igloo containing three Mark-6 nuclear weapons . The aircraft exploded and the nuclear bombs were showered with burning fuel . Although the bombs did not have their plutonium fissile cores installed , each of them contained a quantity of depleted uranium-238 . The crash and ensuing fire did not ignite the high explosives and no detonation occurred . However , a bomb disposal expert stated it was a miracle exposed detonators on one bomb did not fire , which would have released nuclear material into the environment . The B-47 involved in the accident , which killed four crewmen , was part of the 307th Bombardment Wing . The event caused great concern for the British government , and as a result of the incident it was determined that it would be desirable to block US authorities from ordering evacuations in future if one of its nuclear weapons fell upon the British countryside . This began a debate over how to block the US military from alerting the public - and thereby causing expected national panic . The policy for the next few years was to completely deny any incident had occurred if the press got word of a nuclear accident . A similar near nuclear disaster occurred at RAF Greenham Common less than two years later in February 1958 , when an aircraft allegedly carrying a nuclear bomb caught fire . The 1956 incident was not a freak occurrence , and a second near nuclear disaster occurred at Lakenheath five years later . In January 1961 , a parked U.S . Air Force F-100 Super Sabre loaded with a mark 28 hydrogen bomb caught fire after the pilot accidentally jettisoned his fuel tanks , rupturing as they struck the concrete runway beneath . The aviation fuel ignited and flames engulfed the nuclear bomb beneath the aircraft , but the fire was brought under control before the bombs high explosive detonated or before the fire caused the bombs arming components to function . However , the incident left the weapon scorched and blistered . Role and operations . The 48th Fighter Wing at RAF Lakenheath is the Statue of Liberty Wing , the only USAF wing with both a number and a name . Since activation at Chaumont-Semoutiers AB , France , on 10 July 1952 , Liberty Wing has been one of the premier fighter wings of the United States Air Forces in Europe , spending over 50 years as part of USAFE . The 48 FW has nearly 5,700 active-duty military members , 2,000 British and U.S . civilians , and includes a Geographically Separate Unit ( GSU ) at nearby RAF Feltwell . Tactical squadrons of the 48th Operations Group are : - 492nd Fighter Squadron ( F-15E ) - 493rd Fighter Squadron ( F-15C/D ) - 494th Fighter Squadron ( F-15E ) Aircraft of the 48th FW carry the tail code LN . In addition to supporting three combat-ready squadrons of F-15E Strike Eagle and F-15C Eagle fighter aircraft , the Liberty Wing housed the 56th Rescue Squadrons HH-60G Combat Search and Rescue helicopters . The 56th and 57th Rescue Squadrons re-located to Aviano Air Base in 2018 . RAF Lakenheath and its sister base RAF Mildenhall are the two main U.S . Air Force bases in United Kingdom , and 48th Fighter Wing is the only U.S . Air Force F-15 fighter wing in U.K . and also in Europe . Based units . Flying and notable non-flying units based at RAF Lakenheath . United States Air Force . United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa ( USAFE-AFAFRICA ) - 48th Fighter Wing - 48th Operations Group - 492nd Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle - 493nd Fighter Squadron – F-15C/D Eagle - 494th Fighter Squadron – F-15E Strike Eagle - 48th Operations Support Squadron - 48th Maintenance Group - 48th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron - 748th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron - 48th Component Maintenance Squadron - 48th Equipment Maintenance Squadron - 48th Maintenance Operations Squadron - 48th Munitions Squadron - 48th Medical Group - 48th Dental Squadron - 48th Inpatient Operations Squadron - 48th Medical Operations Squadron - 48th Medical Support Squadron - 48th Surgical Operations Squadron - 48th Mission Support Group - 48th Civil Engineer Squadron - 48th Communications Squadron - 48th Contracting Squadron - 48th Force Support Squadron - 48th Logistics Readiness Squadron - 48th Security Forces Squadron Future . F-35A Lightning II . In January 2015 , the US Department of Defense announced that from 2020 , Lakenheath would become home to 54 of the US Air Forces Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II multi-role fighters . The aircraft would be split between two squadrons and there would be an increase of 1,200 military personnel and between 60 and 100 civilian workers at the station . The F-35 would operate alongside the two existing F-15E squadrons based at Lakenheath . By November 2018 , the number of craft had been revised to 48 and their arrival date as late 2021 . F-35 Infrastructure . To accommodate the new aircraft a F-35 Campus is to be constructed on the south side of the airfield . Projects . The main new operational buildings being developed as part of the F-35 project are as follows . - Two six-bay maintenance hangars – Space for service , maintenance , storage , and staff support facilities ( to be known as Hangars 4-1 and 4–2 ) . - Hangar 6 ( Consolidated Parts Store ) – Single-storey extension to the southern side of Hangar 6 , including offices and warehouses and the storage of aircraft equipment and parts . - Dual Squadron Operations/Aircraft Maintenance Unit – A three-storey building to provide combined facilities for two squadrons comprising Squadron Operations and Aircraft Maintenance Unit ( AMU ) facilities , including mission planning , administration space in the operations section and offices to manage the maintenance of aircraft and storage space . - Corrosion control and wash rack facility – Comprising single-storey hangar to maintain aircraft including a paint and sanding booth and wash rack . - Flight simulator facility – Comprising a single-storey building to accommodate six F-35A flight simulators , administration , records , classrooms , brief/debrief rooms , and storage space . - A Field Training Detachment Facility , comprising A three-storey building to provide F-35A training programme to maintain the aircraft , incorporating classrooms and administration rooms . Field Training Detachment Facility – A three-storey building to provide F-35A maintenance , including classrooms and administration rooms . - Aircraft Ground Equipment ( AGE ) Facilities – A single storey building extension and new covered storage associated with an existing building used for maintenance and storage of AGE related to the F-35A . - Fuel System Maintenance Dock – A single storey hangar with fuel system maintenance dock to support the operation of the F-35A . - Munitions Maintenance Facility – A single storey building extension and new covered storage to an existing building for the maintenance of munitions used by the F-35A . - Residential accommodation – A three or four-storey dormitory for up to 144 beds to accommodate the increase in station personnel . - Flight-line Dining Facility - Munitions Storage Administration Maintenance building - Hospital – Replacement medical facility up to four storeys to provide inpatient services , outpatient and speciality care clinics , ancillary services , support and medical administrative functions . - High school – A three or four-storey building to house approximately 560 students . The airfield operational surfaces would also be expanded as follows . - Charlie Apron , currently used by F-15s will be redeveloped and extended to allow the parking of up to forty-two F-35A aircraft in dual-occupancy shelters constructed from a light weight , canopy structure with open sides . The total area of Charlie Apron once extended will be approximately 78,392 square metres , combining the retained area of 58,780 square metres with the new area of 19,612 square metres . It will be connected to Maintenance Hangars 4-1 and 4-2 and the Squadron Operations/AMU building . - Alpha-Bravo Apron will be extended to accommodate existing F-15 aircraft currently using Charlie Apron . The total area of Alpha-Bravo Apron once extended will be approximately 54,179 square metres , combining the retained area of 39,750 square metres with the new area of 14,429 square metres . Up to thirty-eight F-15 aircraft will be capable of being accommodated on the open apron which would not feature any shelters . Infrastructure delivery . Investment of $148.4 million ( £116.7M ) for the delivery of F-35A infrastructure at Lakenheath was authorised by the US administration in August 2018 . In November 2018 , the Defence Infrastructure Organisation awarded a £160M contract for infrastructure work to a joint venture between Kier Group and VolkerFitzpatrick . To make way for the F-35 Campus , demolition of the first of eighteen buildings began in March 2019 . The work on Alpha-Bravo Apron was completed in August 2020 , allowing F-15E Strike Eagle operations of the 492nd and 494th Fighter Squadrons to be consolidated on one ramp . Heritage . Gate guardian . RAF Lakenheaths gate guardian is North American F-100D Super Sabre , serial number 54-2269 . The aircraft was originally delivered to the French Air Force . On return it was moved to the Wings of Liberty Memorial Park at RAF Lakenheath . Firstly it was painted as 55-4048 , latterly as 56-3319 . Protests . Since the bases founding , RAF Lakenheath has been targeted for numerous peace protests from groups such as Stop the war coalition and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . Pershing . Lakenheath was one of the proposed sites of the NATO Pershing II Missile System . The deployment of the Missile system sparked protests all over Western Europe , and RAF Lakenheath was one of the most prominent military sites . The radical historian E.P . Thompson wrote in a pamphlet that basing the system at RAF Lakenheath directly endangered the lives of those in the nearby city of Cambridge:...Lakenheath is , by crow or cruise , just over twenty miles from Cambridge . It is possible that Cambridge but less probable that Oxford will fall outside the CEP . Within the CEP we must suppose some fifteen or twenty detonations at least on the scale of Hiroshima , without taking into account any possible detonations , release of radio-active materials , etc. , if the strike should succeed in finding out the cruise missiles at which it was aimed . A semi-permanent peace camp was set up outside RAF Lakenheath . In 1985 , the future Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams was arrested for singing psalms at a CND protest at Lakenheath . Libya . Over 1,000 people demonstrated outside RAF Lakenheath in protest at the 1986 United States bombing of Libya . Iraq war and later . The 2003 Iraq War sparked a new wave of peace protests . In one incident , 9 protestors gained access to the base by cutting through its perimeter fence.The protestors rode bicycles along the main runway , before chaining themselves together . Activists later established a peace camp outside RAF Lakenheath to draw attention to the base . In 2006 , a group of 200 people protested against the alleged nuclear weapons stored at RAF Lakenheath . Addressing the crowd was Jeremy Corbyn , who cycled to RAF Lakenheath from the railway station in Ely . There were further protests on this issue in 2008 .
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Maria Goeppert Mayer was an employee for whom from 1930 to 1939?
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Maria Goeppert Mayer Maria Goeppert Mayer ( June 28 , 1906 – February 20 , 1972 ) was a German-born American theoretical physicist , and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus . She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics , the first being Marie Curie . In 1986 , the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor . A graduate of the University of Göttingen , Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted this . Today , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer ( GM ) unit . Maria Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer and moved to the United States , where he was an associate professor at Johns Hopkins University . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from taking her on as a faculty member , but she was given a job as an assistant and published a landmark paper on double beta decay in 1935 . In 1937 , she moved to Columbia University , where she took an unpaid position . During World War II , she worked for the Manhattan Project at Columbia on isotope separation , and with Edward Teller at the Los Alamos Laboratory on the development of the Tellers Super bomb . After the war , Goeppert Mayer became a voluntary associate professor of Physics at the University of Chicago ( where her husband and Teller worked ) and a senior physicist at the university-run Argonne National Laboratory . She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 , which she shared with J . Hans D . Jensen and Eugene Wigner . In 1960 , she was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Early life . Maria Göppert was born on June 28 , 1906 , in Kattowitz ( now Katowice , Poland ) , a Silesian city in Prussia , the only child of Friedrich Göppert and his wife Maria née Wolff . In 1910 , she moved with her family to Göttingen when her father , a sixth-generation university professor , was appointed as the professor of pediatrics at the University of Göttingen . Goeppert was closer to her father than her mother . Well , my father was more interesting , she later explained . He was after all a scientist . Göppert was educated at the Höhere Technische in Göttingen , a school for middle-class girls who aspired to higher education . In 1921 , she entered the Frauenstudium , a private high school run by suffragettes that aimed to prepare girls for university . She took the abitur , the university entrance examination , at age 17 , a year early , with three or four girls from her school and thirty boys . All the girls passed , but only one of the boys did . In the Spring of 1924 , Göppert entered the University of Göttingen , where she studied mathematics . A purported shortage of women mathematics teachers for schools for girls led to an upsurge of women studying mathematics at a time of high unemployment , and there was even a female professor of mathematics at Göttingen , Emmy Noether , but most were only interested in qualifying for their teaching certificates . Instead , Goeppert became interested in physics , and chose to pursue a Ph.D . In her 1930 doctoral thesis she worked out the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . Eugene Wigner later described the thesis as a masterpiece of clarity and concreteness . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted the first experimental verification in 1961 when two-photon-excited fluorescence was detected in a europium-doped crystal . To honor her fundamental contribution to this area , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the GM . One GM is 10 cm s photon . Her examiners were three Nobel prize winners : Max Born , James Franck and Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus ( in 1954 , 1925 , and 1928 , respectively ) . With Max Born she co-authored some important works on the lattice dynamics of crystals . On January 19 , 1930 , Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer , an American Rockefeller fellow who was one of James Francks assistants . The two had met when Mayer had boarded with the Goeppert family . The couple moved to Mayers home country of the United States , where he had been offered a position as associate professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University . They had two children , Maria Ann ( who later married Donat Wentzel ) and Peter Conrad . United States . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from hiring Goeppert Mayer as a faculty member . These rules , created at many universities to prevent patronage , had by this time lost their original purpose and were primarily used to prevent the employment of women married to faculty members . She was given a job as an assistant in the Physics Department working with German correspondence , for which she received a very small salary , a place to work and access to the facilities . She taught some courses , and published an important paper on double beta decay in 1935 . There was little interest in quantum mechanics at Johns Hopkins but Goeppert Mayer worked with Karl Herzfeld in this area . They collaborated on a number of papers , including a paper with Herzfelds student A.L . Sklar on the spectrum of benzene . She also returned to Göttingen in the summers of 1931 , 1932 and 1933 to work with her former examiner Born , writing an article with him for the Handbuch der Physik . This ended when the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 , and many academics , including Born and Franck , lost their jobs . Goeppert Mayer and Herzfeld became involved in refugee relief efforts . Joe Mayer was fired in 1937 . He attributed this to the hatred of women on the part of the dean of physical sciences , which he thought was provoked by Goeppert Mayers presence in the laboratory . Herzfeld agreed and added that , with Goeppert Mayer , Franck and Herzfeld all at Johns Hopkins , some thought that there were too many German scientists there . There were also complaints from some students that Mayers chemistry lectures contained too much modern physics . Mayer took up a position at Columbia University , where the chairman of the Physics Department , George B . Pegram , arranged for Goeppert Mayer to have an office , but she received no salary . She soon made good friends with Harold Urey and Enrico Fermi , who arrived at Columbia in 1939 . Fermi asked her to investigate the valence shell of the undiscovered transuranic elements . Using the Thomas–Fermi model , she predicted that they would form a new series similar to the rare earth elements . This proved to be correct . In 1941 she was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society . Manhattan Project . In December 1941 , Goeppert Mayer took up her first paid professional position , teaching science part-time at Sarah Lawrence College . In the spring of 1942 , with the United States embroiled in World War II , she joined the Manhattan Project . She accepted a part-time research post from Urey with Columbia Universitys Substitute Alloy Materials ( SAM ) Laboratories . The objective of this project was to find a means of separating the fissile uranium-235 isotope in natural uranium ; she researched the chemical and thermodynamic properties of uranium hexafluoride and investigated the possibility of separating isotopes by photochemical reactions . This method proved impractical at the time , but the development of lasers would later open the possibility of separation of isotopes by laser excitation . Through her friend Edward Teller , Goeppert Mayer was given a position at Columbia with the Opacity Project , which researched the properties of matter and radiation at extremely high temperatures with an eye to the development of the Tellers Super bomb , the wartime program for the development of thermonuclear weapons . In February 1945 , Joe was sent to the Pacific War , and Goeppert Mayer decided to leave her children in New York and join Tellers group at the Los Alamos Laboratory . Joe came back from the Pacific earlier than expected , and they returned to New York together in July 1945 . In February 1946 , Joe became a professor in the Chemistry Department and the new Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago , and Goeppert Mayer was able to become a voluntary associate professor of physics at the school . When Teller also accepted a position there , she was able to continue her Opacity work with him . When the nearby Argonne National Laboratory was founded on July 1 , 1946 , Goeppert Mayer was also offered a part-time job there as a senior physicist in the theoretical physics division . She responded , I dont know anything about nuclear physics . She programmed the Aberdeen Proving Grounds ENIAC to solve criticality problems for a liquid metal cooled reactor using the Monte Carlo method . Nuclear shell model . During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s , Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , which she published in 1950 . Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations . These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called magic numbers : 2 , 8 , 20 , 28 , 50 , 82 , and 126 . In an account relayed by Joe Mayer , Maria Goppert Mayer attained a critical insight while speaking with Enrico Fermi . She had realised that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together . She described the idea as follows : Three German scientists , Otto Haxel , J . Hans D . Jensen , and Hans Suess , were also working on solving the same problem , and arrived at the same conclusion independently . While their results were announced in an issue of the Physical Review before Goeppert Mayer in June 1949 , Goeppert Mayers work was received for review in February 1949 , while the work of the German authors was received later in April 1949 . Afterwards , she collaborated with them . Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure . In 1963 , Goeppert Mayer , Jensen , and Wigner shared the Nobel Prize for Physics for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure . She was the second female Nobel laureate in physics , after Marie Curie , and would be the last for over half a century , until Donna Strickland was awarded the prize in 2018 . Death and legacy . In 1960 , Goeppert Mayer was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Although she suffered from a stroke shortly after arriving there , she continued to teach and conduct research for a number of years . She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965 . Goeppert Mayer died in San Diego , California , on February 20 , 1972 , after a heart attack that had struck her the previous year left her comatose . She was buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego . After her death , the Maria Goeppert Mayer Award was created by the American Physical Society ( APS ) to honor young female physicists at the beginning of their careers . Open to all female physicists who hold Ph.D.s , the winner receives money and the opportunity to give guest lectures about her research at four major institutions . In December 2018 , the APS named Argonne National Laboratory an APS Historic Site in recognition of her work . Argonne National Laboratory also honors her by presenting an award each year to an outstanding young woman scientist or engineer , while the University of California , San Diego hosts an annual Maria Goeppert Mayer symposium , bringing together female researchers to discuss current science . Crater Goeppert Mayer on Venus , which has a diameter of about 35 km , is also named after Goeppert-Mayer . In 1996 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame . In 2011 , she was included in the third issuance of the American Scientists collection of US postage stamps , along with Melvin Calvin , Asa Gray , and Severo Ochoa . Her papers are in the Geisel Library at the University of California , San Diego , and the universitys physics department is housed in Mayer Hall , which is named after her and her husband .
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"Sarah Lawrence College"
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Maria Goeppert Mayer was an employee for whom from 1941 to 1942?
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/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer#P108#1
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Maria Goeppert Mayer Maria Goeppert Mayer ( June 28 , 1906 – February 20 , 1972 ) was a German-born American theoretical physicist , and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus . She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics , the first being Marie Curie . In 1986 , the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor . A graduate of the University of Göttingen , Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted this . Today , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer ( GM ) unit . Maria Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer and moved to the United States , where he was an associate professor at Johns Hopkins University . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from taking her on as a faculty member , but she was given a job as an assistant and published a landmark paper on double beta decay in 1935 . In 1937 , she moved to Columbia University , where she took an unpaid position . During World War II , she worked for the Manhattan Project at Columbia on isotope separation , and with Edward Teller at the Los Alamos Laboratory on the development of the Tellers Super bomb . After the war , Goeppert Mayer became a voluntary associate professor of Physics at the University of Chicago ( where her husband and Teller worked ) and a senior physicist at the university-run Argonne National Laboratory . She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 , which she shared with J . Hans D . Jensen and Eugene Wigner . In 1960 , she was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Early life . Maria Göppert was born on June 28 , 1906 , in Kattowitz ( now Katowice , Poland ) , a Silesian city in Prussia , the only child of Friedrich Göppert and his wife Maria née Wolff . In 1910 , she moved with her family to Göttingen when her father , a sixth-generation university professor , was appointed as the professor of pediatrics at the University of Göttingen . Goeppert was closer to her father than her mother . Well , my father was more interesting , she later explained . He was after all a scientist . Göppert was educated at the Höhere Technische in Göttingen , a school for middle-class girls who aspired to higher education . In 1921 , she entered the Frauenstudium , a private high school run by suffragettes that aimed to prepare girls for university . She took the abitur , the university entrance examination , at age 17 , a year early , with three or four girls from her school and thirty boys . All the girls passed , but only one of the boys did . In the Spring of 1924 , Göppert entered the University of Göttingen , where she studied mathematics . A purported shortage of women mathematics teachers for schools for girls led to an upsurge of women studying mathematics at a time of high unemployment , and there was even a female professor of mathematics at Göttingen , Emmy Noether , but most were only interested in qualifying for their teaching certificates . Instead , Goeppert became interested in physics , and chose to pursue a Ph.D . In her 1930 doctoral thesis she worked out the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . Eugene Wigner later described the thesis as a masterpiece of clarity and concreteness . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted the first experimental verification in 1961 when two-photon-excited fluorescence was detected in a europium-doped crystal . To honor her fundamental contribution to this area , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the GM . One GM is 10 cm s photon . Her examiners were three Nobel prize winners : Max Born , James Franck and Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus ( in 1954 , 1925 , and 1928 , respectively ) . With Max Born she co-authored some important works on the lattice dynamics of crystals . On January 19 , 1930 , Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer , an American Rockefeller fellow who was one of James Francks assistants . The two had met when Mayer had boarded with the Goeppert family . The couple moved to Mayers home country of the United States , where he had been offered a position as associate professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University . They had two children , Maria Ann ( who later married Donat Wentzel ) and Peter Conrad . United States . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from hiring Goeppert Mayer as a faculty member . These rules , created at many universities to prevent patronage , had by this time lost their original purpose and were primarily used to prevent the employment of women married to faculty members . She was given a job as an assistant in the Physics Department working with German correspondence , for which she received a very small salary , a place to work and access to the facilities . She taught some courses , and published an important paper on double beta decay in 1935 . There was little interest in quantum mechanics at Johns Hopkins but Goeppert Mayer worked with Karl Herzfeld in this area . They collaborated on a number of papers , including a paper with Herzfelds student A.L . Sklar on the spectrum of benzene . She also returned to Göttingen in the summers of 1931 , 1932 and 1933 to work with her former examiner Born , writing an article with him for the Handbuch der Physik . This ended when the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 , and many academics , including Born and Franck , lost their jobs . Goeppert Mayer and Herzfeld became involved in refugee relief efforts . Joe Mayer was fired in 1937 . He attributed this to the hatred of women on the part of the dean of physical sciences , which he thought was provoked by Goeppert Mayers presence in the laboratory . Herzfeld agreed and added that , with Goeppert Mayer , Franck and Herzfeld all at Johns Hopkins , some thought that there were too many German scientists there . There were also complaints from some students that Mayers chemistry lectures contained too much modern physics . Mayer took up a position at Columbia University , where the chairman of the Physics Department , George B . Pegram , arranged for Goeppert Mayer to have an office , but she received no salary . She soon made good friends with Harold Urey and Enrico Fermi , who arrived at Columbia in 1939 . Fermi asked her to investigate the valence shell of the undiscovered transuranic elements . Using the Thomas–Fermi model , she predicted that they would form a new series similar to the rare earth elements . This proved to be correct . In 1941 she was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society . Manhattan Project . In December 1941 , Goeppert Mayer took up her first paid professional position , teaching science part-time at Sarah Lawrence College . In the spring of 1942 , with the United States embroiled in World War II , she joined the Manhattan Project . She accepted a part-time research post from Urey with Columbia Universitys Substitute Alloy Materials ( SAM ) Laboratories . The objective of this project was to find a means of separating the fissile uranium-235 isotope in natural uranium ; she researched the chemical and thermodynamic properties of uranium hexafluoride and investigated the possibility of separating isotopes by photochemical reactions . This method proved impractical at the time , but the development of lasers would later open the possibility of separation of isotopes by laser excitation . Through her friend Edward Teller , Goeppert Mayer was given a position at Columbia with the Opacity Project , which researched the properties of matter and radiation at extremely high temperatures with an eye to the development of the Tellers Super bomb , the wartime program for the development of thermonuclear weapons . In February 1945 , Joe was sent to the Pacific War , and Goeppert Mayer decided to leave her children in New York and join Tellers group at the Los Alamos Laboratory . Joe came back from the Pacific earlier than expected , and they returned to New York together in July 1945 . In February 1946 , Joe became a professor in the Chemistry Department and the new Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago , and Goeppert Mayer was able to become a voluntary associate professor of physics at the school . When Teller also accepted a position there , she was able to continue her Opacity work with him . When the nearby Argonne National Laboratory was founded on July 1 , 1946 , Goeppert Mayer was also offered a part-time job there as a senior physicist in the theoretical physics division . She responded , I dont know anything about nuclear physics . She programmed the Aberdeen Proving Grounds ENIAC to solve criticality problems for a liquid metal cooled reactor using the Monte Carlo method . Nuclear shell model . During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s , Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , which she published in 1950 . Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations . These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called magic numbers : 2 , 8 , 20 , 28 , 50 , 82 , and 126 . In an account relayed by Joe Mayer , Maria Goppert Mayer attained a critical insight while speaking with Enrico Fermi . She had realised that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together . She described the idea as follows : Three German scientists , Otto Haxel , J . Hans D . Jensen , and Hans Suess , were also working on solving the same problem , and arrived at the same conclusion independently . While their results were announced in an issue of the Physical Review before Goeppert Mayer in June 1949 , Goeppert Mayers work was received for review in February 1949 , while the work of the German authors was received later in April 1949 . Afterwards , she collaborated with them . Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure . In 1963 , Goeppert Mayer , Jensen , and Wigner shared the Nobel Prize for Physics for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure . She was the second female Nobel laureate in physics , after Marie Curie , and would be the last for over half a century , until Donna Strickland was awarded the prize in 2018 . Death and legacy . In 1960 , Goeppert Mayer was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Although she suffered from a stroke shortly after arriving there , she continued to teach and conduct research for a number of years . She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965 . Goeppert Mayer died in San Diego , California , on February 20 , 1972 , after a heart attack that had struck her the previous year left her comatose . She was buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego . After her death , the Maria Goeppert Mayer Award was created by the American Physical Society ( APS ) to honor young female physicists at the beginning of their careers . Open to all female physicists who hold Ph.D.s , the winner receives money and the opportunity to give guest lectures about her research at four major institutions . In December 2018 , the APS named Argonne National Laboratory an APS Historic Site in recognition of her work . Argonne National Laboratory also honors her by presenting an award each year to an outstanding young woman scientist or engineer , while the University of California , San Diego hosts an annual Maria Goeppert Mayer symposium , bringing together female researchers to discuss current science . Crater Goeppert Mayer on Venus , which has a diameter of about 35 km , is also named after Goeppert-Mayer . In 1996 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame . In 2011 , she was included in the third issuance of the American Scientists collection of US postage stamps , along with Melvin Calvin , Asa Gray , and Severo Ochoa . Her papers are in the Geisel Library at the University of California , San Diego , and the universitys physics department is housed in Mayer Hall , which is named after her and her husband .
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Which employer did Maria Goeppert Mayer work for from 1945 to 1946?
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/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer#P108#2
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Maria Goeppert Mayer Maria Goeppert Mayer ( June 28 , 1906 – February 20 , 1972 ) was a German-born American theoretical physicist , and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus . She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics , the first being Marie Curie . In 1986 , the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor . A graduate of the University of Göttingen , Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted this . Today , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer ( GM ) unit . Maria Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer and moved to the United States , where he was an associate professor at Johns Hopkins University . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from taking her on as a faculty member , but she was given a job as an assistant and published a landmark paper on double beta decay in 1935 . In 1937 , she moved to Columbia University , where she took an unpaid position . During World War II , she worked for the Manhattan Project at Columbia on isotope separation , and with Edward Teller at the Los Alamos Laboratory on the development of the Tellers Super bomb . After the war , Goeppert Mayer became a voluntary associate professor of Physics at the University of Chicago ( where her husband and Teller worked ) and a senior physicist at the university-run Argonne National Laboratory . She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 , which she shared with J . Hans D . Jensen and Eugene Wigner . In 1960 , she was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Early life . Maria Göppert was born on June 28 , 1906 , in Kattowitz ( now Katowice , Poland ) , a Silesian city in Prussia , the only child of Friedrich Göppert and his wife Maria née Wolff . In 1910 , she moved with her family to Göttingen when her father , a sixth-generation university professor , was appointed as the professor of pediatrics at the University of Göttingen . Goeppert was closer to her father than her mother . Well , my father was more interesting , she later explained . He was after all a scientist . Göppert was educated at the Höhere Technische in Göttingen , a school for middle-class girls who aspired to higher education . In 1921 , she entered the Frauenstudium , a private high school run by suffragettes that aimed to prepare girls for university . She took the abitur , the university entrance examination , at age 17 , a year early , with three or four girls from her school and thirty boys . All the girls passed , but only one of the boys did . In the Spring of 1924 , Göppert entered the University of Göttingen , where she studied mathematics . A purported shortage of women mathematics teachers for schools for girls led to an upsurge of women studying mathematics at a time of high unemployment , and there was even a female professor of mathematics at Göttingen , Emmy Noether , but most were only interested in qualifying for their teaching certificates . Instead , Goeppert became interested in physics , and chose to pursue a Ph.D . In her 1930 doctoral thesis she worked out the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . Eugene Wigner later described the thesis as a masterpiece of clarity and concreteness . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted the first experimental verification in 1961 when two-photon-excited fluorescence was detected in a europium-doped crystal . To honor her fundamental contribution to this area , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the GM . One GM is 10 cm s photon . Her examiners were three Nobel prize winners : Max Born , James Franck and Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus ( in 1954 , 1925 , and 1928 , respectively ) . With Max Born she co-authored some important works on the lattice dynamics of crystals . On January 19 , 1930 , Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer , an American Rockefeller fellow who was one of James Francks assistants . The two had met when Mayer had boarded with the Goeppert family . The couple moved to Mayers home country of the United States , where he had been offered a position as associate professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University . They had two children , Maria Ann ( who later married Donat Wentzel ) and Peter Conrad . United States . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from hiring Goeppert Mayer as a faculty member . These rules , created at many universities to prevent patronage , had by this time lost their original purpose and were primarily used to prevent the employment of women married to faculty members . She was given a job as an assistant in the Physics Department working with German correspondence , for which she received a very small salary , a place to work and access to the facilities . She taught some courses , and published an important paper on double beta decay in 1935 . There was little interest in quantum mechanics at Johns Hopkins but Goeppert Mayer worked with Karl Herzfeld in this area . They collaborated on a number of papers , including a paper with Herzfelds student A.L . Sklar on the spectrum of benzene . She also returned to Göttingen in the summers of 1931 , 1932 and 1933 to work with her former examiner Born , writing an article with him for the Handbuch der Physik . This ended when the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 , and many academics , including Born and Franck , lost their jobs . Goeppert Mayer and Herzfeld became involved in refugee relief efforts . Joe Mayer was fired in 1937 . He attributed this to the hatred of women on the part of the dean of physical sciences , which he thought was provoked by Goeppert Mayers presence in the laboratory . Herzfeld agreed and added that , with Goeppert Mayer , Franck and Herzfeld all at Johns Hopkins , some thought that there were too many German scientists there . There were also complaints from some students that Mayers chemistry lectures contained too much modern physics . Mayer took up a position at Columbia University , where the chairman of the Physics Department , George B . Pegram , arranged for Goeppert Mayer to have an office , but she received no salary . She soon made good friends with Harold Urey and Enrico Fermi , who arrived at Columbia in 1939 . Fermi asked her to investigate the valence shell of the undiscovered transuranic elements . Using the Thomas–Fermi model , she predicted that they would form a new series similar to the rare earth elements . This proved to be correct . In 1941 she was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society . Manhattan Project . In December 1941 , Goeppert Mayer took up her first paid professional position , teaching science part-time at Sarah Lawrence College . In the spring of 1942 , with the United States embroiled in World War II , she joined the Manhattan Project . She accepted a part-time research post from Urey with Columbia Universitys Substitute Alloy Materials ( SAM ) Laboratories . The objective of this project was to find a means of separating the fissile uranium-235 isotope in natural uranium ; she researched the chemical and thermodynamic properties of uranium hexafluoride and investigated the possibility of separating isotopes by photochemical reactions . This method proved impractical at the time , but the development of lasers would later open the possibility of separation of isotopes by laser excitation . Through her friend Edward Teller , Goeppert Mayer was given a position at Columbia with the Opacity Project , which researched the properties of matter and radiation at extremely high temperatures with an eye to the development of the Tellers Super bomb , the wartime program for the development of thermonuclear weapons . In February 1945 , Joe was sent to the Pacific War , and Goeppert Mayer decided to leave her children in New York and join Tellers group at the Los Alamos Laboratory . Joe came back from the Pacific earlier than expected , and they returned to New York together in July 1945 . In February 1946 , Joe became a professor in the Chemistry Department and the new Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago , and Goeppert Mayer was able to become a voluntary associate professor of physics at the school . When Teller also accepted a position there , she was able to continue her Opacity work with him . When the nearby Argonne National Laboratory was founded on July 1 , 1946 , Goeppert Mayer was also offered a part-time job there as a senior physicist in the theoretical physics division . She responded , I dont know anything about nuclear physics . She programmed the Aberdeen Proving Grounds ENIAC to solve criticality problems for a liquid metal cooled reactor using the Monte Carlo method . Nuclear shell model . During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s , Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , which she published in 1950 . Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations . These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called magic numbers : 2 , 8 , 20 , 28 , 50 , 82 , and 126 . In an account relayed by Joe Mayer , Maria Goppert Mayer attained a critical insight while speaking with Enrico Fermi . She had realised that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together . She described the idea as follows : Three German scientists , Otto Haxel , J . Hans D . Jensen , and Hans Suess , were also working on solving the same problem , and arrived at the same conclusion independently . While their results were announced in an issue of the Physical Review before Goeppert Mayer in June 1949 , Goeppert Mayers work was received for review in February 1949 , while the work of the German authors was received later in April 1949 . Afterwards , she collaborated with them . Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure . In 1963 , Goeppert Mayer , Jensen , and Wigner shared the Nobel Prize for Physics for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure . She was the second female Nobel laureate in physics , after Marie Curie , and would be the last for over half a century , until Donna Strickland was awarded the prize in 2018 . Death and legacy . In 1960 , Goeppert Mayer was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Although she suffered from a stroke shortly after arriving there , she continued to teach and conduct research for a number of years . She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965 . Goeppert Mayer died in San Diego , California , on February 20 , 1972 , after a heart attack that had struck her the previous year left her comatose . She was buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego . After her death , the Maria Goeppert Mayer Award was created by the American Physical Society ( APS ) to honor young female physicists at the beginning of their careers . Open to all female physicists who hold Ph.D.s , the winner receives money and the opportunity to give guest lectures about her research at four major institutions . In December 2018 , the APS named Argonne National Laboratory an APS Historic Site in recognition of her work . Argonne National Laboratory also honors her by presenting an award each year to an outstanding young woman scientist or engineer , while the University of California , San Diego hosts an annual Maria Goeppert Mayer symposium , bringing together female researchers to discuss current science . Crater Goeppert Mayer on Venus , which has a diameter of about 35 km , is also named after Goeppert-Mayer . In 1996 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame . In 2011 , she was included in the third issuance of the American Scientists collection of US postage stamps , along with Melvin Calvin , Asa Gray , and Severo Ochoa . Her papers are in the Geisel Library at the University of California , San Diego , and the universitys physics department is housed in Mayer Hall , which is named after her and her husband .
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"University of Chicago"
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Which employer did Maria Goeppert Mayer work for from 1946 to 1959?
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Maria Goeppert Mayer Maria Goeppert Mayer ( June 28 , 1906 – February 20 , 1972 ) was a German-born American theoretical physicist , and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus . She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics , the first being Marie Curie . In 1986 , the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor . A graduate of the University of Göttingen , Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted this . Today , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer ( GM ) unit . Maria Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer and moved to the United States , where he was an associate professor at Johns Hopkins University . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from taking her on as a faculty member , but she was given a job as an assistant and published a landmark paper on double beta decay in 1935 . In 1937 , she moved to Columbia University , where she took an unpaid position . During World War II , she worked for the Manhattan Project at Columbia on isotope separation , and with Edward Teller at the Los Alamos Laboratory on the development of the Tellers Super bomb . After the war , Goeppert Mayer became a voluntary associate professor of Physics at the University of Chicago ( where her husband and Teller worked ) and a senior physicist at the university-run Argonne National Laboratory . She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 , which she shared with J . Hans D . Jensen and Eugene Wigner . In 1960 , she was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Early life . Maria Göppert was born on June 28 , 1906 , in Kattowitz ( now Katowice , Poland ) , a Silesian city in Prussia , the only child of Friedrich Göppert and his wife Maria née Wolff . In 1910 , she moved with her family to Göttingen when her father , a sixth-generation university professor , was appointed as the professor of pediatrics at the University of Göttingen . Goeppert was closer to her father than her mother . Well , my father was more interesting , she later explained . He was after all a scientist . Göppert was educated at the Höhere Technische in Göttingen , a school for middle-class girls who aspired to higher education . In 1921 , she entered the Frauenstudium , a private high school run by suffragettes that aimed to prepare girls for university . She took the abitur , the university entrance examination , at age 17 , a year early , with three or four girls from her school and thirty boys . All the girls passed , but only one of the boys did . In the Spring of 1924 , Göppert entered the University of Göttingen , where she studied mathematics . A purported shortage of women mathematics teachers for schools for girls led to an upsurge of women studying mathematics at a time of high unemployment , and there was even a female professor of mathematics at Göttingen , Emmy Noether , but most were only interested in qualifying for their teaching certificates . Instead , Goeppert became interested in physics , and chose to pursue a Ph.D . In her 1930 doctoral thesis she worked out the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . Eugene Wigner later described the thesis as a masterpiece of clarity and concreteness . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted the first experimental verification in 1961 when two-photon-excited fluorescence was detected in a europium-doped crystal . To honor her fundamental contribution to this area , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the GM . One GM is 10 cm s photon . Her examiners were three Nobel prize winners : Max Born , James Franck and Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus ( in 1954 , 1925 , and 1928 , respectively ) . With Max Born she co-authored some important works on the lattice dynamics of crystals . On January 19 , 1930 , Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer , an American Rockefeller fellow who was one of James Francks assistants . The two had met when Mayer had boarded with the Goeppert family . The couple moved to Mayers home country of the United States , where he had been offered a position as associate professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University . They had two children , Maria Ann ( who later married Donat Wentzel ) and Peter Conrad . United States . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from hiring Goeppert Mayer as a faculty member . These rules , created at many universities to prevent patronage , had by this time lost their original purpose and were primarily used to prevent the employment of women married to faculty members . She was given a job as an assistant in the Physics Department working with German correspondence , for which she received a very small salary , a place to work and access to the facilities . She taught some courses , and published an important paper on double beta decay in 1935 . There was little interest in quantum mechanics at Johns Hopkins but Goeppert Mayer worked with Karl Herzfeld in this area . They collaborated on a number of papers , including a paper with Herzfelds student A.L . Sklar on the spectrum of benzene . She also returned to Göttingen in the summers of 1931 , 1932 and 1933 to work with her former examiner Born , writing an article with him for the Handbuch der Physik . This ended when the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 , and many academics , including Born and Franck , lost their jobs . Goeppert Mayer and Herzfeld became involved in refugee relief efforts . Joe Mayer was fired in 1937 . He attributed this to the hatred of women on the part of the dean of physical sciences , which he thought was provoked by Goeppert Mayers presence in the laboratory . Herzfeld agreed and added that , with Goeppert Mayer , Franck and Herzfeld all at Johns Hopkins , some thought that there were too many German scientists there . There were also complaints from some students that Mayers chemistry lectures contained too much modern physics . Mayer took up a position at Columbia University , where the chairman of the Physics Department , George B . Pegram , arranged for Goeppert Mayer to have an office , but she received no salary . She soon made good friends with Harold Urey and Enrico Fermi , who arrived at Columbia in 1939 . Fermi asked her to investigate the valence shell of the undiscovered transuranic elements . Using the Thomas–Fermi model , she predicted that they would form a new series similar to the rare earth elements . This proved to be correct . In 1941 she was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society . Manhattan Project . In December 1941 , Goeppert Mayer took up her first paid professional position , teaching science part-time at Sarah Lawrence College . In the spring of 1942 , with the United States embroiled in World War II , she joined the Manhattan Project . She accepted a part-time research post from Urey with Columbia Universitys Substitute Alloy Materials ( SAM ) Laboratories . The objective of this project was to find a means of separating the fissile uranium-235 isotope in natural uranium ; she researched the chemical and thermodynamic properties of uranium hexafluoride and investigated the possibility of separating isotopes by photochemical reactions . This method proved impractical at the time , but the development of lasers would later open the possibility of separation of isotopes by laser excitation . Through her friend Edward Teller , Goeppert Mayer was given a position at Columbia with the Opacity Project , which researched the properties of matter and radiation at extremely high temperatures with an eye to the development of the Tellers Super bomb , the wartime program for the development of thermonuclear weapons . In February 1945 , Joe was sent to the Pacific War , and Goeppert Mayer decided to leave her children in New York and join Tellers group at the Los Alamos Laboratory . Joe came back from the Pacific earlier than expected , and they returned to New York together in July 1945 . In February 1946 , Joe became a professor in the Chemistry Department and the new Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago , and Goeppert Mayer was able to become a voluntary associate professor of physics at the school . When Teller also accepted a position there , she was able to continue her Opacity work with him . When the nearby Argonne National Laboratory was founded on July 1 , 1946 , Goeppert Mayer was also offered a part-time job there as a senior physicist in the theoretical physics division . She responded , I dont know anything about nuclear physics . She programmed the Aberdeen Proving Grounds ENIAC to solve criticality problems for a liquid metal cooled reactor using the Monte Carlo method . Nuclear shell model . During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s , Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , which she published in 1950 . Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations . These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called magic numbers : 2 , 8 , 20 , 28 , 50 , 82 , and 126 . In an account relayed by Joe Mayer , Maria Goppert Mayer attained a critical insight while speaking with Enrico Fermi . She had realised that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together . She described the idea as follows : Three German scientists , Otto Haxel , J . Hans D . Jensen , and Hans Suess , were also working on solving the same problem , and arrived at the same conclusion independently . While their results were announced in an issue of the Physical Review before Goeppert Mayer in June 1949 , Goeppert Mayers work was received for review in February 1949 , while the work of the German authors was received later in April 1949 . Afterwards , she collaborated with them . Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure . In 1963 , Goeppert Mayer , Jensen , and Wigner shared the Nobel Prize for Physics for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure . She was the second female Nobel laureate in physics , after Marie Curie , and would be the last for over half a century , until Donna Strickland was awarded the prize in 2018 . Death and legacy . In 1960 , Goeppert Mayer was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Although she suffered from a stroke shortly after arriving there , she continued to teach and conduct research for a number of years . She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965 . Goeppert Mayer died in San Diego , California , on February 20 , 1972 , after a heart attack that had struck her the previous year left her comatose . She was buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego . After her death , the Maria Goeppert Mayer Award was created by the American Physical Society ( APS ) to honor young female physicists at the beginning of their careers . Open to all female physicists who hold Ph.D.s , the winner receives money and the opportunity to give guest lectures about her research at four major institutions . In December 2018 , the APS named Argonne National Laboratory an APS Historic Site in recognition of her work . Argonne National Laboratory also honors her by presenting an award each year to an outstanding young woman scientist or engineer , while the University of California , San Diego hosts an annual Maria Goeppert Mayer symposium , bringing together female researchers to discuss current science . Crater Goeppert Mayer on Venus , which has a diameter of about 35 km , is also named after Goeppert-Mayer . In 1996 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame . In 2011 , she was included in the third issuance of the American Scientists collection of US postage stamps , along with Melvin Calvin , Asa Gray , and Severo Ochoa . Her papers are in the Geisel Library at the University of California , San Diego , and the universitys physics department is housed in Mayer Hall , which is named after her and her husband .
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"University of California"
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What was the name of the employer Maria Goeppert Mayer work for from 1960 to 1972?
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/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer#P108#4
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Maria Goeppert Mayer Maria Goeppert Mayer ( June 28 , 1906 – February 20 , 1972 ) was a German-born American theoretical physicist , and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus . She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics , the first being Marie Curie . In 1986 , the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor . A graduate of the University of Göttingen , Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted this . Today , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer ( GM ) unit . Maria Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer and moved to the United States , where he was an associate professor at Johns Hopkins University . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from taking her on as a faculty member , but she was given a job as an assistant and published a landmark paper on double beta decay in 1935 . In 1937 , she moved to Columbia University , where she took an unpaid position . During World War II , she worked for the Manhattan Project at Columbia on isotope separation , and with Edward Teller at the Los Alamos Laboratory on the development of the Tellers Super bomb . After the war , Goeppert Mayer became a voluntary associate professor of Physics at the University of Chicago ( where her husband and Teller worked ) and a senior physicist at the university-run Argonne National Laboratory . She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 , which she shared with J . Hans D . Jensen and Eugene Wigner . In 1960 , she was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Early life . Maria Göppert was born on June 28 , 1906 , in Kattowitz ( now Katowice , Poland ) , a Silesian city in Prussia , the only child of Friedrich Göppert and his wife Maria née Wolff . In 1910 , she moved with her family to Göttingen when her father , a sixth-generation university professor , was appointed as the professor of pediatrics at the University of Göttingen . Goeppert was closer to her father than her mother . Well , my father was more interesting , she later explained . He was after all a scientist . Göppert was educated at the Höhere Technische in Göttingen , a school for middle-class girls who aspired to higher education . In 1921 , she entered the Frauenstudium , a private high school run by suffragettes that aimed to prepare girls for university . She took the abitur , the university entrance examination , at age 17 , a year early , with three or four girls from her school and thirty boys . All the girls passed , but only one of the boys did . In the Spring of 1924 , Göppert entered the University of Göttingen , where she studied mathematics . A purported shortage of women mathematics teachers for schools for girls led to an upsurge of women studying mathematics at a time of high unemployment , and there was even a female professor of mathematics at Göttingen , Emmy Noether , but most were only interested in qualifying for their teaching certificates . Instead , Goeppert became interested in physics , and chose to pursue a Ph.D . In her 1930 doctoral thesis she worked out the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . Eugene Wigner later described the thesis as a masterpiece of clarity and concreteness . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted the first experimental verification in 1961 when two-photon-excited fluorescence was detected in a europium-doped crystal . To honor her fundamental contribution to this area , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the GM . One GM is 10 cm s photon . Her examiners were three Nobel prize winners : Max Born , James Franck and Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus ( in 1954 , 1925 , and 1928 , respectively ) . With Max Born she co-authored some important works on the lattice dynamics of crystals . On January 19 , 1930 , Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer , an American Rockefeller fellow who was one of James Francks assistants . The two had met when Mayer had boarded with the Goeppert family . The couple moved to Mayers home country of the United States , where he had been offered a position as associate professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University . They had two children , Maria Ann ( who later married Donat Wentzel ) and Peter Conrad . United States . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from hiring Goeppert Mayer as a faculty member . These rules , created at many universities to prevent patronage , had by this time lost their original purpose and were primarily used to prevent the employment of women married to faculty members . She was given a job as an assistant in the Physics Department working with German correspondence , for which she received a very small salary , a place to work and access to the facilities . She taught some courses , and published an important paper on double beta decay in 1935 . There was little interest in quantum mechanics at Johns Hopkins but Goeppert Mayer worked with Karl Herzfeld in this area . They collaborated on a number of papers , including a paper with Herzfelds student A.L . Sklar on the spectrum of benzene . She also returned to Göttingen in the summers of 1931 , 1932 and 1933 to work with her former examiner Born , writing an article with him for the Handbuch der Physik . This ended when the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 , and many academics , including Born and Franck , lost their jobs . Goeppert Mayer and Herzfeld became involved in refugee relief efforts . Joe Mayer was fired in 1937 . He attributed this to the hatred of women on the part of the dean of physical sciences , which he thought was provoked by Goeppert Mayers presence in the laboratory . Herzfeld agreed and added that , with Goeppert Mayer , Franck and Herzfeld all at Johns Hopkins , some thought that there were too many German scientists there . There were also complaints from some students that Mayers chemistry lectures contained too much modern physics . Mayer took up a position at Columbia University , where the chairman of the Physics Department , George B . Pegram , arranged for Goeppert Mayer to have an office , but she received no salary . She soon made good friends with Harold Urey and Enrico Fermi , who arrived at Columbia in 1939 . Fermi asked her to investigate the valence shell of the undiscovered transuranic elements . Using the Thomas–Fermi model , she predicted that they would form a new series similar to the rare earth elements . This proved to be correct . In 1941 she was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society . Manhattan Project . In December 1941 , Goeppert Mayer took up her first paid professional position , teaching science part-time at Sarah Lawrence College . In the spring of 1942 , with the United States embroiled in World War II , she joined the Manhattan Project . She accepted a part-time research post from Urey with Columbia Universitys Substitute Alloy Materials ( SAM ) Laboratories . The objective of this project was to find a means of separating the fissile uranium-235 isotope in natural uranium ; she researched the chemical and thermodynamic properties of uranium hexafluoride and investigated the possibility of separating isotopes by photochemical reactions . This method proved impractical at the time , but the development of lasers would later open the possibility of separation of isotopes by laser excitation . Through her friend Edward Teller , Goeppert Mayer was given a position at Columbia with the Opacity Project , which researched the properties of matter and radiation at extremely high temperatures with an eye to the development of the Tellers Super bomb , the wartime program for the development of thermonuclear weapons . In February 1945 , Joe was sent to the Pacific War , and Goeppert Mayer decided to leave her children in New York and join Tellers group at the Los Alamos Laboratory . Joe came back from the Pacific earlier than expected , and they returned to New York together in July 1945 . In February 1946 , Joe became a professor in the Chemistry Department and the new Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago , and Goeppert Mayer was able to become a voluntary associate professor of physics at the school . When Teller also accepted a position there , she was able to continue her Opacity work with him . When the nearby Argonne National Laboratory was founded on July 1 , 1946 , Goeppert Mayer was also offered a part-time job there as a senior physicist in the theoretical physics division . She responded , I dont know anything about nuclear physics . She programmed the Aberdeen Proving Grounds ENIAC to solve criticality problems for a liquid metal cooled reactor using the Monte Carlo method . Nuclear shell model . During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s , Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , which she published in 1950 . Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations . These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called magic numbers : 2 , 8 , 20 , 28 , 50 , 82 , and 126 . In an account relayed by Joe Mayer , Maria Goppert Mayer attained a critical insight while speaking with Enrico Fermi . She had realised that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together . She described the idea as follows : Three German scientists , Otto Haxel , J . Hans D . Jensen , and Hans Suess , were also working on solving the same problem , and arrived at the same conclusion independently . While their results were announced in an issue of the Physical Review before Goeppert Mayer in June 1949 , Goeppert Mayers work was received for review in February 1949 , while the work of the German authors was received later in April 1949 . Afterwards , she collaborated with them . Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure . In 1963 , Goeppert Mayer , Jensen , and Wigner shared the Nobel Prize for Physics for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure . She was the second female Nobel laureate in physics , after Marie Curie , and would be the last for over half a century , until Donna Strickland was awarded the prize in 2018 . Death and legacy . In 1960 , Goeppert Mayer was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Although she suffered from a stroke shortly after arriving there , she continued to teach and conduct research for a number of years . She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965 . Goeppert Mayer died in San Diego , California , on February 20 , 1972 , after a heart attack that had struck her the previous year left her comatose . She was buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego . After her death , the Maria Goeppert Mayer Award was created by the American Physical Society ( APS ) to honor young female physicists at the beginning of their careers . Open to all female physicists who hold Ph.D.s , the winner receives money and the opportunity to give guest lectures about her research at four major institutions . In December 2018 , the APS named Argonne National Laboratory an APS Historic Site in recognition of her work . Argonne National Laboratory also honors her by presenting an award each year to an outstanding young woman scientist or engineer , while the University of California , San Diego hosts an annual Maria Goeppert Mayer symposium , bringing together female researchers to discuss current science . Crater Goeppert Mayer on Venus , which has a diameter of about 35 km , is also named after Goeppert-Mayer . In 1996 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame . In 2011 , she was included in the third issuance of the American Scientists collection of US postage stamps , along with Melvin Calvin , Asa Gray , and Severo Ochoa . Her papers are in the Geisel Library at the University of California , San Diego , and the universitys physics department is housed in Mayer Hall , which is named after her and her husband .
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Maria Goeppert Mayer was an employee for whom from 1972 to 1973?
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/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer#P108#5
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Maria Goeppert Mayer Maria Goeppert Mayer ( June 28 , 1906 – February 20 , 1972 ) was a German-born American theoretical physicist , and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus . She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics , the first being Marie Curie . In 1986 , the Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award for early-career women physicists was established in her honor . A graduate of the University of Göttingen , Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted this . Today , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the Goeppert Mayer ( GM ) unit . Maria Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer and moved to the United States , where he was an associate professor at Johns Hopkins University . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from taking her on as a faculty member , but she was given a job as an assistant and published a landmark paper on double beta decay in 1935 . In 1937 , she moved to Columbia University , where she took an unpaid position . During World War II , she worked for the Manhattan Project at Columbia on isotope separation , and with Edward Teller at the Los Alamos Laboratory on the development of the Tellers Super bomb . After the war , Goeppert Mayer became a voluntary associate professor of Physics at the University of Chicago ( where her husband and Teller worked ) and a senior physicist at the university-run Argonne National Laboratory . She developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 , which she shared with J . Hans D . Jensen and Eugene Wigner . In 1960 , she was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Early life . Maria Göppert was born on June 28 , 1906 , in Kattowitz ( now Katowice , Poland ) , a Silesian city in Prussia , the only child of Friedrich Göppert and his wife Maria née Wolff . In 1910 , she moved with her family to Göttingen when her father , a sixth-generation university professor , was appointed as the professor of pediatrics at the University of Göttingen . Goeppert was closer to her father than her mother . Well , my father was more interesting , she later explained . He was after all a scientist . Göppert was educated at the Höhere Technische in Göttingen , a school for middle-class girls who aspired to higher education . In 1921 , she entered the Frauenstudium , a private high school run by suffragettes that aimed to prepare girls for university . She took the abitur , the university entrance examination , at age 17 , a year early , with three or four girls from her school and thirty boys . All the girls passed , but only one of the boys did . In the Spring of 1924 , Göppert entered the University of Göttingen , where she studied mathematics . A purported shortage of women mathematics teachers for schools for girls led to an upsurge of women studying mathematics at a time of high unemployment , and there was even a female professor of mathematics at Göttingen , Emmy Noether , but most were only interested in qualifying for their teaching certificates . Instead , Goeppert became interested in physics , and chose to pursue a Ph.D . In her 1930 doctoral thesis she worked out the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms . Eugene Wigner later described the thesis as a masterpiece of clarity and concreteness . At the time , the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote , but the development of the laser permitted the first experimental verification in 1961 when two-photon-excited fluorescence was detected in a europium-doped crystal . To honor her fundamental contribution to this area , the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the GM . One GM is 10 cm s photon . Her examiners were three Nobel prize winners : Max Born , James Franck and Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus ( in 1954 , 1925 , and 1928 , respectively ) . With Max Born she co-authored some important works on the lattice dynamics of crystals . On January 19 , 1930 , Goeppert married Joseph Edward Mayer , an American Rockefeller fellow who was one of James Francks assistants . The two had met when Mayer had boarded with the Goeppert family . The couple moved to Mayers home country of the United States , where he had been offered a position as associate professor of chemistry at Johns Hopkins University . They had two children , Maria Ann ( who later married Donat Wentzel ) and Peter Conrad . United States . Strict rules against nepotism prevented Johns Hopkins University from hiring Goeppert Mayer as a faculty member . These rules , created at many universities to prevent patronage , had by this time lost their original purpose and were primarily used to prevent the employment of women married to faculty members . She was given a job as an assistant in the Physics Department working with German correspondence , for which she received a very small salary , a place to work and access to the facilities . She taught some courses , and published an important paper on double beta decay in 1935 . There was little interest in quantum mechanics at Johns Hopkins but Goeppert Mayer worked with Karl Herzfeld in this area . They collaborated on a number of papers , including a paper with Herzfelds student A.L . Sklar on the spectrum of benzene . She also returned to Göttingen in the summers of 1931 , 1932 and 1933 to work with her former examiner Born , writing an article with him for the Handbuch der Physik . This ended when the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 , and many academics , including Born and Franck , lost their jobs . Goeppert Mayer and Herzfeld became involved in refugee relief efforts . Joe Mayer was fired in 1937 . He attributed this to the hatred of women on the part of the dean of physical sciences , which he thought was provoked by Goeppert Mayers presence in the laboratory . Herzfeld agreed and added that , with Goeppert Mayer , Franck and Herzfeld all at Johns Hopkins , some thought that there were too many German scientists there . There were also complaints from some students that Mayers chemistry lectures contained too much modern physics . Mayer took up a position at Columbia University , where the chairman of the Physics Department , George B . Pegram , arranged for Goeppert Mayer to have an office , but she received no salary . She soon made good friends with Harold Urey and Enrico Fermi , who arrived at Columbia in 1939 . Fermi asked her to investigate the valence shell of the undiscovered transuranic elements . Using the Thomas–Fermi model , she predicted that they would form a new series similar to the rare earth elements . This proved to be correct . In 1941 she was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society . Manhattan Project . In December 1941 , Goeppert Mayer took up her first paid professional position , teaching science part-time at Sarah Lawrence College . In the spring of 1942 , with the United States embroiled in World War II , she joined the Manhattan Project . She accepted a part-time research post from Urey with Columbia Universitys Substitute Alloy Materials ( SAM ) Laboratories . The objective of this project was to find a means of separating the fissile uranium-235 isotope in natural uranium ; she researched the chemical and thermodynamic properties of uranium hexafluoride and investigated the possibility of separating isotopes by photochemical reactions . This method proved impractical at the time , but the development of lasers would later open the possibility of separation of isotopes by laser excitation . Through her friend Edward Teller , Goeppert Mayer was given a position at Columbia with the Opacity Project , which researched the properties of matter and radiation at extremely high temperatures with an eye to the development of the Tellers Super bomb , the wartime program for the development of thermonuclear weapons . In February 1945 , Joe was sent to the Pacific War , and Goeppert Mayer decided to leave her children in New York and join Tellers group at the Los Alamos Laboratory . Joe came back from the Pacific earlier than expected , and they returned to New York together in July 1945 . In February 1946 , Joe became a professor in the Chemistry Department and the new Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago , and Goeppert Mayer was able to become a voluntary associate professor of physics at the school . When Teller also accepted a position there , she was able to continue her Opacity work with him . When the nearby Argonne National Laboratory was founded on July 1 , 1946 , Goeppert Mayer was also offered a part-time job there as a senior physicist in the theoretical physics division . She responded , I dont know anything about nuclear physics . She programmed the Aberdeen Proving Grounds ENIAC to solve criticality problems for a liquid metal cooled reactor using the Monte Carlo method . Nuclear shell model . During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s , Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells , which she published in 1950 . Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations . These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called magic numbers : 2 , 8 , 20 , 28 , 50 , 82 , and 126 . In an account relayed by Joe Mayer , Maria Goppert Mayer attained a critical insight while speaking with Enrico Fermi . She had realised that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together . She described the idea as follows : Three German scientists , Otto Haxel , J . Hans D . Jensen , and Hans Suess , were also working on solving the same problem , and arrived at the same conclusion independently . While their results were announced in an issue of the Physical Review before Goeppert Mayer in June 1949 , Goeppert Mayers work was received for review in February 1949 , while the work of the German authors was received later in April 1949 . Afterwards , she collaborated with them . Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure . In 1963 , Goeppert Mayer , Jensen , and Wigner shared the Nobel Prize for Physics for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure . She was the second female Nobel laureate in physics , after Marie Curie , and would be the last for over half a century , until Donna Strickland was awarded the prize in 2018 . Death and legacy . In 1960 , Goeppert Mayer was appointed full professor of physics at the University of California , San Diego . Although she suffered from a stroke shortly after arriving there , she continued to teach and conduct research for a number of years . She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965 . Goeppert Mayer died in San Diego , California , on February 20 , 1972 , after a heart attack that had struck her the previous year left her comatose . She was buried at El Camino Memorial Park in San Diego . After her death , the Maria Goeppert Mayer Award was created by the American Physical Society ( APS ) to honor young female physicists at the beginning of their careers . Open to all female physicists who hold Ph.D.s , the winner receives money and the opportunity to give guest lectures about her research at four major institutions . In December 2018 , the APS named Argonne National Laboratory an APS Historic Site in recognition of her work . Argonne National Laboratory also honors her by presenting an award each year to an outstanding young woman scientist or engineer , while the University of California , San Diego hosts an annual Maria Goeppert Mayer symposium , bringing together female researchers to discuss current science . Crater Goeppert Mayer on Venus , which has a diameter of about 35 km , is also named after Goeppert-Mayer . In 1996 , she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame . In 2011 , she was included in the third issuance of the American Scientists collection of US postage stamps , along with Melvin Calvin , Asa Gray , and Severo Ochoa . Her papers are in the Geisel Library at the University of California , San Diego , and the universitys physics department is housed in Mayer Hall , which is named after her and her husband .
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What position did Günter Verheugen take from Mar 1983 to Feb 1987?
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/wiki/Günter_Verheugen#P39#0
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Günter Verheugen Günter Verheugen ( born 28 April 1944 ) is a German politician who served as European Commissioner for Enlargement from 1999 to 2004 , and then as European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry from 2004 to 2010 . He was also one of five vice presidents of the 27-member Barroso Commission ( Barroso I ) . After his retirement , he is now honorary Professor at the European University Viadrina in Frankfurt ( Oder ) . Early life and education . Born at Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate , Verheugen studied history , sociology and political science at the University of Cologne and at the University of Bonn . Career . Political career . Verheugen was Secretary General of the Free Democratic Party of Germany ( FDP ) from 1978 to 1982 , under the leadership of the partys chairman Hans-Dietrich Genscher . He left the FDP with many left liberal party members in 1982 , because the FDP left the government of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt . In the same year , he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . Member of Parliament , 1983–1999 . In the 1983 Western German elections , Verheugen became a member of the German Bundestag . He was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs from 1983 to 1998 . In the early 1980s , Verheugen mapped out a principled policy towards South Africas apartheid regime , embarrassing many of Germanys major companies , including Mercedes-Benz and Deutsche Bank , by exposing their efforts to get round international sanctions in a book published in 1986 . From 1994 to 1997 , Verheugen was deputy chairman of the SPD parliamentary group , under the leadership of the groups chairman Rudolf Scharping . In addition to his parliamentary work , he chaired the Broadcasting Council of Deutsche Welle from 1994 until 1998 . Ahead of the 1994 elections , Scharping included Verheugen in his shadow cabinet for the partys campaign to unseat incumbent Helmut Kohl as Chancellor . Within Gerhard Schröders campaign team for the 1998 federal elections , he served as his external affairs advisor and accompanied him on his trips to Washington and Warsaw . Minister of State for European Affairs , 1998–1999 . In the first cabinet of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , Verheugen briefly served as Minister of State in the Federal Foreign Office under Minister Joschka Fischer . During Germanys presidency of the Council of the European Union in 1999 , he led the negotiations on the Agenda 2000 package of EU policy reforms . Shortly after , he was in talks to be nominated as Germanys candidate for the European Unions newly created High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy ; the post eventually went to Javier Solana . In 1999 , he left parliament and became EU commissioner for Enlargement of the European Union . Member of the European Commission , 1999–2010 . Nominated by the German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , Verheugen first served in the European Commission as European Commissioner for Enlargement in the Prodi Commission , presiding over the accession of ten new member states in 2004 . He continued in the following Barroso Commission as Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry , also being promoted to one of the five vice presidents . On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Élysée Treaty in 2003 , the EU Commissioners of Germany and France , Verheugen and Pascal Lamy , jointly presented the so-called Lamy-Verheugen Plan that proposed a factual unification of France and Germany in some important areas – including unified armed forces , combined embassies and a shared seat at the United Nations Security Council . As a Commissioner , Verheugen stated a desire to cut red tape , especially in order to make it more favourable to SMEs . He also highlights research and innovation as twin keys to future competitiveness . He outlines his priorities as ; better regulation , a modern industrial policy , SMEs and innovation . In order to promote competitiveness , he laid down three policies derived from the treaties ; Competitiveness and improvement of the business environment ( Art . 157 ) . Completing and managing the Internal Market for products ( Art . 28 and 95 ) and Innovation and research framework programmes ( Title XVIII ) . Verheugen was heavily involved in work on the REACH directive and ensuring its compatibility with the Lisbon Strategy . He sees a common patent in the Union implemented by 2012 which he sees as important as patent application for the 24 million SMEs in Europe are on average 11 times higher than in the United States . In response to the refusal of countries to sign the Kyoto protocol , such as the United States and Australia , Verheugen asked President Barroso to look into whether the EU could implement taxes on products imported from those countries not taking low-carbon policies on board ( Border Tax Adjustments ) . In October 2006 , Verheugen accused European Union officials of being impossible to control , stating inter alia the purported impossibility of firing Directors-General ( the highest grade in the EU civil servants structure ) . However , Article 50 of the EUs Staff Regulations empowers the commission to do precisely that . Former civil servant Derk Jan Eppink described Verheugens position in the following terms : Life after politics . Since leaving public office , Verheugen has held a variety of paid or unpaid positions , including the following : - FleishmanHillard , Member of the International Advisory Board - German-Azerbaijani Forum , Member of the Board of Trustees - German Council on Foreign Relations ( DGAP ) , Member - Turkey : Culture of Change Initiative ( TCCI ) , Member of the Advisory Board - National Association of German Cooperative Banks ( BVR ) , Advisor ( since 2010 ) - Royal Bank of Scotland ( RBS ) , Senior Advisor ( since 2010 ) In 2014 Verheugen was awarded the Mercator Visiting Professorship for Political Management at the Universität Essen-Duisburgs NRW School of Governance . He gave both seminars and lectures at the university . From March 2015 , Verheugen headed the European integration work stream in the Dmytro Firtash-backed Agency for the Modernisation of Ukraine ( AMU ) , a non-governmental organization developing a comprehensive program of modernization of Ukraine and looking for investment resources for its implementation . Verheugen led the Agencys sectoral division for the institutional reforms recommendations aimed at the integration of Ukraine into the EU and civil society building . Controversy . In 2001 , former Czech Prime Minister Václav Klaus accused Verheugen of a tragic misuse of his position , after Verheugen warned that the countrys hope of joining the European Union swiftly would take a setback if the right-leaning Civic Democrats won the 2002 elections . On 5 November 2004 , during a press conference , Verheugen mentioned that the future prime-minister of Romania would be Mircea Geoană ( of the PSD ) and that Romania would end negotiations with the EU with just four days before the Romanian legislative and presidential elections . Following this , Romanian journalists accused him of meddling in Romanian politics . During his time in office , photographs appeared showing Verheugen holidaying with Petra Erler , the head of his private office . A Commission spokesman backed him by saying the private holidays of Vice President Verheugen in Lithuania this summer did not violate the rules applicable to members of the Commission . Despite this , there was a minor political row over Erlers appointment with allegations of her being appointed due to their friendship . These allegations were later aggravated over photos of them together on holiday holding hands , and then on a naturist beach together in Lithuania . Positions . On cutting EU bureaucracy . - Many people still have this concept of Europe that the more rules you produce the more Europe you have . - ( October 2006 ) - The idea is that the role of the commission is to keep the machinery running and the machinery is producing laws . And thats exactly what I want to change . - ( October 2006 ) - We must ask the question of whether so many decisions need to be taken in Brussels . - ( June 2016 ) Honours . National honours - : Knight Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Foreign honours - : 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - : 1st Class of the Order of the Three Stars - : Grand Cross ( or 1st Class ) of the Order of the White Double Cross ( 2004 ) - : 1st Class of the Order of the White Lion ( 2016 ) External links . - Official website - Archived website as Commissioner for Enlargement - Biography from the Southeast European Times
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"EU commissioner for Enlargement of the European Union"
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What was the position of Günter Verheugen from Sep 1999 to Nov 2004?
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/wiki/Günter_Verheugen#P39#1
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Günter Verheugen Günter Verheugen ( born 28 April 1944 ) is a German politician who served as European Commissioner for Enlargement from 1999 to 2004 , and then as European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry from 2004 to 2010 . He was also one of five vice presidents of the 27-member Barroso Commission ( Barroso I ) . After his retirement , he is now honorary Professor at the European University Viadrina in Frankfurt ( Oder ) . Early life and education . Born at Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate , Verheugen studied history , sociology and political science at the University of Cologne and at the University of Bonn . Career . Political career . Verheugen was Secretary General of the Free Democratic Party of Germany ( FDP ) from 1978 to 1982 , under the leadership of the partys chairman Hans-Dietrich Genscher . He left the FDP with many left liberal party members in 1982 , because the FDP left the government of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt . In the same year , he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . Member of Parliament , 1983–1999 . In the 1983 Western German elections , Verheugen became a member of the German Bundestag . He was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs from 1983 to 1998 . In the early 1980s , Verheugen mapped out a principled policy towards South Africas apartheid regime , embarrassing many of Germanys major companies , including Mercedes-Benz and Deutsche Bank , by exposing their efforts to get round international sanctions in a book published in 1986 . From 1994 to 1997 , Verheugen was deputy chairman of the SPD parliamentary group , under the leadership of the groups chairman Rudolf Scharping . In addition to his parliamentary work , he chaired the Broadcasting Council of Deutsche Welle from 1994 until 1998 . Ahead of the 1994 elections , Scharping included Verheugen in his shadow cabinet for the partys campaign to unseat incumbent Helmut Kohl as Chancellor . Within Gerhard Schröders campaign team for the 1998 federal elections , he served as his external affairs advisor and accompanied him on his trips to Washington and Warsaw . Minister of State for European Affairs , 1998–1999 . In the first cabinet of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , Verheugen briefly served as Minister of State in the Federal Foreign Office under Minister Joschka Fischer . During Germanys presidency of the Council of the European Union in 1999 , he led the negotiations on the Agenda 2000 package of EU policy reforms . Shortly after , he was in talks to be nominated as Germanys candidate for the European Unions newly created High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy ; the post eventually went to Javier Solana . In 1999 , he left parliament and became EU commissioner for Enlargement of the European Union . Member of the European Commission , 1999–2010 . Nominated by the German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , Verheugen first served in the European Commission as European Commissioner for Enlargement in the Prodi Commission , presiding over the accession of ten new member states in 2004 . He continued in the following Barroso Commission as Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry , also being promoted to one of the five vice presidents . On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Élysée Treaty in 2003 , the EU Commissioners of Germany and France , Verheugen and Pascal Lamy , jointly presented the so-called Lamy-Verheugen Plan that proposed a factual unification of France and Germany in some important areas – including unified armed forces , combined embassies and a shared seat at the United Nations Security Council . As a Commissioner , Verheugen stated a desire to cut red tape , especially in order to make it more favourable to SMEs . He also highlights research and innovation as twin keys to future competitiveness . He outlines his priorities as ; better regulation , a modern industrial policy , SMEs and innovation . In order to promote competitiveness , he laid down three policies derived from the treaties ; Competitiveness and improvement of the business environment ( Art . 157 ) . Completing and managing the Internal Market for products ( Art . 28 and 95 ) and Innovation and research framework programmes ( Title XVIII ) . Verheugen was heavily involved in work on the REACH directive and ensuring its compatibility with the Lisbon Strategy . He sees a common patent in the Union implemented by 2012 which he sees as important as patent application for the 24 million SMEs in Europe are on average 11 times higher than in the United States . In response to the refusal of countries to sign the Kyoto protocol , such as the United States and Australia , Verheugen asked President Barroso to look into whether the EU could implement taxes on products imported from those countries not taking low-carbon policies on board ( Border Tax Adjustments ) . In October 2006 , Verheugen accused European Union officials of being impossible to control , stating inter alia the purported impossibility of firing Directors-General ( the highest grade in the EU civil servants structure ) . However , Article 50 of the EUs Staff Regulations empowers the commission to do precisely that . Former civil servant Derk Jan Eppink described Verheugens position in the following terms : Life after politics . Since leaving public office , Verheugen has held a variety of paid or unpaid positions , including the following : - FleishmanHillard , Member of the International Advisory Board - German-Azerbaijani Forum , Member of the Board of Trustees - German Council on Foreign Relations ( DGAP ) , Member - Turkey : Culture of Change Initiative ( TCCI ) , Member of the Advisory Board - National Association of German Cooperative Banks ( BVR ) , Advisor ( since 2010 ) - Royal Bank of Scotland ( RBS ) , Senior Advisor ( since 2010 ) In 2014 Verheugen was awarded the Mercator Visiting Professorship for Political Management at the Universität Essen-Duisburgs NRW School of Governance . He gave both seminars and lectures at the university . From March 2015 , Verheugen headed the European integration work stream in the Dmytro Firtash-backed Agency for the Modernisation of Ukraine ( AMU ) , a non-governmental organization developing a comprehensive program of modernization of Ukraine and looking for investment resources for its implementation . Verheugen led the Agencys sectoral division for the institutional reforms recommendations aimed at the integration of Ukraine into the EU and civil society building . Controversy . In 2001 , former Czech Prime Minister Václav Klaus accused Verheugen of a tragic misuse of his position , after Verheugen warned that the countrys hope of joining the European Union swiftly would take a setback if the right-leaning Civic Democrats won the 2002 elections . On 5 November 2004 , during a press conference , Verheugen mentioned that the future prime-minister of Romania would be Mircea Geoană ( of the PSD ) and that Romania would end negotiations with the EU with just four days before the Romanian legislative and presidential elections . Following this , Romanian journalists accused him of meddling in Romanian politics . During his time in office , photographs appeared showing Verheugen holidaying with Petra Erler , the head of his private office . A Commission spokesman backed him by saying the private holidays of Vice President Verheugen in Lithuania this summer did not violate the rules applicable to members of the Commission . Despite this , there was a minor political row over Erlers appointment with allegations of her being appointed due to their friendship . These allegations were later aggravated over photos of them together on holiday holding hands , and then on a naturist beach together in Lithuania . Positions . On cutting EU bureaucracy . - Many people still have this concept of Europe that the more rules you produce the more Europe you have . - ( October 2006 ) - The idea is that the role of the commission is to keep the machinery running and the machinery is producing laws . And thats exactly what I want to change . - ( October 2006 ) - We must ask the question of whether so many decisions need to be taken in Brussels . - ( June 2016 ) Honours . National honours - : Knight Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Foreign honours - : 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - : 1st Class of the Order of the Three Stars - : Grand Cross ( or 1st Class ) of the Order of the White Double Cross ( 2004 ) - : 1st Class of the Order of the White Lion ( 2016 ) External links . - Official website - Archived website as Commissioner for Enlargement - Biography from the Southeast European Times
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Günter Verheugen took which position from Nov 2004 to Feb 2010?
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/wiki/Günter_Verheugen#P39#2
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Günter Verheugen Günter Verheugen ( born 28 April 1944 ) is a German politician who served as European Commissioner for Enlargement from 1999 to 2004 , and then as European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry from 2004 to 2010 . He was also one of five vice presidents of the 27-member Barroso Commission ( Barroso I ) . After his retirement , he is now honorary Professor at the European University Viadrina in Frankfurt ( Oder ) . Early life and education . Born at Bad Kreuznach in Rhineland-Palatinate , Verheugen studied history , sociology and political science at the University of Cologne and at the University of Bonn . Career . Political career . Verheugen was Secretary General of the Free Democratic Party of Germany ( FDP ) from 1978 to 1982 , under the leadership of the partys chairman Hans-Dietrich Genscher . He left the FDP with many left liberal party members in 1982 , because the FDP left the government of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt . In the same year , he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . Member of Parliament , 1983–1999 . In the 1983 Western German elections , Verheugen became a member of the German Bundestag . He was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs from 1983 to 1998 . In the early 1980s , Verheugen mapped out a principled policy towards South Africas apartheid regime , embarrassing many of Germanys major companies , including Mercedes-Benz and Deutsche Bank , by exposing their efforts to get round international sanctions in a book published in 1986 . From 1994 to 1997 , Verheugen was deputy chairman of the SPD parliamentary group , under the leadership of the groups chairman Rudolf Scharping . In addition to his parliamentary work , he chaired the Broadcasting Council of Deutsche Welle from 1994 until 1998 . Ahead of the 1994 elections , Scharping included Verheugen in his shadow cabinet for the partys campaign to unseat incumbent Helmut Kohl as Chancellor . Within Gerhard Schröders campaign team for the 1998 federal elections , he served as his external affairs advisor and accompanied him on his trips to Washington and Warsaw . Minister of State for European Affairs , 1998–1999 . In the first cabinet of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , Verheugen briefly served as Minister of State in the Federal Foreign Office under Minister Joschka Fischer . During Germanys presidency of the Council of the European Union in 1999 , he led the negotiations on the Agenda 2000 package of EU policy reforms . Shortly after , he was in talks to be nominated as Germanys candidate for the European Unions newly created High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy ; the post eventually went to Javier Solana . In 1999 , he left parliament and became EU commissioner for Enlargement of the European Union . Member of the European Commission , 1999–2010 . Nominated by the German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , Verheugen first served in the European Commission as European Commissioner for Enlargement in the Prodi Commission , presiding over the accession of ten new member states in 2004 . He continued in the following Barroso Commission as Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry , also being promoted to one of the five vice presidents . On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Élysée Treaty in 2003 , the EU Commissioners of Germany and France , Verheugen and Pascal Lamy , jointly presented the so-called Lamy-Verheugen Plan that proposed a factual unification of France and Germany in some important areas – including unified armed forces , combined embassies and a shared seat at the United Nations Security Council . As a Commissioner , Verheugen stated a desire to cut red tape , especially in order to make it more favourable to SMEs . He also highlights research and innovation as twin keys to future competitiveness . He outlines his priorities as ; better regulation , a modern industrial policy , SMEs and innovation . In order to promote competitiveness , he laid down three policies derived from the treaties ; Competitiveness and improvement of the business environment ( Art . 157 ) . Completing and managing the Internal Market for products ( Art . 28 and 95 ) and Innovation and research framework programmes ( Title XVIII ) . Verheugen was heavily involved in work on the REACH directive and ensuring its compatibility with the Lisbon Strategy . He sees a common patent in the Union implemented by 2012 which he sees as important as patent application for the 24 million SMEs in Europe are on average 11 times higher than in the United States . In response to the refusal of countries to sign the Kyoto protocol , such as the United States and Australia , Verheugen asked President Barroso to look into whether the EU could implement taxes on products imported from those countries not taking low-carbon policies on board ( Border Tax Adjustments ) . In October 2006 , Verheugen accused European Union officials of being impossible to control , stating inter alia the purported impossibility of firing Directors-General ( the highest grade in the EU civil servants structure ) . However , Article 50 of the EUs Staff Regulations empowers the commission to do precisely that . Former civil servant Derk Jan Eppink described Verheugens position in the following terms : Life after politics . Since leaving public office , Verheugen has held a variety of paid or unpaid positions , including the following : - FleishmanHillard , Member of the International Advisory Board - German-Azerbaijani Forum , Member of the Board of Trustees - German Council on Foreign Relations ( DGAP ) , Member - Turkey : Culture of Change Initiative ( TCCI ) , Member of the Advisory Board - National Association of German Cooperative Banks ( BVR ) , Advisor ( since 2010 ) - Royal Bank of Scotland ( RBS ) , Senior Advisor ( since 2010 ) In 2014 Verheugen was awarded the Mercator Visiting Professorship for Political Management at the Universität Essen-Duisburgs NRW School of Governance . He gave both seminars and lectures at the university . From March 2015 , Verheugen headed the European integration work stream in the Dmytro Firtash-backed Agency for the Modernisation of Ukraine ( AMU ) , a non-governmental organization developing a comprehensive program of modernization of Ukraine and looking for investment resources for its implementation . Verheugen led the Agencys sectoral division for the institutional reforms recommendations aimed at the integration of Ukraine into the EU and civil society building . Controversy . In 2001 , former Czech Prime Minister Václav Klaus accused Verheugen of a tragic misuse of his position , after Verheugen warned that the countrys hope of joining the European Union swiftly would take a setback if the right-leaning Civic Democrats won the 2002 elections . On 5 November 2004 , during a press conference , Verheugen mentioned that the future prime-minister of Romania would be Mircea Geoană ( of the PSD ) and that Romania would end negotiations with the EU with just four days before the Romanian legislative and presidential elections . Following this , Romanian journalists accused him of meddling in Romanian politics . During his time in office , photographs appeared showing Verheugen holidaying with Petra Erler , the head of his private office . A Commission spokesman backed him by saying the private holidays of Vice President Verheugen in Lithuania this summer did not violate the rules applicable to members of the Commission . Despite this , there was a minor political row over Erlers appointment with allegations of her being appointed due to their friendship . These allegations were later aggravated over photos of them together on holiday holding hands , and then on a naturist beach together in Lithuania . Positions . On cutting EU bureaucracy . - Many people still have this concept of Europe that the more rules you produce the more Europe you have . - ( October 2006 ) - The idea is that the role of the commission is to keep the machinery running and the machinery is producing laws . And thats exactly what I want to change . - ( October 2006 ) - We must ask the question of whether so many decisions need to be taken in Brussels . - ( June 2016 ) Honours . National honours - : Knight Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Foreign honours - : 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana - : 1st Class of the Order of the Three Stars - : Grand Cross ( or 1st Class ) of the Order of the White Double Cross ( 2004 ) - : 1st Class of the Order of the White Lion ( 2016 ) External links . - Official website - Archived website as Commissioner for Enlargement - Biography from the Southeast European Times
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"State Department as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs"
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Which position did Margaret D. Tutwiler hold from Mar 1989 to Aug 1992?
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/wiki/Margaret_D._Tutwiler#P39#0
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Margaret D . Tutwiler Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler ( born December 28 , 1950 ) is an American politician who has served multiple different positions within the United States Department of State . Tutwiler was born in Birmingham , Alabama , the daughter of Temple Tutwiler II and Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler . At age 26 , she worked under James A . Baker III in George H . W . Bush’s failed bid for the 1976 presidential nomination . In 1980 , she was one of a team of relatively younger aides assembled by Baker to run Bush’s campaign for the presidential nomination . When Bush lost the nomination to Ronald Reagan , Reagan tapped Baker to run his presidential campaign , and Baker brought Tutwiler with him to the campaign . When Reagan won the presidency and Baker became White House Chief of Staff , Tutwiler asked to accompany him , saying , “Until we figure it out , can’t I just be your jack of all trades?” Once they were ensconced in the White House , one of Tutwilers duties was to return phone calls from members of congress , or the press , if Baker could not himself return the call . Gradually , Tutwiler became known as Bakers right hand and alter ego . In the run-up to the 1984 election , Baker installed Tutwiler as liaison at Reagans re-election campaign , in part to keep an eye on Ed Rollins , who had left his position as Assistant to the President for Political Affairs and became chair of the campaign , and who was critical of Baker . In January 1985 , after Reagan won the 1984 election , he appointed Baker as Secretary of the Treasury , and Baker took his White House team with him to the Treasury , where Tutwiler became Bakers chief political assistant , initially holding the position of Assistant Secretary For Public Affairs . In 1989 , after George H . W . Bush was elected President , Baker became Secretary of State , and Tutwiler moved with him to the State Department as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs -- although she had to be convinced to take the position , because it involved daily briefings on matters with which she was not yet familiar . In June of 1989 , when protests broke out in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square , the Bush administration was concerned that a strong condemnation from the U.S . might damage the rapprochement with China which had begun during the Nixon administration , and impair the ability of the U.S . to use China as a counterweight in its geopolitical struggle with the Soviet Union . As Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs , Tutwiler was in charge of press and public briefings conducted by the State Department’s Bureau of Public Affairs . She objected to the administration’s position regarding the protests , and urged Baker to speak out against the Chinese government’s crackdown on protesters . Initially , she refused to conduct briefings supporting the administration’s position . To overcome her scruples , Baker had to personally insist that she conduct the briefings . It was Tutwiler who urged Baker to invite Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze to accompany him on a trip to his ranch in Wyoming , which would provide an opportunity for the two men to become better acquainted . The trip took place in September , 1989 . President Bush met Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev for a summit in Malta on December 2-3 , 1989 . Tutwiler was part of the State Department party who travelled to Malta for the summit . On August 13 , 1992 , President Bush announced that Baker was leaving the State Department , and coming back to the White House as White House Chief of Staff , and would run Bushs re-election campaign . Tutwiler was one of the advisers who moved back to the White House with him . After Bush lost his bid for re-election , William Barr , then the Attorney General , appointed a special prosecutor to look into whether the Bush campaign had sought information from Bill Clintons passport files . No charges were filed , but Tutwiler and other aides had to find lawyers to represent them during the investigation . In 1996 , Baker considered running for president against Clinton . One of the people from whom he sought advice on whether to run was Tutwiler . Tutwiler also read and critiqued drafts of Bakers memoir . When the result of the 2000 United States presidential election in Florida was in doubt , Baker became the head of the George W . Bushs legal team in the state . One of the first things Baker did was to phone Tutwiler and ask her to mobilize his aides and go to Florida . Tutwiler was installed in a corner office near Bakers office in the state Republican Party building . On August 25 , 2002 , prior to the second Iraq war , the New York Times published a column by Baker urging the President to seek a United Nations Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force to compel Iraq to submit to international inspection . Tutwiler urged Baker to take a harder line against a war , but Baker declined to publicly criticize the approach taken by the White House . During the administration of George W . Bush , Tutwiler was Ambassador to Morocco from March 2001 until 2003 , when she became Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs , serving from December 16 , 2003 to June 30 , 2004 . She was confirmed by the U.S . Senate on December 9 , 2003 to replace outgoing Under Secretary Charlotte Beers . Tutwiler was given the task of leading the governments public-relations drive to build a favorable impression abroad . In July 2004 , she began directing communications for NYSE Euronext . Her boss at the NYSE , John Thain , later brought her on board as head of communications at Merrill Lynch in December 2007 and then at CIT Group in August 2010 . Tutwiler is a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute . External links . - Margaret Tutwiler Diaries at the Seeley G . Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University - USC Center on Public Diplomacy Profile - Interview in Frontline Diplomacy : The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . - Profile in the Alabama Academy of Honor . - Margaret Tutwilers diaries from her time as State Department Spokesman and Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs under Secretary of State James Baker at Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University .
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"Ambassador to Morocco"
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Margaret D. Tutwiler took which position from Aug 2001 to Aug 2003?
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/wiki/Margaret_D._Tutwiler#P39#1
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Margaret D . Tutwiler Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler ( born December 28 , 1950 ) is an American politician who has served multiple different positions within the United States Department of State . Tutwiler was born in Birmingham , Alabama , the daughter of Temple Tutwiler II and Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler . At age 26 , she worked under James A . Baker III in George H . W . Bush’s failed bid for the 1976 presidential nomination . In 1980 , she was one of a team of relatively younger aides assembled by Baker to run Bush’s campaign for the presidential nomination . When Bush lost the nomination to Ronald Reagan , Reagan tapped Baker to run his presidential campaign , and Baker brought Tutwiler with him to the campaign . When Reagan won the presidency and Baker became White House Chief of Staff , Tutwiler asked to accompany him , saying , “Until we figure it out , can’t I just be your jack of all trades?” Once they were ensconced in the White House , one of Tutwilers duties was to return phone calls from members of congress , or the press , if Baker could not himself return the call . Gradually , Tutwiler became known as Bakers right hand and alter ego . In the run-up to the 1984 election , Baker installed Tutwiler as liaison at Reagans re-election campaign , in part to keep an eye on Ed Rollins , who had left his position as Assistant to the President for Political Affairs and became chair of the campaign , and who was critical of Baker . In January 1985 , after Reagan won the 1984 election , he appointed Baker as Secretary of the Treasury , and Baker took his White House team with him to the Treasury , where Tutwiler became Bakers chief political assistant , initially holding the position of Assistant Secretary For Public Affairs . In 1989 , after George H . W . Bush was elected President , Baker became Secretary of State , and Tutwiler moved with him to the State Department as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs -- although she had to be convinced to take the position , because it involved daily briefings on matters with which she was not yet familiar . In June of 1989 , when protests broke out in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square , the Bush administration was concerned that a strong condemnation from the U.S . might damage the rapprochement with China which had begun during the Nixon administration , and impair the ability of the U.S . to use China as a counterweight in its geopolitical struggle with the Soviet Union . As Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs , Tutwiler was in charge of press and public briefings conducted by the State Department’s Bureau of Public Affairs . She objected to the administration’s position regarding the protests , and urged Baker to speak out against the Chinese government’s crackdown on protesters . Initially , she refused to conduct briefings supporting the administration’s position . To overcome her scruples , Baker had to personally insist that she conduct the briefings . It was Tutwiler who urged Baker to invite Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze to accompany him on a trip to his ranch in Wyoming , which would provide an opportunity for the two men to become better acquainted . The trip took place in September , 1989 . President Bush met Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev for a summit in Malta on December 2-3 , 1989 . Tutwiler was part of the State Department party who travelled to Malta for the summit . On August 13 , 1992 , President Bush announced that Baker was leaving the State Department , and coming back to the White House as White House Chief of Staff , and would run Bushs re-election campaign . Tutwiler was one of the advisers who moved back to the White House with him . After Bush lost his bid for re-election , William Barr , then the Attorney General , appointed a special prosecutor to look into whether the Bush campaign had sought information from Bill Clintons passport files . No charges were filed , but Tutwiler and other aides had to find lawyers to represent them during the investigation . In 1996 , Baker considered running for president against Clinton . One of the people from whom he sought advice on whether to run was Tutwiler . Tutwiler also read and critiqued drafts of Bakers memoir . When the result of the 2000 United States presidential election in Florida was in doubt , Baker became the head of the George W . Bushs legal team in the state . One of the first things Baker did was to phone Tutwiler and ask her to mobilize his aides and go to Florida . Tutwiler was installed in a corner office near Bakers office in the state Republican Party building . On August 25 , 2002 , prior to the second Iraq war , the New York Times published a column by Baker urging the President to seek a United Nations Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force to compel Iraq to submit to international inspection . Tutwiler urged Baker to take a harder line against a war , but Baker declined to publicly criticize the approach taken by the White House . During the administration of George W . Bush , Tutwiler was Ambassador to Morocco from March 2001 until 2003 , when she became Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs , serving from December 16 , 2003 to June 30 , 2004 . She was confirmed by the U.S . Senate on December 9 , 2003 to replace outgoing Under Secretary Charlotte Beers . Tutwiler was given the task of leading the governments public-relations drive to build a favorable impression abroad . In July 2004 , she began directing communications for NYSE Euronext . Her boss at the NYSE , John Thain , later brought her on board as head of communications at Merrill Lynch in December 2007 and then at CIT Group in August 2010 . Tutwiler is a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute . External links . - Margaret Tutwiler Diaries at the Seeley G . Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University - USC Center on Public Diplomacy Profile - Interview in Frontline Diplomacy : The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . - Profile in the Alabama Academy of Honor . - Margaret Tutwilers diaries from her time as State Department Spokesman and Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs under Secretary of State James Baker at Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University .
|
[
"Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Margaret D. Tutwiler from Dec 2003 to Jun 2004?
|
/wiki/Margaret_D._Tutwiler#P39#2
|
Margaret D . Tutwiler Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler ( born December 28 , 1950 ) is an American politician who has served multiple different positions within the United States Department of State . Tutwiler was born in Birmingham , Alabama , the daughter of Temple Tutwiler II and Margaret DeBardeleben Tutwiler . At age 26 , she worked under James A . Baker III in George H . W . Bush’s failed bid for the 1976 presidential nomination . In 1980 , she was one of a team of relatively younger aides assembled by Baker to run Bush’s campaign for the presidential nomination . When Bush lost the nomination to Ronald Reagan , Reagan tapped Baker to run his presidential campaign , and Baker brought Tutwiler with him to the campaign . When Reagan won the presidency and Baker became White House Chief of Staff , Tutwiler asked to accompany him , saying , “Until we figure it out , can’t I just be your jack of all trades?” Once they were ensconced in the White House , one of Tutwilers duties was to return phone calls from members of congress , or the press , if Baker could not himself return the call . Gradually , Tutwiler became known as Bakers right hand and alter ego . In the run-up to the 1984 election , Baker installed Tutwiler as liaison at Reagans re-election campaign , in part to keep an eye on Ed Rollins , who had left his position as Assistant to the President for Political Affairs and became chair of the campaign , and who was critical of Baker . In January 1985 , after Reagan won the 1984 election , he appointed Baker as Secretary of the Treasury , and Baker took his White House team with him to the Treasury , where Tutwiler became Bakers chief political assistant , initially holding the position of Assistant Secretary For Public Affairs . In 1989 , after George H . W . Bush was elected President , Baker became Secretary of State , and Tutwiler moved with him to the State Department as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs -- although she had to be convinced to take the position , because it involved daily briefings on matters with which she was not yet familiar . In June of 1989 , when protests broke out in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square , the Bush administration was concerned that a strong condemnation from the U.S . might damage the rapprochement with China which had begun during the Nixon administration , and impair the ability of the U.S . to use China as a counterweight in its geopolitical struggle with the Soviet Union . As Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs , Tutwiler was in charge of press and public briefings conducted by the State Department’s Bureau of Public Affairs . She objected to the administration’s position regarding the protests , and urged Baker to speak out against the Chinese government’s crackdown on protesters . Initially , she refused to conduct briefings supporting the administration’s position . To overcome her scruples , Baker had to personally insist that she conduct the briefings . It was Tutwiler who urged Baker to invite Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze to accompany him on a trip to his ranch in Wyoming , which would provide an opportunity for the two men to become better acquainted . The trip took place in September , 1989 . President Bush met Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev for a summit in Malta on December 2-3 , 1989 . Tutwiler was part of the State Department party who travelled to Malta for the summit . On August 13 , 1992 , President Bush announced that Baker was leaving the State Department , and coming back to the White House as White House Chief of Staff , and would run Bushs re-election campaign . Tutwiler was one of the advisers who moved back to the White House with him . After Bush lost his bid for re-election , William Barr , then the Attorney General , appointed a special prosecutor to look into whether the Bush campaign had sought information from Bill Clintons passport files . No charges were filed , but Tutwiler and other aides had to find lawyers to represent them during the investigation . In 1996 , Baker considered running for president against Clinton . One of the people from whom he sought advice on whether to run was Tutwiler . Tutwiler also read and critiqued drafts of Bakers memoir . When the result of the 2000 United States presidential election in Florida was in doubt , Baker became the head of the George W . Bushs legal team in the state . One of the first things Baker did was to phone Tutwiler and ask her to mobilize his aides and go to Florida . Tutwiler was installed in a corner office near Bakers office in the state Republican Party building . On August 25 , 2002 , prior to the second Iraq war , the New York Times published a column by Baker urging the President to seek a United Nations Security Council resolution authorizing the use of force to compel Iraq to submit to international inspection . Tutwiler urged Baker to take a harder line against a war , but Baker declined to publicly criticize the approach taken by the White House . During the administration of George W . Bush , Tutwiler was Ambassador to Morocco from March 2001 until 2003 , when she became Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs , serving from December 16 , 2003 to June 30 , 2004 . She was confirmed by the U.S . Senate on December 9 , 2003 to replace outgoing Under Secretary Charlotte Beers . Tutwiler was given the task of leading the governments public-relations drive to build a favorable impression abroad . In July 2004 , she began directing communications for NYSE Euronext . Her boss at the NYSE , John Thain , later brought her on board as head of communications at Merrill Lynch in December 2007 and then at CIT Group in August 2010 . Tutwiler is a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute . External links . - Margaret Tutwiler Diaries at the Seeley G . Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University - USC Center on Public Diplomacy Profile - Interview in Frontline Diplomacy : The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training . - Profile in the Alabama Academy of Honor . - Margaret Tutwilers diaries from her time as State Department Spokesman and Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs under Secretary of State James Baker at Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University .
|
[
"Walton & Hersham",
"Salisbury City",
"Luton Town"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Ed Asafu-Adjaye play for from 2007 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Ed_Asafu-Adjaye#P54#0
|
Ed Asafu-Adjaye Edward Yaw Okyere Asafu-Adjaye ( born 22 December 1988 ) is an English footballer who plays for side Royston Town , where he plays as a defender . Career . Born in Southwark , London , Asafu-Adjaye started his career at Luton Town as a scholar , he was sent on loan to Isthmian League Premier Division side Walton & Hersham , making his debut for the Swans in March 2007 and scoring in a 1–0 win over Carshalton Athletic . He went on to make seven appearances during his loan spell , playing at right-back and scoring three goals . Asafu-Adjaye was rewarded with a one-year professional contract during the summer of 2007 . Unable to break into the Luton side at the beginning of the 2007–08 season , he was instead loaned to Conference Premier side Salisbury City in January 2008 by then-Hatters manager Kevin Blackwell . He made his Salisbury debut in a 3–1 home win over Oxford United . Asafu-Adjaye continued to impress during his time with Salisbury , in which time he earned several man-of-the-match accolades . With Luton Town in administration and heading for relegation to League Two , new manager Mick Harford decided to recall Asafu-Adjaye from his loan spell in late March , and he made his Luton Town debut in a 2–1 home victory over Crewe Alexandra just days after returning to Kenilworth Road . Operating at right-back , he went on to make seven league appearances for the Hatters as they were relegated . During the summer of 2008 he signed a new contract , despite interest from his former loan club Salisbury City . In the 2008–09 season , Asafu-Adjaye established himself as the first choice right-back in the Luton team , and also started at centre-back in Lutons 3–2 victory over Scunthorpe United in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley Stadium . On 30 June 2009 , Asafu-Adjaye agreed to a one-year contract extension , keeping him at Luton until 2011 . Out of favour at Luton , having made just two league appearances during the 2010–11 season , Asafu-Adjaye joined Histon on loan until the end of the season on 25 March 2011 . He made five appearances for the Stutes , before being recalled due to an injury to full-back Fred Murray . New Luton manager Gary Brabin installed Asafu-Adjaye into the first-team as he played in a 3–0 victory over Eastbourne Borough on 23 April . He started at left-back in the crucial first leg of the play-off semi-final against Wrexham on 5 May , scoring his first goal for the club , a half-volley from 18 yards , in a 3–0 win . On 12 July 2011 , Asafu-Adjaye agreed to sign a new contract with Luton . He made thirteen appearances during the season , and on 30 April 2012 it was announced that Asafu-Adjaye was to be released from Luton . On 2 July 2012 , it was announced that Asafu-Adjaye had signed for Forest Green Rovers on a one-year contract . He made his Forest Green debut on 11 August 2012 in a 1–1 draw with Cambridge United . After an impressive opening few months at The New Lawn , he signed a contract extension that would keep him at the club until June 2014 . On 28 April 2014 , having made 40 league appearances in two seasons for the club , he was released along with nine other players at the end of his contract . On 8 August 2014 , Asafu-Adjaye signed for newly promoted Conference South side Hemel Hempstead Town . He made his debut for the club the next day on 9 August in a 1–0 away win over Basingstoke Town . In the summer 2019 , Asafu-Adjaye returned to Royston Town for the second time after a year at Hayes & Yeading United . Honours . - Luton Town - Football League Trophy : 2008–09
|
[
"Forest Green Rovers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Ed Asafu-Adjaye play for from 2012 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Ed_Asafu-Adjaye#P54#1
|
Ed Asafu-Adjaye Edward Yaw Okyere Asafu-Adjaye ( born 22 December 1988 ) is an English footballer who plays for side Royston Town , where he plays as a defender . Career . Born in Southwark , London , Asafu-Adjaye started his career at Luton Town as a scholar , he was sent on loan to Isthmian League Premier Division side Walton & Hersham , making his debut for the Swans in March 2007 and scoring in a 1–0 win over Carshalton Athletic . He went on to make seven appearances during his loan spell , playing at right-back and scoring three goals . Asafu-Adjaye was rewarded with a one-year professional contract during the summer of 2007 . Unable to break into the Luton side at the beginning of the 2007–08 season , he was instead loaned to Conference Premier side Salisbury City in January 2008 by then-Hatters manager Kevin Blackwell . He made his Salisbury debut in a 3–1 home win over Oxford United . Asafu-Adjaye continued to impress during his time with Salisbury , in which time he earned several man-of-the-match accolades . With Luton Town in administration and heading for relegation to League Two , new manager Mick Harford decided to recall Asafu-Adjaye from his loan spell in late March , and he made his Luton Town debut in a 2–1 home victory over Crewe Alexandra just days after returning to Kenilworth Road . Operating at right-back , he went on to make seven league appearances for the Hatters as they were relegated . During the summer of 2008 he signed a new contract , despite interest from his former loan club Salisbury City . In the 2008–09 season , Asafu-Adjaye established himself as the first choice right-back in the Luton team , and also started at centre-back in Lutons 3–2 victory over Scunthorpe United in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley Stadium . On 30 June 2009 , Asafu-Adjaye agreed to a one-year contract extension , keeping him at Luton until 2011 . Out of favour at Luton , having made just two league appearances during the 2010–11 season , Asafu-Adjaye joined Histon on loan until the end of the season on 25 March 2011 . He made five appearances for the Stutes , before being recalled due to an injury to full-back Fred Murray . New Luton manager Gary Brabin installed Asafu-Adjaye into the first-team as he played in a 3–0 victory over Eastbourne Borough on 23 April . He started at left-back in the crucial first leg of the play-off semi-final against Wrexham on 5 May , scoring his first goal for the club , a half-volley from 18 yards , in a 3–0 win . On 12 July 2011 , Asafu-Adjaye agreed to sign a new contract with Luton . He made thirteen appearances during the season , and on 30 April 2012 it was announced that Asafu-Adjaye was to be released from Luton . On 2 July 2012 , it was announced that Asafu-Adjaye had signed for Forest Green Rovers on a one-year contract . He made his Forest Green debut on 11 August 2012 in a 1–1 draw with Cambridge United . After an impressive opening few months at The New Lawn , he signed a contract extension that would keep him at the club until June 2014 . On 28 April 2014 , having made 40 league appearances in two seasons for the club , he was released along with nine other players at the end of his contract . On 8 August 2014 , Asafu-Adjaye signed for newly promoted Conference South side Hemel Hempstead Town . He made his debut for the club the next day on 9 August in a 1–0 away win over Basingstoke Town . In the summer 2019 , Asafu-Adjaye returned to Royston Town for the second time after a year at Hayes & Yeading United . Honours . - Luton Town - Football League Trophy : 2008–09
|
[
"Hemel Hempstead Town"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Ed Asafu-Adjaye play for from 2014 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Ed_Asafu-Adjaye#P54#2
|
Ed Asafu-Adjaye Edward Yaw Okyere Asafu-Adjaye ( born 22 December 1988 ) is an English footballer who plays for side Royston Town , where he plays as a defender . Career . Born in Southwark , London , Asafu-Adjaye started his career at Luton Town as a scholar , he was sent on loan to Isthmian League Premier Division side Walton & Hersham , making his debut for the Swans in March 2007 and scoring in a 1–0 win over Carshalton Athletic . He went on to make seven appearances during his loan spell , playing at right-back and scoring three goals . Asafu-Adjaye was rewarded with a one-year professional contract during the summer of 2007 . Unable to break into the Luton side at the beginning of the 2007–08 season , he was instead loaned to Conference Premier side Salisbury City in January 2008 by then-Hatters manager Kevin Blackwell . He made his Salisbury debut in a 3–1 home win over Oxford United . Asafu-Adjaye continued to impress during his time with Salisbury , in which time he earned several man-of-the-match accolades . With Luton Town in administration and heading for relegation to League Two , new manager Mick Harford decided to recall Asafu-Adjaye from his loan spell in late March , and he made his Luton Town debut in a 2–1 home victory over Crewe Alexandra just days after returning to Kenilworth Road . Operating at right-back , he went on to make seven league appearances for the Hatters as they were relegated . During the summer of 2008 he signed a new contract , despite interest from his former loan club Salisbury City . In the 2008–09 season , Asafu-Adjaye established himself as the first choice right-back in the Luton team , and also started at centre-back in Lutons 3–2 victory over Scunthorpe United in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley Stadium . On 30 June 2009 , Asafu-Adjaye agreed to a one-year contract extension , keeping him at Luton until 2011 . Out of favour at Luton , having made just two league appearances during the 2010–11 season , Asafu-Adjaye joined Histon on loan until the end of the season on 25 March 2011 . He made five appearances for the Stutes , before being recalled due to an injury to full-back Fred Murray . New Luton manager Gary Brabin installed Asafu-Adjaye into the first-team as he played in a 3–0 victory over Eastbourne Borough on 23 April . He started at left-back in the crucial first leg of the play-off semi-final against Wrexham on 5 May , scoring his first goal for the club , a half-volley from 18 yards , in a 3–0 win . On 12 July 2011 , Asafu-Adjaye agreed to sign a new contract with Luton . He made thirteen appearances during the season , and on 30 April 2012 it was announced that Asafu-Adjaye was to be released from Luton . On 2 July 2012 , it was announced that Asafu-Adjaye had signed for Forest Green Rovers on a one-year contract . He made his Forest Green debut on 11 August 2012 in a 1–1 draw with Cambridge United . After an impressive opening few months at The New Lawn , he signed a contract extension that would keep him at the club until June 2014 . On 28 April 2014 , having made 40 league appearances in two seasons for the club , he was released along with nine other players at the end of his contract . On 8 August 2014 , Asafu-Adjaye signed for newly promoted Conference South side Hemel Hempstead Town . He made his debut for the club the next day on 9 August in a 1–0 away win over Basingstoke Town . In the summer 2019 , Asafu-Adjaye returned to Royston Town for the second time after a year at Hayes & Yeading United . Honours . - Luton Town - Football League Trophy : 2008–09
|
[
"University of Wisconsin-Whitewater"
] |
easy
|
Mark Neumann went to which school from 1974 to 1975?
|
/wiki/Mark_Neumann#P69#0
|
Mark Neumann Mark William Neumann ( born February 27 , 1954 ) is an American businessman and politician . He represented from 1995 to 1999 . In 2010 , Neumann lost a bid to become the Republican nominee for Governor of Wisconsin . Neumann was a candidate for U.S . Senate in Wisconsin to succeed Herb Kohl who was retiring . He came in third place during the 2012 Republican primary election on August 14 , 2012 . Early life , education , and early career . Neumann was born in East Troy , Wisconsin , one of five siblings . His parents were Stella and Kurt Neumann . His father was an electrical engineer for General Motors and his mother was an executive assistant . Neumann graduated from East Troy High School in 1972 . After high school , he briefly attended General Motors Institute ( now Kettering University ) . In 1973 , Neumann married Sue Link , his high school sweetheart , whom he met in Sunday school in the 4th grade . That same year , Neumann enrolled at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater , where he graduated with honors in 1975 , earning a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics . After graduating from Whitewater , Neumann moved to River Falls , Wisconsin , where he taught mathematics at River Falls High School while attending the University of Wisconsin-River Falls , earning a Masters of Science in Supervision and Instructional Leadership . Neumann did additional post-graduate work at the University of Wisconsin . After college , Neumann relocated to Milton , Wisconsin , where he began his career teaching Mathematics at Milton High School and Milton College , before the campus closed in 1982 . Neumann is a member of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . He started his first company in 1986 in his basement , building homes in the Milton and Janesville , WI areas . By 1991 , Neumanns company was listed as one of the fastest growing companies in the U.S . by Inc . Magazine . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1992 Neumann decided to run for the House of Representatives as a Republican in 1992 . He faced Congressman Les Aspin and lost 58% to 41% , while spending $700,000 . - 1993 special election Shortly after defeating Neumann , Aspin was appointed U.S . Secretary of Defense by President Bill Clinton in 1993 . Just months after being defeated by over 17% , Neumann entered the special election to fill the seat vacated by Aspin . Neumann lost narrowly to his opponent , Peter Barca by only 675 votes ; 49.3% to Barcas 49.9% . - 1994 After losing in both 1992 and 1993 , Neumann once again entered the race for Wisconsin’s First Congressional District . After losing to Peter Barca by 675 votes in the previous year , Neumann defeated Barca by 1,120 votes , becoming the first Republican to hold that seat since 1971 . Neumanns victory was one of 52 Republican pick-up seats during the Republican Revolution . - 1996 Neumann won re-election by 4,260 votes in a close 1996 race against Lydia Spottswood . Tenure . Neumann was sworn into the 104th United States Congress on January 3 , 1995 , when the Republican Party gained control of both houses for the first time since the 1950s . Neumann was assigned to the Appropriations committee , being the only freshman appointed to the committee that year . While on the committee , Neumann wrote his own version of the budget , which would produce a balanced budget by 1999 . Neumann voted present in the election for Speaker of the House in 1997 , instead of voting for Newt Gingrich . In September 1995 , Neumann introduced an amendment requiring congressional approval of troop deployment to Bosnia which failed to pass . Then , on September 29 , he voted to defeat the $243 billion military appropriation , along with other freshman Members , because it did not contain his amendment . As punishment for his vote , Bob Livingston removed him from the committee . This was brief , and Neumann was eventually reassigned to the committee . Neumann has been critical of LGBT rights in the past . In 1996 , he commented to the New York Times that if I was elected God for a day , homosexuality wouldnt be permitted , but nobodys electing me God . Committee assignments . Congressman Neumann served on the following committees and subcommittees : - Committee on Appropriations - Veterans Administration - Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies - Committee on the Budget 1998 U.S . Senate election . In September 1997 , Neumann announced his candidacy for the United States Senate against Russell Feingold . Both candidates had similar views on the budget surplus , although Neumann was for banning partial-birth abortion while Feingold was against a ban . Both candidates limited themselves to $3.8 million in campaign spending ( $1 for every citizen of Wisconsin ) , although outside groups spent more than $2 million on Neumann ; Feingold refused to have outside groups spend on his behalf . Feingold defeated Neumann by a 3% margin in the election , 51% - 48% . Neumann had a 68,000-vote deficit in Milwaukee County . Post-congressional career . Neumann stayed out of the 2004 Senate campaign , instead supporting former Lt . Governor Margaret Farrow , who did not run . Despite speculation that Neumann might run against Senator Herb Kohl or Governor Jim Doyle , he did not choose to seek elective office during the 2006 election cycle . He had considered a run for Governor , but did not enter the race in deference to Scott Walker , who withdrew in favor of former Congressman Mark Green . 2010 gubernatorial election . Neumann told the Wisconsin State Journal on April 23 , 2009 that he intended to run for governor in 2010 , and on July 1 , 2009 , Neumann officially declared his candidacy . In 2010 Neumann stated his opposition to same-sex marriage , and claimed that he wanted to focus on jobs and economic development . Neumann was defeated 59% to 39% in the September 14 , 2010 primary by opponent Scott Walker . Walker was ultimately elected Governor in the general election . 2012 U.S . Senate election . In August 2011 , Neumann announced his candidacy for the Senate seat of retiring senator Herb Kohl . On October 6 , 2011 , it was announced that he had raised $300,000 during the first month of the campaign . After receiving endorsements from conservative groups such as the Club for Growth and Americans For Prosperity , Neumann split the Tea Party vote with millionaire businessman Eric Hovde . Neumann came in third place , taking 23% of the vote .
|
[
"University of Wisconsin-River Falls"
] |
easy
|
Where was Mark Neumann educated from 1975 to 1977?
|
/wiki/Mark_Neumann#P69#1
|
Mark Neumann Mark William Neumann ( born February 27 , 1954 ) is an American businessman and politician . He represented from 1995 to 1999 . In 2010 , Neumann lost a bid to become the Republican nominee for Governor of Wisconsin . Neumann was a candidate for U.S . Senate in Wisconsin to succeed Herb Kohl who was retiring . He came in third place during the 2012 Republican primary election on August 14 , 2012 . Early life , education , and early career . Neumann was born in East Troy , Wisconsin , one of five siblings . His parents were Stella and Kurt Neumann . His father was an electrical engineer for General Motors and his mother was an executive assistant . Neumann graduated from East Troy High School in 1972 . After high school , he briefly attended General Motors Institute ( now Kettering University ) . In 1973 , Neumann married Sue Link , his high school sweetheart , whom he met in Sunday school in the 4th grade . That same year , Neumann enrolled at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater , where he graduated with honors in 1975 , earning a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics . After graduating from Whitewater , Neumann moved to River Falls , Wisconsin , where he taught mathematics at River Falls High School while attending the University of Wisconsin-River Falls , earning a Masters of Science in Supervision and Instructional Leadership . Neumann did additional post-graduate work at the University of Wisconsin . After college , Neumann relocated to Milton , Wisconsin , where he began his career teaching Mathematics at Milton High School and Milton College , before the campus closed in 1982 . Neumann is a member of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . He started his first company in 1986 in his basement , building homes in the Milton and Janesville , WI areas . By 1991 , Neumanns company was listed as one of the fastest growing companies in the U.S . by Inc . Magazine . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1992 Neumann decided to run for the House of Representatives as a Republican in 1992 . He faced Congressman Les Aspin and lost 58% to 41% , while spending $700,000 . - 1993 special election Shortly after defeating Neumann , Aspin was appointed U.S . Secretary of Defense by President Bill Clinton in 1993 . Just months after being defeated by over 17% , Neumann entered the special election to fill the seat vacated by Aspin . Neumann lost narrowly to his opponent , Peter Barca by only 675 votes ; 49.3% to Barcas 49.9% . - 1994 After losing in both 1992 and 1993 , Neumann once again entered the race for Wisconsin’s First Congressional District . After losing to Peter Barca by 675 votes in the previous year , Neumann defeated Barca by 1,120 votes , becoming the first Republican to hold that seat since 1971 . Neumanns victory was one of 52 Republican pick-up seats during the Republican Revolution . - 1996 Neumann won re-election by 4,260 votes in a close 1996 race against Lydia Spottswood . Tenure . Neumann was sworn into the 104th United States Congress on January 3 , 1995 , when the Republican Party gained control of both houses for the first time since the 1950s . Neumann was assigned to the Appropriations committee , being the only freshman appointed to the committee that year . While on the committee , Neumann wrote his own version of the budget , which would produce a balanced budget by 1999 . Neumann voted present in the election for Speaker of the House in 1997 , instead of voting for Newt Gingrich . In September 1995 , Neumann introduced an amendment requiring congressional approval of troop deployment to Bosnia which failed to pass . Then , on September 29 , he voted to defeat the $243 billion military appropriation , along with other freshman Members , because it did not contain his amendment . As punishment for his vote , Bob Livingston removed him from the committee . This was brief , and Neumann was eventually reassigned to the committee . Neumann has been critical of LGBT rights in the past . In 1996 , he commented to the New York Times that if I was elected God for a day , homosexuality wouldnt be permitted , but nobodys electing me God . Committee assignments . Congressman Neumann served on the following committees and subcommittees : - Committee on Appropriations - Veterans Administration - Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies - Committee on the Budget 1998 U.S . Senate election . In September 1997 , Neumann announced his candidacy for the United States Senate against Russell Feingold . Both candidates had similar views on the budget surplus , although Neumann was for banning partial-birth abortion while Feingold was against a ban . Both candidates limited themselves to $3.8 million in campaign spending ( $1 for every citizen of Wisconsin ) , although outside groups spent more than $2 million on Neumann ; Feingold refused to have outside groups spend on his behalf . Feingold defeated Neumann by a 3% margin in the election , 51% - 48% . Neumann had a 68,000-vote deficit in Milwaukee County . Post-congressional career . Neumann stayed out of the 2004 Senate campaign , instead supporting former Lt . Governor Margaret Farrow , who did not run . Despite speculation that Neumann might run against Senator Herb Kohl or Governor Jim Doyle , he did not choose to seek elective office during the 2006 election cycle . He had considered a run for Governor , but did not enter the race in deference to Scott Walker , who withdrew in favor of former Congressman Mark Green . 2010 gubernatorial election . Neumann told the Wisconsin State Journal on April 23 , 2009 that he intended to run for governor in 2010 , and on July 1 , 2009 , Neumann officially declared his candidacy . In 2010 Neumann stated his opposition to same-sex marriage , and claimed that he wanted to focus on jobs and economic development . Neumann was defeated 59% to 39% in the September 14 , 2010 primary by opponent Scott Walker . Walker was ultimately elected Governor in the general election . 2012 U.S . Senate election . In August 2011 , Neumann announced his candidacy for the Senate seat of retiring senator Herb Kohl . On October 6 , 2011 , it was announced that he had raised $300,000 during the first month of the campaign . After receiving endorsements from conservative groups such as the Club for Growth and Americans For Prosperity , Neumann split the Tea Party vote with millionaire businessman Eric Hovde . Neumann came in third place , taking 23% of the vote .
|
[
"post-graduate work at the University of Wisconsin"
] |
easy
|
Where was Mark Neumann educated from 1979 to 1980?
|
/wiki/Mark_Neumann#P69#2
|
Mark Neumann Mark William Neumann ( born February 27 , 1954 ) is an American businessman and politician . He represented from 1995 to 1999 . In 2010 , Neumann lost a bid to become the Republican nominee for Governor of Wisconsin . Neumann was a candidate for U.S . Senate in Wisconsin to succeed Herb Kohl who was retiring . He came in third place during the 2012 Republican primary election on August 14 , 2012 . Early life , education , and early career . Neumann was born in East Troy , Wisconsin , one of five siblings . His parents were Stella and Kurt Neumann . His father was an electrical engineer for General Motors and his mother was an executive assistant . Neumann graduated from East Troy High School in 1972 . After high school , he briefly attended General Motors Institute ( now Kettering University ) . In 1973 , Neumann married Sue Link , his high school sweetheart , whom he met in Sunday school in the 4th grade . That same year , Neumann enrolled at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater , where he graduated with honors in 1975 , earning a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics . After graduating from Whitewater , Neumann moved to River Falls , Wisconsin , where he taught mathematics at River Falls High School while attending the University of Wisconsin-River Falls , earning a Masters of Science in Supervision and Instructional Leadership . Neumann did additional post-graduate work at the University of Wisconsin . After college , Neumann relocated to Milton , Wisconsin , where he began his career teaching Mathematics at Milton High School and Milton College , before the campus closed in 1982 . Neumann is a member of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . He started his first company in 1986 in his basement , building homes in the Milton and Janesville , WI areas . By 1991 , Neumanns company was listed as one of the fastest growing companies in the U.S . by Inc . Magazine . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 1992 Neumann decided to run for the House of Representatives as a Republican in 1992 . He faced Congressman Les Aspin and lost 58% to 41% , while spending $700,000 . - 1993 special election Shortly after defeating Neumann , Aspin was appointed U.S . Secretary of Defense by President Bill Clinton in 1993 . Just months after being defeated by over 17% , Neumann entered the special election to fill the seat vacated by Aspin . Neumann lost narrowly to his opponent , Peter Barca by only 675 votes ; 49.3% to Barcas 49.9% . - 1994 After losing in both 1992 and 1993 , Neumann once again entered the race for Wisconsin’s First Congressional District . After losing to Peter Barca by 675 votes in the previous year , Neumann defeated Barca by 1,120 votes , becoming the first Republican to hold that seat since 1971 . Neumanns victory was one of 52 Republican pick-up seats during the Republican Revolution . - 1996 Neumann won re-election by 4,260 votes in a close 1996 race against Lydia Spottswood . Tenure . Neumann was sworn into the 104th United States Congress on January 3 , 1995 , when the Republican Party gained control of both houses for the first time since the 1950s . Neumann was assigned to the Appropriations committee , being the only freshman appointed to the committee that year . While on the committee , Neumann wrote his own version of the budget , which would produce a balanced budget by 1999 . Neumann voted present in the election for Speaker of the House in 1997 , instead of voting for Newt Gingrich . In September 1995 , Neumann introduced an amendment requiring congressional approval of troop deployment to Bosnia which failed to pass . Then , on September 29 , he voted to defeat the $243 billion military appropriation , along with other freshman Members , because it did not contain his amendment . As punishment for his vote , Bob Livingston removed him from the committee . This was brief , and Neumann was eventually reassigned to the committee . Neumann has been critical of LGBT rights in the past . In 1996 , he commented to the New York Times that if I was elected God for a day , homosexuality wouldnt be permitted , but nobodys electing me God . Committee assignments . Congressman Neumann served on the following committees and subcommittees : - Committee on Appropriations - Veterans Administration - Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies - Committee on the Budget 1998 U.S . Senate election . In September 1997 , Neumann announced his candidacy for the United States Senate against Russell Feingold . Both candidates had similar views on the budget surplus , although Neumann was for banning partial-birth abortion while Feingold was against a ban . Both candidates limited themselves to $3.8 million in campaign spending ( $1 for every citizen of Wisconsin ) , although outside groups spent more than $2 million on Neumann ; Feingold refused to have outside groups spend on his behalf . Feingold defeated Neumann by a 3% margin in the election , 51% - 48% . Neumann had a 68,000-vote deficit in Milwaukee County . Post-congressional career . Neumann stayed out of the 2004 Senate campaign , instead supporting former Lt . Governor Margaret Farrow , who did not run . Despite speculation that Neumann might run against Senator Herb Kohl or Governor Jim Doyle , he did not choose to seek elective office during the 2006 election cycle . He had considered a run for Governor , but did not enter the race in deference to Scott Walker , who withdrew in favor of former Congressman Mark Green . 2010 gubernatorial election . Neumann told the Wisconsin State Journal on April 23 , 2009 that he intended to run for governor in 2010 , and on July 1 , 2009 , Neumann officially declared his candidacy . In 2010 Neumann stated his opposition to same-sex marriage , and claimed that he wanted to focus on jobs and economic development . Neumann was defeated 59% to 39% in the September 14 , 2010 primary by opponent Scott Walker . Walker was ultimately elected Governor in the general election . 2012 U.S . Senate election . In August 2011 , Neumann announced his candidacy for the Senate seat of retiring senator Herb Kohl . On October 6 , 2011 , it was announced that he had raised $300,000 during the first month of the campaign . After receiving endorsements from conservative groups such as the Club for Growth and Americans For Prosperity , Neumann split the Tea Party vote with millionaire businessman Eric Hovde . Neumann came in third place , taking 23% of the vote .
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"prefect of Esmeraldas"
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easy
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What was the position of Lucía Sosa (politician) from 2005 to 2012?
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/wiki/Lucía_Sosa_(politician)#P39#0
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Lucía Sosa ( politician ) Lucía de Lourdes Sosa Robinzon ( born February 6 , 1957 ) is an Ecuadorian teacher , engineer , and politician , who was prefect of Esmeraldas Province from 2005 to 2013 and 2014 to 2018 , and is currently mayor of the city of the same name . Biography . Lucía Sosa entered the Rafael Palacios de Esmeraldas school , where she completed her primary education . She attended the Margarita Cortez and Luis Vargas Torres Normal schools , obtaining the title of Bachelor in Educational Sciences at the latter . At age 18 , she met her future husband , Luis Antonio Pimentel . At the , she earned a licentiate in political science and economics , and shortly thereafter , the title of at the Cooperative University of Colombia . She taught for 28 years , becoming known as an innovator . In 2003 she was president of the . As president and vice president of the Unemployment Fund of the Ecuadorian Magisterium ( FCME ) , she carried out works such as the completion of 250 homes , leading her to advance in politics . In the , Sosa was the candidate for prefect of Esmeraldas Province for the Democratic Peoples Movement ( MPD ) . She was elected with 47,579 votes , breaking the hold the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party ( PRE ) had had on the office for eight years . While prefect , she gave birth to twins in July 2012 . Prefect of Esmeraldas Province . On January 5 , 2005 , Lucía Sosa took office as prefect of Esmeraldas . During her term she oversaw public works projects such as roads , bridges , and irrigation systems in the rural sector of the province . She promoted citizen participation in these works and the preparation of the budget . She retained her office in the with 89,260 votes , although she would not complete her term after being dismissed by the Constitutional Court and replaced by Rafael Erazo in 2013 . During this period , she was part of the formation of the on January 21 , 2011 . She would assume the presidency of this entity in 2013 and 2017 , and its vice presidency in 2012 and 2016 on behalf of Esmeraldas . She opposed the integration of La Concordia into Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province . Sosa was reelected to the prefecture in , despite the repetition of voting in two parishes of Muisne that reported irregularities and were suspended on the day they were scheduled . After the 2016 earthquake , Sosa accused the central government of Rafael Correa of excluding Esmeraldas from reconstruction , while owing $14.6 million to the prefecture . In 2017 , she opposed a proposal that prefects be elected by the rural sector alone , indicating that it was unconstitutional and would bias the budget of prefectures in favor of the rural sector . During incidents on the Ecuadorian border with members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) , she indicated that she had asked the Correa regime for more surveillance of the border by monitoring the northern zone by helicopter , but the idea was not acted on by the government . At the end of 2018 , Sosa resigned as prefect in order to participate as a candidate for mayor of the city of Esmeraldas . Mayor of Esmeraldas . Lucía Sosa was victorious in the , becoming mayor of Esmeraldas for the Popular Unity party with 42,071 votes . She took office on May 14 , 2019 , vowing to focus on reconstruction of municipal offices which were damaged in the previous months earthquake .
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[
"prefect of Esmeraldas Province"
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easy
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What position did Lucía Sosa (politician) take from 2012 to Jun 2013?
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/wiki/Lucía_Sosa_(politician)#P39#1
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Lucía Sosa ( politician ) Lucía de Lourdes Sosa Robinzon ( born February 6 , 1957 ) is an Ecuadorian teacher , engineer , and politician , who was prefect of Esmeraldas Province from 2005 to 2013 and 2014 to 2018 , and is currently mayor of the city of the same name . Biography . Lucía Sosa entered the Rafael Palacios de Esmeraldas school , where she completed her primary education . She attended the Margarita Cortez and Luis Vargas Torres Normal schools , obtaining the title of Bachelor in Educational Sciences at the latter . At age 18 , she met her future husband , Luis Antonio Pimentel . At the , she earned a licentiate in political science and economics , and shortly thereafter , the title of at the Cooperative University of Colombia . She taught for 28 years , becoming known as an innovator . In 2003 she was president of the . As president and vice president of the Unemployment Fund of the Ecuadorian Magisterium ( FCME ) , she carried out works such as the completion of 250 homes , leading her to advance in politics . In the , Sosa was the candidate for prefect of Esmeraldas Province for the Democratic Peoples Movement ( MPD ) . She was elected with 47,579 votes , breaking the hold the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party ( PRE ) had had on the office for eight years . While prefect , she gave birth to twins in July 2012 . Prefect of Esmeraldas Province . On January 5 , 2005 , Lucía Sosa took office as prefect of Esmeraldas . During her term she oversaw public works projects such as roads , bridges , and irrigation systems in the rural sector of the province . She promoted citizen participation in these works and the preparation of the budget . She retained her office in the with 89,260 votes , although she would not complete her term after being dismissed by the Constitutional Court and replaced by Rafael Erazo in 2013 . During this period , she was part of the formation of the on January 21 , 2011 . She would assume the presidency of this entity in 2013 and 2017 , and its vice presidency in 2012 and 2016 on behalf of Esmeraldas . She opposed the integration of La Concordia into Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province . Sosa was reelected to the prefecture in , despite the repetition of voting in two parishes of Muisne that reported irregularities and were suspended on the day they were scheduled . After the 2016 earthquake , Sosa accused the central government of Rafael Correa of excluding Esmeraldas from reconstruction , while owing $14.6 million to the prefecture . In 2017 , she opposed a proposal that prefects be elected by the rural sector alone , indicating that it was unconstitutional and would bias the budget of prefectures in favor of the rural sector . During incidents on the Ecuadorian border with members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) , she indicated that she had asked the Correa regime for more surveillance of the border by monitoring the northern zone by helicopter , but the idea was not acted on by the government . At the end of 2018 , Sosa resigned as prefect in order to participate as a candidate for mayor of the city of Esmeraldas . Mayor of Esmeraldas . Lucía Sosa was victorious in the , becoming mayor of Esmeraldas for the Popular Unity party with 42,071 votes . She took office on May 14 , 2019 , vowing to focus on reconstruction of municipal offices which were damaged in the previous months earthquake .
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[
"president"
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easy
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Lucía Sosa (politician) took which position in Jun 2013?
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/wiki/Lucía_Sosa_(politician)#P39#2
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Lucía Sosa ( politician ) Lucía de Lourdes Sosa Robinzon ( born February 6 , 1957 ) is an Ecuadorian teacher , engineer , and politician , who was prefect of Esmeraldas Province from 2005 to 2013 and 2014 to 2018 , and is currently mayor of the city of the same name . Biography . Lucía Sosa entered the Rafael Palacios de Esmeraldas school , where she completed her primary education . She attended the Margarita Cortez and Luis Vargas Torres Normal schools , obtaining the title of Bachelor in Educational Sciences at the latter . At age 18 , she met her future husband , Luis Antonio Pimentel . At the , she earned a licentiate in political science and economics , and shortly thereafter , the title of at the Cooperative University of Colombia . She taught for 28 years , becoming known as an innovator . In 2003 she was president of the . As president and vice president of the Unemployment Fund of the Ecuadorian Magisterium ( FCME ) , she carried out works such as the completion of 250 homes , leading her to advance in politics . In the , Sosa was the candidate for prefect of Esmeraldas Province for the Democratic Peoples Movement ( MPD ) . She was elected with 47,579 votes , breaking the hold the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party ( PRE ) had had on the office for eight years . While prefect , she gave birth to twins in July 2012 . Prefect of Esmeraldas Province . On January 5 , 2005 , Lucía Sosa took office as prefect of Esmeraldas . During her term she oversaw public works projects such as roads , bridges , and irrigation systems in the rural sector of the province . She promoted citizen participation in these works and the preparation of the budget . She retained her office in the with 89,260 votes , although she would not complete her term after being dismissed by the Constitutional Court and replaced by Rafael Erazo in 2013 . During this period , she was part of the formation of the on January 21 , 2011 . She would assume the presidency of this entity in 2013 and 2017 , and its vice presidency in 2012 and 2016 on behalf of Esmeraldas . She opposed the integration of La Concordia into Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province . Sosa was reelected to the prefecture in , despite the repetition of voting in two parishes of Muisne that reported irregularities and were suspended on the day they were scheduled . After the 2016 earthquake , Sosa accused the central government of Rafael Correa of excluding Esmeraldas from reconstruction , while owing $14.6 million to the prefecture . In 2017 , she opposed a proposal that prefects be elected by the rural sector alone , indicating that it was unconstitutional and would bias the budget of prefectures in favor of the rural sector . During incidents on the Ecuadorian border with members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) , she indicated that she had asked the Correa regime for more surveillance of the border by monitoring the northern zone by helicopter , but the idea was not acted on by the government . At the end of 2018 , Sosa resigned as prefect in order to participate as a candidate for mayor of the city of Esmeraldas . Mayor of Esmeraldas . Lucía Sosa was victorious in the , becoming mayor of Esmeraldas for the Popular Unity party with 42,071 votes . She took office on May 14 , 2019 , vowing to focus on reconstruction of municipal offices which were damaged in the previous months earthquake .
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[
"prefect of Esmeraldas"
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easy
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Lucía Sosa (politician) took which position in May 2014?
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/wiki/Lucía_Sosa_(politician)#P39#3
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Lucía Sosa ( politician ) Lucía de Lourdes Sosa Robinzon ( born February 6 , 1957 ) is an Ecuadorian teacher , engineer , and politician , who was prefect of Esmeraldas Province from 2005 to 2013 and 2014 to 2018 , and is currently mayor of the city of the same name . Biography . Lucía Sosa entered the Rafael Palacios de Esmeraldas school , where she completed her primary education . She attended the Margarita Cortez and Luis Vargas Torres Normal schools , obtaining the title of Bachelor in Educational Sciences at the latter . At age 18 , she met her future husband , Luis Antonio Pimentel . At the , she earned a licentiate in political science and economics , and shortly thereafter , the title of at the Cooperative University of Colombia . She taught for 28 years , becoming known as an innovator . In 2003 she was president of the . As president and vice president of the Unemployment Fund of the Ecuadorian Magisterium ( FCME ) , she carried out works such as the completion of 250 homes , leading her to advance in politics . In the , Sosa was the candidate for prefect of Esmeraldas Province for the Democratic Peoples Movement ( MPD ) . She was elected with 47,579 votes , breaking the hold the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party ( PRE ) had had on the office for eight years . While prefect , she gave birth to twins in July 2012 . Prefect of Esmeraldas Province . On January 5 , 2005 , Lucía Sosa took office as prefect of Esmeraldas . During her term she oversaw public works projects such as roads , bridges , and irrigation systems in the rural sector of the province . She promoted citizen participation in these works and the preparation of the budget . She retained her office in the with 89,260 votes , although she would not complete her term after being dismissed by the Constitutional Court and replaced by Rafael Erazo in 2013 . During this period , she was part of the formation of the on January 21 , 2011 . She would assume the presidency of this entity in 2013 and 2017 , and its vice presidency in 2012 and 2016 on behalf of Esmeraldas . She opposed the integration of La Concordia into Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province . Sosa was reelected to the prefecture in , despite the repetition of voting in two parishes of Muisne that reported irregularities and were suspended on the day they were scheduled . After the 2016 earthquake , Sosa accused the central government of Rafael Correa of excluding Esmeraldas from reconstruction , while owing $14.6 million to the prefecture . In 2017 , she opposed a proposal that prefects be elected by the rural sector alone , indicating that it was unconstitutional and would bias the budget of prefectures in favor of the rural sector . During incidents on the Ecuadorian border with members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) , she indicated that she had asked the Correa regime for more surveillance of the border by monitoring the northern zone by helicopter , but the idea was not acted on by the government . At the end of 2018 , Sosa resigned as prefect in order to participate as a candidate for mayor of the city of Esmeraldas . Mayor of Esmeraldas . Lucía Sosa was victorious in the , becoming mayor of Esmeraldas for the Popular Unity party with 42,071 votes . She took office on May 14 , 2019 , vowing to focus on reconstruction of municipal offices which were damaged in the previous months earthquake .
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[
"prefect of Esmeraldas"
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easy
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What was the position of Lucía Sosa (politician) from Sep 2014 to Jun 2017?
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/wiki/Lucía_Sosa_(politician)#P39#4
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Lucía Sosa ( politician ) Lucía de Lourdes Sosa Robinzon ( born February 6 , 1957 ) is an Ecuadorian teacher , engineer , and politician , who was prefect of Esmeraldas Province from 2005 to 2013 and 2014 to 2018 , and is currently mayor of the city of the same name . Biography . Lucía Sosa entered the Rafael Palacios de Esmeraldas school , where she completed her primary education . She attended the Margarita Cortez and Luis Vargas Torres Normal schools , obtaining the title of Bachelor in Educational Sciences at the latter . At age 18 , she met her future husband , Luis Antonio Pimentel . At the , she earned a licentiate in political science and economics , and shortly thereafter , the title of at the Cooperative University of Colombia . She taught for 28 years , becoming known as an innovator . In 2003 she was president of the . As president and vice president of the Unemployment Fund of the Ecuadorian Magisterium ( FCME ) , she carried out works such as the completion of 250 homes , leading her to advance in politics . In the , Sosa was the candidate for prefect of Esmeraldas Province for the Democratic Peoples Movement ( MPD ) . She was elected with 47,579 votes , breaking the hold the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party ( PRE ) had had on the office for eight years . While prefect , she gave birth to twins in July 2012 . Prefect of Esmeraldas Province . On January 5 , 2005 , Lucía Sosa took office as prefect of Esmeraldas . During her term she oversaw public works projects such as roads , bridges , and irrigation systems in the rural sector of the province . She promoted citizen participation in these works and the preparation of the budget . She retained her office in the with 89,260 votes , although she would not complete her term after being dismissed by the Constitutional Court and replaced by Rafael Erazo in 2013 . During this period , she was part of the formation of the on January 21 , 2011 . She would assume the presidency of this entity in 2013 and 2017 , and its vice presidency in 2012 and 2016 on behalf of Esmeraldas . She opposed the integration of La Concordia into Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province . Sosa was reelected to the prefecture in , despite the repetition of voting in two parishes of Muisne that reported irregularities and were suspended on the day they were scheduled . After the 2016 earthquake , Sosa accused the central government of Rafael Correa of excluding Esmeraldas from reconstruction , while owing $14.6 million to the prefecture . In 2017 , she opposed a proposal that prefects be elected by the rural sector alone , indicating that it was unconstitutional and would bias the budget of prefectures in favor of the rural sector . During incidents on the Ecuadorian border with members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) , she indicated that she had asked the Correa regime for more surveillance of the border by monitoring the northern zone by helicopter , but the idea was not acted on by the government . At the end of 2018 , Sosa resigned as prefect in order to participate as a candidate for mayor of the city of Esmeraldas . Mayor of Esmeraldas . Lucía Sosa was victorious in the , becoming mayor of Esmeraldas for the Popular Unity party with 42,071 votes . She took office on May 14 , 2019 , vowing to focus on reconstruction of municipal offices which were damaged in the previous months earthquake .
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[
"president"
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easy
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Which position did Lucía Sosa (politician) hold from Jun 2017 to May 2018?
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/wiki/Lucía_Sosa_(politician)#P39#5
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Lucía Sosa ( politician ) Lucía de Lourdes Sosa Robinzon ( born February 6 , 1957 ) is an Ecuadorian teacher , engineer , and politician , who was prefect of Esmeraldas Province from 2005 to 2013 and 2014 to 2018 , and is currently mayor of the city of the same name . Biography . Lucía Sosa entered the Rafael Palacios de Esmeraldas school , where she completed her primary education . She attended the Margarita Cortez and Luis Vargas Torres Normal schools , obtaining the title of Bachelor in Educational Sciences at the latter . At age 18 , she met her future husband , Luis Antonio Pimentel . At the , she earned a licentiate in political science and economics , and shortly thereafter , the title of at the Cooperative University of Colombia . She taught for 28 years , becoming known as an innovator . In 2003 she was president of the . As president and vice president of the Unemployment Fund of the Ecuadorian Magisterium ( FCME ) , she carried out works such as the completion of 250 homes , leading her to advance in politics . In the , Sosa was the candidate for prefect of Esmeraldas Province for the Democratic Peoples Movement ( MPD ) . She was elected with 47,579 votes , breaking the hold the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party ( PRE ) had had on the office for eight years . While prefect , she gave birth to twins in July 2012 . Prefect of Esmeraldas Province . On January 5 , 2005 , Lucía Sosa took office as prefect of Esmeraldas . During her term she oversaw public works projects such as roads , bridges , and irrigation systems in the rural sector of the province . She promoted citizen participation in these works and the preparation of the budget . She retained her office in the with 89,260 votes , although she would not complete her term after being dismissed by the Constitutional Court and replaced by Rafael Erazo in 2013 . During this period , she was part of the formation of the on January 21 , 2011 . She would assume the presidency of this entity in 2013 and 2017 , and its vice presidency in 2012 and 2016 on behalf of Esmeraldas . She opposed the integration of La Concordia into Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Province . Sosa was reelected to the prefecture in , despite the repetition of voting in two parishes of Muisne that reported irregularities and were suspended on the day they were scheduled . After the 2016 earthquake , Sosa accused the central government of Rafael Correa of excluding Esmeraldas from reconstruction , while owing $14.6 million to the prefecture . In 2017 , she opposed a proposal that prefects be elected by the rural sector alone , indicating that it was unconstitutional and would bias the budget of prefectures in favor of the rural sector . During incidents on the Ecuadorian border with members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ( FARC ) , she indicated that she had asked the Correa regime for more surveillance of the border by monitoring the northern zone by helicopter , but the idea was not acted on by the government . At the end of 2018 , Sosa resigned as prefect in order to participate as a candidate for mayor of the city of Esmeraldas . Mayor of Esmeraldas . Lucía Sosa was victorious in the , becoming mayor of Esmeraldas for the Popular Unity party with 42,071 votes . She took office on May 14 , 2019 , vowing to focus on reconstruction of municipal offices which were damaged in the previous months earthquake .
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[
"VfB Stuttgart"
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easy
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Timo Hildebrand played for which team from 1999 to 2001?
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/wiki/Timo_Hildebrand#P54#0
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Timo Hildebrand Timo Hildebrand ( born 5 April 1979 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Hildebrand holds a Bundesliga record for keeping a clean sheet for the most consecutive minutes ( 884 minutes ) , which he set during the 2003–04 season . Club career . VfB Stuttgart . After starting his career at the little-known FV Hofheim/Ried , Hildebrand joined the Stuttgart youth team in 1994 . In the 1999–2000 season , Hildebrand played in six Bundesliga matches . From the summer of 2000 , he was the clubs number one goalkeeper and contributed largely to Stuttgarts successes , particularly as part of what became known as Stuttgarts young wild ones team under coach Felix Magath . He began the 2000–01 season by playing in eight matches in the Intertoto Cup . He went on making 32 Bundesliga appearances , five German Cup appearances , and eight UEFA Cup . The following season , he made 34 appearances . VfB Stuttgart managed to be Bundesliga runners-up in 2003 . He had made 20 Bundesliga appearances , one German Cup appearance , four UEFA Cup appearances , and eight Intertoto Cup matches . He survived the Champions League group stage the following season , before bowing out to Chelsea FC in the second round . He made 43 appearances during the 2003–04 season . Hildebrand also played a significant role in Stuttgarts victorious 2006–07 Bundesliga campaign , figuring as a backbone for the next generation of wild ones like Serdar Tasci or Mario Gómez and helping Stuttgart provide the third-best defence of the season . The 2006–07 campaign remains his greatest domestic success to this day , and his last season with Stuttgart as in December 2006 he did not accept the clubs offer to extend his contract . He made 39 appearances during the 2006–07 season . Valencia . Hildebrand joined the Spanish club Valencia on a free transfer on 3 July 2007 , with Valencia unveiling Hildebrand via a news conference the next day on 4 July 2007 . He stated in the news conference that he would give everything to the club . Hildebrand was being viewed as a replacement to the clubs long-serving goalkeeper Santiago Cañizares . He made his debut for Valencia on 29 August , for the third qualification round second leg of UEFA Champions League against IF Elfsborg . He played the full 90 minutes of that game of which they won 2–1 . Hildebrand was Valencias first-choice goalkeeper for most of the 2007–08 season , collecting a Copa del Rey trophy on the way . After the departure of manager Ronald Koeman , Hildebrand lost his place in the first team as Koemans successor Unai Emery preferred newly signed Renan Brito . According to media coverage , Hildebrand refused consignment to the bench and was eventually cut from the squad altogether . Hildebrand had not been playing for Valencia for several months since the Supercopa de España second leg on 24 August 2008 . On 4 December 2008 , he left Valencia by mutual consent . Hoffenheim . On 10 December 2008 , Hildebrand signed for the Bundesliga side 1899 Hoffenheim . He made his Bundesliga debut for Hoffenheim on 31 January 2009 in their 2–0 win at home to Energie Cottbus , being substituted in the 60th minute due to an injury . During the 2008–09 season , he made 14 appearances . During the 2009–10 season , he made 32 appearances . In summer 2010 , Hildebrand left Hoffenheim . Sporting . Hildebrand signed a one-year deal with Portuguese club Sporting CP and debuted on 16 October 2010 in a 2–1 win over GD Estoril Praia in the Portuguese cup . After Hildebrand left Sporting , he was on trial with Manchester City on their pre-season tour of USA before the 2011–12 season , but they did not take up the option to sign him . Schalke 04 . Hildebrand signed onto Schalke 04 in the middle of the 2011–12 Bundesliga campaign after starting keeper Ralf Fährmann was injured . During the 2013–14 season . Eintracht Frankfurt . On 25 September 2014 Hildebrand signed for Eintracht Frankfurt in the wake of a major injury to their first-choice keeper Kevin Trapp . He made three appearances . This final top-flight matches for Eintracht were the last of over 300 Bundesliga appearances for Hildebrand . International career . After collecting 18 Under-21-caps , Hildebrand made his full international debut for Germany on 28 April 2004 in a friendly against Romania in Bucharest as he came on as a half-time substitute for Oliver Kahn with Germany 0–4 down , and eventually lost 1–5 . Hildebrand was selected for three consecutive tournaments for Germany , Euro 2004 , 2005 Confederations Cup and 2006 World Cup , as Germanys third-choice goalkeeper behind Jens Lehmann and Oliver Kahn . He played his first competitive international at the 2005 Confederations Cup against Argentina ( final score 2–2 ) . He was the only member of the 2006 World Cup squad who did not play at the tournament , as Germany came third on home soil . After Kahns retirement from international football in 2006 , Hildebrand stepped up to become Germanys number two and was Jens Lehmanns natural replacement during the Euro 2008 qualification . Somewhat surprisingly , Joachim Löw dropped Hildebrand from the final squad for the tournament and picked Robert Enke and René Adler ahead of him . Although Löw stated that Hildebrand was an important player and may return to the set-up in near future , he never appeared for Germany since his omission from their squad for Euro 2008 . Honours . VfB Stuttgart - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2000 , 2002 - Bundesliga : 2006–07 - DFB-Pokal runner-up : 2006–07 Valencia - Copa del Rey : 2007–08 Germany - FIFA World Cup third place : 2006 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place : 2005 Individual - ESM Team of the Year : 2003–04
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[
""
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easy
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Which team did Timo Hildebrand play for from 2002 to 2003?
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/wiki/Timo_Hildebrand#P54#1
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Timo Hildebrand Timo Hildebrand ( born 5 April 1979 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Hildebrand holds a Bundesliga record for keeping a clean sheet for the most consecutive minutes ( 884 minutes ) , which he set during the 2003–04 season . Club career . VfB Stuttgart . After starting his career at the little-known FV Hofheim/Ried , Hildebrand joined the Stuttgart youth team in 1994 . In the 1999–2000 season , Hildebrand played in six Bundesliga matches . From the summer of 2000 , he was the clubs number one goalkeeper and contributed largely to Stuttgarts successes , particularly as part of what became known as Stuttgarts young wild ones team under coach Felix Magath . He began the 2000–01 season by playing in eight matches in the Intertoto Cup . He went on making 32 Bundesliga appearances , five German Cup appearances , and eight UEFA Cup . The following season , he made 34 appearances . VfB Stuttgart managed to be Bundesliga runners-up in 2003 . He had made 20 Bundesliga appearances , one German Cup appearance , four UEFA Cup appearances , and eight Intertoto Cup matches . He survived the Champions League group stage the following season , before bowing out to Chelsea FC in the second round . He made 43 appearances during the 2003–04 season . Hildebrand also played a significant role in Stuttgarts victorious 2006–07 Bundesliga campaign , figuring as a backbone for the next generation of wild ones like Serdar Tasci or Mario Gómez and helping Stuttgart provide the third-best defence of the season . The 2006–07 campaign remains his greatest domestic success to this day , and his last season with Stuttgart as in December 2006 he did not accept the clubs offer to extend his contract . He made 39 appearances during the 2006–07 season . Valencia . Hildebrand joined the Spanish club Valencia on a free transfer on 3 July 2007 , with Valencia unveiling Hildebrand via a news conference the next day on 4 July 2007 . He stated in the news conference that he would give everything to the club . Hildebrand was being viewed as a replacement to the clubs long-serving goalkeeper Santiago Cañizares . He made his debut for Valencia on 29 August , for the third qualification round second leg of UEFA Champions League against IF Elfsborg . He played the full 90 minutes of that game of which they won 2–1 . Hildebrand was Valencias first-choice goalkeeper for most of the 2007–08 season , collecting a Copa del Rey trophy on the way . After the departure of manager Ronald Koeman , Hildebrand lost his place in the first team as Koemans successor Unai Emery preferred newly signed Renan Brito . According to media coverage , Hildebrand refused consignment to the bench and was eventually cut from the squad altogether . Hildebrand had not been playing for Valencia for several months since the Supercopa de España second leg on 24 August 2008 . On 4 December 2008 , he left Valencia by mutual consent . Hoffenheim . On 10 December 2008 , Hildebrand signed for the Bundesliga side 1899 Hoffenheim . He made his Bundesliga debut for Hoffenheim on 31 January 2009 in their 2–0 win at home to Energie Cottbus , being substituted in the 60th minute due to an injury . During the 2008–09 season , he made 14 appearances . During the 2009–10 season , he made 32 appearances . In summer 2010 , Hildebrand left Hoffenheim . Sporting . Hildebrand signed a one-year deal with Portuguese club Sporting CP and debuted on 16 October 2010 in a 2–1 win over GD Estoril Praia in the Portuguese cup . After Hildebrand left Sporting , he was on trial with Manchester City on their pre-season tour of USA before the 2011–12 season , but they did not take up the option to sign him . Schalke 04 . Hildebrand signed onto Schalke 04 in the middle of the 2011–12 Bundesliga campaign after starting keeper Ralf Fährmann was injured . During the 2013–14 season . Eintracht Frankfurt . On 25 September 2014 Hildebrand signed for Eintracht Frankfurt in the wake of a major injury to their first-choice keeper Kevin Trapp . He made three appearances . This final top-flight matches for Eintracht were the last of over 300 Bundesliga appearances for Hildebrand . International career . After collecting 18 Under-21-caps , Hildebrand made his full international debut for Germany on 28 April 2004 in a friendly against Romania in Bucharest as he came on as a half-time substitute for Oliver Kahn with Germany 0–4 down , and eventually lost 1–5 . Hildebrand was selected for three consecutive tournaments for Germany , Euro 2004 , 2005 Confederations Cup and 2006 World Cup , as Germanys third-choice goalkeeper behind Jens Lehmann and Oliver Kahn . He played his first competitive international at the 2005 Confederations Cup against Argentina ( final score 2–2 ) . He was the only member of the 2006 World Cup squad who did not play at the tournament , as Germany came third on home soil . After Kahns retirement from international football in 2006 , Hildebrand stepped up to become Germanys number two and was Jens Lehmanns natural replacement during the Euro 2008 qualification . Somewhat surprisingly , Joachim Löw dropped Hildebrand from the final squad for the tournament and picked Robert Enke and René Adler ahead of him . Although Löw stated that Hildebrand was an important player and may return to the set-up in near future , he never appeared for Germany since his omission from their squad for Euro 2008 . Honours . VfB Stuttgart - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2000 , 2002 - Bundesliga : 2006–07 - DFB-Pokal runner-up : 2006–07 Valencia - Copa del Rey : 2007–08 Germany - FIFA World Cup third place : 2006 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place : 2005 Individual - ESM Team of the Year : 2003–04
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Which team did the player Timo Hildebrand belong to from 2004 to 2007?
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Timo Hildebrand Timo Hildebrand ( born 5 April 1979 ) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Hildebrand holds a Bundesliga record for keeping a clean sheet for the most consecutive minutes ( 884 minutes ) , which he set during the 2003–04 season . Club career . VfB Stuttgart . After starting his career at the little-known FV Hofheim/Ried , Hildebrand joined the Stuttgart youth team in 1994 . In the 1999–2000 season , Hildebrand played in six Bundesliga matches . From the summer of 2000 , he was the clubs number one goalkeeper and contributed largely to Stuttgarts successes , particularly as part of what became known as Stuttgarts young wild ones team under coach Felix Magath . He began the 2000–01 season by playing in eight matches in the Intertoto Cup . He went on making 32 Bundesliga appearances , five German Cup appearances , and eight UEFA Cup . The following season , he made 34 appearances . VfB Stuttgart managed to be Bundesliga runners-up in 2003 . He had made 20 Bundesliga appearances , one German Cup appearance , four UEFA Cup appearances , and eight Intertoto Cup matches . He survived the Champions League group stage the following season , before bowing out to Chelsea FC in the second round . He made 43 appearances during the 2003–04 season . Hildebrand also played a significant role in Stuttgarts victorious 2006–07 Bundesliga campaign , figuring as a backbone for the next generation of wild ones like Serdar Tasci or Mario Gómez and helping Stuttgart provide the third-best defence of the season . The 2006–07 campaign remains his greatest domestic success to this day , and his last season with Stuttgart as in December 2006 he did not accept the clubs offer to extend his contract . He made 39 appearances during the 2006–07 season . Valencia . Hildebrand joined the Spanish club Valencia on a free transfer on 3 July 2007 , with Valencia unveiling Hildebrand via a news conference the next day on 4 July 2007 . He stated in the news conference that he would give everything to the club . Hildebrand was being viewed as a replacement to the clubs long-serving goalkeeper Santiago Cañizares . He made his debut for Valencia on 29 August , for the third qualification round second leg of UEFA Champions League against IF Elfsborg . He played the full 90 minutes of that game of which they won 2–1 . Hildebrand was Valencias first-choice goalkeeper for most of the 2007–08 season , collecting a Copa del Rey trophy on the way . After the departure of manager Ronald Koeman , Hildebrand lost his place in the first team as Koemans successor Unai Emery preferred newly signed Renan Brito . According to media coverage , Hildebrand refused consignment to the bench and was eventually cut from the squad altogether . Hildebrand had not been playing for Valencia for several months since the Supercopa de España second leg on 24 August 2008 . On 4 December 2008 , he left Valencia by mutual consent . Hoffenheim . On 10 December 2008 , Hildebrand signed for the Bundesliga side 1899 Hoffenheim . He made his Bundesliga debut for Hoffenheim on 31 January 2009 in their 2–0 win at home to Energie Cottbus , being substituted in the 60th minute due to an injury . During the 2008–09 season , he made 14 appearances . During the 2009–10 season , he made 32 appearances . In summer 2010 , Hildebrand left Hoffenheim . Sporting . Hildebrand signed a one-year deal with Portuguese club Sporting CP and debuted on 16 October 2010 in a 2–1 win over GD Estoril Praia in the Portuguese cup . After Hildebrand left Sporting , he was on trial with Manchester City on their pre-season tour of USA before the 2011–12 season , but they did not take up the option to sign him . Schalke 04 . Hildebrand signed onto Schalke 04 in the middle of the 2011–12 Bundesliga campaign after starting keeper Ralf Fährmann was injured . During the 2013–14 season . Eintracht Frankfurt . On 25 September 2014 Hildebrand signed for Eintracht Frankfurt in the wake of a major injury to their first-choice keeper Kevin Trapp . He made three appearances . This final top-flight matches for Eintracht were the last of over 300 Bundesliga appearances for Hildebrand . International career . After collecting 18 Under-21-caps , Hildebrand made his full international debut for Germany on 28 April 2004 in a friendly against Romania in Bucharest as he came on as a half-time substitute for Oliver Kahn with Germany 0–4 down , and eventually lost 1–5 . Hildebrand was selected for three consecutive tournaments for Germany , Euro 2004 , 2005 Confederations Cup and 2006 World Cup , as Germanys third-choice goalkeeper behind Jens Lehmann and Oliver Kahn . He played his first competitive international at the 2005 Confederations Cup against Argentina ( final score 2–2 ) . He was the only member of the 2006 World Cup squad who did not play at the tournament , as Germany came third on home soil . After Kahns retirement from international football in 2006 , Hildebrand stepped up to become Germanys number two and was Jens Lehmanns natural replacement during the Euro 2008 qualification . Somewhat surprisingly , Joachim Löw dropped Hildebrand from the final squad for the tournament and picked Robert Enke and René Adler ahead of him . Although Löw stated that Hildebrand was an important player and may return to the set-up in near future , he never appeared for Germany since his omission from their squad for Euro 2008 . Honours . VfB Stuttgart - UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2000 , 2002 - Bundesliga : 2006–07 - DFB-Pokal runner-up : 2006–07 Valencia - Copa del Rey : 2007–08 Germany - FIFA World Cup third place : 2006 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place : 2005 Individual - ESM Team of the Year : 2003–04
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