targets
list | level
stringclasses 2
values | question
stringlengths 32
133
| idx
stringlengths 16
91
| context
stringlengths 899
129k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Director of Public Instruction"
] |
easy
|
What was Charles Bruce (governor) 's occupation from 1878 to 1882?
|
/wiki/Charles_Bruce_(governor)#P106#2
|
Charles Bruce ( governor ) Sir Charles Bruce ( 1836 – 13 December 1920 ) was a British colonial administrator and author . He was the 18th Governor of Mauritius , from 1897 to 1903 . Early life . Charles Bruce was born in India in 1836 , the son of Thomas Bruce , of Arnott , Kinross-shire , who worked for many years for the Honourable East India Company . His father was a descendant of the 9th Earl of Home . Young Charles was educated at Harrow and Yale University . In early life he went to Germany , and devoted himself to the study of Oriental language and literature , mainly Sanskrit and Zend-Pahlavi . He assisted in preliminary work for the Great Sandskrit Dictionary by Otto von Böhtlingk and Rudolf von Roth ( Sanskrit Wörterbuch , 7 vols. , 1855–75 ) , published by the Imperial Academy of St . Petersburg . It was through this connection he was able to get the academy to publish his work Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) , an attempt to restore the original text of an episode in the Indian epic , the Mahabharata . While serving as a librarian at the British Museum , he was in 1865 elected Professor of Sanskrit at Kings College , Cambridge . Colonial administrator . Bruce left for Mauritius in 1868 , to take up position as Rector of the Royal College in Port Louis . He held this post for 10 years , until he transferred to Ceylon in 1878 to become Director of Public Instruction . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in the 1881 Birthday Honours for his service during his years in Ceylon . By 1882 he was back in Mauritius as Colonial Secretary , but left for British Guiana in 1885 to become Lieutenant-Governor . He continued as such until 1893 , during which he was three times Acting Governor , and in 1889 was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) . In 1893 , Bruce was appointed Governor of the Windward Islands . The colony of the Windward Islands consisted at this time of Grenada , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and St . Lucia , the Governor had his seat in Grenada . Bruce was appointed Governor of Mauritius in May 1897 . The six years of his tenure as governor , until 1903 , were marked by substantial progress . With the support of the Colonial Secretary , Joseph Chamberlain , he reformed every public department and took measures to prepare the island to meet frequent devastating hurricanes . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in August 1901 , on the occasion of the royal visit of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York ( later King George V and Queen Mary ) His work The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) described his experience of the problems with Crown colony administration . Later life . On his return to the United Kingdom , Bruce became a campaigner for Indian immigrants and settlers in other British colonies , especially in South Africa . He was an early member of the committee formed in London to uphold their claims , and in June 1908 he headed a representative deputation to ask Lord Crewe for the intervention of the Home Government . He was also a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant for Kinross-shire Family . Bruce married , in 1868 , Clara Lucas , daughter of John Lucas , and had two sons . Charles Maurice Dundas Bruce was born in Mauritius in 1869 and killed in action in the First Somaliland Campaign in 1903 . Lady Bruce died in April 1916 . He himself died in Edinburgh 13 December 1920 . Publications . - Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) - Poems ( 1865 ) - The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) - The True Temper of Empire ( 1912 ) - Milestones on my Long Journey ( 1917 )
|
[
"Colonial Secretary",
"Lieutenant-Governor",
"Acting Governor"
] |
easy
|
What was the occupation of Charles Bruce (governor) from 1882 to 1904?
|
/wiki/Charles_Bruce_(governor)#P106#3
|
Charles Bruce ( governor ) Sir Charles Bruce ( 1836 – 13 December 1920 ) was a British colonial administrator and author . He was the 18th Governor of Mauritius , from 1897 to 1903 . Early life . Charles Bruce was born in India in 1836 , the son of Thomas Bruce , of Arnott , Kinross-shire , who worked for many years for the Honourable East India Company . His father was a descendant of the 9th Earl of Home . Young Charles was educated at Harrow and Yale University . In early life he went to Germany , and devoted himself to the study of Oriental language and literature , mainly Sanskrit and Zend-Pahlavi . He assisted in preliminary work for the Great Sandskrit Dictionary by Otto von Böhtlingk and Rudolf von Roth ( Sanskrit Wörterbuch , 7 vols. , 1855–75 ) , published by the Imperial Academy of St . Petersburg . It was through this connection he was able to get the academy to publish his work Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) , an attempt to restore the original text of an episode in the Indian epic , the Mahabharata . While serving as a librarian at the British Museum , he was in 1865 elected Professor of Sanskrit at Kings College , Cambridge . Colonial administrator . Bruce left for Mauritius in 1868 , to take up position as Rector of the Royal College in Port Louis . He held this post for 10 years , until he transferred to Ceylon in 1878 to become Director of Public Instruction . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in the 1881 Birthday Honours for his service during his years in Ceylon . By 1882 he was back in Mauritius as Colonial Secretary , but left for British Guiana in 1885 to become Lieutenant-Governor . He continued as such until 1893 , during which he was three times Acting Governor , and in 1889 was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) . In 1893 , Bruce was appointed Governor of the Windward Islands . The colony of the Windward Islands consisted at this time of Grenada , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and St . Lucia , the Governor had his seat in Grenada . Bruce was appointed Governor of Mauritius in May 1897 . The six years of his tenure as governor , until 1903 , were marked by substantial progress . With the support of the Colonial Secretary , Joseph Chamberlain , he reformed every public department and took measures to prepare the island to meet frequent devastating hurricanes . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in August 1901 , on the occasion of the royal visit of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York ( later King George V and Queen Mary ) His work The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) described his experience of the problems with Crown colony administration . Later life . On his return to the United Kingdom , Bruce became a campaigner for Indian immigrants and settlers in other British colonies , especially in South Africa . He was an early member of the committee formed in London to uphold their claims , and in June 1908 he headed a representative deputation to ask Lord Crewe for the intervention of the Home Government . He was also a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant for Kinross-shire Family . Bruce married , in 1868 , Clara Lucas , daughter of John Lucas , and had two sons . Charles Maurice Dundas Bruce was born in Mauritius in 1869 and killed in action in the First Somaliland Campaign in 1903 . Lady Bruce died in April 1916 . He himself died in Edinburgh 13 December 1920 . Publications . - Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) - Poems ( 1865 ) - The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) - The True Temper of Empire ( 1912 ) - Milestones on my Long Journey ( 1917 )
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
What was Charles Bruce (governor) 's occupation from 1904 to 1905?
|
/wiki/Charles_Bruce_(governor)#P106#4
|
Charles Bruce ( governor ) Sir Charles Bruce ( 1836 – 13 December 1920 ) was a British colonial administrator and author . He was the 18th Governor of Mauritius , from 1897 to 1903 . Early life . Charles Bruce was born in India in 1836 , the son of Thomas Bruce , of Arnott , Kinross-shire , who worked for many years for the Honourable East India Company . His father was a descendant of the 9th Earl of Home . Young Charles was educated at Harrow and Yale University . In early life he went to Germany , and devoted himself to the study of Oriental language and literature , mainly Sanskrit and Zend-Pahlavi . He assisted in preliminary work for the Great Sandskrit Dictionary by Otto von Böhtlingk and Rudolf von Roth ( Sanskrit Wörterbuch , 7 vols. , 1855–75 ) , published by the Imperial Academy of St . Petersburg . It was through this connection he was able to get the academy to publish his work Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) , an attempt to restore the original text of an episode in the Indian epic , the Mahabharata . While serving as a librarian at the British Museum , he was in 1865 elected Professor of Sanskrit at Kings College , Cambridge . Colonial administrator . Bruce left for Mauritius in 1868 , to take up position as Rector of the Royal College in Port Louis . He held this post for 10 years , until he transferred to Ceylon in 1878 to become Director of Public Instruction . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George ( CMG ) in the 1881 Birthday Honours for his service during his years in Ceylon . By 1882 he was back in Mauritius as Colonial Secretary , but left for British Guiana in 1885 to become Lieutenant-Governor . He continued as such until 1893 , during which he was three times Acting Governor , and in 1889 was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) . In 1893 , Bruce was appointed Governor of the Windward Islands . The colony of the Windward Islands consisted at this time of Grenada , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and St . Lucia , the Governor had his seat in Grenada . Bruce was appointed Governor of Mauritius in May 1897 . The six years of his tenure as governor , until 1903 , were marked by substantial progress . With the support of the Colonial Secretary , Joseph Chamberlain , he reformed every public department and took measures to prepare the island to meet frequent devastating hurricanes . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in August 1901 , on the occasion of the royal visit of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York ( later King George V and Queen Mary ) His work The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) described his experience of the problems with Crown colony administration . Later life . On his return to the United Kingdom , Bruce became a campaigner for Indian immigrants and settlers in other British colonies , especially in South Africa . He was an early member of the committee formed in London to uphold their claims , and in June 1908 he headed a representative deputation to ask Lord Crewe for the intervention of the Home Government . He was also a Justice of the Peace and a Deputy Lieutenant for Kinross-shire Family . Bruce married , in 1868 , Clara Lucas , daughter of John Lucas , and had two sons . Charles Maurice Dundas Bruce was born in Mauritius in 1869 and killed in action in the First Somaliland Campaign in 1903 . Lady Bruce died in April 1916 . He himself died in Edinburgh 13 December 1920 . Publications . - Die Geschichte von Nala ( 1862 ) - Poems ( 1865 ) - The Broad Stone of Empire ( 1910 ) - The True Temper of Empire ( 1912 ) - Milestones on my Long Journey ( 1917 )
|
[
"Social Democratic Party"
] |
easy
|
Which political party did Oskar Lafontaine belong to from 1966 to May 2005?
|
/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine#P102#0
|
Oskar Lafontaine Oskar Lafontaine ( ; born 16 September 1943 ) is a German politician . He served as Minister-President of the state of Saarland from 1985 to 1998 , and was federal leader of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) from 1995 to 1999 . He was the lead candidate for the SPD in the 1990 German federal election , but lost by a wide margin . He served as Minister of Finance under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder after the SPDs victory in the 1998 federal election , but resigned from both the ministry and Bundestag less than six months later , positioning himself as a popular opponent of Schröders policies in the tabloid press . In the lead-up to the 2005 federal election , as a reaction to Schröders Agenda 2010 reforms , Lafontaine joined the newly-founded left-wing party Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative . Following a merger with the Party of Democratic Socialism in June 2007 , he became co-chairman of The Left . He was the lead candidate for the Saarland branch of the party in the 2009 Saarland state election where it won over 20% of the vote . He announced his resignation from all federal political functions after being diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2009 . He retained his position as a member of the Saarland legislature , and since May 2012 has been leader of the opposition in Saarland . Family and education . Lafontaine was born in Saarlautern ( now Saarlouis ) into a family of craftsmen . His father , Hans Lafontaine , was a professional baker and was killed serving in World War II . He spent his childhood living with his mother , Katharina ( née Ferner ) , and his twin brother , Hans , in Dillingen . He attended a Catholic episcopal boarding institution in Prüm and there was educated at the Regino-Gymnasium , a public school . He left school in 1962 and received a scholarship from Cusanuswerk , the scholarship body of the Catholic Church in Germany , to study physics at the universities of Bonn and Saarland . Lafontaine graduated in 1969 ; his thesis concerned the production of monocrystalline barium titanate . He worked for Versorgungs- und Verkehrsgesellschaft Saarbrücken until 1974 , serving on its board from 1971 . Lafontaine has been married four times and has two sons by his second and third wives . Lafontaine was married to Ingrid Bachert from 1967 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1988 he was married to the artist Margret Müller . Together they have a son ( Frederic , born 1982 ) . From 1993 to 2013 he was married to Christa Müller . They have a son together ( Carl-Maurice , born 1997 ) . In November 2011 , Lafontaine officially presented fellow politician Sahra Wagenknecht as his new girlfriend , who is 26 years his junior . Since 22 December 2014 they have been married . He is a non-practising Catholic . Political rise . Lafontaine rose to prominence locally as mayor of Saarbrücken and became more widely known as a critic of chancellor Helmut Schmidts support for the NATO plan to deploy Pershing II missiles in Germany . From 1985 to 1998 he served as Minister-President of the Saarland . In this position he struggled to preserve the industrial base of the state , which was based on steel production and coal mining with subsidies , and served as President of the Bundesrat in 1992/93 . Chancellor candidacy and assassination attempt . Lafontaine was the SPDs candidate for Chancellor in the German federal election of 1990 . He faced nearly impossible odds . The election had been called two months after the reunification of Germany , and the incumbent government of Helmut Kohl was in a nearly unassailable position . During the campaign he was attacked with a knife by a mentally deranged woman after a speech in Cologne . His carotid artery was slashed and he remained in a critical condition for several days . Political comeback . At the Mannheim convention in 1995 , he was elected chairman of the SPD in a surprise move , replacing Rudolf Scharping . He was mainly responsible for bringing the whole political weight of the SPD to bear against Kohl and his CDU party , rejecting bipartisan cooperation that had characterized German politics for many years . Lafontaine argued that any help given to Kohl would only lengthen his unavoidable demise . After the SPDs unexpectedly clear victory at the polls in September 1998 , he was appointed Federal Minister of Finance in the first government of Gerhard Schröder . Minister of Finance . During his short tenure as Minister of Finance , Lafontaine was a main bogeyman of UK Eurosceptics . This was because , among other things , he had called for the prompt tax harmonisation of the European Union , which would have resulted in an increase in UK taxes . In 1998 , English tabloid The Sun called Lafontaine Europes most dangerous man . On 11 March 1999 , he resigned from all his official and party offices , claiming that lack of cooperation in the cabinet had become unbearable . Until the formation of the Left Party he was known for his attacks against the Schroeder government in the tabloid Bild-Zeitung , which is generally considered conservative . Leaving the SPD and formation of The Left party . On 24 May 2005 Lafontaine left the SPD . After two weeks of speculation it was announced on 10 June that he would run as the lead candidate for The Left party ( Die Linke ) , a coalition of the Labor and Social Justice Party ( WASG ) , which was based in western Germany , and the Left Party.PDS , which was the successor to the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) . Lafontaine joined the WASG on 18 June 2005 and was selected to head their list for the 2005 Federal Election in North Rhine-Westphalia on the same day . Moreover , he also unsuccessfully contested the Saarbrücken constituency , which he had previously represented from 1990 to 2002 . Nevertheless , the result of the Left party in the Saarland was by far the best in any of the federal states in the West of Germany . In 2007 , when the Left Party was formed in a merger between Left Party.PDS and WASG , he became chairman alongside Lothar Bisky . In May 2009 , he declared that Financial capitalism has failed . We need to democratize the economy . The workforce needs to have a far greater say in their companies than has been the case so far . Criticism . An article by Lafontaine on Erich Honecker , state and party leader of the German Democratic Republic and a fellow Saarlander , in the magazine Der Spiegel was criticised as laudatory by many observers . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , he tarnished his left-wing credentials with a plea for pro-business policies and a call for the reduction of the influx of Germans from Eastern Europe and asylum-seekers . Lafontaine lives in a manor-like house , commonly known as the palace of social justice ( Palast der sozialen Gerechtigkeit ) . When asked about whether this could be in conflict with his socialist ideas , Lafontaine said politicians of the left do not have to be poor , but they have to fight against poverty . Lafontaine opposes wind power , claiming that it would destroy the German Cultural landscape .
|
[
"Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative"
] |
easy
|
Which political party did Oskar Lafontaine belong to from Jun 2005 to Jun 2007?
|
/wiki/Oskar_Lafontaine#P102#1
|
Oskar Lafontaine Oskar Lafontaine ( ; born 16 September 1943 ) is a German politician . He served as Minister-President of the state of Saarland from 1985 to 1998 , and was federal leader of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) from 1995 to 1999 . He was the lead candidate for the SPD in the 1990 German federal election , but lost by a wide margin . He served as Minister of Finance under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder after the SPDs victory in the 1998 federal election , but resigned from both the ministry and Bundestag less than six months later , positioning himself as a popular opponent of Schröders policies in the tabloid press . In the lead-up to the 2005 federal election , as a reaction to Schröders Agenda 2010 reforms , Lafontaine joined the newly-founded left-wing party Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative . Following a merger with the Party of Democratic Socialism in June 2007 , he became co-chairman of The Left . He was the lead candidate for the Saarland branch of the party in the 2009 Saarland state election where it won over 20% of the vote . He announced his resignation from all federal political functions after being diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2009 . He retained his position as a member of the Saarland legislature , and since May 2012 has been leader of the opposition in Saarland . Family and education . Lafontaine was born in Saarlautern ( now Saarlouis ) into a family of craftsmen . His father , Hans Lafontaine , was a professional baker and was killed serving in World War II . He spent his childhood living with his mother , Katharina ( née Ferner ) , and his twin brother , Hans , in Dillingen . He attended a Catholic episcopal boarding institution in Prüm and there was educated at the Regino-Gymnasium , a public school . He left school in 1962 and received a scholarship from Cusanuswerk , the scholarship body of the Catholic Church in Germany , to study physics at the universities of Bonn and Saarland . Lafontaine graduated in 1969 ; his thesis concerned the production of monocrystalline barium titanate . He worked for Versorgungs- und Verkehrsgesellschaft Saarbrücken until 1974 , serving on its board from 1971 . Lafontaine has been married four times and has two sons by his second and third wives . Lafontaine was married to Ingrid Bachert from 1967 to 1982 . From 1982 to 1988 he was married to the artist Margret Müller . Together they have a son ( Frederic , born 1982 ) . From 1993 to 2013 he was married to Christa Müller . They have a son together ( Carl-Maurice , born 1997 ) . In November 2011 , Lafontaine officially presented fellow politician Sahra Wagenknecht as his new girlfriend , who is 26 years his junior . Since 22 December 2014 they have been married . He is a non-practising Catholic . Political rise . Lafontaine rose to prominence locally as mayor of Saarbrücken and became more widely known as a critic of chancellor Helmut Schmidts support for the NATO plan to deploy Pershing II missiles in Germany . From 1985 to 1998 he served as Minister-President of the Saarland . In this position he struggled to preserve the industrial base of the state , which was based on steel production and coal mining with subsidies , and served as President of the Bundesrat in 1992/93 . Chancellor candidacy and assassination attempt . Lafontaine was the SPDs candidate for Chancellor in the German federal election of 1990 . He faced nearly impossible odds . The election had been called two months after the reunification of Germany , and the incumbent government of Helmut Kohl was in a nearly unassailable position . During the campaign he was attacked with a knife by a mentally deranged woman after a speech in Cologne . His carotid artery was slashed and he remained in a critical condition for several days . Political comeback . At the Mannheim convention in 1995 , he was elected chairman of the SPD in a surprise move , replacing Rudolf Scharping . He was mainly responsible for bringing the whole political weight of the SPD to bear against Kohl and his CDU party , rejecting bipartisan cooperation that had characterized German politics for many years . Lafontaine argued that any help given to Kohl would only lengthen his unavoidable demise . After the SPDs unexpectedly clear victory at the polls in September 1998 , he was appointed Federal Minister of Finance in the first government of Gerhard Schröder . Minister of Finance . During his short tenure as Minister of Finance , Lafontaine was a main bogeyman of UK Eurosceptics . This was because , among other things , he had called for the prompt tax harmonisation of the European Union , which would have resulted in an increase in UK taxes . In 1998 , English tabloid The Sun called Lafontaine Europes most dangerous man . On 11 March 1999 , he resigned from all his official and party offices , claiming that lack of cooperation in the cabinet had become unbearable . Until the formation of the Left Party he was known for his attacks against the Schroeder government in the tabloid Bild-Zeitung , which is generally considered conservative . Leaving the SPD and formation of The Left party . On 24 May 2005 Lafontaine left the SPD . After two weeks of speculation it was announced on 10 June that he would run as the lead candidate for The Left party ( Die Linke ) , a coalition of the Labor and Social Justice Party ( WASG ) , which was based in western Germany , and the Left Party.PDS , which was the successor to the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party ( SED ) . Lafontaine joined the WASG on 18 June 2005 and was selected to head their list for the 2005 Federal Election in North Rhine-Westphalia on the same day . Moreover , he also unsuccessfully contested the Saarbrücken constituency , which he had previously represented from 1990 to 2002 . Nevertheless , the result of the Left party in the Saarland was by far the best in any of the federal states in the West of Germany . In 2007 , when the Left Party was formed in a merger between Left Party.PDS and WASG , he became chairman alongside Lothar Bisky . In May 2009 , he declared that Financial capitalism has failed . We need to democratize the economy . The workforce needs to have a far greater say in their companies than has been the case so far . Criticism . An article by Lafontaine on Erich Honecker , state and party leader of the German Democratic Republic and a fellow Saarlander , in the magazine Der Spiegel was criticised as laudatory by many observers . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , he tarnished his left-wing credentials with a plea for pro-business policies and a call for the reduction of the influx of Germans from Eastern Europe and asylum-seekers . Lafontaine lives in a manor-like house , commonly known as the palace of social justice ( Palast der sozialen Gerechtigkeit ) . When asked about whether this could be in conflict with his socialist ideas , Lafontaine said politicians of the left do not have to be poor , but they have to fight against poverty . Lafontaine opposes wind power , claiming that it would destroy the German Cultural landscape .
|
[
"Liverpool"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Nathan Eccleston play for from 2009 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Nathan_Eccleston#P54#0
|
Nathan Eccleston Nathan Geoffrey Eccleston ( born 30 December 1990 ) is an English footballer who plays for National League North side Nuneaton Borough , where he plays as a striker . He started his career as a youth player at Bury , before moving to Liverpools youth system . Having progressed through the clubs youth and reserve system , Eccleston made his debut for the club in a League Cup tie against Arsenal . He made his Premier League debut a few days later against Fulham . During his time at Liverpool , Eccleston went on loan to Huddersfield Town , Charlton Athletic and Rochdale . He left Liverpool in August 2012 and signed for Championship side Blackpool on a one-year deal . The majority of his time at Blackpool was spent on loan at Tranmere Rovers , Carlisle United and Coventry City . In September 2014 , Eccleston signed a one-year contract with Partick Thistle , but he left the club in February 2015 , then signed for Kilmarnock . Career . Liverpool . Born in Newton Heath , Manchester , Eccleston was originally signed by Liverpool from Bury when he was 15 years old . Eccleston played for the Liverpool reserve team , having appeared regularly for the Under-18s team the previous year . On 27 August , in his first competitive game for the reserves squad , he scored 2 goals in a 3–2 defeat away to Blackburn Rovers . On 6 September 2009 , Eccleston was called up to the UEFA Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition . Eccleston made his competitive debut for Liverpool on 28 October 2009 , in the League Cup match against Arsenal , coming on as a late substitute for Philipp Degen . He made his Premier League debut , again as a late substitute , a few days later against Fulham . In January 2010 , Eccleston signed a new contract , keeping him until 2013 . On 28 January 2010 , he joined Football League One side Huddersfield Town on a months loan . He made his debut and scored his first goal for the club two days later , in their 1–0 victory over Yeovil Town at Huish Park . On 1 February , the loan was extended until 8 May 2010 . On 6 May , he was sent off against Gillingham for a rash tackle in the 26th minute in only his third start for the club , leading to a three-match ban . After Huddersfield lost to Millwall in the play-off semi-finals , Eccleston returned to Liverpool after making 12 appearances for The Terriers , scoring once , starting 4 times , and being sent off once . He made his European debut for Liverpool on 29 July 2010 as a substitute in the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round tie against FK Rabotnički . On 22 September 2010 , Eccleston missed in a penalty shoot out of the 3rd Round of the League Cup against Northampton Town . It was the last kick from a Liverpool player as Abdul Osman scored the deciding spot kick for Northampton . On 15 December , he made his first start for Liverpool , playing 56 minutes in their 0–0 draw with FC Utrecht at Anfield . The draw was enough to see Roy Hodgsons men top Group K . Eccleston joined Charlton Athletic on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season on 13 January 2011 . He made his debut on 15 January in a 2–2 draw at Sheffield Wednesday . He scored his first goal for Charlton one week later in a 2–0 win against Plymouth Argyle . On 20 October 2011 , Eccleston joined League One side Rochdale , initially on a one-month loan . Two days later , he made his Rochdale debut and he scored in a 3–1 loss to Exeter City . After one month , Ecclestons loan spell at Rochdale came to an end . Blackpool . On 31 August 2012 , Eccleston signed for Championship side Blackpool for an undisclosed fee on a one-year deal with an option for a further twelve months . Upon his return from Tranmere Rovers , Eccleston scored his first against his former club , Charlton Athletic , in a 2–1 loss on 12 January 2013 . At the end of the season , Eccleston made six appearance for the club and despite lack of regular playing time , Blackpool opted to take up their option of a contract extension , keeping Eccleston under contract until summer 2014 . In late October 2012 , he joined League One team Tranmere Rovers on loan and made his club debut on 27 October in a match against Preston . However , he injured his hamstring in training and returned to Blackpool for treatment , meaning he was unlikely to play again for the club during his loan spell . On 4 October 2013 , Eccleston signed an initial one-month loan deal with League One side Carlisle United . He became manager Graham Kavanaghs first signing since becoming permanent boss . He wore squad number 22 for Carlisle . After one month at the club , Eccleston returned to Blackpool . On 26 March 2014 , Eccleston was signed for League One Coventry City on an emergency loan until the end of the 2013–14 season ; he made his debut against Stevenage . At the end of the season , Eccleston was released by Blackpool after they decided not to offer a new contract . Partick Thistle . After leaving Blackpool , Eccleston was linked to a move to Indian club East Bengal as the clubs marquee player . However the Coventry Telegraph reported that Eccleston was joining Glasgow-based Scottish Premiership side Partick Thistle . The move was later confirmed on 1 September 2014 , on a one-year deal with the club . Eccleston scored his first Thistle goal in a Scottish League Cup game against St Mirren at Firhill on 23 September , and his first league goal for the club in a 5–0 win over Hamilton Academical in January 2015 . Eccleston was then released by Partick Thistle in February 2015 . Kilmarnock . On 14 February 2015 , Eccleston signed for Kilmarnock and he made his debut the same day , as a substitute in a 3–2 win against Dundee United . He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–3 draw away to Inverness CT a week later . After making ten appearance and scoring once , Eccleston was released . Békéscsaba 1912 Előre . Eccleston signed for Hungarian club Békéscsaba 1912 Előre Eccleston scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Paksi . Nuneaton Borough . Following a spell away from the game , Eccleston signed for the club bottom of the National League North , Nuneaton Borough . Personal life . Though born in Newton Heath , Manchester , Eccleston is a Barcelona supporter . On the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks Eccleston posted a tweet saying : I aint going to say attack dont let the media make u believe that was terrorist that did it . #OTIS . OTIS being an abbreviation for Only The Illuminati Succeed ; the tweet implied Eccleston was a member of the 9/11 Truth movement . Liverpool vowed to investigate Ecclestons actions . External links . - Nathan Eccleston England stats at The Football Association - Profile at BBC Sport - LFC History Profile
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Nathan Eccleston played for which team from 2012 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Nathan_Eccleston#P54#1
|
Nathan Eccleston Nathan Geoffrey Eccleston ( born 30 December 1990 ) is an English footballer who plays for National League North side Nuneaton Borough , where he plays as a striker . He started his career as a youth player at Bury , before moving to Liverpools youth system . Having progressed through the clubs youth and reserve system , Eccleston made his debut for the club in a League Cup tie against Arsenal . He made his Premier League debut a few days later against Fulham . During his time at Liverpool , Eccleston went on loan to Huddersfield Town , Charlton Athletic and Rochdale . He left Liverpool in August 2012 and signed for Championship side Blackpool on a one-year deal . The majority of his time at Blackpool was spent on loan at Tranmere Rovers , Carlisle United and Coventry City . In September 2014 , Eccleston signed a one-year contract with Partick Thistle , but he left the club in February 2015 , then signed for Kilmarnock . Career . Liverpool . Born in Newton Heath , Manchester , Eccleston was originally signed by Liverpool from Bury when he was 15 years old . Eccleston played for the Liverpool reserve team , having appeared regularly for the Under-18s team the previous year . On 27 August , in his first competitive game for the reserves squad , he scored 2 goals in a 3–2 defeat away to Blackburn Rovers . On 6 September 2009 , Eccleston was called up to the UEFA Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition . Eccleston made his competitive debut for Liverpool on 28 October 2009 , in the League Cup match against Arsenal , coming on as a late substitute for Philipp Degen . He made his Premier League debut , again as a late substitute , a few days later against Fulham . In January 2010 , Eccleston signed a new contract , keeping him until 2013 . On 28 January 2010 , he joined Football League One side Huddersfield Town on a months loan . He made his debut and scored his first goal for the club two days later , in their 1–0 victory over Yeovil Town at Huish Park . On 1 February , the loan was extended until 8 May 2010 . On 6 May , he was sent off against Gillingham for a rash tackle in the 26th minute in only his third start for the club , leading to a three-match ban . After Huddersfield lost to Millwall in the play-off semi-finals , Eccleston returned to Liverpool after making 12 appearances for The Terriers , scoring once , starting 4 times , and being sent off once . He made his European debut for Liverpool on 29 July 2010 as a substitute in the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round tie against FK Rabotnički . On 22 September 2010 , Eccleston missed in a penalty shoot out of the 3rd Round of the League Cup against Northampton Town . It was the last kick from a Liverpool player as Abdul Osman scored the deciding spot kick for Northampton . On 15 December , he made his first start for Liverpool , playing 56 minutes in their 0–0 draw with FC Utrecht at Anfield . The draw was enough to see Roy Hodgsons men top Group K . Eccleston joined Charlton Athletic on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season on 13 January 2011 . He made his debut on 15 January in a 2–2 draw at Sheffield Wednesday . He scored his first goal for Charlton one week later in a 2–0 win against Plymouth Argyle . On 20 October 2011 , Eccleston joined League One side Rochdale , initially on a one-month loan . Two days later , he made his Rochdale debut and he scored in a 3–1 loss to Exeter City . After one month , Ecclestons loan spell at Rochdale came to an end . Blackpool . On 31 August 2012 , Eccleston signed for Championship side Blackpool for an undisclosed fee on a one-year deal with an option for a further twelve months . Upon his return from Tranmere Rovers , Eccleston scored his first against his former club , Charlton Athletic , in a 2–1 loss on 12 January 2013 . At the end of the season , Eccleston made six appearance for the club and despite lack of regular playing time , Blackpool opted to take up their option of a contract extension , keeping Eccleston under contract until summer 2014 . In late October 2012 , he joined League One team Tranmere Rovers on loan and made his club debut on 27 October in a match against Preston . However , he injured his hamstring in training and returned to Blackpool for treatment , meaning he was unlikely to play again for the club during his loan spell . On 4 October 2013 , Eccleston signed an initial one-month loan deal with League One side Carlisle United . He became manager Graham Kavanaghs first signing since becoming permanent boss . He wore squad number 22 for Carlisle . After one month at the club , Eccleston returned to Blackpool . On 26 March 2014 , Eccleston was signed for League One Coventry City on an emergency loan until the end of the 2013–14 season ; he made his debut against Stevenage . At the end of the season , Eccleston was released by Blackpool after they decided not to offer a new contract . Partick Thistle . After leaving Blackpool , Eccleston was linked to a move to Indian club East Bengal as the clubs marquee player . However the Coventry Telegraph reported that Eccleston was joining Glasgow-based Scottish Premiership side Partick Thistle . The move was later confirmed on 1 September 2014 , on a one-year deal with the club . Eccleston scored his first Thistle goal in a Scottish League Cup game against St Mirren at Firhill on 23 September , and his first league goal for the club in a 5–0 win over Hamilton Academical in January 2015 . Eccleston was then released by Partick Thistle in February 2015 . Kilmarnock . On 14 February 2015 , Eccleston signed for Kilmarnock and he made his debut the same day , as a substitute in a 3–2 win against Dundee United . He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–3 draw away to Inverness CT a week later . After making ten appearance and scoring once , Eccleston was released . Békéscsaba 1912 Előre . Eccleston signed for Hungarian club Békéscsaba 1912 Előre Eccleston scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Paksi . Nuneaton Borough . Following a spell away from the game , Eccleston signed for the club bottom of the National League North , Nuneaton Borough . Personal life . Though born in Newton Heath , Manchester , Eccleston is a Barcelona supporter . On the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks Eccleston posted a tweet saying : I aint going to say attack dont let the media make u believe that was terrorist that did it . #OTIS . OTIS being an abbreviation for Only The Illuminati Succeed ; the tweet implied Eccleston was a member of the 9/11 Truth movement . Liverpool vowed to investigate Ecclestons actions . External links . - Nathan Eccleston England stats at The Football Association - Profile at BBC Sport - LFC History Profile
|
[
"Partick Thistle"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Nathan Eccleston belong to from 2014 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Nathan_Eccleston#P54#2
|
Nathan Eccleston Nathan Geoffrey Eccleston ( born 30 December 1990 ) is an English footballer who plays for National League North side Nuneaton Borough , where he plays as a striker . He started his career as a youth player at Bury , before moving to Liverpools youth system . Having progressed through the clubs youth and reserve system , Eccleston made his debut for the club in a League Cup tie against Arsenal . He made his Premier League debut a few days later against Fulham . During his time at Liverpool , Eccleston went on loan to Huddersfield Town , Charlton Athletic and Rochdale . He left Liverpool in August 2012 and signed for Championship side Blackpool on a one-year deal . The majority of his time at Blackpool was spent on loan at Tranmere Rovers , Carlisle United and Coventry City . In September 2014 , Eccleston signed a one-year contract with Partick Thistle , but he left the club in February 2015 , then signed for Kilmarnock . Career . Liverpool . Born in Newton Heath , Manchester , Eccleston was originally signed by Liverpool from Bury when he was 15 years old . Eccleston played for the Liverpool reserve team , having appeared regularly for the Under-18s team the previous year . On 27 August , in his first competitive game for the reserves squad , he scored 2 goals in a 3–2 defeat away to Blackburn Rovers . On 6 September 2009 , Eccleston was called up to the UEFA Champions League squad for the group stage of the competition . Eccleston made his competitive debut for Liverpool on 28 October 2009 , in the League Cup match against Arsenal , coming on as a late substitute for Philipp Degen . He made his Premier League debut , again as a late substitute , a few days later against Fulham . In January 2010 , Eccleston signed a new contract , keeping him until 2013 . On 28 January 2010 , he joined Football League One side Huddersfield Town on a months loan . He made his debut and scored his first goal for the club two days later , in their 1–0 victory over Yeovil Town at Huish Park . On 1 February , the loan was extended until 8 May 2010 . On 6 May , he was sent off against Gillingham for a rash tackle in the 26th minute in only his third start for the club , leading to a three-match ban . After Huddersfield lost to Millwall in the play-off semi-finals , Eccleston returned to Liverpool after making 12 appearances for The Terriers , scoring once , starting 4 times , and being sent off once . He made his European debut for Liverpool on 29 July 2010 as a substitute in the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League Third qualifying round tie against FK Rabotnički . On 22 September 2010 , Eccleston missed in a penalty shoot out of the 3rd Round of the League Cup against Northampton Town . It was the last kick from a Liverpool player as Abdul Osman scored the deciding spot kick for Northampton . On 15 December , he made his first start for Liverpool , playing 56 minutes in their 0–0 draw with FC Utrecht at Anfield . The draw was enough to see Roy Hodgsons men top Group K . Eccleston joined Charlton Athletic on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season on 13 January 2011 . He made his debut on 15 January in a 2–2 draw at Sheffield Wednesday . He scored his first goal for Charlton one week later in a 2–0 win against Plymouth Argyle . On 20 October 2011 , Eccleston joined League One side Rochdale , initially on a one-month loan . Two days later , he made his Rochdale debut and he scored in a 3–1 loss to Exeter City . After one month , Ecclestons loan spell at Rochdale came to an end . Blackpool . On 31 August 2012 , Eccleston signed for Championship side Blackpool for an undisclosed fee on a one-year deal with an option for a further twelve months . Upon his return from Tranmere Rovers , Eccleston scored his first against his former club , Charlton Athletic , in a 2–1 loss on 12 January 2013 . At the end of the season , Eccleston made six appearance for the club and despite lack of regular playing time , Blackpool opted to take up their option of a contract extension , keeping Eccleston under contract until summer 2014 . In late October 2012 , he joined League One team Tranmere Rovers on loan and made his club debut on 27 October in a match against Preston . However , he injured his hamstring in training and returned to Blackpool for treatment , meaning he was unlikely to play again for the club during his loan spell . On 4 October 2013 , Eccleston signed an initial one-month loan deal with League One side Carlisle United . He became manager Graham Kavanaghs first signing since becoming permanent boss . He wore squad number 22 for Carlisle . After one month at the club , Eccleston returned to Blackpool . On 26 March 2014 , Eccleston was signed for League One Coventry City on an emergency loan until the end of the 2013–14 season ; he made his debut against Stevenage . At the end of the season , Eccleston was released by Blackpool after they decided not to offer a new contract . Partick Thistle . After leaving Blackpool , Eccleston was linked to a move to Indian club East Bengal as the clubs marquee player . However the Coventry Telegraph reported that Eccleston was joining Glasgow-based Scottish Premiership side Partick Thistle . The move was later confirmed on 1 September 2014 , on a one-year deal with the club . Eccleston scored his first Thistle goal in a Scottish League Cup game against St Mirren at Firhill on 23 September , and his first league goal for the club in a 5–0 win over Hamilton Academical in January 2015 . Eccleston was then released by Partick Thistle in February 2015 . Kilmarnock . On 14 February 2015 , Eccleston signed for Kilmarnock and he made his debut the same day , as a substitute in a 3–2 win against Dundee United . He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–3 draw away to Inverness CT a week later . After making ten appearance and scoring once , Eccleston was released . Békéscsaba 1912 Előre . Eccleston signed for Hungarian club Békéscsaba 1912 Előre Eccleston scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Paksi . Nuneaton Borough . Following a spell away from the game , Eccleston signed for the club bottom of the National League North , Nuneaton Borough . Personal life . Though born in Newton Heath , Manchester , Eccleston is a Barcelona supporter . On the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks Eccleston posted a tweet saying : I aint going to say attack dont let the media make u believe that was terrorist that did it . #OTIS . OTIS being an abbreviation for Only The Illuminati Succeed ; the tweet implied Eccleston was a member of the 9/11 Truth movement . Liverpool vowed to investigate Ecclestons actions . External links . - Nathan Eccleston England stats at The Football Association - Profile at BBC Sport - LFC History Profile
|
[
"Member of Parliament",
"Saltash in Cornwall"
] |
easy
|
What position did William Stewart (British Army officer, born 1774) take from Feb 1795 to 1800?
|
/wiki/William_Stewart_(British_Army_officer,_born_1774)#P39#0
|
William Stewart ( British Army officer , born 1774 ) Lieutenant-General Sir William Stewart , GCB ( 10 January 1774 – 7 January 1827 ) was a British military officer who was the first Commanding Officer of the Rifle Corps , a Division Commander in the Peninsular War and a Scottish Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the British Parliament . Early life . William Stewart , born on 10 January 1774 , was the fourth ( second surviving ) son of John Stewart , 7th Earl of Galloway ( 1736–1806 ) , and his second wife , Anne ( 1742/3–1830 ) , daughter of Sir James Dashwood , 2nd Baronet . Charles James Stewart the second Bishop of Quebec , was his younger brother . Member of Parliament . He represented Saltash in Cornwall from 1795 to 1796 , Wigtownshire 1796–1802 , the Wigtown Burghs 1803–1805 and Wigtownshire again 1812–1816 . Early military success . Stewart entered the British Army in 1786 as a twelve-year-old Ensign in the 42nd Foot . His first active service was in the West Indies Campaign of 1793–94 , where he was wounded . After further service in the West Indies , when he commanded the 67th Foot at San Domingo ( 1796–98 ) , Stewart returned to Europe and was given permission to serve with Britains Austrian and Russian allies in Italy , Swabia and Switzerland during the campaign of 1799 . Stewart was intensely interested in weapons and tactics . It was probably his observations in 1799 of light infantry and Tyrolese and Croat soldiers that did not fight in the rigid formations adopted by normal infantry units that led him to propose that the British Army should include a permanent force of light infantry , equipped with rifles . His ideas won support , especially from the influential Equerry to the King , Colonel Coote Manningham , who Stewart had first met in the West Indies . In March 1800 an experimental Corps of Riflemen was established . In August Stewart commanded it at the amphibious attack on Ferrol , where he was severely wounded in the chest as he led his riflemen up the cliffs . In October 1800 the Corps was gazetted as an established unit , with Manningham as colonel and Stewart as its first lieutenant-colonel and commanding officer . Stewarts Standing Orders for the Rifle Corps , which later became the famous 95th Foot ( Rifle Brigade ) , show how advanced his tactical thinking was compared to that of his contemporaries . He devised and implemented specially adapted forms of drill and manoeuvre , medals for bravery and good conduct , classification in shooting ability , a school and a library for the soldiers , while requiring every Rifles officer to get to know each of his men as individuals . Shortly after Stewarts twenty-seventh birthday he was appointed to command the 895 soldiers ( 114 from the Rifle Corps and 781 from the 49th Regiment ) that were to serve as marines in the fleet sent to the Baltic in 1801 . He was stationed on the quarter-deck of Admiral Nelsons flagship HMS Elephant throughout the great naval Battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801 . Nelson reported that The Honourable Colonel Stewart did me the favour to be aboard the Elephant ; and himself , with every officer and soldier under his orders , shared with pleasure the toils and dangers of the day ( Stewarts detachment lost 4 dead and 6 wounded ) . Stewart was chosen for the honour of carrying to London the despatches reporting the victory and was included by name in the Thanks of Parliament voted on 16 April 1801 . Six days later he received an official letter of promotion to full colonel , effective from the day of the Battle of Copenhagen . Nelson wrote to Lord St Vincent praising Colonel Stewart , who is an excellent and indefatigable young man , and depend upon it , the rising hope of our army . Nelson wrote at least eleven letters to Stewart in the four years between Copenhagen and his death at Trafalgar , which were included in the collection of Stewarts papers privately published as The Cumloden Papers . In 1802 the Rifle Corps was redesignated as the 95th ( Rifle ) Regiment and together with the 43rd and 52nd Foot was formed into the famous Light Brigade commanded by Sir John Moore . Stewart was the first colonel of the 95th , but soon had to hand over its operational command when he was appointed to be a brigadier-general . Stewarts heart still lay with the Rifles , and in 1805 he published Outlines of a Plan for the General Reform of the British Land Forces , which advocated general adoption of many of the innovations he had already made within the 95th . Stewart held important commands in the expeditions to Egypt in 1807 and to Walcheren in 1809 , before being sent to Spain in 1810 . Although Stewart was still junior as a major-general , he was given the crucial task of commanding the besieged garrison of the vital port of Cadiz and initially put directly under the orders of General Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington . This led to an appointment to command a brigade in the Second Division of the army in the Peninsula , and in December 1810 Stewart took over as commander of Second Division . Division commander under Wellington . At the Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811 , Stewart led the 2nd Division , which bore the brunt of Marshal Nicolas Soults flank attack . He wheeled Lieut-Col John Colbornes brigade to attack the left flank of Soults massive French column . At first , the manoeuvre went well , as British musketry savaged the French infantry . Suddenly attacked from flank and rear by mounted Polish lancers and French hussars , three of Colbornes regiments were massacred , losing 1,250 men ; only 400 escaped . At that battle , Stewarts other two brigades also suffered severely from point-blank French cannon and musket fire , but this was not his fault . In an epic struggle , the survivors of his division held back the French until the 4th Division saved the day . Glover , historian of the Peninsular War , wrote , As a battalion commander , Stewart was surpassed only by Moore ; as a general he was a menace . Wellington wrote of him , It is necessary that Stewart should be under the particular charge of somebody . After Albuera , Wellington found that somebody in the person of Lieutenant-General Rowland Hill . For the rest of the Peninsular War , Stewart and his 2nd Division usually served under Hills competent supervision . He fought in Hills corps in the Burgos campaign in the fall of 1812 and at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813 . On 15 November 1812 , Soults 80,000 Frenchmen confronted Wellingtons 65,000 Anglo-Portuguese near Salamanca . When Soult failed to attack , Wellington ordered a withdrawal to Portugal . During the retreat , Stewart ( temporarily in charge of the 1st Division ) and two other division commanders disobeyed their commanders orders . Stewart , Wellington wrote , and certain other generals held a Council of War to decide whether to obey my orders to march by a particular road . He [ Stewart ] , at the head , decided they would not ; they marched by a road leading they knew not where , and when I found them in the morning they were in the utmost confusion , not knowing where to go and what to do . On the opening day of the Battle of the Pyrenees at Maya Pass , Stewart concluded that the French would not attack , then rode ten miles to the rear . When the battle began , his 2nd Division was left to fight all morning under an inexperienced brigade commander and lost 1,347 men . Still in Hills corps , Stewart fought at the battles of the Nive , Orthez and Toulouse during Wellingtons 1814 invasion of southern France . Awards , thanks and retirement . For his services in the Peninsula Stewart received the Gold Cross with two clasps , the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword , and the Spanish Order of San Fernando . On 2 January 1815 ( on the enlargement of the order of the Bath ) he received the G.C.B . Stewart had been M.P . for Saltash in 1795 , and for Wigtonshire from 1796 onward , and on 24 June 1814 the speaker thanked him in his place , on behalf of the house , for his share in the victories of Vittoria and Orthes , and in the intermediate operations . Stewart saw no further service . His health was broken by seventeen campaigns , in which he had received six wounds and four contusions , and in 1816 he resigned his seat in parliament . In July 1818 he was transferred to the colonelcy of the 1st Battalion of what had then become the Rifle Brigade . He settled at Cumloden on the borders of Wigton and Kirkcudbrightshire , near the family seat . He died there on 7 January 1827 , and was buried at Minigaff . Family . In 1804 Stewart married Frances , daughter of the Hon . John Douglas ( second son of the Earl of Morton ) , and he left one son , Horatio , a captain in the Rifle Brigade , and one daughter , Louisa . References . Attribution : - Endnotes : - The Cumloden Papers , printed for private circulation in 1871 , containing a memoir , with extracts from Stewarts journals , and correspondence with Nelson and Wellington - Copes Hist . of the Rifle Brigade - Verners The first British Rifle Corps - Gent . Mag . 1827 , i . 175 - Royal Military Calendar , ii . 322 - Wellington Despatches - Napiers War in the Peninsula - Beresfords Further Strictures on the War in the Peninsula , p . 159 .
|
[
"Member of Parliament",
"Wigtownshire"
] |
easy
|
What position did William Stewart (British Army officer, born 1774) take from 1801 to 1802?
|
/wiki/William_Stewart_(British_Army_officer,_born_1774)#P39#1
|
William Stewart ( British Army officer , born 1774 ) Lieutenant-General Sir William Stewart , GCB ( 10 January 1774 – 7 January 1827 ) was a British military officer who was the first Commanding Officer of the Rifle Corps , a Division Commander in the Peninsular War and a Scottish Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the British Parliament . Early life . William Stewart , born on 10 January 1774 , was the fourth ( second surviving ) son of John Stewart , 7th Earl of Galloway ( 1736–1806 ) , and his second wife , Anne ( 1742/3–1830 ) , daughter of Sir James Dashwood , 2nd Baronet . Charles James Stewart the second Bishop of Quebec , was his younger brother . Member of Parliament . He represented Saltash in Cornwall from 1795 to 1796 , Wigtownshire 1796–1802 , the Wigtown Burghs 1803–1805 and Wigtownshire again 1812–1816 . Early military success . Stewart entered the British Army in 1786 as a twelve-year-old Ensign in the 42nd Foot . His first active service was in the West Indies Campaign of 1793–94 , where he was wounded . After further service in the West Indies , when he commanded the 67th Foot at San Domingo ( 1796–98 ) , Stewart returned to Europe and was given permission to serve with Britains Austrian and Russian allies in Italy , Swabia and Switzerland during the campaign of 1799 . Stewart was intensely interested in weapons and tactics . It was probably his observations in 1799 of light infantry and Tyrolese and Croat soldiers that did not fight in the rigid formations adopted by normal infantry units that led him to propose that the British Army should include a permanent force of light infantry , equipped with rifles . His ideas won support , especially from the influential Equerry to the King , Colonel Coote Manningham , who Stewart had first met in the West Indies . In March 1800 an experimental Corps of Riflemen was established . In August Stewart commanded it at the amphibious attack on Ferrol , where he was severely wounded in the chest as he led his riflemen up the cliffs . In October 1800 the Corps was gazetted as an established unit , with Manningham as colonel and Stewart as its first lieutenant-colonel and commanding officer . Stewarts Standing Orders for the Rifle Corps , which later became the famous 95th Foot ( Rifle Brigade ) , show how advanced his tactical thinking was compared to that of his contemporaries . He devised and implemented specially adapted forms of drill and manoeuvre , medals for bravery and good conduct , classification in shooting ability , a school and a library for the soldiers , while requiring every Rifles officer to get to know each of his men as individuals . Shortly after Stewarts twenty-seventh birthday he was appointed to command the 895 soldiers ( 114 from the Rifle Corps and 781 from the 49th Regiment ) that were to serve as marines in the fleet sent to the Baltic in 1801 . He was stationed on the quarter-deck of Admiral Nelsons flagship HMS Elephant throughout the great naval Battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801 . Nelson reported that The Honourable Colonel Stewart did me the favour to be aboard the Elephant ; and himself , with every officer and soldier under his orders , shared with pleasure the toils and dangers of the day ( Stewarts detachment lost 4 dead and 6 wounded ) . Stewart was chosen for the honour of carrying to London the despatches reporting the victory and was included by name in the Thanks of Parliament voted on 16 April 1801 . Six days later he received an official letter of promotion to full colonel , effective from the day of the Battle of Copenhagen . Nelson wrote to Lord St Vincent praising Colonel Stewart , who is an excellent and indefatigable young man , and depend upon it , the rising hope of our army . Nelson wrote at least eleven letters to Stewart in the four years between Copenhagen and his death at Trafalgar , which were included in the collection of Stewarts papers privately published as The Cumloden Papers . In 1802 the Rifle Corps was redesignated as the 95th ( Rifle ) Regiment and together with the 43rd and 52nd Foot was formed into the famous Light Brigade commanded by Sir John Moore . Stewart was the first colonel of the 95th , but soon had to hand over its operational command when he was appointed to be a brigadier-general . Stewarts heart still lay with the Rifles , and in 1805 he published Outlines of a Plan for the General Reform of the British Land Forces , which advocated general adoption of many of the innovations he had already made within the 95th . Stewart held important commands in the expeditions to Egypt in 1807 and to Walcheren in 1809 , before being sent to Spain in 1810 . Although Stewart was still junior as a major-general , he was given the crucial task of commanding the besieged garrison of the vital port of Cadiz and initially put directly under the orders of General Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington . This led to an appointment to command a brigade in the Second Division of the army in the Peninsula , and in December 1810 Stewart took over as commander of Second Division . Division commander under Wellington . At the Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811 , Stewart led the 2nd Division , which bore the brunt of Marshal Nicolas Soults flank attack . He wheeled Lieut-Col John Colbornes brigade to attack the left flank of Soults massive French column . At first , the manoeuvre went well , as British musketry savaged the French infantry . Suddenly attacked from flank and rear by mounted Polish lancers and French hussars , three of Colbornes regiments were massacred , losing 1,250 men ; only 400 escaped . At that battle , Stewarts other two brigades also suffered severely from point-blank French cannon and musket fire , but this was not his fault . In an epic struggle , the survivors of his division held back the French until the 4th Division saved the day . Glover , historian of the Peninsular War , wrote , As a battalion commander , Stewart was surpassed only by Moore ; as a general he was a menace . Wellington wrote of him , It is necessary that Stewart should be under the particular charge of somebody . After Albuera , Wellington found that somebody in the person of Lieutenant-General Rowland Hill . For the rest of the Peninsular War , Stewart and his 2nd Division usually served under Hills competent supervision . He fought in Hills corps in the Burgos campaign in the fall of 1812 and at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813 . On 15 November 1812 , Soults 80,000 Frenchmen confronted Wellingtons 65,000 Anglo-Portuguese near Salamanca . When Soult failed to attack , Wellington ordered a withdrawal to Portugal . During the retreat , Stewart ( temporarily in charge of the 1st Division ) and two other division commanders disobeyed their commanders orders . Stewart , Wellington wrote , and certain other generals held a Council of War to decide whether to obey my orders to march by a particular road . He [ Stewart ] , at the head , decided they would not ; they marched by a road leading they knew not where , and when I found them in the morning they were in the utmost confusion , not knowing where to go and what to do . On the opening day of the Battle of the Pyrenees at Maya Pass , Stewart concluded that the French would not attack , then rode ten miles to the rear . When the battle began , his 2nd Division was left to fight all morning under an inexperienced brigade commander and lost 1,347 men . Still in Hills corps , Stewart fought at the battles of the Nive , Orthez and Toulouse during Wellingtons 1814 invasion of southern France . Awards , thanks and retirement . For his services in the Peninsula Stewart received the Gold Cross with two clasps , the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword , and the Spanish Order of San Fernando . On 2 January 1815 ( on the enlargement of the order of the Bath ) he received the G.C.B . Stewart had been M.P . for Saltash in 1795 , and for Wigtonshire from 1796 onward , and on 24 June 1814 the speaker thanked him in his place , on behalf of the house , for his share in the victories of Vittoria and Orthes , and in the intermediate operations . Stewart saw no further service . His health was broken by seventeen campaigns , in which he had received six wounds and four contusions , and in 1816 he resigned his seat in parliament . In July 1818 he was transferred to the colonelcy of the 1st Battalion of what had then become the Rifle Brigade . He settled at Cumloden on the borders of Wigton and Kirkcudbrightshire , near the family seat . He died there on 7 January 1827 , and was buried at Minigaff . Family . In 1804 Stewart married Frances , daughter of the Hon . John Douglas ( second son of the Earl of Morton ) , and he left one son , Horatio , a captain in the Rifle Brigade , and one daughter , Louisa . References . Attribution : - Endnotes : - The Cumloden Papers , printed for private circulation in 1871 , containing a memoir , with extracts from Stewarts journals , and correspondence with Nelson and Wellington - Copes Hist . of the Rifle Brigade - Verners The first British Rifle Corps - Gent . Mag . 1827 , i . 175 - Royal Military Calendar , ii . 322 - Wellington Despatches - Napiers War in the Peninsula - Beresfords Further Strictures on the War in the Peninsula , p . 159 .
|
[
"the Wigtown Burghs",
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of William Stewart (British Army officer, born 1774) from Jul 1803 to 1805?
|
/wiki/William_Stewart_(British_Army_officer,_born_1774)#P39#2
|
William Stewart ( British Army officer , born 1774 ) Lieutenant-General Sir William Stewart , GCB ( 10 January 1774 – 7 January 1827 ) was a British military officer who was the first Commanding Officer of the Rifle Corps , a Division Commander in the Peninsular War and a Scottish Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the British Parliament . Early life . William Stewart , born on 10 January 1774 , was the fourth ( second surviving ) son of John Stewart , 7th Earl of Galloway ( 1736–1806 ) , and his second wife , Anne ( 1742/3–1830 ) , daughter of Sir James Dashwood , 2nd Baronet . Charles James Stewart the second Bishop of Quebec , was his younger brother . Member of Parliament . He represented Saltash in Cornwall from 1795 to 1796 , Wigtownshire 1796–1802 , the Wigtown Burghs 1803–1805 and Wigtownshire again 1812–1816 . Early military success . Stewart entered the British Army in 1786 as a twelve-year-old Ensign in the 42nd Foot . His first active service was in the West Indies Campaign of 1793–94 , where he was wounded . After further service in the West Indies , when he commanded the 67th Foot at San Domingo ( 1796–98 ) , Stewart returned to Europe and was given permission to serve with Britains Austrian and Russian allies in Italy , Swabia and Switzerland during the campaign of 1799 . Stewart was intensely interested in weapons and tactics . It was probably his observations in 1799 of light infantry and Tyrolese and Croat soldiers that did not fight in the rigid formations adopted by normal infantry units that led him to propose that the British Army should include a permanent force of light infantry , equipped with rifles . His ideas won support , especially from the influential Equerry to the King , Colonel Coote Manningham , who Stewart had first met in the West Indies . In March 1800 an experimental Corps of Riflemen was established . In August Stewart commanded it at the amphibious attack on Ferrol , where he was severely wounded in the chest as he led his riflemen up the cliffs . In October 1800 the Corps was gazetted as an established unit , with Manningham as colonel and Stewart as its first lieutenant-colonel and commanding officer . Stewarts Standing Orders for the Rifle Corps , which later became the famous 95th Foot ( Rifle Brigade ) , show how advanced his tactical thinking was compared to that of his contemporaries . He devised and implemented specially adapted forms of drill and manoeuvre , medals for bravery and good conduct , classification in shooting ability , a school and a library for the soldiers , while requiring every Rifles officer to get to know each of his men as individuals . Shortly after Stewarts twenty-seventh birthday he was appointed to command the 895 soldiers ( 114 from the Rifle Corps and 781 from the 49th Regiment ) that were to serve as marines in the fleet sent to the Baltic in 1801 . He was stationed on the quarter-deck of Admiral Nelsons flagship HMS Elephant throughout the great naval Battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801 . Nelson reported that The Honourable Colonel Stewart did me the favour to be aboard the Elephant ; and himself , with every officer and soldier under his orders , shared with pleasure the toils and dangers of the day ( Stewarts detachment lost 4 dead and 6 wounded ) . Stewart was chosen for the honour of carrying to London the despatches reporting the victory and was included by name in the Thanks of Parliament voted on 16 April 1801 . Six days later he received an official letter of promotion to full colonel , effective from the day of the Battle of Copenhagen . Nelson wrote to Lord St Vincent praising Colonel Stewart , who is an excellent and indefatigable young man , and depend upon it , the rising hope of our army . Nelson wrote at least eleven letters to Stewart in the four years between Copenhagen and his death at Trafalgar , which were included in the collection of Stewarts papers privately published as The Cumloden Papers . In 1802 the Rifle Corps was redesignated as the 95th ( Rifle ) Regiment and together with the 43rd and 52nd Foot was formed into the famous Light Brigade commanded by Sir John Moore . Stewart was the first colonel of the 95th , but soon had to hand over its operational command when he was appointed to be a brigadier-general . Stewarts heart still lay with the Rifles , and in 1805 he published Outlines of a Plan for the General Reform of the British Land Forces , which advocated general adoption of many of the innovations he had already made within the 95th . Stewart held important commands in the expeditions to Egypt in 1807 and to Walcheren in 1809 , before being sent to Spain in 1810 . Although Stewart was still junior as a major-general , he was given the crucial task of commanding the besieged garrison of the vital port of Cadiz and initially put directly under the orders of General Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington . This led to an appointment to command a brigade in the Second Division of the army in the Peninsula , and in December 1810 Stewart took over as commander of Second Division . Division commander under Wellington . At the Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811 , Stewart led the 2nd Division , which bore the brunt of Marshal Nicolas Soults flank attack . He wheeled Lieut-Col John Colbornes brigade to attack the left flank of Soults massive French column . At first , the manoeuvre went well , as British musketry savaged the French infantry . Suddenly attacked from flank and rear by mounted Polish lancers and French hussars , three of Colbornes regiments were massacred , losing 1,250 men ; only 400 escaped . At that battle , Stewarts other two brigades also suffered severely from point-blank French cannon and musket fire , but this was not his fault . In an epic struggle , the survivors of his division held back the French until the 4th Division saved the day . Glover , historian of the Peninsular War , wrote , As a battalion commander , Stewart was surpassed only by Moore ; as a general he was a menace . Wellington wrote of him , It is necessary that Stewart should be under the particular charge of somebody . After Albuera , Wellington found that somebody in the person of Lieutenant-General Rowland Hill . For the rest of the Peninsular War , Stewart and his 2nd Division usually served under Hills competent supervision . He fought in Hills corps in the Burgos campaign in the fall of 1812 and at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813 . On 15 November 1812 , Soults 80,000 Frenchmen confronted Wellingtons 65,000 Anglo-Portuguese near Salamanca . When Soult failed to attack , Wellington ordered a withdrawal to Portugal . During the retreat , Stewart ( temporarily in charge of the 1st Division ) and two other division commanders disobeyed their commanders orders . Stewart , Wellington wrote , and certain other generals held a Council of War to decide whether to obey my orders to march by a particular road . He [ Stewart ] , at the head , decided they would not ; they marched by a road leading they knew not where , and when I found them in the morning they were in the utmost confusion , not knowing where to go and what to do . On the opening day of the Battle of the Pyrenees at Maya Pass , Stewart concluded that the French would not attack , then rode ten miles to the rear . When the battle began , his 2nd Division was left to fight all morning under an inexperienced brigade commander and lost 1,347 men . Still in Hills corps , Stewart fought at the battles of the Nive , Orthez and Toulouse during Wellingtons 1814 invasion of southern France . Awards , thanks and retirement . For his services in the Peninsula Stewart received the Gold Cross with two clasps , the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword , and the Spanish Order of San Fernando . On 2 January 1815 ( on the enlargement of the order of the Bath ) he received the G.C.B . Stewart had been M.P . for Saltash in 1795 , and for Wigtonshire from 1796 onward , and on 24 June 1814 the speaker thanked him in his place , on behalf of the house , for his share in the victories of Vittoria and Orthes , and in the intermediate operations . Stewart saw no further service . His health was broken by seventeen campaigns , in which he had received six wounds and four contusions , and in 1816 he resigned his seat in parliament . In July 1818 he was transferred to the colonelcy of the 1st Battalion of what had then become the Rifle Brigade . He settled at Cumloden on the borders of Wigton and Kirkcudbrightshire , near the family seat . He died there on 7 January 1827 , and was buried at Minigaff . Family . In 1804 Stewart married Frances , daughter of the Hon . John Douglas ( second son of the Earl of Morton ) , and he left one son , Horatio , a captain in the Rifle Brigade , and one daughter , Louisa . References . Attribution : - Endnotes : - The Cumloden Papers , printed for private circulation in 1871 , containing a memoir , with extracts from Stewarts journals , and correspondence with Nelson and Wellington - Copes Hist . of the Rifle Brigade - Verners The first British Rifle Corps - Gent . Mag . 1827 , i . 175 - Royal Military Calendar , ii . 322 - Wellington Despatches - Napiers War in the Peninsula - Beresfords Further Strictures on the War in the Peninsula , p . 159 .
|
[
"Member of Parliament",
"Wigtownshire"
] |
easy
|
What position did William Stewart (British Army officer, born 1774) take from 1812 to 1816?
|
/wiki/William_Stewart_(British_Army_officer,_born_1774)#P39#3
|
William Stewart ( British Army officer , born 1774 ) Lieutenant-General Sir William Stewart , GCB ( 10 January 1774 – 7 January 1827 ) was a British military officer who was the first Commanding Officer of the Rifle Corps , a Division Commander in the Peninsular War and a Scottish Member of Parliament ( MP ) in the British Parliament . Early life . William Stewart , born on 10 January 1774 , was the fourth ( second surviving ) son of John Stewart , 7th Earl of Galloway ( 1736–1806 ) , and his second wife , Anne ( 1742/3–1830 ) , daughter of Sir James Dashwood , 2nd Baronet . Charles James Stewart the second Bishop of Quebec , was his younger brother . Member of Parliament . He represented Saltash in Cornwall from 1795 to 1796 , Wigtownshire 1796–1802 , the Wigtown Burghs 1803–1805 and Wigtownshire again 1812–1816 . Early military success . Stewart entered the British Army in 1786 as a twelve-year-old Ensign in the 42nd Foot . His first active service was in the West Indies Campaign of 1793–94 , where he was wounded . After further service in the West Indies , when he commanded the 67th Foot at San Domingo ( 1796–98 ) , Stewart returned to Europe and was given permission to serve with Britains Austrian and Russian allies in Italy , Swabia and Switzerland during the campaign of 1799 . Stewart was intensely interested in weapons and tactics . It was probably his observations in 1799 of light infantry and Tyrolese and Croat soldiers that did not fight in the rigid formations adopted by normal infantry units that led him to propose that the British Army should include a permanent force of light infantry , equipped with rifles . His ideas won support , especially from the influential Equerry to the King , Colonel Coote Manningham , who Stewart had first met in the West Indies . In March 1800 an experimental Corps of Riflemen was established . In August Stewart commanded it at the amphibious attack on Ferrol , where he was severely wounded in the chest as he led his riflemen up the cliffs . In October 1800 the Corps was gazetted as an established unit , with Manningham as colonel and Stewart as its first lieutenant-colonel and commanding officer . Stewarts Standing Orders for the Rifle Corps , which later became the famous 95th Foot ( Rifle Brigade ) , show how advanced his tactical thinking was compared to that of his contemporaries . He devised and implemented specially adapted forms of drill and manoeuvre , medals for bravery and good conduct , classification in shooting ability , a school and a library for the soldiers , while requiring every Rifles officer to get to know each of his men as individuals . Shortly after Stewarts twenty-seventh birthday he was appointed to command the 895 soldiers ( 114 from the Rifle Corps and 781 from the 49th Regiment ) that were to serve as marines in the fleet sent to the Baltic in 1801 . He was stationed on the quarter-deck of Admiral Nelsons flagship HMS Elephant throughout the great naval Battle of Copenhagen on 2 April 1801 . Nelson reported that The Honourable Colonel Stewart did me the favour to be aboard the Elephant ; and himself , with every officer and soldier under his orders , shared with pleasure the toils and dangers of the day ( Stewarts detachment lost 4 dead and 6 wounded ) . Stewart was chosen for the honour of carrying to London the despatches reporting the victory and was included by name in the Thanks of Parliament voted on 16 April 1801 . Six days later he received an official letter of promotion to full colonel , effective from the day of the Battle of Copenhagen . Nelson wrote to Lord St Vincent praising Colonel Stewart , who is an excellent and indefatigable young man , and depend upon it , the rising hope of our army . Nelson wrote at least eleven letters to Stewart in the four years between Copenhagen and his death at Trafalgar , which were included in the collection of Stewarts papers privately published as The Cumloden Papers . In 1802 the Rifle Corps was redesignated as the 95th ( Rifle ) Regiment and together with the 43rd and 52nd Foot was formed into the famous Light Brigade commanded by Sir John Moore . Stewart was the first colonel of the 95th , but soon had to hand over its operational command when he was appointed to be a brigadier-general . Stewarts heart still lay with the Rifles , and in 1805 he published Outlines of a Plan for the General Reform of the British Land Forces , which advocated general adoption of many of the innovations he had already made within the 95th . Stewart held important commands in the expeditions to Egypt in 1807 and to Walcheren in 1809 , before being sent to Spain in 1810 . Although Stewart was still junior as a major-general , he was given the crucial task of commanding the besieged garrison of the vital port of Cadiz and initially put directly under the orders of General Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington . This led to an appointment to command a brigade in the Second Division of the army in the Peninsula , and in December 1810 Stewart took over as commander of Second Division . Division commander under Wellington . At the Battle of Albuera on 16 May 1811 , Stewart led the 2nd Division , which bore the brunt of Marshal Nicolas Soults flank attack . He wheeled Lieut-Col John Colbornes brigade to attack the left flank of Soults massive French column . At first , the manoeuvre went well , as British musketry savaged the French infantry . Suddenly attacked from flank and rear by mounted Polish lancers and French hussars , three of Colbornes regiments were massacred , losing 1,250 men ; only 400 escaped . At that battle , Stewarts other two brigades also suffered severely from point-blank French cannon and musket fire , but this was not his fault . In an epic struggle , the survivors of his division held back the French until the 4th Division saved the day . Glover , historian of the Peninsular War , wrote , As a battalion commander , Stewart was surpassed only by Moore ; as a general he was a menace . Wellington wrote of him , It is necessary that Stewart should be under the particular charge of somebody . After Albuera , Wellington found that somebody in the person of Lieutenant-General Rowland Hill . For the rest of the Peninsular War , Stewart and his 2nd Division usually served under Hills competent supervision . He fought in Hills corps in the Burgos campaign in the fall of 1812 and at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813 . On 15 November 1812 , Soults 80,000 Frenchmen confronted Wellingtons 65,000 Anglo-Portuguese near Salamanca . When Soult failed to attack , Wellington ordered a withdrawal to Portugal . During the retreat , Stewart ( temporarily in charge of the 1st Division ) and two other division commanders disobeyed their commanders orders . Stewart , Wellington wrote , and certain other generals held a Council of War to decide whether to obey my orders to march by a particular road . He [ Stewart ] , at the head , decided they would not ; they marched by a road leading they knew not where , and when I found them in the morning they were in the utmost confusion , not knowing where to go and what to do . On the opening day of the Battle of the Pyrenees at Maya Pass , Stewart concluded that the French would not attack , then rode ten miles to the rear . When the battle began , his 2nd Division was left to fight all morning under an inexperienced brigade commander and lost 1,347 men . Still in Hills corps , Stewart fought at the battles of the Nive , Orthez and Toulouse during Wellingtons 1814 invasion of southern France . Awards , thanks and retirement . For his services in the Peninsula Stewart received the Gold Cross with two clasps , the Portuguese Order of the Tower and Sword , and the Spanish Order of San Fernando . On 2 January 1815 ( on the enlargement of the order of the Bath ) he received the G.C.B . Stewart had been M.P . for Saltash in 1795 , and for Wigtonshire from 1796 onward , and on 24 June 1814 the speaker thanked him in his place , on behalf of the house , for his share in the victories of Vittoria and Orthes , and in the intermediate operations . Stewart saw no further service . His health was broken by seventeen campaigns , in which he had received six wounds and four contusions , and in 1816 he resigned his seat in parliament . In July 1818 he was transferred to the colonelcy of the 1st Battalion of what had then become the Rifle Brigade . He settled at Cumloden on the borders of Wigton and Kirkcudbrightshire , near the family seat . He died there on 7 January 1827 , and was buried at Minigaff . Family . In 1804 Stewart married Frances , daughter of the Hon . John Douglas ( second son of the Earl of Morton ) , and he left one son , Horatio , a captain in the Rifle Brigade , and one daughter , Louisa . References . Attribution : - Endnotes : - The Cumloden Papers , printed for private circulation in 1871 , containing a memoir , with extracts from Stewarts journals , and correspondence with Nelson and Wellington - Copes Hist . of the Rifle Brigade - Verners The first British Rifle Corps - Gent . Mag . 1827 , i . 175 - Royal Military Calendar , ii . 322 - Wellington Despatches - Napiers War in the Peninsula - Beresfords Further Strictures on the War in the Peninsula , p . 159 .
|
[
"Celtic"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Ryan Conroy belong to from 2005 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Ryan_Conroy#P54#0
|
Ryan Conroy Ryan Conroy ( born 28 April 1987 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Peterhead . He can also play as a left back . Conroy has previously played for Celtic , Queen of the South , Partick Thistle on loan , Dundee , Raith Rovers and Airdrieonians . Club career . Celtic . Conroy was born in Vale of Leven , Scotland . He consistently impressed throughout his time with the Celtic youth system and ahead of the 2005–06 season , he signed his first professional contract . In 2007 , Manager Gordon Strachan considered calling up Conroy into the first team as cover . He made his first team debut on 11 December 2007 , during Celtics 4–0 defeat of Falkirk , playing at left back . After making his debut , Conroy said he hoped he could earn himself a longer-term deal with Celtic . On 6 July 2009 , Conroy signed a new deal with Celtic for another year . The arrival of the returning Charlie Mulgrew led Conroy to state that he thought Mulgrews arrival would not affect his chance of making a breakthrough at Celtic . Partick Thistle ( loan ) . Conroy was loaned to Partick Thistle for whom he played 15 games , all in the league , in the second half of the 2009–10 season . He returned to Celtic when the deal had expired on 5 May 2010 . Queen of the South ( loan ) . On 28 August 2010 , Conroy joined Dumfries club Queen of the South on loan , scoring on his debut in the league game against Ross County on the same day . This was the first goal of his senior career . He became the fourth of the 2006 Scotland under-19 squad to play for the Palmerston Park club after Jamie Adams , Brian Gilmour and Scott Fox . His second goal for QoS was away in the league against top of the table opposition . Scoring from 18 yards after a Derek Holmes flick on , this was the only goal in the 1–0 win against Raith Rovers on 6 November 2010 . He scored again the following week , hitting QoS second goal ( again from 18 yards ) after a Derek Holmes knock down in the 3–0 home win against Cowdenbeath at Palmerston . Conroy returned to Celtic after the weather ruined three chances to play a final game at Palmerston . Conroy said , I must say that Ive really enjoyed those few months Ive spent with Queen of the South . Theyre a good club and treat their players well . The fans have also been most supportive and I really appreciate that too . I would have liked to have stayed longer but the terms of the loan deal didnt allow that . Ive really enjoyed my spell at Palmerston and wish the club all the best for the future . Following the end of his loan at Queen of the South , Conroy was linked with a move to Ross County . Dundee . After his contract with Celtic expired at the end of the 2010–11 season , Conroy left Celtic to join Dundee . After the move , Conroy said he wanted to achieve promotion with the club to the Scottish Premier League and show Celtic manager Neil Lennon he made a mistake letting him leave the club . Conroy made his debut for the club , in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup against Arbroath , where he provided a cross for Stephen ODonnell , in the 92nd minute , as Dundee won 2–1 in extra time . Conroy made his league debut in the clubs opening match of the season , in a 1–0 win over against Partick Thistle . Having made eleven appearances , he scored his first goal for the club , on 5 November 2011 , in a 1–0 win over Raith Rovers and scored again in the next match , which turned out to be the winning goal and he also provided an assist for Gavin Rae , in a 2–1 win over Morton . Later in the 2011–12 season , Conroy would add nine more goals to his total , including a brace against Morton in a 2–0 win on 17 March 2012 . He went on to make forty-two appearances in all competitions , scoring twelve times and during the season , Conroy reverted from playing at left-back to either left-wing or left-midfield . In the 2012–13 season , Dundee were promoted to the Scottish Premier League to replace Rangers who had been placed in the Third Division . Conroy scored his and Dundees first goal of the season , with the winning goal from a penalty , in a 1–0 victory against Hearts , giving the club their first win of the season on 2 September 2012 . Four weeks later , on 29 September 2012 , he scored again , from the penalty spot , in a 3–1 loss against St Johnstone . Then , on 17 March 2013 , Conroy scored as Dundee drew 1–1 against Dundee United in the Dundee derby . Manager John Brown commented about Conroy , saying : Ryan is a really talented lad , If van Persie had hit the kind of goal he got in the derby then we would all have been raving about it . It was such a good strike and it showed what Ryan has to offer when he is in that kind of form . He just needs to believe in himself more and once he has that confidence he can do even greater things . Not many people have the sort of left foot he has . Ryan can make things happens and I have asked him to do that . During the 2012–13 season , he made thirty-eight appearances in all competitions , scoring seven times , making him Dundees top scorer for the season , however , the club was relegated after a draw with Aberdeen . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Conroy signed a new deal with the club . He scored seven goals as Dundee won promotion to the Scottish Premiership by winning the 2013–14 Scottish Championship , but he was released by the club in June 2014 , having been among players expected to leave in the summer . Raith Rovers . On 10 July 2014 , Conroy signed with Raith Rovers . At the time of his release from Dundee , Raith Rovers confirmed their interest in signing Conroy . He scored on his debut , against Forfar Athletic on 2 August 2014 , in a 4–2 win in the Scottish Challenge Cup . His first league goal came seven days later on 9 August 2014 , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–1 win over Dumbarton , followed up his second goal , in a 1–0 win over Alloa Athletic in his second appearance . Following his good display , Manager Grant Murray believed Conroy could be a key player for the club . Queen of the South ( Second spell ) . On 28 May 2015 it was announced that Conroy had signed for Queen of the South . He scored on his second debut for the club against Stranraer in the Challenge Cup , and followed that up with another goal on his second appearance against Annan Athletic in the Scottish League Cup . Airdrieonians . Conroy joined Scottish League One side Airdrieonians in July 2016 , signing a two-year deal with the club . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he was among a group of players made available for transfer by the club , and on 3 July 2019 , he left Airdrieonians after agreeing a mutual termination of his contract . Following his departure , Conroy criticised the club for making the list of available players public . Peterhead . In August 2019 , Conroy signed for Peterhead until the end of the season . International career . Conroy was part of the Scotland under 19 squad that made it to the final of the 2006 European Championships played in Poland . Conroy played in the last four of Scotlands five games and scored the opener in the group phase win against Turkey . He was also included in the Scotland under–20 squad that played in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Honours . - Dundee - Scottish Championship : 2013–14 External links . - Ryan Conroy profile Dundee official website .
|
[
"Dundee"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Ryan Conroy belong to from 2011 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Ryan_Conroy#P54#1
|
Ryan Conroy Ryan Conroy ( born 28 April 1987 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Peterhead . He can also play as a left back . Conroy has previously played for Celtic , Queen of the South , Partick Thistle on loan , Dundee , Raith Rovers and Airdrieonians . Club career . Celtic . Conroy was born in Vale of Leven , Scotland . He consistently impressed throughout his time with the Celtic youth system and ahead of the 2005–06 season , he signed his first professional contract . In 2007 , Manager Gordon Strachan considered calling up Conroy into the first team as cover . He made his first team debut on 11 December 2007 , during Celtics 4–0 defeat of Falkirk , playing at left back . After making his debut , Conroy said he hoped he could earn himself a longer-term deal with Celtic . On 6 July 2009 , Conroy signed a new deal with Celtic for another year . The arrival of the returning Charlie Mulgrew led Conroy to state that he thought Mulgrews arrival would not affect his chance of making a breakthrough at Celtic . Partick Thistle ( loan ) . Conroy was loaned to Partick Thistle for whom he played 15 games , all in the league , in the second half of the 2009–10 season . He returned to Celtic when the deal had expired on 5 May 2010 . Queen of the South ( loan ) . On 28 August 2010 , Conroy joined Dumfries club Queen of the South on loan , scoring on his debut in the league game against Ross County on the same day . This was the first goal of his senior career . He became the fourth of the 2006 Scotland under-19 squad to play for the Palmerston Park club after Jamie Adams , Brian Gilmour and Scott Fox . His second goal for QoS was away in the league against top of the table opposition . Scoring from 18 yards after a Derek Holmes flick on , this was the only goal in the 1–0 win against Raith Rovers on 6 November 2010 . He scored again the following week , hitting QoS second goal ( again from 18 yards ) after a Derek Holmes knock down in the 3–0 home win against Cowdenbeath at Palmerston . Conroy returned to Celtic after the weather ruined three chances to play a final game at Palmerston . Conroy said , I must say that Ive really enjoyed those few months Ive spent with Queen of the South . Theyre a good club and treat their players well . The fans have also been most supportive and I really appreciate that too . I would have liked to have stayed longer but the terms of the loan deal didnt allow that . Ive really enjoyed my spell at Palmerston and wish the club all the best for the future . Following the end of his loan at Queen of the South , Conroy was linked with a move to Ross County . Dundee . After his contract with Celtic expired at the end of the 2010–11 season , Conroy left Celtic to join Dundee . After the move , Conroy said he wanted to achieve promotion with the club to the Scottish Premier League and show Celtic manager Neil Lennon he made a mistake letting him leave the club . Conroy made his debut for the club , in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup against Arbroath , where he provided a cross for Stephen ODonnell , in the 92nd minute , as Dundee won 2–1 in extra time . Conroy made his league debut in the clubs opening match of the season , in a 1–0 win over against Partick Thistle . Having made eleven appearances , he scored his first goal for the club , on 5 November 2011 , in a 1–0 win over Raith Rovers and scored again in the next match , which turned out to be the winning goal and he also provided an assist for Gavin Rae , in a 2–1 win over Morton . Later in the 2011–12 season , Conroy would add nine more goals to his total , including a brace against Morton in a 2–0 win on 17 March 2012 . He went on to make forty-two appearances in all competitions , scoring twelve times and during the season , Conroy reverted from playing at left-back to either left-wing or left-midfield . In the 2012–13 season , Dundee were promoted to the Scottish Premier League to replace Rangers who had been placed in the Third Division . Conroy scored his and Dundees first goal of the season , with the winning goal from a penalty , in a 1–0 victory against Hearts , giving the club their first win of the season on 2 September 2012 . Four weeks later , on 29 September 2012 , he scored again , from the penalty spot , in a 3–1 loss against St Johnstone . Then , on 17 March 2013 , Conroy scored as Dundee drew 1–1 against Dundee United in the Dundee derby . Manager John Brown commented about Conroy , saying : Ryan is a really talented lad , If van Persie had hit the kind of goal he got in the derby then we would all have been raving about it . It was such a good strike and it showed what Ryan has to offer when he is in that kind of form . He just needs to believe in himself more and once he has that confidence he can do even greater things . Not many people have the sort of left foot he has . Ryan can make things happens and I have asked him to do that . During the 2012–13 season , he made thirty-eight appearances in all competitions , scoring seven times , making him Dundees top scorer for the season , however , the club was relegated after a draw with Aberdeen . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Conroy signed a new deal with the club . He scored seven goals as Dundee won promotion to the Scottish Premiership by winning the 2013–14 Scottish Championship , but he was released by the club in June 2014 , having been among players expected to leave in the summer . Raith Rovers . On 10 July 2014 , Conroy signed with Raith Rovers . At the time of his release from Dundee , Raith Rovers confirmed their interest in signing Conroy . He scored on his debut , against Forfar Athletic on 2 August 2014 , in a 4–2 win in the Scottish Challenge Cup . His first league goal came seven days later on 9 August 2014 , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–1 win over Dumbarton , followed up his second goal , in a 1–0 win over Alloa Athletic in his second appearance . Following his good display , Manager Grant Murray believed Conroy could be a key player for the club . Queen of the South ( Second spell ) . On 28 May 2015 it was announced that Conroy had signed for Queen of the South . He scored on his second debut for the club against Stranraer in the Challenge Cup , and followed that up with another goal on his second appearance against Annan Athletic in the Scottish League Cup . Airdrieonians . Conroy joined Scottish League One side Airdrieonians in July 2016 , signing a two-year deal with the club . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he was among a group of players made available for transfer by the club , and on 3 July 2019 , he left Airdrieonians after agreeing a mutual termination of his contract . Following his departure , Conroy criticised the club for making the list of available players public . Peterhead . In August 2019 , Conroy signed for Peterhead until the end of the season . International career . Conroy was part of the Scotland under 19 squad that made it to the final of the 2006 European Championships played in Poland . Conroy played in the last four of Scotlands five games and scored the opener in the group phase win against Turkey . He was also included in the Scotland under–20 squad that played in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Honours . - Dundee - Scottish Championship : 2013–14 External links . - Ryan Conroy profile Dundee official website .
|
[
"Raith Rovers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Ryan Conroy play for from 2014 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Ryan_Conroy#P54#2
|
Ryan Conroy Ryan Conroy ( born 28 April 1987 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Peterhead . He can also play as a left back . Conroy has previously played for Celtic , Queen of the South , Partick Thistle on loan , Dundee , Raith Rovers and Airdrieonians . Club career . Celtic . Conroy was born in Vale of Leven , Scotland . He consistently impressed throughout his time with the Celtic youth system and ahead of the 2005–06 season , he signed his first professional contract . In 2007 , Manager Gordon Strachan considered calling up Conroy into the first team as cover . He made his first team debut on 11 December 2007 , during Celtics 4–0 defeat of Falkirk , playing at left back . After making his debut , Conroy said he hoped he could earn himself a longer-term deal with Celtic . On 6 July 2009 , Conroy signed a new deal with Celtic for another year . The arrival of the returning Charlie Mulgrew led Conroy to state that he thought Mulgrews arrival would not affect his chance of making a breakthrough at Celtic . Partick Thistle ( loan ) . Conroy was loaned to Partick Thistle for whom he played 15 games , all in the league , in the second half of the 2009–10 season . He returned to Celtic when the deal had expired on 5 May 2010 . Queen of the South ( loan ) . On 28 August 2010 , Conroy joined Dumfries club Queen of the South on loan , scoring on his debut in the league game against Ross County on the same day . This was the first goal of his senior career . He became the fourth of the 2006 Scotland under-19 squad to play for the Palmerston Park club after Jamie Adams , Brian Gilmour and Scott Fox . His second goal for QoS was away in the league against top of the table opposition . Scoring from 18 yards after a Derek Holmes flick on , this was the only goal in the 1–0 win against Raith Rovers on 6 November 2010 . He scored again the following week , hitting QoS second goal ( again from 18 yards ) after a Derek Holmes knock down in the 3–0 home win against Cowdenbeath at Palmerston . Conroy returned to Celtic after the weather ruined three chances to play a final game at Palmerston . Conroy said , I must say that Ive really enjoyed those few months Ive spent with Queen of the South . Theyre a good club and treat their players well . The fans have also been most supportive and I really appreciate that too . I would have liked to have stayed longer but the terms of the loan deal didnt allow that . Ive really enjoyed my spell at Palmerston and wish the club all the best for the future . Following the end of his loan at Queen of the South , Conroy was linked with a move to Ross County . Dundee . After his contract with Celtic expired at the end of the 2010–11 season , Conroy left Celtic to join Dundee . After the move , Conroy said he wanted to achieve promotion with the club to the Scottish Premier League and show Celtic manager Neil Lennon he made a mistake letting him leave the club . Conroy made his debut for the club , in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup against Arbroath , where he provided a cross for Stephen ODonnell , in the 92nd minute , as Dundee won 2–1 in extra time . Conroy made his league debut in the clubs opening match of the season , in a 1–0 win over against Partick Thistle . Having made eleven appearances , he scored his first goal for the club , on 5 November 2011 , in a 1–0 win over Raith Rovers and scored again in the next match , which turned out to be the winning goal and he also provided an assist for Gavin Rae , in a 2–1 win over Morton . Later in the 2011–12 season , Conroy would add nine more goals to his total , including a brace against Morton in a 2–0 win on 17 March 2012 . He went on to make forty-two appearances in all competitions , scoring twelve times and during the season , Conroy reverted from playing at left-back to either left-wing or left-midfield . In the 2012–13 season , Dundee were promoted to the Scottish Premier League to replace Rangers who had been placed in the Third Division . Conroy scored his and Dundees first goal of the season , with the winning goal from a penalty , in a 1–0 victory against Hearts , giving the club their first win of the season on 2 September 2012 . Four weeks later , on 29 September 2012 , he scored again , from the penalty spot , in a 3–1 loss against St Johnstone . Then , on 17 March 2013 , Conroy scored as Dundee drew 1–1 against Dundee United in the Dundee derby . Manager John Brown commented about Conroy , saying : Ryan is a really talented lad , If van Persie had hit the kind of goal he got in the derby then we would all have been raving about it . It was such a good strike and it showed what Ryan has to offer when he is in that kind of form . He just needs to believe in himself more and once he has that confidence he can do even greater things . Not many people have the sort of left foot he has . Ryan can make things happens and I have asked him to do that . During the 2012–13 season , he made thirty-eight appearances in all competitions , scoring seven times , making him Dundees top scorer for the season , however , the club was relegated after a draw with Aberdeen . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Conroy signed a new deal with the club . He scored seven goals as Dundee won promotion to the Scottish Premiership by winning the 2013–14 Scottish Championship , but he was released by the club in June 2014 , having been among players expected to leave in the summer . Raith Rovers . On 10 July 2014 , Conroy signed with Raith Rovers . At the time of his release from Dundee , Raith Rovers confirmed their interest in signing Conroy . He scored on his debut , against Forfar Athletic on 2 August 2014 , in a 4–2 win in the Scottish Challenge Cup . His first league goal came seven days later on 9 August 2014 , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–1 win over Dumbarton , followed up his second goal , in a 1–0 win over Alloa Athletic in his second appearance . Following his good display , Manager Grant Murray believed Conroy could be a key player for the club . Queen of the South ( Second spell ) . On 28 May 2015 it was announced that Conroy had signed for Queen of the South . He scored on his second debut for the club against Stranraer in the Challenge Cup , and followed that up with another goal on his second appearance against Annan Athletic in the Scottish League Cup . Airdrieonians . Conroy joined Scottish League One side Airdrieonians in July 2016 , signing a two-year deal with the club . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he was among a group of players made available for transfer by the club , and on 3 July 2019 , he left Airdrieonians after agreeing a mutual termination of his contract . Following his departure , Conroy criticised the club for making the list of available players public . Peterhead . In August 2019 , Conroy signed for Peterhead until the end of the season . International career . Conroy was part of the Scotland under 19 squad that made it to the final of the 2006 European Championships played in Poland . Conroy played in the last four of Scotlands five games and scored the opener in the group phase win against Turkey . He was also included in the Scotland under–20 squad that played in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Honours . - Dundee - Scottish Championship : 2013–14 External links . - Ryan Conroy profile Dundee official website .
|
[
"Queen of the South"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Ryan Conroy belong to from 2015 to 2016?
|
/wiki/Ryan_Conroy#P54#3
|
Ryan Conroy Ryan Conroy ( born 28 April 1987 ) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Peterhead . He can also play as a left back . Conroy has previously played for Celtic , Queen of the South , Partick Thistle on loan , Dundee , Raith Rovers and Airdrieonians . Club career . Celtic . Conroy was born in Vale of Leven , Scotland . He consistently impressed throughout his time with the Celtic youth system and ahead of the 2005–06 season , he signed his first professional contract . In 2007 , Manager Gordon Strachan considered calling up Conroy into the first team as cover . He made his first team debut on 11 December 2007 , during Celtics 4–0 defeat of Falkirk , playing at left back . After making his debut , Conroy said he hoped he could earn himself a longer-term deal with Celtic . On 6 July 2009 , Conroy signed a new deal with Celtic for another year . The arrival of the returning Charlie Mulgrew led Conroy to state that he thought Mulgrews arrival would not affect his chance of making a breakthrough at Celtic . Partick Thistle ( loan ) . Conroy was loaned to Partick Thistle for whom he played 15 games , all in the league , in the second half of the 2009–10 season . He returned to Celtic when the deal had expired on 5 May 2010 . Queen of the South ( loan ) . On 28 August 2010 , Conroy joined Dumfries club Queen of the South on loan , scoring on his debut in the league game against Ross County on the same day . This was the first goal of his senior career . He became the fourth of the 2006 Scotland under-19 squad to play for the Palmerston Park club after Jamie Adams , Brian Gilmour and Scott Fox . His second goal for QoS was away in the league against top of the table opposition . Scoring from 18 yards after a Derek Holmes flick on , this was the only goal in the 1–0 win against Raith Rovers on 6 November 2010 . He scored again the following week , hitting QoS second goal ( again from 18 yards ) after a Derek Holmes knock down in the 3–0 home win against Cowdenbeath at Palmerston . Conroy returned to Celtic after the weather ruined three chances to play a final game at Palmerston . Conroy said , I must say that Ive really enjoyed those few months Ive spent with Queen of the South . Theyre a good club and treat their players well . The fans have also been most supportive and I really appreciate that too . I would have liked to have stayed longer but the terms of the loan deal didnt allow that . Ive really enjoyed my spell at Palmerston and wish the club all the best for the future . Following the end of his loan at Queen of the South , Conroy was linked with a move to Ross County . Dundee . After his contract with Celtic expired at the end of the 2010–11 season , Conroy left Celtic to join Dundee . After the move , Conroy said he wanted to achieve promotion with the club to the Scottish Premier League and show Celtic manager Neil Lennon he made a mistake letting him leave the club . Conroy made his debut for the club , in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup against Arbroath , where he provided a cross for Stephen ODonnell , in the 92nd minute , as Dundee won 2–1 in extra time . Conroy made his league debut in the clubs opening match of the season , in a 1–0 win over against Partick Thistle . Having made eleven appearances , he scored his first goal for the club , on 5 November 2011 , in a 1–0 win over Raith Rovers and scored again in the next match , which turned out to be the winning goal and he also provided an assist for Gavin Rae , in a 2–1 win over Morton . Later in the 2011–12 season , Conroy would add nine more goals to his total , including a brace against Morton in a 2–0 win on 17 March 2012 . He went on to make forty-two appearances in all competitions , scoring twelve times and during the season , Conroy reverted from playing at left-back to either left-wing or left-midfield . In the 2012–13 season , Dundee were promoted to the Scottish Premier League to replace Rangers who had been placed in the Third Division . Conroy scored his and Dundees first goal of the season , with the winning goal from a penalty , in a 1–0 victory against Hearts , giving the club their first win of the season on 2 September 2012 . Four weeks later , on 29 September 2012 , he scored again , from the penalty spot , in a 3–1 loss against St Johnstone . Then , on 17 March 2013 , Conroy scored as Dundee drew 1–1 against Dundee United in the Dundee derby . Manager John Brown commented about Conroy , saying : Ryan is a really talented lad , If van Persie had hit the kind of goal he got in the derby then we would all have been raving about it . It was such a good strike and it showed what Ryan has to offer when he is in that kind of form . He just needs to believe in himself more and once he has that confidence he can do even greater things . Not many people have the sort of left foot he has . Ryan can make things happens and I have asked him to do that . During the 2012–13 season , he made thirty-eight appearances in all competitions , scoring seven times , making him Dundees top scorer for the season , however , the club was relegated after a draw with Aberdeen . Ahead of the 2013–14 season , Conroy signed a new deal with the club . He scored seven goals as Dundee won promotion to the Scottish Premiership by winning the 2013–14 Scottish Championship , but he was released by the club in June 2014 , having been among players expected to leave in the summer . Raith Rovers . On 10 July 2014 , Conroy signed with Raith Rovers . At the time of his release from Dundee , Raith Rovers confirmed their interest in signing Conroy . He scored on his debut , against Forfar Athletic on 2 August 2014 , in a 4–2 win in the Scottish Challenge Cup . His first league goal came seven days later on 9 August 2014 , in the opening game of the season , in a 3–1 win over Dumbarton , followed up his second goal , in a 1–0 win over Alloa Athletic in his second appearance . Following his good display , Manager Grant Murray believed Conroy could be a key player for the club . Queen of the South ( Second spell ) . On 28 May 2015 it was announced that Conroy had signed for Queen of the South . He scored on his second debut for the club against Stranraer in the Challenge Cup , and followed that up with another goal on his second appearance against Annan Athletic in the Scottish League Cup . Airdrieonians . Conroy joined Scottish League One side Airdrieonians in July 2016 , signing a two-year deal with the club . At the end of the 2018–19 season , he was among a group of players made available for transfer by the club , and on 3 July 2019 , he left Airdrieonians after agreeing a mutual termination of his contract . Following his departure , Conroy criticised the club for making the list of available players public . Peterhead . In August 2019 , Conroy signed for Peterhead until the end of the season . International career . Conroy was part of the Scotland under 19 squad that made it to the final of the 2006 European Championships played in Poland . Conroy played in the last four of Scotlands five games and scored the opener in the group phase win against Turkey . He was also included in the Scotland under–20 squad that played in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Honours . - Dundee - Scottish Championship : 2013–14 External links . - Ryan Conroy profile Dundee official website .
|
[
"Auxiliary Bishop of Bogotá and Titular Bishop of Coracesium"
] |
easy
|
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz took which position in Jul 1944?
|
/wiki/Emilio_de_Brigard_Ortiz#P39#0
|
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz Emilio de Brigard Ortiz ( 15 May 1888 – 6 March 1986 ) was a Colombian prelate of the Catholic Church . From 1944 until his death in 1986 , he was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Bogotá . Born in Chía , Cundinamarca , he entered the Major Seminary of Bogotá as a child and was ordained a priest in 1911 . He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University , returning to Colombia in 1918 . He served the Archdiocese of Bogotá in varied capacities , including as a chaplain for clergy , and a school chaplain . In 1944 , he was ordained a bishop and was appointed auxiliary bishop of Bogotá . In 1950 , he became the vicar general for the archdiocese . In the 1960s , he was made a titular archbishop and participated in the Second Vatican Council . Early life and education . Emilio de Brigard Ortiz was born on 15 May 1888 , in Chía , Cundinamarca , Colombia . He was of Spanish , French , and Polish descent . His great-great-grandfather was Antonio Nariño , the Colombian independence fighter and statesman . His parents , Luís de Brigard Saíz and María Josefa Ortiz Álvarez , both came from prominent families , and were dignified but simple people . They instilled in Brigard humanitarian principles and a devout Catholic faith . He had three siblings : Julio , Arturo , and María Luisa . Brigard was admitted as a child to the Major Seminary of Bogotá to study . He was ordained to the priesthood on 28 October 1911 , at the age of 23 , by the Archbishop of Bogotá , Bernardo Herrera Restrepo . A few months later he was appointed chaplain of the San Antonio Asylum . Soon after , he was sent to Rome , Italy , and entered the Pontifical Pio Latino American College . He earned two advanced degrees from the Pontifical Gregorian University , graduating with his Doctor of Theology in 1915 and his Doctor of Canon Law in 1917 . Priesthood . After completing his education in Rome , he returned to Colombia in 1918 and began a long and varied career in service of the Archdiocese of Bogotá . His work was often focused especially on care for children , the poor and the sick , and took up the cause of striving to gain better working conditions for laborers . He provided support to poorly-funded charity homes and provided charity to those in need . He was revered by the many he served and worked with , and was affectionately nicknamed el Doctorcito ( diminutive of the Doctor ) . Officially , he served in various offices throughout his priesthood : as a chaplain to fellow priests , director of the Home for Homeless Children , and the chaplain of the Visitation Order monastery in Bogotá . However , he was best known for serving as the chaplain of the Gimnasio Moderno , Gimnasio Nuevo , Gimnasio Femenino , and the Colegio de la Presentación Centro schools in Bogotá . He was also on the faculty of the Major Seminary of Bogotá , his alma mater , and the Pontifical Xavierian University , among others . He also served as the chancellor of the archdiocese . Auxiliary bishop . On 29 July 1944 , Brigard was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Bogotá and Titular Bishop of Coracesium by Pope Pius XII . His episcopal consecration took place on 3 September 1944 at the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá , with the Archbishop of Bogotá Ismael Perdomo Borrero , as principal consecrator . The Bishop of Manizales , Luis Concha Córdoba , and the Bishop of Antioquía , Luis Andrade Valderrama , served as co-consecrators . As auxiliary bishop , Brigard grew very close to Archbishop Perdomo . By the mid-1940s , the archbishop was in his 70s , and Brigard assisted him in leading the archdiocese . Brigard often represented the archdiocese at international events , such as the Second National Eucharistic Congress in Ecuador in 1949 , and the Quinquennial visit ad limina in the Vatican City in 1950 . When Archbishop Perdomo died on 3 June 1950 , Brigard was appointed vicar capitular , in which capacity he administered the archdiocese until 8 September 1950 , when Crisanto Luque Sánchez was installed as archbishop . He then became the vicar general of the archdiocese . Throughout his episcopacy , Brigard ordained many priests and co-consecrated multiple bishops . He ordained Father José Miguel López Hurtado in 1946 , and ordained two priests who went on to become bishops : Héctor Luis Gutiérrez Pabón in 1962 and Fabio Suescún Mutis in 1966 . The bishops he co-consecrated were : Vicente Roig y Villalba in 1945 , Luis Pérez Hernández in 1946 , Camilo Plácido Crous y Salichs in 1947 , Baltasar Álvarez Restrepo in 1949 , Antonio Torasso in 1952 , Pedro Grau y Arola in 1953 , and Pablo Correa León in 1957 . On 11 October 1961 , Brigard celebrated his Golden Jubilee , the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood . The occasion was a very important social event in Bogotá , with many prominent people attending the ceremonies . He was even honored by the pope , who elevated him to Titular Archbishop of Dysti two days before the anniversary . Beginning in 1962 , he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council . For his 90th birthday in 1978 , he directed his many friends to , instead of giving him gifts , help him start a charitable foundation . Upon the death of Bishop Pierre Kamel Medawar on 27 April 1985 , Brigard , at age 96 , became the oldest living Catholic bishop , a title he held for less than a year before his death . Death and legacy . Brigard died on March 6 1986 in Bogotá . He is buried in the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá . His legacy lives on in the charitable foundation he started , which now bears his name , and the school Gimnasio Emilio de Brigard in Bogotá , also named for him . The Fundación Emilio de Brigard is based in the Gimnasio Moderno , where Brigard was chaplain . Episcopal lineage . - Cardinal Scipione Rebiba - Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio ( 1566 ) - Cardinal Girolamo Bernerio , OP ( 1586 ) - Archbishop Galeazzo Sanvitale ( 1604 ) - Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi ( 1621 ) - Cardinal Luigi Caetani ( 1622 ) - Cardinal Ulderico Carpegna ( 1630 ) - Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni ( 1666 ) - Pope Benedict XIII ( 1675 ) - Pope Benedict XIV ( 1724 ) - Pope Clement XIII ( 1743 ) - Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna ( 1762 ) - Cardinal Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil , CRSP ( 1777 ) - Cardinal Giulio Maria della Somaglia ( 1788 ) - Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi , SJ ( 1823 ) - Cardinal Costantino Patrizi Naro ( 1828 ) - Cardinal Lucido Parocchi ( 1871 ) - Cardinal Girolamo Maria Gotti , OCD ( 1892 ) - Archbishop Ismael Perdomo Borrero ( 1903 ) - Archbishop Emilio de Brigard Ortiz ( 1944 )
|
[
"principal consecrator"
] |
easy
|
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz took which position from Sep 1944 to Oct 1961?
|
/wiki/Emilio_de_Brigard_Ortiz#P39#1
|
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz Emilio de Brigard Ortiz ( 15 May 1888 – 6 March 1986 ) was a Colombian prelate of the Catholic Church . From 1944 until his death in 1986 , he was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Bogotá . Born in Chía , Cundinamarca , he entered the Major Seminary of Bogotá as a child and was ordained a priest in 1911 . He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University , returning to Colombia in 1918 . He served the Archdiocese of Bogotá in varied capacities , including as a chaplain for clergy , and a school chaplain . In 1944 , he was ordained a bishop and was appointed auxiliary bishop of Bogotá . In 1950 , he became the vicar general for the archdiocese . In the 1960s , he was made a titular archbishop and participated in the Second Vatican Council . Early life and education . Emilio de Brigard Ortiz was born on 15 May 1888 , in Chía , Cundinamarca , Colombia . He was of Spanish , French , and Polish descent . His great-great-grandfather was Antonio Nariño , the Colombian independence fighter and statesman . His parents , Luís de Brigard Saíz and María Josefa Ortiz Álvarez , both came from prominent families , and were dignified but simple people . They instilled in Brigard humanitarian principles and a devout Catholic faith . He had three siblings : Julio , Arturo , and María Luisa . Brigard was admitted as a child to the Major Seminary of Bogotá to study . He was ordained to the priesthood on 28 October 1911 , at the age of 23 , by the Archbishop of Bogotá , Bernardo Herrera Restrepo . A few months later he was appointed chaplain of the San Antonio Asylum . Soon after , he was sent to Rome , Italy , and entered the Pontifical Pio Latino American College . He earned two advanced degrees from the Pontifical Gregorian University , graduating with his Doctor of Theology in 1915 and his Doctor of Canon Law in 1917 . Priesthood . After completing his education in Rome , he returned to Colombia in 1918 and began a long and varied career in service of the Archdiocese of Bogotá . His work was often focused especially on care for children , the poor and the sick , and took up the cause of striving to gain better working conditions for laborers . He provided support to poorly-funded charity homes and provided charity to those in need . He was revered by the many he served and worked with , and was affectionately nicknamed el Doctorcito ( diminutive of the Doctor ) . Officially , he served in various offices throughout his priesthood : as a chaplain to fellow priests , director of the Home for Homeless Children , and the chaplain of the Visitation Order monastery in Bogotá . However , he was best known for serving as the chaplain of the Gimnasio Moderno , Gimnasio Nuevo , Gimnasio Femenino , and the Colegio de la Presentación Centro schools in Bogotá . He was also on the faculty of the Major Seminary of Bogotá , his alma mater , and the Pontifical Xavierian University , among others . He also served as the chancellor of the archdiocese . Auxiliary bishop . On 29 July 1944 , Brigard was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Bogotá and Titular Bishop of Coracesium by Pope Pius XII . His episcopal consecration took place on 3 September 1944 at the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá , with the Archbishop of Bogotá Ismael Perdomo Borrero , as principal consecrator . The Bishop of Manizales , Luis Concha Córdoba , and the Bishop of Antioquía , Luis Andrade Valderrama , served as co-consecrators . As auxiliary bishop , Brigard grew very close to Archbishop Perdomo . By the mid-1940s , the archbishop was in his 70s , and Brigard assisted him in leading the archdiocese . Brigard often represented the archdiocese at international events , such as the Second National Eucharistic Congress in Ecuador in 1949 , and the Quinquennial visit ad limina in the Vatican City in 1950 . When Archbishop Perdomo died on 3 June 1950 , Brigard was appointed vicar capitular , in which capacity he administered the archdiocese until 8 September 1950 , when Crisanto Luque Sánchez was installed as archbishop . He then became the vicar general of the archdiocese . Throughout his episcopacy , Brigard ordained many priests and co-consecrated multiple bishops . He ordained Father José Miguel López Hurtado in 1946 , and ordained two priests who went on to become bishops : Héctor Luis Gutiérrez Pabón in 1962 and Fabio Suescún Mutis in 1966 . The bishops he co-consecrated were : Vicente Roig y Villalba in 1945 , Luis Pérez Hernández in 1946 , Camilo Plácido Crous y Salichs in 1947 , Baltasar Álvarez Restrepo in 1949 , Antonio Torasso in 1952 , Pedro Grau y Arola in 1953 , and Pablo Correa León in 1957 . On 11 October 1961 , Brigard celebrated his Golden Jubilee , the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood . The occasion was a very important social event in Bogotá , with many prominent people attending the ceremonies . He was even honored by the pope , who elevated him to Titular Archbishop of Dysti two days before the anniversary . Beginning in 1962 , he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council . For his 90th birthday in 1978 , he directed his many friends to , instead of giving him gifts , help him start a charitable foundation . Upon the death of Bishop Pierre Kamel Medawar on 27 April 1985 , Brigard , at age 96 , became the oldest living Catholic bishop , a title he held for less than a year before his death . Death and legacy . Brigard died on March 6 1986 in Bogotá . He is buried in the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá . His legacy lives on in the charitable foundation he started , which now bears his name , and the school Gimnasio Emilio de Brigard in Bogotá , also named for him . The Fundación Emilio de Brigard is based in the Gimnasio Moderno , where Brigard was chaplain . Episcopal lineage . - Cardinal Scipione Rebiba - Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio ( 1566 ) - Cardinal Girolamo Bernerio , OP ( 1586 ) - Archbishop Galeazzo Sanvitale ( 1604 ) - Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi ( 1621 ) - Cardinal Luigi Caetani ( 1622 ) - Cardinal Ulderico Carpegna ( 1630 ) - Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni ( 1666 ) - Pope Benedict XIII ( 1675 ) - Pope Benedict XIV ( 1724 ) - Pope Clement XIII ( 1743 ) - Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna ( 1762 ) - Cardinal Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil , CRSP ( 1777 ) - Cardinal Giulio Maria della Somaglia ( 1788 ) - Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi , SJ ( 1823 ) - Cardinal Costantino Patrizi Naro ( 1828 ) - Cardinal Lucido Parocchi ( 1871 ) - Cardinal Girolamo Maria Gotti , OCD ( 1892 ) - Archbishop Ismael Perdomo Borrero ( 1903 ) - Archbishop Emilio de Brigard Ortiz ( 1944 )
|
[
"Titular Archbishop of Dysti"
] |
easy
|
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz took which position from Oct 1961 to Oct 1962?
|
/wiki/Emilio_de_Brigard_Ortiz#P39#2
|
Emilio de Brigard Ortiz Emilio de Brigard Ortiz ( 15 May 1888 – 6 March 1986 ) was a Colombian prelate of the Catholic Church . From 1944 until his death in 1986 , he was an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Bogotá . Born in Chía , Cundinamarca , he entered the Major Seminary of Bogotá as a child and was ordained a priest in 1911 . He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University , returning to Colombia in 1918 . He served the Archdiocese of Bogotá in varied capacities , including as a chaplain for clergy , and a school chaplain . In 1944 , he was ordained a bishop and was appointed auxiliary bishop of Bogotá . In 1950 , he became the vicar general for the archdiocese . In the 1960s , he was made a titular archbishop and participated in the Second Vatican Council . Early life and education . Emilio de Brigard Ortiz was born on 15 May 1888 , in Chía , Cundinamarca , Colombia . He was of Spanish , French , and Polish descent . His great-great-grandfather was Antonio Nariño , the Colombian independence fighter and statesman . His parents , Luís de Brigard Saíz and María Josefa Ortiz Álvarez , both came from prominent families , and were dignified but simple people . They instilled in Brigard humanitarian principles and a devout Catholic faith . He had three siblings : Julio , Arturo , and María Luisa . Brigard was admitted as a child to the Major Seminary of Bogotá to study . He was ordained to the priesthood on 28 October 1911 , at the age of 23 , by the Archbishop of Bogotá , Bernardo Herrera Restrepo . A few months later he was appointed chaplain of the San Antonio Asylum . Soon after , he was sent to Rome , Italy , and entered the Pontifical Pio Latino American College . He earned two advanced degrees from the Pontifical Gregorian University , graduating with his Doctor of Theology in 1915 and his Doctor of Canon Law in 1917 . Priesthood . After completing his education in Rome , he returned to Colombia in 1918 and began a long and varied career in service of the Archdiocese of Bogotá . His work was often focused especially on care for children , the poor and the sick , and took up the cause of striving to gain better working conditions for laborers . He provided support to poorly-funded charity homes and provided charity to those in need . He was revered by the many he served and worked with , and was affectionately nicknamed el Doctorcito ( diminutive of the Doctor ) . Officially , he served in various offices throughout his priesthood : as a chaplain to fellow priests , director of the Home for Homeless Children , and the chaplain of the Visitation Order monastery in Bogotá . However , he was best known for serving as the chaplain of the Gimnasio Moderno , Gimnasio Nuevo , Gimnasio Femenino , and the Colegio de la Presentación Centro schools in Bogotá . He was also on the faculty of the Major Seminary of Bogotá , his alma mater , and the Pontifical Xavierian University , among others . He also served as the chancellor of the archdiocese . Auxiliary bishop . On 29 July 1944 , Brigard was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Bogotá and Titular Bishop of Coracesium by Pope Pius XII . His episcopal consecration took place on 3 September 1944 at the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá , with the Archbishop of Bogotá Ismael Perdomo Borrero , as principal consecrator . The Bishop of Manizales , Luis Concha Córdoba , and the Bishop of Antioquía , Luis Andrade Valderrama , served as co-consecrators . As auxiliary bishop , Brigard grew very close to Archbishop Perdomo . By the mid-1940s , the archbishop was in his 70s , and Brigard assisted him in leading the archdiocese . Brigard often represented the archdiocese at international events , such as the Second National Eucharistic Congress in Ecuador in 1949 , and the Quinquennial visit ad limina in the Vatican City in 1950 . When Archbishop Perdomo died on 3 June 1950 , Brigard was appointed vicar capitular , in which capacity he administered the archdiocese until 8 September 1950 , when Crisanto Luque Sánchez was installed as archbishop . He then became the vicar general of the archdiocese . Throughout his episcopacy , Brigard ordained many priests and co-consecrated multiple bishops . He ordained Father José Miguel López Hurtado in 1946 , and ordained two priests who went on to become bishops : Héctor Luis Gutiérrez Pabón in 1962 and Fabio Suescún Mutis in 1966 . The bishops he co-consecrated were : Vicente Roig y Villalba in 1945 , Luis Pérez Hernández in 1946 , Camilo Plácido Crous y Salichs in 1947 , Baltasar Álvarez Restrepo in 1949 , Antonio Torasso in 1952 , Pedro Grau y Arola in 1953 , and Pablo Correa León in 1957 . On 11 October 1961 , Brigard celebrated his Golden Jubilee , the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood . The occasion was a very important social event in Bogotá , with many prominent people attending the ceremonies . He was even honored by the pope , who elevated him to Titular Archbishop of Dysti two days before the anniversary . Beginning in 1962 , he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council . For his 90th birthday in 1978 , he directed his many friends to , instead of giving him gifts , help him start a charitable foundation . Upon the death of Bishop Pierre Kamel Medawar on 27 April 1985 , Brigard , at age 96 , became the oldest living Catholic bishop , a title he held for less than a year before his death . Death and legacy . Brigard died on March 6 1986 in Bogotá . He is buried in the Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá . His legacy lives on in the charitable foundation he started , which now bears his name , and the school Gimnasio Emilio de Brigard in Bogotá , also named for him . The Fundación Emilio de Brigard is based in the Gimnasio Moderno , where Brigard was chaplain . Episcopal lineage . - Cardinal Scipione Rebiba - Cardinal Giulio Antonio Santorio ( 1566 ) - Cardinal Girolamo Bernerio , OP ( 1586 ) - Archbishop Galeazzo Sanvitale ( 1604 ) - Cardinal Ludovico Ludovisi ( 1621 ) - Cardinal Luigi Caetani ( 1622 ) - Cardinal Ulderico Carpegna ( 1630 ) - Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni ( 1666 ) - Pope Benedict XIII ( 1675 ) - Pope Benedict XIV ( 1724 ) - Pope Clement XIII ( 1743 ) - Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna ( 1762 ) - Cardinal Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil , CRSP ( 1777 ) - Cardinal Giulio Maria della Somaglia ( 1788 ) - Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi , SJ ( 1823 ) - Cardinal Costantino Patrizi Naro ( 1828 ) - Cardinal Lucido Parocchi ( 1871 ) - Cardinal Girolamo Maria Gotti , OCD ( 1892 ) - Archbishop Ismael Perdomo Borrero ( 1903 ) - Archbishop Emilio de Brigard Ortiz ( 1944 )
|
[
"Pangu Party"
] |
easy
|
Which political party did Michael Somare belong to from 1987 to 1988?
|
/wiki/Michael_Somare#P102#0
|
Michael Somare Sir Michael Thomas Somare ( 9 April 1936 – 26 February 2021 ) was a Papua New Guinean politician . Widely called the father of the nation ( Tok Pisin : ) , he was the first Prime Minister after independence . At the time of his death , Somare was also the longest-serving prime minister , having been in office for 17 years over three separate terms : from 1975 to 1980 ; from 1982 to 1985 ; and from 2002 to 2011 . His political career spanned from 1968 until his retirement in 2017 . Besides serving as PM , he was minister of foreign affairs , leader of the opposition and governor of East Sepik . He served in a variety of positions . His base was not primarily in political parties but in East Sepik Province , the area that elected him . During his political career he was a member of the House of Assembly and after independence in 1975 the National parliament for the East Sepik Provincial – later open – seat . He was the first chief minister at the end of colonial rule . Thereafter he became the first Prime Minister after independence from 1975 to 1980 . He returned to the office of Prime Minister from 1982 to 1985 , and his longest stint in the position was from 2002 to 2011 . He also served as Cabinet Minister : he was minister of foreign affairs from 1988 to 1992 ; from 1999 to 2001 he was subsequently minister of foreign affairs , minister of mining and Bougainville , minister of foreign affairs and Bougainville affairs . He was leader of the opposition from 1980 to 1982 , and thereafter in that position from 1985 to 1988 and finally from 2001 to 2002 . When the new position of political governor as head of the provincial administration and representative MP was created in 1995 , Somare took up the job . He was governor of East Sepik from 1995 until 1999 . After the last election that he contended , he again became Governor of East Sepik ( 2012–2016 ) . He was a founding member of the Pangu Party which led PNG into independence in 1975 . He resigned from the Pangu Party and became an independent in 1988 . He rejoined the Pangu Party in 1994 but was sacked as a leader in the following year . He was then asked to join and lead the National Alliance Party . In 2017 he left politics and also the National Alliance Party . While Somare was in March 2011 hospitalised in Singapore , a majority of parliamentarians declared the post of Prime Minister vacant . Peter ONeill was the new prime minister . This was contested . On 12 December 2011 , the Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea ordered that Somare be reinstated as Prime Minister , ruling that ONeill had not been lawfully appointed . This event triggered the 2011–12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis . Following a decisive victory for ONeill in the 2012 general election , Somare expressed support for him , thereby ending the crisis and forming a coalition government . However , this truce did not last . When Somare announced his departure from politics , he made a blistering attack on ONeill . Early life . Somare was the son of Ludwig Somare Sana and Kambe Somare . Ludwig Somare was a policeman , rising to the rank of sergeant . Having taught himself to read and write , he was subsequently active in encouraging formation of small businesses and co-operatives , founding the Angoram Co-operative Society which he chaired from 1961 until 1967 . In all , Ludwig Somare Sana had four wives and six children , of whom Somare was the eldest . Born in Rabaul in a village called Rapikid , where his father was then stationed , Somare grew up in his family village of Karau in the Murik Lakes district of East Sepik Province . Somares earliest education was in a Japanese-run primary school at Karau during World War II where he learned to read , write and count in Japanese . Meanwhile , Somares father was in hiding and fear of his life from the Japanese in Rabaul , but he remembers the Japanese with affection . Somares earliest overseas trips , first as a parliamentarian and then as Prime Minister , were to Japan . From 1946 Somare attended Boram Primary School , then Dregerhafen Education Centre and Sogeri High School , graduating with a Leaving Certificate issued on behalf of the Australian state of Victoria in 1957 . This was a teaching qualification at the time , and he then taught at several primary and secondary schools , returning to Sogeri High School for further training from 1962 to 1963 . Sepik identity . Somare liked to present himself in a lap-lap ( a kind of sarong ) instead of in trousers . Lap laps are not traditional in the sense of pre-colonial and is therefore a declaration of neo traditionalism . That is also evident in his autobiography that he published at independence . He was stressing his Sepik identity , despite being born in Rabaul on the islands and far from the Sepik , but he portrayed his time as a child in Sepik villages as decisive in forming his personality . His father brought him there to the village of Karau in the Murik Lakes region when Somares mother separated from him . Somare paid elaborate attention to his initiation and the role of matrilineal descent is also evident there . ”Our mother’s brothers receive for example the initiates after their ordeal . Yet the people of the Sepik do not enforce descent rules rigorously . Somare claimed also the honorific title of Sana in his fathers line . This title asserts descent from the founder of the clan and is a designation as peacemaker . The title of Sana bestowed for example on the bearer the duty of organising a meal for the enemies before a fight . Sepik societies are no longer expected to make war : a historical element is thus given meaning in a new context . In order to obtain the title he was approved for admission to the elders of the clan before he had reached the required minimum age . This may be less controversial than Somare portrayed . Leadership in the Sepik is not based on descent but on a consensus among the elders and reputation is decisive . Anthropological literature argues that Western Polynesian societies are not particularly centralised and although there is a big man attitude to leadership there is a continuous jockeying for position among those who want to be big man . Political ideology in PNG refers to this as the Melanesian way . This background can be seen as a formative influence on Somares political practice . PNG has not been dominated by one particular leader whose power base was in a centralised institution like a party or the army . Political life in Papua New Guinea is fragmented and decentralised : party formation is weak . Above all , Papua New Guinea has maintained a Westminster style democracy and leaders moved aside when they lost parliamentary majorities . At independence Somare insisted on a ministerial rather than a presidential system . In his valedictory parliamentary speech , he urged young leaders to learn what the Westminster system of government is meant to achieve . Early political career . Somare stressed his background in the small emerging modern sector of Papua New Guinea rather than his immersion in Sepik culture in two long interviews at the end of his career . Later on , he was one of the 35 Papua New Guineans who went through a crash course that gave entry to the civil service . He was as a result also one of the few Papua New Guineans with a command of the English language . Therefore , he was qualified as a translator for the Legislative Council . This was a white-dominated institution but it gave him insight into the game of politics . He also became a radio announcer in Wewak , East Sepik . That was a great opportunity to make his name known in the area that elected him throughout his long career consistently as their MP . It also brought the ire of his supervisors because of his critical comments and they transferred him on administrative duties to Port Moresby . There he became part of the small group of educated nationalists that had the nickname of the bully beef club . This group protested already early on against the racist nature of colonial rule . Somare maintained that he was already in 1962 in favour of independence . He was in Port Moresby one of the founding members in 1967 of the Papua and Niugini Union party ( Pangu ) . He stood for election when opportunities opened up for native Papua New Guineans to enter the National Assembly in 1968 and he was one of the eight Pangu candidates who were successful . He embarked in politics practising a judicious mixture of opposition to and co-optation by the Australian government . Pangu opted in 1968 for the opposition rather than having seats in government . From that position they consistently attacked the racist nature of colonial rule as they had also done outside parliament . Somare was leader of the opposition but he was also a member of the Constitutional Planning Committee preparing for independence . He was despite his radical position also a moderate . He argued for example for a period of internal self government . That was granted in 1973 . Foreign affairs and defence remained an Australian responsibility until full independence was granted two years later . Somare was particularly adept at steering a clear way among various conflicting forces . There were for example those who advocated that Papua New Guinea should become the seventh state in the Australian Federation . More important were the centrifugal forces in the country . There was a rival political party with mass following in the highlands , the Compass party . A separatist movement was pleading for separate independence for Papua apart from New Guinea . In Bougainville , there were forces claiming independence . There were conflicts among the Tolai in East New Britain . The Peoples Progress Party under the leadership of Julius Chan rather than Pangu was important on the islands . Somare succeeded in bringing all these centrifugal forces together at independence . Somares advocacy of independence was radical as compared to the other parties who were much more in favour of the status quo . It was particularly important to sway the opinion of Julius Chan who was not keen on immediate independence . When that succeeded a coalition government between Pangu and the PPP became possible . Some forces on the Australian side were also not in favour of independence for PNG , but it was definitely not the case that there was a veritable independence struggle . There was some protest against colonial practices , for example , a civil service strike pleading for equal treatment of PNG personnel with Australian personnel or protest against discriminatory practices . However , there was a fair amount of co-optation on the way to independence , especially after Gough Whitlam became prime minister of Australia . Since there has been access to the Australian archives from this period it was clear that Australia wanted to get rid of PNG already early on . The Australian government was keen to let the complexities of ruling PNG go . The possibility to declare Papua New Guinea an Australian state in the federation and making all inhabitants Australians was always rejected by Australia . Michael Somares role in the independence struggle reflects therefore the values he advocated throughout his career , as a builder of consensus and a politician whose main mission was avoiding or reconciling conflicts . Michael Somare as policymaker . Michael Somare was praised highly when he left politics in 2016 . The most significant praise may be from Sean Dorney –a veteran specialist on PNG politics . He praised him as a politician who led a highly fractured political community leading to independence . He also praised the enduring parliamentary democracy in such a fractured community . It is , however , significant that praise for Somares policies was lacking . That is understandable because Somare was not conspicuous as a policymaker . His policies must often were derived from the actual course he took reacting to events . Three areas of policy making illustrate this : agriculture , macro economic policies and development planning . PNG got as a parting gift at independence an economic analysis with recommendations . This stressed the need for rural development and Somare accepted that at that time . Yet in the course of the years PNG became an economy driven by resource extraction and the agricultural sector remained stagnant . Attention to the rural sector was driven by donors rather than by government . For example : the World Banks PNG Productive Partnerships in Agriculture or the PNG Rural Service Delivery Program . The Mining Act 1992 and the Oil and Gas Act 1998 are the most important documents regulating the rapid growth in extracting natural resources . These were enacted when Somare was not in power . Nevertheless , the major LNG/PNG project was developed when he was prime minister from 2002 to 2011 . There was however no major policy debate around the project . His son , Arthur Somare , was the prime driver of the project rather than prime minister Michael Somare . Michael Somare has however defended his track record with respect to LNG/PNG despite strong criticism of the deal to gain equity in the company . The Forestry Act 1991 is the main document regulating another natural resources sector . It was also enacted when Somare was not in power . The deeds of Somare governments show one predominant trait in policy making : he was a fiscal conservative . Government expenditure was under control when he was prime minister . That was particularly clear in the period 2002–2011 . When Somare succeeded Morauta as prime minister in 2002 there was a fear that Somare would undo the privatisation of the preceding government and move away from the politics of austerity . However , he left the reforms of the preceding Morauta government intact and his fiscal rectitude fitted the IMF philosophy of structural adjustment . The IMF had much praise for the Somare government 2002–2011 . Income from natural resources was high and the Somare government used it to reduce the public debt rather than increase public expenditure . There was only one attempt to formulate a comprehensive development policy by a Somare government : the Vision 2050 document . However that became more an inspirational document than a concrete plan of action . The document is critical of PNGs performance since independence but it lays the blame in the first place on its citizenry rather than the government and government policies . Foreign relations . Michael Somare was a well travelled man when he became prime minister in 1975 . He had for example visited East Africa , Sri Lanka . the United States . In accordance with his Sepik inspired philosophy of consensus he declared friends with everybody and enemies of none as the principle of his foreign relations . Nevertheless , there were some countries to which he felt more friendly than others and the first one among those was Japan . He wrote warmly about the Japanese occupation during World War II of his home area East Sepik . For example : Contrary to the general opinion , he praised their treatment of local women . He travelled regularly to Japan and was awarded high Japanese honours . It is significant that he received as governor of East Sepik in 2014 the Japanese prime minister in Wewak who laid a wreath remembering Japanese war dead . These sympathies for Japan did not deter him from opening diplomatic relations with China soon after independence . Indonesia is the second country that figured large in international relations during the Somare era , but that was not because of buoyant international ties . PNG mainly attempted to remain as passive as possible towards the violent conflict between proponents of West Papua independence and the Indonesian government . The Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua region was never questioned . There was initially a great reluctance to even question the human rights situation in the region . That changed after a big uprising in Jayapura , the capital of Irian Jaya in 1984 . This brought many refugees to PNG . PNG protested about the way Indonesia dealt with the uprising in the UN General Assembly . However , repatriation of the refugees had been the major policy aim since independence and it always remained the major policy plank of the PNG government . Initially , Somare resisted even involvement of the UNHCR . Problems at the border including military incursions were meant to be solved by boundary commissions and other diplomatic means . The West Papuan independence movement was keen to be admitted as a member of the Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) which is resisted by Indonesia . PNG has never opposed Indonesias view . However , in 2013 , when Somare was no longer in government , he advocated representation of West Papua on the MSG during the silver jubilee celebrations of the group . However , he remained unequivocally of the opinion that it was an internal problem of Indonesia and questioning Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua was beyond the pale . West Papua should be represented as a Melanesian community and not as an independent sovereign state . He suggested a presence of the West Papuans at the MSG on similar terms as China tolerated Hong Kong and Taiwan at APEC . Australia is the third focal point of international relations in the Somare era . The nature of these relations were to a large degree dependent upon the Australian politicians involved . Somare and Kevin Rudd had for example warm relations . Somare was however often keen to demonstrate his nationalism in relations with Australia . That sentiment appeared in incidents : First : At the time of Papua New Guinea independence in 1975 Somare demanded proper dignity for Papua New Guinean leaders when he considered that Australias gift of an official house for Papua New Guineas prime minister was insufficiently grand for the great statesman he considered himself to be : Australia abashedly acceded to Somares demands and provided a much more palatial official residence . The intended and despised prime ministerial residence was instead designated the residence of the Australian High Commissioner . Second : In March 2005 Somare was required by security officers at Brisbane Airport to remove his shoes during a routine departure security check . He took strong exception to this , leading to a diplomatic contretemps and a significant cooling of relations between Australia and Papua New Guinea . Somare was travelling on a regular scheduled flight , and he was unknown to security staff . His sandals had stiffening metal strips , which were detected by a walk-through scanner . The Australian government ignored diplomatic protests as the PNG government had not arranged a diplomatic visit , in a state or chartered aircraft . A protest march in Port Moresby saw hundreds march on the Australian High Commission and present a petition to High Commissioner Michael Potts demanding an apology and compensation . However , the Australian Government ignored the matter . A third incident where Somare asserted independence from Australia was the Moti affair . Julian Moti , was arrested in Port Moresby on 29 September 2006 under an Australian extradition request to face child sex charges over an alleged incident in Vanuatu in 1997 . After breaking bail conditions and taking sanctuary in the Solomon Islands High Commission Moti was flown to the Solomon Islands on a clandestine PNG Defence Force flight . Moti was a close associate of Manasseh Sogavare , the Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands , This caused outrage on the part of the Australian government . Australia then cancelled ministerial-level talks in December and banned senior Papua New Guinea ministers from entering Australia . Somare denied any involvement in authorising the flight . However , he refused the release of a commission of enquiry from the PNG Defence Force in the matter . Somare has been regularly blunt in his opinion on the relations with Australia . After returning to power in 2002 , he indicated that he would manage the relationship with Australia in a different way from the close and consultative style of his predecessor Mekere Morauta . Somare strongly opposed the Morauta governments acceptance of asylum seekers under the Pacific solution program . At the celebrations of thirty years of independence in 2005 , Somare complained that Australia was seeking to take control again and was prepared to totally destroy PNGs reputation . Controversy . Somares valedictory speech in parliament may have sounded like a triumph but there was disappointment on his part . He initially refused to give such a speech in parliament as he was not awarded enough time and attention . Afterwards , the family , the political party that he had belonged to and the highly respected veteran politician Dame Carol Kidu complained about the relatively short ceremony while they had expected a military parade , singing groups , etc . Later a more elaborate ceremony was performed in John Guise stadium in Port Moresby that was –maybe due to unseasonal rain- poorly attended . This was followed by a farewell tour of the country . Somare was , however , by that time , no longer an undisputed authority . A large part of the PNG population looked with increasing scepticism at Somare and his pronouncements . The first reason that Somare has faded from political importance is that he succeeded less and less to cultivate a consensus . He gained prestige after 2002 when he presided over a government that lasted its full term of five years , the first such occurrence since independence . This stability continued from 2007 to 2011 . The reason was seen in a new set of rules that were adopted under the Organic Law on Political Parties and Candidates ( OLIPPAC ) that had as a central aim to promote party identification and to curb short term opportunistic behaviour among MPs . A major new rule proscribing MPs from changing party affiliation during a parliamentary period . However , the prime minister retained the power to change his cabinet and as a result , this apparent stability glossed over sharp conflicts in the government . Between 2002 and 2007 , there were five deputy prime ministers , several cabinet reshuffles , ministers sacked and parties divided – hardly a sign of political stability . OLIPPAC was also considered as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court . Amidst this instability , there was no attempt to groom a successor . Bart Philemon , the Finance Minister challenged Somares leadership of the National Alliance Party in 2007 , but he was then dumped by the party and crossed over to the opposition . The only person who gained significant power during this period was Somares son Arthur , the Angoram Open MP and it became apparent that he was being groomed as the preferred successor . The second reason is Somares refusal to have his authority challenged in parliament , even when there was no chance of dismissal of his government . Somare was threatened with many motions of no confidence . Initially , he wanted to extend the period in which no motions of confidence were allowed after an election and before an election . The courts prevented this . Thereafter he relied on the speaker and interpretations of parliamentary rules to prevent a motion of no confidence being raised . He did not take it lightly when that was challenged : The Sydney Morning Herald reported on 22 July 2010 that he had threatened to kill an Opposition MP : There were wild scenes when the Speaker adjourned the house until 16 November , despite the oppositions claim it had enough votes to stop the adjournment . Once most MPs had left parliament and the yelling and cries of dictatorship died down , Mr Somare crossed the floor , pointed his finger at an MP , Sam Basil , and shouted in Toc pisin words that translate as : If you were outside this chamber I would kill you . By using his influence over the speaker Somare prevented all motions of no confidence and this is puzzling ; it was also doubtful that such a motion would succeed on the floor of parliament . He returned to power after the elections in 2007 with large support in parliament . He was only unseated in 2011 when he was hospitalized in Singapore for an extended period because of complications after heart surgery and it became apparent that he may not be able to return . At this point his support in the National Alliance party split and the Speaker obtained support to declare the prime ministers post vacant . An adversary motion of no confidence was avoided . During the constitutional crisis ( 2011–2012 ) he never accepted a loss of his parliamentary majority . In January 2012 he attempted to take power through a military coup that failed as the army , civil service and police were backing his rival Peter O’Neill . He had only the support of 20 MPs but the courts had backed him up . He relied on the law as well to get a compensation of a million US dollars for not being reinstated as PM during the constitutional crisis . The third reason is the involvement of the Somare family in questionable practices in the logging industry . A commission of enquiry into the logging industry was set up under the chairmanship of the Judge Tos Barnett , The Barnett Commission found widespread corruption surrounding the issue of government licensing of concessions . The name of Michael Somare turned up in connection with one of these concessions in his home area , the Sepik River Development Corporation . According to the Barnett Commission , Somare lied under oath when he denied his links with this concession . The commission recommended referral to the Ombudsman Commission . Complaints about governance issues need in PNG in first instance to be referred to that institution . This recommendation had no immediate consequence for Somare , but it was not the end of the controversy . The Australian newspaper published in 2008 a series of articles in which the Somare family was connected to two more illegal concessions . In all these schemes there was a Malaysian partner . Michael Somare denied again his involvement but he had to retract this and claimed that it was his son Arthur who was involved in the first place . When carbon trading emerged , Michael Somare , supported this enthusiastically and PNG became an active member and maybe initiator of the Coalition for Rainforest Nation and the country aimed to participate in the REDD program . ( Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries ( UN-REDD ) . Somare declared himself however deeply disappointed in the REDD program at the Oslo conference on climate change in 2010 . The problem was not corruption and other governance problems on the part of developing countries , but the issue was that “ Today , markets value forests more destroyed than standing . Somares great complaint is however about conditionality . His enthusiasm for REDD is said to be motivated to get away from conditionality on logging suggested by the World Bank and the idea of carbon credits evolved in a speculative frenzy . The fourth reason for the decline in prestige of Michael Somare is the lack of modesty . The Melanesian way expects big men to be modest . Somare has always asserted himself in a big way , for example by assuming the honorific Grand Chief . In 1998 , his portrait appeared on the reverse side of the K . 50 bank note . This was to honour his role in attaining independence . However , this public show of prominence suits more a presidential system than a Westminster style parliamentary democracy . The problematic presentation of the self by Somare was also evident in his appearance before a Leadership tribunal following complaints about not handing in financial returns as required by the leadership code . The leadership tribunal was composed of three expatriate judges . He was found guilty of submitting late and incomplete annual financial statements , dating back to the 1990s . As a result , he was suspended from office for two weeks without pay . That was a majority judgment of two judges . Judge Sir Robin Auld dissented . He was the only Judge that called for dismissal : Michael Somares attitude as prime minister showed a disregard bordering on disdain for his constitutional obligations . It would be bad enough in the case of any leader , but it is particularly reprehensible for one of his high standing and influential involvement in the initiation of the leadership code . There were cheers from a large crowd of well wishers when he appeared from the court . Somare regretted his administrative oversight and seemed without rancor . His daughter Bertha –the spokeswoman for the family- asked for understanding from the foreign press : He is not a politician like they have in Australia , or places like that , she said . There has to be , I guess , an understanding of Papua New Guinea . Everybody watched this very public , if you like , humiliation of him for the last couple of months and I think the majority of Papua New Guineans were very relieved at the judgment made by two of the three ( judges ) .I guess there was a sense of relief throughout the country . The significance of the Leadership Tribunal was thus the first in the challenge to his prestige . That challenge was also evident in the suggestion in 2008 by opposition politician Bart Philemon that Sir Michael Somare gives an explanation on how he obtained a A$349,000 three-bedroom executive-style apartment with private plunge pool in inner-city Cairns . His son Arthur Somare who was then PNGs State Enterprise Minister was also questioned about a A$685,000 four-bedroom home he had bought two months prior at Trinity Beach . The fifth reason came after Somare left office . His name and that of his son Michael Somare jr , were mentioned in a case of fraud and money laundering relating to a scheme to build community colleges in PNG . The Sydney Morning Herald accused Somare of accepting a one million dollar bribe from the Chinese telecommunications firm ZTE in the pursuit of contracts . They based it on evidence from their own research by Fairfax newspapers and Singapore court records . Michael Somare maintained that he never accepted bribes or inducements . Personal life . Somare married his wife Veronica , Lady Somare ( generally referred to as Lady Veronica Somare ) in 1965 , having courted her in traditional fashion , and then immediately left to take up his scholarship at Administrative College . They had five children , Bertha ( usually called Betha in the national press ) , Sana , Arthur , Michael Jnr and Dulciana . Somare was head of both his own family and that of his wife , Veronica Lady Somare , who initiated him into their title mindamot two days after his initiation as sana . Somare died from pancreatic cancer in Port Moresby on 25 February 2021 , at age 84 . Honours . Somare received several honorary doctorates , the first being from the University of the Philippines in 1976 . Somare was appointed a member of Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council in 1977 ( as in Australia , the honorific The Right Honourable can only be granted when one is admitted to the British Privy Council ) , and was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) by the Queen in the Birthday Honours List of 1990 . In 2004 he received authorization from cabinet to create an honours system for Papua New Guinea . In 2005 , the Princess Royal invested him as one of the first Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu ( GCL ) . Further reading . - Hegarty , David , and Peter King . Papua New Guinea in 1982 : the election brings change . Asian Survey 23.2 ( 1983 ) : 217–226 . online - May , Ronald . Papua New Guineas Political Coup : The Ousting of Sir Michael Somare . ( 2011 ) . online - Somare , Michael , and An Sana . An Autobiography of Michael Somare ( Port Moresby , 1975 ) . - Zhuang , Yan , Michael Somare , Papua New Guinea’s ‘Father of the Nation,’ Dies at 84 : Mr . Somare , who played a major role in leading the country to independence from Australia , was its longest-serving prime minister . New York Times February 26 , 2021 obituary . External links . - Somare – A political survivor , Rowan Callick , Islands Business , May 2008 - Prime Minister Michael Somare addresses the General Assembly of the United Nations , 27 September 2010 ( video ; transcript )
|
[
"independent"
] |
easy
|
Which political party did Michael Somare belong to from 1988 to 1994?
|
/wiki/Michael_Somare#P102#1
|
Michael Somare Sir Michael Thomas Somare ( 9 April 1936 – 26 February 2021 ) was a Papua New Guinean politician . Widely called the father of the nation ( Tok Pisin : ) , he was the first Prime Minister after independence . At the time of his death , Somare was also the longest-serving prime minister , having been in office for 17 years over three separate terms : from 1975 to 1980 ; from 1982 to 1985 ; and from 2002 to 2011 . His political career spanned from 1968 until his retirement in 2017 . Besides serving as PM , he was minister of foreign affairs , leader of the opposition and governor of East Sepik . He served in a variety of positions . His base was not primarily in political parties but in East Sepik Province , the area that elected him . During his political career he was a member of the House of Assembly and after independence in 1975 the National parliament for the East Sepik Provincial – later open – seat . He was the first chief minister at the end of colonial rule . Thereafter he became the first Prime Minister after independence from 1975 to 1980 . He returned to the office of Prime Minister from 1982 to 1985 , and his longest stint in the position was from 2002 to 2011 . He also served as Cabinet Minister : he was minister of foreign affairs from 1988 to 1992 ; from 1999 to 2001 he was subsequently minister of foreign affairs , minister of mining and Bougainville , minister of foreign affairs and Bougainville affairs . He was leader of the opposition from 1980 to 1982 , and thereafter in that position from 1985 to 1988 and finally from 2001 to 2002 . When the new position of political governor as head of the provincial administration and representative MP was created in 1995 , Somare took up the job . He was governor of East Sepik from 1995 until 1999 . After the last election that he contended , he again became Governor of East Sepik ( 2012–2016 ) . He was a founding member of the Pangu Party which led PNG into independence in 1975 . He resigned from the Pangu Party and became an independent in 1988 . He rejoined the Pangu Party in 1994 but was sacked as a leader in the following year . He was then asked to join and lead the National Alliance Party . In 2017 he left politics and also the National Alliance Party . While Somare was in March 2011 hospitalised in Singapore , a majority of parliamentarians declared the post of Prime Minister vacant . Peter ONeill was the new prime minister . This was contested . On 12 December 2011 , the Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea ordered that Somare be reinstated as Prime Minister , ruling that ONeill had not been lawfully appointed . This event triggered the 2011–12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis . Following a decisive victory for ONeill in the 2012 general election , Somare expressed support for him , thereby ending the crisis and forming a coalition government . However , this truce did not last . When Somare announced his departure from politics , he made a blistering attack on ONeill . Early life . Somare was the son of Ludwig Somare Sana and Kambe Somare . Ludwig Somare was a policeman , rising to the rank of sergeant . Having taught himself to read and write , he was subsequently active in encouraging formation of small businesses and co-operatives , founding the Angoram Co-operative Society which he chaired from 1961 until 1967 . In all , Ludwig Somare Sana had four wives and six children , of whom Somare was the eldest . Born in Rabaul in a village called Rapikid , where his father was then stationed , Somare grew up in his family village of Karau in the Murik Lakes district of East Sepik Province . Somares earliest education was in a Japanese-run primary school at Karau during World War II where he learned to read , write and count in Japanese . Meanwhile , Somares father was in hiding and fear of his life from the Japanese in Rabaul , but he remembers the Japanese with affection . Somares earliest overseas trips , first as a parliamentarian and then as Prime Minister , were to Japan . From 1946 Somare attended Boram Primary School , then Dregerhafen Education Centre and Sogeri High School , graduating with a Leaving Certificate issued on behalf of the Australian state of Victoria in 1957 . This was a teaching qualification at the time , and he then taught at several primary and secondary schools , returning to Sogeri High School for further training from 1962 to 1963 . Sepik identity . Somare liked to present himself in a lap-lap ( a kind of sarong ) instead of in trousers . Lap laps are not traditional in the sense of pre-colonial and is therefore a declaration of neo traditionalism . That is also evident in his autobiography that he published at independence . He was stressing his Sepik identity , despite being born in Rabaul on the islands and far from the Sepik , but he portrayed his time as a child in Sepik villages as decisive in forming his personality . His father brought him there to the village of Karau in the Murik Lakes region when Somares mother separated from him . Somare paid elaborate attention to his initiation and the role of matrilineal descent is also evident there . ”Our mother’s brothers receive for example the initiates after their ordeal . Yet the people of the Sepik do not enforce descent rules rigorously . Somare claimed also the honorific title of Sana in his fathers line . This title asserts descent from the founder of the clan and is a designation as peacemaker . The title of Sana bestowed for example on the bearer the duty of organising a meal for the enemies before a fight . Sepik societies are no longer expected to make war : a historical element is thus given meaning in a new context . In order to obtain the title he was approved for admission to the elders of the clan before he had reached the required minimum age . This may be less controversial than Somare portrayed . Leadership in the Sepik is not based on descent but on a consensus among the elders and reputation is decisive . Anthropological literature argues that Western Polynesian societies are not particularly centralised and although there is a big man attitude to leadership there is a continuous jockeying for position among those who want to be big man . Political ideology in PNG refers to this as the Melanesian way . This background can be seen as a formative influence on Somares political practice . PNG has not been dominated by one particular leader whose power base was in a centralised institution like a party or the army . Political life in Papua New Guinea is fragmented and decentralised : party formation is weak . Above all , Papua New Guinea has maintained a Westminster style democracy and leaders moved aside when they lost parliamentary majorities . At independence Somare insisted on a ministerial rather than a presidential system . In his valedictory parliamentary speech , he urged young leaders to learn what the Westminster system of government is meant to achieve . Early political career . Somare stressed his background in the small emerging modern sector of Papua New Guinea rather than his immersion in Sepik culture in two long interviews at the end of his career . Later on , he was one of the 35 Papua New Guineans who went through a crash course that gave entry to the civil service . He was as a result also one of the few Papua New Guineans with a command of the English language . Therefore , he was qualified as a translator for the Legislative Council . This was a white-dominated institution but it gave him insight into the game of politics . He also became a radio announcer in Wewak , East Sepik . That was a great opportunity to make his name known in the area that elected him throughout his long career consistently as their MP . It also brought the ire of his supervisors because of his critical comments and they transferred him on administrative duties to Port Moresby . There he became part of the small group of educated nationalists that had the nickname of the bully beef club . This group protested already early on against the racist nature of colonial rule . Somare maintained that he was already in 1962 in favour of independence . He was in Port Moresby one of the founding members in 1967 of the Papua and Niugini Union party ( Pangu ) . He stood for election when opportunities opened up for native Papua New Guineans to enter the National Assembly in 1968 and he was one of the eight Pangu candidates who were successful . He embarked in politics practising a judicious mixture of opposition to and co-optation by the Australian government . Pangu opted in 1968 for the opposition rather than having seats in government . From that position they consistently attacked the racist nature of colonial rule as they had also done outside parliament . Somare was leader of the opposition but he was also a member of the Constitutional Planning Committee preparing for independence . He was despite his radical position also a moderate . He argued for example for a period of internal self government . That was granted in 1973 . Foreign affairs and defence remained an Australian responsibility until full independence was granted two years later . Somare was particularly adept at steering a clear way among various conflicting forces . There were for example those who advocated that Papua New Guinea should become the seventh state in the Australian Federation . More important were the centrifugal forces in the country . There was a rival political party with mass following in the highlands , the Compass party . A separatist movement was pleading for separate independence for Papua apart from New Guinea . In Bougainville , there were forces claiming independence . There were conflicts among the Tolai in East New Britain . The Peoples Progress Party under the leadership of Julius Chan rather than Pangu was important on the islands . Somare succeeded in bringing all these centrifugal forces together at independence . Somares advocacy of independence was radical as compared to the other parties who were much more in favour of the status quo . It was particularly important to sway the opinion of Julius Chan who was not keen on immediate independence . When that succeeded a coalition government between Pangu and the PPP became possible . Some forces on the Australian side were also not in favour of independence for PNG , but it was definitely not the case that there was a veritable independence struggle . There was some protest against colonial practices , for example , a civil service strike pleading for equal treatment of PNG personnel with Australian personnel or protest against discriminatory practices . However , there was a fair amount of co-optation on the way to independence , especially after Gough Whitlam became prime minister of Australia . Since there has been access to the Australian archives from this period it was clear that Australia wanted to get rid of PNG already early on . The Australian government was keen to let the complexities of ruling PNG go . The possibility to declare Papua New Guinea an Australian state in the federation and making all inhabitants Australians was always rejected by Australia . Michael Somares role in the independence struggle reflects therefore the values he advocated throughout his career , as a builder of consensus and a politician whose main mission was avoiding or reconciling conflicts . Michael Somare as policymaker . Michael Somare was praised highly when he left politics in 2016 . The most significant praise may be from Sean Dorney –a veteran specialist on PNG politics . He praised him as a politician who led a highly fractured political community leading to independence . He also praised the enduring parliamentary democracy in such a fractured community . It is , however , significant that praise for Somares policies was lacking . That is understandable because Somare was not conspicuous as a policymaker . His policies must often were derived from the actual course he took reacting to events . Three areas of policy making illustrate this : agriculture , macro economic policies and development planning . PNG got as a parting gift at independence an economic analysis with recommendations . This stressed the need for rural development and Somare accepted that at that time . Yet in the course of the years PNG became an economy driven by resource extraction and the agricultural sector remained stagnant . Attention to the rural sector was driven by donors rather than by government . For example : the World Banks PNG Productive Partnerships in Agriculture or the PNG Rural Service Delivery Program . The Mining Act 1992 and the Oil and Gas Act 1998 are the most important documents regulating the rapid growth in extracting natural resources . These were enacted when Somare was not in power . Nevertheless , the major LNG/PNG project was developed when he was prime minister from 2002 to 2011 . There was however no major policy debate around the project . His son , Arthur Somare , was the prime driver of the project rather than prime minister Michael Somare . Michael Somare has however defended his track record with respect to LNG/PNG despite strong criticism of the deal to gain equity in the company . The Forestry Act 1991 is the main document regulating another natural resources sector . It was also enacted when Somare was not in power . The deeds of Somare governments show one predominant trait in policy making : he was a fiscal conservative . Government expenditure was under control when he was prime minister . That was particularly clear in the period 2002–2011 . When Somare succeeded Morauta as prime minister in 2002 there was a fear that Somare would undo the privatisation of the preceding government and move away from the politics of austerity . However , he left the reforms of the preceding Morauta government intact and his fiscal rectitude fitted the IMF philosophy of structural adjustment . The IMF had much praise for the Somare government 2002–2011 . Income from natural resources was high and the Somare government used it to reduce the public debt rather than increase public expenditure . There was only one attempt to formulate a comprehensive development policy by a Somare government : the Vision 2050 document . However that became more an inspirational document than a concrete plan of action . The document is critical of PNGs performance since independence but it lays the blame in the first place on its citizenry rather than the government and government policies . Foreign relations . Michael Somare was a well travelled man when he became prime minister in 1975 . He had for example visited East Africa , Sri Lanka . the United States . In accordance with his Sepik inspired philosophy of consensus he declared friends with everybody and enemies of none as the principle of his foreign relations . Nevertheless , there were some countries to which he felt more friendly than others and the first one among those was Japan . He wrote warmly about the Japanese occupation during World War II of his home area East Sepik . For example : Contrary to the general opinion , he praised their treatment of local women . He travelled regularly to Japan and was awarded high Japanese honours . It is significant that he received as governor of East Sepik in 2014 the Japanese prime minister in Wewak who laid a wreath remembering Japanese war dead . These sympathies for Japan did not deter him from opening diplomatic relations with China soon after independence . Indonesia is the second country that figured large in international relations during the Somare era , but that was not because of buoyant international ties . PNG mainly attempted to remain as passive as possible towards the violent conflict between proponents of West Papua independence and the Indonesian government . The Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua region was never questioned . There was initially a great reluctance to even question the human rights situation in the region . That changed after a big uprising in Jayapura , the capital of Irian Jaya in 1984 . This brought many refugees to PNG . PNG protested about the way Indonesia dealt with the uprising in the UN General Assembly . However , repatriation of the refugees had been the major policy aim since independence and it always remained the major policy plank of the PNG government . Initially , Somare resisted even involvement of the UNHCR . Problems at the border including military incursions were meant to be solved by boundary commissions and other diplomatic means . The West Papuan independence movement was keen to be admitted as a member of the Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) which is resisted by Indonesia . PNG has never opposed Indonesias view . However , in 2013 , when Somare was no longer in government , he advocated representation of West Papua on the MSG during the silver jubilee celebrations of the group . However , he remained unequivocally of the opinion that it was an internal problem of Indonesia and questioning Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua was beyond the pale . West Papua should be represented as a Melanesian community and not as an independent sovereign state . He suggested a presence of the West Papuans at the MSG on similar terms as China tolerated Hong Kong and Taiwan at APEC . Australia is the third focal point of international relations in the Somare era . The nature of these relations were to a large degree dependent upon the Australian politicians involved . Somare and Kevin Rudd had for example warm relations . Somare was however often keen to demonstrate his nationalism in relations with Australia . That sentiment appeared in incidents : First : At the time of Papua New Guinea independence in 1975 Somare demanded proper dignity for Papua New Guinean leaders when he considered that Australias gift of an official house for Papua New Guineas prime minister was insufficiently grand for the great statesman he considered himself to be : Australia abashedly acceded to Somares demands and provided a much more palatial official residence . The intended and despised prime ministerial residence was instead designated the residence of the Australian High Commissioner . Second : In March 2005 Somare was required by security officers at Brisbane Airport to remove his shoes during a routine departure security check . He took strong exception to this , leading to a diplomatic contretemps and a significant cooling of relations between Australia and Papua New Guinea . Somare was travelling on a regular scheduled flight , and he was unknown to security staff . His sandals had stiffening metal strips , which were detected by a walk-through scanner . The Australian government ignored diplomatic protests as the PNG government had not arranged a diplomatic visit , in a state or chartered aircraft . A protest march in Port Moresby saw hundreds march on the Australian High Commission and present a petition to High Commissioner Michael Potts demanding an apology and compensation . However , the Australian Government ignored the matter . A third incident where Somare asserted independence from Australia was the Moti affair . Julian Moti , was arrested in Port Moresby on 29 September 2006 under an Australian extradition request to face child sex charges over an alleged incident in Vanuatu in 1997 . After breaking bail conditions and taking sanctuary in the Solomon Islands High Commission Moti was flown to the Solomon Islands on a clandestine PNG Defence Force flight . Moti was a close associate of Manasseh Sogavare , the Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands , This caused outrage on the part of the Australian government . Australia then cancelled ministerial-level talks in December and banned senior Papua New Guinea ministers from entering Australia . Somare denied any involvement in authorising the flight . However , he refused the release of a commission of enquiry from the PNG Defence Force in the matter . Somare has been regularly blunt in his opinion on the relations with Australia . After returning to power in 2002 , he indicated that he would manage the relationship with Australia in a different way from the close and consultative style of his predecessor Mekere Morauta . Somare strongly opposed the Morauta governments acceptance of asylum seekers under the Pacific solution program . At the celebrations of thirty years of independence in 2005 , Somare complained that Australia was seeking to take control again and was prepared to totally destroy PNGs reputation . Controversy . Somares valedictory speech in parliament may have sounded like a triumph but there was disappointment on his part . He initially refused to give such a speech in parliament as he was not awarded enough time and attention . Afterwards , the family , the political party that he had belonged to and the highly respected veteran politician Dame Carol Kidu complained about the relatively short ceremony while they had expected a military parade , singing groups , etc . Later a more elaborate ceremony was performed in John Guise stadium in Port Moresby that was –maybe due to unseasonal rain- poorly attended . This was followed by a farewell tour of the country . Somare was , however , by that time , no longer an undisputed authority . A large part of the PNG population looked with increasing scepticism at Somare and his pronouncements . The first reason that Somare has faded from political importance is that he succeeded less and less to cultivate a consensus . He gained prestige after 2002 when he presided over a government that lasted its full term of five years , the first such occurrence since independence . This stability continued from 2007 to 2011 . The reason was seen in a new set of rules that were adopted under the Organic Law on Political Parties and Candidates ( OLIPPAC ) that had as a central aim to promote party identification and to curb short term opportunistic behaviour among MPs . A major new rule proscribing MPs from changing party affiliation during a parliamentary period . However , the prime minister retained the power to change his cabinet and as a result , this apparent stability glossed over sharp conflicts in the government . Between 2002 and 2007 , there were five deputy prime ministers , several cabinet reshuffles , ministers sacked and parties divided – hardly a sign of political stability . OLIPPAC was also considered as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court . Amidst this instability , there was no attempt to groom a successor . Bart Philemon , the Finance Minister challenged Somares leadership of the National Alliance Party in 2007 , but he was then dumped by the party and crossed over to the opposition . The only person who gained significant power during this period was Somares son Arthur , the Angoram Open MP and it became apparent that he was being groomed as the preferred successor . The second reason is Somares refusal to have his authority challenged in parliament , even when there was no chance of dismissal of his government . Somare was threatened with many motions of no confidence . Initially , he wanted to extend the period in which no motions of confidence were allowed after an election and before an election . The courts prevented this . Thereafter he relied on the speaker and interpretations of parliamentary rules to prevent a motion of no confidence being raised . He did not take it lightly when that was challenged : The Sydney Morning Herald reported on 22 July 2010 that he had threatened to kill an Opposition MP : There were wild scenes when the Speaker adjourned the house until 16 November , despite the oppositions claim it had enough votes to stop the adjournment . Once most MPs had left parliament and the yelling and cries of dictatorship died down , Mr Somare crossed the floor , pointed his finger at an MP , Sam Basil , and shouted in Toc pisin words that translate as : If you were outside this chamber I would kill you . By using his influence over the speaker Somare prevented all motions of no confidence and this is puzzling ; it was also doubtful that such a motion would succeed on the floor of parliament . He returned to power after the elections in 2007 with large support in parliament . He was only unseated in 2011 when he was hospitalized in Singapore for an extended period because of complications after heart surgery and it became apparent that he may not be able to return . At this point his support in the National Alliance party split and the Speaker obtained support to declare the prime ministers post vacant . An adversary motion of no confidence was avoided . During the constitutional crisis ( 2011–2012 ) he never accepted a loss of his parliamentary majority . In January 2012 he attempted to take power through a military coup that failed as the army , civil service and police were backing his rival Peter O’Neill . He had only the support of 20 MPs but the courts had backed him up . He relied on the law as well to get a compensation of a million US dollars for not being reinstated as PM during the constitutional crisis . The third reason is the involvement of the Somare family in questionable practices in the logging industry . A commission of enquiry into the logging industry was set up under the chairmanship of the Judge Tos Barnett , The Barnett Commission found widespread corruption surrounding the issue of government licensing of concessions . The name of Michael Somare turned up in connection with one of these concessions in his home area , the Sepik River Development Corporation . According to the Barnett Commission , Somare lied under oath when he denied his links with this concession . The commission recommended referral to the Ombudsman Commission . Complaints about governance issues need in PNG in first instance to be referred to that institution . This recommendation had no immediate consequence for Somare , but it was not the end of the controversy . The Australian newspaper published in 2008 a series of articles in which the Somare family was connected to two more illegal concessions . In all these schemes there was a Malaysian partner . Michael Somare denied again his involvement but he had to retract this and claimed that it was his son Arthur who was involved in the first place . When carbon trading emerged , Michael Somare , supported this enthusiastically and PNG became an active member and maybe initiator of the Coalition for Rainforest Nation and the country aimed to participate in the REDD program . ( Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries ( UN-REDD ) . Somare declared himself however deeply disappointed in the REDD program at the Oslo conference on climate change in 2010 . The problem was not corruption and other governance problems on the part of developing countries , but the issue was that “ Today , markets value forests more destroyed than standing . Somares great complaint is however about conditionality . His enthusiasm for REDD is said to be motivated to get away from conditionality on logging suggested by the World Bank and the idea of carbon credits evolved in a speculative frenzy . The fourth reason for the decline in prestige of Michael Somare is the lack of modesty . The Melanesian way expects big men to be modest . Somare has always asserted himself in a big way , for example by assuming the honorific Grand Chief . In 1998 , his portrait appeared on the reverse side of the K . 50 bank note . This was to honour his role in attaining independence . However , this public show of prominence suits more a presidential system than a Westminster style parliamentary democracy . The problematic presentation of the self by Somare was also evident in his appearance before a Leadership tribunal following complaints about not handing in financial returns as required by the leadership code . The leadership tribunal was composed of three expatriate judges . He was found guilty of submitting late and incomplete annual financial statements , dating back to the 1990s . As a result , he was suspended from office for two weeks without pay . That was a majority judgment of two judges . Judge Sir Robin Auld dissented . He was the only Judge that called for dismissal : Michael Somares attitude as prime minister showed a disregard bordering on disdain for his constitutional obligations . It would be bad enough in the case of any leader , but it is particularly reprehensible for one of his high standing and influential involvement in the initiation of the leadership code . There were cheers from a large crowd of well wishers when he appeared from the court . Somare regretted his administrative oversight and seemed without rancor . His daughter Bertha –the spokeswoman for the family- asked for understanding from the foreign press : He is not a politician like they have in Australia , or places like that , she said . There has to be , I guess , an understanding of Papua New Guinea . Everybody watched this very public , if you like , humiliation of him for the last couple of months and I think the majority of Papua New Guineans were very relieved at the judgment made by two of the three ( judges ) .I guess there was a sense of relief throughout the country . The significance of the Leadership Tribunal was thus the first in the challenge to his prestige . That challenge was also evident in the suggestion in 2008 by opposition politician Bart Philemon that Sir Michael Somare gives an explanation on how he obtained a A$349,000 three-bedroom executive-style apartment with private plunge pool in inner-city Cairns . His son Arthur Somare who was then PNGs State Enterprise Minister was also questioned about a A$685,000 four-bedroom home he had bought two months prior at Trinity Beach . The fifth reason came after Somare left office . His name and that of his son Michael Somare jr , were mentioned in a case of fraud and money laundering relating to a scheme to build community colleges in PNG . The Sydney Morning Herald accused Somare of accepting a one million dollar bribe from the Chinese telecommunications firm ZTE in the pursuit of contracts . They based it on evidence from their own research by Fairfax newspapers and Singapore court records . Michael Somare maintained that he never accepted bribes or inducements . Personal life . Somare married his wife Veronica , Lady Somare ( generally referred to as Lady Veronica Somare ) in 1965 , having courted her in traditional fashion , and then immediately left to take up his scholarship at Administrative College . They had five children , Bertha ( usually called Betha in the national press ) , Sana , Arthur , Michael Jnr and Dulciana . Somare was head of both his own family and that of his wife , Veronica Lady Somare , who initiated him into their title mindamot two days after his initiation as sana . Somare died from pancreatic cancer in Port Moresby on 25 February 2021 , at age 84 . Honours . Somare received several honorary doctorates , the first being from the University of the Philippines in 1976 . Somare was appointed a member of Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council in 1977 ( as in Australia , the honorific The Right Honourable can only be granted when one is admitted to the British Privy Council ) , and was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) by the Queen in the Birthday Honours List of 1990 . In 2004 he received authorization from cabinet to create an honours system for Papua New Guinea . In 2005 , the Princess Royal invested him as one of the first Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu ( GCL ) . Further reading . - Hegarty , David , and Peter King . Papua New Guinea in 1982 : the election brings change . Asian Survey 23.2 ( 1983 ) : 217–226 . online - May , Ronald . Papua New Guineas Political Coup : The Ousting of Sir Michael Somare . ( 2011 ) . online - Somare , Michael , and An Sana . An Autobiography of Michael Somare ( Port Moresby , 1975 ) . - Zhuang , Yan , Michael Somare , Papua New Guinea’s ‘Father of the Nation,’ Dies at 84 : Mr . Somare , who played a major role in leading the country to independence from Australia , was its longest-serving prime minister . New York Times February 26 , 2021 obituary . External links . - Somare – A political survivor , Rowan Callick , Islands Business , May 2008 - Prime Minister Michael Somare addresses the General Assembly of the United Nations , 27 September 2010 ( video ; transcript )
|
[
"Pangu Party"
] |
easy
|
Which party was Michael Somare a member of from 1994 to 1995?
|
/wiki/Michael_Somare#P102#2
|
Michael Somare Sir Michael Thomas Somare ( 9 April 1936 – 26 February 2021 ) was a Papua New Guinean politician . Widely called the father of the nation ( Tok Pisin : ) , he was the first Prime Minister after independence . At the time of his death , Somare was also the longest-serving prime minister , having been in office for 17 years over three separate terms : from 1975 to 1980 ; from 1982 to 1985 ; and from 2002 to 2011 . His political career spanned from 1968 until his retirement in 2017 . Besides serving as PM , he was minister of foreign affairs , leader of the opposition and governor of East Sepik . He served in a variety of positions . His base was not primarily in political parties but in East Sepik Province , the area that elected him . During his political career he was a member of the House of Assembly and after independence in 1975 the National parliament for the East Sepik Provincial – later open – seat . He was the first chief minister at the end of colonial rule . Thereafter he became the first Prime Minister after independence from 1975 to 1980 . He returned to the office of Prime Minister from 1982 to 1985 , and his longest stint in the position was from 2002 to 2011 . He also served as Cabinet Minister : he was minister of foreign affairs from 1988 to 1992 ; from 1999 to 2001 he was subsequently minister of foreign affairs , minister of mining and Bougainville , minister of foreign affairs and Bougainville affairs . He was leader of the opposition from 1980 to 1982 , and thereafter in that position from 1985 to 1988 and finally from 2001 to 2002 . When the new position of political governor as head of the provincial administration and representative MP was created in 1995 , Somare took up the job . He was governor of East Sepik from 1995 until 1999 . After the last election that he contended , he again became Governor of East Sepik ( 2012–2016 ) . He was a founding member of the Pangu Party which led PNG into independence in 1975 . He resigned from the Pangu Party and became an independent in 1988 . He rejoined the Pangu Party in 1994 but was sacked as a leader in the following year . He was then asked to join and lead the National Alliance Party . In 2017 he left politics and also the National Alliance Party . While Somare was in March 2011 hospitalised in Singapore , a majority of parliamentarians declared the post of Prime Minister vacant . Peter ONeill was the new prime minister . This was contested . On 12 December 2011 , the Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea ordered that Somare be reinstated as Prime Minister , ruling that ONeill had not been lawfully appointed . This event triggered the 2011–12 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis . Following a decisive victory for ONeill in the 2012 general election , Somare expressed support for him , thereby ending the crisis and forming a coalition government . However , this truce did not last . When Somare announced his departure from politics , he made a blistering attack on ONeill . Early life . Somare was the son of Ludwig Somare Sana and Kambe Somare . Ludwig Somare was a policeman , rising to the rank of sergeant . Having taught himself to read and write , he was subsequently active in encouraging formation of small businesses and co-operatives , founding the Angoram Co-operative Society which he chaired from 1961 until 1967 . In all , Ludwig Somare Sana had four wives and six children , of whom Somare was the eldest . Born in Rabaul in a village called Rapikid , where his father was then stationed , Somare grew up in his family village of Karau in the Murik Lakes district of East Sepik Province . Somares earliest education was in a Japanese-run primary school at Karau during World War II where he learned to read , write and count in Japanese . Meanwhile , Somares father was in hiding and fear of his life from the Japanese in Rabaul , but he remembers the Japanese with affection . Somares earliest overseas trips , first as a parliamentarian and then as Prime Minister , were to Japan . From 1946 Somare attended Boram Primary School , then Dregerhafen Education Centre and Sogeri High School , graduating with a Leaving Certificate issued on behalf of the Australian state of Victoria in 1957 . This was a teaching qualification at the time , and he then taught at several primary and secondary schools , returning to Sogeri High School for further training from 1962 to 1963 . Sepik identity . Somare liked to present himself in a lap-lap ( a kind of sarong ) instead of in trousers . Lap laps are not traditional in the sense of pre-colonial and is therefore a declaration of neo traditionalism . That is also evident in his autobiography that he published at independence . He was stressing his Sepik identity , despite being born in Rabaul on the islands and far from the Sepik , but he portrayed his time as a child in Sepik villages as decisive in forming his personality . His father brought him there to the village of Karau in the Murik Lakes region when Somares mother separated from him . Somare paid elaborate attention to his initiation and the role of matrilineal descent is also evident there . ”Our mother’s brothers receive for example the initiates after their ordeal . Yet the people of the Sepik do not enforce descent rules rigorously . Somare claimed also the honorific title of Sana in his fathers line . This title asserts descent from the founder of the clan and is a designation as peacemaker . The title of Sana bestowed for example on the bearer the duty of organising a meal for the enemies before a fight . Sepik societies are no longer expected to make war : a historical element is thus given meaning in a new context . In order to obtain the title he was approved for admission to the elders of the clan before he had reached the required minimum age . This may be less controversial than Somare portrayed . Leadership in the Sepik is not based on descent but on a consensus among the elders and reputation is decisive . Anthropological literature argues that Western Polynesian societies are not particularly centralised and although there is a big man attitude to leadership there is a continuous jockeying for position among those who want to be big man . Political ideology in PNG refers to this as the Melanesian way . This background can be seen as a formative influence on Somares political practice . PNG has not been dominated by one particular leader whose power base was in a centralised institution like a party or the army . Political life in Papua New Guinea is fragmented and decentralised : party formation is weak . Above all , Papua New Guinea has maintained a Westminster style democracy and leaders moved aside when they lost parliamentary majorities . At independence Somare insisted on a ministerial rather than a presidential system . In his valedictory parliamentary speech , he urged young leaders to learn what the Westminster system of government is meant to achieve . Early political career . Somare stressed his background in the small emerging modern sector of Papua New Guinea rather than his immersion in Sepik culture in two long interviews at the end of his career . Later on , he was one of the 35 Papua New Guineans who went through a crash course that gave entry to the civil service . He was as a result also one of the few Papua New Guineans with a command of the English language . Therefore , he was qualified as a translator for the Legislative Council . This was a white-dominated institution but it gave him insight into the game of politics . He also became a radio announcer in Wewak , East Sepik . That was a great opportunity to make his name known in the area that elected him throughout his long career consistently as their MP . It also brought the ire of his supervisors because of his critical comments and they transferred him on administrative duties to Port Moresby . There he became part of the small group of educated nationalists that had the nickname of the bully beef club . This group protested already early on against the racist nature of colonial rule . Somare maintained that he was already in 1962 in favour of independence . He was in Port Moresby one of the founding members in 1967 of the Papua and Niugini Union party ( Pangu ) . He stood for election when opportunities opened up for native Papua New Guineans to enter the National Assembly in 1968 and he was one of the eight Pangu candidates who were successful . He embarked in politics practising a judicious mixture of opposition to and co-optation by the Australian government . Pangu opted in 1968 for the opposition rather than having seats in government . From that position they consistently attacked the racist nature of colonial rule as they had also done outside parliament . Somare was leader of the opposition but he was also a member of the Constitutional Planning Committee preparing for independence . He was despite his radical position also a moderate . He argued for example for a period of internal self government . That was granted in 1973 . Foreign affairs and defence remained an Australian responsibility until full independence was granted two years later . Somare was particularly adept at steering a clear way among various conflicting forces . There were for example those who advocated that Papua New Guinea should become the seventh state in the Australian Federation . More important were the centrifugal forces in the country . There was a rival political party with mass following in the highlands , the Compass party . A separatist movement was pleading for separate independence for Papua apart from New Guinea . In Bougainville , there were forces claiming independence . There were conflicts among the Tolai in East New Britain . The Peoples Progress Party under the leadership of Julius Chan rather than Pangu was important on the islands . Somare succeeded in bringing all these centrifugal forces together at independence . Somares advocacy of independence was radical as compared to the other parties who were much more in favour of the status quo . It was particularly important to sway the opinion of Julius Chan who was not keen on immediate independence . When that succeeded a coalition government between Pangu and the PPP became possible . Some forces on the Australian side were also not in favour of independence for PNG , but it was definitely not the case that there was a veritable independence struggle . There was some protest against colonial practices , for example , a civil service strike pleading for equal treatment of PNG personnel with Australian personnel or protest against discriminatory practices . However , there was a fair amount of co-optation on the way to independence , especially after Gough Whitlam became prime minister of Australia . Since there has been access to the Australian archives from this period it was clear that Australia wanted to get rid of PNG already early on . The Australian government was keen to let the complexities of ruling PNG go . The possibility to declare Papua New Guinea an Australian state in the federation and making all inhabitants Australians was always rejected by Australia . Michael Somares role in the independence struggle reflects therefore the values he advocated throughout his career , as a builder of consensus and a politician whose main mission was avoiding or reconciling conflicts . Michael Somare as policymaker . Michael Somare was praised highly when he left politics in 2016 . The most significant praise may be from Sean Dorney –a veteran specialist on PNG politics . He praised him as a politician who led a highly fractured political community leading to independence . He also praised the enduring parliamentary democracy in such a fractured community . It is , however , significant that praise for Somares policies was lacking . That is understandable because Somare was not conspicuous as a policymaker . His policies must often were derived from the actual course he took reacting to events . Three areas of policy making illustrate this : agriculture , macro economic policies and development planning . PNG got as a parting gift at independence an economic analysis with recommendations . This stressed the need for rural development and Somare accepted that at that time . Yet in the course of the years PNG became an economy driven by resource extraction and the agricultural sector remained stagnant . Attention to the rural sector was driven by donors rather than by government . For example : the World Banks PNG Productive Partnerships in Agriculture or the PNG Rural Service Delivery Program . The Mining Act 1992 and the Oil and Gas Act 1998 are the most important documents regulating the rapid growth in extracting natural resources . These were enacted when Somare was not in power . Nevertheless , the major LNG/PNG project was developed when he was prime minister from 2002 to 2011 . There was however no major policy debate around the project . His son , Arthur Somare , was the prime driver of the project rather than prime minister Michael Somare . Michael Somare has however defended his track record with respect to LNG/PNG despite strong criticism of the deal to gain equity in the company . The Forestry Act 1991 is the main document regulating another natural resources sector . It was also enacted when Somare was not in power . The deeds of Somare governments show one predominant trait in policy making : he was a fiscal conservative . Government expenditure was under control when he was prime minister . That was particularly clear in the period 2002–2011 . When Somare succeeded Morauta as prime minister in 2002 there was a fear that Somare would undo the privatisation of the preceding government and move away from the politics of austerity . However , he left the reforms of the preceding Morauta government intact and his fiscal rectitude fitted the IMF philosophy of structural adjustment . The IMF had much praise for the Somare government 2002–2011 . Income from natural resources was high and the Somare government used it to reduce the public debt rather than increase public expenditure . There was only one attempt to formulate a comprehensive development policy by a Somare government : the Vision 2050 document . However that became more an inspirational document than a concrete plan of action . The document is critical of PNGs performance since independence but it lays the blame in the first place on its citizenry rather than the government and government policies . Foreign relations . Michael Somare was a well travelled man when he became prime minister in 1975 . He had for example visited East Africa , Sri Lanka . the United States . In accordance with his Sepik inspired philosophy of consensus he declared friends with everybody and enemies of none as the principle of his foreign relations . Nevertheless , there were some countries to which he felt more friendly than others and the first one among those was Japan . He wrote warmly about the Japanese occupation during World War II of his home area East Sepik . For example : Contrary to the general opinion , he praised their treatment of local women . He travelled regularly to Japan and was awarded high Japanese honours . It is significant that he received as governor of East Sepik in 2014 the Japanese prime minister in Wewak who laid a wreath remembering Japanese war dead . These sympathies for Japan did not deter him from opening diplomatic relations with China soon after independence . Indonesia is the second country that figured large in international relations during the Somare era , but that was not because of buoyant international ties . PNG mainly attempted to remain as passive as possible towards the violent conflict between proponents of West Papua independence and the Indonesian government . The Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua region was never questioned . There was initially a great reluctance to even question the human rights situation in the region . That changed after a big uprising in Jayapura , the capital of Irian Jaya in 1984 . This brought many refugees to PNG . PNG protested about the way Indonesia dealt with the uprising in the UN General Assembly . However , repatriation of the refugees had been the major policy aim since independence and it always remained the major policy plank of the PNG government . Initially , Somare resisted even involvement of the UNHCR . Problems at the border including military incursions were meant to be solved by boundary commissions and other diplomatic means . The West Papuan independence movement was keen to be admitted as a member of the Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) which is resisted by Indonesia . PNG has never opposed Indonesias view . However , in 2013 , when Somare was no longer in government , he advocated representation of West Papua on the MSG during the silver jubilee celebrations of the group . However , he remained unequivocally of the opinion that it was an internal problem of Indonesia and questioning Indonesian sovereignty over West Papua was beyond the pale . West Papua should be represented as a Melanesian community and not as an independent sovereign state . He suggested a presence of the West Papuans at the MSG on similar terms as China tolerated Hong Kong and Taiwan at APEC . Australia is the third focal point of international relations in the Somare era . The nature of these relations were to a large degree dependent upon the Australian politicians involved . Somare and Kevin Rudd had for example warm relations . Somare was however often keen to demonstrate his nationalism in relations with Australia . That sentiment appeared in incidents : First : At the time of Papua New Guinea independence in 1975 Somare demanded proper dignity for Papua New Guinean leaders when he considered that Australias gift of an official house for Papua New Guineas prime minister was insufficiently grand for the great statesman he considered himself to be : Australia abashedly acceded to Somares demands and provided a much more palatial official residence . The intended and despised prime ministerial residence was instead designated the residence of the Australian High Commissioner . Second : In March 2005 Somare was required by security officers at Brisbane Airport to remove his shoes during a routine departure security check . He took strong exception to this , leading to a diplomatic contretemps and a significant cooling of relations between Australia and Papua New Guinea . Somare was travelling on a regular scheduled flight , and he was unknown to security staff . His sandals had stiffening metal strips , which were detected by a walk-through scanner . The Australian government ignored diplomatic protests as the PNG government had not arranged a diplomatic visit , in a state or chartered aircraft . A protest march in Port Moresby saw hundreds march on the Australian High Commission and present a petition to High Commissioner Michael Potts demanding an apology and compensation . However , the Australian Government ignored the matter . A third incident where Somare asserted independence from Australia was the Moti affair . Julian Moti , was arrested in Port Moresby on 29 September 2006 under an Australian extradition request to face child sex charges over an alleged incident in Vanuatu in 1997 . After breaking bail conditions and taking sanctuary in the Solomon Islands High Commission Moti was flown to the Solomon Islands on a clandestine PNG Defence Force flight . Moti was a close associate of Manasseh Sogavare , the Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands , This caused outrage on the part of the Australian government . Australia then cancelled ministerial-level talks in December and banned senior Papua New Guinea ministers from entering Australia . Somare denied any involvement in authorising the flight . However , he refused the release of a commission of enquiry from the PNG Defence Force in the matter . Somare has been regularly blunt in his opinion on the relations with Australia . After returning to power in 2002 , he indicated that he would manage the relationship with Australia in a different way from the close and consultative style of his predecessor Mekere Morauta . Somare strongly opposed the Morauta governments acceptance of asylum seekers under the Pacific solution program . At the celebrations of thirty years of independence in 2005 , Somare complained that Australia was seeking to take control again and was prepared to totally destroy PNGs reputation . Controversy . Somares valedictory speech in parliament may have sounded like a triumph but there was disappointment on his part . He initially refused to give such a speech in parliament as he was not awarded enough time and attention . Afterwards , the family , the political party that he had belonged to and the highly respected veteran politician Dame Carol Kidu complained about the relatively short ceremony while they had expected a military parade , singing groups , etc . Later a more elaborate ceremony was performed in John Guise stadium in Port Moresby that was –maybe due to unseasonal rain- poorly attended . This was followed by a farewell tour of the country . Somare was , however , by that time , no longer an undisputed authority . A large part of the PNG population looked with increasing scepticism at Somare and his pronouncements . The first reason that Somare has faded from political importance is that he succeeded less and less to cultivate a consensus . He gained prestige after 2002 when he presided over a government that lasted its full term of five years , the first such occurrence since independence . This stability continued from 2007 to 2011 . The reason was seen in a new set of rules that were adopted under the Organic Law on Political Parties and Candidates ( OLIPPAC ) that had as a central aim to promote party identification and to curb short term opportunistic behaviour among MPs . A major new rule proscribing MPs from changing party affiliation during a parliamentary period . However , the prime minister retained the power to change his cabinet and as a result , this apparent stability glossed over sharp conflicts in the government . Between 2002 and 2007 , there were five deputy prime ministers , several cabinet reshuffles , ministers sacked and parties divided – hardly a sign of political stability . OLIPPAC was also considered as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court . Amidst this instability , there was no attempt to groom a successor . Bart Philemon , the Finance Minister challenged Somares leadership of the National Alliance Party in 2007 , but he was then dumped by the party and crossed over to the opposition . The only person who gained significant power during this period was Somares son Arthur , the Angoram Open MP and it became apparent that he was being groomed as the preferred successor . The second reason is Somares refusal to have his authority challenged in parliament , even when there was no chance of dismissal of his government . Somare was threatened with many motions of no confidence . Initially , he wanted to extend the period in which no motions of confidence were allowed after an election and before an election . The courts prevented this . Thereafter he relied on the speaker and interpretations of parliamentary rules to prevent a motion of no confidence being raised . He did not take it lightly when that was challenged : The Sydney Morning Herald reported on 22 July 2010 that he had threatened to kill an Opposition MP : There were wild scenes when the Speaker adjourned the house until 16 November , despite the oppositions claim it had enough votes to stop the adjournment . Once most MPs had left parliament and the yelling and cries of dictatorship died down , Mr Somare crossed the floor , pointed his finger at an MP , Sam Basil , and shouted in Toc pisin words that translate as : If you were outside this chamber I would kill you . By using his influence over the speaker Somare prevented all motions of no confidence and this is puzzling ; it was also doubtful that such a motion would succeed on the floor of parliament . He returned to power after the elections in 2007 with large support in parliament . He was only unseated in 2011 when he was hospitalized in Singapore for an extended period because of complications after heart surgery and it became apparent that he may not be able to return . At this point his support in the National Alliance party split and the Speaker obtained support to declare the prime ministers post vacant . An adversary motion of no confidence was avoided . During the constitutional crisis ( 2011–2012 ) he never accepted a loss of his parliamentary majority . In January 2012 he attempted to take power through a military coup that failed as the army , civil service and police were backing his rival Peter O’Neill . He had only the support of 20 MPs but the courts had backed him up . He relied on the law as well to get a compensation of a million US dollars for not being reinstated as PM during the constitutional crisis . The third reason is the involvement of the Somare family in questionable practices in the logging industry . A commission of enquiry into the logging industry was set up under the chairmanship of the Judge Tos Barnett , The Barnett Commission found widespread corruption surrounding the issue of government licensing of concessions . The name of Michael Somare turned up in connection with one of these concessions in his home area , the Sepik River Development Corporation . According to the Barnett Commission , Somare lied under oath when he denied his links with this concession . The commission recommended referral to the Ombudsman Commission . Complaints about governance issues need in PNG in first instance to be referred to that institution . This recommendation had no immediate consequence for Somare , but it was not the end of the controversy . The Australian newspaper published in 2008 a series of articles in which the Somare family was connected to two more illegal concessions . In all these schemes there was a Malaysian partner . Michael Somare denied again his involvement but he had to retract this and claimed that it was his son Arthur who was involved in the first place . When carbon trading emerged , Michael Somare , supported this enthusiastically and PNG became an active member and maybe initiator of the Coalition for Rainforest Nation and the country aimed to participate in the REDD program . ( Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries ( UN-REDD ) . Somare declared himself however deeply disappointed in the REDD program at the Oslo conference on climate change in 2010 . The problem was not corruption and other governance problems on the part of developing countries , but the issue was that “ Today , markets value forests more destroyed than standing . Somares great complaint is however about conditionality . His enthusiasm for REDD is said to be motivated to get away from conditionality on logging suggested by the World Bank and the idea of carbon credits evolved in a speculative frenzy . The fourth reason for the decline in prestige of Michael Somare is the lack of modesty . The Melanesian way expects big men to be modest . Somare has always asserted himself in a big way , for example by assuming the honorific Grand Chief . In 1998 , his portrait appeared on the reverse side of the K . 50 bank note . This was to honour his role in attaining independence . However , this public show of prominence suits more a presidential system than a Westminster style parliamentary democracy . The problematic presentation of the self by Somare was also evident in his appearance before a Leadership tribunal following complaints about not handing in financial returns as required by the leadership code . The leadership tribunal was composed of three expatriate judges . He was found guilty of submitting late and incomplete annual financial statements , dating back to the 1990s . As a result , he was suspended from office for two weeks without pay . That was a majority judgment of two judges . Judge Sir Robin Auld dissented . He was the only Judge that called for dismissal : Michael Somares attitude as prime minister showed a disregard bordering on disdain for his constitutional obligations . It would be bad enough in the case of any leader , but it is particularly reprehensible for one of his high standing and influential involvement in the initiation of the leadership code . There were cheers from a large crowd of well wishers when he appeared from the court . Somare regretted his administrative oversight and seemed without rancor . His daughter Bertha –the spokeswoman for the family- asked for understanding from the foreign press : He is not a politician like they have in Australia , or places like that , she said . There has to be , I guess , an understanding of Papua New Guinea . Everybody watched this very public , if you like , humiliation of him for the last couple of months and I think the majority of Papua New Guineans were very relieved at the judgment made by two of the three ( judges ) .I guess there was a sense of relief throughout the country . The significance of the Leadership Tribunal was thus the first in the challenge to his prestige . That challenge was also evident in the suggestion in 2008 by opposition politician Bart Philemon that Sir Michael Somare gives an explanation on how he obtained a A$349,000 three-bedroom executive-style apartment with private plunge pool in inner-city Cairns . His son Arthur Somare who was then PNGs State Enterprise Minister was also questioned about a A$685,000 four-bedroom home he had bought two months prior at Trinity Beach . The fifth reason came after Somare left office . His name and that of his son Michael Somare jr , were mentioned in a case of fraud and money laundering relating to a scheme to build community colleges in PNG . The Sydney Morning Herald accused Somare of accepting a one million dollar bribe from the Chinese telecommunications firm ZTE in the pursuit of contracts . They based it on evidence from their own research by Fairfax newspapers and Singapore court records . Michael Somare maintained that he never accepted bribes or inducements . Personal life . Somare married his wife Veronica , Lady Somare ( generally referred to as Lady Veronica Somare ) in 1965 , having courted her in traditional fashion , and then immediately left to take up his scholarship at Administrative College . They had five children , Bertha ( usually called Betha in the national press ) , Sana , Arthur , Michael Jnr and Dulciana . Somare was head of both his own family and that of his wife , Veronica Lady Somare , who initiated him into their title mindamot two days after his initiation as sana . Somare died from pancreatic cancer in Port Moresby on 25 February 2021 , at age 84 . Honours . Somare received several honorary doctorates , the first being from the University of the Philippines in 1976 . Somare was appointed a member of Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council in 1977 ( as in Australia , the honorific The Right Honourable can only be granted when one is admitted to the British Privy Council ) , and was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) by the Queen in the Birthday Honours List of 1990 . In 2004 he received authorization from cabinet to create an honours system for Papua New Guinea . In 2005 , the Princess Royal invested him as one of the first Grand Companions of the Order of Logohu ( GCL ) . Further reading . - Hegarty , David , and Peter King . Papua New Guinea in 1982 : the election brings change . Asian Survey 23.2 ( 1983 ) : 217–226 . online - May , Ronald . Papua New Guineas Political Coup : The Ousting of Sir Michael Somare . ( 2011 ) . online - Somare , Michael , and An Sana . An Autobiography of Michael Somare ( Port Moresby , 1975 ) . - Zhuang , Yan , Michael Somare , Papua New Guinea’s ‘Father of the Nation,’ Dies at 84 : Mr . Somare , who played a major role in leading the country to independence from Australia , was its longest-serving prime minister . New York Times February 26 , 2021 obituary . External links . - Somare – A political survivor , Rowan Callick , Islands Business , May 2008 - Prime Minister Michael Somare addresses the General Assembly of the United Nations , 27 September 2010 ( video ; transcript )
|
[
"Western & Atlantic Railroad"
] |
easy
|
The Texas (locomotive) was owned by whom from 1856 to 1890?
|
/wiki/The_Texas_(locomotive)#P127#0
|
The Texas ( locomotive ) Western & Atlantic Railroad #49 Texas is a 4-4-0 American type steam locomotive built in 1856 for the Western & Atlantic Railroad by Danforth , Cooke & Co. , best known as the principal pursuit engine in the Great Locomotive Chase , chasing the General after the latter was stolen by Union saboteurs in an attempt to ruin the Confederate rail system during the American Civil War . The locomotive is preserved at the Atlanta History Center . Antebellum . The Texas was built in October 1856 for the Western & Atlantic Railroad by locomotive manufacturer Danforth , Cooke and Company in Paterson , New Jersey , and subsequently shipped from Paterson to the Port of Savannah , thence delivered via the Georgia Rail Road & Banking Company and Macon & Western Railroad to the W&A headquarters in Atlanta . The Texas provided freight and passenger service on the W&As main line between Atlanta and Chattanooga , Tennessee . Civil War and the Great Locomotive Chase . At the onset of the Civil War , the locomotive primarily hauled local freight and cargo without any major incident . However , on April 12 , 1862 , the Texas , while pulling a load of 12 cars from Dalton southbound towards Atlanta , was commandeered by William Allen Fuller to chase down spies , led by James J . Andrews , during the Great Locomotive Chase . Steaming in reverse after jettisoning the railcars , the Texas pursued the fleeing General over 50 miles before the raiders abandoned their stolen engine two miles north of Ringgold , Georgia . The Texass engineer , Peter Bracken , towed the abandoned General back to Adairsville , Georgia , and then picked up his 12 cars and steamed into Atlanta , well behind schedule , but with good reason . Following the incident , the Texas and nine boxcars were loaned to the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad to haul salt and cargo from the mines at Saltville , Virginia in 1863 . While in Virginia , the engine was captured by the U.S . Military Railroad ( USMRR ) . Eventually , as Union forces made their way toward Atlanta , the W&ARR and its 46 other locomotives were captured as well . Postbellum . The USMRR returned the Texas , W&ARR , and its other locomotives to the State of Georgia on September 25 , 1865 . The engine continued to serve the W&ARR during the Reconstruction era , though under several different stewards as the public railroad was steadily privatized . The State of Georgia numbered the W&ARRs engines in 1866 , leading to the Texass designation as number 49 . In 1870 , the W&ARR was leased out , for a period of twenty years , to a group of Georgia investors led by former war-time governor Joseph E . Brown . Alongside the W&ARRs other 44 locomotives at the time , the Texas was renumbered and renamed - becoming the Cincinnati , number 12 . During the lease period , the engine received a new boiler ( 1877 ) , was converted to burn coal , and was regauged ( 1886 ) as the W&ARR converted its entire locomotive rolling stock to the national standard gauge . The W&ARR lease was renewed in 1890 , though with a different lessee : the Nashville , Chattanooga and St . Louis Railway . The Texas remained the Cincinnati under the NC&StL and was renumbered 212 . In 1895 , the engine was withdrawn from mainline service and stored on a siding in Vinings , Georgia . By 1903 , the engine had briefly returned to service on a branch line serving a corn mill in Emerson , Georgia . It served there until its retirement in 1907 , at which time it was sent to the W&ARRs yard in Atlanta , where it would await its disposition . In August 1907 , an article in the Atlanta Constitution brought to attention the deteriorated state of the locomotive and its historical significance . A fundraising effort began for its preservation . In response , NC&StL president John W . Thomas stated that he was willing to turn the engine to either the State of Georgia or the City of Atlanta , should either be willing to accept it . Accordingly , the Georgia General Assembly passed a resolution recognizing the need to preserve the engine . However , neither the railway nor the state took any physical action to move and/or protect the engine , which thus remained derelict on a siding . A grassroots campaign led by the Atlanta Georgian newspaper and an ad-hoc group ( composed of the Atlanta chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy , the Inman Park Students Club , and the Atlanta Womans Club ) succeeded in securing the locomotive for the City of Atlanta instead . On February 17 , 1908 , the Texas was officially donated to the Ladies of Atlanta by the NC&StL . The group , in turn , transferred the engine to the city . However , despite the Texass donation , the locomotive remained in the W&A yard . In 1910 , Atlanta artist and historian , Wilbur G . Kurtz , began writing articles in the Atlanta Constitution advocating preservation of the Texas . The following year , the engine was moved to Grant Park , though it remained exposed to the elements and funds for its restoration were still lacking . In 1927 , the Texas was placed in the basement of the newly constructed Cyclorama , but remained unrestored or altered from its retirement appearance in 1907 . As stated , during its service life , the Texas underwent numerous rebuilds and modifications . Most notably , the engines smokestack was replaced with a diamond design suited for coal-burning , and its cowcatcher had been replaced with a wooden step for use in yard service . The locomotives current tender originally belonged to the United States Military Railroads Dalton locomotive , built in 1864 by the Mason Machine Works of Taunton , Massachusetts . The Dalton was sold to the Western & Atlantic after the war , renamed William MacRae , and operated on the W&A until retired in 1890 , with its tender salvaged for the Texas when the latter was briefly returned to service in 1900 . In 1936 , the locomotive , under the guidance of Kurtz , was cosmetically restored to resemble what he believed to be its wartime appearance . The engines smokestack was replaced with one resembling the balloon design of the Civil War era , its horizontal strap-iron slat cowcatcher was restored , as were the nameplates on the sides of the boiler . The basement in which the engine was placed , while adequate to protect the engine , had been criticized for its small size which made viewing the engine difficult . As with the General , several proposals had been made as to where the Texas should be displayed , including placing it on display in the Atlanta Union Station , at the site of present-day Underground Atlanta , at Stone Mountain Park , among others - none of which materialized . By the late 1960s and early 1970s , there was growing concern about the condition of the panoramic painting of the Battle of Atlanta ( the Atlanta Cyclorama ) , which had suffered from storm damage as well as long periods of neglect . In 1972 , the City of Atlanta developed plans to renovate the Cyclorama building , including a complete restoration of the painting as well as an enlarged display area for the Texas . However , the renovation did not begin until 1979 , and was completed in 1982 . Contemporary . After the 2008 restoration of the Gettysburg Cyclorama , focus shifted once more to the Atlanta Cyclorama and its deteriorated condition , prompting the City of Atlanta to explore another restoration and potential relocation of the painting . Ultimately , a decision was made to relocate and restore the painting , with a transfer ultimately including the Texas locomotive and other artifacts at the Atlanta Cyclorama and Civil War Museum as well . Around this time , the cities of Marietta , Kennesaw , as well as the Southeastern Railway Museum in Duluth , Georgia expressed interest in acquiring the locomotive . However , city officials in Atlanta determined the engine should remain preserved in tandem with the painting . In July 2014 , the city of Atlanta announced that the Cyclorama collection , including the painting , locomotive , and other artifacts were to be relocated to the Atlanta History Center in Buckhead . The Texas was removed from the Cyclorama building in December 2015 , marking the first time the Texas has been removed from the building since its 1981 remodeling . The engine received a cosmetic restoration performed at the North Carolina Transportation Museum by a private contractor , Steam Operations Corporation , who had previously restored the Norfolk and Western Railway no . 611 to operation at that facility , before being placed in the expanded history center . The engine has been restored to its 1880s appearance , as opposed to the wartime appearance it had from the 1936 restoration . As such , it has received a new diamond stack similar to the one it had when retired , as well as a new cowcatcher with vertical wooden slats ( similar to that currently worn by the General ) , a black paint scheme , and was returned to its 1870s number , 12 , though retains the Texas name , with a newly fabricated number plate to reflect the number . The old balloon stack , cowcatcher , and other removed elements from the 1936 restoration will remain in the history centers collection , and may be exhibited separately . The engines new look caused a controversy in some circles , with critics saying the Texass new look erased its Civil War history . Commenting on the engines new appearance , Gordon Jones , of the Atlanta History Center , noted that the Texas was in service for fifty years , the Great Locomotive Chase occupying but a few hours of its service life , and said Weve already got one locomotive [ the General ] telling the story of the Great Locomotive Chase . We can utilize the Texas to tell a different story . The fully restored Texas was publicly unveiled by the North Carolina Transportation Museum on April 28 , 2017 , during a weekend long celebration in which it was exhibited alongside other engines at the museum , including the visiting Lehigh Valley No . 126 and the above mentioned Norfolk and Western no . 611 . The Texas was scheduled to begin its two-day move to the Atlanta History Center on May 3 , 2017 , but a logistical issue delayed the beginning of the move from North Carolina until May 4 . It arrived on May 5 . The Atlanta History Centers new Atlanta railroads exhibit , featuring the locomotive , opened on November 17 , 2018 . The Cyclorama painting and related exhibits opened to the public in spring 2019 . Confirmation of legal ownership . On April 12 , 2015 , the 153rd anniversary of the Great Locomotive Chase , the Marietta Daily Journal published an article advocating the transfer of the Texas to the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History in Kennesaw , Georgia . Several state legislators indicated their support , arguing the locomotive was state property due to its association with the once-public W&ARR . Following the piece , the Georgia State Properties Commission requested a legal opinion from the States Office of the Attorney General concerning the engines ownership . The State Attorney Generals office concluded that the Texas was property of the City of Atlanta given the evidence discovered , particularly citing the NC&StLs right to disposition of property as clarified in their 1890 and 1919 leases with the State of Georgia for the W&ARR . As a result , the donation of the Texas to the City of Atlanta on February 17 , 1908 was a legally permissible transfer , meaning the City of Atlanta continues to hold ownership rights to the locomotive today . References . - Andrews Raid description of the Texas - Texas Information Page
|
[
"Nashville , Chattanooga and St . Louis Railway"
] |
easy
|
The Texas (locomotive) was owned by whom from 1890 to 1908?
|
/wiki/The_Texas_(locomotive)#P127#1
|
The Texas ( locomotive ) Western & Atlantic Railroad #49 Texas is a 4-4-0 American type steam locomotive built in 1856 for the Western & Atlantic Railroad by Danforth , Cooke & Co. , best known as the principal pursuit engine in the Great Locomotive Chase , chasing the General after the latter was stolen by Union saboteurs in an attempt to ruin the Confederate rail system during the American Civil War . The locomotive is preserved at the Atlanta History Center . Antebellum . The Texas was built in October 1856 for the Western & Atlantic Railroad by locomotive manufacturer Danforth , Cooke and Company in Paterson , New Jersey , and subsequently shipped from Paterson to the Port of Savannah , thence delivered via the Georgia Rail Road & Banking Company and Macon & Western Railroad to the W&A headquarters in Atlanta . The Texas provided freight and passenger service on the W&As main line between Atlanta and Chattanooga , Tennessee . Civil War and the Great Locomotive Chase . At the onset of the Civil War , the locomotive primarily hauled local freight and cargo without any major incident . However , on April 12 , 1862 , the Texas , while pulling a load of 12 cars from Dalton southbound towards Atlanta , was commandeered by William Allen Fuller to chase down spies , led by James J . Andrews , during the Great Locomotive Chase . Steaming in reverse after jettisoning the railcars , the Texas pursued the fleeing General over 50 miles before the raiders abandoned their stolen engine two miles north of Ringgold , Georgia . The Texass engineer , Peter Bracken , towed the abandoned General back to Adairsville , Georgia , and then picked up his 12 cars and steamed into Atlanta , well behind schedule , but with good reason . Following the incident , the Texas and nine boxcars were loaned to the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad to haul salt and cargo from the mines at Saltville , Virginia in 1863 . While in Virginia , the engine was captured by the U.S . Military Railroad ( USMRR ) . Eventually , as Union forces made their way toward Atlanta , the W&ARR and its 46 other locomotives were captured as well . Postbellum . The USMRR returned the Texas , W&ARR , and its other locomotives to the State of Georgia on September 25 , 1865 . The engine continued to serve the W&ARR during the Reconstruction era , though under several different stewards as the public railroad was steadily privatized . The State of Georgia numbered the W&ARRs engines in 1866 , leading to the Texass designation as number 49 . In 1870 , the W&ARR was leased out , for a period of twenty years , to a group of Georgia investors led by former war-time governor Joseph E . Brown . Alongside the W&ARRs other 44 locomotives at the time , the Texas was renumbered and renamed - becoming the Cincinnati , number 12 . During the lease period , the engine received a new boiler ( 1877 ) , was converted to burn coal , and was regauged ( 1886 ) as the W&ARR converted its entire locomotive rolling stock to the national standard gauge . The W&ARR lease was renewed in 1890 , though with a different lessee : the Nashville , Chattanooga and St . Louis Railway . The Texas remained the Cincinnati under the NC&StL and was renumbered 212 . In 1895 , the engine was withdrawn from mainline service and stored on a siding in Vinings , Georgia . By 1903 , the engine had briefly returned to service on a branch line serving a corn mill in Emerson , Georgia . It served there until its retirement in 1907 , at which time it was sent to the W&ARRs yard in Atlanta , where it would await its disposition . In August 1907 , an article in the Atlanta Constitution brought to attention the deteriorated state of the locomotive and its historical significance . A fundraising effort began for its preservation . In response , NC&StL president John W . Thomas stated that he was willing to turn the engine to either the State of Georgia or the City of Atlanta , should either be willing to accept it . Accordingly , the Georgia General Assembly passed a resolution recognizing the need to preserve the engine . However , neither the railway nor the state took any physical action to move and/or protect the engine , which thus remained derelict on a siding . A grassroots campaign led by the Atlanta Georgian newspaper and an ad-hoc group ( composed of the Atlanta chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy , the Inman Park Students Club , and the Atlanta Womans Club ) succeeded in securing the locomotive for the City of Atlanta instead . On February 17 , 1908 , the Texas was officially donated to the Ladies of Atlanta by the NC&StL . The group , in turn , transferred the engine to the city . However , despite the Texass donation , the locomotive remained in the W&A yard . In 1910 , Atlanta artist and historian , Wilbur G . Kurtz , began writing articles in the Atlanta Constitution advocating preservation of the Texas . The following year , the engine was moved to Grant Park , though it remained exposed to the elements and funds for its restoration were still lacking . In 1927 , the Texas was placed in the basement of the newly constructed Cyclorama , but remained unrestored or altered from its retirement appearance in 1907 . As stated , during its service life , the Texas underwent numerous rebuilds and modifications . Most notably , the engines smokestack was replaced with a diamond design suited for coal-burning , and its cowcatcher had been replaced with a wooden step for use in yard service . The locomotives current tender originally belonged to the United States Military Railroads Dalton locomotive , built in 1864 by the Mason Machine Works of Taunton , Massachusetts . The Dalton was sold to the Western & Atlantic after the war , renamed William MacRae , and operated on the W&A until retired in 1890 , with its tender salvaged for the Texas when the latter was briefly returned to service in 1900 . In 1936 , the locomotive , under the guidance of Kurtz , was cosmetically restored to resemble what he believed to be its wartime appearance . The engines smokestack was replaced with one resembling the balloon design of the Civil War era , its horizontal strap-iron slat cowcatcher was restored , as were the nameplates on the sides of the boiler . The basement in which the engine was placed , while adequate to protect the engine , had been criticized for its small size which made viewing the engine difficult . As with the General , several proposals had been made as to where the Texas should be displayed , including placing it on display in the Atlanta Union Station , at the site of present-day Underground Atlanta , at Stone Mountain Park , among others - none of which materialized . By the late 1960s and early 1970s , there was growing concern about the condition of the panoramic painting of the Battle of Atlanta ( the Atlanta Cyclorama ) , which had suffered from storm damage as well as long periods of neglect . In 1972 , the City of Atlanta developed plans to renovate the Cyclorama building , including a complete restoration of the painting as well as an enlarged display area for the Texas . However , the renovation did not begin until 1979 , and was completed in 1982 . Contemporary . After the 2008 restoration of the Gettysburg Cyclorama , focus shifted once more to the Atlanta Cyclorama and its deteriorated condition , prompting the City of Atlanta to explore another restoration and potential relocation of the painting . Ultimately , a decision was made to relocate and restore the painting , with a transfer ultimately including the Texas locomotive and other artifacts at the Atlanta Cyclorama and Civil War Museum as well . Around this time , the cities of Marietta , Kennesaw , as well as the Southeastern Railway Museum in Duluth , Georgia expressed interest in acquiring the locomotive . However , city officials in Atlanta determined the engine should remain preserved in tandem with the painting . In July 2014 , the city of Atlanta announced that the Cyclorama collection , including the painting , locomotive , and other artifacts were to be relocated to the Atlanta History Center in Buckhead . The Texas was removed from the Cyclorama building in December 2015 , marking the first time the Texas has been removed from the building since its 1981 remodeling . The engine received a cosmetic restoration performed at the North Carolina Transportation Museum by a private contractor , Steam Operations Corporation , who had previously restored the Norfolk and Western Railway no . 611 to operation at that facility , before being placed in the expanded history center . The engine has been restored to its 1880s appearance , as opposed to the wartime appearance it had from the 1936 restoration . As such , it has received a new diamond stack similar to the one it had when retired , as well as a new cowcatcher with vertical wooden slats ( similar to that currently worn by the General ) , a black paint scheme , and was returned to its 1870s number , 12 , though retains the Texas name , with a newly fabricated number plate to reflect the number . The old balloon stack , cowcatcher , and other removed elements from the 1936 restoration will remain in the history centers collection , and may be exhibited separately . The engines new look caused a controversy in some circles , with critics saying the Texass new look erased its Civil War history . Commenting on the engines new appearance , Gordon Jones , of the Atlanta History Center , noted that the Texas was in service for fifty years , the Great Locomotive Chase occupying but a few hours of its service life , and said Weve already got one locomotive [ the General ] telling the story of the Great Locomotive Chase . We can utilize the Texas to tell a different story . The fully restored Texas was publicly unveiled by the North Carolina Transportation Museum on April 28 , 2017 , during a weekend long celebration in which it was exhibited alongside other engines at the museum , including the visiting Lehigh Valley No . 126 and the above mentioned Norfolk and Western no . 611 . The Texas was scheduled to begin its two-day move to the Atlanta History Center on May 3 , 2017 , but a logistical issue delayed the beginning of the move from North Carolina until May 4 . It arrived on May 5 . The Atlanta History Centers new Atlanta railroads exhibit , featuring the locomotive , opened on November 17 , 2018 . The Cyclorama painting and related exhibits opened to the public in spring 2019 . Confirmation of legal ownership . On April 12 , 2015 , the 153rd anniversary of the Great Locomotive Chase , the Marietta Daily Journal published an article advocating the transfer of the Texas to the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History in Kennesaw , Georgia . Several state legislators indicated their support , arguing the locomotive was state property due to its association with the once-public W&ARR . Following the piece , the Georgia State Properties Commission requested a legal opinion from the States Office of the Attorney General concerning the engines ownership . The State Attorney Generals office concluded that the Texas was property of the City of Atlanta given the evidence discovered , particularly citing the NC&StLs right to disposition of property as clarified in their 1890 and 1919 leases with the State of Georgia for the W&ARR . As a result , the donation of the Texas to the City of Atlanta on February 17 , 1908 was a legally permissible transfer , meaning the City of Atlanta continues to hold ownership rights to the locomotive today . References . - Andrews Raid description of the Texas - Texas Information Page
|
[
"Atlanta"
] |
easy
|
Who was the owner of The Texas (locomotive) from 1908 to 1909?
|
/wiki/The_Texas_(locomotive)#P127#2
|
The Texas ( locomotive ) Western & Atlantic Railroad #49 Texas is a 4-4-0 American type steam locomotive built in 1856 for the Western & Atlantic Railroad by Danforth , Cooke & Co. , best known as the principal pursuit engine in the Great Locomotive Chase , chasing the General after the latter was stolen by Union saboteurs in an attempt to ruin the Confederate rail system during the American Civil War . The locomotive is preserved at the Atlanta History Center . Antebellum . The Texas was built in October 1856 for the Western & Atlantic Railroad by locomotive manufacturer Danforth , Cooke and Company in Paterson , New Jersey , and subsequently shipped from Paterson to the Port of Savannah , thence delivered via the Georgia Rail Road & Banking Company and Macon & Western Railroad to the W&A headquarters in Atlanta . The Texas provided freight and passenger service on the W&As main line between Atlanta and Chattanooga , Tennessee . Civil War and the Great Locomotive Chase . At the onset of the Civil War , the locomotive primarily hauled local freight and cargo without any major incident . However , on April 12 , 1862 , the Texas , while pulling a load of 12 cars from Dalton southbound towards Atlanta , was commandeered by William Allen Fuller to chase down spies , led by James J . Andrews , during the Great Locomotive Chase . Steaming in reverse after jettisoning the railcars , the Texas pursued the fleeing General over 50 miles before the raiders abandoned their stolen engine two miles north of Ringgold , Georgia . The Texass engineer , Peter Bracken , towed the abandoned General back to Adairsville , Georgia , and then picked up his 12 cars and steamed into Atlanta , well behind schedule , but with good reason . Following the incident , the Texas and nine boxcars were loaned to the East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad to haul salt and cargo from the mines at Saltville , Virginia in 1863 . While in Virginia , the engine was captured by the U.S . Military Railroad ( USMRR ) . Eventually , as Union forces made their way toward Atlanta , the W&ARR and its 46 other locomotives were captured as well . Postbellum . The USMRR returned the Texas , W&ARR , and its other locomotives to the State of Georgia on September 25 , 1865 . The engine continued to serve the W&ARR during the Reconstruction era , though under several different stewards as the public railroad was steadily privatized . The State of Georgia numbered the W&ARRs engines in 1866 , leading to the Texass designation as number 49 . In 1870 , the W&ARR was leased out , for a period of twenty years , to a group of Georgia investors led by former war-time governor Joseph E . Brown . Alongside the W&ARRs other 44 locomotives at the time , the Texas was renumbered and renamed - becoming the Cincinnati , number 12 . During the lease period , the engine received a new boiler ( 1877 ) , was converted to burn coal , and was regauged ( 1886 ) as the W&ARR converted its entire locomotive rolling stock to the national standard gauge . The W&ARR lease was renewed in 1890 , though with a different lessee : the Nashville , Chattanooga and St . Louis Railway . The Texas remained the Cincinnati under the NC&StL and was renumbered 212 . In 1895 , the engine was withdrawn from mainline service and stored on a siding in Vinings , Georgia . By 1903 , the engine had briefly returned to service on a branch line serving a corn mill in Emerson , Georgia . It served there until its retirement in 1907 , at which time it was sent to the W&ARRs yard in Atlanta , where it would await its disposition . In August 1907 , an article in the Atlanta Constitution brought to attention the deteriorated state of the locomotive and its historical significance . A fundraising effort began for its preservation . In response , NC&StL president John W . Thomas stated that he was willing to turn the engine to either the State of Georgia or the City of Atlanta , should either be willing to accept it . Accordingly , the Georgia General Assembly passed a resolution recognizing the need to preserve the engine . However , neither the railway nor the state took any physical action to move and/or protect the engine , which thus remained derelict on a siding . A grassroots campaign led by the Atlanta Georgian newspaper and an ad-hoc group ( composed of the Atlanta chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy , the Inman Park Students Club , and the Atlanta Womans Club ) succeeded in securing the locomotive for the City of Atlanta instead . On February 17 , 1908 , the Texas was officially donated to the Ladies of Atlanta by the NC&StL . The group , in turn , transferred the engine to the city . However , despite the Texass donation , the locomotive remained in the W&A yard . In 1910 , Atlanta artist and historian , Wilbur G . Kurtz , began writing articles in the Atlanta Constitution advocating preservation of the Texas . The following year , the engine was moved to Grant Park , though it remained exposed to the elements and funds for its restoration were still lacking . In 1927 , the Texas was placed in the basement of the newly constructed Cyclorama , but remained unrestored or altered from its retirement appearance in 1907 . As stated , during its service life , the Texas underwent numerous rebuilds and modifications . Most notably , the engines smokestack was replaced with a diamond design suited for coal-burning , and its cowcatcher had been replaced with a wooden step for use in yard service . The locomotives current tender originally belonged to the United States Military Railroads Dalton locomotive , built in 1864 by the Mason Machine Works of Taunton , Massachusetts . The Dalton was sold to the Western & Atlantic after the war , renamed William MacRae , and operated on the W&A until retired in 1890 , with its tender salvaged for the Texas when the latter was briefly returned to service in 1900 . In 1936 , the locomotive , under the guidance of Kurtz , was cosmetically restored to resemble what he believed to be its wartime appearance . The engines smokestack was replaced with one resembling the balloon design of the Civil War era , its horizontal strap-iron slat cowcatcher was restored , as were the nameplates on the sides of the boiler . The basement in which the engine was placed , while adequate to protect the engine , had been criticized for its small size which made viewing the engine difficult . As with the General , several proposals had been made as to where the Texas should be displayed , including placing it on display in the Atlanta Union Station , at the site of present-day Underground Atlanta , at Stone Mountain Park , among others - none of which materialized . By the late 1960s and early 1970s , there was growing concern about the condition of the panoramic painting of the Battle of Atlanta ( the Atlanta Cyclorama ) , which had suffered from storm damage as well as long periods of neglect . In 1972 , the City of Atlanta developed plans to renovate the Cyclorama building , including a complete restoration of the painting as well as an enlarged display area for the Texas . However , the renovation did not begin until 1979 , and was completed in 1982 . Contemporary . After the 2008 restoration of the Gettysburg Cyclorama , focus shifted once more to the Atlanta Cyclorama and its deteriorated condition , prompting the City of Atlanta to explore another restoration and potential relocation of the painting . Ultimately , a decision was made to relocate and restore the painting , with a transfer ultimately including the Texas locomotive and other artifacts at the Atlanta Cyclorama and Civil War Museum as well . Around this time , the cities of Marietta , Kennesaw , as well as the Southeastern Railway Museum in Duluth , Georgia expressed interest in acquiring the locomotive . However , city officials in Atlanta determined the engine should remain preserved in tandem with the painting . In July 2014 , the city of Atlanta announced that the Cyclorama collection , including the painting , locomotive , and other artifacts were to be relocated to the Atlanta History Center in Buckhead . The Texas was removed from the Cyclorama building in December 2015 , marking the first time the Texas has been removed from the building since its 1981 remodeling . The engine received a cosmetic restoration performed at the North Carolina Transportation Museum by a private contractor , Steam Operations Corporation , who had previously restored the Norfolk and Western Railway no . 611 to operation at that facility , before being placed in the expanded history center . The engine has been restored to its 1880s appearance , as opposed to the wartime appearance it had from the 1936 restoration . As such , it has received a new diamond stack similar to the one it had when retired , as well as a new cowcatcher with vertical wooden slats ( similar to that currently worn by the General ) , a black paint scheme , and was returned to its 1870s number , 12 , though retains the Texas name , with a newly fabricated number plate to reflect the number . The old balloon stack , cowcatcher , and other removed elements from the 1936 restoration will remain in the history centers collection , and may be exhibited separately . The engines new look caused a controversy in some circles , with critics saying the Texass new look erased its Civil War history . Commenting on the engines new appearance , Gordon Jones , of the Atlanta History Center , noted that the Texas was in service for fifty years , the Great Locomotive Chase occupying but a few hours of its service life , and said Weve already got one locomotive [ the General ] telling the story of the Great Locomotive Chase . We can utilize the Texas to tell a different story . The fully restored Texas was publicly unveiled by the North Carolina Transportation Museum on April 28 , 2017 , during a weekend long celebration in which it was exhibited alongside other engines at the museum , including the visiting Lehigh Valley No . 126 and the above mentioned Norfolk and Western no . 611 . The Texas was scheduled to begin its two-day move to the Atlanta History Center on May 3 , 2017 , but a logistical issue delayed the beginning of the move from North Carolina until May 4 . It arrived on May 5 . The Atlanta History Centers new Atlanta railroads exhibit , featuring the locomotive , opened on November 17 , 2018 . The Cyclorama painting and related exhibits opened to the public in spring 2019 . Confirmation of legal ownership . On April 12 , 2015 , the 153rd anniversary of the Great Locomotive Chase , the Marietta Daily Journal published an article advocating the transfer of the Texas to the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History in Kennesaw , Georgia . Several state legislators indicated their support , arguing the locomotive was state property due to its association with the once-public W&ARR . Following the piece , the Georgia State Properties Commission requested a legal opinion from the States Office of the Attorney General concerning the engines ownership . The State Attorney Generals office concluded that the Texas was property of the City of Atlanta given the evidence discovered , particularly citing the NC&StLs right to disposition of property as clarified in their 1890 and 1919 leases with the State of Georgia for the W&ARR . As a result , the donation of the Texas to the City of Atlanta on February 17 , 1908 was a legally permissible transfer , meaning the City of Atlanta continues to hold ownership rights to the locomotive today . References . - Andrews Raid description of the Texas - Texas Information Page
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Where was Brett Guthrie educated from 1981 to 1982?
|
/wiki/Brett_Guthrie#P69#0
|
Brett Guthrie Steven Brett Guthrie ( born February 18 , 1964 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for . Located in central Kentucky , the district covers Fort Knox , Owensboro , Bowling Green and Danville . He previously served as a Republican member of the Kentucky Senate . Early life , education , and career . Guthrie was born in Florence , Alabama , the son of Carolyn P . ( née Holt ) and Lowell M . Guthrie . He earned his Bachelor of Science in mathematical economics from the U.S . Military Academy at West Point in 1987 and his Masters of Public and Private Management from Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut , in 1997 . Guthrie is a former vice president of Trace Die Cast , Inc. , an automotive parts supplier based in Bowling Green . Guthrie has previously served as a field artillery officer in the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell , Kentucky . Kentucky Senate . Guthrie represented the 32nd district in the Kentucky Senate from 1999 to 2008 , where he served as vice chairman of the Economic Development , Tourism and Labor Committee , and was chairman of the Transportation Committee . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2008 In the 2008 congressional general election , he defeated his Democratic opponent , State Senator David Boswell , for the right to succeed the retiring Republican U.S . Representative Ron Lewis . Lewis announced his retirement on the last day for candidates to file for the seat in 2008 , in hopes of steering the Republican nomination to his chief of staff , Daniel London . Guthrie , however , filed his papers and defeated London for the party nomination . This set up the closest race in the 2nd in 14 years . While Democrats have a large advantage in registration , the voters are very conservative on social issues . This was a major reason Lewis had been able to hold on to the district with little trouble since winning it in a 1994 special election . Ultimately , Guthrie prevailed by 15,500 votes , mostly on the strength of rural voters . Guthrie may have been boosted by voters being more motivated to come to the polls due to the Presidential election and the Senate election that were held at the same time . Republican candidate John McCain carried the district with 60 percent of the vote and won all but one county entirely within the district . The incumbent Republican Senator Mitch McConnell also carried the 2nd district easily . - 2010 The 2nd reverted to form in 2010 , and Guthrie defeated Democratic candidate Ed Marksberry by a large margin . - 2012 Guthrie won reelection in 2012 with over 64% of the vote . - 2018 Guthrie filed for re-election on November 27 , 2017 . Two Democratic challengers filed against Guthrie : Grant Short and Brian Pedigo , both of whom ultimately lost to Democratic candidate Hank Linderman in the 2018 primaries . Tenure . - 2011 In 2011 , Guthrie voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 as part of a controversial provision that allows the government and the military to indefinitely detain American citizens and others without trial . In July 2013 , Guthrie voted against the move to defund the National Security Agency due to the alleged privacy violations reported by whistleblower Edward Snowden . - 2013 Guthrie voted in favor of ending the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 . - 2017 Guthrie introduced , alongside Virginia Foxx , the Promoting Real Opportunity , Success and Prosperity through Education Reform ( PROSPER ) Act , an act that would eliminate Public Service Loan Forgiveness and would reduce federal funding made available to for-profit colleges . On December 19 , Guthrie voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act . Prior to his vote , Guthrie said that he was willing to accept criticism about the bill making American businesses more competitive on a global scale . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Digital Commerce and Consumer Protection - Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - Subcommittee on Health Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Republican Study Committee - Climate Solutions Caucus - U.S.-Japan Caucus Political positions . Interest group ratings . Guthrie has an A rating from the National Rifle Association for his pro-gun rights voting history . In 2016 , Guthrie received a D rating from marijuana legalization advocacy group NORML for his voting history regarding cannabis-related causes . Health care . Guthrie supports the repeal and replacement of the Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) . Abortion . Guthrie is pro-life . In 2008 , Kentucky Right for Life endorsed him . He has a 100 percent rating from the National Right to Life Committee for his voting record on abortion-related matters . Personal life . With his family , Guthrie attends the Lehman Avenue Church of Christ in Bowling Green , Kentucky , as reported by the Christian Chronicle ; Michael Greene , former minister of the Lehman Avenue congregation , said that he has no doubt Guthries faith will play a positive role in representation of the 2nd district . External links . - Congressman Brett Guthrie official U.S . House website - Brett Guthrie for Congress
|
[
"West Point"
] |
easy
|
Where was Brett Guthrie educated from 1987 to 1997?
|
/wiki/Brett_Guthrie#P69#1
|
Brett Guthrie Steven Brett Guthrie ( born February 18 , 1964 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for . Located in central Kentucky , the district covers Fort Knox , Owensboro , Bowling Green and Danville . He previously served as a Republican member of the Kentucky Senate . Early life , education , and career . Guthrie was born in Florence , Alabama , the son of Carolyn P . ( née Holt ) and Lowell M . Guthrie . He earned his Bachelor of Science in mathematical economics from the U.S . Military Academy at West Point in 1987 and his Masters of Public and Private Management from Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut , in 1997 . Guthrie is a former vice president of Trace Die Cast , Inc. , an automotive parts supplier based in Bowling Green . Guthrie has previously served as a field artillery officer in the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell , Kentucky . Kentucky Senate . Guthrie represented the 32nd district in the Kentucky Senate from 1999 to 2008 , where he served as vice chairman of the Economic Development , Tourism and Labor Committee , and was chairman of the Transportation Committee . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2008 In the 2008 congressional general election , he defeated his Democratic opponent , State Senator David Boswell , for the right to succeed the retiring Republican U.S . Representative Ron Lewis . Lewis announced his retirement on the last day for candidates to file for the seat in 2008 , in hopes of steering the Republican nomination to his chief of staff , Daniel London . Guthrie , however , filed his papers and defeated London for the party nomination . This set up the closest race in the 2nd in 14 years . While Democrats have a large advantage in registration , the voters are very conservative on social issues . This was a major reason Lewis had been able to hold on to the district with little trouble since winning it in a 1994 special election . Ultimately , Guthrie prevailed by 15,500 votes , mostly on the strength of rural voters . Guthrie may have been boosted by voters being more motivated to come to the polls due to the Presidential election and the Senate election that were held at the same time . Republican candidate John McCain carried the district with 60 percent of the vote and won all but one county entirely within the district . The incumbent Republican Senator Mitch McConnell also carried the 2nd district easily . - 2010 The 2nd reverted to form in 2010 , and Guthrie defeated Democratic candidate Ed Marksberry by a large margin . - 2012 Guthrie won reelection in 2012 with over 64% of the vote . - 2018 Guthrie filed for re-election on November 27 , 2017 . Two Democratic challengers filed against Guthrie : Grant Short and Brian Pedigo , both of whom ultimately lost to Democratic candidate Hank Linderman in the 2018 primaries . Tenure . - 2011 In 2011 , Guthrie voted for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 as part of a controversial provision that allows the government and the military to indefinitely detain American citizens and others without trial . In July 2013 , Guthrie voted against the move to defund the National Security Agency due to the alleged privacy violations reported by whistleblower Edward Snowden . - 2013 Guthrie voted in favor of ending the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 . - 2017 Guthrie introduced , alongside Virginia Foxx , the Promoting Real Opportunity , Success and Prosperity through Education Reform ( PROSPER ) Act , an act that would eliminate Public Service Loan Forgiveness and would reduce federal funding made available to for-profit colleges . On December 19 , Guthrie voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act . Prior to his vote , Guthrie said that he was willing to accept criticism about the bill making American businesses more competitive on a global scale . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce - Subcommittee on Digital Commerce and Consumer Protection - Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - Subcommittee on Health Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Republican Study Committee - Climate Solutions Caucus - U.S.-Japan Caucus Political positions . Interest group ratings . Guthrie has an A rating from the National Rifle Association for his pro-gun rights voting history . In 2016 , Guthrie received a D rating from marijuana legalization advocacy group NORML for his voting history regarding cannabis-related causes . Health care . Guthrie supports the repeal and replacement of the Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) . Abortion . Guthrie is pro-life . In 2008 , Kentucky Right for Life endorsed him . He has a 100 percent rating from the National Right to Life Committee for his voting record on abortion-related matters . Personal life . With his family , Guthrie attends the Lehman Avenue Church of Christ in Bowling Green , Kentucky , as reported by the Christian Chronicle ; Michael Greene , former minister of the Lehman Avenue congregation , said that he has no doubt Guthries faith will play a positive role in representation of the 2nd district . External links . - Congressman Brett Guthrie official U.S . House website - Brett Guthrie for Congress
|
[
"Manchester City"
] |
easy
|
Chris Coleman (footballer) played for which team from 1986 to 1987?
|
/wiki/Chris_Coleman_(footballer)#P54#0
|
Chris Coleman ( footballer ) Christopher Patrick Coleman , OBE ( born 10 June 1970 ) is a Welsh professional football coach and former player , who most recently served as the manager of Chinese Super League club Hebei China Fortune from June 2018 until May 2019 . As a player , Coleman usually played in defence , while also occasionally appearing as a forward . He began his career at Manchester City , leaving as a teenager to make his debut for hometown team Swansea City in 1987 . In 1991 , he joined Crystal Palace , whom he represented in the Premier League . He spent a year-and-a-half at league champions Blackburn Rovers before signing for Fulham in 1997 , helping the team to two promotions from the third tier to the top flight . He won 32 caps playing for Wales . Colemans playing career ended at the age of 32 , when his leg was broken in a car crash . Following this , he started his coaching career at Fulham . In his first full season as manager , he guided the club to ninth place in the 2003–04 Premier League . After leaving Fulham , Coleman was appointed manager of Real Sociedad , where he resigned in January 2008 due to differences with the incoming president . He returned to England to manage Coventry City , but was dismissed in May 2010 following a poor run of results . Coleman then managed Greek side AEL for the first half of the 2011–12 season before resigning due to financial troubles at the club . In 2012 , he took over as Wales national team manager after the death of Gary Speed , and led Wales to UEFA Euro 2016 , their first major tournament since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , where they made the semi-finals . Early life . Coleman was born in Swansea to an Irish father and has two sisters . He was educated at St Josephs Roman Catholic Primary School and Bishop Vaughan Catholic School . Coleman has been nicknamed Cookie since childhood , as friends likened his eating habits to the Cookie Monster from Sesame Street . Club career . Swansea City . The first professional team Coleman was contracted to was Manchester City , aged 16 , although he later left them , citing homesickness as the major reason . He then joined his hometown club Swansea City . He made his first professional appearance for them aged 17 , in the autumn of 1987 . He made nearly 200 appearances for the south Wales club and helped win the Welsh Cup in 1989 and 1991 . Crystal Palace . After spending four years with Swansea , Coleman was signed by Crystal Palace in 1991 for a transfer fee set by a Football League tribunal at around £270,000 , plus a percentage of any future sale . After making 143 appearances , scoring 16 goals in that period – a 1 in 9 record explained by the fact that manager Steve Coppell often used Coleman as a makeshift centre forward . Palace finished 10th in Colemans first season at Selhurst Park , but they were relegated from the new FA Premier League in his second season ( although they did reach the semi-finals of the League Cup ) . They won promotion as Division One champions at the first attempt , but went straight back down again despite reaching the semi-finals of both cups that season . Coleman was sold to Blackburn Rovers , the defending league champions , for £2.8 million in December 1995 . While at Palace , he was capped for Wales at senior level for the first time . In 2005 , Palace supporters voted Coleman into their Centenary XI . Blackburn Rovers . Coleman joined Premier League champions Blackburn Rovers for a fee of £2.8 million . Blackburn did not retain the Premier League title they had won in 1995 , and finished seventh , just missing out on a UEFA Cup place . Coleman made 28 league appearances over his season-and-a-half at the club , and when he found himself out of the starting line-up too often ( not helped by a persistent Achilles injury ) , he took the gamble to further his career by dropping two divisions to join Fulham . Fulham . Fulham , at the time in the second tier , were financed by wealthy businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed , and were able to spend a record transfer fee for the division and club , of £2.1 million for Coleman in late 1997 . He quickly became club captain , and led Fulham to promotion under manager Kevin Keegan in 1998–99 to the First Division . He remained captain and a regular in the team under new manager Jean Tigana in the 2000–01 season as Fulham made a successful start to the campaign . However , Colemans career was effectively ended midway through the season , after he broke his leg in a car crash , near Bletchingley in Surrey on 2 January 2001 , just days before an FA Cup tie against Manchester United . He never recovered from this injury despite playing a reserve fixture in March 2002 , a game that only served as an indication that he would never again play at the highest level of English football . He announced his retirement as a player in October 2002 , but stayed at the West London club as a member of the coaching staff . International career . Coleman was eligible to play for his birth country of Wales , for the Republic of Ireland through his Dublin-born father , and also for the United States via his maternal grandfather . Coleman was capped by Wales at school , youth , under-21 and senior levels . His only competitive football appearance after his leg injuries came for Wales on 14 May 2002 , when he was called up to the squad as a replacement for Danny Gabbidon , and then came on as a late substitute for goalscorer Robert Earnshaw in the 1–0 win over Germany at the Millennium Stadium . Managerial career . Fulham . Coleman joined Fulhams coaching staff in October 2002 under Tigana . He later succeeded the Frenchman as caretaker manager in April 2003 , and steered Fulham away from relegation danger . He was named as Fulhams permanent manager in May 2003 , beating the more experienced Klaus Toppmöller and George Burley to the post , and also became the youngest manager in the Premier League . His first full season in charge saw Fulham finish a surprise ninth place , as many pundits tipped them to struggle and for Coleman to be sacked . Many of Fulhams key players , such as Edwin van der Sar , Louis Saha , Steed Malbranque and Luís Boa Morte , were sold in the following years and Fulham did not repeat their earlier successes under Coleman though he kept them clear of relegation . He was sacked on 10 April 2007 in a move that caught some observers by surprise , after a seven-game winless run that left the club four points above the relegation zone . Real Sociedad . Coleman moved abroad to manage recently relegated Segunda División side Real Sociedad on 4 July 2007 , after being recommended to the club by fellow Welshman and former Real Sociedad manager John Toshack . He was linked with Bolton Wanderers in October 2007 though nothing came of it . With the club in 5th place and having only lost once in its previous eleven games , Coleman resigned as manager on 16 January 2008 , citing a divergence in vision for the club with newly elected President Iñaki Badiola . Coventry City . Coleman was appointed manager of Championship club Coventry City on 19 February 2008 , signing a three-and-a-half-year contract . He replaced Iain Dowie , who had been sacked by new owner Ray Ranson . On 26 August 2008 , the BBC reported that Coleman was no longer interested in the Wales national team . He later said that his words had been misinterpreted ; when answering a question on whether Coventry striker Freddy Eastwood was fit to play for Wales , he meant to say that he wanted Eastwood fit for club before returning to international duty . On 4 May 2010 , Coleman was sacked following Coventrys 19th-place finish during the 2009–10 season , their lowest league finish in more than 45 years . They would be relegated two years later . AEL . On 26 May 2011 , Coleman was appointed as manager of Greek side AEL . In January 2012 , Coleman announced that because of financial troubles at the club he would be quitting from his position as manager . Wales . On 19 January 2012 , Coleman was appointed team manager of the Wales national team , as successor to his friend Gary Speed , who had died the previous November . After letting his assistant Osian Roberts take charge in Speeds memorial match against Costa Rica in February , his first game in charge was a 2–0 defeat against Mexico at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey on 27 May . Wales first match in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification was on 7 September at home to Belgium , with centre back James Collins sent off for a late lunge on Guillaume Gillet in the 25th minute of an eventual 0–2 loss . Four days later in Novi Sad , the team lost 6–1 to Serbia ; Coleman said in October 2015 that he considered leaving his post after the defeat . After becoming the first Welsh manager to lose his first five games , Coleman got his first win on 12 October 2012 , a 2–1 victory against Scotland . On 26 March 2013 , in a qualifier against Croatia at the Liberty Stadium , Wales led 1–0 for the majority of the game through a Gareth Bale penalty , but two late goals from the opponents ended any hopes of qualification . In October 2015 , Coleman led Wales to their best ever position on the FIFA World Rankings , 8th . On 10 October , their qualification for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament was confirmed , a first tournament qualification since 1958 . The team came first in their group in France , and eliminated Northern Ireland and Belgium to reach the semi-finals , losing to eventual champions Portugal . Coleman received interest from other teams due to his management of the Welsh team at the tournament . On 23 May 2016 , it was announced at a Football Association of Wales press conference that Coleman had signed a two-year contract extension to take in the 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign . Waless 1–0 home loss to the Republic of Ireland on 9 October 2017 meant that they were eliminated from qualification . Coleman resigned as Wales manager on 17 November . Sunderland . On 19 November 2017 , Coleman was appointed as the new manager of under-performing Championship club Sunderland . He replaced a dismissed Simon Grayson , who had left the Black Cats third from bottom of the league table in twenty-second place and within the relegation drop zone . Colemans first game in charge was a 2–1 defeat at Aston Villa , two days after his appointment . By the conclusion of 2017 , Sunderland had collected eleven points , out of a possible twenty-four , under Colemans guidance , briefly lifting out of the relegation zone into twenty-first place , following a satisfactory run of form . During the winter transfer window , Coleman was informed that club chairman Ellis Short had refused to invest any more money into player transfers , with the American businessman announcing his intentions to sell the club . Joining the club for free of charge included the loan signings of Jake Clarke-Salter from Chelsea , Ovie Ejaria from Liverpool , Lee Camp from Cardiff City and Ashley Fletcher from fierce rivals Middlesbrough ; Kazenga LuaLua was the only permanent transfer that window , joining from Brighton & Hove Albion on a free transfer . After their transfer window nightmare , Sunderland went on a nine-game winless run , ending when they defeated Derby County 4–1 at Pride Park . This was Colemans final victory in charge of Sunderland ; his final six games saw the Black Cats record three draws and three defeats . Relegation to League One was confirmed following a 2–1 defeat against Burton Albion at the Stadium of Light . His final game in charge was a 2–1 defeat to Fulham . On 29 April 2018 , Coleman was dismissed shortly following the clubs sale . Hebei China Fortune . On 10 June 2018 , Coleman was appointed as the head coach of Chinese club Hebei China Fortune , as successor to Manuel Pellegrini , who left the side to return to the Premier League with West Ham United . The club had become notable during the year for completing the high-profile signing of Javier Mascherano from Spanish La Liga giants Barcelona . His side finished the 2018 Super League season in sixth position , two places and fourteen points adrift from qualification to the 2019 AFC Champions League . Colemans side struggled to adapt in the 2019 league campaign , with the club sat in fifteenth place , in the relegation zone , following nine games . Having only won one game that league season , a 2–1 victory over Shanghai Greenland Shenhua , he was sacked on 15 May due to poor performance . Personal life . He is married to TV presenter Charlotte Jackson . They had a son at the end of 2014 . Colemans godson is Republic of Ireland international Ronan Curtis , who plays as a forward for Portsmouth . In June 2010 , Coleman worked as a commentator for ITV at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . He has also worked as a commentator and pundit for Sky Sports . For Euro 2020 he worked for ESPN . On 20 October 2016 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Swansea . Coleman was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to football . In 2017 , he was awarded an honorary degree from his hometowns University of Swansea , and fellowships at three other Welsh universities . In July 2017 , he endorsed the Welsh Governments project to double the number of speakers of Welsh by 2050 . Honours . Player . Swansea City - Welsh Cup : 1988–89 , 1990–91 Crystal Palace - Football League First Division : 1993–94 Fulham - Football League Second Division : 1998–99 - Football League First Division : 2000–01 Individual - Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year : 1988–89 , 1990–91 - Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1999–2000 , 2000–01 - Crystal Palace Player of the Year : 1994 Manager . Individual - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2009
|
[
"Swansea City"
] |
easy
|
Chris Coleman (footballer) played for which team from 1987 to 1991?
|
/wiki/Chris_Coleman_(footballer)#P54#1
|
Chris Coleman ( footballer ) Christopher Patrick Coleman , OBE ( born 10 June 1970 ) is a Welsh professional football coach and former player , who most recently served as the manager of Chinese Super League club Hebei China Fortune from June 2018 until May 2019 . As a player , Coleman usually played in defence , while also occasionally appearing as a forward . He began his career at Manchester City , leaving as a teenager to make his debut for hometown team Swansea City in 1987 . In 1991 , he joined Crystal Palace , whom he represented in the Premier League . He spent a year-and-a-half at league champions Blackburn Rovers before signing for Fulham in 1997 , helping the team to two promotions from the third tier to the top flight . He won 32 caps playing for Wales . Colemans playing career ended at the age of 32 , when his leg was broken in a car crash . Following this , he started his coaching career at Fulham . In his first full season as manager , he guided the club to ninth place in the 2003–04 Premier League . After leaving Fulham , Coleman was appointed manager of Real Sociedad , where he resigned in January 2008 due to differences with the incoming president . He returned to England to manage Coventry City , but was dismissed in May 2010 following a poor run of results . Coleman then managed Greek side AEL for the first half of the 2011–12 season before resigning due to financial troubles at the club . In 2012 , he took over as Wales national team manager after the death of Gary Speed , and led Wales to UEFA Euro 2016 , their first major tournament since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , where they made the semi-finals . Early life . Coleman was born in Swansea to an Irish father and has two sisters . He was educated at St Josephs Roman Catholic Primary School and Bishop Vaughan Catholic School . Coleman has been nicknamed Cookie since childhood , as friends likened his eating habits to the Cookie Monster from Sesame Street . Club career . Swansea City . The first professional team Coleman was contracted to was Manchester City , aged 16 , although he later left them , citing homesickness as the major reason . He then joined his hometown club Swansea City . He made his first professional appearance for them aged 17 , in the autumn of 1987 . He made nearly 200 appearances for the south Wales club and helped win the Welsh Cup in 1989 and 1991 . Crystal Palace . After spending four years with Swansea , Coleman was signed by Crystal Palace in 1991 for a transfer fee set by a Football League tribunal at around £270,000 , plus a percentage of any future sale . After making 143 appearances , scoring 16 goals in that period – a 1 in 9 record explained by the fact that manager Steve Coppell often used Coleman as a makeshift centre forward . Palace finished 10th in Colemans first season at Selhurst Park , but they were relegated from the new FA Premier League in his second season ( although they did reach the semi-finals of the League Cup ) . They won promotion as Division One champions at the first attempt , but went straight back down again despite reaching the semi-finals of both cups that season . Coleman was sold to Blackburn Rovers , the defending league champions , for £2.8 million in December 1995 . While at Palace , he was capped for Wales at senior level for the first time . In 2005 , Palace supporters voted Coleman into their Centenary XI . Blackburn Rovers . Coleman joined Premier League champions Blackburn Rovers for a fee of £2.8 million . Blackburn did not retain the Premier League title they had won in 1995 , and finished seventh , just missing out on a UEFA Cup place . Coleman made 28 league appearances over his season-and-a-half at the club , and when he found himself out of the starting line-up too often ( not helped by a persistent Achilles injury ) , he took the gamble to further his career by dropping two divisions to join Fulham . Fulham . Fulham , at the time in the second tier , were financed by wealthy businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed , and were able to spend a record transfer fee for the division and club , of £2.1 million for Coleman in late 1997 . He quickly became club captain , and led Fulham to promotion under manager Kevin Keegan in 1998–99 to the First Division . He remained captain and a regular in the team under new manager Jean Tigana in the 2000–01 season as Fulham made a successful start to the campaign . However , Colemans career was effectively ended midway through the season , after he broke his leg in a car crash , near Bletchingley in Surrey on 2 January 2001 , just days before an FA Cup tie against Manchester United . He never recovered from this injury despite playing a reserve fixture in March 2002 , a game that only served as an indication that he would never again play at the highest level of English football . He announced his retirement as a player in October 2002 , but stayed at the West London club as a member of the coaching staff . International career . Coleman was eligible to play for his birth country of Wales , for the Republic of Ireland through his Dublin-born father , and also for the United States via his maternal grandfather . Coleman was capped by Wales at school , youth , under-21 and senior levels . His only competitive football appearance after his leg injuries came for Wales on 14 May 2002 , when he was called up to the squad as a replacement for Danny Gabbidon , and then came on as a late substitute for goalscorer Robert Earnshaw in the 1–0 win over Germany at the Millennium Stadium . Managerial career . Fulham . Coleman joined Fulhams coaching staff in October 2002 under Tigana . He later succeeded the Frenchman as caretaker manager in April 2003 , and steered Fulham away from relegation danger . He was named as Fulhams permanent manager in May 2003 , beating the more experienced Klaus Toppmöller and George Burley to the post , and also became the youngest manager in the Premier League . His first full season in charge saw Fulham finish a surprise ninth place , as many pundits tipped them to struggle and for Coleman to be sacked . Many of Fulhams key players , such as Edwin van der Sar , Louis Saha , Steed Malbranque and Luís Boa Morte , were sold in the following years and Fulham did not repeat their earlier successes under Coleman though he kept them clear of relegation . He was sacked on 10 April 2007 in a move that caught some observers by surprise , after a seven-game winless run that left the club four points above the relegation zone . Real Sociedad . Coleman moved abroad to manage recently relegated Segunda División side Real Sociedad on 4 July 2007 , after being recommended to the club by fellow Welshman and former Real Sociedad manager John Toshack . He was linked with Bolton Wanderers in October 2007 though nothing came of it . With the club in 5th place and having only lost once in its previous eleven games , Coleman resigned as manager on 16 January 2008 , citing a divergence in vision for the club with newly elected President Iñaki Badiola . Coventry City . Coleman was appointed manager of Championship club Coventry City on 19 February 2008 , signing a three-and-a-half-year contract . He replaced Iain Dowie , who had been sacked by new owner Ray Ranson . On 26 August 2008 , the BBC reported that Coleman was no longer interested in the Wales national team . He later said that his words had been misinterpreted ; when answering a question on whether Coventry striker Freddy Eastwood was fit to play for Wales , he meant to say that he wanted Eastwood fit for club before returning to international duty . On 4 May 2010 , Coleman was sacked following Coventrys 19th-place finish during the 2009–10 season , their lowest league finish in more than 45 years . They would be relegated two years later . AEL . On 26 May 2011 , Coleman was appointed as manager of Greek side AEL . In January 2012 , Coleman announced that because of financial troubles at the club he would be quitting from his position as manager . Wales . On 19 January 2012 , Coleman was appointed team manager of the Wales national team , as successor to his friend Gary Speed , who had died the previous November . After letting his assistant Osian Roberts take charge in Speeds memorial match against Costa Rica in February , his first game in charge was a 2–0 defeat against Mexico at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey on 27 May . Wales first match in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification was on 7 September at home to Belgium , with centre back James Collins sent off for a late lunge on Guillaume Gillet in the 25th minute of an eventual 0–2 loss . Four days later in Novi Sad , the team lost 6–1 to Serbia ; Coleman said in October 2015 that he considered leaving his post after the defeat . After becoming the first Welsh manager to lose his first five games , Coleman got his first win on 12 October 2012 , a 2–1 victory against Scotland . On 26 March 2013 , in a qualifier against Croatia at the Liberty Stadium , Wales led 1–0 for the majority of the game through a Gareth Bale penalty , but two late goals from the opponents ended any hopes of qualification . In October 2015 , Coleman led Wales to their best ever position on the FIFA World Rankings , 8th . On 10 October , their qualification for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament was confirmed , a first tournament qualification since 1958 . The team came first in their group in France , and eliminated Northern Ireland and Belgium to reach the semi-finals , losing to eventual champions Portugal . Coleman received interest from other teams due to his management of the Welsh team at the tournament . On 23 May 2016 , it was announced at a Football Association of Wales press conference that Coleman had signed a two-year contract extension to take in the 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign . Waless 1–0 home loss to the Republic of Ireland on 9 October 2017 meant that they were eliminated from qualification . Coleman resigned as Wales manager on 17 November . Sunderland . On 19 November 2017 , Coleman was appointed as the new manager of under-performing Championship club Sunderland . He replaced a dismissed Simon Grayson , who had left the Black Cats third from bottom of the league table in twenty-second place and within the relegation drop zone . Colemans first game in charge was a 2–1 defeat at Aston Villa , two days after his appointment . By the conclusion of 2017 , Sunderland had collected eleven points , out of a possible twenty-four , under Colemans guidance , briefly lifting out of the relegation zone into twenty-first place , following a satisfactory run of form . During the winter transfer window , Coleman was informed that club chairman Ellis Short had refused to invest any more money into player transfers , with the American businessman announcing his intentions to sell the club . Joining the club for free of charge included the loan signings of Jake Clarke-Salter from Chelsea , Ovie Ejaria from Liverpool , Lee Camp from Cardiff City and Ashley Fletcher from fierce rivals Middlesbrough ; Kazenga LuaLua was the only permanent transfer that window , joining from Brighton & Hove Albion on a free transfer . After their transfer window nightmare , Sunderland went on a nine-game winless run , ending when they defeated Derby County 4–1 at Pride Park . This was Colemans final victory in charge of Sunderland ; his final six games saw the Black Cats record three draws and three defeats . Relegation to League One was confirmed following a 2–1 defeat against Burton Albion at the Stadium of Light . His final game in charge was a 2–1 defeat to Fulham . On 29 April 2018 , Coleman was dismissed shortly following the clubs sale . Hebei China Fortune . On 10 June 2018 , Coleman was appointed as the head coach of Chinese club Hebei China Fortune , as successor to Manuel Pellegrini , who left the side to return to the Premier League with West Ham United . The club had become notable during the year for completing the high-profile signing of Javier Mascherano from Spanish La Liga giants Barcelona . His side finished the 2018 Super League season in sixth position , two places and fourteen points adrift from qualification to the 2019 AFC Champions League . Colemans side struggled to adapt in the 2019 league campaign , with the club sat in fifteenth place , in the relegation zone , following nine games . Having only won one game that league season , a 2–1 victory over Shanghai Greenland Shenhua , he was sacked on 15 May due to poor performance . Personal life . He is married to TV presenter Charlotte Jackson . They had a son at the end of 2014 . Colemans godson is Republic of Ireland international Ronan Curtis , who plays as a forward for Portsmouth . In June 2010 , Coleman worked as a commentator for ITV at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . He has also worked as a commentator and pundit for Sky Sports . For Euro 2020 he worked for ESPN . On 20 October 2016 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Swansea . Coleman was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to football . In 2017 , he was awarded an honorary degree from his hometowns University of Swansea , and fellowships at three other Welsh universities . In July 2017 , he endorsed the Welsh Governments project to double the number of speakers of Welsh by 2050 . Honours . Player . Swansea City - Welsh Cup : 1988–89 , 1990–91 Crystal Palace - Football League First Division : 1993–94 Fulham - Football League Second Division : 1998–99 - Football League First Division : 2000–01 Individual - Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year : 1988–89 , 1990–91 - Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1999–2000 , 2000–01 - Crystal Palace Player of the Year : 1994 Manager . Individual - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2009
|
[
"Crystal Palace"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Chris Coleman (footballer) belong to from 1991 to 1995?
|
/wiki/Chris_Coleman_(footballer)#P54#2
|
Chris Coleman ( footballer ) Christopher Patrick Coleman , OBE ( born 10 June 1970 ) is a Welsh professional football coach and former player , who most recently served as the manager of Chinese Super League club Hebei China Fortune from June 2018 until May 2019 . As a player , Coleman usually played in defence , while also occasionally appearing as a forward . He began his career at Manchester City , leaving as a teenager to make his debut for hometown team Swansea City in 1987 . In 1991 , he joined Crystal Palace , whom he represented in the Premier League . He spent a year-and-a-half at league champions Blackburn Rovers before signing for Fulham in 1997 , helping the team to two promotions from the third tier to the top flight . He won 32 caps playing for Wales . Colemans playing career ended at the age of 32 , when his leg was broken in a car crash . Following this , he started his coaching career at Fulham . In his first full season as manager , he guided the club to ninth place in the 2003–04 Premier League . After leaving Fulham , Coleman was appointed manager of Real Sociedad , where he resigned in January 2008 due to differences with the incoming president . He returned to England to manage Coventry City , but was dismissed in May 2010 following a poor run of results . Coleman then managed Greek side AEL for the first half of the 2011–12 season before resigning due to financial troubles at the club . In 2012 , he took over as Wales national team manager after the death of Gary Speed , and led Wales to UEFA Euro 2016 , their first major tournament since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , where they made the semi-finals . Early life . Coleman was born in Swansea to an Irish father and has two sisters . He was educated at St Josephs Roman Catholic Primary School and Bishop Vaughan Catholic School . Coleman has been nicknamed Cookie since childhood , as friends likened his eating habits to the Cookie Monster from Sesame Street . Club career . Swansea City . The first professional team Coleman was contracted to was Manchester City , aged 16 , although he later left them , citing homesickness as the major reason . He then joined his hometown club Swansea City . He made his first professional appearance for them aged 17 , in the autumn of 1987 . He made nearly 200 appearances for the south Wales club and helped win the Welsh Cup in 1989 and 1991 . Crystal Palace . After spending four years with Swansea , Coleman was signed by Crystal Palace in 1991 for a transfer fee set by a Football League tribunal at around £270,000 , plus a percentage of any future sale . After making 143 appearances , scoring 16 goals in that period – a 1 in 9 record explained by the fact that manager Steve Coppell often used Coleman as a makeshift centre forward . Palace finished 10th in Colemans first season at Selhurst Park , but they were relegated from the new FA Premier League in his second season ( although they did reach the semi-finals of the League Cup ) . They won promotion as Division One champions at the first attempt , but went straight back down again despite reaching the semi-finals of both cups that season . Coleman was sold to Blackburn Rovers , the defending league champions , for £2.8 million in December 1995 . While at Palace , he was capped for Wales at senior level for the first time . In 2005 , Palace supporters voted Coleman into their Centenary XI . Blackburn Rovers . Coleman joined Premier League champions Blackburn Rovers for a fee of £2.8 million . Blackburn did not retain the Premier League title they had won in 1995 , and finished seventh , just missing out on a UEFA Cup place . Coleman made 28 league appearances over his season-and-a-half at the club , and when he found himself out of the starting line-up too often ( not helped by a persistent Achilles injury ) , he took the gamble to further his career by dropping two divisions to join Fulham . Fulham . Fulham , at the time in the second tier , were financed by wealthy businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed , and were able to spend a record transfer fee for the division and club , of £2.1 million for Coleman in late 1997 . He quickly became club captain , and led Fulham to promotion under manager Kevin Keegan in 1998–99 to the First Division . He remained captain and a regular in the team under new manager Jean Tigana in the 2000–01 season as Fulham made a successful start to the campaign . However , Colemans career was effectively ended midway through the season , after he broke his leg in a car crash , near Bletchingley in Surrey on 2 January 2001 , just days before an FA Cup tie against Manchester United . He never recovered from this injury despite playing a reserve fixture in March 2002 , a game that only served as an indication that he would never again play at the highest level of English football . He announced his retirement as a player in October 2002 , but stayed at the West London club as a member of the coaching staff . International career . Coleman was eligible to play for his birth country of Wales , for the Republic of Ireland through his Dublin-born father , and also for the United States via his maternal grandfather . Coleman was capped by Wales at school , youth , under-21 and senior levels . His only competitive football appearance after his leg injuries came for Wales on 14 May 2002 , when he was called up to the squad as a replacement for Danny Gabbidon , and then came on as a late substitute for goalscorer Robert Earnshaw in the 1–0 win over Germany at the Millennium Stadium . Managerial career . Fulham . Coleman joined Fulhams coaching staff in October 2002 under Tigana . He later succeeded the Frenchman as caretaker manager in April 2003 , and steered Fulham away from relegation danger . He was named as Fulhams permanent manager in May 2003 , beating the more experienced Klaus Toppmöller and George Burley to the post , and also became the youngest manager in the Premier League . His first full season in charge saw Fulham finish a surprise ninth place , as many pundits tipped them to struggle and for Coleman to be sacked . Many of Fulhams key players , such as Edwin van der Sar , Louis Saha , Steed Malbranque and Luís Boa Morte , were sold in the following years and Fulham did not repeat their earlier successes under Coleman though he kept them clear of relegation . He was sacked on 10 April 2007 in a move that caught some observers by surprise , after a seven-game winless run that left the club four points above the relegation zone . Real Sociedad . Coleman moved abroad to manage recently relegated Segunda División side Real Sociedad on 4 July 2007 , after being recommended to the club by fellow Welshman and former Real Sociedad manager John Toshack . He was linked with Bolton Wanderers in October 2007 though nothing came of it . With the club in 5th place and having only lost once in its previous eleven games , Coleman resigned as manager on 16 January 2008 , citing a divergence in vision for the club with newly elected President Iñaki Badiola . Coventry City . Coleman was appointed manager of Championship club Coventry City on 19 February 2008 , signing a three-and-a-half-year contract . He replaced Iain Dowie , who had been sacked by new owner Ray Ranson . On 26 August 2008 , the BBC reported that Coleman was no longer interested in the Wales national team . He later said that his words had been misinterpreted ; when answering a question on whether Coventry striker Freddy Eastwood was fit to play for Wales , he meant to say that he wanted Eastwood fit for club before returning to international duty . On 4 May 2010 , Coleman was sacked following Coventrys 19th-place finish during the 2009–10 season , their lowest league finish in more than 45 years . They would be relegated two years later . AEL . On 26 May 2011 , Coleman was appointed as manager of Greek side AEL . In January 2012 , Coleman announced that because of financial troubles at the club he would be quitting from his position as manager . Wales . On 19 January 2012 , Coleman was appointed team manager of the Wales national team , as successor to his friend Gary Speed , who had died the previous November . After letting his assistant Osian Roberts take charge in Speeds memorial match against Costa Rica in February , his first game in charge was a 2–0 defeat against Mexico at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey on 27 May . Wales first match in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification was on 7 September at home to Belgium , with centre back James Collins sent off for a late lunge on Guillaume Gillet in the 25th minute of an eventual 0–2 loss . Four days later in Novi Sad , the team lost 6–1 to Serbia ; Coleman said in October 2015 that he considered leaving his post after the defeat . After becoming the first Welsh manager to lose his first five games , Coleman got his first win on 12 October 2012 , a 2–1 victory against Scotland . On 26 March 2013 , in a qualifier against Croatia at the Liberty Stadium , Wales led 1–0 for the majority of the game through a Gareth Bale penalty , but two late goals from the opponents ended any hopes of qualification . In October 2015 , Coleman led Wales to their best ever position on the FIFA World Rankings , 8th . On 10 October , their qualification for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament was confirmed , a first tournament qualification since 1958 . The team came first in their group in France , and eliminated Northern Ireland and Belgium to reach the semi-finals , losing to eventual champions Portugal . Coleman received interest from other teams due to his management of the Welsh team at the tournament . On 23 May 2016 , it was announced at a Football Association of Wales press conference that Coleman had signed a two-year contract extension to take in the 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign . Waless 1–0 home loss to the Republic of Ireland on 9 October 2017 meant that they were eliminated from qualification . Coleman resigned as Wales manager on 17 November . Sunderland . On 19 November 2017 , Coleman was appointed as the new manager of under-performing Championship club Sunderland . He replaced a dismissed Simon Grayson , who had left the Black Cats third from bottom of the league table in twenty-second place and within the relegation drop zone . Colemans first game in charge was a 2–1 defeat at Aston Villa , two days after his appointment . By the conclusion of 2017 , Sunderland had collected eleven points , out of a possible twenty-four , under Colemans guidance , briefly lifting out of the relegation zone into twenty-first place , following a satisfactory run of form . During the winter transfer window , Coleman was informed that club chairman Ellis Short had refused to invest any more money into player transfers , with the American businessman announcing his intentions to sell the club . Joining the club for free of charge included the loan signings of Jake Clarke-Salter from Chelsea , Ovie Ejaria from Liverpool , Lee Camp from Cardiff City and Ashley Fletcher from fierce rivals Middlesbrough ; Kazenga LuaLua was the only permanent transfer that window , joining from Brighton & Hove Albion on a free transfer . After their transfer window nightmare , Sunderland went on a nine-game winless run , ending when they defeated Derby County 4–1 at Pride Park . This was Colemans final victory in charge of Sunderland ; his final six games saw the Black Cats record three draws and three defeats . Relegation to League One was confirmed following a 2–1 defeat against Burton Albion at the Stadium of Light . His final game in charge was a 2–1 defeat to Fulham . On 29 April 2018 , Coleman was dismissed shortly following the clubs sale . Hebei China Fortune . On 10 June 2018 , Coleman was appointed as the head coach of Chinese club Hebei China Fortune , as successor to Manuel Pellegrini , who left the side to return to the Premier League with West Ham United . The club had become notable during the year for completing the high-profile signing of Javier Mascherano from Spanish La Liga giants Barcelona . His side finished the 2018 Super League season in sixth position , two places and fourteen points adrift from qualification to the 2019 AFC Champions League . Colemans side struggled to adapt in the 2019 league campaign , with the club sat in fifteenth place , in the relegation zone , following nine games . Having only won one game that league season , a 2–1 victory over Shanghai Greenland Shenhua , he was sacked on 15 May due to poor performance . Personal life . He is married to TV presenter Charlotte Jackson . They had a son at the end of 2014 . Colemans godson is Republic of Ireland international Ronan Curtis , who plays as a forward for Portsmouth . In June 2010 , Coleman worked as a commentator for ITV at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . He has also worked as a commentator and pundit for Sky Sports . For Euro 2020 he worked for ESPN . On 20 October 2016 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Swansea . Coleman was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to football . In 2017 , he was awarded an honorary degree from his hometowns University of Swansea , and fellowships at three other Welsh universities . In July 2017 , he endorsed the Welsh Governments project to double the number of speakers of Welsh by 2050 . Honours . Player . Swansea City - Welsh Cup : 1988–89 , 1990–91 Crystal Palace - Football League First Division : 1993–94 Fulham - Football League Second Division : 1998–99 - Football League First Division : 2000–01 Individual - Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year : 1988–89 , 1990–91 - Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1999–2000 , 2000–01 - Crystal Palace Player of the Year : 1994 Manager . Individual - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2009
|
[
"Blackburn Rovers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Chris Coleman (footballer) play for from 1995 to 1997?
|
/wiki/Chris_Coleman_(footballer)#P54#3
|
Chris Coleman ( footballer ) Christopher Patrick Coleman , OBE ( born 10 June 1970 ) is a Welsh professional football coach and former player , who most recently served as the manager of Chinese Super League club Hebei China Fortune from June 2018 until May 2019 . As a player , Coleman usually played in defence , while also occasionally appearing as a forward . He began his career at Manchester City , leaving as a teenager to make his debut for hometown team Swansea City in 1987 . In 1991 , he joined Crystal Palace , whom he represented in the Premier League . He spent a year-and-a-half at league champions Blackburn Rovers before signing for Fulham in 1997 , helping the team to two promotions from the third tier to the top flight . He won 32 caps playing for Wales . Colemans playing career ended at the age of 32 , when his leg was broken in a car crash . Following this , he started his coaching career at Fulham . In his first full season as manager , he guided the club to ninth place in the 2003–04 Premier League . After leaving Fulham , Coleman was appointed manager of Real Sociedad , where he resigned in January 2008 due to differences with the incoming president . He returned to England to manage Coventry City , but was dismissed in May 2010 following a poor run of results . Coleman then managed Greek side AEL for the first half of the 2011–12 season before resigning due to financial troubles at the club . In 2012 , he took over as Wales national team manager after the death of Gary Speed , and led Wales to UEFA Euro 2016 , their first major tournament since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , where they made the semi-finals . Early life . Coleman was born in Swansea to an Irish father and has two sisters . He was educated at St Josephs Roman Catholic Primary School and Bishop Vaughan Catholic School . Coleman has been nicknamed Cookie since childhood , as friends likened his eating habits to the Cookie Monster from Sesame Street . Club career . Swansea City . The first professional team Coleman was contracted to was Manchester City , aged 16 , although he later left them , citing homesickness as the major reason . He then joined his hometown club Swansea City . He made his first professional appearance for them aged 17 , in the autumn of 1987 . He made nearly 200 appearances for the south Wales club and helped win the Welsh Cup in 1989 and 1991 . Crystal Palace . After spending four years with Swansea , Coleman was signed by Crystal Palace in 1991 for a transfer fee set by a Football League tribunal at around £270,000 , plus a percentage of any future sale . After making 143 appearances , scoring 16 goals in that period – a 1 in 9 record explained by the fact that manager Steve Coppell often used Coleman as a makeshift centre forward . Palace finished 10th in Colemans first season at Selhurst Park , but they were relegated from the new FA Premier League in his second season ( although they did reach the semi-finals of the League Cup ) . They won promotion as Division One champions at the first attempt , but went straight back down again despite reaching the semi-finals of both cups that season . Coleman was sold to Blackburn Rovers , the defending league champions , for £2.8 million in December 1995 . While at Palace , he was capped for Wales at senior level for the first time . In 2005 , Palace supporters voted Coleman into their Centenary XI . Blackburn Rovers . Coleman joined Premier League champions Blackburn Rovers for a fee of £2.8 million . Blackburn did not retain the Premier League title they had won in 1995 , and finished seventh , just missing out on a UEFA Cup place . Coleman made 28 league appearances over his season-and-a-half at the club , and when he found himself out of the starting line-up too often ( not helped by a persistent Achilles injury ) , he took the gamble to further his career by dropping two divisions to join Fulham . Fulham . Fulham , at the time in the second tier , were financed by wealthy businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed , and were able to spend a record transfer fee for the division and club , of £2.1 million for Coleman in late 1997 . He quickly became club captain , and led Fulham to promotion under manager Kevin Keegan in 1998–99 to the First Division . He remained captain and a regular in the team under new manager Jean Tigana in the 2000–01 season as Fulham made a successful start to the campaign . However , Colemans career was effectively ended midway through the season , after he broke his leg in a car crash , near Bletchingley in Surrey on 2 January 2001 , just days before an FA Cup tie against Manchester United . He never recovered from this injury despite playing a reserve fixture in March 2002 , a game that only served as an indication that he would never again play at the highest level of English football . He announced his retirement as a player in October 2002 , but stayed at the West London club as a member of the coaching staff . International career . Coleman was eligible to play for his birth country of Wales , for the Republic of Ireland through his Dublin-born father , and also for the United States via his maternal grandfather . Coleman was capped by Wales at school , youth , under-21 and senior levels . His only competitive football appearance after his leg injuries came for Wales on 14 May 2002 , when he was called up to the squad as a replacement for Danny Gabbidon , and then came on as a late substitute for goalscorer Robert Earnshaw in the 1–0 win over Germany at the Millennium Stadium . Managerial career . Fulham . Coleman joined Fulhams coaching staff in October 2002 under Tigana . He later succeeded the Frenchman as caretaker manager in April 2003 , and steered Fulham away from relegation danger . He was named as Fulhams permanent manager in May 2003 , beating the more experienced Klaus Toppmöller and George Burley to the post , and also became the youngest manager in the Premier League . His first full season in charge saw Fulham finish a surprise ninth place , as many pundits tipped them to struggle and for Coleman to be sacked . Many of Fulhams key players , such as Edwin van der Sar , Louis Saha , Steed Malbranque and Luís Boa Morte , were sold in the following years and Fulham did not repeat their earlier successes under Coleman though he kept them clear of relegation . He was sacked on 10 April 2007 in a move that caught some observers by surprise , after a seven-game winless run that left the club four points above the relegation zone . Real Sociedad . Coleman moved abroad to manage recently relegated Segunda División side Real Sociedad on 4 July 2007 , after being recommended to the club by fellow Welshman and former Real Sociedad manager John Toshack . He was linked with Bolton Wanderers in October 2007 though nothing came of it . With the club in 5th place and having only lost once in its previous eleven games , Coleman resigned as manager on 16 January 2008 , citing a divergence in vision for the club with newly elected President Iñaki Badiola . Coventry City . Coleman was appointed manager of Championship club Coventry City on 19 February 2008 , signing a three-and-a-half-year contract . He replaced Iain Dowie , who had been sacked by new owner Ray Ranson . On 26 August 2008 , the BBC reported that Coleman was no longer interested in the Wales national team . He later said that his words had been misinterpreted ; when answering a question on whether Coventry striker Freddy Eastwood was fit to play for Wales , he meant to say that he wanted Eastwood fit for club before returning to international duty . On 4 May 2010 , Coleman was sacked following Coventrys 19th-place finish during the 2009–10 season , their lowest league finish in more than 45 years . They would be relegated two years later . AEL . On 26 May 2011 , Coleman was appointed as manager of Greek side AEL . In January 2012 , Coleman announced that because of financial troubles at the club he would be quitting from his position as manager . Wales . On 19 January 2012 , Coleman was appointed team manager of the Wales national team , as successor to his friend Gary Speed , who had died the previous November . After letting his assistant Osian Roberts take charge in Speeds memorial match against Costa Rica in February , his first game in charge was a 2–0 defeat against Mexico at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey on 27 May . Wales first match in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification was on 7 September at home to Belgium , with centre back James Collins sent off for a late lunge on Guillaume Gillet in the 25th minute of an eventual 0–2 loss . Four days later in Novi Sad , the team lost 6–1 to Serbia ; Coleman said in October 2015 that he considered leaving his post after the defeat . After becoming the first Welsh manager to lose his first five games , Coleman got his first win on 12 October 2012 , a 2–1 victory against Scotland . On 26 March 2013 , in a qualifier against Croatia at the Liberty Stadium , Wales led 1–0 for the majority of the game through a Gareth Bale penalty , but two late goals from the opponents ended any hopes of qualification . In October 2015 , Coleman led Wales to their best ever position on the FIFA World Rankings , 8th . On 10 October , their qualification for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament was confirmed , a first tournament qualification since 1958 . The team came first in their group in France , and eliminated Northern Ireland and Belgium to reach the semi-finals , losing to eventual champions Portugal . Coleman received interest from other teams due to his management of the Welsh team at the tournament . On 23 May 2016 , it was announced at a Football Association of Wales press conference that Coleman had signed a two-year contract extension to take in the 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign . Waless 1–0 home loss to the Republic of Ireland on 9 October 2017 meant that they were eliminated from qualification . Coleman resigned as Wales manager on 17 November . Sunderland . On 19 November 2017 , Coleman was appointed as the new manager of under-performing Championship club Sunderland . He replaced a dismissed Simon Grayson , who had left the Black Cats third from bottom of the league table in twenty-second place and within the relegation drop zone . Colemans first game in charge was a 2–1 defeat at Aston Villa , two days after his appointment . By the conclusion of 2017 , Sunderland had collected eleven points , out of a possible twenty-four , under Colemans guidance , briefly lifting out of the relegation zone into twenty-first place , following a satisfactory run of form . During the winter transfer window , Coleman was informed that club chairman Ellis Short had refused to invest any more money into player transfers , with the American businessman announcing his intentions to sell the club . Joining the club for free of charge included the loan signings of Jake Clarke-Salter from Chelsea , Ovie Ejaria from Liverpool , Lee Camp from Cardiff City and Ashley Fletcher from fierce rivals Middlesbrough ; Kazenga LuaLua was the only permanent transfer that window , joining from Brighton & Hove Albion on a free transfer . After their transfer window nightmare , Sunderland went on a nine-game winless run , ending when they defeated Derby County 4–1 at Pride Park . This was Colemans final victory in charge of Sunderland ; his final six games saw the Black Cats record three draws and three defeats . Relegation to League One was confirmed following a 2–1 defeat against Burton Albion at the Stadium of Light . His final game in charge was a 2–1 defeat to Fulham . On 29 April 2018 , Coleman was dismissed shortly following the clubs sale . Hebei China Fortune . On 10 June 2018 , Coleman was appointed as the head coach of Chinese club Hebei China Fortune , as successor to Manuel Pellegrini , who left the side to return to the Premier League with West Ham United . The club had become notable during the year for completing the high-profile signing of Javier Mascherano from Spanish La Liga giants Barcelona . His side finished the 2018 Super League season in sixth position , two places and fourteen points adrift from qualification to the 2019 AFC Champions League . Colemans side struggled to adapt in the 2019 league campaign , with the club sat in fifteenth place , in the relegation zone , following nine games . Having only won one game that league season , a 2–1 victory over Shanghai Greenland Shenhua , he was sacked on 15 May due to poor performance . Personal life . He is married to TV presenter Charlotte Jackson . They had a son at the end of 2014 . Colemans godson is Republic of Ireland international Ronan Curtis , who plays as a forward for Portsmouth . In June 2010 , Coleman worked as a commentator for ITV at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . He has also worked as a commentator and pundit for Sky Sports . For Euro 2020 he worked for ESPN . On 20 October 2016 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Swansea . Coleman was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to football . In 2017 , he was awarded an honorary degree from his hometowns University of Swansea , and fellowships at three other Welsh universities . In July 2017 , he endorsed the Welsh Governments project to double the number of speakers of Welsh by 2050 . Honours . Player . Swansea City - Welsh Cup : 1988–89 , 1990–91 Crystal Palace - Football League First Division : 1993–94 Fulham - Football League Second Division : 1998–99 - Football League First Division : 2000–01 Individual - Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year : 1988–89 , 1990–91 - Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1999–2000 , 2000–01 - Crystal Palace Player of the Year : 1994 Manager . Individual - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2009
|
[
"Fulham"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Chris Coleman (footballer) play for from 1997 to 2002?
|
/wiki/Chris_Coleman_(footballer)#P54#4
|
Chris Coleman ( footballer ) Christopher Patrick Coleman , OBE ( born 10 June 1970 ) is a Welsh professional football coach and former player , who most recently served as the manager of Chinese Super League club Hebei China Fortune from June 2018 until May 2019 . As a player , Coleman usually played in defence , while also occasionally appearing as a forward . He began his career at Manchester City , leaving as a teenager to make his debut for hometown team Swansea City in 1987 . In 1991 , he joined Crystal Palace , whom he represented in the Premier League . He spent a year-and-a-half at league champions Blackburn Rovers before signing for Fulham in 1997 , helping the team to two promotions from the third tier to the top flight . He won 32 caps playing for Wales . Colemans playing career ended at the age of 32 , when his leg was broken in a car crash . Following this , he started his coaching career at Fulham . In his first full season as manager , he guided the club to ninth place in the 2003–04 Premier League . After leaving Fulham , Coleman was appointed manager of Real Sociedad , where he resigned in January 2008 due to differences with the incoming president . He returned to England to manage Coventry City , but was dismissed in May 2010 following a poor run of results . Coleman then managed Greek side AEL for the first half of the 2011–12 season before resigning due to financial troubles at the club . In 2012 , he took over as Wales national team manager after the death of Gary Speed , and led Wales to UEFA Euro 2016 , their first major tournament since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , where they made the semi-finals . Early life . Coleman was born in Swansea to an Irish father and has two sisters . He was educated at St Josephs Roman Catholic Primary School and Bishop Vaughan Catholic School . Coleman has been nicknamed Cookie since childhood , as friends likened his eating habits to the Cookie Monster from Sesame Street . Club career . Swansea City . The first professional team Coleman was contracted to was Manchester City , aged 16 , although he later left them , citing homesickness as the major reason . He then joined his hometown club Swansea City . He made his first professional appearance for them aged 17 , in the autumn of 1987 . He made nearly 200 appearances for the south Wales club and helped win the Welsh Cup in 1989 and 1991 . Crystal Palace . After spending four years with Swansea , Coleman was signed by Crystal Palace in 1991 for a transfer fee set by a Football League tribunal at around £270,000 , plus a percentage of any future sale . After making 143 appearances , scoring 16 goals in that period – a 1 in 9 record explained by the fact that manager Steve Coppell often used Coleman as a makeshift centre forward . Palace finished 10th in Colemans first season at Selhurst Park , but they were relegated from the new FA Premier League in his second season ( although they did reach the semi-finals of the League Cup ) . They won promotion as Division One champions at the first attempt , but went straight back down again despite reaching the semi-finals of both cups that season . Coleman was sold to Blackburn Rovers , the defending league champions , for £2.8 million in December 1995 . While at Palace , he was capped for Wales at senior level for the first time . In 2005 , Palace supporters voted Coleman into their Centenary XI . Blackburn Rovers . Coleman joined Premier League champions Blackburn Rovers for a fee of £2.8 million . Blackburn did not retain the Premier League title they had won in 1995 , and finished seventh , just missing out on a UEFA Cup place . Coleman made 28 league appearances over his season-and-a-half at the club , and when he found himself out of the starting line-up too often ( not helped by a persistent Achilles injury ) , he took the gamble to further his career by dropping two divisions to join Fulham . Fulham . Fulham , at the time in the second tier , were financed by wealthy businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed , and were able to spend a record transfer fee for the division and club , of £2.1 million for Coleman in late 1997 . He quickly became club captain , and led Fulham to promotion under manager Kevin Keegan in 1998–99 to the First Division . He remained captain and a regular in the team under new manager Jean Tigana in the 2000–01 season as Fulham made a successful start to the campaign . However , Colemans career was effectively ended midway through the season , after he broke his leg in a car crash , near Bletchingley in Surrey on 2 January 2001 , just days before an FA Cup tie against Manchester United . He never recovered from this injury despite playing a reserve fixture in March 2002 , a game that only served as an indication that he would never again play at the highest level of English football . He announced his retirement as a player in October 2002 , but stayed at the West London club as a member of the coaching staff . International career . Coleman was eligible to play for his birth country of Wales , for the Republic of Ireland through his Dublin-born father , and also for the United States via his maternal grandfather . Coleman was capped by Wales at school , youth , under-21 and senior levels . His only competitive football appearance after his leg injuries came for Wales on 14 May 2002 , when he was called up to the squad as a replacement for Danny Gabbidon , and then came on as a late substitute for goalscorer Robert Earnshaw in the 1–0 win over Germany at the Millennium Stadium . Managerial career . Fulham . Coleman joined Fulhams coaching staff in October 2002 under Tigana . He later succeeded the Frenchman as caretaker manager in April 2003 , and steered Fulham away from relegation danger . He was named as Fulhams permanent manager in May 2003 , beating the more experienced Klaus Toppmöller and George Burley to the post , and also became the youngest manager in the Premier League . His first full season in charge saw Fulham finish a surprise ninth place , as many pundits tipped them to struggle and for Coleman to be sacked . Many of Fulhams key players , such as Edwin van der Sar , Louis Saha , Steed Malbranque and Luís Boa Morte , were sold in the following years and Fulham did not repeat their earlier successes under Coleman though he kept them clear of relegation . He was sacked on 10 April 2007 in a move that caught some observers by surprise , after a seven-game winless run that left the club four points above the relegation zone . Real Sociedad . Coleman moved abroad to manage recently relegated Segunda División side Real Sociedad on 4 July 2007 , after being recommended to the club by fellow Welshman and former Real Sociedad manager John Toshack . He was linked with Bolton Wanderers in October 2007 though nothing came of it . With the club in 5th place and having only lost once in its previous eleven games , Coleman resigned as manager on 16 January 2008 , citing a divergence in vision for the club with newly elected President Iñaki Badiola . Coventry City . Coleman was appointed manager of Championship club Coventry City on 19 February 2008 , signing a three-and-a-half-year contract . He replaced Iain Dowie , who had been sacked by new owner Ray Ranson . On 26 August 2008 , the BBC reported that Coleman was no longer interested in the Wales national team . He later said that his words had been misinterpreted ; when answering a question on whether Coventry striker Freddy Eastwood was fit to play for Wales , he meant to say that he wanted Eastwood fit for club before returning to international duty . On 4 May 2010 , Coleman was sacked following Coventrys 19th-place finish during the 2009–10 season , their lowest league finish in more than 45 years . They would be relegated two years later . AEL . On 26 May 2011 , Coleman was appointed as manager of Greek side AEL . In January 2012 , Coleman announced that because of financial troubles at the club he would be quitting from his position as manager . Wales . On 19 January 2012 , Coleman was appointed team manager of the Wales national team , as successor to his friend Gary Speed , who had died the previous November . After letting his assistant Osian Roberts take charge in Speeds memorial match against Costa Rica in February , his first game in charge was a 2–0 defeat against Mexico at the MetLife Stadium in New Jersey on 27 May . Wales first match in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification was on 7 September at home to Belgium , with centre back James Collins sent off for a late lunge on Guillaume Gillet in the 25th minute of an eventual 0–2 loss . Four days later in Novi Sad , the team lost 6–1 to Serbia ; Coleman said in October 2015 that he considered leaving his post after the defeat . After becoming the first Welsh manager to lose his first five games , Coleman got his first win on 12 October 2012 , a 2–1 victory against Scotland . On 26 March 2013 , in a qualifier against Croatia at the Liberty Stadium , Wales led 1–0 for the majority of the game through a Gareth Bale penalty , but two late goals from the opponents ended any hopes of qualification . In October 2015 , Coleman led Wales to their best ever position on the FIFA World Rankings , 8th . On 10 October , their qualification for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament was confirmed , a first tournament qualification since 1958 . The team came first in their group in France , and eliminated Northern Ireland and Belgium to reach the semi-finals , losing to eventual champions Portugal . Coleman received interest from other teams due to his management of the Welsh team at the tournament . On 23 May 2016 , it was announced at a Football Association of Wales press conference that Coleman had signed a two-year contract extension to take in the 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign . Waless 1–0 home loss to the Republic of Ireland on 9 October 2017 meant that they were eliminated from qualification . Coleman resigned as Wales manager on 17 November . Sunderland . On 19 November 2017 , Coleman was appointed as the new manager of under-performing Championship club Sunderland . He replaced a dismissed Simon Grayson , who had left the Black Cats third from bottom of the league table in twenty-second place and within the relegation drop zone . Colemans first game in charge was a 2–1 defeat at Aston Villa , two days after his appointment . By the conclusion of 2017 , Sunderland had collected eleven points , out of a possible twenty-four , under Colemans guidance , briefly lifting out of the relegation zone into twenty-first place , following a satisfactory run of form . During the winter transfer window , Coleman was informed that club chairman Ellis Short had refused to invest any more money into player transfers , with the American businessman announcing his intentions to sell the club . Joining the club for free of charge included the loan signings of Jake Clarke-Salter from Chelsea , Ovie Ejaria from Liverpool , Lee Camp from Cardiff City and Ashley Fletcher from fierce rivals Middlesbrough ; Kazenga LuaLua was the only permanent transfer that window , joining from Brighton & Hove Albion on a free transfer . After their transfer window nightmare , Sunderland went on a nine-game winless run , ending when they defeated Derby County 4–1 at Pride Park . This was Colemans final victory in charge of Sunderland ; his final six games saw the Black Cats record three draws and three defeats . Relegation to League One was confirmed following a 2–1 defeat against Burton Albion at the Stadium of Light . His final game in charge was a 2–1 defeat to Fulham . On 29 April 2018 , Coleman was dismissed shortly following the clubs sale . Hebei China Fortune . On 10 June 2018 , Coleman was appointed as the head coach of Chinese club Hebei China Fortune , as successor to Manuel Pellegrini , who left the side to return to the Premier League with West Ham United . The club had become notable during the year for completing the high-profile signing of Javier Mascherano from Spanish La Liga giants Barcelona . His side finished the 2018 Super League season in sixth position , two places and fourteen points adrift from qualification to the 2019 AFC Champions League . Colemans side struggled to adapt in the 2019 league campaign , with the club sat in fifteenth place , in the relegation zone , following nine games . Having only won one game that league season , a 2–1 victory over Shanghai Greenland Shenhua , he was sacked on 15 May due to poor performance . Personal life . He is married to TV presenter Charlotte Jackson . They had a son at the end of 2014 . Colemans godson is Republic of Ireland international Ronan Curtis , who plays as a forward for Portsmouth . In June 2010 , Coleman worked as a commentator for ITV at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . He has also worked as a commentator and pundit for Sky Sports . For Euro 2020 he worked for ESPN . On 20 October 2016 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Swansea . Coleman was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to football . In 2017 , he was awarded an honorary degree from his hometowns University of Swansea , and fellowships at three other Welsh universities . In July 2017 , he endorsed the Welsh Governments project to double the number of speakers of Welsh by 2050 . Honours . Player . Swansea City - Welsh Cup : 1988–89 , 1990–91 Crystal Palace - Football League First Division : 1993–94 Fulham - Football League Second Division : 1998–99 - Football League First Division : 2000–01 Individual - Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year : 1988–89 , 1990–91 - Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year : 1997–98 , 1998–99 - Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year : 1999–2000 , 2000–01 - Crystal Palace Player of the Year : 1994 Manager . Individual - Football League Championship Manager of the Month : February 2009
|
[
"Ian Flemings"
] |
easy
|
Goldeneye (estate) was owned by whom from 1946 to 1964?
|
/wiki/Goldeneye_(estate)#P127#0
|
Goldeneye ( estate ) Goldeneye is the original name of novelist Ian Flemings estate on Oracabessa bay on the northern coastline of Jamaica . He bought adjacent to the Golden Clouds estate in 1946 and built his home on the edge of a cliff overlooking a private beach . The three bedroom structure was constructed from Flemings sketch , fitted with wooden jalousie windows and a swimming pool . Flemings visitors at Goldeneye included actors , musicians , and filmmakers . The property now operates as Goldeneye Hotel and Resort , consisting of Flemings main house and several cottages . The estate is located in the Oracabessa Bay Fish Sanctuary , established in 2011 to protect the areas marine ecosystem . It is adjacent to James Bond Beach . History . The land is on the site of a former donkey racetrack . The home was built on a cliff overlooking a private beach and was based on a sketch by the author and featured unglazed windows . In spite of its obvious proximity to Golden Clouds , Fleming claimed a number of origins for the name Goldeneye , including Carson McCullerss 1941 novel , Reflections in a Golden Eye and Operation Goldeneye , a Second World War era contingency plan Fleming had developed in case of a Nazi invasion of Gibraltar through Spain . Fleming joined The Sunday Times in 1946 , for which he oversaw the papers worldwide network of correspondents . He negotiated a contract whereby he could spend three months of each year at Goldeneye . Here he entertained Ann Fleming . Ann was then married to Lord Rothermere , who thought Ann was staying with Noël Coward . On 17 February 1952 , Fleming began writing his first Bond novel , Casino Royale , at Goldeneye . For the next twelve years , Fleming wrote all his Bond stories there . A number of the Bond movies , including Dr . No and Live and Let Die , were filmed near the estate . In 1956 British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden and his wife Clarissa spent a month at Goldeneye after Edens health collapsed in the wake of the Suez Crisis . The attendant publicity helped to boost Flemings writing career . In 1976 , twelve years after Ian Flemings death , the property was sold to reggae musician Bob Marley . A year later he sold the estate to Island Records founder Chris Blackwell . Blackwell gradually added in small parcels to the original estate to reach a current total of . As it grew , he also added various cottages and huts around an inner lagoon sandwiched between James Bond Beach and Low Cay Beach . In the late 1980s , he formed the Island Outpost Company and opened the property as a small hotel . The name Goldeneye has found its way into the James Bond film and television franchises . It was used in the 1991 animated series James Bond Jr , where it became the name of a valuable pendant worn by a prince in the episode Ship of Terror . It was more famously used again in 1995 , when GoldenEye became the title of the seventeenth James Bond film , the first to star Pierce Brosnan , and in the 1997 video game GoldenEye 007 . Hotel and resort . Rather than a traditional hotel , Goldeneye resort is a compound of tropical buildings , gardens and private beaches . It closed in 2007 for major additions and renovations , and reopened in December 2010 . Guests . Flemings Goldeneye became the social epicenter of Jamaicas north coast along with nearby Firefly owned by Noël Coward , and Bolt House , owned by Chris Blackwells mother , Blanche , who was a long time friend of Fleming . The property was equally popular with a coterie of Hollywood stars and British literary greats as it was British aristocrats and international heads of state . Errol Flynn , Lucian Freud , Truman Capote , Patrick Leigh Fermor , the Duchess of Devonshire , Princess Margaret , and Prime Minister Anthony Eden were all visitors . The Goldeneye of the Blackwell era has also attracted celebrities , both as his friends and resort guests . Among them Grace Jones , Bono , Naomi Campbell , Michael Caine , Pierce Brosnan , Harrison Ford , Johnny Depp , Kate Moss , and Richard Branson . Sting wrote Every Breath You Take at Flemings writing desk while vacationing on the estate in 1982 . Garden . A tradition , which was started by Sir Anthony Eden when he and his wife , Clarissa , planted a Santa Maria tree before departing from Goldeneye ,
|
[
"Bob Marley"
] |
easy
|
Who was the owner of Goldeneye (estate) from 1976 to 1977?
|
/wiki/Goldeneye_(estate)#P127#1
|
Goldeneye ( estate ) Goldeneye is the original name of novelist Ian Flemings estate on Oracabessa bay on the northern coastline of Jamaica . He bought adjacent to the Golden Clouds estate in 1946 and built his home on the edge of a cliff overlooking a private beach . The three bedroom structure was constructed from Flemings sketch , fitted with wooden jalousie windows and a swimming pool . Flemings visitors at Goldeneye included actors , musicians , and filmmakers . The property now operates as Goldeneye Hotel and Resort , consisting of Flemings main house and several cottages . The estate is located in the Oracabessa Bay Fish Sanctuary , established in 2011 to protect the areas marine ecosystem . It is adjacent to James Bond Beach . History . The land is on the site of a former donkey racetrack . The home was built on a cliff overlooking a private beach and was based on a sketch by the author and featured unglazed windows . In spite of its obvious proximity to Golden Clouds , Fleming claimed a number of origins for the name Goldeneye , including Carson McCullerss 1941 novel , Reflections in a Golden Eye and Operation Goldeneye , a Second World War era contingency plan Fleming had developed in case of a Nazi invasion of Gibraltar through Spain . Fleming joined The Sunday Times in 1946 , for which he oversaw the papers worldwide network of correspondents . He negotiated a contract whereby he could spend three months of each year at Goldeneye . Here he entertained Ann Fleming . Ann was then married to Lord Rothermere , who thought Ann was staying with Noël Coward . On 17 February 1952 , Fleming began writing his first Bond novel , Casino Royale , at Goldeneye . For the next twelve years , Fleming wrote all his Bond stories there . A number of the Bond movies , including Dr . No and Live and Let Die , were filmed near the estate . In 1956 British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden and his wife Clarissa spent a month at Goldeneye after Edens health collapsed in the wake of the Suez Crisis . The attendant publicity helped to boost Flemings writing career . In 1976 , twelve years after Ian Flemings death , the property was sold to reggae musician Bob Marley . A year later he sold the estate to Island Records founder Chris Blackwell . Blackwell gradually added in small parcels to the original estate to reach a current total of . As it grew , he also added various cottages and huts around an inner lagoon sandwiched between James Bond Beach and Low Cay Beach . In the late 1980s , he formed the Island Outpost Company and opened the property as a small hotel . The name Goldeneye has found its way into the James Bond film and television franchises . It was used in the 1991 animated series James Bond Jr , where it became the name of a valuable pendant worn by a prince in the episode Ship of Terror . It was more famously used again in 1995 , when GoldenEye became the title of the seventeenth James Bond film , the first to star Pierce Brosnan , and in the 1997 video game GoldenEye 007 . Hotel and resort . Rather than a traditional hotel , Goldeneye resort is a compound of tropical buildings , gardens and private beaches . It closed in 2007 for major additions and renovations , and reopened in December 2010 . Guests . Flemings Goldeneye became the social epicenter of Jamaicas north coast along with nearby Firefly owned by Noël Coward , and Bolt House , owned by Chris Blackwells mother , Blanche , who was a long time friend of Fleming . The property was equally popular with a coterie of Hollywood stars and British literary greats as it was British aristocrats and international heads of state . Errol Flynn , Lucian Freud , Truman Capote , Patrick Leigh Fermor , the Duchess of Devonshire , Princess Margaret , and Prime Minister Anthony Eden were all visitors . The Goldeneye of the Blackwell era has also attracted celebrities , both as his friends and resort guests . Among them Grace Jones , Bono , Naomi Campbell , Michael Caine , Pierce Brosnan , Harrison Ford , Johnny Depp , Kate Moss , and Richard Branson . Sting wrote Every Breath You Take at Flemings writing desk while vacationing on the estate in 1982 . Garden . A tradition , which was started by Sir Anthony Eden when he and his wife , Clarissa , planted a Santa Maria tree before departing from Goldeneye ,
|
[
"Chris Blackwell"
] |
easy
|
Who was the owner of Goldeneye (estate) from 1977 to 1978?
|
/wiki/Goldeneye_(estate)#P127#2
|
Goldeneye ( estate ) Goldeneye is the original name of novelist Ian Flemings estate on Oracabessa bay on the northern coastline of Jamaica . He bought adjacent to the Golden Clouds estate in 1946 and built his home on the edge of a cliff overlooking a private beach . The three bedroom structure was constructed from Flemings sketch , fitted with wooden jalousie windows and a swimming pool . Flemings visitors at Goldeneye included actors , musicians , and filmmakers . The property now operates as Goldeneye Hotel and Resort , consisting of Flemings main house and several cottages . The estate is located in the Oracabessa Bay Fish Sanctuary , established in 2011 to protect the areas marine ecosystem . It is adjacent to James Bond Beach . History . The land is on the site of a former donkey racetrack . The home was built on a cliff overlooking a private beach and was based on a sketch by the author and featured unglazed windows . In spite of its obvious proximity to Golden Clouds , Fleming claimed a number of origins for the name Goldeneye , including Carson McCullerss 1941 novel , Reflections in a Golden Eye and Operation Goldeneye , a Second World War era contingency plan Fleming had developed in case of a Nazi invasion of Gibraltar through Spain . Fleming joined The Sunday Times in 1946 , for which he oversaw the papers worldwide network of correspondents . He negotiated a contract whereby he could spend three months of each year at Goldeneye . Here he entertained Ann Fleming . Ann was then married to Lord Rothermere , who thought Ann was staying with Noël Coward . On 17 February 1952 , Fleming began writing his first Bond novel , Casino Royale , at Goldeneye . For the next twelve years , Fleming wrote all his Bond stories there . A number of the Bond movies , including Dr . No and Live and Let Die , were filmed near the estate . In 1956 British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden and his wife Clarissa spent a month at Goldeneye after Edens health collapsed in the wake of the Suez Crisis . The attendant publicity helped to boost Flemings writing career . In 1976 , twelve years after Ian Flemings death , the property was sold to reggae musician Bob Marley . A year later he sold the estate to Island Records founder Chris Blackwell . Blackwell gradually added in small parcels to the original estate to reach a current total of . As it grew , he also added various cottages and huts around an inner lagoon sandwiched between James Bond Beach and Low Cay Beach . In the late 1980s , he formed the Island Outpost Company and opened the property as a small hotel . The name Goldeneye has found its way into the James Bond film and television franchises . It was used in the 1991 animated series James Bond Jr , where it became the name of a valuable pendant worn by a prince in the episode Ship of Terror . It was more famously used again in 1995 , when GoldenEye became the title of the seventeenth James Bond film , the first to star Pierce Brosnan , and in the 1997 video game GoldenEye 007 . Hotel and resort . Rather than a traditional hotel , Goldeneye resort is a compound of tropical buildings , gardens and private beaches . It closed in 2007 for major additions and renovations , and reopened in December 2010 . Guests . Flemings Goldeneye became the social epicenter of Jamaicas north coast along with nearby Firefly owned by Noël Coward , and Bolt House , owned by Chris Blackwells mother , Blanche , who was a long time friend of Fleming . The property was equally popular with a coterie of Hollywood stars and British literary greats as it was British aristocrats and international heads of state . Errol Flynn , Lucian Freud , Truman Capote , Patrick Leigh Fermor , the Duchess of Devonshire , Princess Margaret , and Prime Minister Anthony Eden were all visitors . The Goldeneye of the Blackwell era has also attracted celebrities , both as his friends and resort guests . Among them Grace Jones , Bono , Naomi Campbell , Michael Caine , Pierce Brosnan , Harrison Ford , Johnny Depp , Kate Moss , and Richard Branson . Sting wrote Every Breath You Take at Flemings writing desk while vacationing on the estate in 1982 . Garden . A tradition , which was started by Sir Anthony Eden when he and his wife , Clarissa , planted a Santa Maria tree before departing from Goldeneye ,
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Where was Aaron Wildavsky educated from 1953 to 1954?
|
/wiki/Aaron_Wildavsky#P69#0
|
Aaron Wildavsky Aaron Wildavsky ( May 31 , 1930 – September 4 , 1993 ) was an American political scientist known for his pioneering work in public policy , government budgeting , and risk management . Early years . A native of Brooklyn in New York , Wildavsky was the son of two Ukrainian Jewish immigrants . After graduating from Brooklyn College , he served in the U.S . Navy and then won a Fulbright Fellowship to the University of Sydney for 1954–55 . Wildavsky returned to the U.S . to attend graduate school at Yale University . His PhD dissertation , a study of the politics of the Dixon-Yates atomic energy controversy , was completed in 1958 . Career . Wildavsky taught at Oberlin College from 1958 until 1962 , then lived and worked in Washington D.C for a year before moving to the University of California at Berkeley where he worked as a professor of political science for the rest of his life . At Berkeley , he was chairman of the political science department ( 1966–1969 ) and founding dean of the Graduate School of Public Policy ( 1969–1977 ) . Wildavsky was president of the American Political Science Association for 1985–86 . He was also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Public Administration . Wildavsky was a scholar on budgeting and budget theory . He is associated with the idea of incrementalism in budgeting , meaning that the most important predictor of a future political budget is the prior one ; not a rational economic or decision process undertaken by the state . His book Politics of the Budgetary Process was named by the American Society for Public Administration as the third most influential work in public administration in the last fifty years . In Searching for Safety ( 1988 ) , Wildavsky argued that trial and error , rather than the precautionary principle , is the best way to manage risks . He noted that rich , technologically advanced societies were the safest , as measured by life expectancy and quality of life . Precautionary approaches to approving new technology are irrational , he said , because they demand that we know whether something is safe before we can do the very tests that would demonstrate its safety or dangerousness . Furthermore , precaution eliminates the benefits of new technology along with the harms . He advocated enhancing societys capacity to cope with and adapt to the unexpected , rather than trying to prevent all catastrophes in advance . Wildavsky was a prolific author , writing or co-writing thirty-nine books and numerous journal articles , including important works on the budgetary process , policy analysis , political culture , foreign affairs , public administration , and comparative government . Five more books were published posthumously—bringing the total to forty-four . Wildavsky was the recipient of the 1996 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order , with Max Singer . Wildavsky was awarded multiple honorary degrees over the course of his life , including degrees from Yale University and the University of Bologna . He died of lung cancer on September 4 , 1993 , in Oakland , California . Managing risk . Wildavsky argued that a mixed strategy of anticipation and resilience is optimal for managing risk . Anticipation is beneficial , but if employed as the sole strategy the law of diminishing returns makes it unattractive , impractical , impossible and even counter productive ( it consumes resources better spent on resilience ) . We should accept to live with small accidents and mishaps and not try to prevent all future hazards . He argued that adding safety devices to nuclear power plants beyond a certain point would be detrimental to safety . This critique is a fundamental attack on the precautionary principle . Theory of dual presidency . During the Cold War , Wildavsky proposed The Dual Presidency Theory ( also sometimes referred to as the Two Presidencies Thesis ) . Influenced by the time period of 1946–1964 , the Dual Presidency Theory is based on the principle that there are two versions of the American President : one who is concerned with domestic policy and one concerned with foreign policy . Wildavsky claims that presidents would prefer to focus foremost on foreign policy because they are granted more traditional , constitutional , and statutory authority when compared to their domestic policy powers . Wildavsky argues that presidents have assumed a more active role with regard to foreign policy because they are able to act more quickly than the United States Congress when pursuing foreign policy . Also , a lack of interest groups active in foreign policy allows the president more discretion when making a decision . Select publications . - Dixon-Yates : A Study in Power Politics . 1962 . Yale University Press . - Politics of the Budgetary Process . 1964 . Little , Brown . - Presidential Elections : Strategies of American Electoral Politics . 1964 . Scribner . ( with Nelson Polsby ) . - The Two Presidencies . 1966 . Society - Implementation : How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland ; or , Why it’s Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All . 1973 . University of California Press . ( with Jeffrey L . Pressman ) . - Planning and Budgeting in Poor Countries . 1974 . Wiley . ( with Naomi Caiden ) . - The Private Government of Public Money : Community and Policy Inside British Politics . 1974 . Macmillan . ( with Hugh Heclo ) . - Budgeting : A Comparative Theory of Budgetary Processes . 1975 . Little , Brown . - Speaking Truth to Power : The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis . 1979 . Little , Brown . - The Politics of Mistrust : Estimating American Oil and Gas Resources . 1981 . Sage Publications . ( with Ellen Tenenbaum ) - Risk and Culture : An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers . 1982 . University of California Press . ( with Mary Douglas as first author ) . - The Nursing Father : Moses as a Political Leader . 1984 . University of Alabama Press . - A History of Taxation and Expenditure in the Western World . 1986 . Simon & Schuster . ( with Carolyn Webber and Pat Albin ) . - Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions : A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation . American Political Science Review 81 ( 1 ) : 3–22 . - Searching for Safety . 1988 . Transaction Books . - The Deficit and the Public Interest : The Search for Responsible Budgeting in the 1980s . 1989 . University of California Press . ( with Joseph White ) . - Public Administration : The State of the Discipline . 1990 . Chatham House Publishers . ( edited with Naomi Lynn ) . - Cultural Theory . 1990 . Westview Press . ( with Michael Thompson and Richard Ellis ) . - The Rise of Radical Egalitarianism . 1991 . The American University Press . - But Is It True? : A Citizens Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues . 1995 . Harvard University Press . ( posthumous )
|
[
"University of Sydney"
] |
easy
|
Aaron Wildavsky went to which school in 1954?
|
/wiki/Aaron_Wildavsky#P69#1
|
Aaron Wildavsky Aaron Wildavsky ( May 31 , 1930 – September 4 , 1993 ) was an American political scientist known for his pioneering work in public policy , government budgeting , and risk management . Early years . A native of Brooklyn in New York , Wildavsky was the son of two Ukrainian Jewish immigrants . After graduating from Brooklyn College , he served in the U.S . Navy and then won a Fulbright Fellowship to the University of Sydney for 1954–55 . Wildavsky returned to the U.S . to attend graduate school at Yale University . His PhD dissertation , a study of the politics of the Dixon-Yates atomic energy controversy , was completed in 1958 . Career . Wildavsky taught at Oberlin College from 1958 until 1962 , then lived and worked in Washington D.C for a year before moving to the University of California at Berkeley where he worked as a professor of political science for the rest of his life . At Berkeley , he was chairman of the political science department ( 1966–1969 ) and founding dean of the Graduate School of Public Policy ( 1969–1977 ) . Wildavsky was president of the American Political Science Association for 1985–86 . He was also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Public Administration . Wildavsky was a scholar on budgeting and budget theory . He is associated with the idea of incrementalism in budgeting , meaning that the most important predictor of a future political budget is the prior one ; not a rational economic or decision process undertaken by the state . His book Politics of the Budgetary Process was named by the American Society for Public Administration as the third most influential work in public administration in the last fifty years . In Searching for Safety ( 1988 ) , Wildavsky argued that trial and error , rather than the precautionary principle , is the best way to manage risks . He noted that rich , technologically advanced societies were the safest , as measured by life expectancy and quality of life . Precautionary approaches to approving new technology are irrational , he said , because they demand that we know whether something is safe before we can do the very tests that would demonstrate its safety or dangerousness . Furthermore , precaution eliminates the benefits of new technology along with the harms . He advocated enhancing societys capacity to cope with and adapt to the unexpected , rather than trying to prevent all catastrophes in advance . Wildavsky was a prolific author , writing or co-writing thirty-nine books and numerous journal articles , including important works on the budgetary process , policy analysis , political culture , foreign affairs , public administration , and comparative government . Five more books were published posthumously—bringing the total to forty-four . Wildavsky was the recipient of the 1996 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order , with Max Singer . Wildavsky was awarded multiple honorary degrees over the course of his life , including degrees from Yale University and the University of Bologna . He died of lung cancer on September 4 , 1993 , in Oakland , California . Managing risk . Wildavsky argued that a mixed strategy of anticipation and resilience is optimal for managing risk . Anticipation is beneficial , but if employed as the sole strategy the law of diminishing returns makes it unattractive , impractical , impossible and even counter productive ( it consumes resources better spent on resilience ) . We should accept to live with small accidents and mishaps and not try to prevent all future hazards . He argued that adding safety devices to nuclear power plants beyond a certain point would be detrimental to safety . This critique is a fundamental attack on the precautionary principle . Theory of dual presidency . During the Cold War , Wildavsky proposed The Dual Presidency Theory ( also sometimes referred to as the Two Presidencies Thesis ) . Influenced by the time period of 1946–1964 , the Dual Presidency Theory is based on the principle that there are two versions of the American President : one who is concerned with domestic policy and one concerned with foreign policy . Wildavsky claims that presidents would prefer to focus foremost on foreign policy because they are granted more traditional , constitutional , and statutory authority when compared to their domestic policy powers . Wildavsky argues that presidents have assumed a more active role with regard to foreign policy because they are able to act more quickly than the United States Congress when pursuing foreign policy . Also , a lack of interest groups active in foreign policy allows the president more discretion when making a decision . Select publications . - Dixon-Yates : A Study in Power Politics . 1962 . Yale University Press . - Politics of the Budgetary Process . 1964 . Little , Brown . - Presidential Elections : Strategies of American Electoral Politics . 1964 . Scribner . ( with Nelson Polsby ) . - The Two Presidencies . 1966 . Society - Implementation : How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland ; or , Why it’s Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All . 1973 . University of California Press . ( with Jeffrey L . Pressman ) . - Planning and Budgeting in Poor Countries . 1974 . Wiley . ( with Naomi Caiden ) . - The Private Government of Public Money : Community and Policy Inside British Politics . 1974 . Macmillan . ( with Hugh Heclo ) . - Budgeting : A Comparative Theory of Budgetary Processes . 1975 . Little , Brown . - Speaking Truth to Power : The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis . 1979 . Little , Brown . - The Politics of Mistrust : Estimating American Oil and Gas Resources . 1981 . Sage Publications . ( with Ellen Tenenbaum ) - Risk and Culture : An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers . 1982 . University of California Press . ( with Mary Douglas as first author ) . - The Nursing Father : Moses as a Political Leader . 1984 . University of Alabama Press . - A History of Taxation and Expenditure in the Western World . 1986 . Simon & Schuster . ( with Carolyn Webber and Pat Albin ) . - Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions : A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation . American Political Science Review 81 ( 1 ) : 3–22 . - Searching for Safety . 1988 . Transaction Books . - The Deficit and the Public Interest : The Search for Responsible Budgeting in the 1980s . 1989 . University of California Press . ( with Joseph White ) . - Public Administration : The State of the Discipline . 1990 . Chatham House Publishers . ( edited with Naomi Lynn ) . - Cultural Theory . 1990 . Westview Press . ( with Michael Thompson and Richard Ellis ) . - The Rise of Radical Egalitarianism . 1991 . The American University Press . - But Is It True? : A Citizens Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues . 1995 . Harvard University Press . ( posthumous )
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Where was Aaron Wildavsky educated from 1954 to 1959?
|
/wiki/Aaron_Wildavsky#P69#2
|
Aaron Wildavsky Aaron Wildavsky ( May 31 , 1930 – September 4 , 1993 ) was an American political scientist known for his pioneering work in public policy , government budgeting , and risk management . Early years . A native of Brooklyn in New York , Wildavsky was the son of two Ukrainian Jewish immigrants . After graduating from Brooklyn College , he served in the U.S . Navy and then won a Fulbright Fellowship to the University of Sydney for 1954–55 . Wildavsky returned to the U.S . to attend graduate school at Yale University . His PhD dissertation , a study of the politics of the Dixon-Yates atomic energy controversy , was completed in 1958 . Career . Wildavsky taught at Oberlin College from 1958 until 1962 , then lived and worked in Washington D.C for a year before moving to the University of California at Berkeley where he worked as a professor of political science for the rest of his life . At Berkeley , he was chairman of the political science department ( 1966–1969 ) and founding dean of the Graduate School of Public Policy ( 1969–1977 ) . Wildavsky was president of the American Political Science Association for 1985–86 . He was also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Public Administration . Wildavsky was a scholar on budgeting and budget theory . He is associated with the idea of incrementalism in budgeting , meaning that the most important predictor of a future political budget is the prior one ; not a rational economic or decision process undertaken by the state . His book Politics of the Budgetary Process was named by the American Society for Public Administration as the third most influential work in public administration in the last fifty years . In Searching for Safety ( 1988 ) , Wildavsky argued that trial and error , rather than the precautionary principle , is the best way to manage risks . He noted that rich , technologically advanced societies were the safest , as measured by life expectancy and quality of life . Precautionary approaches to approving new technology are irrational , he said , because they demand that we know whether something is safe before we can do the very tests that would demonstrate its safety or dangerousness . Furthermore , precaution eliminates the benefits of new technology along with the harms . He advocated enhancing societys capacity to cope with and adapt to the unexpected , rather than trying to prevent all catastrophes in advance . Wildavsky was a prolific author , writing or co-writing thirty-nine books and numerous journal articles , including important works on the budgetary process , policy analysis , political culture , foreign affairs , public administration , and comparative government . Five more books were published posthumously—bringing the total to forty-four . Wildavsky was the recipient of the 1996 University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order , with Max Singer . Wildavsky was awarded multiple honorary degrees over the course of his life , including degrees from Yale University and the University of Bologna . He died of lung cancer on September 4 , 1993 , in Oakland , California . Managing risk . Wildavsky argued that a mixed strategy of anticipation and resilience is optimal for managing risk . Anticipation is beneficial , but if employed as the sole strategy the law of diminishing returns makes it unattractive , impractical , impossible and even counter productive ( it consumes resources better spent on resilience ) . We should accept to live with small accidents and mishaps and not try to prevent all future hazards . He argued that adding safety devices to nuclear power plants beyond a certain point would be detrimental to safety . This critique is a fundamental attack on the precautionary principle . Theory of dual presidency . During the Cold War , Wildavsky proposed The Dual Presidency Theory ( also sometimes referred to as the Two Presidencies Thesis ) . Influenced by the time period of 1946–1964 , the Dual Presidency Theory is based on the principle that there are two versions of the American President : one who is concerned with domestic policy and one concerned with foreign policy . Wildavsky claims that presidents would prefer to focus foremost on foreign policy because they are granted more traditional , constitutional , and statutory authority when compared to their domestic policy powers . Wildavsky argues that presidents have assumed a more active role with regard to foreign policy because they are able to act more quickly than the United States Congress when pursuing foreign policy . Also , a lack of interest groups active in foreign policy allows the president more discretion when making a decision . Select publications . - Dixon-Yates : A Study in Power Politics . 1962 . Yale University Press . - Politics of the Budgetary Process . 1964 . Little , Brown . - Presidential Elections : Strategies of American Electoral Politics . 1964 . Scribner . ( with Nelson Polsby ) . - The Two Presidencies . 1966 . Society - Implementation : How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland ; or , Why it’s Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All . 1973 . University of California Press . ( with Jeffrey L . Pressman ) . - Planning and Budgeting in Poor Countries . 1974 . Wiley . ( with Naomi Caiden ) . - The Private Government of Public Money : Community and Policy Inside British Politics . 1974 . Macmillan . ( with Hugh Heclo ) . - Budgeting : A Comparative Theory of Budgetary Processes . 1975 . Little , Brown . - Speaking Truth to Power : The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis . 1979 . Little , Brown . - The Politics of Mistrust : Estimating American Oil and Gas Resources . 1981 . Sage Publications . ( with Ellen Tenenbaum ) - Risk and Culture : An Essay on the Selection of Technical and Environmental Dangers . 1982 . University of California Press . ( with Mary Douglas as first author ) . - The Nursing Father : Moses as a Political Leader . 1984 . University of Alabama Press . - A History of Taxation and Expenditure in the Western World . 1986 . Simon & Schuster . ( with Carolyn Webber and Pat Albin ) . - Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions : A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation . American Political Science Review 81 ( 1 ) : 3–22 . - Searching for Safety . 1988 . Transaction Books . - The Deficit and the Public Interest : The Search for Responsible Budgeting in the 1980s . 1989 . University of California Press . ( with Joseph White ) . - Public Administration : The State of the Discipline . 1990 . Chatham House Publishers . ( edited with Naomi Lynn ) . - Cultural Theory . 1990 . Westview Press . ( with Michael Thompson and Richard Ellis ) . - The Rise of Radical Egalitarianism . 1991 . The American University Press . - But Is It True? : A Citizens Guide to Environmental Health and Safety Issues . 1995 . Harvard University Press . ( posthumous )
|
[
"Carterton Town",
"Cirencester Town"
] |
easy
|
Michael Duff (footballer) played for which team from 1996 to 1997?
|
/wiki/Michael_Duff_(footballer)#P54#0
|
Michael Duff ( footballer ) Michael James Duff ( born 11 January 1978 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player . In a career spanning from 1995 to 2016 , in which he made over 700 appearances , he played as a defender for Carterton Town , Cheltenham Town , Cirencester Town ( on loan ) and Burnley . At international level , Duff earned 24 caps for Northern Ireland . Since 2018 , he is the manager of club Cheltenham Town , having previously managed the Burnley reserves for two years . Duff led Cheltenham Town to their first ever automatic promotion from League Two as manager on the 27th of April 2021 . His team subsequently finished the season as League Two champions . He is believed to be the only player to have played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order . Playing career . Although born in Belfast , Duff was raised in Bedale , North Yorkshire . As a school boy he represented North Yorkshire and joined the Darlington Football Club School of Excellence before moving to Cheltenham in 1994 . Spotted by Cheltenham Town scout Derek Bragg playing for Carterton Town , Duff was invited by Mike Davis , youth team manager to join Cheltenham , then playing in the Southern League . He had a spell on loan at Cirencester Town before returning to Cheltenham when Steve Cotterill took over as manager . He became a regular for Cheltenham , and went on to play 242 games and score 15 times , including a 93rd-minute winner in a 3–2 victory at home to Yeovil Town in 1999 that secured Cheltenham Town promotion to the Football League . On 5 July 2004 , he made a £30,000 switch to Burnley where he became a regular , if not always automatic , first-team choice . Over the next couple of seasons he established himself as first choice right-back , although he had equally often played at centre-back . His first Burnley goal was credited in a League Cup game against Carlisle United , even though it might equally have been credited as an own goal . He finally got incontrovertibly on the score-sheet on 14 October 2006 against Hull City . Duff was part of two of Northern Irelands finest international moments of recent years ; as a late substitute in their 1–0 victory over England on 7 September 2005 and then in a 3–2 victory over Spain on 6 September 2006 . In the 2007–08 season Duff picked up a serious injury during the Championship match against Crystal Palace at Turf Moor . The injury ruled Duff out for almost a year , causing him to miss the first half of the following campaign . He suffered multiple ligament damage and hamstring damage as well as a cruciate knee injury . Duff started his first Premier League match on Boxing Day 2009 against Bolton Wanderers at Turf Moor , having made his debut as a substitute in the preceding game versus Wolverhampton Wanderers . In doing so , he completed the rare feat of having played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order during his career : the Hellenic League with Carterton Town , the Southern League ( Midland Division ) with Cirencester Town , the Southern League ( Premier Division ) , Conference ( prior to its 2004 re-organisation ) , League Two and League One with Cheltenham Town , and the Championship and Premier League with Burnley . After Burnleys relegation , Duff remained with the team and , over the next three seasons , was a frequent , though not automatic , first team choice as injuries and competition for places saw him play in roughly half of Burnleys league matches in each of the seasons through this period . By the summer of 2013 , having earned a season extension for 2013–14 on the basis of his appearances , Duff was the longest-serving player at the club . On 2 July 2014 , Duff signed a new one-year contract with Burnley , Duff remained the only survivor of the squad that reached the Premier League in 2009 and his final deal meant the former Northern Ireland international entered his 11th season with the club . Duff retired from playing professionally at the end of 2015–16 season , having helped Burnley win the Championship title and promotion to the Premier League . As a result of this , Duff became the first footballer to be promoted to the Premier League on three occasions with the same club . Managerial career . On 10 September 2018 , Duff was appointed to his first managerial appointment at his former club Cheltenham Town in League Two . He was awarded the League Two Manager of the Month award for September 2019 and February 2020 . On 1 November 2019 , Duff signed a contract extension which will keep him at Cheltenham Town until June 2023 . On 27 April 2021 , Duff secured the club’s first ever automatic promotion in the Football League with a 1-1 draw against Carlisle United . Coaching Honours . Cheltenham Town - League Two Champions : 2020-21 Playing Honours . Cheltenham Town - Football Conference : 1998–99 ; runner-up : 1997–98 - FA Trophy : 1997–98 - Football League Third Division play-offs : 2002 Burnley - Football League Championship play-offs : 2009 - Football League Championship : 2015–16 ; runner-up : 2013–14 External links . - NIFG profile
|
[
"Northern Ireland"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Michael Duff (footballer) play for from 2002 to 2004?
|
/wiki/Michael_Duff_(footballer)#P54#1
|
Michael Duff ( footballer ) Michael James Duff ( born 11 January 1978 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player . In a career spanning from 1995 to 2016 , in which he made over 700 appearances , he played as a defender for Carterton Town , Cheltenham Town , Cirencester Town ( on loan ) and Burnley . At international level , Duff earned 24 caps for Northern Ireland . Since 2018 , he is the manager of club Cheltenham Town , having previously managed the Burnley reserves for two years . Duff led Cheltenham Town to their first ever automatic promotion from League Two as manager on the 27th of April 2021 . His team subsequently finished the season as League Two champions . He is believed to be the only player to have played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order . Playing career . Although born in Belfast , Duff was raised in Bedale , North Yorkshire . As a school boy he represented North Yorkshire and joined the Darlington Football Club School of Excellence before moving to Cheltenham in 1994 . Spotted by Cheltenham Town scout Derek Bragg playing for Carterton Town , Duff was invited by Mike Davis , youth team manager to join Cheltenham , then playing in the Southern League . He had a spell on loan at Cirencester Town before returning to Cheltenham when Steve Cotterill took over as manager . He became a regular for Cheltenham , and went on to play 242 games and score 15 times , including a 93rd-minute winner in a 3–2 victory at home to Yeovil Town in 1999 that secured Cheltenham Town promotion to the Football League . On 5 July 2004 , he made a £30,000 switch to Burnley where he became a regular , if not always automatic , first-team choice . Over the next couple of seasons he established himself as first choice right-back , although he had equally often played at centre-back . His first Burnley goal was credited in a League Cup game against Carlisle United , even though it might equally have been credited as an own goal . He finally got incontrovertibly on the score-sheet on 14 October 2006 against Hull City . Duff was part of two of Northern Irelands finest international moments of recent years ; as a late substitute in their 1–0 victory over England on 7 September 2005 and then in a 3–2 victory over Spain on 6 September 2006 . In the 2007–08 season Duff picked up a serious injury during the Championship match against Crystal Palace at Turf Moor . The injury ruled Duff out for almost a year , causing him to miss the first half of the following campaign . He suffered multiple ligament damage and hamstring damage as well as a cruciate knee injury . Duff started his first Premier League match on Boxing Day 2009 against Bolton Wanderers at Turf Moor , having made his debut as a substitute in the preceding game versus Wolverhampton Wanderers . In doing so , he completed the rare feat of having played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order during his career : the Hellenic League with Carterton Town , the Southern League ( Midland Division ) with Cirencester Town , the Southern League ( Premier Division ) , Conference ( prior to its 2004 re-organisation ) , League Two and League One with Cheltenham Town , and the Championship and Premier League with Burnley . After Burnleys relegation , Duff remained with the team and , over the next three seasons , was a frequent , though not automatic , first team choice as injuries and competition for places saw him play in roughly half of Burnleys league matches in each of the seasons through this period . By the summer of 2013 , having earned a season extension for 2013–14 on the basis of his appearances , Duff was the longest-serving player at the club . On 2 July 2014 , Duff signed a new one-year contract with Burnley , Duff remained the only survivor of the squad that reached the Premier League in 2009 and his final deal meant the former Northern Ireland international entered his 11th season with the club . Duff retired from playing professionally at the end of 2015–16 season , having helped Burnley win the Championship title and promotion to the Premier League . As a result of this , Duff became the first footballer to be promoted to the Premier League on three occasions with the same club . Managerial career . On 10 September 2018 , Duff was appointed to his first managerial appointment at his former club Cheltenham Town in League Two . He was awarded the League Two Manager of the Month award for September 2019 and February 2020 . On 1 November 2019 , Duff signed a contract extension which will keep him at Cheltenham Town until June 2023 . On 27 April 2021 , Duff secured the club’s first ever automatic promotion in the Football League with a 1-1 draw against Carlisle United . Coaching Honours . Cheltenham Town - League Two Champions : 2020-21 Playing Honours . Cheltenham Town - Football Conference : 1998–99 ; runner-up : 1997–98 - FA Trophy : 1997–98 - Football League Third Division play-offs : 2002 Burnley - Football League Championship play-offs : 2009 - Football League Championship : 2015–16 ; runner-up : 2013–14 External links . - NIFG profile
|
[
"Burnley"
] |
easy
|
Michael Duff (footballer) played for which team from 2004 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Michael_Duff_(footballer)#P54#2
|
Michael Duff ( footballer ) Michael James Duff ( born 11 January 1978 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player . In a career spanning from 1995 to 2016 , in which he made over 700 appearances , he played as a defender for Carterton Town , Cheltenham Town , Cirencester Town ( on loan ) and Burnley . At international level , Duff earned 24 caps for Northern Ireland . Since 2018 , he is the manager of club Cheltenham Town , having previously managed the Burnley reserves for two years . Duff led Cheltenham Town to their first ever automatic promotion from League Two as manager on the 27th of April 2021 . His team subsequently finished the season as League Two champions . He is believed to be the only player to have played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order . Playing career . Although born in Belfast , Duff was raised in Bedale , North Yorkshire . As a school boy he represented North Yorkshire and joined the Darlington Football Club School of Excellence before moving to Cheltenham in 1994 . Spotted by Cheltenham Town scout Derek Bragg playing for Carterton Town , Duff was invited by Mike Davis , youth team manager to join Cheltenham , then playing in the Southern League . He had a spell on loan at Cirencester Town before returning to Cheltenham when Steve Cotterill took over as manager . He became a regular for Cheltenham , and went on to play 242 games and score 15 times , including a 93rd-minute winner in a 3–2 victory at home to Yeovil Town in 1999 that secured Cheltenham Town promotion to the Football League . On 5 July 2004 , he made a £30,000 switch to Burnley where he became a regular , if not always automatic , first-team choice . Over the next couple of seasons he established himself as first choice right-back , although he had equally often played at centre-back . His first Burnley goal was credited in a League Cup game against Carlisle United , even though it might equally have been credited as an own goal . He finally got incontrovertibly on the score-sheet on 14 October 2006 against Hull City . Duff was part of two of Northern Irelands finest international moments of recent years ; as a late substitute in their 1–0 victory over England on 7 September 2005 and then in a 3–2 victory over Spain on 6 September 2006 . In the 2007–08 season Duff picked up a serious injury during the Championship match against Crystal Palace at Turf Moor . The injury ruled Duff out for almost a year , causing him to miss the first half of the following campaign . He suffered multiple ligament damage and hamstring damage as well as a cruciate knee injury . Duff started his first Premier League match on Boxing Day 2009 against Bolton Wanderers at Turf Moor , having made his debut as a substitute in the preceding game versus Wolverhampton Wanderers . In doing so , he completed the rare feat of having played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order during his career : the Hellenic League with Carterton Town , the Southern League ( Midland Division ) with Cirencester Town , the Southern League ( Premier Division ) , Conference ( prior to its 2004 re-organisation ) , League Two and League One with Cheltenham Town , and the Championship and Premier League with Burnley . After Burnleys relegation , Duff remained with the team and , over the next three seasons , was a frequent , though not automatic , first team choice as injuries and competition for places saw him play in roughly half of Burnleys league matches in each of the seasons through this period . By the summer of 2013 , having earned a season extension for 2013–14 on the basis of his appearances , Duff was the longest-serving player at the club . On 2 July 2014 , Duff signed a new one-year contract with Burnley , Duff remained the only survivor of the squad that reached the Premier League in 2009 and his final deal meant the former Northern Ireland international entered his 11th season with the club . Duff retired from playing professionally at the end of 2015–16 season , having helped Burnley win the Championship title and promotion to the Premier League . As a result of this , Duff became the first footballer to be promoted to the Premier League on three occasions with the same club . Managerial career . On 10 September 2018 , Duff was appointed to his first managerial appointment at his former club Cheltenham Town in League Two . He was awarded the League Two Manager of the Month award for September 2019 and February 2020 . On 1 November 2019 , Duff signed a contract extension which will keep him at Cheltenham Town until June 2023 . On 27 April 2021 , Duff secured the club’s first ever automatic promotion in the Football League with a 1-1 draw against Carlisle United . Coaching Honours . Cheltenham Town - League Two Champions : 2020-21 Playing Honours . Cheltenham Town - Football Conference : 1998–99 ; runner-up : 1997–98 - FA Trophy : 1997–98 - Football League Third Division play-offs : 2002 Burnley - Football League Championship play-offs : 2009 - Football League Championship : 2015–16 ; runner-up : 2013–14 External links . - NIFG profile
|
[
"Burnley"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Michael Duff (footballer) play for in 2012?
|
/wiki/Michael_Duff_(footballer)#P54#3
|
Michael Duff ( footballer ) Michael James Duff ( born 11 January 1978 ) is a Northern Irish professional football manager and former player . In a career spanning from 1995 to 2016 , in which he made over 700 appearances , he played as a defender for Carterton Town , Cheltenham Town , Cirencester Town ( on loan ) and Burnley . At international level , Duff earned 24 caps for Northern Ireland . Since 2018 , he is the manager of club Cheltenham Town , having previously managed the Burnley reserves for two years . Duff led Cheltenham Town to their first ever automatic promotion from League Two as manager on the 27th of April 2021 . His team subsequently finished the season as League Two champions . He is believed to be the only player to have played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order . Playing career . Although born in Belfast , Duff was raised in Bedale , North Yorkshire . As a school boy he represented North Yorkshire and joined the Darlington Football Club School of Excellence before moving to Cheltenham in 1994 . Spotted by Cheltenham Town scout Derek Bragg playing for Carterton Town , Duff was invited by Mike Davis , youth team manager to join Cheltenham , then playing in the Southern League . He had a spell on loan at Cirencester Town before returning to Cheltenham when Steve Cotterill took over as manager . He became a regular for Cheltenham , and went on to play 242 games and score 15 times , including a 93rd-minute winner in a 3–2 victory at home to Yeovil Town in 1999 that secured Cheltenham Town promotion to the Football League . On 5 July 2004 , he made a £30,000 switch to Burnley where he became a regular , if not always automatic , first-team choice . Over the next couple of seasons he established himself as first choice right-back , although he had equally often played at centre-back . His first Burnley goal was credited in a League Cup game against Carlisle United , even though it might equally have been credited as an own goal . He finally got incontrovertibly on the score-sheet on 14 October 2006 against Hull City . Duff was part of two of Northern Irelands finest international moments of recent years ; as a late substitute in their 1–0 victory over England on 7 September 2005 and then in a 3–2 victory over Spain on 6 September 2006 . In the 2007–08 season Duff picked up a serious injury during the Championship match against Crystal Palace at Turf Moor . The injury ruled Duff out for almost a year , causing him to miss the first half of the following campaign . He suffered multiple ligament damage and hamstring damage as well as a cruciate knee injury . Duff started his first Premier League match on Boxing Day 2009 against Bolton Wanderers at Turf Moor , having made his debut as a substitute in the preceding game versus Wolverhampton Wanderers . In doing so , he completed the rare feat of having played in each of the top eight tiers of English football in ascending order during his career : the Hellenic League with Carterton Town , the Southern League ( Midland Division ) with Cirencester Town , the Southern League ( Premier Division ) , Conference ( prior to its 2004 re-organisation ) , League Two and League One with Cheltenham Town , and the Championship and Premier League with Burnley . After Burnleys relegation , Duff remained with the team and , over the next three seasons , was a frequent , though not automatic , first team choice as injuries and competition for places saw him play in roughly half of Burnleys league matches in each of the seasons through this period . By the summer of 2013 , having earned a season extension for 2013–14 on the basis of his appearances , Duff was the longest-serving player at the club . On 2 July 2014 , Duff signed a new one-year contract with Burnley , Duff remained the only survivor of the squad that reached the Premier League in 2009 and his final deal meant the former Northern Ireland international entered his 11th season with the club . Duff retired from playing professionally at the end of 2015–16 season , having helped Burnley win the Championship title and promotion to the Premier League . As a result of this , Duff became the first footballer to be promoted to the Premier League on three occasions with the same club . Managerial career . On 10 September 2018 , Duff was appointed to his first managerial appointment at his former club Cheltenham Town in League Two . He was awarded the League Two Manager of the Month award for September 2019 and February 2020 . On 1 November 2019 , Duff signed a contract extension which will keep him at Cheltenham Town until June 2023 . On 27 April 2021 , Duff secured the club’s first ever automatic promotion in the Football League with a 1-1 draw against Carlisle United . Coaching Honours . Cheltenham Town - League Two Champions : 2020-21 Playing Honours . Cheltenham Town - Football Conference : 1998–99 ; runner-up : 1997–98 - FA Trophy : 1997–98 - Football League Third Division play-offs : 2002 Burnley - Football League Championship play-offs : 2009 - Football League Championship : 2015–16 ; runner-up : 2013–14 External links . - NIFG profile
|
[
"Attorney General of New Hampshire"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Warren Rudman hold from 1970 to 1976?
|
/wiki/Warren_Rudman#P39#0
|
Warren Rudman Warren Bruce Rudman ( May 18 , 1930November 19 , 2012 ) was an American attorney and Republican politician who served as United States Senator from New Hampshire between 1980 and 1993 . He was known as a moderate centrist , to such an extent that President Clinton approached him in 1994 about replacing departing Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen in Clintons cabinet , an offer that Rudman declined . After two terms in office , Rudman chose not to run for re-election in 1992 . At the time of his death , he was a co-chair of Albright Stonebridge Group ; a retired partner in the international law firm Paul , Weiss , Rifkind , Wharton & Garrison ; and an advisory board member of Promontory Financial Group . He previously sat on the board of directors of Raytheon , Collins & Aikman , Allied Waste , Boston Scientific and a number of funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds . Early life and education . Rudman was born in Boston , Massachusetts , the son of Theresa ( née Levenson ) and Edward G . Rudman . His family were Jewish immigrants from Germany , Poland , and Russia . Rudman lived his entire life in New Hampshire , with few exceptions . He attended the Valley Forge Military Academy boarding school in Wayne , Pennsylvania . He received his undergraduate degree from Syracuse University , and served in the United States Army during the Korean War . He received his law degree from Boston College Law School in 1960 , and was appointed Attorney General of New Hampshire in 1970 ; serving in that capacity until 1976 . Career . From 2004 to 2006 , Rudman led a team of attorneys that investigated accounting practices at Fannie Mae . Prior to the September 11 attacks , Rudman had served on a now oft-cited national panel investigating the threat of international terrorism . He , along with fellow former Senator Gary Hart ( D-CO ) , chaired the panel , and both Rudman and Hart have been lauded since September 11 for their prescient conclusions . Rudman was an Advisory Board member and Co-Chair of the Partnership for a Secure America , a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy . Rudman was one of the few Jewish politicians elected in New Hampshire . He spent his final years as a resident of Hollis , New Hampshire , a suburb of both Nashua and Boston . He was the author of a memoir called Combat . Senate career . Rudman defeated incumbent John Durkin in the 1980 election , riding the wave of Ronald Reagans landslide victory . Durkin resigned and the Governor appointed Rudman to fill the vacancy in late December 1980 . Rudman served on the Senate Appropriations Committee and the Ethics Committee . His best-known legislative effort was the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act . A moderate Republican , Rudman was conservative on matters of fiscal and defense policy—favoring tax cuts , reduced domestic spending , and higher military spending , but liberal on social issues—supporting a womans right to choose to have an abortion , gay rights , and opposing a constitutional amendment mandating voluntary school prayer . Rudman , along with John H . Sununu , was a key player in the appointment of Rudmans personal friend , Supreme Court Justice David Souter , to both the First Circuit Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court . The Wall Street Journal later editorialized about the appointment , saying : Rudman , the man who helped put liberal jurist David Souter on the high court and who in his Yankee Republican liberalism took pride in recounting how he sold Mr . Souter to gullible White House chief of staff John Sununu as a confirmable conservative . Then they both sold the judge to President Bush , who wanted above all else to avoid a confirmation battle . Rudman wrote in his memoir that he had suspected all along that Souter would not overturn activist liberal precedents . Sununu later said of Rudman , In spite of it all , hes a good friend . But Ive always known that he was more liberal than he liked the world to think he was . Post-Senate years . After leaving the Senate , Rudman was twice considered as a possible vice presidential candidate on the ticket of two parties other than the GOP . In 1996 , Ross Perot offered Rudman the slot to be his vice presidential running mate on the Reform Party ticket , but Rudman refused ( as did former Democratic Senator David Boren of Oklahoma ) . Perot eventually selected Pat Choate . Also , in 2004 , Rudman was mentioned as possible running mate for Democratic nominee John Kerry . Kerry eventually selected John Edwards . Rudman did accept Senator John McCains offer to serve as campaign chair in McCains 2000 presidential campaign . On January 8 , 2001 , he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton . He was a co-chair , along with former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and former National Security Advisor Sandy Berger , of Albright Stonebridge Group , a global business consulting and strategy firm based in Washington , D.C . He died of cancer on November 19 , 2012 . His death came only a month after his predecessor John Durkin had died . After his death , President Obama praised Rudman as an early advocate for fiscal responsibility .
|
[
"United States Senator"
] |
easy
|
Warren Rudman took which position from Dec 1980 to 1991?
|
/wiki/Warren_Rudman#P39#1
|
Warren Rudman Warren Bruce Rudman ( May 18 , 1930November 19 , 2012 ) was an American attorney and Republican politician who served as United States Senator from New Hampshire between 1980 and 1993 . He was known as a moderate centrist , to such an extent that President Clinton approached him in 1994 about replacing departing Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen in Clintons cabinet , an offer that Rudman declined . After two terms in office , Rudman chose not to run for re-election in 1992 . At the time of his death , he was a co-chair of Albright Stonebridge Group ; a retired partner in the international law firm Paul , Weiss , Rifkind , Wharton & Garrison ; and an advisory board member of Promontory Financial Group . He previously sat on the board of directors of Raytheon , Collins & Aikman , Allied Waste , Boston Scientific and a number of funds in the Dreyfus Family of Funds . Early life and education . Rudman was born in Boston , Massachusetts , the son of Theresa ( née Levenson ) and Edward G . Rudman . His family were Jewish immigrants from Germany , Poland , and Russia . Rudman lived his entire life in New Hampshire , with few exceptions . He attended the Valley Forge Military Academy boarding school in Wayne , Pennsylvania . He received his undergraduate degree from Syracuse University , and served in the United States Army during the Korean War . He received his law degree from Boston College Law School in 1960 , and was appointed Attorney General of New Hampshire in 1970 ; serving in that capacity until 1976 . Career . From 2004 to 2006 , Rudman led a team of attorneys that investigated accounting practices at Fannie Mae . Prior to the September 11 attacks , Rudman had served on a now oft-cited national panel investigating the threat of international terrorism . He , along with fellow former Senator Gary Hart ( D-CO ) , chaired the panel , and both Rudman and Hart have been lauded since September 11 for their prescient conclusions . Rudman was an Advisory Board member and Co-Chair of the Partnership for a Secure America , a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy . Rudman was one of the few Jewish politicians elected in New Hampshire . He spent his final years as a resident of Hollis , New Hampshire , a suburb of both Nashua and Boston . He was the author of a memoir called Combat . Senate career . Rudman defeated incumbent John Durkin in the 1980 election , riding the wave of Ronald Reagans landslide victory . Durkin resigned and the Governor appointed Rudman to fill the vacancy in late December 1980 . Rudman served on the Senate Appropriations Committee and the Ethics Committee . His best-known legislative effort was the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act . A moderate Republican , Rudman was conservative on matters of fiscal and defense policy—favoring tax cuts , reduced domestic spending , and higher military spending , but liberal on social issues—supporting a womans right to choose to have an abortion , gay rights , and opposing a constitutional amendment mandating voluntary school prayer . Rudman , along with John H . Sununu , was a key player in the appointment of Rudmans personal friend , Supreme Court Justice David Souter , to both the First Circuit Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court . The Wall Street Journal later editorialized about the appointment , saying : Rudman , the man who helped put liberal jurist David Souter on the high court and who in his Yankee Republican liberalism took pride in recounting how he sold Mr . Souter to gullible White House chief of staff John Sununu as a confirmable conservative . Then they both sold the judge to President Bush , who wanted above all else to avoid a confirmation battle . Rudman wrote in his memoir that he had suspected all along that Souter would not overturn activist liberal precedents . Sununu later said of Rudman , In spite of it all , hes a good friend . But Ive always known that he was more liberal than he liked the world to think he was . Post-Senate years . After leaving the Senate , Rudman was twice considered as a possible vice presidential candidate on the ticket of two parties other than the GOP . In 1996 , Ross Perot offered Rudman the slot to be his vice presidential running mate on the Reform Party ticket , but Rudman refused ( as did former Democratic Senator David Boren of Oklahoma ) . Perot eventually selected Pat Choate . Also , in 2004 , Rudman was mentioned as possible running mate for Democratic nominee John Kerry . Kerry eventually selected John Edwards . Rudman did accept Senator John McCains offer to serve as campaign chair in McCains 2000 presidential campaign . On January 8 , 2001 , he was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Clinton . He was a co-chair , along with former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and former National Security Advisor Sandy Berger , of Albright Stonebridge Group , a global business consulting and strategy firm based in Washington , D.C . He died of cancer on November 19 , 2012 . His death came only a month after his predecessor John Durkin had died . After his death , President Obama praised Rudman as an early advocate for fiscal responsibility .
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
What organization did Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret join in Jun 1820?
|
/wiki/Claude-Emmanuel_de_Pastoret#P463#0
|
Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret Claude-Emmanuel Joseph Pierre , Marquess of Pastoret ( 24 December 1755 , in Marseille – 28 September 1840 , in Paris ) was a French lawyer , author and politician . Biography . Pastoret was elected member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres on the strength of his Zoroastre , Confucius et Mahomet comparés comme sectaires , legislateurs et moralistes . He was Venerable Master of Les Neuf Sœurs ( A Parisian Freemason chapter ) from 1788 till 1789 . In 1790 Claude-Emannuel Pastoret , then president of the Parisian electoral body to the National Assembly , was offered the offices of Minister of Interior and Minister of Justice by the desperate King Louis XVI . He declined the honours and was elected procureur géneral syndic du département de la Seine . It was in that capacity that he was responsible for the transformation of the église Sainte-Génevieve into a temple for the remains of great citizens of the new state were to be honoured : the Panthéon , Paris . In the National Assembly ( French Revolution ) , he pleaded for the abolition of slavery and the secularisation of the civil state , but he was not a deputy . Elected to the Legislative Assembly by the electors of Paris ( September 1791 ) , he was honoured as the first deputy to be elected President ( 3–17 October 1791 ) . It was common for intellectuals to be elected to public office , and he joined such noteworthies as Condorcet . He most frequently allied himself with the constitutionalist faction and was highly respected by the opponent Girondist faction . He would undertake a variety of projects during the course of the Assembly , including requesting repressive measures against émigrés , the abolition of the New Year address to the Crown and the deletion of the purely honorific designations ( and a more egalitarian form of social address ) . He voted for the abolition of the University of Paris and made a long speech to propose to raise a statue of liberty on the ruins of the Bastille . However , he realised , as time went by , that the reforms that he had been the first to demand increasingly threatened the royal authority he was trying to protect . Several times , he went up to the rostrum to separate the cause of Louis XVI from that of the advisors to the Crown , and he denounced the Protests of 20 June 1792 . After the fall of the French Monarchy ( 10 August 1792 ) , to secure his own safety , he fled to Provence and then into the Savoy region , from where he returned only after the fall of Robespierre ( 9 Thermidor II , or 27 July 1794 ) . Elected by Var to the Council of Five Hundred and called , a few days later ( 6 December 1795 ) , at the Institute , he took his place in the Council among the moderates when he spoke in favor of the freedom of the press , the fugitive priests and parents of émigrés . He also defended royalists and asked that for the remains of Montesquieu to be transferred to the Panthéon , proposed the closure of the popular societies and accused the Directors Barras , Rewbell and La Révellière of fomenting unrest and attracting the hatred of the people on the assembly . In 1795 , he managed to cancel the condemnation to death in-absentia on his friend , the comte de Vaublanc , ( who would be the ultra-royalist Minister of the Interior in 1816 ) , because of his involvement in the royalist insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire IV ( 5 October 1795 ) . In the end , they both fell from grace and were forced to flee into exile together after a sentence of exile was passed against them following the coup détat of 18 Fructidor V 4 September 1797 ) . Under Napoleons First French Empire , he worked on a university career . Under Louis XVIII , he was awarded a French peerage for his extensive work on the Constitutional Charter . In 1830 , he refused to vow loyalty to Louis-Philippe and was deprived of all his functions . His written works include a Traité des lois pénales and an impressive Histoire de la législation ( 11 vol. ) . References . Daniel Ligou ed , Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie ( Paris : Presses universitaires de France , 1987 )
|
[
"Council of Five Hundred"
] |
easy
|
Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret became a member of what organization or association in 1795?
|
/wiki/Claude-Emmanuel_de_Pastoret#P463#1
|
Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret Claude-Emmanuel Joseph Pierre , Marquess of Pastoret ( 24 December 1755 , in Marseille – 28 September 1840 , in Paris ) was a French lawyer , author and politician . Biography . Pastoret was elected member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres on the strength of his Zoroastre , Confucius et Mahomet comparés comme sectaires , legislateurs et moralistes . He was Venerable Master of Les Neuf Sœurs ( A Parisian Freemason chapter ) from 1788 till 1789 . In 1790 Claude-Emannuel Pastoret , then president of the Parisian electoral body to the National Assembly , was offered the offices of Minister of Interior and Minister of Justice by the desperate King Louis XVI . He declined the honours and was elected procureur géneral syndic du département de la Seine . It was in that capacity that he was responsible for the transformation of the église Sainte-Génevieve into a temple for the remains of great citizens of the new state were to be honoured : the Panthéon , Paris . In the National Assembly ( French Revolution ) , he pleaded for the abolition of slavery and the secularisation of the civil state , but he was not a deputy . Elected to the Legislative Assembly by the electors of Paris ( September 1791 ) , he was honoured as the first deputy to be elected President ( 3–17 October 1791 ) . It was common for intellectuals to be elected to public office , and he joined such noteworthies as Condorcet . He most frequently allied himself with the constitutionalist faction and was highly respected by the opponent Girondist faction . He would undertake a variety of projects during the course of the Assembly , including requesting repressive measures against émigrés , the abolition of the New Year address to the Crown and the deletion of the purely honorific designations ( and a more egalitarian form of social address ) . He voted for the abolition of the University of Paris and made a long speech to propose to raise a statue of liberty on the ruins of the Bastille . However , he realised , as time went by , that the reforms that he had been the first to demand increasingly threatened the royal authority he was trying to protect . Several times , he went up to the rostrum to separate the cause of Louis XVI from that of the advisors to the Crown , and he denounced the Protests of 20 June 1792 . After the fall of the French Monarchy ( 10 August 1792 ) , to secure his own safety , he fled to Provence and then into the Savoy region , from where he returned only after the fall of Robespierre ( 9 Thermidor II , or 27 July 1794 ) . Elected by Var to the Council of Five Hundred and called , a few days later ( 6 December 1795 ) , at the Institute , he took his place in the Council among the moderates when he spoke in favor of the freedom of the press , the fugitive priests and parents of émigrés . He also defended royalists and asked that for the remains of Montesquieu to be transferred to the Panthéon , proposed the closure of the popular societies and accused the Directors Barras , Rewbell and La Révellière of fomenting unrest and attracting the hatred of the people on the assembly . In 1795 , he managed to cancel the condemnation to death in-absentia on his friend , the comte de Vaublanc , ( who would be the ultra-royalist Minister of the Interior in 1816 ) , because of his involvement in the royalist insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire IV ( 5 October 1795 ) . In the end , they both fell from grace and were forced to flee into exile together after a sentence of exile was passed against them following the coup détat of 18 Fructidor V 4 September 1797 ) . Under Napoleons First French Empire , he worked on a university career . Under Louis XVIII , he was awarded a French peerage for his extensive work on the Constitutional Charter . In 1830 , he refused to vow loyalty to Louis-Philippe and was deprived of all his functions . His written works include a Traité des lois pénales and an impressive Histoire de la législation ( 11 vol. ) . References . Daniel Ligou ed , Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie ( Paris : Presses universitaires de France , 1987 )
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret became a member of what organization or association in 1832?
|
/wiki/Claude-Emmanuel_de_Pastoret#P463#2
|
Claude-Emmanuel de Pastoret Claude-Emmanuel Joseph Pierre , Marquess of Pastoret ( 24 December 1755 , in Marseille – 28 September 1840 , in Paris ) was a French lawyer , author and politician . Biography . Pastoret was elected member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres on the strength of his Zoroastre , Confucius et Mahomet comparés comme sectaires , legislateurs et moralistes . He was Venerable Master of Les Neuf Sœurs ( A Parisian Freemason chapter ) from 1788 till 1789 . In 1790 Claude-Emannuel Pastoret , then president of the Parisian electoral body to the National Assembly , was offered the offices of Minister of Interior and Minister of Justice by the desperate King Louis XVI . He declined the honours and was elected procureur géneral syndic du département de la Seine . It was in that capacity that he was responsible for the transformation of the église Sainte-Génevieve into a temple for the remains of great citizens of the new state were to be honoured : the Panthéon , Paris . In the National Assembly ( French Revolution ) , he pleaded for the abolition of slavery and the secularisation of the civil state , but he was not a deputy . Elected to the Legislative Assembly by the electors of Paris ( September 1791 ) , he was honoured as the first deputy to be elected President ( 3–17 October 1791 ) . It was common for intellectuals to be elected to public office , and he joined such noteworthies as Condorcet . He most frequently allied himself with the constitutionalist faction and was highly respected by the opponent Girondist faction . He would undertake a variety of projects during the course of the Assembly , including requesting repressive measures against émigrés , the abolition of the New Year address to the Crown and the deletion of the purely honorific designations ( and a more egalitarian form of social address ) . He voted for the abolition of the University of Paris and made a long speech to propose to raise a statue of liberty on the ruins of the Bastille . However , he realised , as time went by , that the reforms that he had been the first to demand increasingly threatened the royal authority he was trying to protect . Several times , he went up to the rostrum to separate the cause of Louis XVI from that of the advisors to the Crown , and he denounced the Protests of 20 June 1792 . After the fall of the French Monarchy ( 10 August 1792 ) , to secure his own safety , he fled to Provence and then into the Savoy region , from where he returned only after the fall of Robespierre ( 9 Thermidor II , or 27 July 1794 ) . Elected by Var to the Council of Five Hundred and called , a few days later ( 6 December 1795 ) , at the Institute , he took his place in the Council among the moderates when he spoke in favor of the freedom of the press , the fugitive priests and parents of émigrés . He also defended royalists and asked that for the remains of Montesquieu to be transferred to the Panthéon , proposed the closure of the popular societies and accused the Directors Barras , Rewbell and La Révellière of fomenting unrest and attracting the hatred of the people on the assembly . In 1795 , he managed to cancel the condemnation to death in-absentia on his friend , the comte de Vaublanc , ( who would be the ultra-royalist Minister of the Interior in 1816 ) , because of his involvement in the royalist insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire IV ( 5 October 1795 ) . In the end , they both fell from grace and were forced to flee into exile together after a sentence of exile was passed against them following the coup détat of 18 Fructidor V 4 September 1797 ) . Under Napoleons First French Empire , he worked on a university career . Under Louis XVIII , he was awarded a French peerage for his extensive work on the Constitutional Charter . In 1830 , he refused to vow loyalty to Louis-Philippe and was deprived of all his functions . His written works include a Traité des lois pénales and an impressive Histoire de la législation ( 11 vol. ) . References . Daniel Ligou ed , Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie ( Paris : Presses universitaires de France , 1987 )
|
[
"Dennis Hopper"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Katherine LaNasa from Jun 1989 to 1992?
|
/wiki/Katherine_LaNasa#P26#0
|
Katherine LaNasa Katherine LaNasa ( born December 1 , 1966 ) is an American actress , former ballet dancer and choreographer . She starred in films Jayne Mansfields Car , The Campaign and The Frozen Ground . On television , LaNasa had a leading role in the NBC sitcom Three Sisters ( 2001–2002 ) , appeared in recurring roles on Judging Amy , Two and a Half Men , Big Love and Longmire , and also starred in the short-lived dramas Love Monkey ( 2006 ) , Deception ( 2013 ) , Satisfaction ( 2014–15 ) and Imposters ( 2017–18 ) . In 2020 , LaNasa portrays Gloria Grandbilt in the musical dramedy series Katy Keene . Early life . LaNasa was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , the daughter of Anne ( née Hardin ) and Dr . James J . LaNasa Jr. , a surgeon . She began dancing at the age of 12 , and at the age of 14 , she was admitted to the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . After an apprenticeship with Milwaukee Ballet , LaNasa danced with Salt Lake Citys Ballet West and the Karole Armitage Ballet . Career . LaNasa assisted John Carrafa with the choreography for the 1989 film Rooftops . She made her feature film debut with a small role in the 1990 film Catchfire and in following years appeared in supporting roles in film and television . LaNasa guest starred on number of television series , including Seinfeld , 3rd Rock from the Sun , Touched by an Angel , and The Practice , and in 2001 landed the lead role of Bess Bernstein-Flynn Keats in the NBC comedy series Three Sisters ( 2001–2002 ) opposite Dyan Cannon , A . J . Langer , and Vicki Lewis . The series was cancelled after two seasons in 2002 . She later had recurring roles in Judging Amy as Yvonne Dunbar , as Kim McPherson on The Guardian , and as Michelle Colohan on NYPD Blue . Her other television credits include guest roles on , Greys Anatomy , ER , House M.D. , Justice , and Two and a Half Men . LaNasa also had series regular roles in short-lived CBS comedy-drama Love Monkey ( 2006 ) , playing Karen Freed , and on HBO comedy 12 Miles of Bad Road , as Juliet Shakespeare . LaNasa also appeared as Beverly Ford on Big Love from 2009 to 2011 . LaNasa appeared in a number of motion pictures during her career . In 2011 , after a decade of making various television appearances , she had roles opposite Will Ferrell and Zack Galifianakis in the 2012 political comedy The Campaign , and 2013 thriller The Frozen Ground . Before this , she had a role in Billy Bob Thorntons drama film Jayne Mansfields Car , originally created for Robin Wright . Her other film credits include Kiss & Tell ( 1996 ) , Schizopolis ( 1996 ) , Alfie ( 2004 ) , and Valentines Day ( 2010 ) . In 2012 , LaNasa was cast as Socialite Sophia Bowers in another NBC series Deception , which premiered as a mid-season replacement during the 2012–13 television season . The soap-type series was canceled after single season , ending it on a cliffhanger , in May 2013 . She also appeared in a recurring role as Lizzie Ambrose on A&E series Longmire from 2012 to 2013 . In November 2013 , LaNasa was cast as Adrianna , a madam who has a male escort service , in the USA Network drama Satisfaction opposite Matt Passmore . The series premiered on July 17 , 2014 and was canceled after two seasons in 2015 . In October 2014 , she was cast alongside Ana Ortiz , Jeremy Sisto and Tyler Blackburn in the gay-drama , Love is All You Need? , based on the 2011 short film with the same name . In 2016 , LaNasa had a recurring role in the Lifetime comedy-drama Devious Maids . From 2017 to 2018 , she was series regular on the Bravo comedy series , Imposters . In 2018 , LaNasa joined the cast of the CW prime time soap opera Dynasty playing villainous criminal mastermind Ada Stone during the second season . In 2019 , she will appear in the Apple TV drama series Truth Be Told opposite Octavia Spencer . She also was cast as a series regular on the CW series Katy Keene . Personal life . LaNasa , at the age of 22 , married 53-year-old actor Dennis Hopper in June 1989 ; the couple divorced in April 1992 . Hopper and LaNasa had a son , Henry Lee Hopper ( born 1990 ) . On May 19 , 1998 , she married actor French Stewart . They met when she made a guest appearance on a 1996 episode ( Green-Eyed Dick ) of 3rd Rock from the Sun . The two later divorced . In July 2012 , LaNasa became engaged to actor Grant Show , marrying him a few weeks later , on August 18 . She gave birth to the couples first child , daughter Eloise McCue , on March 21 , 2014 .
|
[
"French Stewart"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Katherine LaNasa from May 1998 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Katherine_LaNasa#P26#1
|
Katherine LaNasa Katherine LaNasa ( born December 1 , 1966 ) is an American actress , former ballet dancer and choreographer . She starred in films Jayne Mansfields Car , The Campaign and The Frozen Ground . On television , LaNasa had a leading role in the NBC sitcom Three Sisters ( 2001–2002 ) , appeared in recurring roles on Judging Amy , Two and a Half Men , Big Love and Longmire , and also starred in the short-lived dramas Love Monkey ( 2006 ) , Deception ( 2013 ) , Satisfaction ( 2014–15 ) and Imposters ( 2017–18 ) . In 2020 , LaNasa portrays Gloria Grandbilt in the musical dramedy series Katy Keene . Early life . LaNasa was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , the daughter of Anne ( née Hardin ) and Dr . James J . LaNasa Jr. , a surgeon . She began dancing at the age of 12 , and at the age of 14 , she was admitted to the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . After an apprenticeship with Milwaukee Ballet , LaNasa danced with Salt Lake Citys Ballet West and the Karole Armitage Ballet . Career . LaNasa assisted John Carrafa with the choreography for the 1989 film Rooftops . She made her feature film debut with a small role in the 1990 film Catchfire and in following years appeared in supporting roles in film and television . LaNasa guest starred on number of television series , including Seinfeld , 3rd Rock from the Sun , Touched by an Angel , and The Practice , and in 2001 landed the lead role of Bess Bernstein-Flynn Keats in the NBC comedy series Three Sisters ( 2001–2002 ) opposite Dyan Cannon , A . J . Langer , and Vicki Lewis . The series was cancelled after two seasons in 2002 . She later had recurring roles in Judging Amy as Yvonne Dunbar , as Kim McPherson on The Guardian , and as Michelle Colohan on NYPD Blue . Her other television credits include guest roles on , Greys Anatomy , ER , House M.D. , Justice , and Two and a Half Men . LaNasa also had series regular roles in short-lived CBS comedy-drama Love Monkey ( 2006 ) , playing Karen Freed , and on HBO comedy 12 Miles of Bad Road , as Juliet Shakespeare . LaNasa also appeared as Beverly Ford on Big Love from 2009 to 2011 . LaNasa appeared in a number of motion pictures during her career . In 2011 , after a decade of making various television appearances , she had roles opposite Will Ferrell and Zack Galifianakis in the 2012 political comedy The Campaign , and 2013 thriller The Frozen Ground . Before this , she had a role in Billy Bob Thorntons drama film Jayne Mansfields Car , originally created for Robin Wright . Her other film credits include Kiss & Tell ( 1996 ) , Schizopolis ( 1996 ) , Alfie ( 2004 ) , and Valentines Day ( 2010 ) . In 2012 , LaNasa was cast as Socialite Sophia Bowers in another NBC series Deception , which premiered as a mid-season replacement during the 2012–13 television season . The soap-type series was canceled after single season , ending it on a cliffhanger , in May 2013 . She also appeared in a recurring role as Lizzie Ambrose on A&E series Longmire from 2012 to 2013 . In November 2013 , LaNasa was cast as Adrianna , a madam who has a male escort service , in the USA Network drama Satisfaction opposite Matt Passmore . The series premiered on July 17 , 2014 and was canceled after two seasons in 2015 . In October 2014 , she was cast alongside Ana Ortiz , Jeremy Sisto and Tyler Blackburn in the gay-drama , Love is All You Need? , based on the 2011 short film with the same name . In 2016 , LaNasa had a recurring role in the Lifetime comedy-drama Devious Maids . From 2017 to 2018 , she was series regular on the Bravo comedy series , Imposters . In 2018 , LaNasa joined the cast of the CW prime time soap opera Dynasty playing villainous criminal mastermind Ada Stone during the second season . In 2019 , she will appear in the Apple TV drama series Truth Be Told opposite Octavia Spencer . She also was cast as a series regular on the CW series Katy Keene . Personal life . LaNasa , at the age of 22 , married 53-year-old actor Dennis Hopper in June 1989 ; the couple divorced in April 1992 . Hopper and LaNasa had a son , Henry Lee Hopper ( born 1990 ) . On May 19 , 1998 , she married actor French Stewart . They met when she made a guest appearance on a 1996 episode ( Green-Eyed Dick ) of 3rd Rock from the Sun . The two later divorced . In July 2012 , LaNasa became engaged to actor Grant Show , marrying him a few weeks later , on August 18 . She gave birth to the couples first child , daughter Eloise McCue , on March 21 , 2014 .
|
[
"Grant Show"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Katherine LaNasa from Aug 2012 to Aug 2013?
|
/wiki/Katherine_LaNasa#P26#2
|
Katherine LaNasa Katherine LaNasa ( born December 1 , 1966 ) is an American actress , former ballet dancer and choreographer . She starred in films Jayne Mansfields Car , The Campaign and The Frozen Ground . On television , LaNasa had a leading role in the NBC sitcom Three Sisters ( 2001–2002 ) , appeared in recurring roles on Judging Amy , Two and a Half Men , Big Love and Longmire , and also starred in the short-lived dramas Love Monkey ( 2006 ) , Deception ( 2013 ) , Satisfaction ( 2014–15 ) and Imposters ( 2017–18 ) . In 2020 , LaNasa portrays Gloria Grandbilt in the musical dramedy series Katy Keene . Early life . LaNasa was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , the daughter of Anne ( née Hardin ) and Dr . James J . LaNasa Jr. , a surgeon . She began dancing at the age of 12 , and at the age of 14 , she was admitted to the North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem , North Carolina . After an apprenticeship with Milwaukee Ballet , LaNasa danced with Salt Lake Citys Ballet West and the Karole Armitage Ballet . Career . LaNasa assisted John Carrafa with the choreography for the 1989 film Rooftops . She made her feature film debut with a small role in the 1990 film Catchfire and in following years appeared in supporting roles in film and television . LaNasa guest starred on number of television series , including Seinfeld , 3rd Rock from the Sun , Touched by an Angel , and The Practice , and in 2001 landed the lead role of Bess Bernstein-Flynn Keats in the NBC comedy series Three Sisters ( 2001–2002 ) opposite Dyan Cannon , A . J . Langer , and Vicki Lewis . The series was cancelled after two seasons in 2002 . She later had recurring roles in Judging Amy as Yvonne Dunbar , as Kim McPherson on The Guardian , and as Michelle Colohan on NYPD Blue . Her other television credits include guest roles on , Greys Anatomy , ER , House M.D. , Justice , and Two and a Half Men . LaNasa also had series regular roles in short-lived CBS comedy-drama Love Monkey ( 2006 ) , playing Karen Freed , and on HBO comedy 12 Miles of Bad Road , as Juliet Shakespeare . LaNasa also appeared as Beverly Ford on Big Love from 2009 to 2011 . LaNasa appeared in a number of motion pictures during her career . In 2011 , after a decade of making various television appearances , she had roles opposite Will Ferrell and Zack Galifianakis in the 2012 political comedy The Campaign , and 2013 thriller The Frozen Ground . Before this , she had a role in Billy Bob Thorntons drama film Jayne Mansfields Car , originally created for Robin Wright . Her other film credits include Kiss & Tell ( 1996 ) , Schizopolis ( 1996 ) , Alfie ( 2004 ) , and Valentines Day ( 2010 ) . In 2012 , LaNasa was cast as Socialite Sophia Bowers in another NBC series Deception , which premiered as a mid-season replacement during the 2012–13 television season . The soap-type series was canceled after single season , ending it on a cliffhanger , in May 2013 . She also appeared in a recurring role as Lizzie Ambrose on A&E series Longmire from 2012 to 2013 . In November 2013 , LaNasa was cast as Adrianna , a madam who has a male escort service , in the USA Network drama Satisfaction opposite Matt Passmore . The series premiered on July 17 , 2014 and was canceled after two seasons in 2015 . In October 2014 , she was cast alongside Ana Ortiz , Jeremy Sisto and Tyler Blackburn in the gay-drama , Love is All You Need? , based on the 2011 short film with the same name . In 2016 , LaNasa had a recurring role in the Lifetime comedy-drama Devious Maids . From 2017 to 2018 , she was series regular on the Bravo comedy series , Imposters . In 2018 , LaNasa joined the cast of the CW prime time soap opera Dynasty playing villainous criminal mastermind Ada Stone during the second season . In 2019 , she will appear in the Apple TV drama series Truth Be Told opposite Octavia Spencer . She also was cast as a series regular on the CW series Katy Keene . Personal life . LaNasa , at the age of 22 , married 53-year-old actor Dennis Hopper in June 1989 ; the couple divorced in April 1992 . Hopper and LaNasa had a son , Henry Lee Hopper ( born 1990 ) . On May 19 , 1998 , she married actor French Stewart . They met when she made a guest appearance on a 1996 episode ( Green-Eyed Dick ) of 3rd Rock from the Sun . The two later divorced . In July 2012 , LaNasa became engaged to actor Grant Show , marrying him a few weeks later , on August 18 . She gave birth to the couples first child , daughter Eloise McCue , on March 21 , 2014 .
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
What was the capital of Chelyabinsk from 1781 to Jul 1930?
|
/wiki/Chelyabinsk#P1376#0
|
Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk ( ) is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia . It is the seventh-largest city in Russia by population , with 1,130,132 inhabitants as of the 2010 Census , and the second largest city in the Ural Federal District , after Yekaterinburg . Located in the northeast of the oblast , south of Yekaterinburg , the city is just to the east of the Ural Mountains . It sits on the Miass River , part of the border between Europe and Asia . The area of Chelyabinsk contained the ancient settlement of Arkaim , which belonged to the Sintashta culture . In 1736 , a fortress by the name of Chelyaba was founded on the site of a Bashkir village . Chelyabinsk was granted town status by 1787 . Chelyabinsk began to grow rapidly by the early 20th century as a result of the construction of railway links to European Russia and Siberia , including the Trans-Siberian Railway . Its population reached 70,000 by 1917 . Under the Soviet Union , Chelyabinsk became a major industrial centre during the 1930s . The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was built in 1933 . During World War II , the city was a major contributor to the manufacture of tanks and ammunition . Chelyabinsk remains an important industrial centre , especially heavy industries such as metallurgy and military production . It is home to several educational institutions , mainly South Ural State University and Chelyabinsk State University . In 2013 , the Chelyabinsk meteor exploded over the Ural Mountains , with fragments falling into and near the city . The blast of the explosion caused many hundreds of injuries , some of them serious , mostly caused by glass fragments from shattered windows . The Chelyabinsk Regional Museum contains fragments of the meteorite . History . Ancient Sintashta civilization . Archaeologists have discovered ruins of the ancient town of Arkaim in the vicinity of the city of Chelyabinsk . Ruins and artifacts in Arkaim and other sites in the region indicate a relatively advanced civilization existing in the area since the 2nd millennium BCE , which was of proto-Indo-Iranian origin . The Arkaim site , located in the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area , was known by Russian archaeologists for at least 70 years , however it was mostly ignored by non-Russian anthropological circles . The borders of the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area run along the eastern Urals of the Eurasian steppe to about 400 km south of Chelyabinsk and to the east for about 200 km . 23 archaeological sites are recognized as being part of this area . The sites resemble towns , laid out in round , square , or oval shapes . Although most of the sites have been discovered by aerial photography , only two , Arkaim and Sintashta , have been thoroughly excavated . These sites are characterized by their fortification , connected houses , and extensive evidence of metallurgy . The people of the Sintashta culture are thought to have spoken Proto-Indo-Iranian , the ancestor of the Indo-Iranian language family . This identification is based primarily on similarities between their language in comparison to sections of the Rigveda , and based on funerary rituals of the Sintashta culture , as revealed by archaeological studies in the area . Modern Russian history . The fortress of Chelyaba , from which the city takes its name , was founded at the location of the Bashkir village of Chelyaby ( ) by colonel Alexey ( Kutlu-Muhammed ) Tevkelev in 1736 to protect the surrounding trade routes from possible attacks by Bashkir outlaws . During Pugachevs Rebellion , the fortress withstood a siege by the rebel forces in 1774 , but was eventually captured for several months in 1775 . In 1782 , Chelyabinsk became a seat of the uyezd of Ufa Viceroyalty , which was later reformed into Orenburg Governorate . In 1787 , Chelyabinsk was granted town status by the government . Until the late 19th century , Chelyabinsk was a small provincial town . In 1892 , the Samara-Zlatoust Railway was completed , which connected it with Moscow and the rest of European Russia . Also in 1892 , construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway started from Chelyabinsk , and in 1896 , the city was linked to Ekaterinburg . Chelyabinsk then became the main hub for travel to Siberia . For fifteen years , more than fifteen million people - a tenth of Russias population at the time - passed through Chelyabinsk . Some of them remained in Chelyabinsk , which contributed to its rapid growth . In addition a so-called “customs fracture” was created in Chelyabinsk , which imposed duties on the shipment of goods between the European and Asian parts of Russia , which led to the emergence of mills and notably , a tea-packing factory . As a result , Chelyabinsk became a major trade center . Its population reached 20,000 inhabitants by 1897 , 45,000 by 1913 , and 70,000 by 1917 . Because of its rapid growth at the turn of the 20th century , similar to that of midwestern American cities , Chelyabinsk was sometimes called the Chicago of the Urals . During the first Five-Year Plans of the 1930s , Chelyabinsk experienced rapid industrial growth . Several important factories , including the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant , were built at this time . During World War II , Joseph Stalin decided to move a large part of Soviet manufacturing to areas removed from the reach of the advancing German military as part of a general exodus from western occupied areas . This brought new industries and thousands of workers to Chelyabinsk , including facilities for the production of T-34 tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers . During World War II , the citys industries produced 18,000 tanks and 48,500 tank diesel engines as well as over 17 million units of ammunition . During that time Chelyabinsk was informally called “Tankograd” ( English : “Tank City” ) . During World War II , the S.M . Kirov Factory no . 185 or “OKMO” was moved to Chelyabinsk from Leningrad to produce heavy tanks , although it was transferred to Omsk after 1962 . 2013 meteor . Shortly after dawn on February 15 , 2013 , a superbolide meteor descended at over over the Ural Mountains , exploding at an altitude of . The meteor created a momentary flash as bright as the sun and generated a shock wave that injured over a thousand people . Fragments fell in and around Chelyabinsk . Interior Ministry spokesman Vadim Kolesnikov said 1,100 people had called for medical assistance following the incident , mostly for treatment of injuries from broken glass by the explosions . One woman suffered a broken spine . Kolesnikov also said about of a roof at a zinc factory had collapsed . A spokeswoman for the Emergency Ministry told the Associated Press that there was a meteor shower ; however , another ministry spokeswoman was quoted by the Interfax news agency as saying it was a single meteor . The size has been estimated at diameter with a mass of 10,000 or 11,000 metric tons . The power of the explosion was about 500 kilotons of TNT ( about 1.8 PJ ) , which is 20–30 times more energy than was released from the atomic bomb detonated in Hiroshima . The city managed to avoid large casualties and destruction due to the high altitude of the explosion . Administrative and municipal status . Chelyabinsk is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the City of Chelyabinsk , an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the oblasts districts . As a municipal division , the City of Chelyabinsk is incorporated as Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug . In June 2014 , Chelyabinsks seven city districts were granted civil status . Administrative districts . Chelyabinsk is divided into seven administrative districts . Geography . Chelyabinsk is located east of the Ural Mountains , 200 km south of Yekaterinburg . It is elevated 200-250 meters above sea level . The city is bisected by the Miass River , which is regarded as the border between the Urals and Siberia . This is reflected in the geology of the area , with the granite foothills of the Ural Mountains to the west and the lower sedimentary rock of the West Siberian Plain to the east . The Leningrad bridge crosses the river , due to this it is known as “the bridge between the Urals and Siberia . Chelyabinsk itself is also known as the gateway to Siberia . Like Rome , Constantinople , San Francisco and Moscow , Chelyabinsk is said to be located on seven hills . Climate . The city has a Humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) similar to that of the Canadian prairies , despite the city being located further north . The average temperature in January is well below the freezing point at -14°C/6.6 °F . July has a relatively cool average of 19°C/66.7 °F , and the annual average is a few degrees above the freezing point at 3°C/37.8 °F , indicating some moderation . The range of extremes allegedly reaches 70°C/158 °F , claimed to be typical of a mid-latitude climate on a large continent such as Eurasia . The majority of precipitation occurs in the summer , with less in the winter . The month of July experiences the most , with an average 87mm/3.44<nowiki></nowiki> of precipitation , while January , the driest month , experiences 15mm/0.6<nowiki></nowiki> . Total precipitation reaches an average of 429mm/16.9<nowiki></nowiki> annually , consistent with the citys semi-arid climate . On average , 119 days of the year experience precipitation . Population . As of 2020 , the population of Chelyabinsk is 1,196,680 ; up from 1,130,132 recorded in the 2010 Census . At the time of the official 2010 Census , the ethnic makeup of the citys population whose ethnicity was known ( 1,082,269 ) was: . Cityscape . Architecture . The architecture of Chelyabinsk has been shaped through its history by the progression of historical eras in Russia . Before the 1917 Russian Revolution , the city was a trading center , with numerous merchant buildings in the eclectic and modern styles with elements of Russian Revival architecture , some of which are preserved on the pedestrian-only Kirovka Street . Industrialization in Chelyabinsk started in the late 1920s . The construction of large plants was accompanied by the construction of new residential and public buildings in the constructivist style . Entire constructivist neighborhoods can be seen in the area of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant . In the late 1930s , a new era began in the city , with large-scale construction of Stalinist architecture . Many of the buildings in and around the city center and central avenue are constructed in this style . The next 60 years saw extensive construction of residential high-rise buildings as the citys population rose to about one million , notably within the large residential area called Severo-Zapad ( English : North-West ) . With the market reforms of the 1990s , there was an increase in the construction of office buildings and major shopping malls in postmodern and high-tech styles . Parks and gardens . Chelyabinsk has seventeen public parks . The largest is Gagarin Central Park . Its territory includes large areas of rocky and forested terrain , located around several now-flooded abandoned quarries . Education . There are over a dozen universities in Chelyabinsk . The oldest , Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy , was founded in 1930 , followed by the Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University in 1934 . Major universities include South Ural State University , Chelyabinsk State University , South Ural State University of Arts , and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy . After World War II , Chelyabinsk became the main center of vocational education of the entire Ural region . Economy . Chelyabinsk is one of the major industrial centers of Russia . Heavy industries , especially metallurgy and military production , are predominant in the area , notably the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate ( CMK , ChMK ) , owned by the mining corporation Mechel . Other important industries include Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant ( CTZ , ChTZ ) , Chelyabinsk Electrode Plant ( ChEZ ) , the machine part-producing Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant ( ChKPZ ) , the crane-producing Chelyabinsk Mechanical Plant ( ChMZ ) , and Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant ( ChTPZ ) , which is included in the Big Eight of pipe producers in Russia , and produces large-diameter pipes for use in pipelines . Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant , owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company , produces about 2% of the worlds zinc supply and over 60% of the Russian supply . Kolyuschenko Road Machinery Plant produces construction machinery and dump trucks for the American manufacturer Terex . Molnija Watch Factory produces pocket watches , as well as technical watches for use in aircraft and ships . In 1980 , Molnija watches were given as gifts to participants of the Moscow Olympic Games . The agro-industrial company Makfa , the largest producer of pasta in Russia , and one of the five largest producers in the world , is based in Chelyabinsk . The largest manufacturer of footwear in Russia , Unichel Footwear Firm , owns a factory in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk is also home to the agricultural firm Ariant , which leads in the production of beverages and meat products in the Urals Federal District of Russia . The American corporation Emerson Electric owns part of the local company Metran , as well as a factory for the production of industrial equipment . In recent years , Chelyabinsk has had a significant role in other sectors of the Russian economy , hosting insurance firms , logistics centers , tourism , And important regional banking firms , such as Chelindbank and Chelyabinvestbank . There are several large shopping malls . The largest of them are Gorky ( English : Hills ) , built in 2007 with an area of 55,000 meters , and Rodnik ( English : Spring ) built in 2011 with an area 135,000 meters . At least two more are under construction : Almaz ( English : Diamond ) , and Cloud , beginning construction in 2015 and 2018 , with planned areas of 220,000 and 350,000 meters , respectively . Transportation . Public transport in Chelyabinsk consists of bus ( since 1925 ) , tram ( since 1932 ) and trolleybus ( since 1942 ) networks , as well as private marshrutka ( routed cab ) services . The city has several taxi companies . In 2014 in Chelyabinsk began to run electric buses , trolleybuses fitted to run electrically . In 2011 the telecommunications company Beeline and Chelyabinsk city transport signed an agreement to provide passengers free internet . Currently Wi-Fi is available in some public trams and trolleybuses in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk started the construction of a three-line subway network in 1992 . The city is served by the Chelyabinsk Airport . Sports . Several sports clubs are active in the city : In recent history , Chelyabinsk has hosted several important sporting events , especially in martial arts . These events include the [ [ 2012 European Judo Championships ] ] , the [ [ 2014 World Judo Championships ] ] , and the 2015 [ [ World Taekwondo Championships ] ] . 2015 also saw Chelyabinsk host the [ [ European Speed Skating Championships ] ] . In 2018 , Chelyabinsk and nearby [ [ Magnitogorsk ] ] hosted the [ [ IIHF World U18 Championship ] ] . Culture . [ [ File:Публичная библиотека Челябинска.JPG|thumb|Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library ] ] The city has several libraries , notably Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library , the largest public library in the [ [ Chelyabinsk Oblast ] ] . The library has more than 2 million books , over 12,000 of which are rare , originating from the 17th to 19th centuries . [ [ File:Драм.театр им.Н.Орлова ( г.Челябинск ) 2.JPG|thumb|Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theater ] ] Chelyabinsk is home to several theaters , which include the Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theatre , the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre , Chelyabinsk State Chamber Theater , Chelyabinsk State Puppet Theater , Chelyabinsk State Youth Theatre , Mannequin Theater , Chelyabinsk New Arts Theatre , and Chelyabinsk Contemporary Dance Theatre . [ [ File:Концертный зал театра оперы.JPG|thumb|left|Concert Hall of the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre ] ] [ [ File:Краеведческий музей Челябинска.JPG|thumb|left|Chelyabinsk regional museum ] ] There are nine museums in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk Regional Museum was founded in 1913 and holds about 300,000 exhibits . Important expositions include the Land of Cities exhibit relating to the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE settlement of [ [ Arkaim ] ] , the 570 kg largest fragment of the [ [ Chelyabinsk meteor ] ] , ornate 19th and 20th century blades made by [ [ Zlatoust ] ] arms factory , exhibits of [ [ Kasli ] ] artistic cast iron , and much more . Chelyabinsk Regional Picture Gallery has more than 11,000 works . The museum displays collections of Russian , European , and international works originating from the Middle Ages to modern times . The museum has significant collections of religious [ [ icons ] ] from the 16th to 20th centuries , along with early printed books and manuscripts . The Museum of History of the [ [ South Urals Railway|Southern Ural Railway ] ] hosts more than 30 exhibits of equipment used on the railway after its opening in Chelyabinsk in 1892 . [ [ File:Vintage military truck of Russia.jpg|thumb|Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory ] ] [ [ File:Jielbeaumadier cerf sika zoo cheljabinsk 2006.jpeg|thumb|left| [ [ Sika deer ] ] in the Chelyabinsk Zoo ] ] [ [ File:Троицкая церковь 4.jpg|thumb|Holy Trinity Church ( 1914 ) ] ] The Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory was founded in 2007 . It has 16 exhibits , including models of [ [ T-34 ] ] and [ [ IS tank family|IS-3 ] ] tanks , along with [ [ Katyusha rocket launcher ] ] s produced in Chelyabinsk during World War II . In addition , the city is home to the Chelyabinsk Regional Geological Museum , the Malgobekskii Museum of Military and Labor Glory , the Chelyabinsk Postal Service Museum , and the Entertaining Sciences Museum Eksperimentus . Chelyabinsk Zoo is located in the central region of Chelyabinsk . It has an area of 30 hectares with more than 110 species of animals , of which more than 80 are listed in the [ [ Red Data Book of the Russian Federation ] ] . The zoo participates in international programs for the conservation of endangered species , including [ [ Amur tiger|amur ( siberian ) tigers ] ] , [ [ leopard|far eastern leopards ] ] and [ [ polar bears ] ] . The zoo holds regular sightseeing tours , lectures , exhibitions and celebrations . Other cultural attractions include the Chelyabinsk State Circus , the Chelyabinsk State Philarmonic Concert Hall named after [ [ Sergei Prokofiev ] ] , and Organ and Chamber Music Hall Rodina . Chelyabinsk is home to several churches built from the 19th to 21st centuries . Notable people . - [ [ Ariel ( Russian band ) |Ariel ] ] , Soviet pop rock band - [ [ Lera Auerbach ] ] ( born 1973 ) , composer and musician , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Svyatoslav Belza ] ] ( 1942–2014 ) , musical scholar , critic and essayist , born in Chelyabinsk - ( born 1943 ) , jazz musician , bandleader , composer , born and started his career in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Zhan Bush ] ] ( born 1993 ) , figure skater - [ [ Dmitry Shishkin ] ] born in 1992 Classical Pianist - [ [ Yekaterina Gamova ] ] ( born 1980 ) , Olympic volleyball player , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Makhmut Gareev ] ] ( 1923–2019 ) , historian and military scientist , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Viktor Khristenko ] ] ( born 1957 ) , politician and statesman born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Igor Kurnosov ] ] ( 1985–2013 ) , chess grandmaster , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Oleg Mityaev ] ] ( born 1956 ) , singer-songwriter and actor , born , grew up , and came into prominence in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Vadim Muntagirov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , ballet dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Staņislavs Olijars ] ] ( born 1979 ) , Latvian 110m hurdler , gold medallist at the [ [ 2006 European Athletics Championships ] ] , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Georgy Ratner ] ] ( 1923–2001 ) , surgeon , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Nelli Rokita ] ] ( born 1957 ) , Polish politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Eugene Roshal ] ] ( born 1972 ) , software developer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mariya Savinova ] ] ( born 1985 ) , Olympic athlete , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Galina Starovoytova ] ] ( 1946–1998 ) , politician and human rights activist , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Maksim Surayev ] ] ( born 1972 ) , cosmonaut , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Evgeny Sveshnikov ] ] ( born 1950 ) , chess grandmaster and writer , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Anna Trebunskaya ] ] ( born 1980 ) , ballroom and Latin dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Ivan Ukhov ] ] ( born 1986 ) , Olympic high jumper , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Yurevich ] ] ( born 1969 ) , businessman , politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Koklyaev ] ] ( born 1978 ) , Russian strongman competitor Ice hockey players . - [ [ Sergei Babinov ] ] ( born 1955 ) , Soviet player , [ [ Canada Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Vyacheslav Bykov ] ] ( born 1960 ) , Soviet player - [ [ Stanislav Chistov ] ] ( born 1983 ) , [ [ National Hockey League|NHL ] ] and [ [ Kontinental Hockey League|KHL ] ] player - [ [ Evgeny Davydov ] ] ( born 1967 ) , NHL player , USSR champion - [ [ Sergei Gonchar ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Dmitri Kalinin ] ] ( born 1980 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Alexandra Vafina ] ] ( born 1990 ) , Russian Olympic ice hockey player ( 2010 , 2014 ) - [ [ Evgeny Kuznetsov ] ] ( born 1992 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Sergei Makarov ( ice hockey ) |Sergei Makarov ] ] ( born 1958 ) , NHL player - [ [ Andrei Nazarov ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player and KHL coach - [ [ Nikita Nesterov ] ] ( born 1993 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Nichushkin ] ] ( born 1995 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Karpov ] ] ( 1971–2014 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Dmitri Tertyshny ] ] ( 1976–1999 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Slava Voynov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Danil Yerdakov ] ] ( born 1989 ) , KHL player - [ [ Danis Zaripov ] ] ( born 1981 ) , KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Yakov Trenin ] ] ( born 1997 ) , NHL player International relations . Twin towns – sister cities . Chelyabinsk is [ [ twin towns and sister cities|twinned ] ] with : - [ [ Nottinghamshire ] ] , United Kingdom - [ [ Ramla ] ] , Israel - [ [ Ürümqi ] ] , China - [ [ Columbia , South Carolina|Columbia ] ] , United States Diplomatic and consular missions and visa centers . - [ [ Italy ] ] : Honorary Consulate , Visa center - [ [ Poland ] ] : Visa cente
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Chelyabinsk was the capital of what from 1934 to Jun 2005?
|
/wiki/Chelyabinsk#P1376#1
|
Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk ( ) is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia . It is the seventh-largest city in Russia by population , with 1,130,132 inhabitants as of the 2010 Census , and the second largest city in the Ural Federal District , after Yekaterinburg . Located in the northeast of the oblast , south of Yekaterinburg , the city is just to the east of the Ural Mountains . It sits on the Miass River , part of the border between Europe and Asia . The area of Chelyabinsk contained the ancient settlement of Arkaim , which belonged to the Sintashta culture . In 1736 , a fortress by the name of Chelyaba was founded on the site of a Bashkir village . Chelyabinsk was granted town status by 1787 . Chelyabinsk began to grow rapidly by the early 20th century as a result of the construction of railway links to European Russia and Siberia , including the Trans-Siberian Railway . Its population reached 70,000 by 1917 . Under the Soviet Union , Chelyabinsk became a major industrial centre during the 1930s . The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was built in 1933 . During World War II , the city was a major contributor to the manufacture of tanks and ammunition . Chelyabinsk remains an important industrial centre , especially heavy industries such as metallurgy and military production . It is home to several educational institutions , mainly South Ural State University and Chelyabinsk State University . In 2013 , the Chelyabinsk meteor exploded over the Ural Mountains , with fragments falling into and near the city . The blast of the explosion caused many hundreds of injuries , some of them serious , mostly caused by glass fragments from shattered windows . The Chelyabinsk Regional Museum contains fragments of the meteorite . History . Ancient Sintashta civilization . Archaeologists have discovered ruins of the ancient town of Arkaim in the vicinity of the city of Chelyabinsk . Ruins and artifacts in Arkaim and other sites in the region indicate a relatively advanced civilization existing in the area since the 2nd millennium BCE , which was of proto-Indo-Iranian origin . The Arkaim site , located in the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area , was known by Russian archaeologists for at least 70 years , however it was mostly ignored by non-Russian anthropological circles . The borders of the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area run along the eastern Urals of the Eurasian steppe to about 400 km south of Chelyabinsk and to the east for about 200 km . 23 archaeological sites are recognized as being part of this area . The sites resemble towns , laid out in round , square , or oval shapes . Although most of the sites have been discovered by aerial photography , only two , Arkaim and Sintashta , have been thoroughly excavated . These sites are characterized by their fortification , connected houses , and extensive evidence of metallurgy . The people of the Sintashta culture are thought to have spoken Proto-Indo-Iranian , the ancestor of the Indo-Iranian language family . This identification is based primarily on similarities between their language in comparison to sections of the Rigveda , and based on funerary rituals of the Sintashta culture , as revealed by archaeological studies in the area . Modern Russian history . The fortress of Chelyaba , from which the city takes its name , was founded at the location of the Bashkir village of Chelyaby ( ) by colonel Alexey ( Kutlu-Muhammed ) Tevkelev in 1736 to protect the surrounding trade routes from possible attacks by Bashkir outlaws . During Pugachevs Rebellion , the fortress withstood a siege by the rebel forces in 1774 , but was eventually captured for several months in 1775 . In 1782 , Chelyabinsk became a seat of the uyezd of Ufa Viceroyalty , which was later reformed into Orenburg Governorate . In 1787 , Chelyabinsk was granted town status by the government . Until the late 19th century , Chelyabinsk was a small provincial town . In 1892 , the Samara-Zlatoust Railway was completed , which connected it with Moscow and the rest of European Russia . Also in 1892 , construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway started from Chelyabinsk , and in 1896 , the city was linked to Ekaterinburg . Chelyabinsk then became the main hub for travel to Siberia . For fifteen years , more than fifteen million people - a tenth of Russias population at the time - passed through Chelyabinsk . Some of them remained in Chelyabinsk , which contributed to its rapid growth . In addition a so-called “customs fracture” was created in Chelyabinsk , which imposed duties on the shipment of goods between the European and Asian parts of Russia , which led to the emergence of mills and notably , a tea-packing factory . As a result , Chelyabinsk became a major trade center . Its population reached 20,000 inhabitants by 1897 , 45,000 by 1913 , and 70,000 by 1917 . Because of its rapid growth at the turn of the 20th century , similar to that of midwestern American cities , Chelyabinsk was sometimes called the Chicago of the Urals . During the first Five-Year Plans of the 1930s , Chelyabinsk experienced rapid industrial growth . Several important factories , including the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant , were built at this time . During World War II , Joseph Stalin decided to move a large part of Soviet manufacturing to areas removed from the reach of the advancing German military as part of a general exodus from western occupied areas . This brought new industries and thousands of workers to Chelyabinsk , including facilities for the production of T-34 tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers . During World War II , the citys industries produced 18,000 tanks and 48,500 tank diesel engines as well as over 17 million units of ammunition . During that time Chelyabinsk was informally called “Tankograd” ( English : “Tank City” ) . During World War II , the S.M . Kirov Factory no . 185 or “OKMO” was moved to Chelyabinsk from Leningrad to produce heavy tanks , although it was transferred to Omsk after 1962 . 2013 meteor . Shortly after dawn on February 15 , 2013 , a superbolide meteor descended at over over the Ural Mountains , exploding at an altitude of . The meteor created a momentary flash as bright as the sun and generated a shock wave that injured over a thousand people . Fragments fell in and around Chelyabinsk . Interior Ministry spokesman Vadim Kolesnikov said 1,100 people had called for medical assistance following the incident , mostly for treatment of injuries from broken glass by the explosions . One woman suffered a broken spine . Kolesnikov also said about of a roof at a zinc factory had collapsed . A spokeswoman for the Emergency Ministry told the Associated Press that there was a meteor shower ; however , another ministry spokeswoman was quoted by the Interfax news agency as saying it was a single meteor . The size has been estimated at diameter with a mass of 10,000 or 11,000 metric tons . The power of the explosion was about 500 kilotons of TNT ( about 1.8 PJ ) , which is 20–30 times more energy than was released from the atomic bomb detonated in Hiroshima . The city managed to avoid large casualties and destruction due to the high altitude of the explosion . Administrative and municipal status . Chelyabinsk is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the City of Chelyabinsk , an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the oblasts districts . As a municipal division , the City of Chelyabinsk is incorporated as Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug . In June 2014 , Chelyabinsks seven city districts were granted civil status . Administrative districts . Chelyabinsk is divided into seven administrative districts . Geography . Chelyabinsk is located east of the Ural Mountains , 200 km south of Yekaterinburg . It is elevated 200-250 meters above sea level . The city is bisected by the Miass River , which is regarded as the border between the Urals and Siberia . This is reflected in the geology of the area , with the granite foothills of the Ural Mountains to the west and the lower sedimentary rock of the West Siberian Plain to the east . The Leningrad bridge crosses the river , due to this it is known as “the bridge between the Urals and Siberia . Chelyabinsk itself is also known as the gateway to Siberia . Like Rome , Constantinople , San Francisco and Moscow , Chelyabinsk is said to be located on seven hills . Climate . The city has a Humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) similar to that of the Canadian prairies , despite the city being located further north . The average temperature in January is well below the freezing point at -14°C/6.6 °F . July has a relatively cool average of 19°C/66.7 °F , and the annual average is a few degrees above the freezing point at 3°C/37.8 °F , indicating some moderation . The range of extremes allegedly reaches 70°C/158 °F , claimed to be typical of a mid-latitude climate on a large continent such as Eurasia . The majority of precipitation occurs in the summer , with less in the winter . The month of July experiences the most , with an average 87mm/3.44<nowiki></nowiki> of precipitation , while January , the driest month , experiences 15mm/0.6<nowiki></nowiki> . Total precipitation reaches an average of 429mm/16.9<nowiki></nowiki> annually , consistent with the citys semi-arid climate . On average , 119 days of the year experience precipitation . Population . As of 2020 , the population of Chelyabinsk is 1,196,680 ; up from 1,130,132 recorded in the 2010 Census . At the time of the official 2010 Census , the ethnic makeup of the citys population whose ethnicity was known ( 1,082,269 ) was: . Cityscape . Architecture . The architecture of Chelyabinsk has been shaped through its history by the progression of historical eras in Russia . Before the 1917 Russian Revolution , the city was a trading center , with numerous merchant buildings in the eclectic and modern styles with elements of Russian Revival architecture , some of which are preserved on the pedestrian-only Kirovka Street . Industrialization in Chelyabinsk started in the late 1920s . The construction of large plants was accompanied by the construction of new residential and public buildings in the constructivist style . Entire constructivist neighborhoods can be seen in the area of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant . In the late 1930s , a new era began in the city , with large-scale construction of Stalinist architecture . Many of the buildings in and around the city center and central avenue are constructed in this style . The next 60 years saw extensive construction of residential high-rise buildings as the citys population rose to about one million , notably within the large residential area called Severo-Zapad ( English : North-West ) . With the market reforms of the 1990s , there was an increase in the construction of office buildings and major shopping malls in postmodern and high-tech styles . Parks and gardens . Chelyabinsk has seventeen public parks . The largest is Gagarin Central Park . Its territory includes large areas of rocky and forested terrain , located around several now-flooded abandoned quarries . Education . There are over a dozen universities in Chelyabinsk . The oldest , Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy , was founded in 1930 , followed by the Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University in 1934 . Major universities include South Ural State University , Chelyabinsk State University , South Ural State University of Arts , and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy . After World War II , Chelyabinsk became the main center of vocational education of the entire Ural region . Economy . Chelyabinsk is one of the major industrial centers of Russia . Heavy industries , especially metallurgy and military production , are predominant in the area , notably the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate ( CMK , ChMK ) , owned by the mining corporation Mechel . Other important industries include Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant ( CTZ , ChTZ ) , Chelyabinsk Electrode Plant ( ChEZ ) , the machine part-producing Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant ( ChKPZ ) , the crane-producing Chelyabinsk Mechanical Plant ( ChMZ ) , and Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant ( ChTPZ ) , which is included in the Big Eight of pipe producers in Russia , and produces large-diameter pipes for use in pipelines . Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant , owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company , produces about 2% of the worlds zinc supply and over 60% of the Russian supply . Kolyuschenko Road Machinery Plant produces construction machinery and dump trucks for the American manufacturer Terex . Molnija Watch Factory produces pocket watches , as well as technical watches for use in aircraft and ships . In 1980 , Molnija watches were given as gifts to participants of the Moscow Olympic Games . The agro-industrial company Makfa , the largest producer of pasta in Russia , and one of the five largest producers in the world , is based in Chelyabinsk . The largest manufacturer of footwear in Russia , Unichel Footwear Firm , owns a factory in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk is also home to the agricultural firm Ariant , which leads in the production of beverages and meat products in the Urals Federal District of Russia . The American corporation Emerson Electric owns part of the local company Metran , as well as a factory for the production of industrial equipment . In recent years , Chelyabinsk has had a significant role in other sectors of the Russian economy , hosting insurance firms , logistics centers , tourism , And important regional banking firms , such as Chelindbank and Chelyabinvestbank . There are several large shopping malls . The largest of them are Gorky ( English : Hills ) , built in 2007 with an area of 55,000 meters , and Rodnik ( English : Spring ) built in 2011 with an area 135,000 meters . At least two more are under construction : Almaz ( English : Diamond ) , and Cloud , beginning construction in 2015 and 2018 , with planned areas of 220,000 and 350,000 meters , respectively . Transportation . Public transport in Chelyabinsk consists of bus ( since 1925 ) , tram ( since 1932 ) and trolleybus ( since 1942 ) networks , as well as private marshrutka ( routed cab ) services . The city has several taxi companies . In 2014 in Chelyabinsk began to run electric buses , trolleybuses fitted to run electrically . In 2011 the telecommunications company Beeline and Chelyabinsk city transport signed an agreement to provide passengers free internet . Currently Wi-Fi is available in some public trams and trolleybuses in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk started the construction of a three-line subway network in 1992 . The city is served by the Chelyabinsk Airport . Sports . Several sports clubs are active in the city : In recent history , Chelyabinsk has hosted several important sporting events , especially in martial arts . These events include the [ [ 2012 European Judo Championships ] ] , the [ [ 2014 World Judo Championships ] ] , and the 2015 [ [ World Taekwondo Championships ] ] . 2015 also saw Chelyabinsk host the [ [ European Speed Skating Championships ] ] . In 2018 , Chelyabinsk and nearby [ [ Magnitogorsk ] ] hosted the [ [ IIHF World U18 Championship ] ] . Culture . [ [ File:Публичная библиотека Челябинска.JPG|thumb|Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library ] ] The city has several libraries , notably Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library , the largest public library in the [ [ Chelyabinsk Oblast ] ] . The library has more than 2 million books , over 12,000 of which are rare , originating from the 17th to 19th centuries . [ [ File:Драм.театр им.Н.Орлова ( г.Челябинск ) 2.JPG|thumb|Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theater ] ] Chelyabinsk is home to several theaters , which include the Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theatre , the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre , Chelyabinsk State Chamber Theater , Chelyabinsk State Puppet Theater , Chelyabinsk State Youth Theatre , Mannequin Theater , Chelyabinsk New Arts Theatre , and Chelyabinsk Contemporary Dance Theatre . [ [ File:Концертный зал театра оперы.JPG|thumb|left|Concert Hall of the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre ] ] [ [ File:Краеведческий музей Челябинска.JPG|thumb|left|Chelyabinsk regional museum ] ] There are nine museums in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk Regional Museum was founded in 1913 and holds about 300,000 exhibits . Important expositions include the Land of Cities exhibit relating to the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE settlement of [ [ Arkaim ] ] , the 570 kg largest fragment of the [ [ Chelyabinsk meteor ] ] , ornate 19th and 20th century blades made by [ [ Zlatoust ] ] arms factory , exhibits of [ [ Kasli ] ] artistic cast iron , and much more . Chelyabinsk Regional Picture Gallery has more than 11,000 works . The museum displays collections of Russian , European , and international works originating from the Middle Ages to modern times . The museum has significant collections of religious [ [ icons ] ] from the 16th to 20th centuries , along with early printed books and manuscripts . The Museum of History of the [ [ South Urals Railway|Southern Ural Railway ] ] hosts more than 30 exhibits of equipment used on the railway after its opening in Chelyabinsk in 1892 . [ [ File:Vintage military truck of Russia.jpg|thumb|Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory ] ] [ [ File:Jielbeaumadier cerf sika zoo cheljabinsk 2006.jpeg|thumb|left| [ [ Sika deer ] ] in the Chelyabinsk Zoo ] ] [ [ File:Троицкая церковь 4.jpg|thumb|Holy Trinity Church ( 1914 ) ] ] The Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory was founded in 2007 . It has 16 exhibits , including models of [ [ T-34 ] ] and [ [ IS tank family|IS-3 ] ] tanks , along with [ [ Katyusha rocket launcher ] ] s produced in Chelyabinsk during World War II . In addition , the city is home to the Chelyabinsk Regional Geological Museum , the Malgobekskii Museum of Military and Labor Glory , the Chelyabinsk Postal Service Museum , and the Entertaining Sciences Museum Eksperimentus . Chelyabinsk Zoo is located in the central region of Chelyabinsk . It has an area of 30 hectares with more than 110 species of animals , of which more than 80 are listed in the [ [ Red Data Book of the Russian Federation ] ] . The zoo participates in international programs for the conservation of endangered species , including [ [ Amur tiger|amur ( siberian ) tigers ] ] , [ [ leopard|far eastern leopards ] ] and [ [ polar bears ] ] . The zoo holds regular sightseeing tours , lectures , exhibitions and celebrations . Other cultural attractions include the Chelyabinsk State Circus , the Chelyabinsk State Philarmonic Concert Hall named after [ [ Sergei Prokofiev ] ] , and Organ and Chamber Music Hall Rodina . Chelyabinsk is home to several churches built from the 19th to 21st centuries . Notable people . - [ [ Ariel ( Russian band ) |Ariel ] ] , Soviet pop rock band - [ [ Lera Auerbach ] ] ( born 1973 ) , composer and musician , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Svyatoslav Belza ] ] ( 1942–2014 ) , musical scholar , critic and essayist , born in Chelyabinsk - ( born 1943 ) , jazz musician , bandleader , composer , born and started his career in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Zhan Bush ] ] ( born 1993 ) , figure skater - [ [ Dmitry Shishkin ] ] born in 1992 Classical Pianist - [ [ Yekaterina Gamova ] ] ( born 1980 ) , Olympic volleyball player , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Makhmut Gareev ] ] ( 1923–2019 ) , historian and military scientist , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Viktor Khristenko ] ] ( born 1957 ) , politician and statesman born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Igor Kurnosov ] ] ( 1985–2013 ) , chess grandmaster , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Oleg Mityaev ] ] ( born 1956 ) , singer-songwriter and actor , born , grew up , and came into prominence in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Vadim Muntagirov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , ballet dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Staņislavs Olijars ] ] ( born 1979 ) , Latvian 110m hurdler , gold medallist at the [ [ 2006 European Athletics Championships ] ] , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Georgy Ratner ] ] ( 1923–2001 ) , surgeon , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Nelli Rokita ] ] ( born 1957 ) , Polish politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Eugene Roshal ] ] ( born 1972 ) , software developer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mariya Savinova ] ] ( born 1985 ) , Olympic athlete , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Galina Starovoytova ] ] ( 1946–1998 ) , politician and human rights activist , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Maksim Surayev ] ] ( born 1972 ) , cosmonaut , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Evgeny Sveshnikov ] ] ( born 1950 ) , chess grandmaster and writer , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Anna Trebunskaya ] ] ( born 1980 ) , ballroom and Latin dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Ivan Ukhov ] ] ( born 1986 ) , Olympic high jumper , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Yurevich ] ] ( born 1969 ) , businessman , politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Koklyaev ] ] ( born 1978 ) , Russian strongman competitor Ice hockey players . - [ [ Sergei Babinov ] ] ( born 1955 ) , Soviet player , [ [ Canada Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Vyacheslav Bykov ] ] ( born 1960 ) , Soviet player - [ [ Stanislav Chistov ] ] ( born 1983 ) , [ [ National Hockey League|NHL ] ] and [ [ Kontinental Hockey League|KHL ] ] player - [ [ Evgeny Davydov ] ] ( born 1967 ) , NHL player , USSR champion - [ [ Sergei Gonchar ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Dmitri Kalinin ] ] ( born 1980 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Alexandra Vafina ] ] ( born 1990 ) , Russian Olympic ice hockey player ( 2010 , 2014 ) - [ [ Evgeny Kuznetsov ] ] ( born 1992 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Sergei Makarov ( ice hockey ) |Sergei Makarov ] ] ( born 1958 ) , NHL player - [ [ Andrei Nazarov ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player and KHL coach - [ [ Nikita Nesterov ] ] ( born 1993 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Nichushkin ] ] ( born 1995 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Karpov ] ] ( 1971–2014 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Dmitri Tertyshny ] ] ( 1976–1999 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Slava Voynov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Danil Yerdakov ] ] ( born 1989 ) , KHL player - [ [ Danis Zaripov ] ] ( born 1981 ) , KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Yakov Trenin ] ] ( born 1997 ) , NHL player International relations . Twin towns – sister cities . Chelyabinsk is [ [ twin towns and sister cities|twinned ] ] with : - [ [ Nottinghamshire ] ] , United Kingdom - [ [ Ramla ] ] , Israel - [ [ Ürümqi ] ] , China - [ [ Columbia , South Carolina|Columbia ] ] , United States Diplomatic and consular missions and visa centers . - [ [ Italy ] ] : Honorary Consulate , Visa center - [ [ Poland ] ] : Visa cente
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Who was in charge of Navarre from Sep 1996 to Jul 2015?
|
/wiki/Navarre#P6#0
|
Navarre Navarre ( ; ; ; ) , officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( ; ) , is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain , bordering the Basque Autonomous Community , La Rioja , and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France . The capital city is Pamplona ( or Iruñea in Basque ) . The best-known event in Navarre is the San Fermín festival in July held in Pamplona . It corresponds to the southern portion of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre . Navarre is in the transition between Green Spain and semi-arid interior areas , causing a vast difference of landscapes between various parts of the region . The transition also renders a highly variable climate , with cooler spells and heat waves mixing in summer . Winters are mild for the latitude . Navarre is one of the historic Basque districts , with its Basque features conspicuous in the north , while virtually absent on the southern fringes . Etymology . The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra , Nafarroa , or Naparroa is a reference to navarros , in Eginhards early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne . Other Royal Frankish Annals feature . There are two proposed etymologies for the name . - Basque nabar ( declined absolute singular nabarra ) : brownish , multicolour ( i . e . in contrast to the green mountainous lands north of the original County of Navarre ) . - Basque naba ( or Spanish nava ) : valley , plain + Basque herri ( people , land ) . The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate , rather than Basque per se . History . Antiquity . Before and during the Roman Empire , the Vascones populated the southern slopes of the Pyrenees , including the area which would ultimately become Navarre . In the mountainous north , the Vascones escaped large-scale Roman settlement , except for some coastal areas—for example Oiasso ( in what is now Gipuzkoa ) —and the flatter areas to the south , Calagurris ( in what is now La Rioja ) , which were amenable to large-scale Roman farming—vineyards , olives , and wheat crops . There is no evidence of battles fought or general hostility between Romans and Basques , as they had the same enemies . Kingdom of Navarre . Neither the Visigoths nor the Franks ever completely subjugated the area . The Vascones ( to become the Basques ) assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD . In the year 778 , the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass . Following the Battle of Roncevaux Pass ( 824 ) , the Basque chieftain Iñigo Arista was elected King of Pamplona supported by the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela , establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre . That kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Sancho III , comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees , and even a short overlordship of Gascony ( in the early 11th century ) . When Sancho III died in 1035 , the kingdom was divided between his sons . It never fully recovered its political power , while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims ( the Francs ) poured into the kingdom via the Way of Saint James . In 1200 , Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile , leaving the kingdom landlocked . Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the Almohads . The native line of kings came to an end in 1234 ; their heirs intermarried with French dynasties . However , the Navarrese kept most of their strong laws and institutions . The death of Queen Blanche I ( 1441 ) inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian-Aragonese House of Trastámara in Navarres internal affairs . In 1512 , Navarre was invaded by Ferdinand the Catholics troops , with Queen Catherine and King John III withdrawing to the north of the Pyrenees , and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre-Béarn , led by Queen Joan III as of 1555 . To the south of the Pyrenees , Navarre was annexed to the Crown of Castile in 1515 , but kept a separate ambiguous status , and a shaky balance up to 1610—King Henry III ready to march over Spanish Navarre . A Chartered Government was established ( the Diputación ) , and the kingdom managed to keep home rule . Tensions with the Spanish government came to a head as of 1794 , when Spanish premier Manuel Godoy attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self-government altogether , with the end of the First Carlist War ( 1839 – 1841 ) definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule ( fueros ) to an end . Province of Spain . Loss of home rule . After the 1839 Convention of Bergara , a reduced version of home rule ( fueros ) was passed in 1839 . However , the 1841 Act for the Modification of Fueros ( later called the Compromise Act , Ley Paccionada ) definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre . The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted the collapse of Navarres customary cross-Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling . Amid instability in Spain , Carlists took over in Navarre and the rest of the Basque provinces . An actual Basque state was established during the Third Carlist War with Estella as its capital ( 1872 – 1876 ) , but King Alfonso XIIs restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter-attack prompted the Carlist defeat . The end of the Third Carlist War saw a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation directly affecting Navarre . In 1893 – 1894 the Gamazada popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrids governmental decisions breaching the 1841 chartered provisions . Except for a small faction ( the so-called Alfonsinos ) , all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within the Laurak Bat , the Basque districts in Spain . Among these , the Carlists stood out , who politically dominated the province , and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid , as well as left leaning influences . Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa , Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period , remaining a basically rural economy . Republic and military uprising . In 1932 , a Basque Countrys separate statute failed to take off over disagreements on the centrality of Catholicism , a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the 2nd Spanish Republic ( 1931 – 1939 ) . Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933 , leaving the latter eager for revenge . The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence , ideologues such as Víctor Pradera , and an understanding with General Mola paved the way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona ( 18 July 1936 ) . The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive ( reds ) , mildly republican , or just inconvenient . The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks , and counted on the active complicity of the clergy , who adopted the fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks . The killing took a death toll of at least 2,857 , plus a further 305 dying in prisons ( ill-treatment , malnutrition ) . The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas ( Urbasa , etc. ) . Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent , e.g . Fortunato Aguirre , a Basque nationalist and mayor of Estella ( and co-founder of Osasuna Football Club ) , was executed in September 1936 . Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors . Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the War in the North . Post-war scene . As a reward for its support in the Spanish Civil War ( Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising ) , Franco allowed Navarre , as it happened with Álava , to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of the ancient Navarrese liberties . The bleak post-war years were shaken by shortage , famine , and smuggling , with the economy relying on agriculture ( wheat , vineyards , olive , barley ) , and a negative migration balance . The victors came to cluster around two main factions , Carlists and Falangists , while the totalitarian ultra-Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group , the Opus Dei , to found their University of Navarre ( 1952 ) , ever more influential in Pamplona . The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s ( automobile manufacturing and accessories , etc. ) , especially around the overgrown capital . It was followed by labour and political unrest . In the run-up to Spanish democracy ( Constitution ratified in 1978 ) , Navarre plunged into a climate of violence practised by ETA , state-sponsored paramilitary groups and police forces , extending through the 1980s and beyond . Tension during the Spanish transition . Officials and figures with good connections to the Navarrese regional government went on to join Adolfo Suárez’s UCD , later splitting into the party UPN led by Jesús Aizpún Tuero ( 1979 ) , refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre’s charters ( or fueros ) remained in place . They also refused to join the Basque process to become an autonomous community , where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held a majority . A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment ( “Amejoramiento” ) , a Navarre-only solution considered ‘an upgrade’ of its former status issued from the ( remains of the ) charters . In a 3-year span , the Spanish Socialists in Navarre veered in their position , quit the Basque process , and joined the arrangement adopted for Navarre ( Chartered Community of Navarre , 1982 ) . The reform was not ratified by referendum , as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces . Politics . Institutions and status . After the end of Francos dictatorship , Navarre became one of the 17 Autonomous Communities in Spain . The community ceremonies , education , and social services , together with housing , urban development , and environment protection policies are under the responsibility of Navarres political institutions . As in the rest of communities , Navarre has a Parliament elected every four years , and the majority in this Parliament determines the president of the Community , who is in charge of Navarres government . Unlike most other autonomous communities of Spain ( but like the Basque Autonomous Community ) , Navarre has almost full responsibility for collecting and administering taxes which must follow the overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences . The first 3 presidents of the community belonged to the extinct Union of the Democratic Centre ( UCD ) party . After 1984 the government was ruled by either the Socialist Party of Navarre ( PSN – PSOE , one of the federative components of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party , main centre-left wing party in Spain ) or the Navarrese Peoples Union ( UPN ) ( a Navarrese party that had a long alliance with the Peoples Party ( PP ) , main right-wing party in Spain ) . However , in 2015 Uxue Barkos ( Geroa Bai ) became president with the support of EH Bildu , Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra . She is the first Basque nationalist president in Navarre . Basque nationalist parties also represent a sizeable part of the vote ( around 31% in the 2015 elections ) , and a majority in most of the northern areas . Basque nationalist parties have as a key point in their agendas to merge Navarre into the Basque Autonomous Community by referendum ( as predicted in the Spanish constitution ) . All Spain-based parties , as well as UPN and PSN , oppose this move . Present-day political dynamics . Politics in Navarre has been marked by fierce rivalry between two blocks representing different national identities that are part of Navarre society : Basque nationalist EH Bildu and pro-Basque Geroa Bai parties , on the one side , and the institutional pro-Spanish parties , UPN , PP and PSN on the other . Parties on the pro-Basque spectrum demand further sovereignty in internal affairs of Navarre and closer relationship with the districts of the Basque Autonomous Community . In the past , pro-Basque parties were excluded from key political posts and institutions . Another 2013-2014 controversy refers to the alleged ideological profiling of public school Basque language teachers , billed as ETA supporting teachers . Since the establishment of Navarres present status ( the Amejoramiento , the Betterment ) in 1982 , the successive regional governments ruled by UPN and PSN have been shaken by frequent political instability and corruption scandals , with UPNs Miguel Sanzs term being the most stable and longest , extending from 2001 to 2011 . Between 2012 and 2014 , a series of corruption scandals broke out involving regional president Yolanda Barcina and other regional government officials that included influence peddling , embezzlement , misappropriation of funds and mismanagement leading to the bankruptcy of Caja Navarra . By November 2012 , the PSN—UPNs standing ally in Navarre up to that point—backed down on its support of UPN , but refused to impeach Yolanda Barcina or search new political alliances , leaving a deadlocked government . The regional president , widely questioned in Navarre as of 2012 and relying only on the PP central governments backup , went on to urge the Constitutional Court to challenge several decisions made by the Parliament of Navarre . After the latest scandal and corruption allegations affecting a secretary of her cabinet ( Lourdes Goicoechea , regional public finance secretary ) in February 2014 , the Spanish home office secretary Jorge Fernández Díaz stepped in warning leading members of PSN that Navarre is strategic for Spain , and asserting that any other political alliance means supporting ETA . The Justice secretary in Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardón in turn stated that the worst political error is not corruption but getting along with Bildu ( a Basque pro-independence coalition ) . In May 2015 , the elections for Navarre Parliament left a better result for pro-Basque parties , which managed to establish an alliance , Uxue Barkos from Geroa Bai being elected president of Navarre for the period 2015 – 2019 . June 2019 elections , however , turned the tide , when rightist forces reunited in the platform Navarra Suma , made up of UPN , PP and Ciudadanos , and garnered 20 MPs , 40% of the seats in the Parliament of Navarre , although both Geroa Bai and EH Bildu increased their vote share . Following the election results , PSNs María Chivite was elected president with the support provided by progressive forces , handing over Pamplonas council to Navarra Suma and explicitly excluding EH Bildu from any talks or alliances , but relying on its abstention for her inauguration . In December 2017 , the Navarrese parliament passed a law splitting teachers aspiring to work in the state-run education network into two different professional categories , one for those qualified in Basque and Spanish , and another for Spanish monolinguals , so thwarting with the vote of Izquierda-Ezkerra ( integrated in the regional government ) the new progressive governments plan to have just one ; the latter echoes a long-running demand of education unions . In July 2018 , the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the Far Rights and Civil Servants Victims Act passed by the Parliament of Navarre in 2015 . Three months later , the Chief Executive Officer of the National Police in Navarre stepped down for the disclosure of a fake Twitter account he owned that praised Antonio Tejero , as well as Vox leader Santiago Abascal as a new Jose Antonio , also insulting a number of Catalan and Basque nationalist and leftist figures . In October 2019 , the High Court of Navarre ruled against the public use of bilingual signalling and institutional announcements in Mixed-Speaking and Non-Basque Speaking areas , also proscribing the consideration of Basque as a merit in job positions , unless strictly needed ; the judgement sparked an uproar among some parties in the coalition government of Navarre , as well as EH Bildu , but was saluted by the PSN and Navarra Suma . Geography and climate . Navarre consists of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601,874 ( 2006 ) , of whom approximately one-third live in the capital , Pamplona ( 195,769 pop. ) , and one-half in the capitals metropolitan area ( 315,988 pop. ) . There are no other large municipalities in the region . The next largest are Tudela ( 32,802 ) , Barañain ( 22,401 ) , Burlada/Burlata ( 18,388 ) , Estella-Lizarra ( 13,892 ) , Zizur Mayor ( 13,197 ) , Tafalla ( 11,040 ) , Villava/Atarrabia ( 10,295 ) , and Ansoáin/Antsoain ( 9,952 ) . Despite its relatively small size , Navarre features stark contrasts in geography , from the Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south . The highest point in Navarre is Mesa de los Tres Reyes , with an elevation of 2,428 metres ( 7,965 feet ) . Other important mountains are Txamantxoia , Kartxela , the Larra-Belagua Massif , Sierra de Alaiz , Untzueko Harria , Sierra de Leyre , Sierra del Perdón , Montejurra , Ezkaba , Monte Ori , Sierra de Codés , Urbasa , Andia , and the Aralar Range . In the north , climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean leading an Oceanic west coast climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) . Since the northernmost part of Navarre is less than from the Bay of Biscay , the northern fringes resemble San Sebastián . At central Navarre the summer precipitations start to lower , leading to a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa and Csb ) At the southernmost part of Navarre the climate is cool semi-arid ( Köppen : Bsk ) . This is also at a comparatively low elevation compared to most of the north , further pontentiating the hot summers in comparison to Pamplona and even more so the northern hilly and mountainous region . The sole official weather station of Navarre is located in Pamplona in its north-western corner and has summer highs of and lows of , while winter highs are and lows with moderate precipitation year-round . Cultural heritage . Navarre is a mixture of its Basque tradition , the Trans-Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro . The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat , vegetables , wine , and even olive trees as in Aragon and La Rioja . It was a part of the Roman Empire , inhabited by the Vascones , later controlled on its southern fringes by the Muslims Banu Qasi , whose authority was taken over by the taifa kingdom of Tudela in the 11th century . During the Reconquista , Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims , since its southern boundary had already been established by the time of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 . Starting in the 11th century , the Way of Saint James grew in importance . It brought pilgrims , traders and Christian soldiers from the North . Gascons and Occitanians from beyond the Pyrenees ( called Franks ) received self-government and other privileges to foster settlement in Navarrese towns , and they brought their crafts , culture and Romance languages . Jews and Muslims were persecuted both north and south of Navarre , expelled for the most part during the late 15th century to the early 16th century . The kingdom struggled to maintain its separate identity in 14th and 15th centuries , and after King Ferdinand V forcibly conquered Navarre after the death of his wife Queen Isabella , he extended the Castilian expulsion and forcible integration orders applicable to and of 1492 to the former kingdom . Therefore , Tudela in particular could no longer serve as a refuge after the Inquisitors were allowed . Economy . Navarre is one of the richest regions in Spain , with an economy heavily focused on the energy sector and healthcare services . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the autonomous community was 20.3 billion euros in 2018 , accounting for 1.7% of Spanish economic output . GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year . The GDP per employee was 109% of the EU average . The unemployment rate stood at 10.2% in 2017 and was the lowest in the country . Energy policy . Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology and was planning to reach 100% renewable electricity generation by 2010 . By 2004 , 61% of the regions electricity was generated by renewable sources consisting of 43.6% from 28 wind farms , 12% from over 100 small-scale water turbines , and 5.3% from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants . In addition , the region had what was then Spains largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela ( 1.2 MWp capacity ) plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations . Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrión ( 0.25 MWp ) and another at Castejón ( 2.44 MWp ) , also once the largest in Spain . Languages . Presently , Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community , except for north-eastern areas , where Basque continues to be the prevailing language . According to official statistics , Spanish is the mother tongue of 81.9% of the population , Basque is 5.7% of the populations mother tongue , and 3.8% of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6.1% of the population have another language as their mother tongue . Language shift . The number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately , after a steady historic retreat . In 2011 , 13.6% of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14.5% considered themselves semi-speakers of Basque . Historically , Basque is the lingua navarrorum , as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages , such as a document by the king Sancho the Wise . The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque-speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas . In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the kings authority , the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626 : José Moret , chronicler of the kingdom , called Navarre and its bordering provinces the lands of Basque , claiming also that Tubal founded the Kingdom of Navarre . However , Basque underwent a gradual erosion , accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites , among other reasons . By 1778 , 121,000 inhabitants out of 227.000 were Basque speakers , 53% of its population , still the largest amount of Basque speakers across all Basque territories . However , the number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century . In 1936 , Basque speakers accounted for a 17% of the total Navarrese population . Other languages have been spoken , but have disappeared , such as Navarro-Aragonese , a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the Ebro basin . Starting in the late 11th century , the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas ( Francs ) who settled in separate boroughs along the Way of Saint James rendered Occitan the status language of the kingdom up to early-14th century . Navarro-Aragonese became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329 , when it reached official status . However , from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian ( Spanish ) and eventually merged with it . Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are Erromintxela , French , Hebrew , and Arabic . Linguistic division of the territory and legal consequences . According to the 1978 Spanish constitution and the , a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make-up of the chartered community of Navarre , Spanish is the official language of Navarre , while the Basque language is also the official language in Basque-Speaking areas . Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language , the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as a specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage . - Basque-Speaking Zone : , , Alsasua , , , , Arano , , Arbizu , Areso , , , Arruazu , , , Baztán , , , Betelu , Burguete , , , , , Elgorriaga , , , Erro , Esteríbar , , , Garralda , , , , Irañeta , Ituren , Iturmendi , Lacunza , Lantz , , , Lesaca , , , , Orbara , Roncesvalles , Saldías , , , Ulzama , Urdax , , , Valcarlos , Vera de Bidasoa , , , Zubieta y Zugarramurdi . Later , two more municipalities would be added that came from the Basque-Speaking Zones : and . - Mixed-Speaking Zone : Abárzuza , Ansoáin , Aoiz , , Atez , Barañáin , Burgui , Burlada , Ciriza , Cendea de Cizur , Echarri , Echauri , Valle de Egüés , Ezcároz , Esparza de Salazar , Estella , Ezcabarte , Garde , Goñi , , Guesálaz , Huarte , Isaba , , , Jaurrieta , Juslapeña , Lezáu , Lizoáin , Ochagavía , Odieta , Oláibar , Olza , , Oronz , Oroz-Betelu , Pamplona , Puente la Reina , Roncal , , , Urzainqui , , Vidángoz , Vidaurreta , Villava , Yerri , Zabalza y Zizur Mayor . As a consequence of the constitution of new municipalities , other municipalities would be added : Berrioplano , Berriozar , Orcoyen y Zizur Mayor . Moreover , in 2010 a legal modification granted four municipalities of Cuenca de Pamplona the power of incorporating into the Mixed-Speaking Zone if the absolute majority decided to be incorporated into the Mixed-Speaking Zone . Aranguren , Belascoáin y Galar decided to be incorporated into the Mixed-Speaking Zone while Noáin decided to remain in the Basque-Speaking Zone . One modification to the law implemented in June 2017 allowed municipalities from the Non-Basque Speaking Zone to become a part of the mixed zone 44 ( Abáigar , , Aibar , Allín , Améscoa Baja , Ancín , Añorbe , Aranarache , Arellano , Artazu , Bargota , Beriáin , Biurrun-Olcoz , Cabredo , Dicastillo , Enériz , Eulate , , Garínoain , Izagaondoa , Larraona , Leoz , Lerga , , Mendigorría , Metauten , Mirafuentes , Murieta , , Obanos , Olite , Oteiza , Pueyo , Sangüesa , Tafalla , , Tirapu , Unzué , Ujué , Urraúl Bajo , , Villatuerta , Cirauqui y Zúñiga ) and for Atez to pass from the Mixed-Speaking Zone to the Basque-Speaking Zone . - Non-Basque-speaking Zone : This zone is composed of the remaining municipalities that are located predominantly towards the Southeast of the foral community where the Basque language is not commonly spoken by the population . However , more people have been speaking Basque in these communities and in present day , there are municipalities in which 10% of their inhabitants are bilingual or semi-bilingual in Basque and Spanish such as in Tafalla , Sangüesa y Lumbier . In comparison , in Tafalla or Sanguesas population those that speak or understand Basque well are 5% of the population or 10% en Lumbier . In other localities with ikastolas such as in , Lodosa y Viana the bilingual population is around 2% and 8% , while those that speak or understand Basque well are 1% in , 2% in Lodosa and 5% in Viana . Since 2006-2007 the schools that teach Basque in the Non-Basque Speaking Zone are assisted by the Department of Education of the government of Navarre . Denomination of local entities . The official denomination of Navarran municipalities and villages are regulated according to the Foral Basque Law . It distinguishes three different types of formulas : - Unique denominations : the use of Basque in legal documents is the same when compared with Spanish independently . Examples : Lantz or Beintza-Labaien . - Compounded denominations : They have a unique denomination formula formed from the Spanish and Basque toponyms in Spanish or Basque and are united by the symbol / . Its use ( the compounded denomination ) is the same in Spanish as in Basque . Examples : Auritz/Burguete , Roncesvalles/Orreaga , Luzaide/Valcarlos or Doneztebe/Santesteban . - Double denominations : The toponym , in Basque or Spanish is dependent on the language and how it is used in the text . Examples : Pamplona<>Iruña , Villava<>Atarrabia , Aibar<>Oibar . Basque dialects in Navarre . Basque in Navarre has various dialects ( there are nine according to the classification of the General Basque Dictionary or the ) . According to the most recent classification of , the most widespread dialect is Upper Navarrese , spoken in the northern part of Navarre . In localities such as Basaburua Mayor , Imoz and other border localities with Gipuzkoa , the dialect of Central Basque is spoken and in the central part of the Pyrenees in Navarre a variety of Navarro-Lapurdian is spoken . On the east of the Pyrenees in Navarre , Basque used to be spoken in the valleys of y Salazar , but it disappeared near the end of the twentieth century ; the last person who spoke it in Roncal died in 1991 and in Salazar the language also disappeared because the last person who spoke it fluently died during the first years of the twenty-first century . Apart from dialects , sub-dialects from Basque also exist and there are also differences in vocabulary in local linguistic communities . Linguistic traits of the Spanish spoken in Navarre . There are a number of features of Spanish as spoken in Navarre that are either exclusive to the area or shared only with neighbouring areas ( mainly Aragón and La Rioja ) , such as the predominance of the diminutive with -ico or the use of the conditional verb tense in place of the preterite of the subjunctive ( for example , using podría instead of pudiera ) . There are also differences in the vocabulary of Spanish speakers from Navarre , including the presence of words of Basque origin , which is in some cases due to a , or long-standing contact and commercial exchanges with areas of Navarre in which Basque is spoken .
|
[
"Uxue Barkos"
] |
easy
|
Who was in charge of Navarre from Jul 2015 to Aug 2019?
|
/wiki/Navarre#P6#1
|
Navarre Navarre ( ; ; ; ) , officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( ; ) , is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain , bordering the Basque Autonomous Community , La Rioja , and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France . The capital city is Pamplona ( or Iruñea in Basque ) . The best-known event in Navarre is the San Fermín festival in July held in Pamplona . It corresponds to the southern portion of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre . Navarre is in the transition between Green Spain and semi-arid interior areas , causing a vast difference of landscapes between various parts of the region . The transition also renders a highly variable climate , with cooler spells and heat waves mixing in summer . Winters are mild for the latitude . Navarre is one of the historic Basque districts , with its Basque features conspicuous in the north , while virtually absent on the southern fringes . Etymology . The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra , Nafarroa , or Naparroa is a reference to navarros , in Eginhards early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne . Other Royal Frankish Annals feature . There are two proposed etymologies for the name . - Basque nabar ( declined absolute singular nabarra ) : brownish , multicolour ( i . e . in contrast to the green mountainous lands north of the original County of Navarre ) . - Basque naba ( or Spanish nava ) : valley , plain + Basque herri ( people , land ) . The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate , rather than Basque per se . History . Antiquity . Before and during the Roman Empire , the Vascones populated the southern slopes of the Pyrenees , including the area which would ultimately become Navarre . In the mountainous north , the Vascones escaped large-scale Roman settlement , except for some coastal areas—for example Oiasso ( in what is now Gipuzkoa ) —and the flatter areas to the south , Calagurris ( in what is now La Rioja ) , which were amenable to large-scale Roman farming—vineyards , olives , and wheat crops . There is no evidence of battles fought or general hostility between Romans and Basques , as they had the same enemies . Kingdom of Navarre . Neither the Visigoths nor the Franks ever completely subjugated the area . The Vascones ( to become the Basques ) assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD . In the year 778 , the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass . Following the Battle of Roncevaux Pass ( 824 ) , the Basque chieftain Iñigo Arista was elected King of Pamplona supported by the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela , establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre . That kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Sancho III , comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees , and even a short overlordship of Gascony ( in the early 11th century ) . When Sancho III died in 1035 , the kingdom was divided between his sons . It never fully recovered its political power , while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims ( the Francs ) poured into the kingdom via the Way of Saint James . In 1200 , Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile , leaving the kingdom landlocked . Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the Almohads . The native line of kings came to an end in 1234 ; their heirs intermarried with French dynasties . However , the Navarrese kept most of their strong laws and institutions . The death of Queen Blanche I ( 1441 ) inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian-Aragonese House of Trastámara in Navarres internal affairs . In 1512 , Navarre was invaded by Ferdinand the Catholics troops , with Queen Catherine and King John III withdrawing to the north of the Pyrenees , and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre-Béarn , led by Queen Joan III as of 1555 . To the south of the Pyrenees , Navarre was annexed to the Crown of Castile in 1515 , but kept a separate ambiguous status , and a shaky balance up to 1610—King Henry III ready to march over Spanish Navarre . A Chartered Government was established ( the Diputación ) , and the kingdom managed to keep home rule . Tensions with the Spanish government came to a head as of 1794 , when Spanish premier Manuel Godoy attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self-government altogether , with the end of the First Carlist War ( 1839 – 1841 ) definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule ( fueros ) to an end . Province of Spain . Loss of home rule . After the 1839 Convention of Bergara , a reduced version of home rule ( fueros ) was passed in 1839 . However , the 1841 Act for the Modification of Fueros ( later called the Compromise Act , Ley Paccionada ) definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre . The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted the collapse of Navarres customary cross-Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling . Amid instability in Spain , Carlists took over in Navarre and the rest of the Basque provinces . An actual Basque state was established during the Third Carlist War with Estella as its capital ( 1872 – 1876 ) , but King Alfonso XIIs restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter-attack prompted the Carlist defeat . The end of the Third Carlist War saw a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation directly affecting Navarre . In 1893 – 1894 the Gamazada popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrids governmental decisions breaching the 1841 chartered provisions . Except for a small faction ( the so-called Alfonsinos ) , all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within the Laurak Bat , the Basque districts in Spain . Among these , the Carlists stood out , who politically dominated the province , and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid , as well as left leaning influences . Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa , Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period , remaining a basically rural economy . Republic and military uprising . In 1932 , a Basque Countrys separate statute failed to take off over disagreements on the centrality of Catholicism , a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the 2nd Spanish Republic ( 1931 – 1939 ) . Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933 , leaving the latter eager for revenge . The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence , ideologues such as Víctor Pradera , and an understanding with General Mola paved the way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona ( 18 July 1936 ) . The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive ( reds ) , mildly republican , or just inconvenient . The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks , and counted on the active complicity of the clergy , who adopted the fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks . The killing took a death toll of at least 2,857 , plus a further 305 dying in prisons ( ill-treatment , malnutrition ) . The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas ( Urbasa , etc. ) . Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent , e.g . Fortunato Aguirre , a Basque nationalist and mayor of Estella ( and co-founder of Osasuna Football Club ) , was executed in September 1936 . Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors . Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the War in the North . Post-war scene . As a reward for its support in the Spanish Civil War ( Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising ) , Franco allowed Navarre , as it happened with Álava , to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of the ancient Navarrese liberties . The bleak post-war years were shaken by shortage , famine , and smuggling , with the economy relying on agriculture ( wheat , vineyards , olive , barley ) , and a negative migration balance . The victors came to cluster around two main factions , Carlists and Falangists , while the totalitarian ultra-Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group , the Opus Dei , to found their University of Navarre ( 1952 ) , ever more influential in Pamplona . The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s ( automobile manufacturing and accessories , etc. ) , especially around the overgrown capital . It was followed by labour and political unrest . In the run-up to Spanish democracy ( Constitution ratified in 1978 ) , Navarre plunged into a climate of violence practised by ETA , state-sponsored paramilitary groups and police forces , extending through the 1980s and beyond . Tension during the Spanish transition . Officials and figures with good connections to the Navarrese regional government went on to join Adolfo Suárez’s UCD , later splitting into the party UPN led by Jesús Aizpún Tuero ( 1979 ) , refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre’s charters ( or fueros ) remained in place . They also refused to join the Basque process to become an autonomous community , where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held a majority . A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment ( “Amejoramiento” ) , a Navarre-only solution considered ‘an upgrade’ of its former status issued from the ( remains of the ) charters . In a 3-year span , the Spanish Socialists in Navarre veered in their position , quit the Basque process , and joined the arrangement adopted for Navarre ( Chartered Community of Navarre , 1982 ) . The reform was not ratified by referendum , as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces . Politics . Institutions and status . After the end of Francos dictatorship , Navarre became one of the 17 Autonomous Communities in Spain . The community ceremonies , education , and social services , together with housing , urban development , and environment protection policies are under the responsibility of Navarres political institutions . As in the rest of communities , Navarre has a Parliament elected every four years , and the majority in this Parliament determines the president of the Community , who is in charge of Navarres government . Unlike most other autonomous communities of Spain ( but like the Basque Autonomous Community ) , Navarre has almost full responsibility for collecting and administering taxes which must follow the overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences . The first 3 presidents of the community belonged to the extinct Union of the Democratic Centre ( UCD ) party . After 1984 the government was ruled by either the Socialist Party of Navarre ( PSN – PSOE , one of the federative components of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party , main centre-left wing party in Spain ) or the Navarrese Peoples Union ( UPN ) ( a Navarrese party that had a long alliance with the Peoples Party ( PP ) , main right-wing party in Spain ) . However , in 2015 Uxue Barkos ( Geroa Bai ) became president with the support of EH Bildu , Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra . She is the first Basque nationalist president in Navarre . Basque nationalist parties also represent a sizeable part of the vote ( around 31% in the 2015 elections ) , and a majority in most of the northern areas . Basque nationalist parties have as a key point in their agendas to merge Navarre into the Basque Autonomous Community by referendum ( as predicted in the Spanish constitution ) . All Spain-based parties , as well as UPN and PSN , oppose this move . Present-day political dynamics . Politics in Navarre has been marked by fierce rivalry between two blocks representing different national identities that are part of Navarre society : Basque nationalist EH Bildu and pro-Basque Geroa Bai parties , on the one side , and the institutional pro-Spanish parties , UPN , PP and PSN on the other . Parties on the pro-Basque spectrum demand further sovereignty in internal affairs of Navarre and closer relationship with the districts of the Basque Autonomous Community . In the past , pro-Basque parties were excluded from key political posts and institutions . Another 2013-2014 controversy refers to the alleged ideological profiling of public school Basque language teachers , billed as ETA supporting teachers . Since the establishment of Navarres present status ( the Amejoramiento , the Betterment ) in 1982 , the successive regional governments ruled by UPN and PSN have been shaken by frequent political instability and corruption scandals , with UPNs Miguel Sanzs term being the most stable and longest , extending from 2001 to 2011 . Between 2012 and 2014 , a series of corruption scandals broke out involving regional president Yolanda Barcina and other regional government officials that included influence peddling , embezzlement , misappropriation of funds and mismanagement leading to the bankruptcy of Caja Navarra . By November 2012 , the PSN—UPNs standing ally in Navarre up to that point—backed down on its support of UPN , but refused to impeach Yolanda Barcina or search new political alliances , leaving a deadlocked government . The regional president , widely questioned in Navarre as of 2012 and relying only on the PP central governments backup , went on to urge the Constitutional Court to challenge several decisions made by the Parliament of Navarre . After the latest scandal and corruption allegations affecting a secretary of her cabinet ( Lourdes Goicoechea , regional public finance secretary ) in February 2014 , the Spanish home office secretary Jorge Fernández Díaz stepped in warning leading members of PSN that Navarre is strategic for Spain , and asserting that any other political alliance means supporting ETA . The Justice secretary in Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardón in turn stated that the worst political error is not corruption but getting along with Bildu ( a Basque pro-independence coalition ) . In May 2015 , the elections for Navarre Parliament left a better result for pro-Basque parties , which managed to establish an alliance , Uxue Barkos from Geroa Bai being elected president of Navarre for the period 2015 – 2019 . June 2019 elections , however , turned the tide , when rightist forces reunited in the platform Navarra Suma , made up of UPN , PP and Ciudadanos , and garnered 20 MPs , 40% of the seats in the Parliament of Navarre , although both Geroa Bai and EH Bildu increased their vote share . Following the election results , PSNs María Chivite was elected president with the support provided by progressive forces , handing over Pamplonas council to Navarra Suma and explicitly excluding EH Bildu from any talks or alliances , but relying on its abstention for her inauguration . In December 2017 , the Navarrese parliament passed a law splitting teachers aspiring to work in the state-run education network into two different professional categories , one for those qualified in Basque and Spanish , and another for Spanish monolinguals , so thwarting with the vote of Izquierda-Ezkerra ( integrated in the regional government ) the new progressive governments plan to have just one ; the latter echoes a long-running demand of education unions . In July 2018 , the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the Far Rights and Civil Servants Victims Act passed by the Parliament of Navarre in 2015 . Three months later , the Chief Executive Officer of the National Police in Navarre stepped down for the disclosure of a fake Twitter account he owned that praised Antonio Tejero , as well as Vox leader Santiago Abascal as a new Jose Antonio , also insulting a number of Catalan and Basque nationalist and leftist figures . In October 2019 , the High Court of Navarre ruled against the public use of bilingual signalling and institutional announcements in Mixed-Speaking and Non-Basque Speaking areas , also proscribing the consideration of Basque as a merit in job positions , unless strictly needed ; the judgement sparked an uproar among some parties in the coalition government of Navarre , as well as EH Bildu , but was saluted by the PSN and Navarra Suma . Geography and climate . Navarre consists of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601,874 ( 2006 ) , of whom approximately one-third live in the capital , Pamplona ( 195,769 pop. ) , and one-half in the capitals metropolitan area ( 315,988 pop. ) . There are no other large municipalities in the region . The next largest are Tudela ( 32,802 ) , Barañain ( 22,401 ) , Burlada/Burlata ( 18,388 ) , Estella-Lizarra ( 13,892 ) , Zizur Mayor ( 13,197 ) , Tafalla ( 11,040 ) , Villava/Atarrabia ( 10,295 ) , and Ansoáin/Antsoain ( 9,952 ) . Despite its relatively small size , Navarre features stark contrasts in geography , from the Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south . The highest point in Navarre is Mesa de los Tres Reyes , with an elevation of 2,428 metres ( 7,965 feet ) . Other important mountains are Txamantxoia , Kartxela , the Larra-Belagua Massif , Sierra de Alaiz , Untzueko Harria , Sierra de Leyre , Sierra del Perdón , Montejurra , Ezkaba , Monte Ori , Sierra de Codés , Urbasa , Andia , and the Aralar Range . In the north , climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean leading an Oceanic west coast climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) . Since the northernmost part of Navarre is less than from the Bay of Biscay , the northern fringes resemble San Sebastián . At central Navarre the summer precipitations start to lower , leading to a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa and Csb ) At the southernmost part of Navarre the climate is cool semi-arid ( Köppen : Bsk ) . This is also at a comparatively low elevation compared to most of the north , further pontentiating the hot summers in comparison to Pamplona and even more so the northern hilly and mountainous region . The sole official weather station of Navarre is located in Pamplona in its north-western corner and has summer highs of and lows of , while winter highs are and lows with moderate precipitation year-round . Cultural heritage . Navarre is a mixture of its Basque tradition , the Trans-Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro . The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat , vegetables , wine , and even olive trees as in Aragon and La Rioja . It was a part of the Roman Empire , inhabited by the Vascones , later controlled on its southern fringes by the Muslims Banu Qasi , whose authority was taken over by the taifa kingdom of Tudela in the 11th century . During the Reconquista , Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims , since its southern boundary had already been established by the time of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 . Starting in the 11th century , the Way of Saint James grew in importance . It brought pilgrims , traders and Christian soldiers from the North . Gascons and Occitanians from beyond the Pyrenees ( called Franks ) received self-government and other privileges to foster settlement in Navarrese towns , and they brought their crafts , culture and Romance languages . Jews and Muslims were persecuted both north and south of Navarre , expelled for the most part during the late 15th century to the early 16th century . The kingdom struggled to maintain its separate identity in 14th and 15th centuries , and after King Ferdinand V forcibly conquered Navarre after the death of his wife Queen Isabella , he extended the Castilian expulsion and forcible integration orders applicable to and of 1492 to the former kingdom . Therefore , Tudela in particular could no longer serve as a refuge after the Inquisitors were allowed . Economy . Navarre is one of the richest regions in Spain , with an economy heavily focused on the energy sector and healthcare services . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the autonomous community was 20.3 billion euros in 2018 , accounting for 1.7% of Spanish economic output . GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year . The GDP per employee was 109% of the EU average . The unemployment rate stood at 10.2% in 2017 and was the lowest in the country . Energy policy . Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology and was planning to reach 100% renewable electricity generation by 2010 . By 2004 , 61% of the regions electricity was generated by renewable sources consisting of 43.6% from 28 wind farms , 12% from over 100 small-scale water turbines , and 5.3% from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants . In addition , the region had what was then Spains largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela ( 1.2 MWp capacity ) plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations . Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrión ( 0.25 MWp ) and another at Castejón ( 2.44 MWp ) , also once the largest in Spain . Languages . Presently , Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community , except for north-eastern areas , where Basque continues to be the prevailing language . According to official statistics , Spanish is the mother tongue of 81.9% of the population , Basque is 5.7% of the populations mother tongue , and 3.8% of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6.1% of the population have another language as their mother tongue . Language shift . The number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately , after a steady historic retreat . In 2011 , 13.6% of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14.5% considered themselves semi-speakers of Basque . Historically , Basque is the lingua navarrorum , as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages , such as a document by the king Sancho the Wise . The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque-speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas . In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the kings authority , the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626 : José Moret , chronicler of the kingdom , called Navarre and its bordering provinces the lands of Basque , claiming also that Tubal founded the Kingdom of Navarre . However , Basque underwent a gradual erosion , accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites , among other reasons . By 1778 , 121,000 inhabitants out of 227.000 were Basque speakers , 53% of its population , still the largest amount of Basque speakers across all Basque territories . However , the number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century . In 1936 , Basque speakers accounted for a 17% of the total Navarrese population . Other languages have been spoken , but have disappeared , such as Navarro-Aragonese , a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the Ebro basin . Starting in the late 11th century , the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas ( Francs ) who settled in separate boroughs along the Way of Saint James rendered Occitan the status language of the kingdom up to early-14th century . Navarro-Aragonese became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329 , when it reached official status . However , from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian ( Spanish ) and eventually merged with it . Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are Erromintxela , French , Hebrew , and Arabic . Linguistic division of the territory and legal consequences . According to the 1978 Spanish constitution and the , a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make-up of the chartered community of Navarre , Spanish is the official language of Navarre , while the Basque language is also the official language in Basque-Speaking areas . Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language , the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as a specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage . - Basque-Speaking Zone : , , Alsasua , , , , Arano , , Arbizu , Areso , , , Arruazu , , , Baztán , , , Betelu , Burguete , , , , , Elgorriaga , , , Erro , Esteríbar , , , Garralda , , , , Irañeta , Ituren , Iturmendi , Lacunza , Lantz , , , Lesaca , , , , Orbara , Roncesvalles , Saldías , , , Ulzama , Urdax , , , Valcarlos , Vera de Bidasoa , , , Zubieta y Zugarramurdi . Later , two more municipalities would be added that came from the Basque-Speaking Zones : and . - Mixed-Speaking Zone : Abárzuza , Ansoáin , Aoiz , , Atez , Barañáin , Burgui , Burlada , Ciriza , Cendea de Cizur , Echarri , Echauri , Valle de Egüés , Ezcároz , Esparza de Salazar , Estella , Ezcabarte , Garde , Goñi , , Guesálaz , Huarte , Isaba , , , Jaurrieta , Juslapeña , Lezáu , Lizoáin , Ochagavía , Odieta , Oláibar , Olza , , Oronz , Oroz-Betelu , Pamplona , Puente la Reina , Roncal , , , Urzainqui , , Vidángoz , Vidaurreta , Villava , Yerri , Zabalza y Zizur Mayor . As a consequence of the constitution of new municipalities , other municipalities would be added : Berrioplano , Berriozar , Orcoyen y Zizur Mayor . Moreover , in 2010 a legal modification granted four municipalities of Cuenca de Pamplona the power of incorporating into the Mixed-Speaking Zone if the absolute majority decided to be incorporated into the Mixed-Speaking Zone . Aranguren , Belascoáin y Galar decided to be incorporated into the Mixed-Speaking Zone while Noáin decided to remain in the Basque-Speaking Zone . One modification to the law implemented in June 2017 allowed municipalities from the Non-Basque Speaking Zone to become a part of the mixed zone 44 ( Abáigar , , Aibar , Allín , Améscoa Baja , Ancín , Añorbe , Aranarache , Arellano , Artazu , Bargota , Beriáin , Biurrun-Olcoz , Cabredo , Dicastillo , Enériz , Eulate , , Garínoain , Izagaondoa , Larraona , Leoz , Lerga , , Mendigorría , Metauten , Mirafuentes , Murieta , , Obanos , Olite , Oteiza , Pueyo , Sangüesa , Tafalla , , Tirapu , Unzué , Ujué , Urraúl Bajo , , Villatuerta , Cirauqui y Zúñiga ) and for Atez to pass from the Mixed-Speaking Zone to the Basque-Speaking Zone . - Non-Basque-speaking Zone : This zone is composed of the remaining municipalities that are located predominantly towards the Southeast of the foral community where the Basque language is not commonly spoken by the population . However , more people have been speaking Basque in these communities and in present day , there are municipalities in which 10% of their inhabitants are bilingual or semi-bilingual in Basque and Spanish such as in Tafalla , Sangüesa y Lumbier . In comparison , in Tafalla or Sanguesas population those that speak or understand Basque well are 5% of the population or 10% en Lumbier . In other localities with ikastolas such as in , Lodosa y Viana the bilingual population is around 2% and 8% , while those that speak or understand Basque well are 1% in , 2% in Lodosa and 5% in Viana . Since 2006-2007 the schools that teach Basque in the Non-Basque Speaking Zone are assisted by the Department of Education of the government of Navarre . Denomination of local entities . The official denomination of Navarran municipalities and villages are regulated according to the Foral Basque Law . It distinguishes three different types of formulas : - Unique denominations : the use of Basque in legal documents is the same when compared with Spanish independently . Examples : Lantz or Beintza-Labaien . - Compounded denominations : They have a unique denomination formula formed from the Spanish and Basque toponyms in Spanish or Basque and are united by the symbol / . Its use ( the compounded denomination ) is the same in Spanish as in Basque . Examples : Auritz/Burguete , Roncesvalles/Orreaga , Luzaide/Valcarlos or Doneztebe/Santesteban . - Double denominations : The toponym , in Basque or Spanish is dependent on the language and how it is used in the text . Examples : Pamplona<>Iruña , Villava<>Atarrabia , Aibar<>Oibar . Basque dialects in Navarre . Basque in Navarre has various dialects ( there are nine according to the classification of the General Basque Dictionary or the ) . According to the most recent classification of , the most widespread dialect is Upper Navarrese , spoken in the northern part of Navarre . In localities such as Basaburua Mayor , Imoz and other border localities with Gipuzkoa , the dialect of Central Basque is spoken and in the central part of the Pyrenees in Navarre a variety of Navarro-Lapurdian is spoken . On the east of the Pyrenees in Navarre , Basque used to be spoken in the valleys of y Salazar , but it disappeared near the end of the twentieth century ; the last person who spoke it in Roncal died in 1991 and in Salazar the language also disappeared because the last person who spoke it fluently died during the first years of the twenty-first century . Apart from dialects , sub-dialects from Basque also exist and there are also differences in vocabulary in local linguistic communities . Linguistic traits of the Spanish spoken in Navarre . There are a number of features of Spanish as spoken in Navarre that are either exclusive to the area or shared only with neighbouring areas ( mainly Aragón and La Rioja ) , such as the predominance of the diminutive with -ico or the use of the conditional verb tense in place of the preterite of the subjunctive ( for example , using podría instead of pudiera ) . There are also differences in the vocabulary of Spanish speakers from Navarre , including the presence of words of Basque origin , which is in some cases due to a , or long-standing contact and commercial exchanges with areas of Navarre in which Basque is spoken .
|
[
"María Chivite"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Navarre from Aug 2019 to Aug 2020?
|
/wiki/Navarre#P6#2
|
Navarre Navarre ( ; ; ; ) , officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( ; ) , is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain , bordering the Basque Autonomous Community , La Rioja , and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France . The capital city is Pamplona ( or Iruñea in Basque ) . The best-known event in Navarre is the San Fermín festival in July held in Pamplona . It corresponds to the southern portion of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre . Navarre is in the transition between Green Spain and semi-arid interior areas , causing a vast difference of landscapes between various parts of the region . The transition also renders a highly variable climate , with cooler spells and heat waves mixing in summer . Winters are mild for the latitude . Navarre is one of the historic Basque districts , with its Basque features conspicuous in the north , while virtually absent on the southern fringes . Etymology . The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra , Nafarroa , or Naparroa is a reference to navarros , in Eginhards early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne . Other Royal Frankish Annals feature . There are two proposed etymologies for the name . - Basque nabar ( declined absolute singular nabarra ) : brownish , multicolour ( i . e . in contrast to the green mountainous lands north of the original County of Navarre ) . - Basque naba ( or Spanish nava ) : valley , plain + Basque herri ( people , land ) . The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate , rather than Basque per se . History . Antiquity . Before and during the Roman Empire , the Vascones populated the southern slopes of the Pyrenees , including the area which would ultimately become Navarre . In the mountainous north , the Vascones escaped large-scale Roman settlement , except for some coastal areas—for example Oiasso ( in what is now Gipuzkoa ) —and the flatter areas to the south , Calagurris ( in what is now La Rioja ) , which were amenable to large-scale Roman farming—vineyards , olives , and wheat crops . There is no evidence of battles fought or general hostility between Romans and Basques , as they had the same enemies . Kingdom of Navarre . Neither the Visigoths nor the Franks ever completely subjugated the area . The Vascones ( to become the Basques ) assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD . In the year 778 , the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass . Following the Battle of Roncevaux Pass ( 824 ) , the Basque chieftain Iñigo Arista was elected King of Pamplona supported by the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela , establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre . That kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Sancho III , comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees , and even a short overlordship of Gascony ( in the early 11th century ) . When Sancho III died in 1035 , the kingdom was divided between his sons . It never fully recovered its political power , while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims ( the Francs ) poured into the kingdom via the Way of Saint James . In 1200 , Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile , leaving the kingdom landlocked . Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the Almohads . The native line of kings came to an end in 1234 ; their heirs intermarried with French dynasties . However , the Navarrese kept most of their strong laws and institutions . The death of Queen Blanche I ( 1441 ) inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian-Aragonese House of Trastámara in Navarres internal affairs . In 1512 , Navarre was invaded by Ferdinand the Catholics troops , with Queen Catherine and King John III withdrawing to the north of the Pyrenees , and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre-Béarn , led by Queen Joan III as of 1555 . To the south of the Pyrenees , Navarre was annexed to the Crown of Castile in 1515 , but kept a separate ambiguous status , and a shaky balance up to 1610—King Henry III ready to march over Spanish Navarre . A Chartered Government was established ( the Diputación ) , and the kingdom managed to keep home rule . Tensions with the Spanish government came to a head as of 1794 , when Spanish premier Manuel Godoy attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self-government altogether , with the end of the First Carlist War ( 1839 – 1841 ) definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule ( fueros ) to an end . Province of Spain . Loss of home rule . After the 1839 Convention of Bergara , a reduced version of home rule ( fueros ) was passed in 1839 . However , the 1841 Act for the Modification of Fueros ( later called the Compromise Act , Ley Paccionada ) definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre . The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted the collapse of Navarres customary cross-Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling . Amid instability in Spain , Carlists took over in Navarre and the rest of the Basque provinces . An actual Basque state was established during the Third Carlist War with Estella as its capital ( 1872 – 1876 ) , but King Alfonso XIIs restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter-attack prompted the Carlist defeat . The end of the Third Carlist War saw a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation directly affecting Navarre . In 1893 – 1894 the Gamazada popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrids governmental decisions breaching the 1841 chartered provisions . Except for a small faction ( the so-called Alfonsinos ) , all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within the Laurak Bat , the Basque districts in Spain . Among these , the Carlists stood out , who politically dominated the province , and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid , as well as left leaning influences . Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa , Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period , remaining a basically rural economy . Republic and military uprising . In 1932 , a Basque Countrys separate statute failed to take off over disagreements on the centrality of Catholicism , a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the 2nd Spanish Republic ( 1931 – 1939 ) . Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933 , leaving the latter eager for revenge . The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence , ideologues such as Víctor Pradera , and an understanding with General Mola paved the way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona ( 18 July 1936 ) . The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive ( reds ) , mildly republican , or just inconvenient . The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks , and counted on the active complicity of the clergy , who adopted the fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks . The killing took a death toll of at least 2,857 , plus a further 305 dying in prisons ( ill-treatment , malnutrition ) . The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas ( Urbasa , etc. ) . Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent , e.g . Fortunato Aguirre , a Basque nationalist and mayor of Estella ( and co-founder of Osasuna Football Club ) , was executed in September 1936 . Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors . Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the War in the North . Post-war scene . As a reward for its support in the Spanish Civil War ( Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising ) , Franco allowed Navarre , as it happened with Álava , to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of the ancient Navarrese liberties . The bleak post-war years were shaken by shortage , famine , and smuggling , with the economy relying on agriculture ( wheat , vineyards , olive , barley ) , and a negative migration balance . The victors came to cluster around two main factions , Carlists and Falangists , while the totalitarian ultra-Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group , the Opus Dei , to found their University of Navarre ( 1952 ) , ever more influential in Pamplona . The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s ( automobile manufacturing and accessories , etc. ) , especially around the overgrown capital . It was followed by labour and political unrest . In the run-up to Spanish democracy ( Constitution ratified in 1978 ) , Navarre plunged into a climate of violence practised by ETA , state-sponsored paramilitary groups and police forces , extending through the 1980s and beyond . Tension during the Spanish transition . Officials and figures with good connections to the Navarrese regional government went on to join Adolfo Suárez’s UCD , later splitting into the party UPN led by Jesús Aizpún Tuero ( 1979 ) , refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre’s charters ( or fueros ) remained in place . They also refused to join the Basque process to become an autonomous community , where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held a majority . A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment ( “Amejoramiento” ) , a Navarre-only solution considered ‘an upgrade’ of its former status issued from the ( remains of the ) charters . In a 3-year span , the Spanish Socialists in Navarre veered in their position , quit the Basque process , and joined the arrangement adopted for Navarre ( Chartered Community of Navarre , 1982 ) . The reform was not ratified by referendum , as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces . Politics . Institutions and status . After the end of Francos dictatorship , Navarre became one of the 17 Autonomous Communities in Spain . The community ceremonies , education , and social services , together with housing , urban development , and environment protection policies are under the responsibility of Navarres political institutions . As in the rest of communities , Navarre has a Parliament elected every four years , and the majority in this Parliament determines the president of the Community , who is in charge of Navarres government . Unlike most other autonomous communities of Spain ( but like the Basque Autonomous Community ) , Navarre has almost full responsibility for collecting and administering taxes which must follow the overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences . The first 3 presidents of the community belonged to the extinct Union of the Democratic Centre ( UCD ) party . After 1984 the government was ruled by either the Socialist Party of Navarre ( PSN – PSOE , one of the federative components of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party , main centre-left wing party in Spain ) or the Navarrese Peoples Union ( UPN ) ( a Navarrese party that had a long alliance with the Peoples Party ( PP ) , main right-wing party in Spain ) . However , in 2015 Uxue Barkos ( Geroa Bai ) became president with the support of EH Bildu , Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra . She is the first Basque nationalist president in Navarre . Basque nationalist parties also represent a sizeable part of the vote ( around 31% in the 2015 elections ) , and a majority in most of the northern areas . Basque nationalist parties have as a key point in their agendas to merge Navarre into the Basque Autonomous Community by referendum ( as predicted in the Spanish constitution ) . All Spain-based parties , as well as UPN and PSN , oppose this move . Present-day political dynamics . Politics in Navarre has been marked by fierce rivalry between two blocks representing different national identities that are part of Navarre society : Basque nationalist EH Bildu and pro-Basque Geroa Bai parties , on the one side , and the institutional pro-Spanish parties , UPN , PP and PSN on the other . Parties on the pro-Basque spectrum demand further sovereignty in internal affairs of Navarre and closer relationship with the districts of the Basque Autonomous Community . In the past , pro-Basque parties were excluded from key political posts and institutions . Another 2013-2014 controversy refers to the alleged ideological profiling of public school Basque language teachers , billed as ETA supporting teachers . Since the establishment of Navarres present status ( the Amejoramiento , the Betterment ) in 1982 , the successive regional governments ruled by UPN and PSN have been shaken by frequent political instability and corruption scandals , with UPNs Miguel Sanzs term being the most stable and longest , extending from 2001 to 2011 . Between 2012 and 2014 , a series of corruption scandals broke out involving regional president Yolanda Barcina and other regional government officials that included influence peddling , embezzlement , misappropriation of funds and mismanagement leading to the bankruptcy of Caja Navarra . By November 2012 , the PSN—UPNs standing ally in Navarre up to that point—backed down on its support of UPN , but refused to impeach Yolanda Barcina or search new political alliances , leaving a deadlocked government . The regional president , widely questioned in Navarre as of 2012 and relying only on the PP central governments backup , went on to urge the Constitutional Court to challenge several decisions made by the Parliament of Navarre . After the latest scandal and corruption allegations affecting a secretary of her cabinet ( Lourdes Goicoechea , regional public finance secretary ) in February 2014 , the Spanish home office secretary Jorge Fernández Díaz stepped in warning leading members of PSN that Navarre is strategic for Spain , and asserting that any other political alliance means supporting ETA . The Justice secretary in Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardón in turn stated that the worst political error is not corruption but getting along with Bildu ( a Basque pro-independence coalition ) . In May 2015 , the elections for Navarre Parliament left a better result for pro-Basque parties , which managed to establish an alliance , Uxue Barkos from Geroa Bai being elected president of Navarre for the period 2015 – 2019 . June 2019 elections , however , turned the tide , when rightist forces reunited in the platform Navarra Suma , made up of UPN , PP and Ciudadanos , and garnered 20 MPs , 40% of the seats in the Parliament of Navarre , although both Geroa Bai and EH Bildu increased their vote share . Following the election results , PSNs María Chivite was elected president with the support provided by progressive forces , handing over Pamplonas council to Navarra Suma and explicitly excluding EH Bildu from any talks or alliances , but relying on its abstention for her inauguration . In December 2017 , the Navarrese parliament passed a law splitting teachers aspiring to work in the state-run education network into two different professional categories , one for those qualified in Basque and Spanish , and another for Spanish monolinguals , so thwarting with the vote of Izquierda-Ezkerra ( integrated in the regional government ) the new progressive governments plan to have just one ; the latter echoes a long-running demand of education unions . In July 2018 , the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the Far Rights and Civil Servants Victims Act passed by the Parliament of Navarre in 2015 . Three months later , the Chief Executive Officer of the National Police in Navarre stepped down for the disclosure of a fake Twitter account he owned that praised Antonio Tejero , as well as Vox leader Santiago Abascal as a new Jose Antonio , also insulting a number of Catalan and Basque nationalist and leftist figures . In October 2019 , the High Court of Navarre ruled against the public use of bilingual signalling and institutional announcements in Mixed-Speaking and Non-Basque Speaking areas , also proscribing the consideration of Basque as a merit in job positions , unless strictly needed ; the judgement sparked an uproar among some parties in the coalition government of Navarre , as well as EH Bildu , but was saluted by the PSN and Navarra Suma . Geography and climate . Navarre consists of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601,874 ( 2006 ) , of whom approximately one-third live in the capital , Pamplona ( 195,769 pop. ) , and one-half in the capitals metropolitan area ( 315,988 pop. ) . There are no other large municipalities in the region . The next largest are Tudela ( 32,802 ) , Barañain ( 22,401 ) , Burlada/Burlata ( 18,388 ) , Estella-Lizarra ( 13,892 ) , Zizur Mayor ( 13,197 ) , Tafalla ( 11,040 ) , Villava/Atarrabia ( 10,295 ) , and Ansoáin/Antsoain ( 9,952 ) . Despite its relatively small size , Navarre features stark contrasts in geography , from the Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south . The highest point in Navarre is Mesa de los Tres Reyes , with an elevation of 2,428 metres ( 7,965 feet ) . Other important mountains are Txamantxoia , Kartxela , the Larra-Belagua Massif , Sierra de Alaiz , Untzueko Harria , Sierra de Leyre , Sierra del Perdón , Montejurra , Ezkaba , Monte Ori , Sierra de Codés , Urbasa , Andia , and the Aralar Range . In the north , climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean leading an Oceanic west coast climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) . Since the northernmost part of Navarre is less than from the Bay of Biscay , the northern fringes resemble San Sebastián . At central Navarre the summer precipitations start to lower , leading to a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa and Csb ) At the southernmost part of Navarre the climate is cool semi-arid ( Köppen : Bsk ) . This is also at a comparatively low elevation compared to most of the north , further pontentiating the hot summers in comparison to Pamplona and even more so the northern hilly and mountainous region . The sole official weather station of Navarre is located in Pamplona in its north-western corner and has summer highs of and lows of , while winter highs are and lows with moderate precipitation year-round . Cultural heritage . Navarre is a mixture of its Basque tradition , the Trans-Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro . The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat , vegetables , wine , and even olive trees as in Aragon and La Rioja . It was a part of the Roman Empire , inhabited by the Vascones , later controlled on its southern fringes by the Muslims Banu Qasi , whose authority was taken over by the taifa kingdom of Tudela in the 11th century . During the Reconquista , Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims , since its southern boundary had already been established by the time of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 . Starting in the 11th century , the Way of Saint James grew in importance . It brought pilgrims , traders and Christian soldiers from the North . Gascons and Occitanians from beyond the Pyrenees ( called Franks ) received self-government and other privileges to foster settlement in Navarrese towns , and they brought their crafts , culture and Romance languages . Jews and Muslims were persecuted both north and south of Navarre , expelled for the most part during the late 15th century to the early 16th century . The kingdom struggled to maintain its separate identity in 14th and 15th centuries , and after King Ferdinand V forcibly conquered Navarre after the death of his wife Queen Isabella , he extended the Castilian expulsion and forcible integration orders applicable to and of 1492 to the former kingdom . Therefore , Tudela in particular could no longer serve as a refuge after the Inquisitors were allowed . Economy . Navarre is one of the richest regions in Spain , with an economy heavily focused on the energy sector and healthcare services . The gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the autonomous community was 20.3 billion euros in 2018 , accounting for 1.7% of Spanish economic output . GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year . The GDP per employee was 109% of the EU average . The unemployment rate stood at 10.2% in 2017 and was the lowest in the country . Energy policy . Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology and was planning to reach 100% renewable electricity generation by 2010 . By 2004 , 61% of the regions electricity was generated by renewable sources consisting of 43.6% from 28 wind farms , 12% from over 100 small-scale water turbines , and 5.3% from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants . In addition , the region had what was then Spains largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela ( 1.2 MWp capacity ) plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations . Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrión ( 0.25 MWp ) and another at Castejón ( 2.44 MWp ) , also once the largest in Spain . Languages . Presently , Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community , except for north-eastern areas , where Basque continues to be the prevailing language . According to official statistics , Spanish is the mother tongue of 81.9% of the population , Basque is 5.7% of the populations mother tongue , and 3.8% of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6.1% of the population have another language as their mother tongue . Language shift . The number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately , after a steady historic retreat . In 2011 , 13.6% of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14.5% considered themselves semi-speakers of Basque . Historically , Basque is the lingua navarrorum , as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages , such as a document by the king Sancho the Wise . The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque-speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas . In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the kings authority , the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626 : José Moret , chronicler of the kingdom , called Navarre and its bordering provinces the lands of Basque , claiming also that Tubal founded the Kingdom of Navarre . However , Basque underwent a gradual erosion , accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites , among other reasons . By 1778 , 121,000 inhabitants out of 227.000 were Basque speakers , 53% of its population , still the largest amount of Basque speakers across all Basque territories . However , the number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century . In 1936 , Basque speakers accounted for a 17% of the total Navarrese population . Other languages have been spoken , but have disappeared , such as Navarro-Aragonese , a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the Ebro basin . Starting in the late 11th century , the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas ( Francs ) who settled in separate boroughs along the Way of Saint James rendered Occitan the status language of the kingdom up to early-14th century . Navarro-Aragonese became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329 , when it reached official status . However , from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian ( Spanish ) and eventually merged with it . Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are Erromintxela , French , Hebrew , and Arabic . Linguistic division of the territory and legal consequences . According to the 1978 Spanish constitution and the , a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make-up of the chartered community of Navarre , Spanish is the official language of Navarre , while the Basque language is also the official language in Basque-Speaking areas . Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language , the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as a specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage . - Basque-Speaking Zone : , , Alsasua , , , , Arano , , Arbizu , Areso , , , Arruazu , , , Baztán , , , Betelu , Burguete , , , , , Elgorriaga , , , Erro , Esteríbar , , , Garralda , , , , Irañeta , Ituren , Iturmendi , Lacunza , Lantz , , , Lesaca , , , , Orbara , Roncesvalles , Saldías , , , Ulzama , Urdax , , , Valcarlos , Vera de Bidasoa , , , Zubieta y Zugarramurdi . Later , two more municipalities would be added that came from the Basque-Speaking Zones : and . - Mixed-Speaking Zone : Abárzuza , Ansoáin , Aoiz , , Atez , Barañáin , Burgui , Burlada , Ciriza , Cendea de Cizur , Echarri , Echauri , Valle de Egüés , Ezcároz , Esparza de Salazar , Estella , Ezcabarte , Garde , Goñi , , Guesálaz , Huarte , Isaba , , , Jaurrieta , Juslapeña , Lezáu , Lizoáin , Ochagavía , Odieta , Oláibar , Olza , , Oronz , Oroz-Betelu , Pamplona , Puente la Reina , Roncal , , , Urzainqui , , Vidángoz , Vidaurreta , Villava , Yerri , Zabalza y Zizur Mayor . As a consequence of the constitution of new municipalities , other municipalities would be added : Berrioplano , Berriozar , Orcoyen y Zizur Mayor . Moreover , in 2010 a legal modification granted four municipalities of Cuenca de Pamplona the power of incorporating into the Mixed-Speaking Zone if the absolute majority decided to be incorporated into the Mixed-Speaking Zone . Aranguren , Belascoáin y Galar decided to be incorporated into the Mixed-Speaking Zone while Noáin decided to remain in the Basque-Speaking Zone . One modification to the law implemented in June 2017 allowed municipalities from the Non-Basque Speaking Zone to become a part of the mixed zone 44 ( Abáigar , , Aibar , Allín , Améscoa Baja , Ancín , Añorbe , Aranarache , Arellano , Artazu , Bargota , Beriáin , Biurrun-Olcoz , Cabredo , Dicastillo , Enériz , Eulate , , Garínoain , Izagaondoa , Larraona , Leoz , Lerga , , Mendigorría , Metauten , Mirafuentes , Murieta , , Obanos , Olite , Oteiza , Pueyo , Sangüesa , Tafalla , , Tirapu , Unzué , Ujué , Urraúl Bajo , , Villatuerta , Cirauqui y Zúñiga ) and for Atez to pass from the Mixed-Speaking Zone to the Basque-Speaking Zone . - Non-Basque-speaking Zone : This zone is composed of the remaining municipalities that are located predominantly towards the Southeast of the foral community where the Basque language is not commonly spoken by the population . However , more people have been speaking Basque in these communities and in present day , there are municipalities in which 10% of their inhabitants are bilingual or semi-bilingual in Basque and Spanish such as in Tafalla , Sangüesa y Lumbier . In comparison , in Tafalla or Sanguesas population those that speak or understand Basque well are 5% of the population or 10% en Lumbier . In other localities with ikastolas such as in , Lodosa y Viana the bilingual population is around 2% and 8% , while those that speak or understand Basque well are 1% in , 2% in Lodosa and 5% in Viana . Since 2006-2007 the schools that teach Basque in the Non-Basque Speaking Zone are assisted by the Department of Education of the government of Navarre . Denomination of local entities . The official denomination of Navarran municipalities and villages are regulated according to the Foral Basque Law . It distinguishes three different types of formulas : - Unique denominations : the use of Basque in legal documents is the same when compared with Spanish independently . Examples : Lantz or Beintza-Labaien . - Compounded denominations : They have a unique denomination formula formed from the Spanish and Basque toponyms in Spanish or Basque and are united by the symbol / . Its use ( the compounded denomination ) is the same in Spanish as in Basque . Examples : Auritz/Burguete , Roncesvalles/Orreaga , Luzaide/Valcarlos or Doneztebe/Santesteban . - Double denominations : The toponym , in Basque or Spanish is dependent on the language and how it is used in the text . Examples : Pamplona<>Iruña , Villava<>Atarrabia , Aibar<>Oibar . Basque dialects in Navarre . Basque in Navarre has various dialects ( there are nine according to the classification of the General Basque Dictionary or the ) . According to the most recent classification of , the most widespread dialect is Upper Navarrese , spoken in the northern part of Navarre . In localities such as Basaburua Mayor , Imoz and other border localities with Gipuzkoa , the dialect of Central Basque is spoken and in the central part of the Pyrenees in Navarre a variety of Navarro-Lapurdian is spoken . On the east of the Pyrenees in Navarre , Basque used to be spoken in the valleys of y Salazar , but it disappeared near the end of the twentieth century ; the last person who spoke it in Roncal died in 1991 and in Salazar the language also disappeared because the last person who spoke it fluently died during the first years of the twenty-first century . Apart from dialects , sub-dialects from Basque also exist and there are also differences in vocabulary in local linguistic communities . Linguistic traits of the Spanish spoken in Navarre . There are a number of features of Spanish as spoken in Navarre that are either exclusive to the area or shared only with neighbouring areas ( mainly Aragón and La Rioja ) , such as the predominance of the diminutive with -ico or the use of the conditional verb tense in place of the preterite of the subjunctive ( for example , using podría instead of pudiera ) . There are also differences in the vocabulary of Spanish speakers from Navarre , including the presence of words of Basque origin , which is in some cases due to a , or long-standing contact and commercial exchanges with areas of Navarre in which Basque is spoken .
|
[
"31st Pursuit Group"
] |
easy
|
31st Operations Group was officially named what from Dec 1939 to May 1942?
|
/wiki/31st_Operations_Group#P1448#0
|
31st Operations Group The 31st Operations Group is the flying component of the 31st Fighter Wing , assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe . It is stationed at Aviano Air Base , Italy . The 31st Operations Group ensures the combat readiness of two F-16CG Falcon squadrons , one air control squadron , and one operational support squadron conducting and supporting worldwide air operations . The group prepares fighter pilots , controllers , and support personnel to execute U.S . and NATO war plans and contingency operations . It trains , equips , plans , and provides weather , intelligence , standardization/evaluation , and command and control sustaining global flying operations . Components . The 31st Operations Group was reactivated in late October 1991 at Homestead Air Force Base , Florida . The 31st Tactical Fighter Wing received new equipment the previous March in the form of Block 40 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons and in October of that year the wing resumed its original title ( one month short of 44 years since the unit had formed ) of 31st Fighter Wing , with the 31 OG as its flying component . On 24 August 1992 the effects of Hurricane Andrew severely damaged Homestead . The groups three F-16 squadrons were relocated to Moody Air Force Base , Georgia ( and eventually reassigned to other units ) and the base declared non-operational because of the damage caused by the hurricane . The result of this was the reassignment of the 31st from Air Combat Command Ninth Air Force to United States Air Forces Europes Sixteenth Air Force on 31 March 1994 without personnel or equipment . The 31st replaced the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing at Aviano Air Base , Italy , and the wing received two new fighter Squadrons , the 510th Buzzards and 555th Fighter Squadrons Triple Nickel . These squadrons were initially unequipped , but the 512th and 526th Fighter Squadrons , of the 86th Fighter Wing at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , which were equipped with F-16CG/DG Block-40s were inactivated as the 86th Wing became an airlift organization . These squadrons transferred their equipment and personnel to the new squadrons at Aviano . Both use the tail code AV for AViano . Each F-16 has a tail markings in the squadron colors – Green with the words Triple Nickel in white for the 555th FS and Purple with the words Buzzards in white for the 510th FS . The Block 40s ( as well as the Block 42 F-16s ) are equipped with the Martin–Marietta Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red for Night ( LANTIRN ) system . This consists of two pods , a AAQ-13 navigation pod carried on the left-hand chin pylon and an AAQ-14 targeting pod on the right-hand chin pylon . To differentiate this version the USAF has applied the designation F-16CG/DG . Non-flying squadrons of the 31st OG are : - 603rd Air Control Squadron Scorpions - 31st Operations Support Squadron History . The groups origins begin just before World War II , when the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 and was activated on 1 February 1940 with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . The group fought in North Africa and Italy during the war , returning to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 where it was Inactivated . A SAC Fighter-Escort group during the early years of the Cold War , the group was inactivated again in 1952 . It was reactivated as the 31st Operations Group in 1991 . World War II . The 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) was constituted on 22 December 1939 and activated on 1 February 1940 , at Selfridge Field , Michigan , with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . Its first commander was Lt . Col . Harold H . George , previously commander of the 94th Pursuit Squadron , also at Selfridge . The group trained and participated in Army maneuvers . The unit was redesignated the 31st Fighter Group on 15 May 1942 and was deployed to the European Theater . Most of the group moved to RAF Atcham England where it was assigned to Eighth Air Force . The stationing of the group personnel and aircraft was very haphazard , being assigned to various RAF stations in Kent and the East Midlands throughout its tenure in England . The group consisted of the following squadrons and fuselage codes : - 39th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 40th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 41st Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 307th Fighter Squadron ( MX ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 308th Fighter Squadron ( HL ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 309th Fighter Squadron ( WZ ) ( 1942–1945 ) The group arrived in the UK without its assigned aircraft as the Bell P-39 Airacobras they trained with in the United States were found unsuitable for long-distance formation ferry flights . The ground echelon sailed on the on 4 June 1942 arriving Clyde 10 June 1942 . Pilots followed later that month . In England , the group was provided with British Supermarine Spitfire Vbs by the Royal Air Force . The 31st Fighter Group was the first group to commence operations with VIII Fighter Command . It flew its first sorties with the RAF on 26 July , and its first squadron operation on 5 August . The 31sts first combat operation was on 19 August 1942 , when it supported the Allied raid at Dieppe , France . In August 1942 , the 31st moved to RAF Westhampnett in Sussex until October before moving into Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria on 8 November 1942 as part of Twelfth Air Force to take part in Operation Torch , the invasion of North Africa . Once in North Africa , the group attacked motor transports , gun positions , and troop concentrations during the campaign for Algeria and French Morocco . It supported ground troops in Tunisia and provided cover for bomber and fighter aircraft . During May and June 1943 , after being re-equipped with Mk VIII and Mk IX Spitfires , it escorted naval convoys in the Mediterranean and bombers on raids to Pantelleria . It supported landings on Sicily in July , at Salerno in September , and at Anzio in January 1944 . The group provided close air support of Allied ground forces in Italy and flew patrol and escort missions . In April 1944 , after being assigned to Fifteenth Air Force , the group was equipped with P-51B , C and D Mustangs and engaged primarily in missions to escort heavy bombers to enemy targets in Italy , France , Germany , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Greece . The 31st earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for a 21 April 1944 mission to cover a raid on production centers in Romania . It escorted reconnaissance and cargo aircraft participating in the airborne invasion of southern France . The unit strafed airdromes and communications targets . As part of a Fifteenth Air Force task force , it attacked targets in Romania while flying to Russia on 22 July 1944 . After escorting Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft from a Russian base for a raid on an airdrome in Poland on 25 July , it attacked a German fighter-bomber force and a truck convoy , earning a second Distinguished Unit Citation . In April 1945 , when Allied forces pursued their final offensive in northern Italy , the group strafed enemy rail and highway traffic . The 31st FG had a nasty habit when escorting 15th AF bombers to disappear and go hunting on their own ; often leaving the bombers to defend themselves with no fighter protection . The 31st Fighter Group returned to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 , where it was inactivated on 7 November . Occupation duty . The 31st Fighter Group was reactivated at AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany on 20 August 1946 where it was assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe XII Tactical Air Command for duty with the occupation force , assuming the mission , aircraft and personnel of the 55th Fighter Group , which was simultaneously inactivated . The group flew the former 55ths North American P-51D Mustangs from the airfield , as well as early-model Lockheed P-80B Shooting Star jet aircraft which had been deployed to the 55th . The unit moved to AAF Station Kitzingen on 30 September where it continued to operate both P-51Ds and P-80Bs . Strategic Air Command . After a year , the groups personnel and equipment were stood down , and the group was transferred without personnel or equipment , to Turner Field , Georgia on 20 November 1947 . At Turner the 31st Fighter Group became the operational component of the newly established United States Air Force 31st Fighter Wing on 20 November under Tactical Air Command , and was equipped with surplus P-51D Mustangs . The group consisted of the 307th , 308th and 309th Fighter Squadrons . At Turner , the 31st FG trained to achieve tactical proficiency from 1947–1950 . In the summer of 1948 , the 31st Fighter Group became the second Tactical Air Command unit to receive the Republic P-84C Thunderjet . The designation was changed to F-84C on 11 June 1948 . Effective 20 June 1950 , Turner was transferred to Strategic Air Command and effective 1 July 1950 control of the 31st Fighter Group was turned over to SAC and the group was redesignated as the 31st Fighter Escort Group . Upon the transfer to SAC , the group was assigned to SACs Second Air Force on 16 July with a mission to escort SACs intercontinental Boeing B-29 and Boeing B-50 Superfortress bomber fleet . Along with the reassignment to SAC , the 31st was upgraded to the new F-84E model , which was designed for bomber escort duties . As the F-84E model was still a brand-new aircraft , the 31st FEW was charged with performing accelerated service test on them . For these evaluations , the group utilized the air-to-ground gunnery range at Fort Stewart , Georgia and an air-to-air range over the Atlantic Ocean between Savannah , Georgia and Brunswick , Georgia . In addition , bomber escort missions were flown with B-29s from the 2d Bombardment Group at Hunter Air Force Base near Savannah . Beginning in December 1950 through July 1951 , all tactical and most support components deployed to RAF Manston , England . The remaining components of the 31st at Turner were backfilled by the Federalized New Jersey Air National Guard 108th Fighter-Bomber Wing with 141st , 149th and 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons . Between 1 June 1951 and 15 June 1942 , the 31st Fighter-Escort Group was reduced to a paper status when the operational squadrons were assigned directly to the 31st FEW . In June 1952 the group was inactivated when the Wing completed implementation of the dual deputate organization . Reactivation . On 1 November 1991 , the unit , which had been redesignated the 31st Operations Group , was activated as a result of the 31st Fighter Wing implementing the USAF Objective Wing organization . The 31st Group was assigned the flying components of the wing with a mission to train combat-ready fighter crews for deployment in any part of the world . On 24 August 1992 , much of Homestead Air Force Bases physical plant was destroyed or severely damaged by Hurricane Andrew . Just prior to the storms landfall in Southeast Florida , the 31st dispersed its fighter squadrons to safe areas away from the storms path . These locations were : - 307th and 308th Fighter Squadrons to the 347th Operations Group , Moody Air Force Base , Georgia - 309th Fighter Squadron to the 363d Operations Group , Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina The effects of Hurricane Andrew caused the almost total destruction of Homestead Air Force Base . Although both President George H . W . Bush and President Clinton promised to rebuild Homestead , the BRAC designated the installation for realignment to the Air Force Reserve , with the 31st Operations Groups squadrons being permanently reassigned to their dispersal bases , Moody AFB and Shaw AFB on 1 October 1992 . The remaining wing elements worked to clean up and salvage government property at Homestead . The 31st Group was reassigned to Italy in April 1994 without personnel and equipment , replacing the 401st Operations Group , to control flying operations for the 31st Fighter Wing . From May 1994 – December 2004 , the group participated in the major Balkan operations . Its squadrons also deployed personnel and equipment to support operations in Southwest Asia April 1991 – November 1995 . In 2000 the group gained a Combat Search and Rescue Mission ( CSAR ) , along with additional F-16s . The 31st also supported Operation Northern Watch , March–May 2002 and Operation Southern Watch , August–December 2002 . Most recently the 31 OG has deployed personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom . Lineage . - Established as the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 - Activated on 20 August 1946 - Redesignated : 31st Tactical Training Group on 31 July 1985 ( remained inactive ) - Redesignated : 31st Operations Group on 28 October 1991 - Activated on 1 April 1994 Assignments . - 2d Wing , 1 February 1940 - 6th Pursuit Wing , 18 December 1940 - I Interceptor Command , 1 October 1941 - III Interceptor Command ( later III Fighter Command ) , 18 April 1942 - VIII Fighter Command , 10 June 1942 - 6th Fighter Wing , 16 August 1942 - Twelfth Air Force , 14 September 1942 - XII Fighter Command , 27 September 1942 - XII Air Support Command , November 1942 - 64th Fighter Wing , 24 July 1943 - 306th Bombardment Wing ( later 306th Fighter Wing ) , 1 April 1944 - 305th Bombardment Wing , c . 13 June 1945 - Third Air Force , August-7 November 1945 - XII Tactical Air Command , 20 August 1946 - Ninth Air Force , 25 June 1947 - 31st Fighter Wing ( later 31st Fighter-Bomber Wing , 31st Fighter-Escort Wing ) , 20 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 April 1994 – present Components . - 39th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 40th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 41st Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 56th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 57th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 307th Pursuit Squadron ( later 307th Fighter Squadron 307th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 307th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 307th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 308th Pursuit Squadron ( later 308th Fighter Squadron 308th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 308th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 308th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 309th Pursuit Squadron ( later 309th Fighter Squadron 309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 309th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 309th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached 28 August – 20 November 1992 ) - 510th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present - 555th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present Stations . - Selfridge Field , Michigan , 1 February 1940 - Baer Field , Indiana , 6 December 1941 - New Orleans Army Air Base , Louisiana , 6 February – 19 May 1942 - RAF Atcham ( AAF-342 ) , England , 11 June 1942 - RAF Westhampnett ( AAF-352 ) , England , 1 August – 21 October 1942 - Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria , 8 November 1942 - Oran Es Sénia Airport , Oran , Algeria , c . 13 November 1942 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , c . 7 February 1943 - Tebessa Airfield , Algeria , 17 February 1943 - Youks-les-Bains Airfield , Algeria , 21 February 1943 - Kalaa Djerda Airfield , Tunisia , c . 25 February 1943 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , 11 March 1943 - Djilma Airfield , Tunisia , 7 April 1943 - Le Sers Airfield , Tunisia , 12 April 1943 - Korba Airfield , Tunisia , 15 May 1943 - Guyotville , Algeria , June 1943 - Ponte Olivo Airfield , Sicily , c . 13 July 1943 - Agrigento Airfield , Sicily , 21 July 1943 - Termini Airfield , Sicily , 2 August 1943 - Milazzo Airfield , Sicily , 2 September 1943 - Montecorvino Airfield , Italy , 21 September 1943 - Pomigliano Airfield , Italy , 14 October 1943 - Castel Volturno Airfield , Italy , 19 January 1944 - San Severo Airfield , Italy , 2 April 1944 - Mondolfo Airfield , Italy , 3 March 1945 - Triolo Airfield , Italy , 15 July–August 1945 - Drew Field , Florida , c . 25 August – 7 November 1945 - AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany , 20 August 1946 - AAF Station Kitzingen , Germany , 30 September 1946 – 25 June 1947 - Langley Field , Virginia , 25 June 1947 - Turner Field ( later Turner Air Force Base ) , Georgia , 4 September 1947 – 16 June 1952 - Homestead Air Force Base , Florida , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - Aviano Air Base , Italy , 1 April 1994 – present Aircraft . - Bell P-39 Airacobra , 1942 - Curtiss P-40 Warhawk , 1942 - Supermarine Spitfire , 1942–1943 - North American P-51 ( later F-51 ) Mustang , 1943–1945 , 1947–1949 - Lockheed P-80 , 1946–1947 ; P-51 - Republic F-84 Thunderjet , 1948–1952 - General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1991–1992 , 1994–present References . - Notes - Citations Bibliography . - Freeman , Roger A . Airfields of the Eighth : Then and Now . After the Battle , 1978 . . - Goebel , Robert J . Mustang Ace : Memoirs of a P-51 Fighter Pilot . Pacifica , California : Pacifica Press , 1991 . . - Kucera , Dennis C . In a Now Forgotten Sky : The 31st Fighter Group in WW2 . Stratford , Connecticut : Flying Machines Press , 1997 . . - Lamensdorf , Rolland Gilmore . History of the 31st Fighter Group . self-published , 1985 . - Mackay , Ron . The 31st Fighter Group in World War II . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron/Signal Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . . External links . - 31st Operations Group Factsheet - USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present - ArmyAirForces.Com 31st Fighter Group - Aviano AB Home Page - 31st Fighter Group , WW II - 31st Fighter Wing Heritage Site
|
[
"31st Fighter Group"
] |
easy
|
31st Operations Group was officially named what from May 1942 to 1950?
|
/wiki/31st_Operations_Group#P1448#1
|
31st Operations Group The 31st Operations Group is the flying component of the 31st Fighter Wing , assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe . It is stationed at Aviano Air Base , Italy . The 31st Operations Group ensures the combat readiness of two F-16CG Falcon squadrons , one air control squadron , and one operational support squadron conducting and supporting worldwide air operations . The group prepares fighter pilots , controllers , and support personnel to execute U.S . and NATO war plans and contingency operations . It trains , equips , plans , and provides weather , intelligence , standardization/evaluation , and command and control sustaining global flying operations . Components . The 31st Operations Group was reactivated in late October 1991 at Homestead Air Force Base , Florida . The 31st Tactical Fighter Wing received new equipment the previous March in the form of Block 40 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons and in October of that year the wing resumed its original title ( one month short of 44 years since the unit had formed ) of 31st Fighter Wing , with the 31 OG as its flying component . On 24 August 1992 the effects of Hurricane Andrew severely damaged Homestead . The groups three F-16 squadrons were relocated to Moody Air Force Base , Georgia ( and eventually reassigned to other units ) and the base declared non-operational because of the damage caused by the hurricane . The result of this was the reassignment of the 31st from Air Combat Command Ninth Air Force to United States Air Forces Europes Sixteenth Air Force on 31 March 1994 without personnel or equipment . The 31st replaced the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing at Aviano Air Base , Italy , and the wing received two new fighter Squadrons , the 510th Buzzards and 555th Fighter Squadrons Triple Nickel . These squadrons were initially unequipped , but the 512th and 526th Fighter Squadrons , of the 86th Fighter Wing at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , which were equipped with F-16CG/DG Block-40s were inactivated as the 86th Wing became an airlift organization . These squadrons transferred their equipment and personnel to the new squadrons at Aviano . Both use the tail code AV for AViano . Each F-16 has a tail markings in the squadron colors – Green with the words Triple Nickel in white for the 555th FS and Purple with the words Buzzards in white for the 510th FS . The Block 40s ( as well as the Block 42 F-16s ) are equipped with the Martin–Marietta Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red for Night ( LANTIRN ) system . This consists of two pods , a AAQ-13 navigation pod carried on the left-hand chin pylon and an AAQ-14 targeting pod on the right-hand chin pylon . To differentiate this version the USAF has applied the designation F-16CG/DG . Non-flying squadrons of the 31st OG are : - 603rd Air Control Squadron Scorpions - 31st Operations Support Squadron History . The groups origins begin just before World War II , when the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 and was activated on 1 February 1940 with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . The group fought in North Africa and Italy during the war , returning to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 where it was Inactivated . A SAC Fighter-Escort group during the early years of the Cold War , the group was inactivated again in 1952 . It was reactivated as the 31st Operations Group in 1991 . World War II . The 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) was constituted on 22 December 1939 and activated on 1 February 1940 , at Selfridge Field , Michigan , with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . Its first commander was Lt . Col . Harold H . George , previously commander of the 94th Pursuit Squadron , also at Selfridge . The group trained and participated in Army maneuvers . The unit was redesignated the 31st Fighter Group on 15 May 1942 and was deployed to the European Theater . Most of the group moved to RAF Atcham England where it was assigned to Eighth Air Force . The stationing of the group personnel and aircraft was very haphazard , being assigned to various RAF stations in Kent and the East Midlands throughout its tenure in England . The group consisted of the following squadrons and fuselage codes : - 39th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 40th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 41st Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 307th Fighter Squadron ( MX ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 308th Fighter Squadron ( HL ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 309th Fighter Squadron ( WZ ) ( 1942–1945 ) The group arrived in the UK without its assigned aircraft as the Bell P-39 Airacobras they trained with in the United States were found unsuitable for long-distance formation ferry flights . The ground echelon sailed on the on 4 June 1942 arriving Clyde 10 June 1942 . Pilots followed later that month . In England , the group was provided with British Supermarine Spitfire Vbs by the Royal Air Force . The 31st Fighter Group was the first group to commence operations with VIII Fighter Command . It flew its first sorties with the RAF on 26 July , and its first squadron operation on 5 August . The 31sts first combat operation was on 19 August 1942 , when it supported the Allied raid at Dieppe , France . In August 1942 , the 31st moved to RAF Westhampnett in Sussex until October before moving into Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria on 8 November 1942 as part of Twelfth Air Force to take part in Operation Torch , the invasion of North Africa . Once in North Africa , the group attacked motor transports , gun positions , and troop concentrations during the campaign for Algeria and French Morocco . It supported ground troops in Tunisia and provided cover for bomber and fighter aircraft . During May and June 1943 , after being re-equipped with Mk VIII and Mk IX Spitfires , it escorted naval convoys in the Mediterranean and bombers on raids to Pantelleria . It supported landings on Sicily in July , at Salerno in September , and at Anzio in January 1944 . The group provided close air support of Allied ground forces in Italy and flew patrol and escort missions . In April 1944 , after being assigned to Fifteenth Air Force , the group was equipped with P-51B , C and D Mustangs and engaged primarily in missions to escort heavy bombers to enemy targets in Italy , France , Germany , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Greece . The 31st earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for a 21 April 1944 mission to cover a raid on production centers in Romania . It escorted reconnaissance and cargo aircraft participating in the airborne invasion of southern France . The unit strafed airdromes and communications targets . As part of a Fifteenth Air Force task force , it attacked targets in Romania while flying to Russia on 22 July 1944 . After escorting Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft from a Russian base for a raid on an airdrome in Poland on 25 July , it attacked a German fighter-bomber force and a truck convoy , earning a second Distinguished Unit Citation . In April 1945 , when Allied forces pursued their final offensive in northern Italy , the group strafed enemy rail and highway traffic . The 31st FG had a nasty habit when escorting 15th AF bombers to disappear and go hunting on their own ; often leaving the bombers to defend themselves with no fighter protection . The 31st Fighter Group returned to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 , where it was inactivated on 7 November . Occupation duty . The 31st Fighter Group was reactivated at AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany on 20 August 1946 where it was assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe XII Tactical Air Command for duty with the occupation force , assuming the mission , aircraft and personnel of the 55th Fighter Group , which was simultaneously inactivated . The group flew the former 55ths North American P-51D Mustangs from the airfield , as well as early-model Lockheed P-80B Shooting Star jet aircraft which had been deployed to the 55th . The unit moved to AAF Station Kitzingen on 30 September where it continued to operate both P-51Ds and P-80Bs . Strategic Air Command . After a year , the groups personnel and equipment were stood down , and the group was transferred without personnel or equipment , to Turner Field , Georgia on 20 November 1947 . At Turner the 31st Fighter Group became the operational component of the newly established United States Air Force 31st Fighter Wing on 20 November under Tactical Air Command , and was equipped with surplus P-51D Mustangs . The group consisted of the 307th , 308th and 309th Fighter Squadrons . At Turner , the 31st FG trained to achieve tactical proficiency from 1947–1950 . In the summer of 1948 , the 31st Fighter Group became the second Tactical Air Command unit to receive the Republic P-84C Thunderjet . The designation was changed to F-84C on 11 June 1948 . Effective 20 June 1950 , Turner was transferred to Strategic Air Command and effective 1 July 1950 control of the 31st Fighter Group was turned over to SAC and the group was redesignated as the 31st Fighter Escort Group . Upon the transfer to SAC , the group was assigned to SACs Second Air Force on 16 July with a mission to escort SACs intercontinental Boeing B-29 and Boeing B-50 Superfortress bomber fleet . Along with the reassignment to SAC , the 31st was upgraded to the new F-84E model , which was designed for bomber escort duties . As the F-84E model was still a brand-new aircraft , the 31st FEW was charged with performing accelerated service test on them . For these evaluations , the group utilized the air-to-ground gunnery range at Fort Stewart , Georgia and an air-to-air range over the Atlantic Ocean between Savannah , Georgia and Brunswick , Georgia . In addition , bomber escort missions were flown with B-29s from the 2d Bombardment Group at Hunter Air Force Base near Savannah . Beginning in December 1950 through July 1951 , all tactical and most support components deployed to RAF Manston , England . The remaining components of the 31st at Turner were backfilled by the Federalized New Jersey Air National Guard 108th Fighter-Bomber Wing with 141st , 149th and 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons . Between 1 June 1951 and 15 June 1942 , the 31st Fighter-Escort Group was reduced to a paper status when the operational squadrons were assigned directly to the 31st FEW . In June 1952 the group was inactivated when the Wing completed implementation of the dual deputate organization . Reactivation . On 1 November 1991 , the unit , which had been redesignated the 31st Operations Group , was activated as a result of the 31st Fighter Wing implementing the USAF Objective Wing organization . The 31st Group was assigned the flying components of the wing with a mission to train combat-ready fighter crews for deployment in any part of the world . On 24 August 1992 , much of Homestead Air Force Bases physical plant was destroyed or severely damaged by Hurricane Andrew . Just prior to the storms landfall in Southeast Florida , the 31st dispersed its fighter squadrons to safe areas away from the storms path . These locations were : - 307th and 308th Fighter Squadrons to the 347th Operations Group , Moody Air Force Base , Georgia - 309th Fighter Squadron to the 363d Operations Group , Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina The effects of Hurricane Andrew caused the almost total destruction of Homestead Air Force Base . Although both President George H . W . Bush and President Clinton promised to rebuild Homestead , the BRAC designated the installation for realignment to the Air Force Reserve , with the 31st Operations Groups squadrons being permanently reassigned to their dispersal bases , Moody AFB and Shaw AFB on 1 October 1992 . The remaining wing elements worked to clean up and salvage government property at Homestead . The 31st Group was reassigned to Italy in April 1994 without personnel and equipment , replacing the 401st Operations Group , to control flying operations for the 31st Fighter Wing . From May 1994 – December 2004 , the group participated in the major Balkan operations . Its squadrons also deployed personnel and equipment to support operations in Southwest Asia April 1991 – November 1995 . In 2000 the group gained a Combat Search and Rescue Mission ( CSAR ) , along with additional F-16s . The 31st also supported Operation Northern Watch , March–May 2002 and Operation Southern Watch , August–December 2002 . Most recently the 31 OG has deployed personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom . Lineage . - Established as the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 - Activated on 20 August 1946 - Redesignated : 31st Tactical Training Group on 31 July 1985 ( remained inactive ) - Redesignated : 31st Operations Group on 28 October 1991 - Activated on 1 April 1994 Assignments . - 2d Wing , 1 February 1940 - 6th Pursuit Wing , 18 December 1940 - I Interceptor Command , 1 October 1941 - III Interceptor Command ( later III Fighter Command ) , 18 April 1942 - VIII Fighter Command , 10 June 1942 - 6th Fighter Wing , 16 August 1942 - Twelfth Air Force , 14 September 1942 - XII Fighter Command , 27 September 1942 - XII Air Support Command , November 1942 - 64th Fighter Wing , 24 July 1943 - 306th Bombardment Wing ( later 306th Fighter Wing ) , 1 April 1944 - 305th Bombardment Wing , c . 13 June 1945 - Third Air Force , August-7 November 1945 - XII Tactical Air Command , 20 August 1946 - Ninth Air Force , 25 June 1947 - 31st Fighter Wing ( later 31st Fighter-Bomber Wing , 31st Fighter-Escort Wing ) , 20 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 April 1994 – present Components . - 39th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 40th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 41st Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 56th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 57th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 307th Pursuit Squadron ( later 307th Fighter Squadron 307th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 307th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 307th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 308th Pursuit Squadron ( later 308th Fighter Squadron 308th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 308th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 308th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 309th Pursuit Squadron ( later 309th Fighter Squadron 309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 309th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 309th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached 28 August – 20 November 1992 ) - 510th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present - 555th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present Stations . - Selfridge Field , Michigan , 1 February 1940 - Baer Field , Indiana , 6 December 1941 - New Orleans Army Air Base , Louisiana , 6 February – 19 May 1942 - RAF Atcham ( AAF-342 ) , England , 11 June 1942 - RAF Westhampnett ( AAF-352 ) , England , 1 August – 21 October 1942 - Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria , 8 November 1942 - Oran Es Sénia Airport , Oran , Algeria , c . 13 November 1942 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , c . 7 February 1943 - Tebessa Airfield , Algeria , 17 February 1943 - Youks-les-Bains Airfield , Algeria , 21 February 1943 - Kalaa Djerda Airfield , Tunisia , c . 25 February 1943 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , 11 March 1943 - Djilma Airfield , Tunisia , 7 April 1943 - Le Sers Airfield , Tunisia , 12 April 1943 - Korba Airfield , Tunisia , 15 May 1943 - Guyotville , Algeria , June 1943 - Ponte Olivo Airfield , Sicily , c . 13 July 1943 - Agrigento Airfield , Sicily , 21 July 1943 - Termini Airfield , Sicily , 2 August 1943 - Milazzo Airfield , Sicily , 2 September 1943 - Montecorvino Airfield , Italy , 21 September 1943 - Pomigliano Airfield , Italy , 14 October 1943 - Castel Volturno Airfield , Italy , 19 January 1944 - San Severo Airfield , Italy , 2 April 1944 - Mondolfo Airfield , Italy , 3 March 1945 - Triolo Airfield , Italy , 15 July–August 1945 - Drew Field , Florida , c . 25 August – 7 November 1945 - AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany , 20 August 1946 - AAF Station Kitzingen , Germany , 30 September 1946 – 25 June 1947 - Langley Field , Virginia , 25 June 1947 - Turner Field ( later Turner Air Force Base ) , Georgia , 4 September 1947 – 16 June 1952 - Homestead Air Force Base , Florida , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - Aviano Air Base , Italy , 1 April 1994 – present Aircraft . - Bell P-39 Airacobra , 1942 - Curtiss P-40 Warhawk , 1942 - Supermarine Spitfire , 1942–1943 - North American P-51 ( later F-51 ) Mustang , 1943–1945 , 1947–1949 - Lockheed P-80 , 1946–1947 ; P-51 - Republic F-84 Thunderjet , 1948–1952 - General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1991–1992 , 1994–present References . - Notes - Citations Bibliography . - Freeman , Roger A . Airfields of the Eighth : Then and Now . After the Battle , 1978 . . - Goebel , Robert J . Mustang Ace : Memoirs of a P-51 Fighter Pilot . Pacifica , California : Pacifica Press , 1991 . . - Kucera , Dennis C . In a Now Forgotten Sky : The 31st Fighter Group in WW2 . Stratford , Connecticut : Flying Machines Press , 1997 . . - Lamensdorf , Rolland Gilmore . History of the 31st Fighter Group . self-published , 1985 . - Mackay , Ron . The 31st Fighter Group in World War II . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron/Signal Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . . External links . - 31st Operations Group Factsheet - USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present - ArmyAirForces.Com 31st Fighter Group - Aviano AB Home Page - 31st Fighter Group , WW II - 31st Fighter Wing Heritage Site
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
31st Operations Group was officially named what from 1950 to Jul 1950?
|
/wiki/31st_Operations_Group#P1448#2
|
31st Operations Group The 31st Operations Group is the flying component of the 31st Fighter Wing , assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe . It is stationed at Aviano Air Base , Italy . The 31st Operations Group ensures the combat readiness of two F-16CG Falcon squadrons , one air control squadron , and one operational support squadron conducting and supporting worldwide air operations . The group prepares fighter pilots , controllers , and support personnel to execute U.S . and NATO war plans and contingency operations . It trains , equips , plans , and provides weather , intelligence , standardization/evaluation , and command and control sustaining global flying operations . Components . The 31st Operations Group was reactivated in late October 1991 at Homestead Air Force Base , Florida . The 31st Tactical Fighter Wing received new equipment the previous March in the form of Block 40 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons and in October of that year the wing resumed its original title ( one month short of 44 years since the unit had formed ) of 31st Fighter Wing , with the 31 OG as its flying component . On 24 August 1992 the effects of Hurricane Andrew severely damaged Homestead . The groups three F-16 squadrons were relocated to Moody Air Force Base , Georgia ( and eventually reassigned to other units ) and the base declared non-operational because of the damage caused by the hurricane . The result of this was the reassignment of the 31st from Air Combat Command Ninth Air Force to United States Air Forces Europes Sixteenth Air Force on 31 March 1994 without personnel or equipment . The 31st replaced the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing at Aviano Air Base , Italy , and the wing received two new fighter Squadrons , the 510th Buzzards and 555th Fighter Squadrons Triple Nickel . These squadrons were initially unequipped , but the 512th and 526th Fighter Squadrons , of the 86th Fighter Wing at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , which were equipped with F-16CG/DG Block-40s were inactivated as the 86th Wing became an airlift organization . These squadrons transferred their equipment and personnel to the new squadrons at Aviano . Both use the tail code AV for AViano . Each F-16 has a tail markings in the squadron colors – Green with the words Triple Nickel in white for the 555th FS and Purple with the words Buzzards in white for the 510th FS . The Block 40s ( as well as the Block 42 F-16s ) are equipped with the Martin–Marietta Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red for Night ( LANTIRN ) system . This consists of two pods , a AAQ-13 navigation pod carried on the left-hand chin pylon and an AAQ-14 targeting pod on the right-hand chin pylon . To differentiate this version the USAF has applied the designation F-16CG/DG . Non-flying squadrons of the 31st OG are : - 603rd Air Control Squadron Scorpions - 31st Operations Support Squadron History . The groups origins begin just before World War II , when the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 and was activated on 1 February 1940 with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . The group fought in North Africa and Italy during the war , returning to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 where it was Inactivated . A SAC Fighter-Escort group during the early years of the Cold War , the group was inactivated again in 1952 . It was reactivated as the 31st Operations Group in 1991 . World War II . The 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) was constituted on 22 December 1939 and activated on 1 February 1940 , at Selfridge Field , Michigan , with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . Its first commander was Lt . Col . Harold H . George , previously commander of the 94th Pursuit Squadron , also at Selfridge . The group trained and participated in Army maneuvers . The unit was redesignated the 31st Fighter Group on 15 May 1942 and was deployed to the European Theater . Most of the group moved to RAF Atcham England where it was assigned to Eighth Air Force . The stationing of the group personnel and aircraft was very haphazard , being assigned to various RAF stations in Kent and the East Midlands throughout its tenure in England . The group consisted of the following squadrons and fuselage codes : - 39th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 40th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 41st Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 307th Fighter Squadron ( MX ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 308th Fighter Squadron ( HL ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 309th Fighter Squadron ( WZ ) ( 1942–1945 ) The group arrived in the UK without its assigned aircraft as the Bell P-39 Airacobras they trained with in the United States were found unsuitable for long-distance formation ferry flights . The ground echelon sailed on the on 4 June 1942 arriving Clyde 10 June 1942 . Pilots followed later that month . In England , the group was provided with British Supermarine Spitfire Vbs by the Royal Air Force . The 31st Fighter Group was the first group to commence operations with VIII Fighter Command . It flew its first sorties with the RAF on 26 July , and its first squadron operation on 5 August . The 31sts first combat operation was on 19 August 1942 , when it supported the Allied raid at Dieppe , France . In August 1942 , the 31st moved to RAF Westhampnett in Sussex until October before moving into Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria on 8 November 1942 as part of Twelfth Air Force to take part in Operation Torch , the invasion of North Africa . Once in North Africa , the group attacked motor transports , gun positions , and troop concentrations during the campaign for Algeria and French Morocco . It supported ground troops in Tunisia and provided cover for bomber and fighter aircraft . During May and June 1943 , after being re-equipped with Mk VIII and Mk IX Spitfires , it escorted naval convoys in the Mediterranean and bombers on raids to Pantelleria . It supported landings on Sicily in July , at Salerno in September , and at Anzio in January 1944 . The group provided close air support of Allied ground forces in Italy and flew patrol and escort missions . In April 1944 , after being assigned to Fifteenth Air Force , the group was equipped with P-51B , C and D Mustangs and engaged primarily in missions to escort heavy bombers to enemy targets in Italy , France , Germany , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Greece . The 31st earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for a 21 April 1944 mission to cover a raid on production centers in Romania . It escorted reconnaissance and cargo aircraft participating in the airborne invasion of southern France . The unit strafed airdromes and communications targets . As part of a Fifteenth Air Force task force , it attacked targets in Romania while flying to Russia on 22 July 1944 . After escorting Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft from a Russian base for a raid on an airdrome in Poland on 25 July , it attacked a German fighter-bomber force and a truck convoy , earning a second Distinguished Unit Citation . In April 1945 , when Allied forces pursued their final offensive in northern Italy , the group strafed enemy rail and highway traffic . The 31st FG had a nasty habit when escorting 15th AF bombers to disappear and go hunting on their own ; often leaving the bombers to defend themselves with no fighter protection . The 31st Fighter Group returned to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 , where it was inactivated on 7 November . Occupation duty . The 31st Fighter Group was reactivated at AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany on 20 August 1946 where it was assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe XII Tactical Air Command for duty with the occupation force , assuming the mission , aircraft and personnel of the 55th Fighter Group , which was simultaneously inactivated . The group flew the former 55ths North American P-51D Mustangs from the airfield , as well as early-model Lockheed P-80B Shooting Star jet aircraft which had been deployed to the 55th . The unit moved to AAF Station Kitzingen on 30 September where it continued to operate both P-51Ds and P-80Bs . Strategic Air Command . After a year , the groups personnel and equipment were stood down , and the group was transferred without personnel or equipment , to Turner Field , Georgia on 20 November 1947 . At Turner the 31st Fighter Group became the operational component of the newly established United States Air Force 31st Fighter Wing on 20 November under Tactical Air Command , and was equipped with surplus P-51D Mustangs . The group consisted of the 307th , 308th and 309th Fighter Squadrons . At Turner , the 31st FG trained to achieve tactical proficiency from 1947–1950 . In the summer of 1948 , the 31st Fighter Group became the second Tactical Air Command unit to receive the Republic P-84C Thunderjet . The designation was changed to F-84C on 11 June 1948 . Effective 20 June 1950 , Turner was transferred to Strategic Air Command and effective 1 July 1950 control of the 31st Fighter Group was turned over to SAC and the group was redesignated as the 31st Fighter Escort Group . Upon the transfer to SAC , the group was assigned to SACs Second Air Force on 16 July with a mission to escort SACs intercontinental Boeing B-29 and Boeing B-50 Superfortress bomber fleet . Along with the reassignment to SAC , the 31st was upgraded to the new F-84E model , which was designed for bomber escort duties . As the F-84E model was still a brand-new aircraft , the 31st FEW was charged with performing accelerated service test on them . For these evaluations , the group utilized the air-to-ground gunnery range at Fort Stewart , Georgia and an air-to-air range over the Atlantic Ocean between Savannah , Georgia and Brunswick , Georgia . In addition , bomber escort missions were flown with B-29s from the 2d Bombardment Group at Hunter Air Force Base near Savannah . Beginning in December 1950 through July 1951 , all tactical and most support components deployed to RAF Manston , England . The remaining components of the 31st at Turner were backfilled by the Federalized New Jersey Air National Guard 108th Fighter-Bomber Wing with 141st , 149th and 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons . Between 1 June 1951 and 15 June 1942 , the 31st Fighter-Escort Group was reduced to a paper status when the operational squadrons were assigned directly to the 31st FEW . In June 1952 the group was inactivated when the Wing completed implementation of the dual deputate organization . Reactivation . On 1 November 1991 , the unit , which had been redesignated the 31st Operations Group , was activated as a result of the 31st Fighter Wing implementing the USAF Objective Wing organization . The 31st Group was assigned the flying components of the wing with a mission to train combat-ready fighter crews for deployment in any part of the world . On 24 August 1992 , much of Homestead Air Force Bases physical plant was destroyed or severely damaged by Hurricane Andrew . Just prior to the storms landfall in Southeast Florida , the 31st dispersed its fighter squadrons to safe areas away from the storms path . These locations were : - 307th and 308th Fighter Squadrons to the 347th Operations Group , Moody Air Force Base , Georgia - 309th Fighter Squadron to the 363d Operations Group , Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina The effects of Hurricane Andrew caused the almost total destruction of Homestead Air Force Base . Although both President George H . W . Bush and President Clinton promised to rebuild Homestead , the BRAC designated the installation for realignment to the Air Force Reserve , with the 31st Operations Groups squadrons being permanently reassigned to their dispersal bases , Moody AFB and Shaw AFB on 1 October 1992 . The remaining wing elements worked to clean up and salvage government property at Homestead . The 31st Group was reassigned to Italy in April 1994 without personnel and equipment , replacing the 401st Operations Group , to control flying operations for the 31st Fighter Wing . From May 1994 – December 2004 , the group participated in the major Balkan operations . Its squadrons also deployed personnel and equipment to support operations in Southwest Asia April 1991 – November 1995 . In 2000 the group gained a Combat Search and Rescue Mission ( CSAR ) , along with additional F-16s . The 31st also supported Operation Northern Watch , March–May 2002 and Operation Southern Watch , August–December 2002 . Most recently the 31 OG has deployed personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom . Lineage . - Established as the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 - Activated on 20 August 1946 - Redesignated : 31st Tactical Training Group on 31 July 1985 ( remained inactive ) - Redesignated : 31st Operations Group on 28 October 1991 - Activated on 1 April 1994 Assignments . - 2d Wing , 1 February 1940 - 6th Pursuit Wing , 18 December 1940 - I Interceptor Command , 1 October 1941 - III Interceptor Command ( later III Fighter Command ) , 18 April 1942 - VIII Fighter Command , 10 June 1942 - 6th Fighter Wing , 16 August 1942 - Twelfth Air Force , 14 September 1942 - XII Fighter Command , 27 September 1942 - XII Air Support Command , November 1942 - 64th Fighter Wing , 24 July 1943 - 306th Bombardment Wing ( later 306th Fighter Wing ) , 1 April 1944 - 305th Bombardment Wing , c . 13 June 1945 - Third Air Force , August-7 November 1945 - XII Tactical Air Command , 20 August 1946 - Ninth Air Force , 25 June 1947 - 31st Fighter Wing ( later 31st Fighter-Bomber Wing , 31st Fighter-Escort Wing ) , 20 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 April 1994 – present Components . - 39th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 40th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 41st Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 56th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 57th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 307th Pursuit Squadron ( later 307th Fighter Squadron 307th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 307th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 307th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 308th Pursuit Squadron ( later 308th Fighter Squadron 308th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 308th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 308th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 309th Pursuit Squadron ( later 309th Fighter Squadron 309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 309th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 309th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached 28 August – 20 November 1992 ) - 510th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present - 555th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present Stations . - Selfridge Field , Michigan , 1 February 1940 - Baer Field , Indiana , 6 December 1941 - New Orleans Army Air Base , Louisiana , 6 February – 19 May 1942 - RAF Atcham ( AAF-342 ) , England , 11 June 1942 - RAF Westhampnett ( AAF-352 ) , England , 1 August – 21 October 1942 - Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria , 8 November 1942 - Oran Es Sénia Airport , Oran , Algeria , c . 13 November 1942 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , c . 7 February 1943 - Tebessa Airfield , Algeria , 17 February 1943 - Youks-les-Bains Airfield , Algeria , 21 February 1943 - Kalaa Djerda Airfield , Tunisia , c . 25 February 1943 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , 11 March 1943 - Djilma Airfield , Tunisia , 7 April 1943 - Le Sers Airfield , Tunisia , 12 April 1943 - Korba Airfield , Tunisia , 15 May 1943 - Guyotville , Algeria , June 1943 - Ponte Olivo Airfield , Sicily , c . 13 July 1943 - Agrigento Airfield , Sicily , 21 July 1943 - Termini Airfield , Sicily , 2 August 1943 - Milazzo Airfield , Sicily , 2 September 1943 - Montecorvino Airfield , Italy , 21 September 1943 - Pomigliano Airfield , Italy , 14 October 1943 - Castel Volturno Airfield , Italy , 19 January 1944 - San Severo Airfield , Italy , 2 April 1944 - Mondolfo Airfield , Italy , 3 March 1945 - Triolo Airfield , Italy , 15 July–August 1945 - Drew Field , Florida , c . 25 August – 7 November 1945 - AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany , 20 August 1946 - AAF Station Kitzingen , Germany , 30 September 1946 – 25 June 1947 - Langley Field , Virginia , 25 June 1947 - Turner Field ( later Turner Air Force Base ) , Georgia , 4 September 1947 – 16 June 1952 - Homestead Air Force Base , Florida , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - Aviano Air Base , Italy , 1 April 1994 – present Aircraft . - Bell P-39 Airacobra , 1942 - Curtiss P-40 Warhawk , 1942 - Supermarine Spitfire , 1942–1943 - North American P-51 ( later F-51 ) Mustang , 1943–1945 , 1947–1949 - Lockheed P-80 , 1946–1947 ; P-51 - Republic F-84 Thunderjet , 1948–1952 - General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1991–1992 , 1994–present References . - Notes - Citations Bibliography . - Freeman , Roger A . Airfields of the Eighth : Then and Now . After the Battle , 1978 . . - Goebel , Robert J . Mustang Ace : Memoirs of a P-51 Fighter Pilot . Pacifica , California : Pacifica Press , 1991 . . - Kucera , Dennis C . In a Now Forgotten Sky : The 31st Fighter Group in WW2 . Stratford , Connecticut : Flying Machines Press , 1997 . . - Lamensdorf , Rolland Gilmore . History of the 31st Fighter Group . self-published , 1985 . - Mackay , Ron . The 31st Fighter Group in World War II . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron/Signal Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . . External links . - 31st Operations Group Factsheet - USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present - ArmyAirForces.Com 31st Fighter Group - Aviano AB Home Page - 31st Fighter Group , WW II - 31st Fighter Wing Heritage Site
|
[
"31st Fighter-Escort Group"
] |
easy
|
31st Operations Group was officially named what from Jul 1950 to Jul 1985?
|
/wiki/31st_Operations_Group#P1448#3
|
31st Operations Group The 31st Operations Group is the flying component of the 31st Fighter Wing , assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe . It is stationed at Aviano Air Base , Italy . The 31st Operations Group ensures the combat readiness of two F-16CG Falcon squadrons , one air control squadron , and one operational support squadron conducting and supporting worldwide air operations . The group prepares fighter pilots , controllers , and support personnel to execute U.S . and NATO war plans and contingency operations . It trains , equips , plans , and provides weather , intelligence , standardization/evaluation , and command and control sustaining global flying operations . Components . The 31st Operations Group was reactivated in late October 1991 at Homestead Air Force Base , Florida . The 31st Tactical Fighter Wing received new equipment the previous March in the form of Block 40 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons and in October of that year the wing resumed its original title ( one month short of 44 years since the unit had formed ) of 31st Fighter Wing , with the 31 OG as its flying component . On 24 August 1992 the effects of Hurricane Andrew severely damaged Homestead . The groups three F-16 squadrons were relocated to Moody Air Force Base , Georgia ( and eventually reassigned to other units ) and the base declared non-operational because of the damage caused by the hurricane . The result of this was the reassignment of the 31st from Air Combat Command Ninth Air Force to United States Air Forces Europes Sixteenth Air Force on 31 March 1994 without personnel or equipment . The 31st replaced the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing at Aviano Air Base , Italy , and the wing received two new fighter Squadrons , the 510th Buzzards and 555th Fighter Squadrons Triple Nickel . These squadrons were initially unequipped , but the 512th and 526th Fighter Squadrons , of the 86th Fighter Wing at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , which were equipped with F-16CG/DG Block-40s were inactivated as the 86th Wing became an airlift organization . These squadrons transferred their equipment and personnel to the new squadrons at Aviano . Both use the tail code AV for AViano . Each F-16 has a tail markings in the squadron colors – Green with the words Triple Nickel in white for the 555th FS and Purple with the words Buzzards in white for the 510th FS . The Block 40s ( as well as the Block 42 F-16s ) are equipped with the Martin–Marietta Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red for Night ( LANTIRN ) system . This consists of two pods , a AAQ-13 navigation pod carried on the left-hand chin pylon and an AAQ-14 targeting pod on the right-hand chin pylon . To differentiate this version the USAF has applied the designation F-16CG/DG . Non-flying squadrons of the 31st OG are : - 603rd Air Control Squadron Scorpions - 31st Operations Support Squadron History . The groups origins begin just before World War II , when the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 and was activated on 1 February 1940 with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . The group fought in North Africa and Italy during the war , returning to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 where it was Inactivated . A SAC Fighter-Escort group during the early years of the Cold War , the group was inactivated again in 1952 . It was reactivated as the 31st Operations Group in 1991 . World War II . The 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) was constituted on 22 December 1939 and activated on 1 February 1940 , at Selfridge Field , Michigan , with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . Its first commander was Lt . Col . Harold H . George , previously commander of the 94th Pursuit Squadron , also at Selfridge . The group trained and participated in Army maneuvers . The unit was redesignated the 31st Fighter Group on 15 May 1942 and was deployed to the European Theater . Most of the group moved to RAF Atcham England where it was assigned to Eighth Air Force . The stationing of the group personnel and aircraft was very haphazard , being assigned to various RAF stations in Kent and the East Midlands throughout its tenure in England . The group consisted of the following squadrons and fuselage codes : - 39th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 40th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 41st Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 307th Fighter Squadron ( MX ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 308th Fighter Squadron ( HL ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 309th Fighter Squadron ( WZ ) ( 1942–1945 ) The group arrived in the UK without its assigned aircraft as the Bell P-39 Airacobras they trained with in the United States were found unsuitable for long-distance formation ferry flights . The ground echelon sailed on the on 4 June 1942 arriving Clyde 10 June 1942 . Pilots followed later that month . In England , the group was provided with British Supermarine Spitfire Vbs by the Royal Air Force . The 31st Fighter Group was the first group to commence operations with VIII Fighter Command . It flew its first sorties with the RAF on 26 July , and its first squadron operation on 5 August . The 31sts first combat operation was on 19 August 1942 , when it supported the Allied raid at Dieppe , France . In August 1942 , the 31st moved to RAF Westhampnett in Sussex until October before moving into Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria on 8 November 1942 as part of Twelfth Air Force to take part in Operation Torch , the invasion of North Africa . Once in North Africa , the group attacked motor transports , gun positions , and troop concentrations during the campaign for Algeria and French Morocco . It supported ground troops in Tunisia and provided cover for bomber and fighter aircraft . During May and June 1943 , after being re-equipped with Mk VIII and Mk IX Spitfires , it escorted naval convoys in the Mediterranean and bombers on raids to Pantelleria . It supported landings on Sicily in July , at Salerno in September , and at Anzio in January 1944 . The group provided close air support of Allied ground forces in Italy and flew patrol and escort missions . In April 1944 , after being assigned to Fifteenth Air Force , the group was equipped with P-51B , C and D Mustangs and engaged primarily in missions to escort heavy bombers to enemy targets in Italy , France , Germany , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Greece . The 31st earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for a 21 April 1944 mission to cover a raid on production centers in Romania . It escorted reconnaissance and cargo aircraft participating in the airborne invasion of southern France . The unit strafed airdromes and communications targets . As part of a Fifteenth Air Force task force , it attacked targets in Romania while flying to Russia on 22 July 1944 . After escorting Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft from a Russian base for a raid on an airdrome in Poland on 25 July , it attacked a German fighter-bomber force and a truck convoy , earning a second Distinguished Unit Citation . In April 1945 , when Allied forces pursued their final offensive in northern Italy , the group strafed enemy rail and highway traffic . The 31st FG had a nasty habit when escorting 15th AF bombers to disappear and go hunting on their own ; often leaving the bombers to defend themselves with no fighter protection . The 31st Fighter Group returned to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 , where it was inactivated on 7 November . Occupation duty . The 31st Fighter Group was reactivated at AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany on 20 August 1946 where it was assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe XII Tactical Air Command for duty with the occupation force , assuming the mission , aircraft and personnel of the 55th Fighter Group , which was simultaneously inactivated . The group flew the former 55ths North American P-51D Mustangs from the airfield , as well as early-model Lockheed P-80B Shooting Star jet aircraft which had been deployed to the 55th . The unit moved to AAF Station Kitzingen on 30 September where it continued to operate both P-51Ds and P-80Bs . Strategic Air Command . After a year , the groups personnel and equipment were stood down , and the group was transferred without personnel or equipment , to Turner Field , Georgia on 20 November 1947 . At Turner the 31st Fighter Group became the operational component of the newly established United States Air Force 31st Fighter Wing on 20 November under Tactical Air Command , and was equipped with surplus P-51D Mustangs . The group consisted of the 307th , 308th and 309th Fighter Squadrons . At Turner , the 31st FG trained to achieve tactical proficiency from 1947–1950 . In the summer of 1948 , the 31st Fighter Group became the second Tactical Air Command unit to receive the Republic P-84C Thunderjet . The designation was changed to F-84C on 11 June 1948 . Effective 20 June 1950 , Turner was transferred to Strategic Air Command and effective 1 July 1950 control of the 31st Fighter Group was turned over to SAC and the group was redesignated as the 31st Fighter Escort Group . Upon the transfer to SAC , the group was assigned to SACs Second Air Force on 16 July with a mission to escort SACs intercontinental Boeing B-29 and Boeing B-50 Superfortress bomber fleet . Along with the reassignment to SAC , the 31st was upgraded to the new F-84E model , which was designed for bomber escort duties . As the F-84E model was still a brand-new aircraft , the 31st FEW was charged with performing accelerated service test on them . For these evaluations , the group utilized the air-to-ground gunnery range at Fort Stewart , Georgia and an air-to-air range over the Atlantic Ocean between Savannah , Georgia and Brunswick , Georgia . In addition , bomber escort missions were flown with B-29s from the 2d Bombardment Group at Hunter Air Force Base near Savannah . Beginning in December 1950 through July 1951 , all tactical and most support components deployed to RAF Manston , England . The remaining components of the 31st at Turner were backfilled by the Federalized New Jersey Air National Guard 108th Fighter-Bomber Wing with 141st , 149th and 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons . Between 1 June 1951 and 15 June 1942 , the 31st Fighter-Escort Group was reduced to a paper status when the operational squadrons were assigned directly to the 31st FEW . In June 1952 the group was inactivated when the Wing completed implementation of the dual deputate organization . Reactivation . On 1 November 1991 , the unit , which had been redesignated the 31st Operations Group , was activated as a result of the 31st Fighter Wing implementing the USAF Objective Wing organization . The 31st Group was assigned the flying components of the wing with a mission to train combat-ready fighter crews for deployment in any part of the world . On 24 August 1992 , much of Homestead Air Force Bases physical plant was destroyed or severely damaged by Hurricane Andrew . Just prior to the storms landfall in Southeast Florida , the 31st dispersed its fighter squadrons to safe areas away from the storms path . These locations were : - 307th and 308th Fighter Squadrons to the 347th Operations Group , Moody Air Force Base , Georgia - 309th Fighter Squadron to the 363d Operations Group , Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina The effects of Hurricane Andrew caused the almost total destruction of Homestead Air Force Base . Although both President George H . W . Bush and President Clinton promised to rebuild Homestead , the BRAC designated the installation for realignment to the Air Force Reserve , with the 31st Operations Groups squadrons being permanently reassigned to their dispersal bases , Moody AFB and Shaw AFB on 1 October 1992 . The remaining wing elements worked to clean up and salvage government property at Homestead . The 31st Group was reassigned to Italy in April 1994 without personnel and equipment , replacing the 401st Operations Group , to control flying operations for the 31st Fighter Wing . From May 1994 – December 2004 , the group participated in the major Balkan operations . Its squadrons also deployed personnel and equipment to support operations in Southwest Asia April 1991 – November 1995 . In 2000 the group gained a Combat Search and Rescue Mission ( CSAR ) , along with additional F-16s . The 31st also supported Operation Northern Watch , March–May 2002 and Operation Southern Watch , August–December 2002 . Most recently the 31 OG has deployed personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom . Lineage . - Established as the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 - Activated on 20 August 1946 - Redesignated : 31st Tactical Training Group on 31 July 1985 ( remained inactive ) - Redesignated : 31st Operations Group on 28 October 1991 - Activated on 1 April 1994 Assignments . - 2d Wing , 1 February 1940 - 6th Pursuit Wing , 18 December 1940 - I Interceptor Command , 1 October 1941 - III Interceptor Command ( later III Fighter Command ) , 18 April 1942 - VIII Fighter Command , 10 June 1942 - 6th Fighter Wing , 16 August 1942 - Twelfth Air Force , 14 September 1942 - XII Fighter Command , 27 September 1942 - XII Air Support Command , November 1942 - 64th Fighter Wing , 24 July 1943 - 306th Bombardment Wing ( later 306th Fighter Wing ) , 1 April 1944 - 305th Bombardment Wing , c . 13 June 1945 - Third Air Force , August-7 November 1945 - XII Tactical Air Command , 20 August 1946 - Ninth Air Force , 25 June 1947 - 31st Fighter Wing ( later 31st Fighter-Bomber Wing , 31st Fighter-Escort Wing ) , 20 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 April 1994 – present Components . - 39th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 40th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 41st Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 56th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 57th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 307th Pursuit Squadron ( later 307th Fighter Squadron 307th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 307th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 307th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 308th Pursuit Squadron ( later 308th Fighter Squadron 308th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 308th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 308th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 309th Pursuit Squadron ( later 309th Fighter Squadron 309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 309th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 309th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached 28 August – 20 November 1992 ) - 510th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present - 555th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present Stations . - Selfridge Field , Michigan , 1 February 1940 - Baer Field , Indiana , 6 December 1941 - New Orleans Army Air Base , Louisiana , 6 February – 19 May 1942 - RAF Atcham ( AAF-342 ) , England , 11 June 1942 - RAF Westhampnett ( AAF-352 ) , England , 1 August – 21 October 1942 - Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria , 8 November 1942 - Oran Es Sénia Airport , Oran , Algeria , c . 13 November 1942 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , c . 7 February 1943 - Tebessa Airfield , Algeria , 17 February 1943 - Youks-les-Bains Airfield , Algeria , 21 February 1943 - Kalaa Djerda Airfield , Tunisia , c . 25 February 1943 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , 11 March 1943 - Djilma Airfield , Tunisia , 7 April 1943 - Le Sers Airfield , Tunisia , 12 April 1943 - Korba Airfield , Tunisia , 15 May 1943 - Guyotville , Algeria , June 1943 - Ponte Olivo Airfield , Sicily , c . 13 July 1943 - Agrigento Airfield , Sicily , 21 July 1943 - Termini Airfield , Sicily , 2 August 1943 - Milazzo Airfield , Sicily , 2 September 1943 - Montecorvino Airfield , Italy , 21 September 1943 - Pomigliano Airfield , Italy , 14 October 1943 - Castel Volturno Airfield , Italy , 19 January 1944 - San Severo Airfield , Italy , 2 April 1944 - Mondolfo Airfield , Italy , 3 March 1945 - Triolo Airfield , Italy , 15 July–August 1945 - Drew Field , Florida , c . 25 August – 7 November 1945 - AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany , 20 August 1946 - AAF Station Kitzingen , Germany , 30 September 1946 – 25 June 1947 - Langley Field , Virginia , 25 June 1947 - Turner Field ( later Turner Air Force Base ) , Georgia , 4 September 1947 – 16 June 1952 - Homestead Air Force Base , Florida , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - Aviano Air Base , Italy , 1 April 1994 – present Aircraft . - Bell P-39 Airacobra , 1942 - Curtiss P-40 Warhawk , 1942 - Supermarine Spitfire , 1942–1943 - North American P-51 ( later F-51 ) Mustang , 1943–1945 , 1947–1949 - Lockheed P-80 , 1946–1947 ; P-51 - Republic F-84 Thunderjet , 1948–1952 - General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1991–1992 , 1994–present References . - Notes - Citations Bibliography . - Freeman , Roger A . Airfields of the Eighth : Then and Now . After the Battle , 1978 . . - Goebel , Robert J . Mustang Ace : Memoirs of a P-51 Fighter Pilot . Pacifica , California : Pacifica Press , 1991 . . - Kucera , Dennis C . In a Now Forgotten Sky : The 31st Fighter Group in WW2 . Stratford , Connecticut : Flying Machines Press , 1997 . . - Lamensdorf , Rolland Gilmore . History of the 31st Fighter Group . self-published , 1985 . - Mackay , Ron . The 31st Fighter Group in World War II . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron/Signal Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . . External links . - 31st Operations Group Factsheet - USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present - ArmyAirForces.Com 31st Fighter Group - Aviano AB Home Page - 31st Fighter Group , WW II - 31st Fighter Wing Heritage Site
|
[
"31st Tactical Training Group"
] |
easy
|
What was the official name of 31st Operations Group from Jul 1985 to Oct 1991?
|
/wiki/31st_Operations_Group#P1448#4
|
31st Operations Group The 31st Operations Group is the flying component of the 31st Fighter Wing , assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe . It is stationed at Aviano Air Base , Italy . The 31st Operations Group ensures the combat readiness of two F-16CG Falcon squadrons , one air control squadron , and one operational support squadron conducting and supporting worldwide air operations . The group prepares fighter pilots , controllers , and support personnel to execute U.S . and NATO war plans and contingency operations . It trains , equips , plans , and provides weather , intelligence , standardization/evaluation , and command and control sustaining global flying operations . Components . The 31st Operations Group was reactivated in late October 1991 at Homestead Air Force Base , Florida . The 31st Tactical Fighter Wing received new equipment the previous March in the form of Block 40 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons and in October of that year the wing resumed its original title ( one month short of 44 years since the unit had formed ) of 31st Fighter Wing , with the 31 OG as its flying component . On 24 August 1992 the effects of Hurricane Andrew severely damaged Homestead . The groups three F-16 squadrons were relocated to Moody Air Force Base , Georgia ( and eventually reassigned to other units ) and the base declared non-operational because of the damage caused by the hurricane . The result of this was the reassignment of the 31st from Air Combat Command Ninth Air Force to United States Air Forces Europes Sixteenth Air Force on 31 March 1994 without personnel or equipment . The 31st replaced the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing at Aviano Air Base , Italy , and the wing received two new fighter Squadrons , the 510th Buzzards and 555th Fighter Squadrons Triple Nickel . These squadrons were initially unequipped , but the 512th and 526th Fighter Squadrons , of the 86th Fighter Wing at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , which were equipped with F-16CG/DG Block-40s were inactivated as the 86th Wing became an airlift organization . These squadrons transferred their equipment and personnel to the new squadrons at Aviano . Both use the tail code AV for AViano . Each F-16 has a tail markings in the squadron colors – Green with the words Triple Nickel in white for the 555th FS and Purple with the words Buzzards in white for the 510th FS . The Block 40s ( as well as the Block 42 F-16s ) are equipped with the Martin–Marietta Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red for Night ( LANTIRN ) system . This consists of two pods , a AAQ-13 navigation pod carried on the left-hand chin pylon and an AAQ-14 targeting pod on the right-hand chin pylon . To differentiate this version the USAF has applied the designation F-16CG/DG . Non-flying squadrons of the 31st OG are : - 603rd Air Control Squadron Scorpions - 31st Operations Support Squadron History . The groups origins begin just before World War II , when the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 and was activated on 1 February 1940 with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . The group fought in North Africa and Italy during the war , returning to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 where it was Inactivated . A SAC Fighter-Escort group during the early years of the Cold War , the group was inactivated again in 1952 . It was reactivated as the 31st Operations Group in 1991 . World War II . The 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) was constituted on 22 December 1939 and activated on 1 February 1940 , at Selfridge Field , Michigan , with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . Its first commander was Lt . Col . Harold H . George , previously commander of the 94th Pursuit Squadron , also at Selfridge . The group trained and participated in Army maneuvers . The unit was redesignated the 31st Fighter Group on 15 May 1942 and was deployed to the European Theater . Most of the group moved to RAF Atcham England where it was assigned to Eighth Air Force . The stationing of the group personnel and aircraft was very haphazard , being assigned to various RAF stations in Kent and the East Midlands throughout its tenure in England . The group consisted of the following squadrons and fuselage codes : - 39th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 40th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 41st Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 307th Fighter Squadron ( MX ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 308th Fighter Squadron ( HL ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 309th Fighter Squadron ( WZ ) ( 1942–1945 ) The group arrived in the UK without its assigned aircraft as the Bell P-39 Airacobras they trained with in the United States were found unsuitable for long-distance formation ferry flights . The ground echelon sailed on the on 4 June 1942 arriving Clyde 10 June 1942 . Pilots followed later that month . In England , the group was provided with British Supermarine Spitfire Vbs by the Royal Air Force . The 31st Fighter Group was the first group to commence operations with VIII Fighter Command . It flew its first sorties with the RAF on 26 July , and its first squadron operation on 5 August . The 31sts first combat operation was on 19 August 1942 , when it supported the Allied raid at Dieppe , France . In August 1942 , the 31st moved to RAF Westhampnett in Sussex until October before moving into Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria on 8 November 1942 as part of Twelfth Air Force to take part in Operation Torch , the invasion of North Africa . Once in North Africa , the group attacked motor transports , gun positions , and troop concentrations during the campaign for Algeria and French Morocco . It supported ground troops in Tunisia and provided cover for bomber and fighter aircraft . During May and June 1943 , after being re-equipped with Mk VIII and Mk IX Spitfires , it escorted naval convoys in the Mediterranean and bombers on raids to Pantelleria . It supported landings on Sicily in July , at Salerno in September , and at Anzio in January 1944 . The group provided close air support of Allied ground forces in Italy and flew patrol and escort missions . In April 1944 , after being assigned to Fifteenth Air Force , the group was equipped with P-51B , C and D Mustangs and engaged primarily in missions to escort heavy bombers to enemy targets in Italy , France , Germany , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Greece . The 31st earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for a 21 April 1944 mission to cover a raid on production centers in Romania . It escorted reconnaissance and cargo aircraft participating in the airborne invasion of southern France . The unit strafed airdromes and communications targets . As part of a Fifteenth Air Force task force , it attacked targets in Romania while flying to Russia on 22 July 1944 . After escorting Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft from a Russian base for a raid on an airdrome in Poland on 25 July , it attacked a German fighter-bomber force and a truck convoy , earning a second Distinguished Unit Citation . In April 1945 , when Allied forces pursued their final offensive in northern Italy , the group strafed enemy rail and highway traffic . The 31st FG had a nasty habit when escorting 15th AF bombers to disappear and go hunting on their own ; often leaving the bombers to defend themselves with no fighter protection . The 31st Fighter Group returned to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 , where it was inactivated on 7 November . Occupation duty . The 31st Fighter Group was reactivated at AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany on 20 August 1946 where it was assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe XII Tactical Air Command for duty with the occupation force , assuming the mission , aircraft and personnel of the 55th Fighter Group , which was simultaneously inactivated . The group flew the former 55ths North American P-51D Mustangs from the airfield , as well as early-model Lockheed P-80B Shooting Star jet aircraft which had been deployed to the 55th . The unit moved to AAF Station Kitzingen on 30 September where it continued to operate both P-51Ds and P-80Bs . Strategic Air Command . After a year , the groups personnel and equipment were stood down , and the group was transferred without personnel or equipment , to Turner Field , Georgia on 20 November 1947 . At Turner the 31st Fighter Group became the operational component of the newly established United States Air Force 31st Fighter Wing on 20 November under Tactical Air Command , and was equipped with surplus P-51D Mustangs . The group consisted of the 307th , 308th and 309th Fighter Squadrons . At Turner , the 31st FG trained to achieve tactical proficiency from 1947–1950 . In the summer of 1948 , the 31st Fighter Group became the second Tactical Air Command unit to receive the Republic P-84C Thunderjet . The designation was changed to F-84C on 11 June 1948 . Effective 20 June 1950 , Turner was transferred to Strategic Air Command and effective 1 July 1950 control of the 31st Fighter Group was turned over to SAC and the group was redesignated as the 31st Fighter Escort Group . Upon the transfer to SAC , the group was assigned to SACs Second Air Force on 16 July with a mission to escort SACs intercontinental Boeing B-29 and Boeing B-50 Superfortress bomber fleet . Along with the reassignment to SAC , the 31st was upgraded to the new F-84E model , which was designed for bomber escort duties . As the F-84E model was still a brand-new aircraft , the 31st FEW was charged with performing accelerated service test on them . For these evaluations , the group utilized the air-to-ground gunnery range at Fort Stewart , Georgia and an air-to-air range over the Atlantic Ocean between Savannah , Georgia and Brunswick , Georgia . In addition , bomber escort missions were flown with B-29s from the 2d Bombardment Group at Hunter Air Force Base near Savannah . Beginning in December 1950 through July 1951 , all tactical and most support components deployed to RAF Manston , England . The remaining components of the 31st at Turner were backfilled by the Federalized New Jersey Air National Guard 108th Fighter-Bomber Wing with 141st , 149th and 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons . Between 1 June 1951 and 15 June 1942 , the 31st Fighter-Escort Group was reduced to a paper status when the operational squadrons were assigned directly to the 31st FEW . In June 1952 the group was inactivated when the Wing completed implementation of the dual deputate organization . Reactivation . On 1 November 1991 , the unit , which had been redesignated the 31st Operations Group , was activated as a result of the 31st Fighter Wing implementing the USAF Objective Wing organization . The 31st Group was assigned the flying components of the wing with a mission to train combat-ready fighter crews for deployment in any part of the world . On 24 August 1992 , much of Homestead Air Force Bases physical plant was destroyed or severely damaged by Hurricane Andrew . Just prior to the storms landfall in Southeast Florida , the 31st dispersed its fighter squadrons to safe areas away from the storms path . These locations were : - 307th and 308th Fighter Squadrons to the 347th Operations Group , Moody Air Force Base , Georgia - 309th Fighter Squadron to the 363d Operations Group , Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina The effects of Hurricane Andrew caused the almost total destruction of Homestead Air Force Base . Although both President George H . W . Bush and President Clinton promised to rebuild Homestead , the BRAC designated the installation for realignment to the Air Force Reserve , with the 31st Operations Groups squadrons being permanently reassigned to their dispersal bases , Moody AFB and Shaw AFB on 1 October 1992 . The remaining wing elements worked to clean up and salvage government property at Homestead . The 31st Group was reassigned to Italy in April 1994 without personnel and equipment , replacing the 401st Operations Group , to control flying operations for the 31st Fighter Wing . From May 1994 – December 2004 , the group participated in the major Balkan operations . Its squadrons also deployed personnel and equipment to support operations in Southwest Asia April 1991 – November 1995 . In 2000 the group gained a Combat Search and Rescue Mission ( CSAR ) , along with additional F-16s . The 31st also supported Operation Northern Watch , March–May 2002 and Operation Southern Watch , August–December 2002 . Most recently the 31 OG has deployed personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom . Lineage . - Established as the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 - Activated on 20 August 1946 - Redesignated : 31st Tactical Training Group on 31 July 1985 ( remained inactive ) - Redesignated : 31st Operations Group on 28 October 1991 - Activated on 1 April 1994 Assignments . - 2d Wing , 1 February 1940 - 6th Pursuit Wing , 18 December 1940 - I Interceptor Command , 1 October 1941 - III Interceptor Command ( later III Fighter Command ) , 18 April 1942 - VIII Fighter Command , 10 June 1942 - 6th Fighter Wing , 16 August 1942 - Twelfth Air Force , 14 September 1942 - XII Fighter Command , 27 September 1942 - XII Air Support Command , November 1942 - 64th Fighter Wing , 24 July 1943 - 306th Bombardment Wing ( later 306th Fighter Wing ) , 1 April 1944 - 305th Bombardment Wing , c . 13 June 1945 - Third Air Force , August-7 November 1945 - XII Tactical Air Command , 20 August 1946 - Ninth Air Force , 25 June 1947 - 31st Fighter Wing ( later 31st Fighter-Bomber Wing , 31st Fighter-Escort Wing ) , 20 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 April 1994 – present Components . - 39th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 40th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 41st Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 56th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 57th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 307th Pursuit Squadron ( later 307th Fighter Squadron 307th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 307th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 307th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 308th Pursuit Squadron ( later 308th Fighter Squadron 308th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 308th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 308th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 309th Pursuit Squadron ( later 309th Fighter Squadron 309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 309th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 309th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached 28 August – 20 November 1992 ) - 510th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present - 555th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present Stations . - Selfridge Field , Michigan , 1 February 1940 - Baer Field , Indiana , 6 December 1941 - New Orleans Army Air Base , Louisiana , 6 February – 19 May 1942 - RAF Atcham ( AAF-342 ) , England , 11 June 1942 - RAF Westhampnett ( AAF-352 ) , England , 1 August – 21 October 1942 - Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria , 8 November 1942 - Oran Es Sénia Airport , Oran , Algeria , c . 13 November 1942 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , c . 7 February 1943 - Tebessa Airfield , Algeria , 17 February 1943 - Youks-les-Bains Airfield , Algeria , 21 February 1943 - Kalaa Djerda Airfield , Tunisia , c . 25 February 1943 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , 11 March 1943 - Djilma Airfield , Tunisia , 7 April 1943 - Le Sers Airfield , Tunisia , 12 April 1943 - Korba Airfield , Tunisia , 15 May 1943 - Guyotville , Algeria , June 1943 - Ponte Olivo Airfield , Sicily , c . 13 July 1943 - Agrigento Airfield , Sicily , 21 July 1943 - Termini Airfield , Sicily , 2 August 1943 - Milazzo Airfield , Sicily , 2 September 1943 - Montecorvino Airfield , Italy , 21 September 1943 - Pomigliano Airfield , Italy , 14 October 1943 - Castel Volturno Airfield , Italy , 19 January 1944 - San Severo Airfield , Italy , 2 April 1944 - Mondolfo Airfield , Italy , 3 March 1945 - Triolo Airfield , Italy , 15 July–August 1945 - Drew Field , Florida , c . 25 August – 7 November 1945 - AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany , 20 August 1946 - AAF Station Kitzingen , Germany , 30 September 1946 – 25 June 1947 - Langley Field , Virginia , 25 June 1947 - Turner Field ( later Turner Air Force Base ) , Georgia , 4 September 1947 – 16 June 1952 - Homestead Air Force Base , Florida , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - Aviano Air Base , Italy , 1 April 1994 – present Aircraft . - Bell P-39 Airacobra , 1942 - Curtiss P-40 Warhawk , 1942 - Supermarine Spitfire , 1942–1943 - North American P-51 ( later F-51 ) Mustang , 1943–1945 , 1947–1949 - Lockheed P-80 , 1946–1947 ; P-51 - Republic F-84 Thunderjet , 1948–1952 - General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1991–1992 , 1994–present References . - Notes - Citations Bibliography . - Freeman , Roger A . Airfields of the Eighth : Then and Now . After the Battle , 1978 . . - Goebel , Robert J . Mustang Ace : Memoirs of a P-51 Fighter Pilot . Pacifica , California : Pacifica Press , 1991 . . - Kucera , Dennis C . In a Now Forgotten Sky : The 31st Fighter Group in WW2 . Stratford , Connecticut : Flying Machines Press , 1997 . . - Lamensdorf , Rolland Gilmore . History of the 31st Fighter Group . self-published , 1985 . - Mackay , Ron . The 31st Fighter Group in World War II . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron/Signal Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . . External links . - 31st Operations Group Factsheet - USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present - ArmyAirForces.Com 31st Fighter Group - Aviano AB Home Page - 31st Fighter Group , WW II - 31st Fighter Wing Heritage Site
|
[
"31st Operations Group"
] |
easy
|
What was the official name of 31st Operations Group from Oct 1991 to Oct 1992?
|
/wiki/31st_Operations_Group#P1448#5
|
31st Operations Group The 31st Operations Group is the flying component of the 31st Fighter Wing , assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe . It is stationed at Aviano Air Base , Italy . The 31st Operations Group ensures the combat readiness of two F-16CG Falcon squadrons , one air control squadron , and one operational support squadron conducting and supporting worldwide air operations . The group prepares fighter pilots , controllers , and support personnel to execute U.S . and NATO war plans and contingency operations . It trains , equips , plans , and provides weather , intelligence , standardization/evaluation , and command and control sustaining global flying operations . Components . The 31st Operations Group was reactivated in late October 1991 at Homestead Air Force Base , Florida . The 31st Tactical Fighter Wing received new equipment the previous March in the form of Block 40 F-16C/D Fighting Falcons and in October of that year the wing resumed its original title ( one month short of 44 years since the unit had formed ) of 31st Fighter Wing , with the 31 OG as its flying component . On 24 August 1992 the effects of Hurricane Andrew severely damaged Homestead . The groups three F-16 squadrons were relocated to Moody Air Force Base , Georgia ( and eventually reassigned to other units ) and the base declared non-operational because of the damage caused by the hurricane . The result of this was the reassignment of the 31st from Air Combat Command Ninth Air Force to United States Air Forces Europes Sixteenth Air Force on 31 March 1994 without personnel or equipment . The 31st replaced the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing at Aviano Air Base , Italy , and the wing received two new fighter Squadrons , the 510th Buzzards and 555th Fighter Squadrons Triple Nickel . These squadrons were initially unequipped , but the 512th and 526th Fighter Squadrons , of the 86th Fighter Wing at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , which were equipped with F-16CG/DG Block-40s were inactivated as the 86th Wing became an airlift organization . These squadrons transferred their equipment and personnel to the new squadrons at Aviano . Both use the tail code AV for AViano . Each F-16 has a tail markings in the squadron colors – Green with the words Triple Nickel in white for the 555th FS and Purple with the words Buzzards in white for the 510th FS . The Block 40s ( as well as the Block 42 F-16s ) are equipped with the Martin–Marietta Low Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infra-Red for Night ( LANTIRN ) system . This consists of two pods , a AAQ-13 navigation pod carried on the left-hand chin pylon and an AAQ-14 targeting pod on the right-hand chin pylon . To differentiate this version the USAF has applied the designation F-16CG/DG . Non-flying squadrons of the 31st OG are : - 603rd Air Control Squadron Scorpions - 31st Operations Support Squadron History . The groups origins begin just before World War II , when the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 and was activated on 1 February 1940 with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . The group fought in North Africa and Italy during the war , returning to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 where it was Inactivated . A SAC Fighter-Escort group during the early years of the Cold War , the group was inactivated again in 1952 . It was reactivated as the 31st Operations Group in 1991 . World War II . The 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) was constituted on 22 December 1939 and activated on 1 February 1940 , at Selfridge Field , Michigan , with the 39th , 40th and 41st Pursuit squadrons . Its first commander was Lt . Col . Harold H . George , previously commander of the 94th Pursuit Squadron , also at Selfridge . The group trained and participated in Army maneuvers . The unit was redesignated the 31st Fighter Group on 15 May 1942 and was deployed to the European Theater . Most of the group moved to RAF Atcham England where it was assigned to Eighth Air Force . The stationing of the group personnel and aircraft was very haphazard , being assigned to various RAF stations in Kent and the East Midlands throughout its tenure in England . The group consisted of the following squadrons and fuselage codes : - 39th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 40th Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 41st Pursuit Squadron ( 1940–1942 ) - 307th Fighter Squadron ( MX ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 308th Fighter Squadron ( HL ) ( 1942–1945 ) - 309th Fighter Squadron ( WZ ) ( 1942–1945 ) The group arrived in the UK without its assigned aircraft as the Bell P-39 Airacobras they trained with in the United States were found unsuitable for long-distance formation ferry flights . The ground echelon sailed on the on 4 June 1942 arriving Clyde 10 June 1942 . Pilots followed later that month . In England , the group was provided with British Supermarine Spitfire Vbs by the Royal Air Force . The 31st Fighter Group was the first group to commence operations with VIII Fighter Command . It flew its first sorties with the RAF on 26 July , and its first squadron operation on 5 August . The 31sts first combat operation was on 19 August 1942 , when it supported the Allied raid at Dieppe , France . In August 1942 , the 31st moved to RAF Westhampnett in Sussex until October before moving into Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria on 8 November 1942 as part of Twelfth Air Force to take part in Operation Torch , the invasion of North Africa . Once in North Africa , the group attacked motor transports , gun positions , and troop concentrations during the campaign for Algeria and French Morocco . It supported ground troops in Tunisia and provided cover for bomber and fighter aircraft . During May and June 1943 , after being re-equipped with Mk VIII and Mk IX Spitfires , it escorted naval convoys in the Mediterranean and bombers on raids to Pantelleria . It supported landings on Sicily in July , at Salerno in September , and at Anzio in January 1944 . The group provided close air support of Allied ground forces in Italy and flew patrol and escort missions . In April 1944 , after being assigned to Fifteenth Air Force , the group was equipped with P-51B , C and D Mustangs and engaged primarily in missions to escort heavy bombers to enemy targets in Italy , France , Germany , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Greece . The 31st earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for a 21 April 1944 mission to cover a raid on production centers in Romania . It escorted reconnaissance and cargo aircraft participating in the airborne invasion of southern France . The unit strafed airdromes and communications targets . As part of a Fifteenth Air Force task force , it attacked targets in Romania while flying to Russia on 22 July 1944 . After escorting Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft from a Russian base for a raid on an airdrome in Poland on 25 July , it attacked a German fighter-bomber force and a truck convoy , earning a second Distinguished Unit Citation . In April 1945 , when Allied forces pursued their final offensive in northern Italy , the group strafed enemy rail and highway traffic . The 31st FG had a nasty habit when escorting 15th AF bombers to disappear and go hunting on their own ; often leaving the bombers to defend themselves with no fighter protection . The 31st Fighter Group returned to Drew Field Florida in August 1945 , where it was inactivated on 7 November . Occupation duty . The 31st Fighter Group was reactivated at AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany on 20 August 1946 where it was assigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe XII Tactical Air Command for duty with the occupation force , assuming the mission , aircraft and personnel of the 55th Fighter Group , which was simultaneously inactivated . The group flew the former 55ths North American P-51D Mustangs from the airfield , as well as early-model Lockheed P-80B Shooting Star jet aircraft which had been deployed to the 55th . The unit moved to AAF Station Kitzingen on 30 September where it continued to operate both P-51Ds and P-80Bs . Strategic Air Command . After a year , the groups personnel and equipment were stood down , and the group was transferred without personnel or equipment , to Turner Field , Georgia on 20 November 1947 . At Turner the 31st Fighter Group became the operational component of the newly established United States Air Force 31st Fighter Wing on 20 November under Tactical Air Command , and was equipped with surplus P-51D Mustangs . The group consisted of the 307th , 308th and 309th Fighter Squadrons . At Turner , the 31st FG trained to achieve tactical proficiency from 1947–1950 . In the summer of 1948 , the 31st Fighter Group became the second Tactical Air Command unit to receive the Republic P-84C Thunderjet . The designation was changed to F-84C on 11 June 1948 . Effective 20 June 1950 , Turner was transferred to Strategic Air Command and effective 1 July 1950 control of the 31st Fighter Group was turned over to SAC and the group was redesignated as the 31st Fighter Escort Group . Upon the transfer to SAC , the group was assigned to SACs Second Air Force on 16 July with a mission to escort SACs intercontinental Boeing B-29 and Boeing B-50 Superfortress bomber fleet . Along with the reassignment to SAC , the 31st was upgraded to the new F-84E model , which was designed for bomber escort duties . As the F-84E model was still a brand-new aircraft , the 31st FEW was charged with performing accelerated service test on them . For these evaluations , the group utilized the air-to-ground gunnery range at Fort Stewart , Georgia and an air-to-air range over the Atlantic Ocean between Savannah , Georgia and Brunswick , Georgia . In addition , bomber escort missions were flown with B-29s from the 2d Bombardment Group at Hunter Air Force Base near Savannah . Beginning in December 1950 through July 1951 , all tactical and most support components deployed to RAF Manston , England . The remaining components of the 31st at Turner were backfilled by the Federalized New Jersey Air National Guard 108th Fighter-Bomber Wing with 141st , 149th and 153d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons . Between 1 June 1951 and 15 June 1942 , the 31st Fighter-Escort Group was reduced to a paper status when the operational squadrons were assigned directly to the 31st FEW . In June 1952 the group was inactivated when the Wing completed implementation of the dual deputate organization . Reactivation . On 1 November 1991 , the unit , which had been redesignated the 31st Operations Group , was activated as a result of the 31st Fighter Wing implementing the USAF Objective Wing organization . The 31st Group was assigned the flying components of the wing with a mission to train combat-ready fighter crews for deployment in any part of the world . On 24 August 1992 , much of Homestead Air Force Bases physical plant was destroyed or severely damaged by Hurricane Andrew . Just prior to the storms landfall in Southeast Florida , the 31st dispersed its fighter squadrons to safe areas away from the storms path . These locations were : - 307th and 308th Fighter Squadrons to the 347th Operations Group , Moody Air Force Base , Georgia - 309th Fighter Squadron to the 363d Operations Group , Shaw Air Force Base , South Carolina The effects of Hurricane Andrew caused the almost total destruction of Homestead Air Force Base . Although both President George H . W . Bush and President Clinton promised to rebuild Homestead , the BRAC designated the installation for realignment to the Air Force Reserve , with the 31st Operations Groups squadrons being permanently reassigned to their dispersal bases , Moody AFB and Shaw AFB on 1 October 1992 . The remaining wing elements worked to clean up and salvage government property at Homestead . The 31st Group was reassigned to Italy in April 1994 without personnel and equipment , replacing the 401st Operations Group , to control flying operations for the 31st Fighter Wing . From May 1994 – December 2004 , the group participated in the major Balkan operations . Its squadrons also deployed personnel and equipment to support operations in Southwest Asia April 1991 – November 1995 . In 2000 the group gained a Combat Search and Rescue Mission ( CSAR ) , along with additional F-16s . The 31st also supported Operation Northern Watch , March–May 2002 and Operation Southern Watch , August–December 2002 . Most recently the 31 OG has deployed personnel and equipment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom . Lineage . - Established as the 31st Pursuit Group ( Interceptor ) on 22 December 1939 - Activated on 20 August 1946 - Redesignated : 31st Tactical Training Group on 31 July 1985 ( remained inactive ) - Redesignated : 31st Operations Group on 28 October 1991 - Activated on 1 April 1994 Assignments . - 2d Wing , 1 February 1940 - 6th Pursuit Wing , 18 December 1940 - I Interceptor Command , 1 October 1941 - III Interceptor Command ( later III Fighter Command ) , 18 April 1942 - VIII Fighter Command , 10 June 1942 - 6th Fighter Wing , 16 August 1942 - Twelfth Air Force , 14 September 1942 - XII Fighter Command , 27 September 1942 - XII Air Support Command , November 1942 - 64th Fighter Wing , 24 July 1943 - 306th Bombardment Wing ( later 306th Fighter Wing ) , 1 April 1944 - 305th Bombardment Wing , c . 13 June 1945 - Third Air Force , August-7 November 1945 - XII Tactical Air Command , 20 August 1946 - Ninth Air Force , 25 June 1947 - 31st Fighter Wing ( later 31st Fighter-Bomber Wing , 31st Fighter-Escort Wing ) , 20 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - 31st Fighter Wing , 1 April 1994 – present Components . - 39th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 40th Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 41st Pursuit Squadron : 1 February 1940 – 15 January 1942 - 56th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 57th Rescue Squadron : May 2018 – present - 307th Pursuit Squadron ( later 307th Fighter Squadron 307th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 307th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 307th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 308th Pursuit Squadron ( later 308th Fighter Squadron 308th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 308th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 308th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached c . 11 September – 20 November 1992 ) - 309th Pursuit Squadron ( later 309th Fighter Squadron 309th Fighter-Bomber Squadron , 309th Fighter-Escort Squadron , 309th Fighter Squadron ) : 30 January 1942 – 7 November 1945 ; 20 August 1946 – 16 June 1952 ( detached 27 July 1951 – 16 June 1952 ) ; 1 November 1991 – 20 November 1992 ( detached 28 August – 20 November 1992 ) - 510th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present - 555th Fighter Squadron : 1 April 1994 – present Stations . - Selfridge Field , Michigan , 1 February 1940 - Baer Field , Indiana , 6 December 1941 - New Orleans Army Air Base , Louisiana , 6 February – 19 May 1942 - RAF Atcham ( AAF-342 ) , England , 11 June 1942 - RAF Westhampnett ( AAF-352 ) , England , 1 August – 21 October 1942 - Tafaraoui Airfield , Algeria , 8 November 1942 - Oran Es Sénia Airport , Oran , Algeria , c . 13 November 1942 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , c . 7 February 1943 - Tebessa Airfield , Algeria , 17 February 1943 - Youks-les-Bains Airfield , Algeria , 21 February 1943 - Kalaa Djerda Airfield , Tunisia , c . 25 February 1943 - Thelepte Airfield , Tunisia , 11 March 1943 - Djilma Airfield , Tunisia , 7 April 1943 - Le Sers Airfield , Tunisia , 12 April 1943 - Korba Airfield , Tunisia , 15 May 1943 - Guyotville , Algeria , June 1943 - Ponte Olivo Airfield , Sicily , c . 13 July 1943 - Agrigento Airfield , Sicily , 21 July 1943 - Termini Airfield , Sicily , 2 August 1943 - Milazzo Airfield , Sicily , 2 September 1943 - Montecorvino Airfield , Italy , 21 September 1943 - Pomigliano Airfield , Italy , 14 October 1943 - Castel Volturno Airfield , Italy , 19 January 1944 - San Severo Airfield , Italy , 2 April 1944 - Mondolfo Airfield , Italy , 3 March 1945 - Triolo Airfield , Italy , 15 July–August 1945 - Drew Field , Florida , c . 25 August – 7 November 1945 - AAF Station Giebelstadt , Germany , 20 August 1946 - AAF Station Kitzingen , Germany , 30 September 1946 – 25 June 1947 - Langley Field , Virginia , 25 June 1947 - Turner Field ( later Turner Air Force Base ) , Georgia , 4 September 1947 – 16 June 1952 - Homestead Air Force Base , Florida , 1 November 1991 – 1 April 1994 - Aviano Air Base , Italy , 1 April 1994 – present Aircraft . - Bell P-39 Airacobra , 1942 - Curtiss P-40 Warhawk , 1942 - Supermarine Spitfire , 1942–1943 - North American P-51 ( later F-51 ) Mustang , 1943–1945 , 1947–1949 - Lockheed P-80 , 1946–1947 ; P-51 - Republic F-84 Thunderjet , 1948–1952 - General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon , 1991–1992 , 1994–present References . - Notes - Citations Bibliography . - Freeman , Roger A . Airfields of the Eighth : Then and Now . After the Battle , 1978 . . - Goebel , Robert J . Mustang Ace : Memoirs of a P-51 Fighter Pilot . Pacifica , California : Pacifica Press , 1991 . . - Kucera , Dennis C . In a Now Forgotten Sky : The 31st Fighter Group in WW2 . Stratford , Connecticut : Flying Machines Press , 1997 . . - Lamensdorf , Rolland Gilmore . History of the 31st Fighter Group . self-published , 1985 . - Mackay , Ron . The 31st Fighter Group in World War II . Carrollton , Texas : Squadron/Signal Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . . External links . - 31st Operations Group Factsheet - USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers—1908 to Present - ArmyAirForces.Com 31st Fighter Group - Aviano AB Home Page - 31st Fighter Group , WW II - 31st Fighter Wing Heritage Site
|
[
"Anne Kristine Linnestad ( born 1961 ) a politician , Mayor of Ski , 2011 to 2015"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Ski, Norway from 2011 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Ski,_Norway#P6#0
|
Ski , Norway Ski ( ) is a town and former kommune ( municipality ) in the new municipality ( January 1 . 2020 ) Nordre Follo in the greater region Follo , in Viken fylke ( county ) , Norway . Ski is the most populous and largest town in Follo , and serves as the de facto municipality center of Nordre Follo municipality . Institutions like the hospital , tingrett ( district court ) , police station , and other regional public services , are located in and around the town of Ski . Etymology . The municipality of Ski inherited its name from the town of Ski , upon being instated as a separate municipality , with the town as its administrative centre . The town of Ski is named after a large farm called Skeidi ( Old Norse : Skeiði ) . The word skeiði is a side form of skeið , meaning running track for horse racing - suggesting that there may have been such a track at the farm in medieval times . Accordingly , and contrary to popular assumption , the name is a reference to horse racing , not skiing . History . Archeologically , remains from settlements dating as far back as 11,000 years have been found in the Ski and Ås areas . Stone Age tools are still being found when fields are ploughed , and Ski has more than 300 registered ancient historical artifacts . From the Middle Ages and up to modern times the areas of Kråkstad and Ski were originally administered as medieval church parishes , and each have a medieval stone church from the 1150s . During the 19th century , Kråkstad was the political and administrative centre of the municipality . On July 1 , 1931 the rural , but rapidly growing municipality of Kråkstad was split into two separate municipalities . The village of Ski was chosen as the administrative centre of the northern part , thus giving its name to the new municipality . The village of Kråkstad remained the administrative centre of the southern part , retaining its original name . By 1964 Ski had developed into a busy town and trading hub for the surrounding , rural areas . Ski municipality had by far outgrown its southern neighbour economically and population-wise . Consequently , on January 1 , Kråkstad was officially absorbed into Ski municipality , ceasing to be a municipality of its own . Today , the name Kråkstad simply refers to the village , just southeast of the much larger town of Ski . Coat-of-arms . The current coat-of-arms was approved on December 19 , 1986 . It was based on a logo used since 1979 . It was designed to reflect the original meaning of the name Ski - thus depicting three silver horse heads arranged in a triskelion on a blue background . Geography . Ski is located south of Oslo in Akershus county . It borders Oslo to the north , Oppegård to the west , Enebakk to the east , Ås to the south-west and Hobøl to the south-east . Ski is an inland municipality and is separated from the Oslofjord by Oppegård and Ås . The landscape is dominated by rolling hills , covered in forest and farmland interspersed with settlements . In fact , 102.12 of the total of 165.5 square kilometres of land area belonging to the municipality are forest . Apart from the town of Ski , other notable settlements are the villages of Kråkstad and Siggerud , and the larger , sub-urban area of Langhus . Both major roads leading from Oslo through eastern Norway to Sweden , the E6 and E18 , pass through Ski , as well as the main southbound railway line . Economy . Ski is traditionally a rural municipality , and agriculture is still prominent . However , its location at the centre of the district , with Norways two most important main roads intersecting nearby and the main railway line passing through , has made it the commercial and transport hub of the region . This has drawn companies to set up headquarters , factories and logistics hubs in the area , boosting the economy . Ski town is a regional passenger hub for the national rail service , Vy , and as much of Ski municipality is easily reachable by train or car from central Oslo , the number of people living in Ski and commuting to Oslo has increased rapidly over the last 30 years , and is set to continue increasing - as immigration and birthrates in the Oslo/Akershus region is strong and housing in Oslo proper is of limited availability - and therefore costly . Ski town has retained its traditional status as a market town and trading hub , and is home to the largest shopping centre in the district and one of the largest in Norway – Ski Storsenter . Ski town is also the political and administrative hub of the Follo region , and the local police headquarter , hospital , and district court - as well as a number of inter-municipal services companies , are located there . Geology . Ski , as most of Follo , lies on ancient rock foundations . Throughout the local area from east to west there is a moraine left from the Ice age . Sports . There are numerous sports clubs in Ski municipality , covering a wide range of sports . Most are junior or amateur sports clubs . The best known sports team is the football team Follo FK , which is based in Ski town . Follo FK is a joint effort by a number of local sports clubs in the Follo district , in order to be able to field a national-level football team . Follo FK currently ( 2016 ) plays in the 2nd division of the national football league , having played both in the 1st division and in the 3rd division previously , and have played in the national cup finals twice . Notable people . - Borghild Holmsen ( 1865 in Kråkstad – 1938 ) a Norwegian pianist , music critic and composer - Gunhild Ziener ( 1868 in Ski – 1937 ) a Norwegian politician and pioneer in Norways womens movement - Ingrid Bjoner ( 1927 in Kråkstad – 2006 ) a Norwegian operatic soprano , portrayed Wagnerian heroines - Alf Magne Austad ( 1946–2013 ) a realist painter , lived in Ski - Anne Kristine Linnestad ( born 1961 ) a politician , Mayor of Ski , 2011 to 2015 - Trude Mostue ( born 1968 ) a veterinary surgeon and TV presenter , brought up in Siggerud - Martin Andresen ( born 1977 in Kråkstad ) a former footballer with 355 club caps and 43 for Norway - Tuva Moflag ( born 1979 ) a Norwegian politician , Mayor of Ski , 2015 to 2017 - Linn-Kristin Riegelhuth Koren ( born 1984 in Ski ) a retired handball player , 279 caps with Norway women and three time Olympic team medallist - Fredric Aasbø ( born 1985 in Ski ) a professional drifter and stunt driver Twin towns and sister cities . Ski municipality is twinned with : - Viimsi Parish , Estonia - Solna , Sweden
|
[
"Tuva Moflag ( born 1979 ) a Norwegian politician , Mayor of Ski , 2015 to 2017"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Ski, Norway from 2015 to 2017?
|
/wiki/Ski,_Norway#P6#1
|
Ski , Norway Ski ( ) is a town and former kommune ( municipality ) in the new municipality ( January 1 . 2020 ) Nordre Follo in the greater region Follo , in Viken fylke ( county ) , Norway . Ski is the most populous and largest town in Follo , and serves as the de facto municipality center of Nordre Follo municipality . Institutions like the hospital , tingrett ( district court ) , police station , and other regional public services , are located in and around the town of Ski . Etymology . The municipality of Ski inherited its name from the town of Ski , upon being instated as a separate municipality , with the town as its administrative centre . The town of Ski is named after a large farm called Skeidi ( Old Norse : Skeiði ) . The word skeiði is a side form of skeið , meaning running track for horse racing - suggesting that there may have been such a track at the farm in medieval times . Accordingly , and contrary to popular assumption , the name is a reference to horse racing , not skiing . History . Archeologically , remains from settlements dating as far back as 11,000 years have been found in the Ski and Ås areas . Stone Age tools are still being found when fields are ploughed , and Ski has more than 300 registered ancient historical artifacts . From the Middle Ages and up to modern times the areas of Kråkstad and Ski were originally administered as medieval church parishes , and each have a medieval stone church from the 1150s . During the 19th century , Kråkstad was the political and administrative centre of the municipality . On July 1 , 1931 the rural , but rapidly growing municipality of Kråkstad was split into two separate municipalities . The village of Ski was chosen as the administrative centre of the northern part , thus giving its name to the new municipality . The village of Kråkstad remained the administrative centre of the southern part , retaining its original name . By 1964 Ski had developed into a busy town and trading hub for the surrounding , rural areas . Ski municipality had by far outgrown its southern neighbour economically and population-wise . Consequently , on January 1 , Kråkstad was officially absorbed into Ski municipality , ceasing to be a municipality of its own . Today , the name Kråkstad simply refers to the village , just southeast of the much larger town of Ski . Coat-of-arms . The current coat-of-arms was approved on December 19 , 1986 . It was based on a logo used since 1979 . It was designed to reflect the original meaning of the name Ski - thus depicting three silver horse heads arranged in a triskelion on a blue background . Geography . Ski is located south of Oslo in Akershus county . It borders Oslo to the north , Oppegård to the west , Enebakk to the east , Ås to the south-west and Hobøl to the south-east . Ski is an inland municipality and is separated from the Oslofjord by Oppegård and Ås . The landscape is dominated by rolling hills , covered in forest and farmland interspersed with settlements . In fact , 102.12 of the total of 165.5 square kilometres of land area belonging to the municipality are forest . Apart from the town of Ski , other notable settlements are the villages of Kråkstad and Siggerud , and the larger , sub-urban area of Langhus . Both major roads leading from Oslo through eastern Norway to Sweden , the E6 and E18 , pass through Ski , as well as the main southbound railway line . Economy . Ski is traditionally a rural municipality , and agriculture is still prominent . However , its location at the centre of the district , with Norways two most important main roads intersecting nearby and the main railway line passing through , has made it the commercial and transport hub of the region . This has drawn companies to set up headquarters , factories and logistics hubs in the area , boosting the economy . Ski town is a regional passenger hub for the national rail service , Vy , and as much of Ski municipality is easily reachable by train or car from central Oslo , the number of people living in Ski and commuting to Oslo has increased rapidly over the last 30 years , and is set to continue increasing - as immigration and birthrates in the Oslo/Akershus region is strong and housing in Oslo proper is of limited availability - and therefore costly . Ski town has retained its traditional status as a market town and trading hub , and is home to the largest shopping centre in the district and one of the largest in Norway – Ski Storsenter . Ski town is also the political and administrative hub of the Follo region , and the local police headquarter , hospital , and district court - as well as a number of inter-municipal services companies , are located there . Geology . Ski , as most of Follo , lies on ancient rock foundations . Throughout the local area from east to west there is a moraine left from the Ice age . Sports . There are numerous sports clubs in Ski municipality , covering a wide range of sports . Most are junior or amateur sports clubs . The best known sports team is the football team Follo FK , which is based in Ski town . Follo FK is a joint effort by a number of local sports clubs in the Follo district , in order to be able to field a national-level football team . Follo FK currently ( 2016 ) plays in the 2nd division of the national football league , having played both in the 1st division and in the 3rd division previously , and have played in the national cup finals twice . Notable people . - Borghild Holmsen ( 1865 in Kråkstad – 1938 ) a Norwegian pianist , music critic and composer - Gunhild Ziener ( 1868 in Ski – 1937 ) a Norwegian politician and pioneer in Norways womens movement - Ingrid Bjoner ( 1927 in Kråkstad – 2006 ) a Norwegian operatic soprano , portrayed Wagnerian heroines - Alf Magne Austad ( 1946–2013 ) a realist painter , lived in Ski - Anne Kristine Linnestad ( born 1961 ) a politician , Mayor of Ski , 2011 to 2015 - Trude Mostue ( born 1968 ) a veterinary surgeon and TV presenter , brought up in Siggerud - Martin Andresen ( born 1977 in Kråkstad ) a former footballer with 355 club caps and 43 for Norway - Tuva Moflag ( born 1979 ) a Norwegian politician , Mayor of Ski , 2015 to 2017 - Linn-Kristin Riegelhuth Koren ( born 1984 in Ski ) a retired handball player , 279 caps with Norway women and three time Olympic team medallist - Fredric Aasbø ( born 1985 in Ski ) a professional drifter and stunt driver Twin towns and sister cities . Ski municipality is twinned with : - Viimsi Parish , Estonia - Solna , Sweden
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Who was the chair of Ski, Norway from 2017 to Dec 2019?
|
/wiki/Ski,_Norway#P6#2
|
Ski , Norway Ski ( ) is a town and former kommune ( municipality ) in the new municipality ( January 1 . 2020 ) Nordre Follo in the greater region Follo , in Viken fylke ( county ) , Norway . Ski is the most populous and largest town in Follo , and serves as the de facto municipality center of Nordre Follo municipality . Institutions like the hospital , tingrett ( district court ) , police station , and other regional public services , are located in and around the town of Ski . Etymology . The municipality of Ski inherited its name from the town of Ski , upon being instated as a separate municipality , with the town as its administrative centre . The town of Ski is named after a large farm called Skeidi ( Old Norse : Skeiði ) . The word skeiði is a side form of skeið , meaning running track for horse racing - suggesting that there may have been such a track at the farm in medieval times . Accordingly , and contrary to popular assumption , the name is a reference to horse racing , not skiing . History . Archeologically , remains from settlements dating as far back as 11,000 years have been found in the Ski and Ås areas . Stone Age tools are still being found when fields are ploughed , and Ski has more than 300 registered ancient historical artifacts . From the Middle Ages and up to modern times the areas of Kråkstad and Ski were originally administered as medieval church parishes , and each have a medieval stone church from the 1150s . During the 19th century , Kråkstad was the political and administrative centre of the municipality . On July 1 , 1931 the rural , but rapidly growing municipality of Kråkstad was split into two separate municipalities . The village of Ski was chosen as the administrative centre of the northern part , thus giving its name to the new municipality . The village of Kråkstad remained the administrative centre of the southern part , retaining its original name . By 1964 Ski had developed into a busy town and trading hub for the surrounding , rural areas . Ski municipality had by far outgrown its southern neighbour economically and population-wise . Consequently , on January 1 , Kråkstad was officially absorbed into Ski municipality , ceasing to be a municipality of its own . Today , the name Kråkstad simply refers to the village , just southeast of the much larger town of Ski . Coat-of-arms . The current coat-of-arms was approved on December 19 , 1986 . It was based on a logo used since 1979 . It was designed to reflect the original meaning of the name Ski - thus depicting three silver horse heads arranged in a triskelion on a blue background . Geography . Ski is located south of Oslo in Akershus county . It borders Oslo to the north , Oppegård to the west , Enebakk to the east , Ås to the south-west and Hobøl to the south-east . Ski is an inland municipality and is separated from the Oslofjord by Oppegård and Ås . The landscape is dominated by rolling hills , covered in forest and farmland interspersed with settlements . In fact , 102.12 of the total of 165.5 square kilometres of land area belonging to the municipality are forest . Apart from the town of Ski , other notable settlements are the villages of Kråkstad and Siggerud , and the larger , sub-urban area of Langhus . Both major roads leading from Oslo through eastern Norway to Sweden , the E6 and E18 , pass through Ski , as well as the main southbound railway line . Economy . Ski is traditionally a rural municipality , and agriculture is still prominent . However , its location at the centre of the district , with Norways two most important main roads intersecting nearby and the main railway line passing through , has made it the commercial and transport hub of the region . This has drawn companies to set up headquarters , factories and logistics hubs in the area , boosting the economy . Ski town is a regional passenger hub for the national rail service , Vy , and as much of Ski municipality is easily reachable by train or car from central Oslo , the number of people living in Ski and commuting to Oslo has increased rapidly over the last 30 years , and is set to continue increasing - as immigration and birthrates in the Oslo/Akershus region is strong and housing in Oslo proper is of limited availability - and therefore costly . Ski town has retained its traditional status as a market town and trading hub , and is home to the largest shopping centre in the district and one of the largest in Norway – Ski Storsenter . Ski town is also the political and administrative hub of the Follo region , and the local police headquarter , hospital , and district court - as well as a number of inter-municipal services companies , are located there . Geology . Ski , as most of Follo , lies on ancient rock foundations . Throughout the local area from east to west there is a moraine left from the Ice age . Sports . There are numerous sports clubs in Ski municipality , covering a wide range of sports . Most are junior or amateur sports clubs . The best known sports team is the football team Follo FK , which is based in Ski town . Follo FK is a joint effort by a number of local sports clubs in the Follo district , in order to be able to field a national-level football team . Follo FK currently ( 2016 ) plays in the 2nd division of the national football league , having played both in the 1st division and in the 3rd division previously , and have played in the national cup finals twice . Notable people . - Borghild Holmsen ( 1865 in Kråkstad – 1938 ) a Norwegian pianist , music critic and composer - Gunhild Ziener ( 1868 in Ski – 1937 ) a Norwegian politician and pioneer in Norways womens movement - Ingrid Bjoner ( 1927 in Kråkstad – 2006 ) a Norwegian operatic soprano , portrayed Wagnerian heroines - Alf Magne Austad ( 1946–2013 ) a realist painter , lived in Ski - Anne Kristine Linnestad ( born 1961 ) a politician , Mayor of Ski , 2011 to 2015 - Trude Mostue ( born 1968 ) a veterinary surgeon and TV presenter , brought up in Siggerud - Martin Andresen ( born 1977 in Kråkstad ) a former footballer with 355 club caps and 43 for Norway - Tuva Moflag ( born 1979 ) a Norwegian politician , Mayor of Ski , 2015 to 2017 - Linn-Kristin Riegelhuth Koren ( born 1984 in Ski ) a retired handball player , 279 caps with Norway women and three time Olympic team medallist - Fredric Aasbø ( born 1985 in Ski ) a professional drifter and stunt driver Twin towns and sister cities . Ski municipality is twinned with : - Viimsi Parish , Estonia - Solna , Sweden
|
[
"California State University in Sacramento"
] |
easy
|
Where was Věra Sokolová educated from 1993 to 1994?
|
/wiki/Věra_Sokolová#P69#0
|
Věra Sokolová Věra Sokolová ( born 1970 ) is a Czech academic who specializes in gender studies and specifically focuses on identity policy and the construction of sexuality from a historical and social perspective , evaluating the power , structuring and defining of sexuality to transcend binary boundaries . She is the chair of the Department of Gender Studies at Charles University in Prague . She is the co-managing editor of Gender and Generation , along with Kateřina Kolářová . Early life and education . Věra Sokolová was born in Czechoslovakia in 1970 . She earned a bachelor of science degree in geography at Charles University in 1992 , before continuing her studies in the United States at California State University in Sacramento . In the U.S. , she studied history and cultural anthropology . After graduating summa cum laude with a bachelor of arts degree in history in 1994 , she completed a masters degree ( 1996 ) and a PhD in history at the University of Washington ( 2002 ) . Her dissertation was titled A matter of speaking : Racism , gender and social deviance in the politics of the “Gypsy question” in communist Czechoslovakia , 1945–1989 . Sokolovás doctoral advisor was James Ramon Felak . Other academic advisors included Uta G . Poiger and Suzanne Lebsock . Career . Sokolová was one of the pioneering academics of gender studies in the Czech Republic , beginning to teach the subject before it was an accredited field in the country . She inaugurated the Queer Studies course in the arts faculty of Charles University in 2001 . Since 2003 she has been the chair of the Department of Gender Studies in the Humanities Faculty of Charles University and is the co-managing editor of the academic journal Gender and Generation of the department . She has lectured abroad at the New School University in New York City , University of Maryland , Baltimore , and the University of Washington . She also is a member of the Czech Republics Government Councils Committee for Sexual Minorities . Research . Sokolovás research interests lie in the development of the idea of gender and its historic constructs in society . She has studied the history of the discipline , as it moved from womens studies , to feminist studies , and finally gender studies and is interested in the way that the definition of gender effects power relationships in society . She has evaluated how feminist movements were different in Western and socialist countries , in that rather than a political movement , the state took over the mechanisms to modernize womens status in the East . She has analyzed the impact of the development of ethnic and gender studies on governmental policy . For example , under communism , Roma ethnic groups were treated as deviant , but launching programs to reignite the study of the Romani peoples ethnicity in the 1970s amplified their differences and escalated discrimination in society . In her studies on policy , Sokolová has shown that officials arbitrarily applied policy , based on ethnicity and gender . During the state socialist period , the national policy to increase births did not allow Czech and Slovak women to have abortions . Simultaneously a policy of forced sterilization was implemented on Romani women in an effort to correct falling birth rates among Czech and Slovak women . According to Sokolová , the invisibility of non-heterosexual lives in the Soviet period was erased with the birth of gender studies . Identification of homosexuals and lesbians created a consequence that they might be seen as criminals and hardened hetero-normative and binary definitions of society . She found that womens studies programs , or the interpretation of feminism projected to the country from Czech exiles living abroad , like Josef Škvorecký , created a disregard or anti-feminist reaction in the Czech Republic . This included lesbians , who were doubly discriminated against as women by society at large and as queer by the homosexual community . The Queer Studies course she launched at Charles University focuses on a critical analysis of how sexuality is used as a means of social control . She has been involved in the state television program for the LGBT community , known as Queer ( formerly called LeGaTo ) since it began airing in 2004 and participates in community activism on both a cultural and political level .
|
[
"University of Washington"
] |
easy
|
Which school did Věra Sokolová go to from 1994 to 2002?
|
/wiki/Věra_Sokolová#P69#1
|
Věra Sokolová Věra Sokolová ( born 1970 ) is a Czech academic who specializes in gender studies and specifically focuses on identity policy and the construction of sexuality from a historical and social perspective , evaluating the power , structuring and defining of sexuality to transcend binary boundaries . She is the chair of the Department of Gender Studies at Charles University in Prague . She is the co-managing editor of Gender and Generation , along with Kateřina Kolářová . Early life and education . Věra Sokolová was born in Czechoslovakia in 1970 . She earned a bachelor of science degree in geography at Charles University in 1992 , before continuing her studies in the United States at California State University in Sacramento . In the U.S. , she studied history and cultural anthropology . After graduating summa cum laude with a bachelor of arts degree in history in 1994 , she completed a masters degree ( 1996 ) and a PhD in history at the University of Washington ( 2002 ) . Her dissertation was titled A matter of speaking : Racism , gender and social deviance in the politics of the “Gypsy question” in communist Czechoslovakia , 1945–1989 . Sokolovás doctoral advisor was James Ramon Felak . Other academic advisors included Uta G . Poiger and Suzanne Lebsock . Career . Sokolová was one of the pioneering academics of gender studies in the Czech Republic , beginning to teach the subject before it was an accredited field in the country . She inaugurated the Queer Studies course in the arts faculty of Charles University in 2001 . Since 2003 she has been the chair of the Department of Gender Studies in the Humanities Faculty of Charles University and is the co-managing editor of the academic journal Gender and Generation of the department . She has lectured abroad at the New School University in New York City , University of Maryland , Baltimore , and the University of Washington . She also is a member of the Czech Republics Government Councils Committee for Sexual Minorities . Research . Sokolovás research interests lie in the development of the idea of gender and its historic constructs in society . She has studied the history of the discipline , as it moved from womens studies , to feminist studies , and finally gender studies and is interested in the way that the definition of gender effects power relationships in society . She has evaluated how feminist movements were different in Western and socialist countries , in that rather than a political movement , the state took over the mechanisms to modernize womens status in the East . She has analyzed the impact of the development of ethnic and gender studies on governmental policy . For example , under communism , Roma ethnic groups were treated as deviant , but launching programs to reignite the study of the Romani peoples ethnicity in the 1970s amplified their differences and escalated discrimination in society . In her studies on policy , Sokolová has shown that officials arbitrarily applied policy , based on ethnicity and gender . During the state socialist period , the national policy to increase births did not allow Czech and Slovak women to have abortions . Simultaneously a policy of forced sterilization was implemented on Romani women in an effort to correct falling birth rates among Czech and Slovak women . According to Sokolová , the invisibility of non-heterosexual lives in the Soviet period was erased with the birth of gender studies . Identification of homosexuals and lesbians created a consequence that they might be seen as criminals and hardened hetero-normative and binary definitions of society . She found that womens studies programs , or the interpretation of feminism projected to the country from Czech exiles living abroad , like Josef Škvorecký , created a disregard or anti-feminist reaction in the Czech Republic . This included lesbians , who were doubly discriminated against as women by society at large and as queer by the homosexual community . The Queer Studies course she launched at Charles University focuses on a critical analysis of how sexuality is used as a means of social control . She has been involved in the state television program for the LGBT community , known as Queer ( formerly called LeGaTo ) since it began airing in 2004 and participates in community activism on both a cultural and political level .
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Where was Maurice Wilkes educated from 1930 to 1931?
|
/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes#P69#0
|
Maurice Wilkes Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes ( 26 June 1913 – 29 November 2010 ) was a British computer scientist who designed and helped build the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ( EDSAC ) , one of the earliest stored program computers , and who invented microprogramming , a method for using stored-program logic to operate the control unit of a central processing units circuits . At the time of his death , Wilkes was an Emeritus Professor of the University of Cambridge . Early life , education , and military service . Wilkes was born in Dudley , Worcestershire , England the only child of Ellen ( Helen ) , née Malone ( 1885–1968 ) and Vincent Joseph Wilkes ( 1887–1971 ) , an accounts clerk at the estate of the Earl of Dudley . He grew up in Stourbridge , West Midlands , and was educated at King Edward VI College , Stourbridge . During his school years he was introduced to amateur radio by his chemistry teacher . He studied the Mathematical Tripos at St Johns College , Cambridge from 1931–34 , and in 1936 completed his PhD in physics on the subject of radio propagation of very long radio waves in the ionosphere . He was appointed to a junior faculty position of the University of Cambridge through which he was involved in the establishment of a computing laboratory . He was called up for military service during World War II and worked on radar at the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) , and in operational research . Research and career . Initiation into electronic computing . In 1945 , Wilkes was appointed as the second director of the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory ( later known as the Computer Laboratory ) . The Cambridge laboratory initially had many different computing devices , including a differential analyser . One day Leslie Comrie visited Wilkes and lent him a copy of John von Neumanns prepress description of the EDVAC , a successor to the ENIAC under construction by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering . He had to read it overnight because he had to return it and no photocopying facilities existed . He decided immediately that the document described the logical design of future computing machines , and that he wanted to be involved in the design and construction of such machines . In August 1946 Wilkes travelled by ship to the United States to enroll in the Moore School Lectures , of which he was only able to attend the final two weeks because of various travel delays . During the five-day return voyage to England , Wilkes sketched out in some detail the logical structure of the machine which would become EDSAC . EDSAC . Since his laboratory had its own funding , he was immediately able to start work on a small practical machine , the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ( EDSAC ) , once back at Cambridge . He decided that his mandate was not to invent a better computer , but simply to make one available to the university . Therefore , his approach was relentlessly practical . He used only proven methods for constructing each part of the computer . The resulting computer was slower and smaller than other planned contemporary computers . However , his laboratorys computer was the second practical stored program computer to be completed , and operated successfully from May 1949 , well over a year before the much larger and more complex EDVAC . In 1950 , along with David Wheeler , Wilkes used EDSAC to solve a differential equation relating to gene frequencies in a paper by Ronald Fisher . This represents the first use of a computer for a problem in the field of biology . Other computing developments . In 1951 , he developed the concept of microprogramming from the realisation that the central processing unit of a computer could be controlled by a miniature , highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM . This concept greatly simplified CPU development . Microprogramming was first described at the University of Manchester Computer Inaugural Conference in 1951 , then expanded and published in IEEE Spectrum in 1955 . This concept was implemented for the first time in EDSAC 2 , which also used multiple identical bit slices to simplify design . Interchangeable , replaceable tube assemblies were used for each bit of the processor . The next computer for his laboratory was the Titan , a joint venture with Ferranti Ltd begun in 1963 . It eventually supported the UKs first time-sharing system and provided wider access to computing resources in the university , including time-shared graphics systems for mechanical CAD . A notable design feature of the Titans operating system was that it provided controlled access based on the identity of the program , as well as or instead of , the identity of the user . It introduced the password encryption system used later by Unix . Its programming system also had an early version control system . Wilkes is also credited with the idea of symbolic labels , macros and subroutine libraries . These are fundamental developments that made programming much easier and paved the way for high-level programming languages . Later , Wilkes worked on an early timesharing system ( now termed a multi-user operating system ) and distributed computing . Toward the end of the 1960s , Wilkes also became interested in capability-based computing , and the laboratory assembled a unique computer , the Cambridge CAP . In 1974 , Wilkes encountered a Swiss data network ( at Hasler AG ) that used a ring topology to allocate time on the network . The laboratory initially used a prototype to share peripherals . Eventually , commercial partnerships were formed , and similar technology became widely available in the UK . Awards , honours and leadership . Wilkes received a number of distinctions : he was a Knight Bachelor , Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society , a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the Royal Society . Wilkes was a founder member of the British Computer Society ( BCS ) and its first president ( 1957–1960 ) . He received the Turing Award in 1967 , with the following citation : Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC , the first computer with an internally stored program . Built in 1949 , the EDSAC used a mercury delay line memory . He is also known as the author , with David Wheeler and Stanley Gill , of a volume on Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers in 1951 , in which program libraries were effectively introduced . In 1968 he received the Harry H . Goode Memorial Award , with the following citation : For his many original achievements in the computer field , both in engineering and software , and for his contributions to the growth of professional society activities and to international cooperation among computer professionals . In 1972 , Wilkes was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University . In 1980 , he retired from his professorships and post as the head of the Computer Laboratory and joined the central engineering staff of Digital Equipment Corporation in Maynard , Massachusetts , USA . Wilkes was awarded the Faraday Medal by the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1981 . The Maurice Wilkes Award , awarded annually for an outstanding contribution to computer architecture made by a young computer scientist or engineer , is named after him . In 1986 , he returned to England and became a member of Olivettis Research Strategy Board . In 1987 , he was awarded an Honorary Degree ( Doctor of Science ) by the University of Bath . In 1993 Wilkes was presented , by Cambridge University , with an honorary Doctor of Science degree . In 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery . He was awarded the Mountbatten Medal in 1997 and in 2000 presented the inaugural Pinkerton Lecture . He was knighted in the 2000 New Years Honours List . In 2001 , he was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for his contributions to computer technology , including early machine design , microprogramming , and the Cambridge Ring network . In 2002 , Wilkes moved back to the Computer Laboratory , University of Cambridge , as an emeritus professor . In his memoirs Wilkes wrote : Personal life . Wilkes married Nina Twyman in 1947 who died in 2008 . He died in November 2010 and was survived by his son , Anthony , and two daughters , Margaret and Helen . Publications . - Oscillations of the Earths Atmosphere ( 1949 ) , Cambridge University Press - Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer ( 1951 ) , with D . J . Wheeler and S . Gill , Addison Wesley Press - Automatic Digital Computers ( 1956 ) , Methuen Publishing - A Short Introduction to Numerical Analysis ( 1966 ) , Cambridge University Press - Time-sharing Computer Systems ( 1968 ) , Macdonald - The Cambridge CAP Computer and its Operating System ( 1979 ) , with R . M . Needham , Elsevier - Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer ( 1985 ) , MIT Press - Computing Perspectives ( 1995 ) Morgan-Kauffman External links . - Oral history interview with David J . Wheeler , Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota . Wheeler was a research student under Wilkes at the University Mathematical Laboratory at Cambridge from 1948–51 . Wheeler discusses the EDSAC project , the influence of EDSAC on the ILLIAC , the ORDVAC , and the IBM 701 computers , as well as visits to Cambridge by Douglas Hartree , Nelson Blackman ( of ONR ) , Peter Naur , Aad van Wijngarden , Arthur van der Poel , Friedrich Bauer , and Louis Couffignal . - Listen to an oral history interview with Maurice Wilkes – recorded in June 2010 for An Oral History of British Science at the British Library - An after-dinner talk by Maurice Wilkes at Kings College , Cambridge , about Alan Turing . Filmed on 1 October 1997 by Ian Pratt ( video )
|
[
"St Johns College"
] |
easy
|
Where was Maurice Wilkes educated from 1931 to 1934?
|
/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes#P69#1
|
Maurice Wilkes Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes ( 26 June 1913 – 29 November 2010 ) was a British computer scientist who designed and helped build the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ( EDSAC ) , one of the earliest stored program computers , and who invented microprogramming , a method for using stored-program logic to operate the control unit of a central processing units circuits . At the time of his death , Wilkes was an Emeritus Professor of the University of Cambridge . Early life , education , and military service . Wilkes was born in Dudley , Worcestershire , England the only child of Ellen ( Helen ) , née Malone ( 1885–1968 ) and Vincent Joseph Wilkes ( 1887–1971 ) , an accounts clerk at the estate of the Earl of Dudley . He grew up in Stourbridge , West Midlands , and was educated at King Edward VI College , Stourbridge . During his school years he was introduced to amateur radio by his chemistry teacher . He studied the Mathematical Tripos at St Johns College , Cambridge from 1931–34 , and in 1936 completed his PhD in physics on the subject of radio propagation of very long radio waves in the ionosphere . He was appointed to a junior faculty position of the University of Cambridge through which he was involved in the establishment of a computing laboratory . He was called up for military service during World War II and worked on radar at the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) , and in operational research . Research and career . Initiation into electronic computing . In 1945 , Wilkes was appointed as the second director of the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory ( later known as the Computer Laboratory ) . The Cambridge laboratory initially had many different computing devices , including a differential analyser . One day Leslie Comrie visited Wilkes and lent him a copy of John von Neumanns prepress description of the EDVAC , a successor to the ENIAC under construction by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering . He had to read it overnight because he had to return it and no photocopying facilities existed . He decided immediately that the document described the logical design of future computing machines , and that he wanted to be involved in the design and construction of such machines . In August 1946 Wilkes travelled by ship to the United States to enroll in the Moore School Lectures , of which he was only able to attend the final two weeks because of various travel delays . During the five-day return voyage to England , Wilkes sketched out in some detail the logical structure of the machine which would become EDSAC . EDSAC . Since his laboratory had its own funding , he was immediately able to start work on a small practical machine , the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ( EDSAC ) , once back at Cambridge . He decided that his mandate was not to invent a better computer , but simply to make one available to the university . Therefore , his approach was relentlessly practical . He used only proven methods for constructing each part of the computer . The resulting computer was slower and smaller than other planned contemporary computers . However , his laboratorys computer was the second practical stored program computer to be completed , and operated successfully from May 1949 , well over a year before the much larger and more complex EDVAC . In 1950 , along with David Wheeler , Wilkes used EDSAC to solve a differential equation relating to gene frequencies in a paper by Ronald Fisher . This represents the first use of a computer for a problem in the field of biology . Other computing developments . In 1951 , he developed the concept of microprogramming from the realisation that the central processing unit of a computer could be controlled by a miniature , highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM . This concept greatly simplified CPU development . Microprogramming was first described at the University of Manchester Computer Inaugural Conference in 1951 , then expanded and published in IEEE Spectrum in 1955 . This concept was implemented for the first time in EDSAC 2 , which also used multiple identical bit slices to simplify design . Interchangeable , replaceable tube assemblies were used for each bit of the processor . The next computer for his laboratory was the Titan , a joint venture with Ferranti Ltd begun in 1963 . It eventually supported the UKs first time-sharing system and provided wider access to computing resources in the university , including time-shared graphics systems for mechanical CAD . A notable design feature of the Titans operating system was that it provided controlled access based on the identity of the program , as well as or instead of , the identity of the user . It introduced the password encryption system used later by Unix . Its programming system also had an early version control system . Wilkes is also credited with the idea of symbolic labels , macros and subroutine libraries . These are fundamental developments that made programming much easier and paved the way for high-level programming languages . Later , Wilkes worked on an early timesharing system ( now termed a multi-user operating system ) and distributed computing . Toward the end of the 1960s , Wilkes also became interested in capability-based computing , and the laboratory assembled a unique computer , the Cambridge CAP . In 1974 , Wilkes encountered a Swiss data network ( at Hasler AG ) that used a ring topology to allocate time on the network . The laboratory initially used a prototype to share peripherals . Eventually , commercial partnerships were formed , and similar technology became widely available in the UK . Awards , honours and leadership . Wilkes received a number of distinctions : he was a Knight Bachelor , Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society , a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the Royal Society . Wilkes was a founder member of the British Computer Society ( BCS ) and its first president ( 1957–1960 ) . He received the Turing Award in 1967 , with the following citation : Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC , the first computer with an internally stored program . Built in 1949 , the EDSAC used a mercury delay line memory . He is also known as the author , with David Wheeler and Stanley Gill , of a volume on Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers in 1951 , in which program libraries were effectively introduced . In 1968 he received the Harry H . Goode Memorial Award , with the following citation : For his many original achievements in the computer field , both in engineering and software , and for his contributions to the growth of professional society activities and to international cooperation among computer professionals . In 1972 , Wilkes was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University . In 1980 , he retired from his professorships and post as the head of the Computer Laboratory and joined the central engineering staff of Digital Equipment Corporation in Maynard , Massachusetts , USA . Wilkes was awarded the Faraday Medal by the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1981 . The Maurice Wilkes Award , awarded annually for an outstanding contribution to computer architecture made by a young computer scientist or engineer , is named after him . In 1986 , he returned to England and became a member of Olivettis Research Strategy Board . In 1987 , he was awarded an Honorary Degree ( Doctor of Science ) by the University of Bath . In 1993 Wilkes was presented , by Cambridge University , with an honorary Doctor of Science degree . In 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery . He was awarded the Mountbatten Medal in 1997 and in 2000 presented the inaugural Pinkerton Lecture . He was knighted in the 2000 New Years Honours List . In 2001 , he was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for his contributions to computer technology , including early machine design , microprogramming , and the Cambridge Ring network . In 2002 , Wilkes moved back to the Computer Laboratory , University of Cambridge , as an emeritus professor . In his memoirs Wilkes wrote : Personal life . Wilkes married Nina Twyman in 1947 who died in 2008 . He died in November 2010 and was survived by his son , Anthony , and two daughters , Margaret and Helen . Publications . - Oscillations of the Earths Atmosphere ( 1949 ) , Cambridge University Press - Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer ( 1951 ) , with D . J . Wheeler and S . Gill , Addison Wesley Press - Automatic Digital Computers ( 1956 ) , Methuen Publishing - A Short Introduction to Numerical Analysis ( 1966 ) , Cambridge University Press - Time-sharing Computer Systems ( 1968 ) , Macdonald - The Cambridge CAP Computer and its Operating System ( 1979 ) , with R . M . Needham , Elsevier - Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer ( 1985 ) , MIT Press - Computing Perspectives ( 1995 ) Morgan-Kauffman External links . - Oral history interview with David J . Wheeler , Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota . Wheeler was a research student under Wilkes at the University Mathematical Laboratory at Cambridge from 1948–51 . Wheeler discusses the EDSAC project , the influence of EDSAC on the ILLIAC , the ORDVAC , and the IBM 701 computers , as well as visits to Cambridge by Douglas Hartree , Nelson Blackman ( of ONR ) , Peter Naur , Aad van Wijngarden , Arthur van der Poel , Friedrich Bauer , and Louis Couffignal . - Listen to an oral history interview with Maurice Wilkes – recorded in June 2010 for An Oral History of British Science at the British Library - An after-dinner talk by Maurice Wilkes at Kings College , Cambridge , about Alan Turing . Filmed on 1 October 1997 by Ian Pratt ( video )
|
[
"St Johns College"
] |
easy
|
Where was Maurice Wilkes educated from 1935 to 1936?
|
/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes#P69#2
|
Maurice Wilkes Sir Maurice Vincent Wilkes ( 26 June 1913 – 29 November 2010 ) was a British computer scientist who designed and helped build the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ( EDSAC ) , one of the earliest stored program computers , and who invented microprogramming , a method for using stored-program logic to operate the control unit of a central processing units circuits . At the time of his death , Wilkes was an Emeritus Professor of the University of Cambridge . Early life , education , and military service . Wilkes was born in Dudley , Worcestershire , England the only child of Ellen ( Helen ) , née Malone ( 1885–1968 ) and Vincent Joseph Wilkes ( 1887–1971 ) , an accounts clerk at the estate of the Earl of Dudley . He grew up in Stourbridge , West Midlands , and was educated at King Edward VI College , Stourbridge . During his school years he was introduced to amateur radio by his chemistry teacher . He studied the Mathematical Tripos at St Johns College , Cambridge from 1931–34 , and in 1936 completed his PhD in physics on the subject of radio propagation of very long radio waves in the ionosphere . He was appointed to a junior faculty position of the University of Cambridge through which he was involved in the establishment of a computing laboratory . He was called up for military service during World War II and worked on radar at the Telecommunications Research Establishment ( TRE ) , and in operational research . Research and career . Initiation into electronic computing . In 1945 , Wilkes was appointed as the second director of the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory ( later known as the Computer Laboratory ) . The Cambridge laboratory initially had many different computing devices , including a differential analyser . One day Leslie Comrie visited Wilkes and lent him a copy of John von Neumanns prepress description of the EDVAC , a successor to the ENIAC under construction by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering . He had to read it overnight because he had to return it and no photocopying facilities existed . He decided immediately that the document described the logical design of future computing machines , and that he wanted to be involved in the design and construction of such machines . In August 1946 Wilkes travelled by ship to the United States to enroll in the Moore School Lectures , of which he was only able to attend the final two weeks because of various travel delays . During the five-day return voyage to England , Wilkes sketched out in some detail the logical structure of the machine which would become EDSAC . EDSAC . Since his laboratory had its own funding , he was immediately able to start work on a small practical machine , the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ( EDSAC ) , once back at Cambridge . He decided that his mandate was not to invent a better computer , but simply to make one available to the university . Therefore , his approach was relentlessly practical . He used only proven methods for constructing each part of the computer . The resulting computer was slower and smaller than other planned contemporary computers . However , his laboratorys computer was the second practical stored program computer to be completed , and operated successfully from May 1949 , well over a year before the much larger and more complex EDVAC . In 1950 , along with David Wheeler , Wilkes used EDSAC to solve a differential equation relating to gene frequencies in a paper by Ronald Fisher . This represents the first use of a computer for a problem in the field of biology . Other computing developments . In 1951 , he developed the concept of microprogramming from the realisation that the central processing unit of a computer could be controlled by a miniature , highly specialised computer program in high-speed ROM . This concept greatly simplified CPU development . Microprogramming was first described at the University of Manchester Computer Inaugural Conference in 1951 , then expanded and published in IEEE Spectrum in 1955 . This concept was implemented for the first time in EDSAC 2 , which also used multiple identical bit slices to simplify design . Interchangeable , replaceable tube assemblies were used for each bit of the processor . The next computer for his laboratory was the Titan , a joint venture with Ferranti Ltd begun in 1963 . It eventually supported the UKs first time-sharing system and provided wider access to computing resources in the university , including time-shared graphics systems for mechanical CAD . A notable design feature of the Titans operating system was that it provided controlled access based on the identity of the program , as well as or instead of , the identity of the user . It introduced the password encryption system used later by Unix . Its programming system also had an early version control system . Wilkes is also credited with the idea of symbolic labels , macros and subroutine libraries . These are fundamental developments that made programming much easier and paved the way for high-level programming languages . Later , Wilkes worked on an early timesharing system ( now termed a multi-user operating system ) and distributed computing . Toward the end of the 1960s , Wilkes also became interested in capability-based computing , and the laboratory assembled a unique computer , the Cambridge CAP . In 1974 , Wilkes encountered a Swiss data network ( at Hasler AG ) that used a ring topology to allocate time on the network . The laboratory initially used a prototype to share peripherals . Eventually , commercial partnerships were formed , and similar technology became widely available in the UK . Awards , honours and leadership . Wilkes received a number of distinctions : he was a Knight Bachelor , Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society , a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the Royal Society . Wilkes was a founder member of the British Computer Society ( BCS ) and its first president ( 1957–1960 ) . He received the Turing Award in 1967 , with the following citation : Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC , the first computer with an internally stored program . Built in 1949 , the EDSAC used a mercury delay line memory . He is also known as the author , with David Wheeler and Stanley Gill , of a volume on Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers in 1951 , in which program libraries were effectively introduced . In 1968 he received the Harry H . Goode Memorial Award , with the following citation : For his many original achievements in the computer field , both in engineering and software , and for his contributions to the growth of professional society activities and to international cooperation among computer professionals . In 1972 , Wilkes was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science by Newcastle University . In 1980 , he retired from his professorships and post as the head of the Computer Laboratory and joined the central engineering staff of Digital Equipment Corporation in Maynard , Massachusetts , USA . Wilkes was awarded the Faraday Medal by the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1981 . The Maurice Wilkes Award , awarded annually for an outstanding contribution to computer architecture made by a young computer scientist or engineer , is named after him . In 1986 , he returned to England and became a member of Olivettis Research Strategy Board . In 1987 , he was awarded an Honorary Degree ( Doctor of Science ) by the University of Bath . In 1993 Wilkes was presented , by Cambridge University , with an honorary Doctor of Science degree . In 1994 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery . He was awarded the Mountbatten Medal in 1997 and in 2000 presented the inaugural Pinkerton Lecture . He was knighted in the 2000 New Years Honours List . In 2001 , he was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum for his contributions to computer technology , including early machine design , microprogramming , and the Cambridge Ring network . In 2002 , Wilkes moved back to the Computer Laboratory , University of Cambridge , as an emeritus professor . In his memoirs Wilkes wrote : Personal life . Wilkes married Nina Twyman in 1947 who died in 2008 . He died in November 2010 and was survived by his son , Anthony , and two daughters , Margaret and Helen . Publications . - Oscillations of the Earths Atmosphere ( 1949 ) , Cambridge University Press - Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer ( 1951 ) , with D . J . Wheeler and S . Gill , Addison Wesley Press - Automatic Digital Computers ( 1956 ) , Methuen Publishing - A Short Introduction to Numerical Analysis ( 1966 ) , Cambridge University Press - Time-sharing Computer Systems ( 1968 ) , Macdonald - The Cambridge CAP Computer and its Operating System ( 1979 ) , with R . M . Needham , Elsevier - Memoirs of a Computer Pioneer ( 1985 ) , MIT Press - Computing Perspectives ( 1995 ) Morgan-Kauffman External links . - Oral history interview with David J . Wheeler , Charles Babbage Institute , University of Minnesota . Wheeler was a research student under Wilkes at the University Mathematical Laboratory at Cambridge from 1948–51 . Wheeler discusses the EDSAC project , the influence of EDSAC on the ILLIAC , the ORDVAC , and the IBM 701 computers , as well as visits to Cambridge by Douglas Hartree , Nelson Blackman ( of ONR ) , Peter Naur , Aad van Wijngarden , Arthur van der Poel , Friedrich Bauer , and Louis Couffignal . - Listen to an oral history interview with Maurice Wilkes – recorded in June 2010 for An Oral History of British Science at the British Library - An after-dinner talk by Maurice Wilkes at Kings College , Cambridge , about Alan Turing . Filmed on 1 October 1997 by Ian Pratt ( video )
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
Ernest Bennett (politician) took which position from 1906 to 1910?
|
/wiki/Ernest_Bennett_(politician)#P39#0
|
Ernest Bennett ( politician ) Sir Ernest Nathaniel Bennett ( 12 December 1865 – 2 February 1947 ) was a British academic , politician , explorer and writer . Lineage . Ernest Bennetts grandfather , Thomas Bennett ( of Roseacre , Lancashire ) , was born in 1785 and died in 1868 . He married Rachel Diggle in 1812 , by whom he had a number of children , three of which obtained scholarships to go on to university from Kirkham Grammar School . They were Peter Bennett ( vicar of Forcett , Yorkshire ) , George Bennett ( of whom presently ) , and Edward Bennett ( vicar of Laneham , Nottinghamshire ) . George Bennett ( 1826–1897 ) was educated at Trinity College , Dublin , where he received a M.A . degree . Like his two brothers ( above ) , George became a clergyman and was canon of St . Pauls on the island of St . Helena in the 1850s . He followed Piers Claughton ( the first Bishop of St . Helena ) to Colombo , Sri Lanka , where he was Warden of St . Thomas College and chaplain to the Bishop from 1863 to 1866 . Upon his return to the UK , George became Master of Kirby Hill Grammar School ( which closed in 1957 and is now owned by the Landmark Trust ) . He concluded his ecclesiastical career as the Rector of Rede , Suffolk ( 1885–96 ) . George married Eliza , the daughter of Captain Thomas Fewson of the East India Company , in 1856 , by whom he had three children : Mary ( eldest ) , Ernest , and Gertrude . Ernest Nathaniel Bennett was born in 1865 in Colombo , Sri Lanka . Academic career . Bennett was educated at Durham School and went up to Wadham College , Oxford in 1885 . He transferred from Wadham to Hertford College on a five-year scholarship in the same year . Bennett obtained a First in Classical Moderations ( the first part of Literae Humanores , or Greats ) in 1887 , and a First also in the final exams in 1889 . He then studied for a second B.A . degree in Theology , for which he secured another First in the exams in 1890 . Bennett was elected a Fellow of Hertford in 1891 . He continued to be actively involved in the work of the college , while also lecturing for Wadham , Pembroke and Lincoln colleges , until 1906 when he was elected to Parliament . Bennett remained a non-resident Fellow until 1915 , when his marriage required his resignation ( many college Fellowships of that era required that holders be unmarried ) . He published a number of academic studies during this period . War correspondent . Bennett served as a war correspondent during the Cretan insurrection in 1897 . He was registered with the Turks , but was captured by the Greeks , threatened with execution , and only released on his recognition by a Greek officer who happened to have known him at Oxford . In 1898 , he joined the British expedition to Khartoum led by General Kitchener , again as a war correspondent . He witnessed the Battle of Omdurman , in which an Anglo-Egyptian army of 25,000 defeated some 50,000 Ansar ( or Dervish ) followers of the Khalifa to the Mahdi . The Dervish army suffered around 23,000 casualties compared to only 330 from the British-led force . He wrote an article shortly afterwards for the Contemporary Review in which he complained of British atrocities against wounded Dervishes after the battle , which provoked a hostile reaction from patriotic readers in Britain . He exchanged views on this and other matters with Winston Churchill ( also present at the battle and whom he met en route ) , and the subsequent books of both authors on the subject of the battle acknowledged the other . In 1899 he joined the Voluntary Ambulance Corps in South Africa at the outset of the Boer War , and wrote a book about his experiences . In 1911 , Bennett was accredited as a correspondent for the Manchester Guardian to cover the Italo-Turkish War in what is now Libya . He was attached to the Turkish Army , and during this time he got to know Kemal Atatürk . Bennett later worked as a press censor for the Turkish Army in Thrace during the Balkan War , and was made a Pasha in reward . Military and Red Cross service . In 1900 ( through 1902 ) , Bennett assumed command ( as a Lieutenant ) of a platoon of Oxford University Volunteers of the 1st Battalion of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry in the Orange River Colony during the Boer War . Too old to serve on the front line in the First World War , Bennett was initially a British Red Cross ( BRX ) Commissioner in Belgium , France and Serbia ( 1914–15 ) . Bennett sailed for Serbia in January 1915 with Sir Thomas Lipton in the latters yacht , the Erin , which had been dedicated to the transport of medical personnel and supplies for the BRX , initially to France and subsequently to the Balkans . The BRX Mission was responding to a catastrophic outbreak of typhus which had started in Serbian camps holding Austrian prisoners of war and was spreading rapidly to the Serbian population . Some 150,000 people are believed to have died from typhus during this epidemic , which was so virulent that it interrupted military action in Serbia for nearly six months until it was brought under control . Of the 350 Serbian doctors in the country , more than a third also died of the disease while treating their patients . Bennett ( though not medically qualified himself ) was put in charge of the second BRX unit ( of two units deployed ) . The Serbian Commander in Chief Radomir Putnik personally commended Bennett on the conditions in his units hospital at the Villa Zlatibor in Vrnjačka Banja , and Bennett was later awarded the Serbian Order of the White Eagle ( third class ) in recognition of his services . Bennett left Serbia in June 1915 , by which time the epidemic had been largely subdued . A few months after this , military activity resumed , the Serbian front collapsed and the hospital was overrun by the Austrians . Bennett later joined the Staff of the 11th Infantry Brigade , British Expeditionary Force , and was then attached to the IX Army Corps H.Q . in 1917 , with the rank of Captain . He also worked with the Admiralty Intelligence Division . He concluded his military service , with the British Army of the Rhine HQ , in 1919 . Political career . Bennett was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Woodstock , Oxfordshire , in 1906 . He campaigned , inter alia , in favour of womens suffrage . In 1904 , he tried ( as prospective candidate ) to recruit the support of Winston Churchill ( a fellow Liberal at the time ) for womens suffrage , asking him to speak to the subject in Bicester , Oxfordshire . Churchill declined the offer . Bennett lost the Woodstock seat in 1910 . In 1916 , Bennett left the Liberal Party and joined the Labour Party . He contested a number of seats as a Labour candidate in successive elections , until he finally secured Cardiff Central in 1929 . He retained this seat in 1931 and 1935 , before retiring from politics in 1945 . Bennett was highly critical of the terms of the Versailles Treaty ( concluding the First World War in 1919 ) , which he considered to be inconsistent with Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points ( the basis of the Armistice with Germany ) , too harsh and liable to sow the seeds of renewed conflict . Quite apart from the excessive financial burden that the reparations placed on Germany , Bennett believed that the Treaty put too much blame on Germany for starting the War , when in reality the whole of Europe had been dragged into unintended global conflict by a multitude of bilateral treaties and alliances triggered by a relatively local dispute between Serbia and Austria-Hungary . By virtue of his marriage into the Kleinwort dynasty ( of which more presently ) , Bennett had acquired a significant German dimension to his family . He was anxious to avoid another war , especially one which would involve strife within his new enlarged family . Through his involvement with the Labour Party , Bennett became close to Ramsay MacDonald , Labour Party leader from 1922 to 1935 . MacDonald was likewise opposed to the terms of the Versailles Treaty , and sought to mollify them in his first brief period as Prime Minister of the short lived Labour government in 1924 . Bennett was also friendly with Philip Snowden , who became godfather to Bennetts eldest son . When MacDonald formed a new government in 1929 , Snowden became his Chancellor of Exchequer . In 1931 , the economic situation had deteriorated significantly . The cabinet was split on how to address the situation . MacDonald supported further austerity , and unable to carry his Labour party on the issue , he was asked by the King to lead a National coalition government with the Liberals and Conservatives . The formation of the new National Government was quickly followed by a General election , with many candidates putting themselves forward as coalition ( National ) candidates . The National ticket won the day , and MacDonald achieved the largest ever mandate for a government in parliamentary history . Unfortunately for him , the vast majority of former Labour members of parliament deserted him ( and lost their seats ) , and only a handful of his former party ( including Bennett and Snowden ) followed him on the National Labour ticket . Under the coalition sharing of jobs , Snowden retained the position of Chancellor of Exchequer , and Bennett was rewarded ( in 1932 ) with a junior ministerial position ( Assistant Postmaster-General ) . When MacDonald agreed to tariff increases in 1932 , Snowden ( who believed in free trade ) resigned . Macdonalds increasing political isolation sapped his morale , and his health began to deteriorate . In 1935 he resigned in favour of Stanley Baldwin as leader of the National government . Baldwin led the National government to victory again at the 1935 general election . Bennett retained his seat for National Labour , but with a Conservative now in command Bennett lost out in the subsequent ministerial reshuffle and returned to the back benches . He retired from the House of Commons in 1945 . Despite the growing European tensions of the 1930s , Bennett remained sympathetic to German grievances originating from the Versailles Treaty . Having visited Germany during the economic chaos of the Weimar Republic , Bennett admired the way in which the new Nazi government had rebuilt the countrys economy and restored its confidence—in sharp contrast to the apparent malaise afflicting the UK in the early 1930s . He was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship , a society committed to furthering understanding between the two countries . This organisation can be seen as an instrument of Anglo-German appeasement , which effectively it was . The appeasement of Germany is now viewed by the majority of historians as having been a mistake . But to some English men and women , including Bennett , who had lived through the First World War and were keen to avoid another seemingly pointless European bloodbath , it offered ( at the time ) hope for peace . In 1940 , as the Second World War unfolded and France fell , Archibald Ramsay ( a Scottish Unionist MP ) was interned under Defence Regulation 18b as a security risk and potential traitor . Ramsay was a man who professed extreme right wing opinions , was pro-German and also avowedly anti-Semitic . In 1941 , it was revealed that he had compiled a book ( the Red Book ) of members of his Right Club , which as the name suggests included people who he deemed to hold the right views and to be right wing . Despite pressure to reveal the names to the House of Commons , the then Home Secretary ( Herbert Morrison ) refused to do so , on the grounds that it was impossible to know if all the 235 names in the book were really members . The list of names was not made public until 1989 . Bennetts name was among them . Although it is possible that his name was included by Ramsay without his permission ( to encourage others ) , it seems more probable that Bennett was indeed a member . Without a written constitution or rule book , and without ready access to the list of members ( which was secret ) , new recruits to the Right Club could not have been entirely sure of all the political positions with which they were being aligned , other than what Ramsay told them at the point of recruitment . In the case of Bennett , Ramsay is likely to have sold membership based on the Clubs pro-German , pro-peace , and anti-Bolshevik line , which would have been broadly consistent with Bennetts views . However , historians of the Red Book generally concede that the anti-Semitic philosophy associated with the Right Club ( via Ramsays opinions ) would have been at odds with Bennetts own expressed position . Bennett made clear on numerous occasions that he was against the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi government , stating ( for example ) in 1936 that he frankly deplore [ d ] Germanys harsh treatment of her Jewish subjects , and again in 1939 , that he could not accept German explanations of Jewish arrogance , their mutual control of the legal and medical professions , and so on .. . as any real justification for wholesale methods of persecution . While Bennett did side ( on a balance of the arguments ) in favour of the Arabs against the Zionists on the question of unlimited Jewish immigration to Palestine , this did not make him an anti-Semite . He was not in favour of a separate Jewish state in Palestine , which he feared would lead to conflict with the Arabs and the enmity of the Muslim world , but he was nevertheless willing to accept a significant and expanded ( but not politically dominant ) Jewish presence in Palestine . If Bennett faces criticism on this score , it is that he was willing to subordinate his genuine concern for the fate of the Jews in Europe to the greater cause , as he saw it , of avoiding another war with Germany . Natural and supernatural interests . Bennetts intellectual curiosity extended beyond traditional academic boundaries . In the winter of 1896/7 , he explored the island of Socotra with the archaeologist and explorer Theodore Bent ( who was accompanied by his co-explorer wife Mabel ) . Bennett closely observed the wildlife on the island and collected a range of insects and spiders which he donated to the Hope Museum , Oxford . This collection was described and analysed in a published article the following year . Bennett was credited with the discovery of a number of new species and sub-species , some of which were named after him . Bennett wrote about his experiences more generally , as did Bent ( though his work was published posthumously ) . Bennetts other more unconventional interest was in ghosts . He was a member of the Council of the Society for Psychical Research , and spent much time investigating haunted houses . While he undoubtedly hoped for positive findings , his rigorous and systematic scientific approach left him empty handed in the end . He wrote extensively on the subject , and was regularly interviewed by the BBC . Marriage and children . Bennett married Marguerite Kleinwort , eldest daughter ( of five ) of Herman Greverus Kleinwort , and granddaughter of Alexander Friedrich Kleinwort , who founded the eponymous bank . The marriage took place in October 1915 and linked Bennett to Kleinworts German cousins , as well as to the relatives of his new German mother-in-law ( née Marguerite Gunther ) . Bennett was comparatively old ( within two months of his fiftieth birthday ) for a first marriage , and his wife , though fifteen years younger , was also not in her first youth . Nevertheless , the couple produced three healthy children , Francis ( 1916–2005 ) , Frederic ( 1918–2002 ) , and Marguerite ( 1922–2012 ) . Both Francis and Frederic served in the British Army in the Second World War , reaching the rank of Captain ( Royal Artillery ) and Major ( Royal Artillery ) respectively . Francis Bennett subsequently engaged in local politics in London , obtained a CBE in 1963 , and was Deputy Chairman of the Greater London Council in 1975-6 . Frederic Bennett also entered politics , and was a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1951 until his retirement in 1987 . He was knighted in 1964 . Sir Ernest Bennett died in February 1947 aged 81 , less than two weeks before the marriage of his eldest son to the Hon . Ruth Gordon Catto , daughter of Thomas Sivewright Catto , Governor of the Bank of England . He is buried in Oxford . Works . - Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries , Rivingtons , London , 1900 - The downfall of the dervishes : being a sketch of the final Sudan campaign of 1898 , London : Methuen , 1898 - With Methuens Column on an Ambulance Train , Swan Sonnenshein , London , 1900 - With the Turks in Tripoli ; being some experiences in the Turco-Italian war of 1911 , London : Methuen , 1912 - Problems of village life , London : Williams and Norgate , 1914 - ( tr. ) The German army in Belgium , the white book of May 1915 , London : Swarthmore Press , 1921 . - Apparitions and haunted houses ; a survey of evidence , London : Faber and Faber , 1939 - Apollonius ; or , The present and future of psychical research , London : Kegan Paul , [ n.d. ] . In the series Today and Tomorrow . External links . - Portrait of Sir Ernest Bennett in the National Portrait Gallery , London , UK
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Ernest Bennett (politician) hold from May 1929 to Oct 1935?
|
/wiki/Ernest_Bennett_(politician)#P39#1
|
Ernest Bennett ( politician ) Sir Ernest Nathaniel Bennett ( 12 December 1865 – 2 February 1947 ) was a British academic , politician , explorer and writer . Lineage . Ernest Bennetts grandfather , Thomas Bennett ( of Roseacre , Lancashire ) , was born in 1785 and died in 1868 . He married Rachel Diggle in 1812 , by whom he had a number of children , three of which obtained scholarships to go on to university from Kirkham Grammar School . They were Peter Bennett ( vicar of Forcett , Yorkshire ) , George Bennett ( of whom presently ) , and Edward Bennett ( vicar of Laneham , Nottinghamshire ) . George Bennett ( 1826–1897 ) was educated at Trinity College , Dublin , where he received a M.A . degree . Like his two brothers ( above ) , George became a clergyman and was canon of St . Pauls on the island of St . Helena in the 1850s . He followed Piers Claughton ( the first Bishop of St . Helena ) to Colombo , Sri Lanka , where he was Warden of St . Thomas College and chaplain to the Bishop from 1863 to 1866 . Upon his return to the UK , George became Master of Kirby Hill Grammar School ( which closed in 1957 and is now owned by the Landmark Trust ) . He concluded his ecclesiastical career as the Rector of Rede , Suffolk ( 1885–96 ) . George married Eliza , the daughter of Captain Thomas Fewson of the East India Company , in 1856 , by whom he had three children : Mary ( eldest ) , Ernest , and Gertrude . Ernest Nathaniel Bennett was born in 1865 in Colombo , Sri Lanka . Academic career . Bennett was educated at Durham School and went up to Wadham College , Oxford in 1885 . He transferred from Wadham to Hertford College on a five-year scholarship in the same year . Bennett obtained a First in Classical Moderations ( the first part of Literae Humanores , or Greats ) in 1887 , and a First also in the final exams in 1889 . He then studied for a second B.A . degree in Theology , for which he secured another First in the exams in 1890 . Bennett was elected a Fellow of Hertford in 1891 . He continued to be actively involved in the work of the college , while also lecturing for Wadham , Pembroke and Lincoln colleges , until 1906 when he was elected to Parliament . Bennett remained a non-resident Fellow until 1915 , when his marriage required his resignation ( many college Fellowships of that era required that holders be unmarried ) . He published a number of academic studies during this period . War correspondent . Bennett served as a war correspondent during the Cretan insurrection in 1897 . He was registered with the Turks , but was captured by the Greeks , threatened with execution , and only released on his recognition by a Greek officer who happened to have known him at Oxford . In 1898 , he joined the British expedition to Khartoum led by General Kitchener , again as a war correspondent . He witnessed the Battle of Omdurman , in which an Anglo-Egyptian army of 25,000 defeated some 50,000 Ansar ( or Dervish ) followers of the Khalifa to the Mahdi . The Dervish army suffered around 23,000 casualties compared to only 330 from the British-led force . He wrote an article shortly afterwards for the Contemporary Review in which he complained of British atrocities against wounded Dervishes after the battle , which provoked a hostile reaction from patriotic readers in Britain . He exchanged views on this and other matters with Winston Churchill ( also present at the battle and whom he met en route ) , and the subsequent books of both authors on the subject of the battle acknowledged the other . In 1899 he joined the Voluntary Ambulance Corps in South Africa at the outset of the Boer War , and wrote a book about his experiences . In 1911 , Bennett was accredited as a correspondent for the Manchester Guardian to cover the Italo-Turkish War in what is now Libya . He was attached to the Turkish Army , and during this time he got to know Kemal Atatürk . Bennett later worked as a press censor for the Turkish Army in Thrace during the Balkan War , and was made a Pasha in reward . Military and Red Cross service . In 1900 ( through 1902 ) , Bennett assumed command ( as a Lieutenant ) of a platoon of Oxford University Volunteers of the 1st Battalion of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry in the Orange River Colony during the Boer War . Too old to serve on the front line in the First World War , Bennett was initially a British Red Cross ( BRX ) Commissioner in Belgium , France and Serbia ( 1914–15 ) . Bennett sailed for Serbia in January 1915 with Sir Thomas Lipton in the latters yacht , the Erin , which had been dedicated to the transport of medical personnel and supplies for the BRX , initially to France and subsequently to the Balkans . The BRX Mission was responding to a catastrophic outbreak of typhus which had started in Serbian camps holding Austrian prisoners of war and was spreading rapidly to the Serbian population . Some 150,000 people are believed to have died from typhus during this epidemic , which was so virulent that it interrupted military action in Serbia for nearly six months until it was brought under control . Of the 350 Serbian doctors in the country , more than a third also died of the disease while treating their patients . Bennett ( though not medically qualified himself ) was put in charge of the second BRX unit ( of two units deployed ) . The Serbian Commander in Chief Radomir Putnik personally commended Bennett on the conditions in his units hospital at the Villa Zlatibor in Vrnjačka Banja , and Bennett was later awarded the Serbian Order of the White Eagle ( third class ) in recognition of his services . Bennett left Serbia in June 1915 , by which time the epidemic had been largely subdued . A few months after this , military activity resumed , the Serbian front collapsed and the hospital was overrun by the Austrians . Bennett later joined the Staff of the 11th Infantry Brigade , British Expeditionary Force , and was then attached to the IX Army Corps H.Q . in 1917 , with the rank of Captain . He also worked with the Admiralty Intelligence Division . He concluded his military service , with the British Army of the Rhine HQ , in 1919 . Political career . Bennett was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Woodstock , Oxfordshire , in 1906 . He campaigned , inter alia , in favour of womens suffrage . In 1904 , he tried ( as prospective candidate ) to recruit the support of Winston Churchill ( a fellow Liberal at the time ) for womens suffrage , asking him to speak to the subject in Bicester , Oxfordshire . Churchill declined the offer . Bennett lost the Woodstock seat in 1910 . In 1916 , Bennett left the Liberal Party and joined the Labour Party . He contested a number of seats as a Labour candidate in successive elections , until he finally secured Cardiff Central in 1929 . He retained this seat in 1931 and 1935 , before retiring from politics in 1945 . Bennett was highly critical of the terms of the Versailles Treaty ( concluding the First World War in 1919 ) , which he considered to be inconsistent with Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points ( the basis of the Armistice with Germany ) , too harsh and liable to sow the seeds of renewed conflict . Quite apart from the excessive financial burden that the reparations placed on Germany , Bennett believed that the Treaty put too much blame on Germany for starting the War , when in reality the whole of Europe had been dragged into unintended global conflict by a multitude of bilateral treaties and alliances triggered by a relatively local dispute between Serbia and Austria-Hungary . By virtue of his marriage into the Kleinwort dynasty ( of which more presently ) , Bennett had acquired a significant German dimension to his family . He was anxious to avoid another war , especially one which would involve strife within his new enlarged family . Through his involvement with the Labour Party , Bennett became close to Ramsay MacDonald , Labour Party leader from 1922 to 1935 . MacDonald was likewise opposed to the terms of the Versailles Treaty , and sought to mollify them in his first brief period as Prime Minister of the short lived Labour government in 1924 . Bennett was also friendly with Philip Snowden , who became godfather to Bennetts eldest son . When MacDonald formed a new government in 1929 , Snowden became his Chancellor of Exchequer . In 1931 , the economic situation had deteriorated significantly . The cabinet was split on how to address the situation . MacDonald supported further austerity , and unable to carry his Labour party on the issue , he was asked by the King to lead a National coalition government with the Liberals and Conservatives . The formation of the new National Government was quickly followed by a General election , with many candidates putting themselves forward as coalition ( National ) candidates . The National ticket won the day , and MacDonald achieved the largest ever mandate for a government in parliamentary history . Unfortunately for him , the vast majority of former Labour members of parliament deserted him ( and lost their seats ) , and only a handful of his former party ( including Bennett and Snowden ) followed him on the National Labour ticket . Under the coalition sharing of jobs , Snowden retained the position of Chancellor of Exchequer , and Bennett was rewarded ( in 1932 ) with a junior ministerial position ( Assistant Postmaster-General ) . When MacDonald agreed to tariff increases in 1932 , Snowden ( who believed in free trade ) resigned . Macdonalds increasing political isolation sapped his morale , and his health began to deteriorate . In 1935 he resigned in favour of Stanley Baldwin as leader of the National government . Baldwin led the National government to victory again at the 1935 general election . Bennett retained his seat for National Labour , but with a Conservative now in command Bennett lost out in the subsequent ministerial reshuffle and returned to the back benches . He retired from the House of Commons in 1945 . Despite the growing European tensions of the 1930s , Bennett remained sympathetic to German grievances originating from the Versailles Treaty . Having visited Germany during the economic chaos of the Weimar Republic , Bennett admired the way in which the new Nazi government had rebuilt the countrys economy and restored its confidence—in sharp contrast to the apparent malaise afflicting the UK in the early 1930s . He was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship , a society committed to furthering understanding between the two countries . This organisation can be seen as an instrument of Anglo-German appeasement , which effectively it was . The appeasement of Germany is now viewed by the majority of historians as having been a mistake . But to some English men and women , including Bennett , who had lived through the First World War and were keen to avoid another seemingly pointless European bloodbath , it offered ( at the time ) hope for peace . In 1940 , as the Second World War unfolded and France fell , Archibald Ramsay ( a Scottish Unionist MP ) was interned under Defence Regulation 18b as a security risk and potential traitor . Ramsay was a man who professed extreme right wing opinions , was pro-German and also avowedly anti-Semitic . In 1941 , it was revealed that he had compiled a book ( the Red Book ) of members of his Right Club , which as the name suggests included people who he deemed to hold the right views and to be right wing . Despite pressure to reveal the names to the House of Commons , the then Home Secretary ( Herbert Morrison ) refused to do so , on the grounds that it was impossible to know if all the 235 names in the book were really members . The list of names was not made public until 1989 . Bennetts name was among them . Although it is possible that his name was included by Ramsay without his permission ( to encourage others ) , it seems more probable that Bennett was indeed a member . Without a written constitution or rule book , and without ready access to the list of members ( which was secret ) , new recruits to the Right Club could not have been entirely sure of all the political positions with which they were being aligned , other than what Ramsay told them at the point of recruitment . In the case of Bennett , Ramsay is likely to have sold membership based on the Clubs pro-German , pro-peace , and anti-Bolshevik line , which would have been broadly consistent with Bennetts views . However , historians of the Red Book generally concede that the anti-Semitic philosophy associated with the Right Club ( via Ramsays opinions ) would have been at odds with Bennetts own expressed position . Bennett made clear on numerous occasions that he was against the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi government , stating ( for example ) in 1936 that he frankly deplore [ d ] Germanys harsh treatment of her Jewish subjects , and again in 1939 , that he could not accept German explanations of Jewish arrogance , their mutual control of the legal and medical professions , and so on .. . as any real justification for wholesale methods of persecution . While Bennett did side ( on a balance of the arguments ) in favour of the Arabs against the Zionists on the question of unlimited Jewish immigration to Palestine , this did not make him an anti-Semite . He was not in favour of a separate Jewish state in Palestine , which he feared would lead to conflict with the Arabs and the enmity of the Muslim world , but he was nevertheless willing to accept a significant and expanded ( but not politically dominant ) Jewish presence in Palestine . If Bennett faces criticism on this score , it is that he was willing to subordinate his genuine concern for the fate of the Jews in Europe to the greater cause , as he saw it , of avoiding another war with Germany . Natural and supernatural interests . Bennetts intellectual curiosity extended beyond traditional academic boundaries . In the winter of 1896/7 , he explored the island of Socotra with the archaeologist and explorer Theodore Bent ( who was accompanied by his co-explorer wife Mabel ) . Bennett closely observed the wildlife on the island and collected a range of insects and spiders which he donated to the Hope Museum , Oxford . This collection was described and analysed in a published article the following year . Bennett was credited with the discovery of a number of new species and sub-species , some of which were named after him . Bennett wrote about his experiences more generally , as did Bent ( though his work was published posthumously ) . Bennetts other more unconventional interest was in ghosts . He was a member of the Council of the Society for Psychical Research , and spent much time investigating haunted houses . While he undoubtedly hoped for positive findings , his rigorous and systematic scientific approach left him empty handed in the end . He wrote extensively on the subject , and was regularly interviewed by the BBC . Marriage and children . Bennett married Marguerite Kleinwort , eldest daughter ( of five ) of Herman Greverus Kleinwort , and granddaughter of Alexander Friedrich Kleinwort , who founded the eponymous bank . The marriage took place in October 1915 and linked Bennett to Kleinworts German cousins , as well as to the relatives of his new German mother-in-law ( née Marguerite Gunther ) . Bennett was comparatively old ( within two months of his fiftieth birthday ) for a first marriage , and his wife , though fifteen years younger , was also not in her first youth . Nevertheless , the couple produced three healthy children , Francis ( 1916–2005 ) , Frederic ( 1918–2002 ) , and Marguerite ( 1922–2012 ) . Both Francis and Frederic served in the British Army in the Second World War , reaching the rank of Captain ( Royal Artillery ) and Major ( Royal Artillery ) respectively . Francis Bennett subsequently engaged in local politics in London , obtained a CBE in 1963 , and was Deputy Chairman of the Greater London Council in 1975-6 . Frederic Bennett also entered politics , and was a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1951 until his retirement in 1987 . He was knighted in 1964 . Sir Ernest Bennett died in February 1947 aged 81 , less than two weeks before the marriage of his eldest son to the Hon . Ruth Gordon Catto , daughter of Thomas Sivewright Catto , Governor of the Bank of England . He is buried in Oxford . Works . - Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries , Rivingtons , London , 1900 - The downfall of the dervishes : being a sketch of the final Sudan campaign of 1898 , London : Methuen , 1898 - With Methuens Column on an Ambulance Train , Swan Sonnenshein , London , 1900 - With the Turks in Tripoli ; being some experiences in the Turco-Italian war of 1911 , London : Methuen , 1912 - Problems of village life , London : Williams and Norgate , 1914 - ( tr. ) The German army in Belgium , the white book of May 1915 , London : Swarthmore Press , 1921 . - Apparitions and haunted houses ; a survey of evidence , London : Faber and Faber , 1939 - Apollonius ; or , The present and future of psychical research , London : Kegan Paul , [ n.d. ] . In the series Today and Tomorrow . External links . - Portrait of Sir Ernest Bennett in the National Portrait Gallery , London , UK
|
[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
Ernest Bennett (politician) took which position from Nov 1935 to Jun 1945?
|
/wiki/Ernest_Bennett_(politician)#P39#2
|
Ernest Bennett ( politician ) Sir Ernest Nathaniel Bennett ( 12 December 1865 – 2 February 1947 ) was a British academic , politician , explorer and writer . Lineage . Ernest Bennetts grandfather , Thomas Bennett ( of Roseacre , Lancashire ) , was born in 1785 and died in 1868 . He married Rachel Diggle in 1812 , by whom he had a number of children , three of which obtained scholarships to go on to university from Kirkham Grammar School . They were Peter Bennett ( vicar of Forcett , Yorkshire ) , George Bennett ( of whom presently ) , and Edward Bennett ( vicar of Laneham , Nottinghamshire ) . George Bennett ( 1826–1897 ) was educated at Trinity College , Dublin , where he received a M.A . degree . Like his two brothers ( above ) , George became a clergyman and was canon of St . Pauls on the island of St . Helena in the 1850s . He followed Piers Claughton ( the first Bishop of St . Helena ) to Colombo , Sri Lanka , where he was Warden of St . Thomas College and chaplain to the Bishop from 1863 to 1866 . Upon his return to the UK , George became Master of Kirby Hill Grammar School ( which closed in 1957 and is now owned by the Landmark Trust ) . He concluded his ecclesiastical career as the Rector of Rede , Suffolk ( 1885–96 ) . George married Eliza , the daughter of Captain Thomas Fewson of the East India Company , in 1856 , by whom he had three children : Mary ( eldest ) , Ernest , and Gertrude . Ernest Nathaniel Bennett was born in 1865 in Colombo , Sri Lanka . Academic career . Bennett was educated at Durham School and went up to Wadham College , Oxford in 1885 . He transferred from Wadham to Hertford College on a five-year scholarship in the same year . Bennett obtained a First in Classical Moderations ( the first part of Literae Humanores , or Greats ) in 1887 , and a First also in the final exams in 1889 . He then studied for a second B.A . degree in Theology , for which he secured another First in the exams in 1890 . Bennett was elected a Fellow of Hertford in 1891 . He continued to be actively involved in the work of the college , while also lecturing for Wadham , Pembroke and Lincoln colleges , until 1906 when he was elected to Parliament . Bennett remained a non-resident Fellow until 1915 , when his marriage required his resignation ( many college Fellowships of that era required that holders be unmarried ) . He published a number of academic studies during this period . War correspondent . Bennett served as a war correspondent during the Cretan insurrection in 1897 . He was registered with the Turks , but was captured by the Greeks , threatened with execution , and only released on his recognition by a Greek officer who happened to have known him at Oxford . In 1898 , he joined the British expedition to Khartoum led by General Kitchener , again as a war correspondent . He witnessed the Battle of Omdurman , in which an Anglo-Egyptian army of 25,000 defeated some 50,000 Ansar ( or Dervish ) followers of the Khalifa to the Mahdi . The Dervish army suffered around 23,000 casualties compared to only 330 from the British-led force . He wrote an article shortly afterwards for the Contemporary Review in which he complained of British atrocities against wounded Dervishes after the battle , which provoked a hostile reaction from patriotic readers in Britain . He exchanged views on this and other matters with Winston Churchill ( also present at the battle and whom he met en route ) , and the subsequent books of both authors on the subject of the battle acknowledged the other . In 1899 he joined the Voluntary Ambulance Corps in South Africa at the outset of the Boer War , and wrote a book about his experiences . In 1911 , Bennett was accredited as a correspondent for the Manchester Guardian to cover the Italo-Turkish War in what is now Libya . He was attached to the Turkish Army , and during this time he got to know Kemal Atatürk . Bennett later worked as a press censor for the Turkish Army in Thrace during the Balkan War , and was made a Pasha in reward . Military and Red Cross service . In 1900 ( through 1902 ) , Bennett assumed command ( as a Lieutenant ) of a platoon of Oxford University Volunteers of the 1st Battalion of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry in the Orange River Colony during the Boer War . Too old to serve on the front line in the First World War , Bennett was initially a British Red Cross ( BRX ) Commissioner in Belgium , France and Serbia ( 1914–15 ) . Bennett sailed for Serbia in January 1915 with Sir Thomas Lipton in the latters yacht , the Erin , which had been dedicated to the transport of medical personnel and supplies for the BRX , initially to France and subsequently to the Balkans . The BRX Mission was responding to a catastrophic outbreak of typhus which had started in Serbian camps holding Austrian prisoners of war and was spreading rapidly to the Serbian population . Some 150,000 people are believed to have died from typhus during this epidemic , which was so virulent that it interrupted military action in Serbia for nearly six months until it was brought under control . Of the 350 Serbian doctors in the country , more than a third also died of the disease while treating their patients . Bennett ( though not medically qualified himself ) was put in charge of the second BRX unit ( of two units deployed ) . The Serbian Commander in Chief Radomir Putnik personally commended Bennett on the conditions in his units hospital at the Villa Zlatibor in Vrnjačka Banja , and Bennett was later awarded the Serbian Order of the White Eagle ( third class ) in recognition of his services . Bennett left Serbia in June 1915 , by which time the epidemic had been largely subdued . A few months after this , military activity resumed , the Serbian front collapsed and the hospital was overrun by the Austrians . Bennett later joined the Staff of the 11th Infantry Brigade , British Expeditionary Force , and was then attached to the IX Army Corps H.Q . in 1917 , with the rank of Captain . He also worked with the Admiralty Intelligence Division . He concluded his military service , with the British Army of the Rhine HQ , in 1919 . Political career . Bennett was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Woodstock , Oxfordshire , in 1906 . He campaigned , inter alia , in favour of womens suffrage . In 1904 , he tried ( as prospective candidate ) to recruit the support of Winston Churchill ( a fellow Liberal at the time ) for womens suffrage , asking him to speak to the subject in Bicester , Oxfordshire . Churchill declined the offer . Bennett lost the Woodstock seat in 1910 . In 1916 , Bennett left the Liberal Party and joined the Labour Party . He contested a number of seats as a Labour candidate in successive elections , until he finally secured Cardiff Central in 1929 . He retained this seat in 1931 and 1935 , before retiring from politics in 1945 . Bennett was highly critical of the terms of the Versailles Treaty ( concluding the First World War in 1919 ) , which he considered to be inconsistent with Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points ( the basis of the Armistice with Germany ) , too harsh and liable to sow the seeds of renewed conflict . Quite apart from the excessive financial burden that the reparations placed on Germany , Bennett believed that the Treaty put too much blame on Germany for starting the War , when in reality the whole of Europe had been dragged into unintended global conflict by a multitude of bilateral treaties and alliances triggered by a relatively local dispute between Serbia and Austria-Hungary . By virtue of his marriage into the Kleinwort dynasty ( of which more presently ) , Bennett had acquired a significant German dimension to his family . He was anxious to avoid another war , especially one which would involve strife within his new enlarged family . Through his involvement with the Labour Party , Bennett became close to Ramsay MacDonald , Labour Party leader from 1922 to 1935 . MacDonald was likewise opposed to the terms of the Versailles Treaty , and sought to mollify them in his first brief period as Prime Minister of the short lived Labour government in 1924 . Bennett was also friendly with Philip Snowden , who became godfather to Bennetts eldest son . When MacDonald formed a new government in 1929 , Snowden became his Chancellor of Exchequer . In 1931 , the economic situation had deteriorated significantly . The cabinet was split on how to address the situation . MacDonald supported further austerity , and unable to carry his Labour party on the issue , he was asked by the King to lead a National coalition government with the Liberals and Conservatives . The formation of the new National Government was quickly followed by a General election , with many candidates putting themselves forward as coalition ( National ) candidates . The National ticket won the day , and MacDonald achieved the largest ever mandate for a government in parliamentary history . Unfortunately for him , the vast majority of former Labour members of parliament deserted him ( and lost their seats ) , and only a handful of his former party ( including Bennett and Snowden ) followed him on the National Labour ticket . Under the coalition sharing of jobs , Snowden retained the position of Chancellor of Exchequer , and Bennett was rewarded ( in 1932 ) with a junior ministerial position ( Assistant Postmaster-General ) . When MacDonald agreed to tariff increases in 1932 , Snowden ( who believed in free trade ) resigned . Macdonalds increasing political isolation sapped his morale , and his health began to deteriorate . In 1935 he resigned in favour of Stanley Baldwin as leader of the National government . Baldwin led the National government to victory again at the 1935 general election . Bennett retained his seat for National Labour , but with a Conservative now in command Bennett lost out in the subsequent ministerial reshuffle and returned to the back benches . He retired from the House of Commons in 1945 . Despite the growing European tensions of the 1930s , Bennett remained sympathetic to German grievances originating from the Versailles Treaty . Having visited Germany during the economic chaos of the Weimar Republic , Bennett admired the way in which the new Nazi government had rebuilt the countrys economy and restored its confidence—in sharp contrast to the apparent malaise afflicting the UK in the early 1930s . He was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship , a society committed to furthering understanding between the two countries . This organisation can be seen as an instrument of Anglo-German appeasement , which effectively it was . The appeasement of Germany is now viewed by the majority of historians as having been a mistake . But to some English men and women , including Bennett , who had lived through the First World War and were keen to avoid another seemingly pointless European bloodbath , it offered ( at the time ) hope for peace . In 1940 , as the Second World War unfolded and France fell , Archibald Ramsay ( a Scottish Unionist MP ) was interned under Defence Regulation 18b as a security risk and potential traitor . Ramsay was a man who professed extreme right wing opinions , was pro-German and also avowedly anti-Semitic . In 1941 , it was revealed that he had compiled a book ( the Red Book ) of members of his Right Club , which as the name suggests included people who he deemed to hold the right views and to be right wing . Despite pressure to reveal the names to the House of Commons , the then Home Secretary ( Herbert Morrison ) refused to do so , on the grounds that it was impossible to know if all the 235 names in the book were really members . The list of names was not made public until 1989 . Bennetts name was among them . Although it is possible that his name was included by Ramsay without his permission ( to encourage others ) , it seems more probable that Bennett was indeed a member . Without a written constitution or rule book , and without ready access to the list of members ( which was secret ) , new recruits to the Right Club could not have been entirely sure of all the political positions with which they were being aligned , other than what Ramsay told them at the point of recruitment . In the case of Bennett , Ramsay is likely to have sold membership based on the Clubs pro-German , pro-peace , and anti-Bolshevik line , which would have been broadly consistent with Bennetts views . However , historians of the Red Book generally concede that the anti-Semitic philosophy associated with the Right Club ( via Ramsays opinions ) would have been at odds with Bennetts own expressed position . Bennett made clear on numerous occasions that he was against the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi government , stating ( for example ) in 1936 that he frankly deplore [ d ] Germanys harsh treatment of her Jewish subjects , and again in 1939 , that he could not accept German explanations of Jewish arrogance , their mutual control of the legal and medical professions , and so on .. . as any real justification for wholesale methods of persecution . While Bennett did side ( on a balance of the arguments ) in favour of the Arabs against the Zionists on the question of unlimited Jewish immigration to Palestine , this did not make him an anti-Semite . He was not in favour of a separate Jewish state in Palestine , which he feared would lead to conflict with the Arabs and the enmity of the Muslim world , but he was nevertheless willing to accept a significant and expanded ( but not politically dominant ) Jewish presence in Palestine . If Bennett faces criticism on this score , it is that he was willing to subordinate his genuine concern for the fate of the Jews in Europe to the greater cause , as he saw it , of avoiding another war with Germany . Natural and supernatural interests . Bennetts intellectual curiosity extended beyond traditional academic boundaries . In the winter of 1896/7 , he explored the island of Socotra with the archaeologist and explorer Theodore Bent ( who was accompanied by his co-explorer wife Mabel ) . Bennett closely observed the wildlife on the island and collected a range of insects and spiders which he donated to the Hope Museum , Oxford . This collection was described and analysed in a published article the following year . Bennett was credited with the discovery of a number of new species and sub-species , some of which were named after him . Bennett wrote about his experiences more generally , as did Bent ( though his work was published posthumously ) . Bennetts other more unconventional interest was in ghosts . He was a member of the Council of the Society for Psychical Research , and spent much time investigating haunted houses . While he undoubtedly hoped for positive findings , his rigorous and systematic scientific approach left him empty handed in the end . He wrote extensively on the subject , and was regularly interviewed by the BBC . Marriage and children . Bennett married Marguerite Kleinwort , eldest daughter ( of five ) of Herman Greverus Kleinwort , and granddaughter of Alexander Friedrich Kleinwort , who founded the eponymous bank . The marriage took place in October 1915 and linked Bennett to Kleinworts German cousins , as well as to the relatives of his new German mother-in-law ( née Marguerite Gunther ) . Bennett was comparatively old ( within two months of his fiftieth birthday ) for a first marriage , and his wife , though fifteen years younger , was also not in her first youth . Nevertheless , the couple produced three healthy children , Francis ( 1916–2005 ) , Frederic ( 1918–2002 ) , and Marguerite ( 1922–2012 ) . Both Francis and Frederic served in the British Army in the Second World War , reaching the rank of Captain ( Royal Artillery ) and Major ( Royal Artillery ) respectively . Francis Bennett subsequently engaged in local politics in London , obtained a CBE in 1963 , and was Deputy Chairman of the Greater London Council in 1975-6 . Frederic Bennett also entered politics , and was a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1951 until his retirement in 1987 . He was knighted in 1964 . Sir Ernest Bennett died in February 1947 aged 81 , less than two weeks before the marriage of his eldest son to the Hon . Ruth Gordon Catto , daughter of Thomas Sivewright Catto , Governor of the Bank of England . He is buried in Oxford . Works . - Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries , Rivingtons , London , 1900 - The downfall of the dervishes : being a sketch of the final Sudan campaign of 1898 , London : Methuen , 1898 - With Methuens Column on an Ambulance Train , Swan Sonnenshein , London , 1900 - With the Turks in Tripoli ; being some experiences in the Turco-Italian war of 1911 , London : Methuen , 1912 - Problems of village life , London : Williams and Norgate , 1914 - ( tr. ) The German army in Belgium , the white book of May 1915 , London : Swarthmore Press , 1921 . - Apparitions and haunted houses ; a survey of evidence , London : Faber and Faber , 1939 - Apollonius ; or , The present and future of psychical research , London : Kegan Paul , [ n.d. ] . In the series Today and Tomorrow . External links . - Portrait of Sir Ernest Bennett in the National Portrait Gallery , London , UK
|
[
"Vasco da Gama"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Allan (footballer, born 1991) belong to from 2011 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Allan_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#0
|
Allan ( footballer , born 1991 ) Allan Marques Loureiro ( born 8 January 1991 ) , commonly known as Allan Marques , or simply Allan ( ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central midfielder for club Everton and the Brazil national team . After starting out in the Madureira youth system in his home country , he joined Uruguayan club Deportivo Maldonado , but later returned to Brazil and made his professional debut with Vasco da Gama in 2009 . Allan joined Italian club Udinese in 2012 , and subsequently moved to fellow Serie A side Napoli in 2015 . At international level , he was a part of the Brazil under-20 side that won the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , and later made his senior debut for Brazil in 2018 ; he was a member of the team that won the 2019 Copa América on home soil . Club career . Madureira and Deportivo Maldonado . Allan was signed from Madureira by Uruguayan side Deportivo Maldonado at 17 years of age for an undisclosed fee . However , he was later loaned out to Vasco da Gama back in Brazil ; he would not make an appearance for Maldonado . Vasco da Gama . Allan moved to Vasco da Gama once again still as a youth player , loaned from Deportivo Maldonado . A year after he played for their youth team , he was brought back and promoted to the first-team by coach Dorival Júnior , playing in many crucial games in the clubs 2009 season to help the side win the Série B and secure promotion to the top-flight Série A , though he ultimately suffered an injury . Due to injury Allan , could not compete with Vasco da Gama neither in the Campeonato Carioca nor the 2010 Copa do Brasil . After an initial recovery , he returned to the clubs junior team to regain fitness before rejoining the first-team . He then returned to action in the last round of the Série A before the break for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , playing in the Copa da Hora friendly tournament . The club won the tournament , with Allan contributing to the title , also scoring a goal in a 3–2 victory over Coritiba . Udinese . In June 2012 , Allan signed for Serie A side Udinese for a reported fee of R$7 million from Deportivo Maldonado . He made his debut for Udinese at home at the Stadio Friuli against Juventus , where he created an assist for teammate Andrea Lazzaris goal . In his first season in Udine , Allan played mostly as a defensive midfielder , recovering and distributing a large number of balls . Manager Francesco Guidolin played him in 36 games in the league out of 38 games , he proved one of the best bargains of the season , defying expectation and playing almost all games as a starter to help Udinese to finish in a surprise fifth-place position , securing qualification to next years UEFA Europa League . The following season the club finished 13th in the league in what was Francesco Guidolins final season with the side . Despite this , Allan excelled in midfield , and scored his first goals for the club as his improvement in Italy continued . His calm and controlled performance in midfield also prompted future Udinese manager Andrea Stramaccioni to suggest that he was now one of the best young midfielders in Europe , comparable to Manchester Uniteds Paul Pogba . In the 2014–15 season , Allan was to be the top ball-winner of all of Europes top-five leagues ( Premier League , La Liga , Bundesliga , Serie A and Ligue 1 ) with the most balls won . Napoli . After reported interest from a number of other clubs , Allan signed for Napoli for €10m plus bonuses in July 2015 . In the 2015–16 season , Allan made his Napoli debut in a pre-season friendly against Lega Pro side FeralpiSalò , which Napoli won 5–2 . He made his first Serie A debut for Napoli at home against Sampdoria in the second matchday of the Serie A season , creating an assist for Gonzalo Higuaín with a through-ball that the latter converted with a right-footed shot from the right side of the box , making the scoreline 2–0 . Allan was later substituted in the second half for David López . Allan would then receive a start in Napolis third game of the season , a 2–2 away draw with Empoli , scoring an equalizer in the 78th minute after converting a pass from captain Marek Hamšík . On 17 September 2015 , Allan came off the bench in the 62nd minute against Belgian club Club Brugge in his first ever Europa League game , assisting José Callejóns second goal of the game with a through-ball just minutes after coming on . The match finished 5–0 for Napoli , the clubs largest European win and the joint-largest margin of defeat for Brugge , equalling its 6–1 defeat at Monaco in 1988 . Allan would go on to score once again and provide another assist in a 5–0 win against Lazio , only three days after the Brugge victory on 20 September , giving manager Maurizio Sarri trust in him for his precise passing and defensive work . On 26 September , Allan scored a goal against defending champions Juventus , with excellent passing and an impressive overall game in a 2–1 home win . On 4 October , Allan would score the opening goal in a 0–4 away rout of Milan in a swift counter-attacking move , where the Brazilian went one-on-one with Milan goalkeeper Diego López . In the 2016–17 season , Allan had 29 Serie A appearances ( 1 goal , 5 assists ) , 8 Champions League appearances culminating in an 86.6% pass completion rate , an average of 2.4 successful tackles per game and he also averaged one key pass ( one that led to a goalscoring opportunity ) per game . In the 2017–18 season , Allan played in all 38 Serie A matches , scoring four goals . During that season , Allan extended his contract with Napoli until 2023 . In the following season , he featured in 33 Serie A matches and reached the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals with Napoli . In the 2019–20 season , he played in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League round of 16 home match against Barcelona , which ended 1–1 , then he won the 2019–20 Coppa Italia against Juventus , his only silverware with Napoli . Everton . On 5 September 2020 , English club Everton signed Allan for around £21.7m on a three-year deal , to be reunited with former Napoli manager Carlo Ancelotti . He made his debut the following week in a 1–0 win away to Tottenham Hotspur . Allan suffered an injury to his hamstring on 16 December during an away game against Leicester City , he was replaced in the 41st minute by Andre Gomes ; Everton won the game 0–2 . Allan was ruled out for the remainder of Evertons games in 2020 . He returned to the starting eleven on 1 March against Southampton playing the full 90 minutes , Everton won the game 1-0 . International career . Under-20 . He was called up by Brazilian under-20 coach Ney Franco on 20 August 2011 , where he impressed enough at Vasco da Gama to earn a call-up for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazils U-20 World Cup-winning side also featured the likes of Oscar , Philippe Coutinho , Casemiro and Danilo , as well as future Napoli teammates Gabriel and Bruno Uvini . Brazil made it to the tournament final , beating Portugal 3–2 in extra time and winning the U20 World Cup for the fifth time . Senior . Although born in Brazil , Allan holds dual Portuguese-Brazilian nationality , making him eligible to play for Brazil or Portugal . Allan also has a distant Italian relative which qualifies him for an Italian passport and thus the Italian national team . Sky Sport Italia and TV Luna report that he has been asked to switch allegiances to the Azzurri by national coach Roberto Mancini . Manager Tite , on 26 October 2018 , named Allan to the Brazilian squad that will face Uruguay and Cameroon in friendlies the following month . However , because these were only exhibition matches , Allan still also remained eligible to play for Portugal and Italy at the time . He made his senior international debut in the former match , held in London on 16 November , which ended in a 1–0 victory to Brazil . In May 2019 , Allan was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil . On 7 July , he come on as an injury-time substitute for Everton in Brazils 3–1 victory over Peru in the final of the tournament , at the Maracanã Stadium . Style of play . Considered by several pundits and footballing figures to be one of the best midfielders in Serie A , Europe , and world football , Allan operates primarily as a defensive midfielder or as a central midfielder in the mezzala role , and is equally comfortable at playing both in an attacking and defensive midfield role ; he is also capable of being deployed in a deeper role as a playmaker . As such , he has also been labelled a box-to-box midfielder in the media . He is also capable of playing on the left or right flank , and has even been deployed as a full-back on occasion . Normally deployed as a holding midfielder in front of the back-line , Allan is known as a dynamic , physically strong , tenacious and energetic right-footed midfielder , with good ball-winning abilities . He also possesses good technique , dribbling skills , pace and good long passing ability , which enables him to start attacking plays after winning back possession . He has been described as a complete and tactically versatile midfielder , who is different from traditional defensive midfielders , due to his reputation for dribbling past defenders and passing the ball through the legs of an opponent , a move known as the nutmeg . Honours . Vasco da Gama - Copa do Brasil : 2011 - Campeonato Brasileiro Série B : 2009 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2019–20 Brazil U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2011 Brazil - Copa América : 2019 External links . - ogol.com.
|
[
"Udinese"
] |
easy
|
Allan (footballer, born 1991) played for which team from 2012 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Allan_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#1
|
Allan ( footballer , born 1991 ) Allan Marques Loureiro ( born 8 January 1991 ) , commonly known as Allan Marques , or simply Allan ( ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central midfielder for club Everton and the Brazil national team . After starting out in the Madureira youth system in his home country , he joined Uruguayan club Deportivo Maldonado , but later returned to Brazil and made his professional debut with Vasco da Gama in 2009 . Allan joined Italian club Udinese in 2012 , and subsequently moved to fellow Serie A side Napoli in 2015 . At international level , he was a part of the Brazil under-20 side that won the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , and later made his senior debut for Brazil in 2018 ; he was a member of the team that won the 2019 Copa América on home soil . Club career . Madureira and Deportivo Maldonado . Allan was signed from Madureira by Uruguayan side Deportivo Maldonado at 17 years of age for an undisclosed fee . However , he was later loaned out to Vasco da Gama back in Brazil ; he would not make an appearance for Maldonado . Vasco da Gama . Allan moved to Vasco da Gama once again still as a youth player , loaned from Deportivo Maldonado . A year after he played for their youth team , he was brought back and promoted to the first-team by coach Dorival Júnior , playing in many crucial games in the clubs 2009 season to help the side win the Série B and secure promotion to the top-flight Série A , though he ultimately suffered an injury . Due to injury Allan , could not compete with Vasco da Gama neither in the Campeonato Carioca nor the 2010 Copa do Brasil . After an initial recovery , he returned to the clubs junior team to regain fitness before rejoining the first-team . He then returned to action in the last round of the Série A before the break for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , playing in the Copa da Hora friendly tournament . The club won the tournament , with Allan contributing to the title , also scoring a goal in a 3–2 victory over Coritiba . Udinese . In June 2012 , Allan signed for Serie A side Udinese for a reported fee of R$7 million from Deportivo Maldonado . He made his debut for Udinese at home at the Stadio Friuli against Juventus , where he created an assist for teammate Andrea Lazzaris goal . In his first season in Udine , Allan played mostly as a defensive midfielder , recovering and distributing a large number of balls . Manager Francesco Guidolin played him in 36 games in the league out of 38 games , he proved one of the best bargains of the season , defying expectation and playing almost all games as a starter to help Udinese to finish in a surprise fifth-place position , securing qualification to next years UEFA Europa League . The following season the club finished 13th in the league in what was Francesco Guidolins final season with the side . Despite this , Allan excelled in midfield , and scored his first goals for the club as his improvement in Italy continued . His calm and controlled performance in midfield also prompted future Udinese manager Andrea Stramaccioni to suggest that he was now one of the best young midfielders in Europe , comparable to Manchester Uniteds Paul Pogba . In the 2014–15 season , Allan was to be the top ball-winner of all of Europes top-five leagues ( Premier League , La Liga , Bundesliga , Serie A and Ligue 1 ) with the most balls won . Napoli . After reported interest from a number of other clubs , Allan signed for Napoli for €10m plus bonuses in July 2015 . In the 2015–16 season , Allan made his Napoli debut in a pre-season friendly against Lega Pro side FeralpiSalò , which Napoli won 5–2 . He made his first Serie A debut for Napoli at home against Sampdoria in the second matchday of the Serie A season , creating an assist for Gonzalo Higuaín with a through-ball that the latter converted with a right-footed shot from the right side of the box , making the scoreline 2–0 . Allan was later substituted in the second half for David López . Allan would then receive a start in Napolis third game of the season , a 2–2 away draw with Empoli , scoring an equalizer in the 78th minute after converting a pass from captain Marek Hamšík . On 17 September 2015 , Allan came off the bench in the 62nd minute against Belgian club Club Brugge in his first ever Europa League game , assisting José Callejóns second goal of the game with a through-ball just minutes after coming on . The match finished 5–0 for Napoli , the clubs largest European win and the joint-largest margin of defeat for Brugge , equalling its 6–1 defeat at Monaco in 1988 . Allan would go on to score once again and provide another assist in a 5–0 win against Lazio , only three days after the Brugge victory on 20 September , giving manager Maurizio Sarri trust in him for his precise passing and defensive work . On 26 September , Allan scored a goal against defending champions Juventus , with excellent passing and an impressive overall game in a 2–1 home win . On 4 October , Allan would score the opening goal in a 0–4 away rout of Milan in a swift counter-attacking move , where the Brazilian went one-on-one with Milan goalkeeper Diego López . In the 2016–17 season , Allan had 29 Serie A appearances ( 1 goal , 5 assists ) , 8 Champions League appearances culminating in an 86.6% pass completion rate , an average of 2.4 successful tackles per game and he also averaged one key pass ( one that led to a goalscoring opportunity ) per game . In the 2017–18 season , Allan played in all 38 Serie A matches , scoring four goals . During that season , Allan extended his contract with Napoli until 2023 . In the following season , he featured in 33 Serie A matches and reached the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals with Napoli . In the 2019–20 season , he played in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League round of 16 home match against Barcelona , which ended 1–1 , then he won the 2019–20 Coppa Italia against Juventus , his only silverware with Napoli . Everton . On 5 September 2020 , English club Everton signed Allan for around £21.7m on a three-year deal , to be reunited with former Napoli manager Carlo Ancelotti . He made his debut the following week in a 1–0 win away to Tottenham Hotspur . Allan suffered an injury to his hamstring on 16 December during an away game against Leicester City , he was replaced in the 41st minute by Andre Gomes ; Everton won the game 0–2 . Allan was ruled out for the remainder of Evertons games in 2020 . He returned to the starting eleven on 1 March against Southampton playing the full 90 minutes , Everton won the game 1-0 . International career . Under-20 . He was called up by Brazilian under-20 coach Ney Franco on 20 August 2011 , where he impressed enough at Vasco da Gama to earn a call-up for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazils U-20 World Cup-winning side also featured the likes of Oscar , Philippe Coutinho , Casemiro and Danilo , as well as future Napoli teammates Gabriel and Bruno Uvini . Brazil made it to the tournament final , beating Portugal 3–2 in extra time and winning the U20 World Cup for the fifth time . Senior . Although born in Brazil , Allan holds dual Portuguese-Brazilian nationality , making him eligible to play for Brazil or Portugal . Allan also has a distant Italian relative which qualifies him for an Italian passport and thus the Italian national team . Sky Sport Italia and TV Luna report that he has been asked to switch allegiances to the Azzurri by national coach Roberto Mancini . Manager Tite , on 26 October 2018 , named Allan to the Brazilian squad that will face Uruguay and Cameroon in friendlies the following month . However , because these were only exhibition matches , Allan still also remained eligible to play for Portugal and Italy at the time . He made his senior international debut in the former match , held in London on 16 November , which ended in a 1–0 victory to Brazil . In May 2019 , Allan was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil . On 7 July , he come on as an injury-time substitute for Everton in Brazils 3–1 victory over Peru in the final of the tournament , at the Maracanã Stadium . Style of play . Considered by several pundits and footballing figures to be one of the best midfielders in Serie A , Europe , and world football , Allan operates primarily as a defensive midfielder or as a central midfielder in the mezzala role , and is equally comfortable at playing both in an attacking and defensive midfield role ; he is also capable of being deployed in a deeper role as a playmaker . As such , he has also been labelled a box-to-box midfielder in the media . He is also capable of playing on the left or right flank , and has even been deployed as a full-back on occasion . Normally deployed as a holding midfielder in front of the back-line , Allan is known as a dynamic , physically strong , tenacious and energetic right-footed midfielder , with good ball-winning abilities . He also possesses good technique , dribbling skills , pace and good long passing ability , which enables him to start attacking plays after winning back possession . He has been described as a complete and tactically versatile midfielder , who is different from traditional defensive midfielders , due to his reputation for dribbling past defenders and passing the ball through the legs of an opponent , a move known as the nutmeg . Honours . Vasco da Gama - Copa do Brasil : 2011 - Campeonato Brasileiro Série B : 2009 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2019–20 Brazil U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2011 Brazil - Copa América : 2019 External links . - ogol.com.
|
[
"Napoli"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Allan (footballer, born 1991) play for from 2015 to 2016?
|
/wiki/Allan_(footballer,_born_1991)#P54#2
|
Allan ( footballer , born 1991 ) Allan Marques Loureiro ( born 8 January 1991 ) , commonly known as Allan Marques , or simply Allan ( ) , is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a central midfielder for club Everton and the Brazil national team . After starting out in the Madureira youth system in his home country , he joined Uruguayan club Deportivo Maldonado , but later returned to Brazil and made his professional debut with Vasco da Gama in 2009 . Allan joined Italian club Udinese in 2012 , and subsequently moved to fellow Serie A side Napoli in 2015 . At international level , he was a part of the Brazil under-20 side that won the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , and later made his senior debut for Brazil in 2018 ; he was a member of the team that won the 2019 Copa América on home soil . Club career . Madureira and Deportivo Maldonado . Allan was signed from Madureira by Uruguayan side Deportivo Maldonado at 17 years of age for an undisclosed fee . However , he was later loaned out to Vasco da Gama back in Brazil ; he would not make an appearance for Maldonado . Vasco da Gama . Allan moved to Vasco da Gama once again still as a youth player , loaned from Deportivo Maldonado . A year after he played for their youth team , he was brought back and promoted to the first-team by coach Dorival Júnior , playing in many crucial games in the clubs 2009 season to help the side win the Série B and secure promotion to the top-flight Série A , though he ultimately suffered an injury . Due to injury Allan , could not compete with Vasco da Gama neither in the Campeonato Carioca nor the 2010 Copa do Brasil . After an initial recovery , he returned to the clubs junior team to regain fitness before rejoining the first-team . He then returned to action in the last round of the Série A before the break for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , playing in the Copa da Hora friendly tournament . The club won the tournament , with Allan contributing to the title , also scoring a goal in a 3–2 victory over Coritiba . Udinese . In June 2012 , Allan signed for Serie A side Udinese for a reported fee of R$7 million from Deportivo Maldonado . He made his debut for Udinese at home at the Stadio Friuli against Juventus , where he created an assist for teammate Andrea Lazzaris goal . In his first season in Udine , Allan played mostly as a defensive midfielder , recovering and distributing a large number of balls . Manager Francesco Guidolin played him in 36 games in the league out of 38 games , he proved one of the best bargains of the season , defying expectation and playing almost all games as a starter to help Udinese to finish in a surprise fifth-place position , securing qualification to next years UEFA Europa League . The following season the club finished 13th in the league in what was Francesco Guidolins final season with the side . Despite this , Allan excelled in midfield , and scored his first goals for the club as his improvement in Italy continued . His calm and controlled performance in midfield also prompted future Udinese manager Andrea Stramaccioni to suggest that he was now one of the best young midfielders in Europe , comparable to Manchester Uniteds Paul Pogba . In the 2014–15 season , Allan was to be the top ball-winner of all of Europes top-five leagues ( Premier League , La Liga , Bundesliga , Serie A and Ligue 1 ) with the most balls won . Napoli . After reported interest from a number of other clubs , Allan signed for Napoli for €10m plus bonuses in July 2015 . In the 2015–16 season , Allan made his Napoli debut in a pre-season friendly against Lega Pro side FeralpiSalò , which Napoli won 5–2 . He made his first Serie A debut for Napoli at home against Sampdoria in the second matchday of the Serie A season , creating an assist for Gonzalo Higuaín with a through-ball that the latter converted with a right-footed shot from the right side of the box , making the scoreline 2–0 . Allan was later substituted in the second half for David López . Allan would then receive a start in Napolis third game of the season , a 2–2 away draw with Empoli , scoring an equalizer in the 78th minute after converting a pass from captain Marek Hamšík . On 17 September 2015 , Allan came off the bench in the 62nd minute against Belgian club Club Brugge in his first ever Europa League game , assisting José Callejóns second goal of the game with a through-ball just minutes after coming on . The match finished 5–0 for Napoli , the clubs largest European win and the joint-largest margin of defeat for Brugge , equalling its 6–1 defeat at Monaco in 1988 . Allan would go on to score once again and provide another assist in a 5–0 win against Lazio , only three days after the Brugge victory on 20 September , giving manager Maurizio Sarri trust in him for his precise passing and defensive work . On 26 September , Allan scored a goal against defending champions Juventus , with excellent passing and an impressive overall game in a 2–1 home win . On 4 October , Allan would score the opening goal in a 0–4 away rout of Milan in a swift counter-attacking move , where the Brazilian went one-on-one with Milan goalkeeper Diego López . In the 2016–17 season , Allan had 29 Serie A appearances ( 1 goal , 5 assists ) , 8 Champions League appearances culminating in an 86.6% pass completion rate , an average of 2.4 successful tackles per game and he also averaged one key pass ( one that led to a goalscoring opportunity ) per game . In the 2017–18 season , Allan played in all 38 Serie A matches , scoring four goals . During that season , Allan extended his contract with Napoli until 2023 . In the following season , he featured in 33 Serie A matches and reached the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League quarter-finals with Napoli . In the 2019–20 season , he played in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League round of 16 home match against Barcelona , which ended 1–1 , then he won the 2019–20 Coppa Italia against Juventus , his only silverware with Napoli . Everton . On 5 September 2020 , English club Everton signed Allan for around £21.7m on a three-year deal , to be reunited with former Napoli manager Carlo Ancelotti . He made his debut the following week in a 1–0 win away to Tottenham Hotspur . Allan suffered an injury to his hamstring on 16 December during an away game against Leicester City , he was replaced in the 41st minute by Andre Gomes ; Everton won the game 0–2 . Allan was ruled out for the remainder of Evertons games in 2020 . He returned to the starting eleven on 1 March against Southampton playing the full 90 minutes , Everton won the game 1-0 . International career . Under-20 . He was called up by Brazilian under-20 coach Ney Franco on 20 August 2011 , where he impressed enough at Vasco da Gama to earn a call-up for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazils U-20 World Cup-winning side also featured the likes of Oscar , Philippe Coutinho , Casemiro and Danilo , as well as future Napoli teammates Gabriel and Bruno Uvini . Brazil made it to the tournament final , beating Portugal 3–2 in extra time and winning the U20 World Cup for the fifth time . Senior . Although born in Brazil , Allan holds dual Portuguese-Brazilian nationality , making him eligible to play for Brazil or Portugal . Allan also has a distant Italian relative which qualifies him for an Italian passport and thus the Italian national team . Sky Sport Italia and TV Luna report that he has been asked to switch allegiances to the Azzurri by national coach Roberto Mancini . Manager Tite , on 26 October 2018 , named Allan to the Brazilian squad that will face Uruguay and Cameroon in friendlies the following month . However , because these were only exhibition matches , Allan still also remained eligible to play for Portugal and Italy at the time . He made his senior international debut in the former match , held in London on 16 November , which ended in a 1–0 victory to Brazil . In May 2019 , Allan was included in Brazils 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América on home soil . On 7 July , he come on as an injury-time substitute for Everton in Brazils 3–1 victory over Peru in the final of the tournament , at the Maracanã Stadium . Style of play . Considered by several pundits and footballing figures to be one of the best midfielders in Serie A , Europe , and world football , Allan operates primarily as a defensive midfielder or as a central midfielder in the mezzala role , and is equally comfortable at playing both in an attacking and defensive midfield role ; he is also capable of being deployed in a deeper role as a playmaker . As such , he has also been labelled a box-to-box midfielder in the media . He is also capable of playing on the left or right flank , and has even been deployed as a full-back on occasion . Normally deployed as a holding midfielder in front of the back-line , Allan is known as a dynamic , physically strong , tenacious and energetic right-footed midfielder , with good ball-winning abilities . He also possesses good technique , dribbling skills , pace and good long passing ability , which enables him to start attacking plays after winning back possession . He has been described as a complete and tactically versatile midfielder , who is different from traditional defensive midfielders , due to his reputation for dribbling past defenders and passing the ball through the legs of an opponent , a move known as the nutmeg . Honours . Vasco da Gama - Copa do Brasil : 2011 - Campeonato Brasileiro Série B : 2009 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2019–20 Brazil U20 - FIFA U-20 World Cup : 2011 Brazil - Copa América : 2019 External links . - ogol.com.
|
[
"Joseph Bard"
] |
easy
|
Who was Dorothy Thompson 's spouse from 1923 to 1927?
|
/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson#P26#0
|
Dorothy Thompson Dorothy Celene Thompson ( July 9 , 1893 – January 30 , 1961 ) was an American journalist and radio broadcaster . She was the first American journalist to be expelled from Nazi Germany in 1934 and was one of the few women news commentators on radio during the 1930s . Thompson is regarded by some as the First Lady of American Journalism and was recognized by Time magazine in 1939 as equal in influence to Eleanor Roosevelt . Life and career . Thompson was born in Lancaster , New York , in 1893 , one of three children of Peter and Margaret ( Grierson ) Thompson . Her siblings were Peter Willard Thompson and Margaret Thompson ( later Mrs . Howard Wilson ) . Her mother died when Thompson was seven ( in April 1901 ) , leaving Peter , a Methodist preacher , to raise his children alone . Peter soon remarried , but Thompson did not get along with his new wife , Elizabeth Abbott Thompson . In 1908 , Peter sent Thompson to Chicago to live with his two sisters to avoid further conflict . Here , she attended Lewis Institute for two years before transferring to Syracuse University as a junior . At Syracuse , she studied politics and economics and graduated with a degree in 1914 . Because she had the opportunity to be educated , unlike many women of the time , Thompson felt that she had a social obligation to fight for womens suffrage in the United States , which would become the base of her ardent political beliefs . Shortly after graduation , Thompson moved to Buffalo , New York and became involved in the womens suffrage campaign . She worked there until 1920 , when she went abroad to pursue her journalism career . Journalism in Europe . After working for women’s suffrage in the United States , Thompson relocated to Europe in 1920 to pursue her journalism career . She was interested in the early Zionist movement . Her big break occurred when she visited Ireland in 1920 and was the last to interview Terence MacSwiney , one of the major leaders of the Sinn Féin movement . It was the last interview MacSwiney gave before he was arrested days later and died two months after that . Because of her success abroad , she was appointed Vienna correspondent for the Philadelphia Public Ledger . While working in Vienna , Thompson focused on becoming fluent in German . She met and worked alongside correspondents John Gunther and G . E . R . Gedye . In 1925 , she was promoted to Chief of the Central European Service for the Public Ledger . She resigned in 1927 and , not long after , the New York Post appointed her head of its Berlin bureau in Germany . There she witnessed firsthand the rise of the National Socialist or Nazi party . According to her biographer , Peter Kurth , Thompson was the undisputed queen of the overseas press corps , the first woman to head a foreign news bureau of any importance . During this time Thompson cultivated many literary friends , particularly among exiled German authors . Among her acquaintances from this period were Ödön von Horváth , Thomas Mann , Bertolt Brecht , Stefan Zweig and Fritz Kortner . She developed a close friendship with author Carl Zuckmayer . In Berlin she even got involved in a lesbian affair with German author Christa Winsloe , while still married , claiming the right to love . Thompsons most significant work abroad took place in Germany in the early 1930s . While working in Munich , Thompson met and interviewed Adolf Hitler for the first time in 1931 . This would be the basis for her subsequent book , I Saw Hitler , in which she wrote about the dangers of him winning power in Germany . Thompson described Hitler in the following terms : He is formless , almost faceless , a man whose countenance is a caricature , a man whose framework seems cartilaginous , without bones . He is inconsequent and voluble , ill poised and insecure . He is the very prototype of the little man . Later , when the full force of Nazism had crashed over Europe , Thompson was asked to defend her Little Man remarks ; it seemed she had underestimated Hitler . The Nazis considered both the book and her articles offensive and , in August 1934 , Thompson was expelled from Germany . She was the first American journalist to be kicked out . At the New York Tribune . In 1936 Thompson began writing On the Record , a New York Herald Tribune newspaper column that was also syndicated nationwide . It was read by over ten million people and carried by more than 170 papers . She also wrote a monthly column for the Ladies Home Journal for 24 years ( 1937–1961 ) ; its topics were far removed from war and politics , focusing on gardening , children , art , and other domestic and womens-interest topics . Radio and the Herschel Grynszpan affair . Around the same time as she started On the Record , NBC hired Thompson as a news commentator . She began in 1936 and remained with NBC until 1938 . Her radio broadcasts went on to become some of the most popular in the United States , making her one of the most sought after female public speakers of her time . When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939 , Thompson went on the air for fifteen consecutive days and nights . In 1938 , Thompson championed the cause of a Polish-German Jewish teenager , Herschel Grynszpan , whose assassination in Paris of a minor German diplomat , Ernst vom Rath , had been used as propaganda by the Nazis to trigger the events of Kristallnacht in Germany . Thompsons broadcast on NBC radio was heard by millions of listeners , and led to an outpouring of sympathy for the young assassin . Under the banner of the Journalists Defense Fund , over $40,000 USD was collected , enabling famed European lawyer Vincent de Moro-Giafferi to take up Grynszpans case . Fame and controversy . In 1939 , Thompson was featured on the cover of Time , with an accompanying picture of her speaking into an NBC radio microphone . The article was captioned she rides in the smoking car and it declared that she and Eleanor Roosevelt are undoubtedly the most influential women in the U.S . She was one of the most respected women of her age . The article explained Thompsons influence : Dorothy Thompson is the U.S . clubwomans woman . She is read , believed and quoted by millions of women who used to get their political opinions from their husbands , who got them from Walter Lippmann . In Woman of the Year ( 1942 ) Katharine Hepburn played Tess Harding , a character directly based on Thompson . The Broadway musical is based on Thompson as well , this time played by Lauren Bacall . During the 1936 presidential race , Thompson characterized Black voters as a bloc notoriously venal . Ignorant and illiterate , the vast mass of Negroes are like the lower strata of the early industrial immigrants , and like them are bossed and delivered in blocs by venal leaders , white and black . In 1941 , Thompson wrote Who Goes Nazi ? for Harpers Magazine . She was a keynote speaker at the Biltmore Conference , and by wars end was regarded as one of the most effective spokespersons for Zionism . Thompson switched her views round radically after a trip to Palestine in 1945 , and ran into difficulties , including accusations of anti-Semitism , which she strongly rebuffed , after being warned that hostility toward Israel was , in the American press world , almost a definition of professional suicide . She eventually concluded that Zionism was a recipe for perpetual war . Thompson died 1961 , aged 67 , in Lisbon , Portugal and is buried in the Town cemetery , Barnard , Vermont . Family life . She was married three times , most famously to second husband and Nobel Prize in literature winner Sinclair Lewis . In 1923 she married her first husband , Hungarian Joseph Bard ; they divorced in 1927 . Thompson married Lewis in 1928 and acquired a house in Vermont . They had one son , Michael Lewis , born in 1930 . The couple divorced in 1942 . She married her third husband , artist Maxim Kopf , in 1945 , and they were married until Kopfs death in 1958 . In popular culture . Her marriage to Sinclair Lewis was the subject of Sherman Yellens Broadway play Strangers , where she was played by Lois Nettleton . The play opened on March 4 , 1979 and closed after nine performances . Works . - 1928 : The New Russia ( Holt ) - 1932 : I Saw Hitler ! ( Farrar and Rinehart ) - 1935 : Maps - 1938 : Dorothy Thompsons Political Guide : A Study of American Liberalism and Its Relationship to Modern Totalitarian States ( Stackpole ) - 1938 : Refugees : Anarchy or Organization ? ( Random House ) - 1937 : Concerning Vermont - 1939 : Once on Christmas ( Oxford University Press ) - 1939 : Let the Record Speak ( Houghton Mifflin ) - 1939 : Christian Ethics and Western Civilization - 1941 : A Call to Action , Ring of Freedom - 1941 : Our Lives , Fortunes , and Sacred Honor - 1942 : Listen , Hans ( Houghton Mifflin ) - 1944 : To Whom Does the Earth Belong ? - 1945 : I Speak Again as a Christian - 1946 : Let the Promise Be Fulfilled : A Christian View of Palestine - 1948 : The Truth About Communism ( Washington : Public Affairs Press ) - 1948 : The Developments of Our Times - 1955 : The Crisis of the West - 1957 : The Courage to Be Happy ( Houghton Mifflin )
|
[
"Sinclair Lewis"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Dorothy Thompson from 1928 to 1942?
|
/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson#P26#1
|
Dorothy Thompson Dorothy Celene Thompson ( July 9 , 1893 – January 30 , 1961 ) was an American journalist and radio broadcaster . She was the first American journalist to be expelled from Nazi Germany in 1934 and was one of the few women news commentators on radio during the 1930s . Thompson is regarded by some as the First Lady of American Journalism and was recognized by Time magazine in 1939 as equal in influence to Eleanor Roosevelt . Life and career . Thompson was born in Lancaster , New York , in 1893 , one of three children of Peter and Margaret ( Grierson ) Thompson . Her siblings were Peter Willard Thompson and Margaret Thompson ( later Mrs . Howard Wilson ) . Her mother died when Thompson was seven ( in April 1901 ) , leaving Peter , a Methodist preacher , to raise his children alone . Peter soon remarried , but Thompson did not get along with his new wife , Elizabeth Abbott Thompson . In 1908 , Peter sent Thompson to Chicago to live with his two sisters to avoid further conflict . Here , she attended Lewis Institute for two years before transferring to Syracuse University as a junior . At Syracuse , she studied politics and economics and graduated with a degree in 1914 . Because she had the opportunity to be educated , unlike many women of the time , Thompson felt that she had a social obligation to fight for womens suffrage in the United States , which would become the base of her ardent political beliefs . Shortly after graduation , Thompson moved to Buffalo , New York and became involved in the womens suffrage campaign . She worked there until 1920 , when she went abroad to pursue her journalism career . Journalism in Europe . After working for women’s suffrage in the United States , Thompson relocated to Europe in 1920 to pursue her journalism career . She was interested in the early Zionist movement . Her big break occurred when she visited Ireland in 1920 and was the last to interview Terence MacSwiney , one of the major leaders of the Sinn Féin movement . It was the last interview MacSwiney gave before he was arrested days later and died two months after that . Because of her success abroad , she was appointed Vienna correspondent for the Philadelphia Public Ledger . While working in Vienna , Thompson focused on becoming fluent in German . She met and worked alongside correspondents John Gunther and G . E . R . Gedye . In 1925 , she was promoted to Chief of the Central European Service for the Public Ledger . She resigned in 1927 and , not long after , the New York Post appointed her head of its Berlin bureau in Germany . There she witnessed firsthand the rise of the National Socialist or Nazi party . According to her biographer , Peter Kurth , Thompson was the undisputed queen of the overseas press corps , the first woman to head a foreign news bureau of any importance . During this time Thompson cultivated many literary friends , particularly among exiled German authors . Among her acquaintances from this period were Ödön von Horváth , Thomas Mann , Bertolt Brecht , Stefan Zweig and Fritz Kortner . She developed a close friendship with author Carl Zuckmayer . In Berlin she even got involved in a lesbian affair with German author Christa Winsloe , while still married , claiming the right to love . Thompsons most significant work abroad took place in Germany in the early 1930s . While working in Munich , Thompson met and interviewed Adolf Hitler for the first time in 1931 . This would be the basis for her subsequent book , I Saw Hitler , in which she wrote about the dangers of him winning power in Germany . Thompson described Hitler in the following terms : He is formless , almost faceless , a man whose countenance is a caricature , a man whose framework seems cartilaginous , without bones . He is inconsequent and voluble , ill poised and insecure . He is the very prototype of the little man . Later , when the full force of Nazism had crashed over Europe , Thompson was asked to defend her Little Man remarks ; it seemed she had underestimated Hitler . The Nazis considered both the book and her articles offensive and , in August 1934 , Thompson was expelled from Germany . She was the first American journalist to be kicked out . At the New York Tribune . In 1936 Thompson began writing On the Record , a New York Herald Tribune newspaper column that was also syndicated nationwide . It was read by over ten million people and carried by more than 170 papers . She also wrote a monthly column for the Ladies Home Journal for 24 years ( 1937–1961 ) ; its topics were far removed from war and politics , focusing on gardening , children , art , and other domestic and womens-interest topics . Radio and the Herschel Grynszpan affair . Around the same time as she started On the Record , NBC hired Thompson as a news commentator . She began in 1936 and remained with NBC until 1938 . Her radio broadcasts went on to become some of the most popular in the United States , making her one of the most sought after female public speakers of her time . When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939 , Thompson went on the air for fifteen consecutive days and nights . In 1938 , Thompson championed the cause of a Polish-German Jewish teenager , Herschel Grynszpan , whose assassination in Paris of a minor German diplomat , Ernst vom Rath , had been used as propaganda by the Nazis to trigger the events of Kristallnacht in Germany . Thompsons broadcast on NBC radio was heard by millions of listeners , and led to an outpouring of sympathy for the young assassin . Under the banner of the Journalists Defense Fund , over $40,000 USD was collected , enabling famed European lawyer Vincent de Moro-Giafferi to take up Grynszpans case . Fame and controversy . In 1939 , Thompson was featured on the cover of Time , with an accompanying picture of her speaking into an NBC radio microphone . The article was captioned she rides in the smoking car and it declared that she and Eleanor Roosevelt are undoubtedly the most influential women in the U.S . She was one of the most respected women of her age . The article explained Thompsons influence : Dorothy Thompson is the U.S . clubwomans woman . She is read , believed and quoted by millions of women who used to get their political opinions from their husbands , who got them from Walter Lippmann . In Woman of the Year ( 1942 ) Katharine Hepburn played Tess Harding , a character directly based on Thompson . The Broadway musical is based on Thompson as well , this time played by Lauren Bacall . During the 1936 presidential race , Thompson characterized Black voters as a bloc notoriously venal . Ignorant and illiterate , the vast mass of Negroes are like the lower strata of the early industrial immigrants , and like them are bossed and delivered in blocs by venal leaders , white and black . In 1941 , Thompson wrote Who Goes Nazi ? for Harpers Magazine . She was a keynote speaker at the Biltmore Conference , and by wars end was regarded as one of the most effective spokespersons for Zionism . Thompson switched her views round radically after a trip to Palestine in 1945 , and ran into difficulties , including accusations of anti-Semitism , which she strongly rebuffed , after being warned that hostility toward Israel was , in the American press world , almost a definition of professional suicide . She eventually concluded that Zionism was a recipe for perpetual war . Thompson died 1961 , aged 67 , in Lisbon , Portugal and is buried in the Town cemetery , Barnard , Vermont . Family life . She was married three times , most famously to second husband and Nobel Prize in literature winner Sinclair Lewis . In 1923 she married her first husband , Hungarian Joseph Bard ; they divorced in 1927 . Thompson married Lewis in 1928 and acquired a house in Vermont . They had one son , Michael Lewis , born in 1930 . The couple divorced in 1942 . She married her third husband , artist Maxim Kopf , in 1945 , and they were married until Kopfs death in 1958 . In popular culture . Her marriage to Sinclair Lewis was the subject of Sherman Yellens Broadway play Strangers , where she was played by Lois Nettleton . The play opened on March 4 , 1979 and closed after nine performances . Works . - 1928 : The New Russia ( Holt ) - 1932 : I Saw Hitler ! ( Farrar and Rinehart ) - 1935 : Maps - 1938 : Dorothy Thompsons Political Guide : A Study of American Liberalism and Its Relationship to Modern Totalitarian States ( Stackpole ) - 1938 : Refugees : Anarchy or Organization ? ( Random House ) - 1937 : Concerning Vermont - 1939 : Once on Christmas ( Oxford University Press ) - 1939 : Let the Record Speak ( Houghton Mifflin ) - 1939 : Christian Ethics and Western Civilization - 1941 : A Call to Action , Ring of Freedom - 1941 : Our Lives , Fortunes , and Sacred Honor - 1942 : Listen , Hans ( Houghton Mifflin ) - 1944 : To Whom Does the Earth Belong ? - 1945 : I Speak Again as a Christian - 1946 : Let the Promise Be Fulfilled : A Christian View of Palestine - 1948 : The Truth About Communism ( Washington : Public Affairs Press ) - 1948 : The Developments of Our Times - 1955 : The Crisis of the West - 1957 : The Courage to Be Happy ( Houghton Mifflin )
|
[
"Maxim Kopf"
] |
easy
|
Who was Dorothy Thompson 's spouse from 1945 to 1958?
|
/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson#P26#2
|
Dorothy Thompson Dorothy Celene Thompson ( July 9 , 1893 – January 30 , 1961 ) was an American journalist and radio broadcaster . She was the first American journalist to be expelled from Nazi Germany in 1934 and was one of the few women news commentators on radio during the 1930s . Thompson is regarded by some as the First Lady of American Journalism and was recognized by Time magazine in 1939 as equal in influence to Eleanor Roosevelt . Life and career . Thompson was born in Lancaster , New York , in 1893 , one of three children of Peter and Margaret ( Grierson ) Thompson . Her siblings were Peter Willard Thompson and Margaret Thompson ( later Mrs . Howard Wilson ) . Her mother died when Thompson was seven ( in April 1901 ) , leaving Peter , a Methodist preacher , to raise his children alone . Peter soon remarried , but Thompson did not get along with his new wife , Elizabeth Abbott Thompson . In 1908 , Peter sent Thompson to Chicago to live with his two sisters to avoid further conflict . Here , she attended Lewis Institute for two years before transferring to Syracuse University as a junior . At Syracuse , she studied politics and economics and graduated with a degree in 1914 . Because she had the opportunity to be educated , unlike many women of the time , Thompson felt that she had a social obligation to fight for womens suffrage in the United States , which would become the base of her ardent political beliefs . Shortly after graduation , Thompson moved to Buffalo , New York and became involved in the womens suffrage campaign . She worked there until 1920 , when she went abroad to pursue her journalism career . Journalism in Europe . After working for women’s suffrage in the United States , Thompson relocated to Europe in 1920 to pursue her journalism career . She was interested in the early Zionist movement . Her big break occurred when she visited Ireland in 1920 and was the last to interview Terence MacSwiney , one of the major leaders of the Sinn Féin movement . It was the last interview MacSwiney gave before he was arrested days later and died two months after that . Because of her success abroad , she was appointed Vienna correspondent for the Philadelphia Public Ledger . While working in Vienna , Thompson focused on becoming fluent in German . She met and worked alongside correspondents John Gunther and G . E . R . Gedye . In 1925 , she was promoted to Chief of the Central European Service for the Public Ledger . She resigned in 1927 and , not long after , the New York Post appointed her head of its Berlin bureau in Germany . There she witnessed firsthand the rise of the National Socialist or Nazi party . According to her biographer , Peter Kurth , Thompson was the undisputed queen of the overseas press corps , the first woman to head a foreign news bureau of any importance . During this time Thompson cultivated many literary friends , particularly among exiled German authors . Among her acquaintances from this period were Ödön von Horváth , Thomas Mann , Bertolt Brecht , Stefan Zweig and Fritz Kortner . She developed a close friendship with author Carl Zuckmayer . In Berlin she even got involved in a lesbian affair with German author Christa Winsloe , while still married , claiming the right to love . Thompsons most significant work abroad took place in Germany in the early 1930s . While working in Munich , Thompson met and interviewed Adolf Hitler for the first time in 1931 . This would be the basis for her subsequent book , I Saw Hitler , in which she wrote about the dangers of him winning power in Germany . Thompson described Hitler in the following terms : He is formless , almost faceless , a man whose countenance is a caricature , a man whose framework seems cartilaginous , without bones . He is inconsequent and voluble , ill poised and insecure . He is the very prototype of the little man . Later , when the full force of Nazism had crashed over Europe , Thompson was asked to defend her Little Man remarks ; it seemed she had underestimated Hitler . The Nazis considered both the book and her articles offensive and , in August 1934 , Thompson was expelled from Germany . She was the first American journalist to be kicked out . At the New York Tribune . In 1936 Thompson began writing On the Record , a New York Herald Tribune newspaper column that was also syndicated nationwide . It was read by over ten million people and carried by more than 170 papers . She also wrote a monthly column for the Ladies Home Journal for 24 years ( 1937–1961 ) ; its topics were far removed from war and politics , focusing on gardening , children , art , and other domestic and womens-interest topics . Radio and the Herschel Grynszpan affair . Around the same time as she started On the Record , NBC hired Thompson as a news commentator . She began in 1936 and remained with NBC until 1938 . Her radio broadcasts went on to become some of the most popular in the United States , making her one of the most sought after female public speakers of her time . When Nazi Germany invaded Poland in 1939 , Thompson went on the air for fifteen consecutive days and nights . In 1938 , Thompson championed the cause of a Polish-German Jewish teenager , Herschel Grynszpan , whose assassination in Paris of a minor German diplomat , Ernst vom Rath , had been used as propaganda by the Nazis to trigger the events of Kristallnacht in Germany . Thompsons broadcast on NBC radio was heard by millions of listeners , and led to an outpouring of sympathy for the young assassin . Under the banner of the Journalists Defense Fund , over $40,000 USD was collected , enabling famed European lawyer Vincent de Moro-Giafferi to take up Grynszpans case . Fame and controversy . In 1939 , Thompson was featured on the cover of Time , with an accompanying picture of her speaking into an NBC radio microphone . The article was captioned she rides in the smoking car and it declared that she and Eleanor Roosevelt are undoubtedly the most influential women in the U.S . She was one of the most respected women of her age . The article explained Thompsons influence : Dorothy Thompson is the U.S . clubwomans woman . She is read , believed and quoted by millions of women who used to get their political opinions from their husbands , who got them from Walter Lippmann . In Woman of the Year ( 1942 ) Katharine Hepburn played Tess Harding , a character directly based on Thompson . The Broadway musical is based on Thompson as well , this time played by Lauren Bacall . During the 1936 presidential race , Thompson characterized Black voters as a bloc notoriously venal . Ignorant and illiterate , the vast mass of Negroes are like the lower strata of the early industrial immigrants , and like them are bossed and delivered in blocs by venal leaders , white and black . In 1941 , Thompson wrote Who Goes Nazi ? for Harpers Magazine . She was a keynote speaker at the Biltmore Conference , and by wars end was regarded as one of the most effective spokespersons for Zionism . Thompson switched her views round radically after a trip to Palestine in 1945 , and ran into difficulties , including accusations of anti-Semitism , which she strongly rebuffed , after being warned that hostility toward Israel was , in the American press world , almost a definition of professional suicide . She eventually concluded that Zionism was a recipe for perpetual war . Thompson died 1961 , aged 67 , in Lisbon , Portugal and is buried in the Town cemetery , Barnard , Vermont . Family life . She was married three times , most famously to second husband and Nobel Prize in literature winner Sinclair Lewis . In 1923 she married her first husband , Hungarian Joseph Bard ; they divorced in 1927 . Thompson married Lewis in 1928 and acquired a house in Vermont . They had one son , Michael Lewis , born in 1930 . The couple divorced in 1942 . She married her third husband , artist Maxim Kopf , in 1945 , and they were married until Kopfs death in 1958 . In popular culture . Her marriage to Sinclair Lewis was the subject of Sherman Yellens Broadway play Strangers , where she was played by Lois Nettleton . The play opened on March 4 , 1979 and closed after nine performances . Works . - 1928 : The New Russia ( Holt ) - 1932 : I Saw Hitler ! ( Farrar and Rinehart ) - 1935 : Maps - 1938 : Dorothy Thompsons Political Guide : A Study of American Liberalism and Its Relationship to Modern Totalitarian States ( Stackpole ) - 1938 : Refugees : Anarchy or Organization ? ( Random House ) - 1937 : Concerning Vermont - 1939 : Once on Christmas ( Oxford University Press ) - 1939 : Let the Record Speak ( Houghton Mifflin ) - 1939 : Christian Ethics and Western Civilization - 1941 : A Call to Action , Ring of Freedom - 1941 : Our Lives , Fortunes , and Sacred Honor - 1942 : Listen , Hans ( Houghton Mifflin ) - 1944 : To Whom Does the Earth Belong ? - 1945 : I Speak Again as a Christian - 1946 : Let the Promise Be Fulfilled : A Christian View of Palestine - 1948 : The Truth About Communism ( Washington : Public Affairs Press ) - 1948 : The Developments of Our Times - 1955 : The Crisis of the West - 1957 : The Courage to Be Happy ( Houghton Mifflin )
|
[
"the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics"
] |
easy
|
Who did Yuri Orlov work for from 1953 to 1956?
|
/wiki/Yuri_Orlov#P108#0
|
Yuri Orlov Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov ( , 13 August 1924 – 27 September 2020 ) was a particle accelerator physicist , human rights activist , Soviet dissident , founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group , a founding member of the Soviet Amnesty International group , and Professor of Physics at Cornell University . He was declared a prisoner of conscience while serving nine years in prison and internal exile for monitoring the Helsinki human rights accords as a founder of the human rights movement in the Soviet Union . Early career . Yuri Orlov was born into a working-class family on 13 August 1924 and grew up in a village near Moscow . His parents were Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva and Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov . In March 1933 , his father died . From 1944 to 1946 , Orlov served as an officer in the Soviet army . In 1952 , he graduated from the Moscow State University and began his postgraduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics where he later worked as a physicist . In 1956 , Orlov nearly lost his scientist career due to his speech at the party meeting about discussion of the report On the Personality Cult and its Consequences by Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU . He publicly called Stalin and Beria killers who were in power and put forward the requirement of democracy on the basis of socialism . For his pro-democracy speech in 1956 , he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and fired from his job . What is the meaning of life ? That your soul may outlive your remains in something sacred and should escape decay .. . I have again looked at , added up , corrected , and sized up what I have been doing during these last years and have seen that this is good .. . Orlov obtained the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1958 and the Doctor of Sciences degree in 1963 . He became an expert on particle acceleration . In 1968 , he was elected a corresponding member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences after he found work at the Yerevan Physics Institute . In 1972 , he came back to Moscow and worked at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism . Dissidence . In September 1973 , when Pravda published a statement by a group of prominent academicians denouncing Andrei Sakharovs anti-patriotic activity , Orlov decided to support him , while recollecting the well memorized spells of the 1930s , in which some academicians demanded the death penalty for others already arrested ; later some of these academicians themselves were arrested ; and then third academicians , still alive , demanded the death penalty for them . Defending Sakharov , Orlov on 16 September 1973 wrote Open Letter to L.I . Brezhnev about the Reasons for the Intellectual Backwardness in the USSR and Proposals to Overcome It which appeared in underground samizdat circulation . The Western press published the letter in 1974 but publication in the Russian press was only in 1991 . In the early 1970s , the article by Yuri Orlov Is a Non-Totalitarian Type of Socialism Possible ? also appeared in underground samizdat circulation . In 1973 , he was fired after becoming a founding member of the first Amnesty International group in the Soviet Union . In May 1976 , he organized the Moscow Helsinki Group and became its chairman . Andrei Sakharov praised Orlov for systematically documenting Soviet violations of the human rights provisions of the Helsinki accords . Orlov ignored orders to disband the Moscow Helsinki Group when the KGB told him the group was illegal . The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined , The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov , fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all , on the basis of existing law . Arrest and trial . On 10 February 1977 , Orlov was arrested . In March 1977 , Orlov published the article about his arrest The road to my arrest . In a closed trial , he was denied the right to examine evidence and to call witnesses . The courtroom was filled with some 50 individuals selected by the authorities , while supporters and friends of Orlov , including Andrei Sakharov , were barred from entering because there was no room . Orlovs summation was interrupted many times by the judge and the prosecutor and by spectators who shouted spy and traitor . According to Orlovs wife Irina , hostile spectators in the courtroom applauded the sentence and shouted : You should have given him more . Orlov at the trial argued that he has a right to criticize the government and a right to circulate such criticism under the freedom of information provisions of the Helsinki Accords . Orlov also argued that he circulated such information for humanitarian , not subversive , reasons . On 15 May 1978 , Orlov was sentenced to seven years of a labor camp and five years internal exile for his work with the Moscow Helsinki Group . Protests over Orlovs trial . US President Jimmy Carter expressed his concern over the severity of the sentence and the secrecy of the trial . Washington senator Henry M . Jackson said , The Orlov trial , and the Ginzburg and Shcharansky incarcerations , are dramatic cases in point when discussing Soviet breaches of law . The US National Academy of Sciences officially protested against the trial of Orlov . In the summer of 1978 , 2,400 American scientists including physicists at the University of Californias Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory created Scientists for Sakharov , Orlov and Shcharansky ( SOS ) , an international movement to promote and protect the human rights of scientists . An initiator of SOS was American physicist Andrew Sessler , its chairman was Prof . Morris Pripstein . Scientists at CERN have spoken out against Orlovs imprisonment for disseminating anti-Soviet propaganda . 43 physicists have called off Soviet trips to protest his jailing . Imprisonment and exile . For a year and a half , Orlov was imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison , then Perm Camp 35 and 37 . In Perm Camp 37 , he mounted three hunger strikes to make the prison authorities return his confiscated writings and notes . Two articles written by him in the camp were smuggled and published abroad . On 5 July 1983 , Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky sent the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov a letter asking for his release to Austria , but it was intentionally not answered . The New York-based Helsinki Watch issued a statement about Orlovs health deterioration , He has frequent headaches and dizzy spells , resulting from an old skull injury . He suffers from kidney and prostate inflammation , low blood pressure , rheumatic pains , toothaches , insomnia and vitamin deficiency . Medical care in the labor camp is extremely inadequate . Orlov suffered from tuberculosis . He lost a good deal of weight and most of his teeth . Orlovs wife said he looked emaciated and that she was very fearful for my husbands health . The authorities are gradually killing him . In 1984 , Orlov was exiled to Kobyay in Siberia and was allowed to buy a house with a garden . On 14 November 1985 , Professor George Wald raised the case of Orlov in a talk with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who answered he had not heard of Orlov . Deportation and US citizenship . On 30 September 1986 , the KGB proposed to expel Orlov from the Soviet Union after depriving him of his Soviet citizenship and met with approval from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Orlovs discharge from Siberian exile was part of the U.S.–Soviet deal to release journalist Nicholas Daniloff . Orlovs release from exile and expulsion from the USSR lifted hopes among Westerners that the Helsinki process might finally start yielding progress . US President Jimmy Carter said , As for Orlov , were very delighted with this happy occurrence . We would like to meet with him if he comes to this country , but I dont know that he will . I have no way of knowing his plans . On 10 December 1986 , Orlov was awarded the Carter-Menil Human Rights Prize of $100,000 . In 1987 , Orlov began work at Cornell University as a scientist and professor . Orlov was a visiting Fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) in 1988/89 . A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Orlov studied particle accelerator design , beam interaction analysis and quantum mechanics . He has authored and co-authored numerous research papers , articles on human rights , and an autobiography , Dangerous Thoughts ( 1991 ) . In 1990 , Gorbachev restored Soviet citizenship to Orlov and other 23 prominent exiles and emigres who lost the right in the period from 1966 to 1988 . Orlov told Gorbachev , I would say you have a very great power in your hands , the K.G.B. , and you should therefore carry out your reforms without fearing anyone at all . Afterward , you should liquidate the K.G.B. , because it is a cancer . On 18 July 1991 , Orlov and Elena Bonner wrote an open letter about the fact that Soviet army and special troops have been systematically deporting thousands of Armenians from Azerbaijan to Armenia . In 1993 , Orlov received American citizenship . In 1995 , the American Physical Society awarded him the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service . In 2005 , he was named the first recipient of the Andrei Sakharov Prize , awarded biennially by the American Physical Society to honor scientists for exceptional work in promoting human rights . In 2020 , a few days before Orlov died , the American Physical Society awarded him the 2021 Robert R . Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators for his scientific work and for embodying the spirit of scientific freedom . In 2004 , Orlov expressed his opinion about Russia and Vladimir Putin by saying , Russia is flying backwards in time . Putin is like Stalin , and he speaks in the language of the thug , the mafia . On 24 March 2005 , Orlov wrote a letter to Putin to express disquiet over the criminal prosecution of Anna Mikhalchuk , Yuri Samodurov , and Ludmila Vasilovskaya in the case concerning the Sakharov Museum . Orlov participated in two documentaries about the Soviet dissident movement , They Chose Freedom in 2005 , and Parallels , Events , People in 2014 . He was a member of the Human Rights Watch Asia Advisory and Academic Freedom Committees , and member of the Honorary 25th Anniversary Committee , Global Rights . Orlov died on 27 September 2020 , aged 96 . Further reading . - Yuri Orlov Cornell University Homepage
|
[
"the Yerevan Physics Institute"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Yuri Orlov work for from 1956 to 1972?
|
/wiki/Yuri_Orlov#P108#1
|
Yuri Orlov Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov ( , 13 August 1924 – 27 September 2020 ) was a particle accelerator physicist , human rights activist , Soviet dissident , founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group , a founding member of the Soviet Amnesty International group , and Professor of Physics at Cornell University . He was declared a prisoner of conscience while serving nine years in prison and internal exile for monitoring the Helsinki human rights accords as a founder of the human rights movement in the Soviet Union . Early career . Yuri Orlov was born into a working-class family on 13 August 1924 and grew up in a village near Moscow . His parents were Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva and Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov . In March 1933 , his father died . From 1944 to 1946 , Orlov served as an officer in the Soviet army . In 1952 , he graduated from the Moscow State University and began his postgraduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics where he later worked as a physicist . In 1956 , Orlov nearly lost his scientist career due to his speech at the party meeting about discussion of the report On the Personality Cult and its Consequences by Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU . He publicly called Stalin and Beria killers who were in power and put forward the requirement of democracy on the basis of socialism . For his pro-democracy speech in 1956 , he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and fired from his job . What is the meaning of life ? That your soul may outlive your remains in something sacred and should escape decay .. . I have again looked at , added up , corrected , and sized up what I have been doing during these last years and have seen that this is good .. . Orlov obtained the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1958 and the Doctor of Sciences degree in 1963 . He became an expert on particle acceleration . In 1968 , he was elected a corresponding member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences after he found work at the Yerevan Physics Institute . In 1972 , he came back to Moscow and worked at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism . Dissidence . In September 1973 , when Pravda published a statement by a group of prominent academicians denouncing Andrei Sakharovs anti-patriotic activity , Orlov decided to support him , while recollecting the well memorized spells of the 1930s , in which some academicians demanded the death penalty for others already arrested ; later some of these academicians themselves were arrested ; and then third academicians , still alive , demanded the death penalty for them . Defending Sakharov , Orlov on 16 September 1973 wrote Open Letter to L.I . Brezhnev about the Reasons for the Intellectual Backwardness in the USSR and Proposals to Overcome It which appeared in underground samizdat circulation . The Western press published the letter in 1974 but publication in the Russian press was only in 1991 . In the early 1970s , the article by Yuri Orlov Is a Non-Totalitarian Type of Socialism Possible ? also appeared in underground samizdat circulation . In 1973 , he was fired after becoming a founding member of the first Amnesty International group in the Soviet Union . In May 1976 , he organized the Moscow Helsinki Group and became its chairman . Andrei Sakharov praised Orlov for systematically documenting Soviet violations of the human rights provisions of the Helsinki accords . Orlov ignored orders to disband the Moscow Helsinki Group when the KGB told him the group was illegal . The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined , The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov , fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all , on the basis of existing law . Arrest and trial . On 10 February 1977 , Orlov was arrested . In March 1977 , Orlov published the article about his arrest The road to my arrest . In a closed trial , he was denied the right to examine evidence and to call witnesses . The courtroom was filled with some 50 individuals selected by the authorities , while supporters and friends of Orlov , including Andrei Sakharov , were barred from entering because there was no room . Orlovs summation was interrupted many times by the judge and the prosecutor and by spectators who shouted spy and traitor . According to Orlovs wife Irina , hostile spectators in the courtroom applauded the sentence and shouted : You should have given him more . Orlov at the trial argued that he has a right to criticize the government and a right to circulate such criticism under the freedom of information provisions of the Helsinki Accords . Orlov also argued that he circulated such information for humanitarian , not subversive , reasons . On 15 May 1978 , Orlov was sentenced to seven years of a labor camp and five years internal exile for his work with the Moscow Helsinki Group . Protests over Orlovs trial . US President Jimmy Carter expressed his concern over the severity of the sentence and the secrecy of the trial . Washington senator Henry M . Jackson said , The Orlov trial , and the Ginzburg and Shcharansky incarcerations , are dramatic cases in point when discussing Soviet breaches of law . The US National Academy of Sciences officially protested against the trial of Orlov . In the summer of 1978 , 2,400 American scientists including physicists at the University of Californias Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory created Scientists for Sakharov , Orlov and Shcharansky ( SOS ) , an international movement to promote and protect the human rights of scientists . An initiator of SOS was American physicist Andrew Sessler , its chairman was Prof . Morris Pripstein . Scientists at CERN have spoken out against Orlovs imprisonment for disseminating anti-Soviet propaganda . 43 physicists have called off Soviet trips to protest his jailing . Imprisonment and exile . For a year and a half , Orlov was imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison , then Perm Camp 35 and 37 . In Perm Camp 37 , he mounted three hunger strikes to make the prison authorities return his confiscated writings and notes . Two articles written by him in the camp were smuggled and published abroad . On 5 July 1983 , Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky sent the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov a letter asking for his release to Austria , but it was intentionally not answered . The New York-based Helsinki Watch issued a statement about Orlovs health deterioration , He has frequent headaches and dizzy spells , resulting from an old skull injury . He suffers from kidney and prostate inflammation , low blood pressure , rheumatic pains , toothaches , insomnia and vitamin deficiency . Medical care in the labor camp is extremely inadequate . Orlov suffered from tuberculosis . He lost a good deal of weight and most of his teeth . Orlovs wife said he looked emaciated and that she was very fearful for my husbands health . The authorities are gradually killing him . In 1984 , Orlov was exiled to Kobyay in Siberia and was allowed to buy a house with a garden . On 14 November 1985 , Professor George Wald raised the case of Orlov in a talk with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who answered he had not heard of Orlov . Deportation and US citizenship . On 30 September 1986 , the KGB proposed to expel Orlov from the Soviet Union after depriving him of his Soviet citizenship and met with approval from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Orlovs discharge from Siberian exile was part of the U.S.–Soviet deal to release journalist Nicholas Daniloff . Orlovs release from exile and expulsion from the USSR lifted hopes among Westerners that the Helsinki process might finally start yielding progress . US President Jimmy Carter said , As for Orlov , were very delighted with this happy occurrence . We would like to meet with him if he comes to this country , but I dont know that he will . I have no way of knowing his plans . On 10 December 1986 , Orlov was awarded the Carter-Menil Human Rights Prize of $100,000 . In 1987 , Orlov began work at Cornell University as a scientist and professor . Orlov was a visiting Fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) in 1988/89 . A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Orlov studied particle accelerator design , beam interaction analysis and quantum mechanics . He has authored and co-authored numerous research papers , articles on human rights , and an autobiography , Dangerous Thoughts ( 1991 ) . In 1990 , Gorbachev restored Soviet citizenship to Orlov and other 23 prominent exiles and emigres who lost the right in the period from 1966 to 1988 . Orlov told Gorbachev , I would say you have a very great power in your hands , the K.G.B. , and you should therefore carry out your reforms without fearing anyone at all . Afterward , you should liquidate the K.G.B. , because it is a cancer . On 18 July 1991 , Orlov and Elena Bonner wrote an open letter about the fact that Soviet army and special troops have been systematically deporting thousands of Armenians from Azerbaijan to Armenia . In 1993 , Orlov received American citizenship . In 1995 , the American Physical Society awarded him the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service . In 2005 , he was named the first recipient of the Andrei Sakharov Prize , awarded biennially by the American Physical Society to honor scientists for exceptional work in promoting human rights . In 2020 , a few days before Orlov died , the American Physical Society awarded him the 2021 Robert R . Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators for his scientific work and for embodying the spirit of scientific freedom . In 2004 , Orlov expressed his opinion about Russia and Vladimir Putin by saying , Russia is flying backwards in time . Putin is like Stalin , and he speaks in the language of the thug , the mafia . On 24 March 2005 , Orlov wrote a letter to Putin to express disquiet over the criminal prosecution of Anna Mikhalchuk , Yuri Samodurov , and Ludmila Vasilovskaya in the case concerning the Sakharov Museum . Orlov participated in two documentaries about the Soviet dissident movement , They Chose Freedom in 2005 , and Parallels , Events , People in 2014 . He was a member of the Human Rights Watch Asia Advisory and Academic Freedom Committees , and member of the Honorary 25th Anniversary Committee , Global Rights . Orlov died on 27 September 2020 , aged 96 . Further reading . - Yuri Orlov Cornell University Homepage
|
[
"the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Yuri Orlov work for from 1972 to 1973?
|
/wiki/Yuri_Orlov#P108#2
|
Yuri Orlov Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov ( , 13 August 1924 – 27 September 2020 ) was a particle accelerator physicist , human rights activist , Soviet dissident , founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group , a founding member of the Soviet Amnesty International group , and Professor of Physics at Cornell University . He was declared a prisoner of conscience while serving nine years in prison and internal exile for monitoring the Helsinki human rights accords as a founder of the human rights movement in the Soviet Union . Early career . Yuri Orlov was born into a working-class family on 13 August 1924 and grew up in a village near Moscow . His parents were Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva and Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov . In March 1933 , his father died . From 1944 to 1946 , Orlov served as an officer in the Soviet army . In 1952 , he graduated from the Moscow State University and began his postgraduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics where he later worked as a physicist . In 1956 , Orlov nearly lost his scientist career due to his speech at the party meeting about discussion of the report On the Personality Cult and its Consequences by Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU . He publicly called Stalin and Beria killers who were in power and put forward the requirement of democracy on the basis of socialism . For his pro-democracy speech in 1956 , he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and fired from his job . What is the meaning of life ? That your soul may outlive your remains in something sacred and should escape decay .. . I have again looked at , added up , corrected , and sized up what I have been doing during these last years and have seen that this is good .. . Orlov obtained the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1958 and the Doctor of Sciences degree in 1963 . He became an expert on particle acceleration . In 1968 , he was elected a corresponding member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences after he found work at the Yerevan Physics Institute . In 1972 , he came back to Moscow and worked at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism . Dissidence . In September 1973 , when Pravda published a statement by a group of prominent academicians denouncing Andrei Sakharovs anti-patriotic activity , Orlov decided to support him , while recollecting the well memorized spells of the 1930s , in which some academicians demanded the death penalty for others already arrested ; later some of these academicians themselves were arrested ; and then third academicians , still alive , demanded the death penalty for them . Defending Sakharov , Orlov on 16 September 1973 wrote Open Letter to L.I . Brezhnev about the Reasons for the Intellectual Backwardness in the USSR and Proposals to Overcome It which appeared in underground samizdat circulation . The Western press published the letter in 1974 but publication in the Russian press was only in 1991 . In the early 1970s , the article by Yuri Orlov Is a Non-Totalitarian Type of Socialism Possible ? also appeared in underground samizdat circulation . In 1973 , he was fired after becoming a founding member of the first Amnesty International group in the Soviet Union . In May 1976 , he organized the Moscow Helsinki Group and became its chairman . Andrei Sakharov praised Orlov for systematically documenting Soviet violations of the human rights provisions of the Helsinki accords . Orlov ignored orders to disband the Moscow Helsinki Group when the KGB told him the group was illegal . The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined , The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov , fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all , on the basis of existing law . Arrest and trial . On 10 February 1977 , Orlov was arrested . In March 1977 , Orlov published the article about his arrest The road to my arrest . In a closed trial , he was denied the right to examine evidence and to call witnesses . The courtroom was filled with some 50 individuals selected by the authorities , while supporters and friends of Orlov , including Andrei Sakharov , were barred from entering because there was no room . Orlovs summation was interrupted many times by the judge and the prosecutor and by spectators who shouted spy and traitor . According to Orlovs wife Irina , hostile spectators in the courtroom applauded the sentence and shouted : You should have given him more . Orlov at the trial argued that he has a right to criticize the government and a right to circulate such criticism under the freedom of information provisions of the Helsinki Accords . Orlov also argued that he circulated such information for humanitarian , not subversive , reasons . On 15 May 1978 , Orlov was sentenced to seven years of a labor camp and five years internal exile for his work with the Moscow Helsinki Group . Protests over Orlovs trial . US President Jimmy Carter expressed his concern over the severity of the sentence and the secrecy of the trial . Washington senator Henry M . Jackson said , The Orlov trial , and the Ginzburg and Shcharansky incarcerations , are dramatic cases in point when discussing Soviet breaches of law . The US National Academy of Sciences officially protested against the trial of Orlov . In the summer of 1978 , 2,400 American scientists including physicists at the University of Californias Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory created Scientists for Sakharov , Orlov and Shcharansky ( SOS ) , an international movement to promote and protect the human rights of scientists . An initiator of SOS was American physicist Andrew Sessler , its chairman was Prof . Morris Pripstein . Scientists at CERN have spoken out against Orlovs imprisonment for disseminating anti-Soviet propaganda . 43 physicists have called off Soviet trips to protest his jailing . Imprisonment and exile . For a year and a half , Orlov was imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison , then Perm Camp 35 and 37 . In Perm Camp 37 , he mounted three hunger strikes to make the prison authorities return his confiscated writings and notes . Two articles written by him in the camp were smuggled and published abroad . On 5 July 1983 , Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky sent the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov a letter asking for his release to Austria , but it was intentionally not answered . The New York-based Helsinki Watch issued a statement about Orlovs health deterioration , He has frequent headaches and dizzy spells , resulting from an old skull injury . He suffers from kidney and prostate inflammation , low blood pressure , rheumatic pains , toothaches , insomnia and vitamin deficiency . Medical care in the labor camp is extremely inadequate . Orlov suffered from tuberculosis . He lost a good deal of weight and most of his teeth . Orlovs wife said he looked emaciated and that she was very fearful for my husbands health . The authorities are gradually killing him . In 1984 , Orlov was exiled to Kobyay in Siberia and was allowed to buy a house with a garden . On 14 November 1985 , Professor George Wald raised the case of Orlov in a talk with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who answered he had not heard of Orlov . Deportation and US citizenship . On 30 September 1986 , the KGB proposed to expel Orlov from the Soviet Union after depriving him of his Soviet citizenship and met with approval from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Orlovs discharge from Siberian exile was part of the U.S.–Soviet deal to release journalist Nicholas Daniloff . Orlovs release from exile and expulsion from the USSR lifted hopes among Westerners that the Helsinki process might finally start yielding progress . US President Jimmy Carter said , As for Orlov , were very delighted with this happy occurrence . We would like to meet with him if he comes to this country , but I dont know that he will . I have no way of knowing his plans . On 10 December 1986 , Orlov was awarded the Carter-Menil Human Rights Prize of $100,000 . In 1987 , Orlov began work at Cornell University as a scientist and professor . Orlov was a visiting Fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) in 1988/89 . A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Orlov studied particle accelerator design , beam interaction analysis and quantum mechanics . He has authored and co-authored numerous research papers , articles on human rights , and an autobiography , Dangerous Thoughts ( 1991 ) . In 1990 , Gorbachev restored Soviet citizenship to Orlov and other 23 prominent exiles and emigres who lost the right in the period from 1966 to 1988 . Orlov told Gorbachev , I would say you have a very great power in your hands , the K.G.B. , and you should therefore carry out your reforms without fearing anyone at all . Afterward , you should liquidate the K.G.B. , because it is a cancer . On 18 July 1991 , Orlov and Elena Bonner wrote an open letter about the fact that Soviet army and special troops have been systematically deporting thousands of Armenians from Azerbaijan to Armenia . In 1993 , Orlov received American citizenship . In 1995 , the American Physical Society awarded him the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service . In 2005 , he was named the first recipient of the Andrei Sakharov Prize , awarded biennially by the American Physical Society to honor scientists for exceptional work in promoting human rights . In 2020 , a few days before Orlov died , the American Physical Society awarded him the 2021 Robert R . Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators for his scientific work and for embodying the spirit of scientific freedom . In 2004 , Orlov expressed his opinion about Russia and Vladimir Putin by saying , Russia is flying backwards in time . Putin is like Stalin , and he speaks in the language of the thug , the mafia . On 24 March 2005 , Orlov wrote a letter to Putin to express disquiet over the criminal prosecution of Anna Mikhalchuk , Yuri Samodurov , and Ludmila Vasilovskaya in the case concerning the Sakharov Museum . Orlov participated in two documentaries about the Soviet dissident movement , They Chose Freedom in 2005 , and Parallels , Events , People in 2014 . He was a member of the Human Rights Watch Asia Advisory and Academic Freedom Committees , and member of the Honorary 25th Anniversary Committee , Global Rights . Orlov died on 27 September 2020 , aged 96 . Further reading . - Yuri Orlov Cornell University Homepage
|
[
"California State College at Los Angeles ( now Cal State Los Angeles )"
] |
easy
|
Which school did Walter E. Williams go to from 1964 to 1967?
|
/wiki/Walter_E._Williams#P69#0
|
Walter E . Williams Walter Edward Williams ( March 31 , 1936December 2 , 2020 ) was an American economist , commentator , and academic . Williams was the John M . Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics at George Mason University , as well as a syndicated columnist and author . Known for his classical liberal and libertarian views , Williamss writings frequently appeared in Townhall , WND , and Jewish World Review . Early life and education . Williams was born in Philadelphia on March 31 , 1936 . His family during childhood consisted of his mother , his sister , and him ; Williamss father played no role in raising Williams or his sister . The family initially lived in West Philadelphia , moving to North Philadelphia and the Richard Allen housing projects when Williams was ten years old . His neighbors included a young Bill Cosby . Williams knew many of the individuals that Cosby speaks of from his childhood , including Weird Harold and Fat Albert . After graduating from Benjamin Franklin High School , Williams traveled to California to live with his father and attend Los Angeles City College for one semester . He later returned to Philadelphia and secured a job as a cab driver for the Yellow Cab Company . In 1959 , he was drafted into the military and served as a private in the United States Army . While stationed in the South , Williams waged a one-man battle against Jim Crow from inside the army . He challenged the racial order with provocative statements to his fellow soldiers . This resulted in an overseeing officer filing a court-martial proceeding against Williams . Williams argued his own case and was found not guilty . While considering filing countercharges against the officer who had brought him up for court martial , Williams found himself transferred to Korea . Upon arriving there , Williams marked Caucasian for race on his personnel form . When challenged on this , Williams replied wryly if he had marked Black , he would end up getting all the worst jobs . From Korea , Williams wrote a letter to President John F . Kennedy denouncing the pervasive racism in the American government and military and questioning the actions black Americans should take given the state of affairs , writing : He received a reply from the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense , Alfred B . Fitt , a response which he termed the most reasonable response that I received from any official . Following his military service , Williams served as a juvenile group supervisor for the Los Angeles County Probation Department from 1963 to 1967 . Williams also resumed his education , earning a bachelors degree in economics in 1965 from California State College at Los Angeles ( now Cal State Los Angeles ) . He earned both his masters degree and his PhD in economics from the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) . Williamss doctoral thesis was titled The Low-Income Market Place . Speaking of his early college days , Williams said : I was more than anything a radical . I was more sympathetic to Malcolm X than Martin Luther King , because Malcolm X was more of a radical who was willing to confront discrimination in ways that I thought it should be confronted , including perhaps the use of violence . But I really just wanted to be left alone . I thought some laws , like minimum-wage laws , helped poor people and poor black people and protected workers from exploitation . I thought they were a good thing until I was pressed by professors to look at the evidence . During his time at UCLA , Williams came into contact with economists such as Armen Alchian , James M . Buchanan , and Axel Leijonhufvud who challenged his assumptions . While Williams was attending UCLA , Thomas Sowell arrived on campus in 1969 as a visiting professor . Although he never took a class from Dr . Sowell , the two met and began a friendship that lasted for decades . In the summer of 1972 , Sowell was hired as director of the Urban Institutes Ethnic Minorities Project , which Williams joined shortly thereafter . Correspondence between Sowell and Williams appears in A Man of Letters , a 2007 autobiography authored by Sowell . Academic career . During his doctoral studies , Williams was an instructor in economics at Los Angeles City College from 1967 to 1969 , and at Cal State Los Angeles from 1967 to 1971 . After returning to his native Philadelphia , Williams taught economics at Temple University from 1973 to 1980 . For the 1975–76 academic year , Williams was a visiting scholar at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University . In 1980 , Williams joined the economics faculty at George Mason University in Fairfax , Virginia . That same year , Williams began writing a syndicated column , A Minority View , for Heritage Features Syndicate , which merged with Creators Syndicate in 1991 . From 1995 to 2001 , Williams chaired the economics department at George Mason . Courses taught by Williams at George Mason include Intermediate Microeconomics for undergraduate students and Microeconomic Theory I for graduate students . Williams continued to teach at George Mason until his death in 2020 . In his nearly fifty year career , Williams wrote hundreds of research articles , book reviews , and commentaries for scholarly journals including American Economic Review , Policy Review , and Journal of Labor Research as well as popular journals including The American Spectator , Newsweek , Reason , and The Wall Street Journal . Williams was awarded an honorary degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín . He served on advisory boards including the Review Board of Economics Studies for the National Science Foundation , Reason Foundation , the National Tax Limitation Committee , and the Hoover Institute . Williams wrote ten books , beginning in 1982 with The State Against Blacks and America : A Minority Viewpoint . He wrote and hosted documentaries for PBS in 1985 . The Good Intentions documentary was based on his book The State Against Blacks . Economic and political views . As an economist , Williams was a proponent of free market economics and opposed socialist systems of government intervention . Williams believed laissez-faire capitalism to be the most moral , most productive system humans have ever devised . In the mid-to-late 1970s , Williams conducted research into the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931 and on the impact of minimum wage laws on minority employment . His research led him to conclude the governments interventional programs are harmful . Williams was critical of state programs , including minimum wage and affirmative action laws , stating both practices inhibit liberty and are detrimental to the blacks they are intended to help . He published his results in his 1982 book The State Against Blacks , where he argued that laws regulating economic activity are far greater obstacles to economic progress for blacks than racial bigotry and discrimination . Subsequently , Williams spoke on the topic and penned a number of articles detailing his view that increases in the minimum wage price low skill workers out of the market , eliminating their opportunities for employment . Williams believed that racism and the legacy of slavery in the United States are overemphasized as problems faced by the black community today . He pointed to the crippling effects of a welfare state and the disintegration of the black family as more pressing concerns . The welfare state has done to black Americans what slavery couldnt do , and that is to destroy the black family . Although in favor of equal access to government institutions such as court houses , city halls , and libraries , Williams opposed anti-discrimination laws directed at the private sector on the grounds that such laws infringe upon the peoples right of freedom of association . Williams viewed gun control laws as a governmental infringement upon the rights of individuals , and argued that they end up endangering the innocent while failing to reduce crime . Williams also made the argument that the true proof of whether or not an individual owns something is whether or not they have the right to sell it . Taking this argument to its conclusion , he supported legalization of selling ones own bodily organs . He argued that government prohibiting the selling of ones bodily organs is an infringement upon ones property rights . Williams praised the views of Thomas DiLorenzo , and wrote a foreword to DiLorenzos anti-Abraham Lincoln book , The Real Lincoln . Williams maintained that the American states are entitled to secede from the union if they wish , as the Confederate states attempted to do during the Civil War , and asserted that the Unions victory in the Civil War allowed the federal government to run amok over states rights , so much so that the protections of the Ninth and Tenth Amendments mean little or nothing today . In reaction to what he viewed as inappropriate racial sensitivity that he saw hurting blacks in higher education , Williams began in the 1970s to offer colleagues a certificate of amnesty and pardon to all white people for Western Civilizations sins against blacks – and thus obliged them not to act like damn fools in their relationships with Americans of African ancestry . It is still offered to anyone . The certificate can be obtained at his website . Williams was opposed to the Federal Reserve System , arguing that central banks are dangerous . In his autobiography , Williams cited Frederick Bastiat , Ludwig von Mises , Friedrich Hayek , and Milton Friedman as influences that led him to become a libertarian . Williams praised Ayn Rands as one of the best defenses and explanations of capitalism one is likely to read . Aside from authoring his weekly columns , Williams was a frequent guest host for Rush Limbaughs radio program when Limbaugh was away traveling . In 2009 , Greg Ransom , a writer for the Ludwig von Mises Institute , ranked Williams as the third-most important Hayekian Public Intellectual in America , behind only Thomas Sowell and John Stossel . Reason called Williams one of the countrys leading libertarian voices . Personal life and death . Williams lived in Devon , Pennsylvania , since 1973 . He was married to Connie ( née Taylor ) from 1960 until her death in 2007 . They had one daughter , Devyn . When he began teaching at George Mason , he rented a cheap hotel room in Fairfax , Virginia , where he lived from Tuesdays through Thursdays around his teaching schedule . Williams was a cousin of former NBA player Julius Erving . Williams served on the board of directors of Media General , parent company of the Richmond Times-Dispatch , from 2001 until his retirement from the board in 2011 . He was also chairman of the companys audit committee . Williams died in his car on December 2 , 2020 , at age 84 , shortly after teaching a class at George Mason University . His daughter said that he suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypertension . Filmography . - ( 1982 ) , a documentary based on Williamss The State Against Blacks . - Suffer No Fools ( 2015 ) , a biography examining the life and work of Williams .
|
[
"Cal State Los Angeles",
"Los Angeles City College"
] |
easy
|
Where was Walter E. Williams educated from 1967 to 1972?
|
/wiki/Walter_E._Williams#P69#1
|
Walter E . Williams Walter Edward Williams ( March 31 , 1936December 2 , 2020 ) was an American economist , commentator , and academic . Williams was the John M . Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics at George Mason University , as well as a syndicated columnist and author . Known for his classical liberal and libertarian views , Williamss writings frequently appeared in Townhall , WND , and Jewish World Review . Early life and education . Williams was born in Philadelphia on March 31 , 1936 . His family during childhood consisted of his mother , his sister , and him ; Williamss father played no role in raising Williams or his sister . The family initially lived in West Philadelphia , moving to North Philadelphia and the Richard Allen housing projects when Williams was ten years old . His neighbors included a young Bill Cosby . Williams knew many of the individuals that Cosby speaks of from his childhood , including Weird Harold and Fat Albert . After graduating from Benjamin Franklin High School , Williams traveled to California to live with his father and attend Los Angeles City College for one semester . He later returned to Philadelphia and secured a job as a cab driver for the Yellow Cab Company . In 1959 , he was drafted into the military and served as a private in the United States Army . While stationed in the South , Williams waged a one-man battle against Jim Crow from inside the army . He challenged the racial order with provocative statements to his fellow soldiers . This resulted in an overseeing officer filing a court-martial proceeding against Williams . Williams argued his own case and was found not guilty . While considering filing countercharges against the officer who had brought him up for court martial , Williams found himself transferred to Korea . Upon arriving there , Williams marked Caucasian for race on his personnel form . When challenged on this , Williams replied wryly if he had marked Black , he would end up getting all the worst jobs . From Korea , Williams wrote a letter to President John F . Kennedy denouncing the pervasive racism in the American government and military and questioning the actions black Americans should take given the state of affairs , writing : He received a reply from the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense , Alfred B . Fitt , a response which he termed the most reasonable response that I received from any official . Following his military service , Williams served as a juvenile group supervisor for the Los Angeles County Probation Department from 1963 to 1967 . Williams also resumed his education , earning a bachelors degree in economics in 1965 from California State College at Los Angeles ( now Cal State Los Angeles ) . He earned both his masters degree and his PhD in economics from the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) . Williamss doctoral thesis was titled The Low-Income Market Place . Speaking of his early college days , Williams said : I was more than anything a radical . I was more sympathetic to Malcolm X than Martin Luther King , because Malcolm X was more of a radical who was willing to confront discrimination in ways that I thought it should be confronted , including perhaps the use of violence . But I really just wanted to be left alone . I thought some laws , like minimum-wage laws , helped poor people and poor black people and protected workers from exploitation . I thought they were a good thing until I was pressed by professors to look at the evidence . During his time at UCLA , Williams came into contact with economists such as Armen Alchian , James M . Buchanan , and Axel Leijonhufvud who challenged his assumptions . While Williams was attending UCLA , Thomas Sowell arrived on campus in 1969 as a visiting professor . Although he never took a class from Dr . Sowell , the two met and began a friendship that lasted for decades . In the summer of 1972 , Sowell was hired as director of the Urban Institutes Ethnic Minorities Project , which Williams joined shortly thereafter . Correspondence between Sowell and Williams appears in A Man of Letters , a 2007 autobiography authored by Sowell . Academic career . During his doctoral studies , Williams was an instructor in economics at Los Angeles City College from 1967 to 1969 , and at Cal State Los Angeles from 1967 to 1971 . After returning to his native Philadelphia , Williams taught economics at Temple University from 1973 to 1980 . For the 1975–76 academic year , Williams was a visiting scholar at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University . In 1980 , Williams joined the economics faculty at George Mason University in Fairfax , Virginia . That same year , Williams began writing a syndicated column , A Minority View , for Heritage Features Syndicate , which merged with Creators Syndicate in 1991 . From 1995 to 2001 , Williams chaired the economics department at George Mason . Courses taught by Williams at George Mason include Intermediate Microeconomics for undergraduate students and Microeconomic Theory I for graduate students . Williams continued to teach at George Mason until his death in 2020 . In his nearly fifty year career , Williams wrote hundreds of research articles , book reviews , and commentaries for scholarly journals including American Economic Review , Policy Review , and Journal of Labor Research as well as popular journals including The American Spectator , Newsweek , Reason , and The Wall Street Journal . Williams was awarded an honorary degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín . He served on advisory boards including the Review Board of Economics Studies for the National Science Foundation , Reason Foundation , the National Tax Limitation Committee , and the Hoover Institute . Williams wrote ten books , beginning in 1982 with The State Against Blacks and America : A Minority Viewpoint . He wrote and hosted documentaries for PBS in 1985 . The Good Intentions documentary was based on his book The State Against Blacks . Economic and political views . As an economist , Williams was a proponent of free market economics and opposed socialist systems of government intervention . Williams believed laissez-faire capitalism to be the most moral , most productive system humans have ever devised . In the mid-to-late 1970s , Williams conducted research into the Davis-Bacon Act of 1931 and on the impact of minimum wage laws on minority employment . His research led him to conclude the governments interventional programs are harmful . Williams was critical of state programs , including minimum wage and affirmative action laws , stating both practices inhibit liberty and are detrimental to the blacks they are intended to help . He published his results in his 1982 book The State Against Blacks , where he argued that laws regulating economic activity are far greater obstacles to economic progress for blacks than racial bigotry and discrimination . Subsequently , Williams spoke on the topic and penned a number of articles detailing his view that increases in the minimum wage price low skill workers out of the market , eliminating their opportunities for employment . Williams believed that racism and the legacy of slavery in the United States are overemphasized as problems faced by the black community today . He pointed to the crippling effects of a welfare state and the disintegration of the black family as more pressing concerns . The welfare state has done to black Americans what slavery couldnt do , and that is to destroy the black family . Although in favor of equal access to government institutions such as court houses , city halls , and libraries , Williams opposed anti-discrimination laws directed at the private sector on the grounds that such laws infringe upon the peoples right of freedom of association . Williams viewed gun control laws as a governmental infringement upon the rights of individuals , and argued that they end up endangering the innocent while failing to reduce crime . Williams also made the argument that the true proof of whether or not an individual owns something is whether or not they have the right to sell it . Taking this argument to its conclusion , he supported legalization of selling ones own bodily organs . He argued that government prohibiting the selling of ones bodily organs is an infringement upon ones property rights . Williams praised the views of Thomas DiLorenzo , and wrote a foreword to DiLorenzos anti-Abraham Lincoln book , The Real Lincoln . Williams maintained that the American states are entitled to secede from the union if they wish , as the Confederate states attempted to do during the Civil War , and asserted that the Unions victory in the Civil War allowed the federal government to run amok over states rights , so much so that the protections of the Ninth and Tenth Amendments mean little or nothing today . In reaction to what he viewed as inappropriate racial sensitivity that he saw hurting blacks in higher education , Williams began in the 1970s to offer colleagues a certificate of amnesty and pardon to all white people for Western Civilizations sins against blacks – and thus obliged them not to act like damn fools in their relationships with Americans of African ancestry . It is still offered to anyone . The certificate can be obtained at his website . Williams was opposed to the Federal Reserve System , arguing that central banks are dangerous . In his autobiography , Williams cited Frederick Bastiat , Ludwig von Mises , Friedrich Hayek , and Milton Friedman as influences that led him to become a libertarian . Williams praised Ayn Rands as one of the best defenses and explanations of capitalism one is likely to read . Aside from authoring his weekly columns , Williams was a frequent guest host for Rush Limbaughs radio program when Limbaugh was away traveling . In 2009 , Greg Ransom , a writer for the Ludwig von Mises Institute , ranked Williams as the third-most important Hayekian Public Intellectual in America , behind only Thomas Sowell and John Stossel . Reason called Williams one of the countrys leading libertarian voices . Personal life and death . Williams lived in Devon , Pennsylvania , since 1973 . He was married to Connie ( née Taylor ) from 1960 until her death in 2007 . They had one daughter , Devyn . When he began teaching at George Mason , he rented a cheap hotel room in Fairfax , Virginia , where he lived from Tuesdays through Thursdays around his teaching schedule . Williams was a cousin of former NBA player Julius Erving . Williams served on the board of directors of Media General , parent company of the Richmond Times-Dispatch , from 2001 until his retirement from the board in 2011 . He was also chairman of the companys audit committee . Williams died in his car on December 2 , 2020 , at age 84 , shortly after teaching a class at George Mason University . His daughter said that he suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypertension . Filmography . - ( 1982 ) , a documentary based on Williamss The State Against Blacks . - Suffer No Fools ( 2015 ) , a biography examining the life and work of Williams .
|
[
"Lowell Normal School"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of Lowell State College from 1894 to 1932?
|
/wiki/Lowell_State_College#P2561#0
|
Lowell State College Lowell State College , the precursor of todays University of Massachusetts Lowell , was established in 1959 . The founding of this new state school was the culmination of decades of institutional growth that began in 1894 with the establishment of Lowell Normal School ( a two-year training college for teachers ) , continued through the transition to the four-year Lowell Teachers College in 1932 , and concluded in 1959 with the founding of Lowell State College . From 1959 to 1975 , Lowell State College served the regions need for comprehensive public higher education . It was not superseded in this role until the merging of Lowell State College and Lowell Textile Institute into one new organization—University of Lowell and then the University of Massachusetts Lowell in 1991 . The Lowell State College campus continues to serve as the core of what is now known as the University of Massachusetts Lowells South Campus . Lowell State College and its predecessor organizations—Lowell Normal School and Lowell Teachers College—together served as important economic , political , and cultural drivers to the region through the development of teachers to serve in schools in the region and the opportunities offered for further education in diverse fields as the school expanded . Located in Lowell , Massachusetts , one of the countrys early sites of industrial manufacturing , the city was the home of diverse and rapid immigration as new waves of new people sought jobs in the mills . Spanning the period from 1894 to 1960 , Lowell State College ( and its earlier iterations ) were one of the major institutions in this regional city in northeastern Massachusetts . Lowell Normal School ( 1894-1932 ) . The Lowell Normal School was chartered in 1894 as a teacher training institution . Located in Lowell , Massachusetts , one of the new manufacturing towns springing up in America that had been carved out of several , earlier Colonial villages ( Dracut , Chelmsford , Tyngsboro , Tewksbury ) , which were themselves sitting on land once the province of the indigenous peoples of the area . As a new and growing town , Lowell had established a reputation for educational innovation with the creation of the first co-educational and racially integrated High School in the country ( 1831 ) . Securing the right to establish the state school in Lowell required backing from the State Board of Education and the legislature of the Commonwealth . Normal schools already existed in Westfield , Bridgewater , Worcester , and Framingham , Massachusetts when the legislature began to consider the need for the development of more . The Lowell School Committee and the city council lobbied hard for the Normal School , eventually beating out the town of Lawrence for the honor . Along with Lowell , normal schools were created in Barnstable , Fitchburg , and North Adams . Lowell Normal School opened in 1897 with 108 students—3 men joined the first class of 105 female students—and five faculty members . The two-year program prepared teachers to work in grades 1-9 . Required classes included educational methods and psychology and how to teach various subjects to children including English , mathematics , science , and drawing . The original classroom building opened the next year at the corner of Broadway and Wilder streets and quickly became a landmark in the city . Designed by local firm Stickney & Austin , it reflects the fashion of the time : high-style Beaux Arts with classical symmetry , arches , cast-iron lampposts and yellow brick . Its design was influenced in part by Lowell High School , which was also designed by Lowell native Frederick W . Stickney . Frank Coburn , for whom the hall was later named , served as the schools first principal until 1908 . The main mission of the school at that time was to prepare students for the teaching of elementary education . Courses typically took two years , with the third and fourth years optional because of space in the building . In 1910 , the mission of the school expanded with the creation of a three-year music program . As the mission of the school was to train the students , they needed space so that the students would be able to practice their skills . The nearby Bartlett Training School was first used when 27 rooms were made available . Principals of the Normal School included : Frank Coburn ( 1897-1907 ) ; Cyrus A . Durgin ( 1908-1916 ) ; John Mahoney ( 1916-1922 ) ; and Clarence Weed ( 1922-1935 ) .Teresa Garland Lew and Marion Scott Lew were notable graduates of the Lowell Normal School ( Class of 1914 ) . Members of an historically important African-American family within the Dracut/Lowell area , they were the first African Americans to graduate from the Normal School . Teresa Garland Lew went on to teach for 21 years at the Bartlett Training School and obtained a law degree from Portia Law School in Boston . Marion Lew was one of the first graduates of the new music program at the Normal School . Lowell Teachers College ( 1932-1959 ) . In the early 1930s , Lowell Normal School transitioned to Lowell Teachers College becoming a four-year program for the training of teachers . The years prior to this transition were challenging for the Normal School as enrollments steadily declined and the job situation for teachers worsened . An economic boom in the 1920s that accompanied the peak of the textile industry led to a building boom across Lowell . However , this was followed by the depression , and , for Lowell , massive loss of jobs and wages and a 12% drop in population . In 1938 , in order to balance budgets state legislators considered a suggestion to close several normal schools . School administrators rallied local support to help keep it open . A delegation of prominent individuals representing Lowells powerful interest groups traveled to Boston and convinced state officials of the schools importance . The result was that the school not only survived but continued to grow and expand . James M . Dugan ( 1936-1950 ) led the school through these challenging years . He was the first Catholic to be selected to head the school . He revitalized curriculum , hired new staff , and sought accreditation with the American Association of Teachers Colleges . Dugans tenure was followed by Daniel H . OLeary ( 1950-1965 ) who oversaw the next transition from four-year teachers college to comprehensive state college in 1960 . Mary A . Halleren ( class of 1927 ) was a particularly well known graduate . She taught at the Normal School for 15 years before she joined the Womens Army Corps in 1942 , where she rose steadily through the service to eventually become director before she retired in 1960 Lowell State College ( 1960-1975 ) . As the demand for more qualified teachers grew , the legislature reorganized the Normal School into Lowell State College in 1960 with a curriculum that expanded beyond education to include baccalaureate degrees in other fields including nursing and music . Beginning in 1967 , the college was authorized to confer two graduate degrees : Master of Education and Master of Music Education . In addition to education , Lowell State College also expanded to include a school of nursing . Gertrude Barker led the charge for the program on campus , eventually becoming Dean of the College of Health Professions . A specialist in the field of aging , she became a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing in 1980 . On other fronts within the college , liberal arts programs were expanding and the numbers of faculty holding the Ph.D . degree also increased . In 1950 , Daniel OLeary assumed the presidency and initiated an ambitious building program . The physical plant of the campus expanded during post-war era from a single structure to a multi-building complex , forming an area now known as UMass Lowells South Campus.The dedication of several buildings named for each of the schools six presidents was held on June 9 , 1974 . These buildings were built in the style of brutalism . During these years , in addition to the school presidents , there were a number of important administrators and educators who also played significant roles in the development of the school . Mary McGauvran , a 1939 graduate of Lowell Teachers College , returned to her alma mater In 1957 , going on to hold important positions as director of admissions , assistant dean of women , and director of student affairs . McGauvran was a teacher and a nationally recognized assessment expert with a Ph.D . from Boston University Patricia A . Goler was hired in the Social Sciences department ( later the History Department of Lowell State College ) . She was not only the first female African-American Ph.D . to be hired at Lowell Teachers College , but the first within the Commonwealths public higher education system . Marguerite Gourville was originally hired as director of physical education in 1936 , and quickly distinguished herself as founder of the Modern Dance Club . Gourville , like McGauvran want on to fill many important administrative roles including dean ( 1944 ) and interim president ( 1950 ) . Merger . In 1972 , a feasibility study was conducted on merging the school with the nearby Lowell Technological Institute . In 1975 , the schools merged to form the University of Lowell . The name was changed in 1991 to the University of Massachusetts Lowell when the institution joined the University of Massachusetts system . Today , the schools campus is known as the South Campus of UMass Lowell . The legacy of Lowell Normal School lives on in the University of Massachusetts Lowell College of Education . External links . - Graduate School of Education Umass Lowell-History
|
[
"Lowell Teachers College"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of Lowell State College from 1932 to 1950?
|
/wiki/Lowell_State_College#P2561#1
|
Lowell State College Lowell State College , the precursor of todays University of Massachusetts Lowell , was established in 1959 . The founding of this new state school was the culmination of decades of institutional growth that began in 1894 with the establishment of Lowell Normal School ( a two-year training college for teachers ) , continued through the transition to the four-year Lowell Teachers College in 1932 , and concluded in 1959 with the founding of Lowell State College . From 1959 to 1975 , Lowell State College served the regions need for comprehensive public higher education . It was not superseded in this role until the merging of Lowell State College and Lowell Textile Institute into one new organization—University of Lowell and then the University of Massachusetts Lowell in 1991 . The Lowell State College campus continues to serve as the core of what is now known as the University of Massachusetts Lowells South Campus . Lowell State College and its predecessor organizations—Lowell Normal School and Lowell Teachers College—together served as important economic , political , and cultural drivers to the region through the development of teachers to serve in schools in the region and the opportunities offered for further education in diverse fields as the school expanded . Located in Lowell , Massachusetts , one of the countrys early sites of industrial manufacturing , the city was the home of diverse and rapid immigration as new waves of new people sought jobs in the mills . Spanning the period from 1894 to 1960 , Lowell State College ( and its earlier iterations ) were one of the major institutions in this regional city in northeastern Massachusetts . Lowell Normal School ( 1894-1932 ) . The Lowell Normal School was chartered in 1894 as a teacher training institution . Located in Lowell , Massachusetts , one of the new manufacturing towns springing up in America that had been carved out of several , earlier Colonial villages ( Dracut , Chelmsford , Tyngsboro , Tewksbury ) , which were themselves sitting on land once the province of the indigenous peoples of the area . As a new and growing town , Lowell had established a reputation for educational innovation with the creation of the first co-educational and racially integrated High School in the country ( 1831 ) . Securing the right to establish the state school in Lowell required backing from the State Board of Education and the legislature of the Commonwealth . Normal schools already existed in Westfield , Bridgewater , Worcester , and Framingham , Massachusetts when the legislature began to consider the need for the development of more . The Lowell School Committee and the city council lobbied hard for the Normal School , eventually beating out the town of Lawrence for the honor . Along with Lowell , normal schools were created in Barnstable , Fitchburg , and North Adams . Lowell Normal School opened in 1897 with 108 students—3 men joined the first class of 105 female students—and five faculty members . The two-year program prepared teachers to work in grades 1-9 . Required classes included educational methods and psychology and how to teach various subjects to children including English , mathematics , science , and drawing . The original classroom building opened the next year at the corner of Broadway and Wilder streets and quickly became a landmark in the city . Designed by local firm Stickney & Austin , it reflects the fashion of the time : high-style Beaux Arts with classical symmetry , arches , cast-iron lampposts and yellow brick . Its design was influenced in part by Lowell High School , which was also designed by Lowell native Frederick W . Stickney . Frank Coburn , for whom the hall was later named , served as the schools first principal until 1908 . The main mission of the school at that time was to prepare students for the teaching of elementary education . Courses typically took two years , with the third and fourth years optional because of space in the building . In 1910 , the mission of the school expanded with the creation of a three-year music program . As the mission of the school was to train the students , they needed space so that the students would be able to practice their skills . The nearby Bartlett Training School was first used when 27 rooms were made available . Principals of the Normal School included : Frank Coburn ( 1897-1907 ) ; Cyrus A . Durgin ( 1908-1916 ) ; John Mahoney ( 1916-1922 ) ; and Clarence Weed ( 1922-1935 ) .Teresa Garland Lew and Marion Scott Lew were notable graduates of the Lowell Normal School ( Class of 1914 ) . Members of an historically important African-American family within the Dracut/Lowell area , they were the first African Americans to graduate from the Normal School . Teresa Garland Lew went on to teach for 21 years at the Bartlett Training School and obtained a law degree from Portia Law School in Boston . Marion Lew was one of the first graduates of the new music program at the Normal School . Lowell Teachers College ( 1932-1959 ) . In the early 1930s , Lowell Normal School transitioned to Lowell Teachers College becoming a four-year program for the training of teachers . The years prior to this transition were challenging for the Normal School as enrollments steadily declined and the job situation for teachers worsened . An economic boom in the 1920s that accompanied the peak of the textile industry led to a building boom across Lowell . However , this was followed by the depression , and , for Lowell , massive loss of jobs and wages and a 12% drop in population . In 1938 , in order to balance budgets state legislators considered a suggestion to close several normal schools . School administrators rallied local support to help keep it open . A delegation of prominent individuals representing Lowells powerful interest groups traveled to Boston and convinced state officials of the schools importance . The result was that the school not only survived but continued to grow and expand . James M . Dugan ( 1936-1950 ) led the school through these challenging years . He was the first Catholic to be selected to head the school . He revitalized curriculum , hired new staff , and sought accreditation with the American Association of Teachers Colleges . Dugans tenure was followed by Daniel H . OLeary ( 1950-1965 ) who oversaw the next transition from four-year teachers college to comprehensive state college in 1960 . Mary A . Halleren ( class of 1927 ) was a particularly well known graduate . She taught at the Normal School for 15 years before she joined the Womens Army Corps in 1942 , where she rose steadily through the service to eventually become director before she retired in 1960 Lowell State College ( 1960-1975 ) . As the demand for more qualified teachers grew , the legislature reorganized the Normal School into Lowell State College in 1960 with a curriculum that expanded beyond education to include baccalaureate degrees in other fields including nursing and music . Beginning in 1967 , the college was authorized to confer two graduate degrees : Master of Education and Master of Music Education . In addition to education , Lowell State College also expanded to include a school of nursing . Gertrude Barker led the charge for the program on campus , eventually becoming Dean of the College of Health Professions . A specialist in the field of aging , she became a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing in 1980 . On other fronts within the college , liberal arts programs were expanding and the numbers of faculty holding the Ph.D . degree also increased . In 1950 , Daniel OLeary assumed the presidency and initiated an ambitious building program . The physical plant of the campus expanded during post-war era from a single structure to a multi-building complex , forming an area now known as UMass Lowells South Campus.The dedication of several buildings named for each of the schools six presidents was held on June 9 , 1974 . These buildings were built in the style of brutalism . During these years , in addition to the school presidents , there were a number of important administrators and educators who also played significant roles in the development of the school . Mary McGauvran , a 1939 graduate of Lowell Teachers College , returned to her alma mater In 1957 , going on to hold important positions as director of admissions , assistant dean of women , and director of student affairs . McGauvran was a teacher and a nationally recognized assessment expert with a Ph.D . from Boston University Patricia A . Goler was hired in the Social Sciences department ( later the History Department of Lowell State College ) . She was not only the first female African-American Ph.D . to be hired at Lowell Teachers College , but the first within the Commonwealths public higher education system . Marguerite Gourville was originally hired as director of physical education in 1936 , and quickly distinguished herself as founder of the Modern Dance Club . Gourville , like McGauvran want on to fill many important administrative roles including dean ( 1944 ) and interim president ( 1950 ) . Merger . In 1972 , a feasibility study was conducted on merging the school with the nearby Lowell Technological Institute . In 1975 , the schools merged to form the University of Lowell . The name was changed in 1991 to the University of Massachusetts Lowell when the institution joined the University of Massachusetts system . Today , the schools campus is known as the South Campus of UMass Lowell . The legacy of Lowell Normal School lives on in the University of Massachusetts Lowell College of Education . External links . - Graduate School of Education Umass Lowell-History
|
[
"Lowell State College"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of Lowell State College from 1950 to 1975?
|
/wiki/Lowell_State_College#P2561#2
|
Lowell State College Lowell State College , the precursor of todays University of Massachusetts Lowell , was established in 1959 . The founding of this new state school was the culmination of decades of institutional growth that began in 1894 with the establishment of Lowell Normal School ( a two-year training college for teachers ) , continued through the transition to the four-year Lowell Teachers College in 1932 , and concluded in 1959 with the founding of Lowell State College . From 1959 to 1975 , Lowell State College served the regions need for comprehensive public higher education . It was not superseded in this role until the merging of Lowell State College and Lowell Textile Institute into one new organization—University of Lowell and then the University of Massachusetts Lowell in 1991 . The Lowell State College campus continues to serve as the core of what is now known as the University of Massachusetts Lowells South Campus . Lowell State College and its predecessor organizations—Lowell Normal School and Lowell Teachers College—together served as important economic , political , and cultural drivers to the region through the development of teachers to serve in schools in the region and the opportunities offered for further education in diverse fields as the school expanded . Located in Lowell , Massachusetts , one of the countrys early sites of industrial manufacturing , the city was the home of diverse and rapid immigration as new waves of new people sought jobs in the mills . Spanning the period from 1894 to 1960 , Lowell State College ( and its earlier iterations ) were one of the major institutions in this regional city in northeastern Massachusetts . Lowell Normal School ( 1894-1932 ) . The Lowell Normal School was chartered in 1894 as a teacher training institution . Located in Lowell , Massachusetts , one of the new manufacturing towns springing up in America that had been carved out of several , earlier Colonial villages ( Dracut , Chelmsford , Tyngsboro , Tewksbury ) , which were themselves sitting on land once the province of the indigenous peoples of the area . As a new and growing town , Lowell had established a reputation for educational innovation with the creation of the first co-educational and racially integrated High School in the country ( 1831 ) . Securing the right to establish the state school in Lowell required backing from the State Board of Education and the legislature of the Commonwealth . Normal schools already existed in Westfield , Bridgewater , Worcester , and Framingham , Massachusetts when the legislature began to consider the need for the development of more . The Lowell School Committee and the city council lobbied hard for the Normal School , eventually beating out the town of Lawrence for the honor . Along with Lowell , normal schools were created in Barnstable , Fitchburg , and North Adams . Lowell Normal School opened in 1897 with 108 students—3 men joined the first class of 105 female students—and five faculty members . The two-year program prepared teachers to work in grades 1-9 . Required classes included educational methods and psychology and how to teach various subjects to children including English , mathematics , science , and drawing . The original classroom building opened the next year at the corner of Broadway and Wilder streets and quickly became a landmark in the city . Designed by local firm Stickney & Austin , it reflects the fashion of the time : high-style Beaux Arts with classical symmetry , arches , cast-iron lampposts and yellow brick . Its design was influenced in part by Lowell High School , which was also designed by Lowell native Frederick W . Stickney . Frank Coburn , for whom the hall was later named , served as the schools first principal until 1908 . The main mission of the school at that time was to prepare students for the teaching of elementary education . Courses typically took two years , with the third and fourth years optional because of space in the building . In 1910 , the mission of the school expanded with the creation of a three-year music program . As the mission of the school was to train the students , they needed space so that the students would be able to practice their skills . The nearby Bartlett Training School was first used when 27 rooms were made available . Principals of the Normal School included : Frank Coburn ( 1897-1907 ) ; Cyrus A . Durgin ( 1908-1916 ) ; John Mahoney ( 1916-1922 ) ; and Clarence Weed ( 1922-1935 ) .Teresa Garland Lew and Marion Scott Lew were notable graduates of the Lowell Normal School ( Class of 1914 ) . Members of an historically important African-American family within the Dracut/Lowell area , they were the first African Americans to graduate from the Normal School . Teresa Garland Lew went on to teach for 21 years at the Bartlett Training School and obtained a law degree from Portia Law School in Boston . Marion Lew was one of the first graduates of the new music program at the Normal School . Lowell Teachers College ( 1932-1959 ) . In the early 1930s , Lowell Normal School transitioned to Lowell Teachers College becoming a four-year program for the training of teachers . The years prior to this transition were challenging for the Normal School as enrollments steadily declined and the job situation for teachers worsened . An economic boom in the 1920s that accompanied the peak of the textile industry led to a building boom across Lowell . However , this was followed by the depression , and , for Lowell , massive loss of jobs and wages and a 12% drop in population . In 1938 , in order to balance budgets state legislators considered a suggestion to close several normal schools . School administrators rallied local support to help keep it open . A delegation of prominent individuals representing Lowells powerful interest groups traveled to Boston and convinced state officials of the schools importance . The result was that the school not only survived but continued to grow and expand . James M . Dugan ( 1936-1950 ) led the school through these challenging years . He was the first Catholic to be selected to head the school . He revitalized curriculum , hired new staff , and sought accreditation with the American Association of Teachers Colleges . Dugans tenure was followed by Daniel H . OLeary ( 1950-1965 ) who oversaw the next transition from four-year teachers college to comprehensive state college in 1960 . Mary A . Halleren ( class of 1927 ) was a particularly well known graduate . She taught at the Normal School for 15 years before she joined the Womens Army Corps in 1942 , where she rose steadily through the service to eventually become director before she retired in 1960 Lowell State College ( 1960-1975 ) . As the demand for more qualified teachers grew , the legislature reorganized the Normal School into Lowell State College in 1960 with a curriculum that expanded beyond education to include baccalaureate degrees in other fields including nursing and music . Beginning in 1967 , the college was authorized to confer two graduate degrees : Master of Education and Master of Music Education . In addition to education , Lowell State College also expanded to include a school of nursing . Gertrude Barker led the charge for the program on campus , eventually becoming Dean of the College of Health Professions . A specialist in the field of aging , she became a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing in 1980 . On other fronts within the college , liberal arts programs were expanding and the numbers of faculty holding the Ph.D . degree also increased . In 1950 , Daniel OLeary assumed the presidency and initiated an ambitious building program . The physical plant of the campus expanded during post-war era from a single structure to a multi-building complex , forming an area now known as UMass Lowells South Campus.The dedication of several buildings named for each of the schools six presidents was held on June 9 , 1974 . These buildings were built in the style of brutalism . During these years , in addition to the school presidents , there were a number of important administrators and educators who also played significant roles in the development of the school . Mary McGauvran , a 1939 graduate of Lowell Teachers College , returned to her alma mater In 1957 , going on to hold important positions as director of admissions , assistant dean of women , and director of student affairs . McGauvran was a teacher and a nationally recognized assessment expert with a Ph.D . from Boston University Patricia A . Goler was hired in the Social Sciences department ( later the History Department of Lowell State College ) . She was not only the first female African-American Ph.D . to be hired at Lowell Teachers College , but the first within the Commonwealths public higher education system . Marguerite Gourville was originally hired as director of physical education in 1936 , and quickly distinguished herself as founder of the Modern Dance Club . Gourville , like McGauvran want on to fill many important administrative roles including dean ( 1944 ) and interim president ( 1950 ) . Merger . In 1972 , a feasibility study was conducted on merging the school with the nearby Lowell Technological Institute . In 1975 , the schools merged to form the University of Lowell . The name was changed in 1991 to the University of Massachusetts Lowell when the institution joined the University of Massachusetts system . Today , the schools campus is known as the South Campus of UMass Lowell . The legacy of Lowell Normal School lives on in the University of Massachusetts Lowell College of Education . External links . - Graduate School of Education Umass Lowell-History
|
[
"Prime"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Odion Ighalo belong to from 2005 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Odion_Ighalo#P54#0
|
Odion Ighalo Odion Jude Ighalo ( born 16 June 1989 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Shabab . After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger , Ighalo moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007 . A year later , he was signed by Italian club Udinese , spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada . In 2014 , he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the clubs promotion to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season . In January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million , before moving onto Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . In January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan , initially until the end of the 2019–20 season ; the loan was then extended until January 2021 . Ighalo made his debut for the Nigeria national team in March 2015 against Uganda . He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign . He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations , where he finished in the competitions Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer . Club career . Early career . Born in Lagos and raised in Edo , Ighalo played in his country with Prime and Julius Berger , where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who recommended him to Atta Aneke , being subsequently taken on trial by Norways Lyn . He made his Tippeligaen debut on 16 September 2007 at the age of just 18 , scoring in a 2–0 home win against Viking . He scored six goals in 13 matches in his second year to help his team to the seventh position , and subsequently arose interest from other clubs in the country , with Brann reporting Lyn to the Norwegian Football Federation for unfairness in the negotiation process . Udinese and Granada . On 30 July 2008 , Ighalo signed for Udinese in Italy , moving alongside teammate Jo Inge Berget and agreeing to a five-year contract . He appeared rarely in Serie A in his debut season , scoring against Cagliari in a 6–2 home routing . Four of his five league appearances came as a late substitute . Ighalo was loaned to Granada in summer 2009 , as part of the partnership agreement between Udinese and the Spaniards . He scored 17 times in his first year ( playoffs included ) and five in the second , as both seasons ended in promotion ; this was interspersed with a brief loan stint back in Italy , with Cesena . Ighalo continued playing with Granada in the following years , still owned by the Udine club . He played his first La Liga match on 27 August 2011 , starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss to Real Betis . Watford . Ighalo joined Watford on a season-long loan deal from Udinese , on 29 July 2014 . He made his debut for the English club in the first round of the League Cup away to Stevenage on 12 August , and scored his first goal in the Championship against Brentford on 30 September by tucking the ball home after his initial penalty was saved by David Button , in a 2–1 home win . On 24 October 2014 , Watford terminated Ighalos loan and re-signed him on a permanent deal the same day after Udinese released him from his contract . Exactly three months later , he scored four-second-half goals and was voted Man of the match in a 7–2 home routing of Blackpool , who led 0–2 at half time ; he took his league tally to 14 on 10 February 2015 , after netting a brace to help his team come from behind at Brentford to win it 2–1 – his second came through an injury time header . Ighalo scored in his Premier League debut on 8 August 2015 , replacing José Manuel Jurado 16 minutes from time and putting the visitors ahead 2–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw away against Everton for the season opener . He netted twice in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United on 31 October , reaching seven goals for the season and becoming the highest club scorer in the competition after just 11 matches . On 20 December 2015 , Ighalo scored in a Watford victory for the fourth consecutive time , netting a brace in a 3–0 win over Liverpool . His five-goal haul earned him Decembers Premier League Player of the Month , while his manager Quique Sánchez Flores won the equivalent award . Ighalo broke a 599-minute personal scoring drought on 13 March 2016 , with a goal in a 2–1 win at holders Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , putting the Hornets into the last four for the first time in nine years . On 12 August he signed a new five-year contract but , the following season , he scored just one league goal and did not find the net in any of his last 15 games . Changchun Yatai . On 31 January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million . He ranked second in the scoring charts in his second season at 21 , but his team suffered relegation . Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . Ighalo transferred to Shanghai Greenland Shenhua on 14 February 2019 . In March , he said he turned down a move to Barcelona the previous month . In March 2020 , he was offered a contract extension worth over £400,000 a week by Shenhua . Loan to Manchester United . On 31 January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the season . In doing so , he became the first Nigerian player , and only the seventh African , to join the club . After the move was confirmed , Ighalo revealed that he had taken a pay cut to make the move happen , calling it a dream to join the club he has long supported . He opted to wear the number 25 shirt , previously worn by Manchester Uniteds first and longest-serving African player , Quinton Fortune of South Africa . His presence within the first team was initially blocked as a precautionary measure due to ongoing fears over the COVID-19 outbreak in China . After three substitute appearances , Ighalo made his full debut for United in their Europa League round of 32 second leg match against Club Brugge on 27 February 2020 . He scored his first United goal , which was also his maiden goal in a European competition , as the hosts won 5–0 . A week later , he scored his first brace for the club as United beat Derby County 3–0 in the FA Cup . On Manchester Uniteds final game before the suspension of football due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Ighalo scored a half-volley after juggling the ball in a 5–0 win over LASK ; it was voted Manchester Uniteds goal of the month for March . With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Ighalos loan set to expire at the end of May 2020 , on 1 June Manchester United announced that they had agreed to extend Ighalos loan deal until 30 January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , Ighalo posted a farewell message on social media , ahead of his imminent departure from Manchester United at the end of the month . Manchester United confirmed Ighalos departure the following day . Al Shabab . On 4 February 2021 , Ighalo joined Saudi Professional League club Al Shabab on a two-and-a-half-year contract . International career . On 24 March 2015 , after a series of strong performances for Watford , newly appointed Nigeria interim coach Daniel Amokachi selected Ighalo for the first time , and the latter stated , I feel good because it is my dream to play for my country . He won his first cap two days later , starting in a 0–1 friendly home loss to Uganda . Ighalo was initially named as one of three overage players in Nigerias squad for the 2016 Olympic tournament , but he eventually did not make the trip to Brazil . In June 2018 , he was named in the 23-man squad for the upcoming edition of the FIFA World Cup in Russia , making his first appearance in the competition by playing 73 minutes in the 0–2 group stage defeat against Croatia ; in October , he revealed that his family had received death threats after he failed to score in the tournament . Ighalo scored seven goals in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign , the most by any player , to help Nigeria qualify for the finals in Egypt later that year . He was included in Gernot Rohrs squad , taking part in all the matches and finding the net against Burundi in the group phase ( 1–0 ) , Cameroon in the round of 16 ( 3–2 win ) , Algeria in the semi-finals ( 1–2 loss ) and Tunisia in the third-place playoff ( 1–0 ) ; at the end of the competition , he announced his retirement from the international scene . Personal life . Ighalo is a devout Christian , who also often dedicates part of his wages for Nigerian charitable organisations to help impoverished children , schools and widows below the poverty line . He is a lifelong Manchester United supporter . Ighalo has three children , two sons and one daughter . Career statistics . International . Source : Honours . Watford - Football League Championship runner-up : 2014–15 Shanghai Shenhua - Chinese FA Cup : 2019 Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations third place : 2019 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : December 2015 - Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament : 2019 - Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot : 2019 External links . - Lyn official profile
|
[
"Julius Berger"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Odion Ighalo play for from 2006 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Odion_Ighalo#P54#1
|
Odion Ighalo Odion Jude Ighalo ( born 16 June 1989 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Shabab . After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger , Ighalo moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007 . A year later , he was signed by Italian club Udinese , spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada . In 2014 , he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the clubs promotion to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season . In January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million , before moving onto Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . In January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan , initially until the end of the 2019–20 season ; the loan was then extended until January 2021 . Ighalo made his debut for the Nigeria national team in March 2015 against Uganda . He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign . He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations , where he finished in the competitions Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer . Club career . Early career . Born in Lagos and raised in Edo , Ighalo played in his country with Prime and Julius Berger , where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who recommended him to Atta Aneke , being subsequently taken on trial by Norways Lyn . He made his Tippeligaen debut on 16 September 2007 at the age of just 18 , scoring in a 2–0 home win against Viking . He scored six goals in 13 matches in his second year to help his team to the seventh position , and subsequently arose interest from other clubs in the country , with Brann reporting Lyn to the Norwegian Football Federation for unfairness in the negotiation process . Udinese and Granada . On 30 July 2008 , Ighalo signed for Udinese in Italy , moving alongside teammate Jo Inge Berget and agreeing to a five-year contract . He appeared rarely in Serie A in his debut season , scoring against Cagliari in a 6–2 home routing . Four of his five league appearances came as a late substitute . Ighalo was loaned to Granada in summer 2009 , as part of the partnership agreement between Udinese and the Spaniards . He scored 17 times in his first year ( playoffs included ) and five in the second , as both seasons ended in promotion ; this was interspersed with a brief loan stint back in Italy , with Cesena . Ighalo continued playing with Granada in the following years , still owned by the Udine club . He played his first La Liga match on 27 August 2011 , starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss to Real Betis . Watford . Ighalo joined Watford on a season-long loan deal from Udinese , on 29 July 2014 . He made his debut for the English club in the first round of the League Cup away to Stevenage on 12 August , and scored his first goal in the Championship against Brentford on 30 September by tucking the ball home after his initial penalty was saved by David Button , in a 2–1 home win . On 24 October 2014 , Watford terminated Ighalos loan and re-signed him on a permanent deal the same day after Udinese released him from his contract . Exactly three months later , he scored four-second-half goals and was voted Man of the match in a 7–2 home routing of Blackpool , who led 0–2 at half time ; he took his league tally to 14 on 10 February 2015 , after netting a brace to help his team come from behind at Brentford to win it 2–1 – his second came through an injury time header . Ighalo scored in his Premier League debut on 8 August 2015 , replacing José Manuel Jurado 16 minutes from time and putting the visitors ahead 2–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw away against Everton for the season opener . He netted twice in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United on 31 October , reaching seven goals for the season and becoming the highest club scorer in the competition after just 11 matches . On 20 December 2015 , Ighalo scored in a Watford victory for the fourth consecutive time , netting a brace in a 3–0 win over Liverpool . His five-goal haul earned him Decembers Premier League Player of the Month , while his manager Quique Sánchez Flores won the equivalent award . Ighalo broke a 599-minute personal scoring drought on 13 March 2016 , with a goal in a 2–1 win at holders Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , putting the Hornets into the last four for the first time in nine years . On 12 August he signed a new five-year contract but , the following season , he scored just one league goal and did not find the net in any of his last 15 games . Changchun Yatai . On 31 January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million . He ranked second in the scoring charts in his second season at 21 , but his team suffered relegation . Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . Ighalo transferred to Shanghai Greenland Shenhua on 14 February 2019 . In March , he said he turned down a move to Barcelona the previous month . In March 2020 , he was offered a contract extension worth over £400,000 a week by Shenhua . Loan to Manchester United . On 31 January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the season . In doing so , he became the first Nigerian player , and only the seventh African , to join the club . After the move was confirmed , Ighalo revealed that he had taken a pay cut to make the move happen , calling it a dream to join the club he has long supported . He opted to wear the number 25 shirt , previously worn by Manchester Uniteds first and longest-serving African player , Quinton Fortune of South Africa . His presence within the first team was initially blocked as a precautionary measure due to ongoing fears over the COVID-19 outbreak in China . After three substitute appearances , Ighalo made his full debut for United in their Europa League round of 32 second leg match against Club Brugge on 27 February 2020 . He scored his first United goal , which was also his maiden goal in a European competition , as the hosts won 5–0 . A week later , he scored his first brace for the club as United beat Derby County 3–0 in the FA Cup . On Manchester Uniteds final game before the suspension of football due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Ighalo scored a half-volley after juggling the ball in a 5–0 win over LASK ; it was voted Manchester Uniteds goal of the month for March . With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Ighalos loan set to expire at the end of May 2020 , on 1 June Manchester United announced that they had agreed to extend Ighalos loan deal until 30 January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , Ighalo posted a farewell message on social media , ahead of his imminent departure from Manchester United at the end of the month . Manchester United confirmed Ighalos departure the following day . Al Shabab . On 4 February 2021 , Ighalo joined Saudi Professional League club Al Shabab on a two-and-a-half-year contract . International career . On 24 March 2015 , after a series of strong performances for Watford , newly appointed Nigeria interim coach Daniel Amokachi selected Ighalo for the first time , and the latter stated , I feel good because it is my dream to play for my country . He won his first cap two days later , starting in a 0–1 friendly home loss to Uganda . Ighalo was initially named as one of three overage players in Nigerias squad for the 2016 Olympic tournament , but he eventually did not make the trip to Brazil . In June 2018 , he was named in the 23-man squad for the upcoming edition of the FIFA World Cup in Russia , making his first appearance in the competition by playing 73 minutes in the 0–2 group stage defeat against Croatia ; in October , he revealed that his family had received death threats after he failed to score in the tournament . Ighalo scored seven goals in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign , the most by any player , to help Nigeria qualify for the finals in Egypt later that year . He was included in Gernot Rohrs squad , taking part in all the matches and finding the net against Burundi in the group phase ( 1–0 ) , Cameroon in the round of 16 ( 3–2 win ) , Algeria in the semi-finals ( 1–2 loss ) and Tunisia in the third-place playoff ( 1–0 ) ; at the end of the competition , he announced his retirement from the international scene . Personal life . Ighalo is a devout Christian , who also often dedicates part of his wages for Nigerian charitable organisations to help impoverished children , schools and widows below the poverty line . He is a lifelong Manchester United supporter . Ighalo has three children , two sons and one daughter . Career statistics . International . Source : Honours . Watford - Football League Championship runner-up : 2014–15 Shanghai Shenhua - Chinese FA Cup : 2019 Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations third place : 2019 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : December 2015 - Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament : 2019 - Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot : 2019 External links . - Lyn official profile
|
[
"Lyn"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Odion Ighalo play for from 2007 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Odion_Ighalo#P54#2
|
Odion Ighalo Odion Jude Ighalo ( born 16 June 1989 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Shabab . After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger , Ighalo moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007 . A year later , he was signed by Italian club Udinese , spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada . In 2014 , he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the clubs promotion to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season . In January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million , before moving onto Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . In January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan , initially until the end of the 2019–20 season ; the loan was then extended until January 2021 . Ighalo made his debut for the Nigeria national team in March 2015 against Uganda . He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign . He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations , where he finished in the competitions Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer . Club career . Early career . Born in Lagos and raised in Edo , Ighalo played in his country with Prime and Julius Berger , where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who recommended him to Atta Aneke , being subsequently taken on trial by Norways Lyn . He made his Tippeligaen debut on 16 September 2007 at the age of just 18 , scoring in a 2–0 home win against Viking . He scored six goals in 13 matches in his second year to help his team to the seventh position , and subsequently arose interest from other clubs in the country , with Brann reporting Lyn to the Norwegian Football Federation for unfairness in the negotiation process . Udinese and Granada . On 30 July 2008 , Ighalo signed for Udinese in Italy , moving alongside teammate Jo Inge Berget and agreeing to a five-year contract . He appeared rarely in Serie A in his debut season , scoring against Cagliari in a 6–2 home routing . Four of his five league appearances came as a late substitute . Ighalo was loaned to Granada in summer 2009 , as part of the partnership agreement between Udinese and the Spaniards . He scored 17 times in his first year ( playoffs included ) and five in the second , as both seasons ended in promotion ; this was interspersed with a brief loan stint back in Italy , with Cesena . Ighalo continued playing with Granada in the following years , still owned by the Udine club . He played his first La Liga match on 27 August 2011 , starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss to Real Betis . Watford . Ighalo joined Watford on a season-long loan deal from Udinese , on 29 July 2014 . He made his debut for the English club in the first round of the League Cup away to Stevenage on 12 August , and scored his first goal in the Championship against Brentford on 30 September by tucking the ball home after his initial penalty was saved by David Button , in a 2–1 home win . On 24 October 2014 , Watford terminated Ighalos loan and re-signed him on a permanent deal the same day after Udinese released him from his contract . Exactly three months later , he scored four-second-half goals and was voted Man of the match in a 7–2 home routing of Blackpool , who led 0–2 at half time ; he took his league tally to 14 on 10 February 2015 , after netting a brace to help his team come from behind at Brentford to win it 2–1 – his second came through an injury time header . Ighalo scored in his Premier League debut on 8 August 2015 , replacing José Manuel Jurado 16 minutes from time and putting the visitors ahead 2–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw away against Everton for the season opener . He netted twice in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United on 31 October , reaching seven goals for the season and becoming the highest club scorer in the competition after just 11 matches . On 20 December 2015 , Ighalo scored in a Watford victory for the fourth consecutive time , netting a brace in a 3–0 win over Liverpool . His five-goal haul earned him Decembers Premier League Player of the Month , while his manager Quique Sánchez Flores won the equivalent award . Ighalo broke a 599-minute personal scoring drought on 13 March 2016 , with a goal in a 2–1 win at holders Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , putting the Hornets into the last four for the first time in nine years . On 12 August he signed a new five-year contract but , the following season , he scored just one league goal and did not find the net in any of his last 15 games . Changchun Yatai . On 31 January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million . He ranked second in the scoring charts in his second season at 21 , but his team suffered relegation . Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . Ighalo transferred to Shanghai Greenland Shenhua on 14 February 2019 . In March , he said he turned down a move to Barcelona the previous month . In March 2020 , he was offered a contract extension worth over £400,000 a week by Shenhua . Loan to Manchester United . On 31 January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the season . In doing so , he became the first Nigerian player , and only the seventh African , to join the club . After the move was confirmed , Ighalo revealed that he had taken a pay cut to make the move happen , calling it a dream to join the club he has long supported . He opted to wear the number 25 shirt , previously worn by Manchester Uniteds first and longest-serving African player , Quinton Fortune of South Africa . His presence within the first team was initially blocked as a precautionary measure due to ongoing fears over the COVID-19 outbreak in China . After three substitute appearances , Ighalo made his full debut for United in their Europa League round of 32 second leg match against Club Brugge on 27 February 2020 . He scored his first United goal , which was also his maiden goal in a European competition , as the hosts won 5–0 . A week later , he scored his first brace for the club as United beat Derby County 3–0 in the FA Cup . On Manchester Uniteds final game before the suspension of football due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Ighalo scored a half-volley after juggling the ball in a 5–0 win over LASK ; it was voted Manchester Uniteds goal of the month for March . With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Ighalos loan set to expire at the end of May 2020 , on 1 June Manchester United announced that they had agreed to extend Ighalos loan deal until 30 January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , Ighalo posted a farewell message on social media , ahead of his imminent departure from Manchester United at the end of the month . Manchester United confirmed Ighalos departure the following day . Al Shabab . On 4 February 2021 , Ighalo joined Saudi Professional League club Al Shabab on a two-and-a-half-year contract . International career . On 24 March 2015 , after a series of strong performances for Watford , newly appointed Nigeria interim coach Daniel Amokachi selected Ighalo for the first time , and the latter stated , I feel good because it is my dream to play for my country . He won his first cap two days later , starting in a 0–1 friendly home loss to Uganda . Ighalo was initially named as one of three overage players in Nigerias squad for the 2016 Olympic tournament , but he eventually did not make the trip to Brazil . In June 2018 , he was named in the 23-man squad for the upcoming edition of the FIFA World Cup in Russia , making his first appearance in the competition by playing 73 minutes in the 0–2 group stage defeat against Croatia ; in October , he revealed that his family had received death threats after he failed to score in the tournament . Ighalo scored seven goals in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign , the most by any player , to help Nigeria qualify for the finals in Egypt later that year . He was included in Gernot Rohrs squad , taking part in all the matches and finding the net against Burundi in the group phase ( 1–0 ) , Cameroon in the round of 16 ( 3–2 win ) , Algeria in the semi-finals ( 1–2 loss ) and Tunisia in the third-place playoff ( 1–0 ) ; at the end of the competition , he announced his retirement from the international scene . Personal life . Ighalo is a devout Christian , who also often dedicates part of his wages for Nigerian charitable organisations to help impoverished children , schools and widows below the poverty line . He is a lifelong Manchester United supporter . Ighalo has three children , two sons and one daughter . Career statistics . International . Source : Honours . Watford - Football League Championship runner-up : 2014–15 Shanghai Shenhua - Chinese FA Cup : 2019 Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations third place : 2019 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : December 2015 - Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament : 2019 - Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot : 2019 External links . - Lyn official profile
|
[
"Udinese"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Odion Ighalo play for from 2008 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Odion_Ighalo#P54#3
|
Odion Ighalo Odion Jude Ighalo ( born 16 June 1989 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Shabab . After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger , Ighalo moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007 . A year later , he was signed by Italian club Udinese , spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada . In 2014 , he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the clubs promotion to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season . In January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million , before moving onto Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . In January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan , initially until the end of the 2019–20 season ; the loan was then extended until January 2021 . Ighalo made his debut for the Nigeria national team in March 2015 against Uganda . He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign . He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations , where he finished in the competitions Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer . Club career . Early career . Born in Lagos and raised in Edo , Ighalo played in his country with Prime and Julius Berger , where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who recommended him to Atta Aneke , being subsequently taken on trial by Norways Lyn . He made his Tippeligaen debut on 16 September 2007 at the age of just 18 , scoring in a 2–0 home win against Viking . He scored six goals in 13 matches in his second year to help his team to the seventh position , and subsequently arose interest from other clubs in the country , with Brann reporting Lyn to the Norwegian Football Federation for unfairness in the negotiation process . Udinese and Granada . On 30 July 2008 , Ighalo signed for Udinese in Italy , moving alongside teammate Jo Inge Berget and agreeing to a five-year contract . He appeared rarely in Serie A in his debut season , scoring against Cagliari in a 6–2 home routing . Four of his five league appearances came as a late substitute . Ighalo was loaned to Granada in summer 2009 , as part of the partnership agreement between Udinese and the Spaniards . He scored 17 times in his first year ( playoffs included ) and five in the second , as both seasons ended in promotion ; this was interspersed with a brief loan stint back in Italy , with Cesena . Ighalo continued playing with Granada in the following years , still owned by the Udine club . He played his first La Liga match on 27 August 2011 , starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss to Real Betis . Watford . Ighalo joined Watford on a season-long loan deal from Udinese , on 29 July 2014 . He made his debut for the English club in the first round of the League Cup away to Stevenage on 12 August , and scored his first goal in the Championship against Brentford on 30 September by tucking the ball home after his initial penalty was saved by David Button , in a 2–1 home win . On 24 October 2014 , Watford terminated Ighalos loan and re-signed him on a permanent deal the same day after Udinese released him from his contract . Exactly three months later , he scored four-second-half goals and was voted Man of the match in a 7–2 home routing of Blackpool , who led 0–2 at half time ; he took his league tally to 14 on 10 February 2015 , after netting a brace to help his team come from behind at Brentford to win it 2–1 – his second came through an injury time header . Ighalo scored in his Premier League debut on 8 August 2015 , replacing José Manuel Jurado 16 minutes from time and putting the visitors ahead 2–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw away against Everton for the season opener . He netted twice in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United on 31 October , reaching seven goals for the season and becoming the highest club scorer in the competition after just 11 matches . On 20 December 2015 , Ighalo scored in a Watford victory for the fourth consecutive time , netting a brace in a 3–0 win over Liverpool . His five-goal haul earned him Decembers Premier League Player of the Month , while his manager Quique Sánchez Flores won the equivalent award . Ighalo broke a 599-minute personal scoring drought on 13 March 2016 , with a goal in a 2–1 win at holders Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , putting the Hornets into the last four for the first time in nine years . On 12 August he signed a new five-year contract but , the following season , he scored just one league goal and did not find the net in any of his last 15 games . Changchun Yatai . On 31 January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million . He ranked second in the scoring charts in his second season at 21 , but his team suffered relegation . Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . Ighalo transferred to Shanghai Greenland Shenhua on 14 February 2019 . In March , he said he turned down a move to Barcelona the previous month . In March 2020 , he was offered a contract extension worth over £400,000 a week by Shenhua . Loan to Manchester United . On 31 January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the season . In doing so , he became the first Nigerian player , and only the seventh African , to join the club . After the move was confirmed , Ighalo revealed that he had taken a pay cut to make the move happen , calling it a dream to join the club he has long supported . He opted to wear the number 25 shirt , previously worn by Manchester Uniteds first and longest-serving African player , Quinton Fortune of South Africa . His presence within the first team was initially blocked as a precautionary measure due to ongoing fears over the COVID-19 outbreak in China . After three substitute appearances , Ighalo made his full debut for United in their Europa League round of 32 second leg match against Club Brugge on 27 February 2020 . He scored his first United goal , which was also his maiden goal in a European competition , as the hosts won 5–0 . A week later , he scored his first brace for the club as United beat Derby County 3–0 in the FA Cup . On Manchester Uniteds final game before the suspension of football due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Ighalo scored a half-volley after juggling the ball in a 5–0 win over LASK ; it was voted Manchester Uniteds goal of the month for March . With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Ighalos loan set to expire at the end of May 2020 , on 1 June Manchester United announced that they had agreed to extend Ighalos loan deal until 30 January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , Ighalo posted a farewell message on social media , ahead of his imminent departure from Manchester United at the end of the month . Manchester United confirmed Ighalos departure the following day . Al Shabab . On 4 February 2021 , Ighalo joined Saudi Professional League club Al Shabab on a two-and-a-half-year contract . International career . On 24 March 2015 , after a series of strong performances for Watford , newly appointed Nigeria interim coach Daniel Amokachi selected Ighalo for the first time , and the latter stated , I feel good because it is my dream to play for my country . He won his first cap two days later , starting in a 0–1 friendly home loss to Uganda . Ighalo was initially named as one of three overage players in Nigerias squad for the 2016 Olympic tournament , but he eventually did not make the trip to Brazil . In June 2018 , he was named in the 23-man squad for the upcoming edition of the FIFA World Cup in Russia , making his first appearance in the competition by playing 73 minutes in the 0–2 group stage defeat against Croatia ; in October , he revealed that his family had received death threats after he failed to score in the tournament . Ighalo scored seven goals in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign , the most by any player , to help Nigeria qualify for the finals in Egypt later that year . He was included in Gernot Rohrs squad , taking part in all the matches and finding the net against Burundi in the group phase ( 1–0 ) , Cameroon in the round of 16 ( 3–2 win ) , Algeria in the semi-finals ( 1–2 loss ) and Tunisia in the third-place playoff ( 1–0 ) ; at the end of the competition , he announced his retirement from the international scene . Personal life . Ighalo is a devout Christian , who also often dedicates part of his wages for Nigerian charitable organisations to help impoverished children , schools and widows below the poverty line . He is a lifelong Manchester United supporter . Ighalo has three children , two sons and one daughter . Career statistics . International . Source : Honours . Watford - Football League Championship runner-up : 2014–15 Shanghai Shenhua - Chinese FA Cup : 2019 Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations third place : 2019 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : December 2015 - Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament : 2019 - Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot : 2019 External links . - Lyn official profile
|
[
"Granada"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Odion Ighalo belong to from 2009 to 2010?
|
/wiki/Odion_Ighalo#P54#4
|
Odion Ighalo Odion Jude Ighalo ( born 16 June 1989 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Shabab . After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger , Ighalo moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007 . A year later , he was signed by Italian club Udinese , spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada . In 2014 , he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the clubs promotion to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season . In January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million , before moving onto Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . In January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan , initially until the end of the 2019–20 season ; the loan was then extended until January 2021 . Ighalo made his debut for the Nigeria national team in March 2015 against Uganda . He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign . He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations , where he finished in the competitions Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer . Club career . Early career . Born in Lagos and raised in Edo , Ighalo played in his country with Prime and Julius Berger , where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who recommended him to Atta Aneke , being subsequently taken on trial by Norways Lyn . He made his Tippeligaen debut on 16 September 2007 at the age of just 18 , scoring in a 2–0 home win against Viking . He scored six goals in 13 matches in his second year to help his team to the seventh position , and subsequently arose interest from other clubs in the country , with Brann reporting Lyn to the Norwegian Football Federation for unfairness in the negotiation process . Udinese and Granada . On 30 July 2008 , Ighalo signed for Udinese in Italy , moving alongside teammate Jo Inge Berget and agreeing to a five-year contract . He appeared rarely in Serie A in his debut season , scoring against Cagliari in a 6–2 home routing . Four of his five league appearances came as a late substitute . Ighalo was loaned to Granada in summer 2009 , as part of the partnership agreement between Udinese and the Spaniards . He scored 17 times in his first year ( playoffs included ) and five in the second , as both seasons ended in promotion ; this was interspersed with a brief loan stint back in Italy , with Cesena . Ighalo continued playing with Granada in the following years , still owned by the Udine club . He played his first La Liga match on 27 August 2011 , starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss to Real Betis . Watford . Ighalo joined Watford on a season-long loan deal from Udinese , on 29 July 2014 . He made his debut for the English club in the first round of the League Cup away to Stevenage on 12 August , and scored his first goal in the Championship against Brentford on 30 September by tucking the ball home after his initial penalty was saved by David Button , in a 2–1 home win . On 24 October 2014 , Watford terminated Ighalos loan and re-signed him on a permanent deal the same day after Udinese released him from his contract . Exactly three months later , he scored four-second-half goals and was voted Man of the match in a 7–2 home routing of Blackpool , who led 0–2 at half time ; he took his league tally to 14 on 10 February 2015 , after netting a brace to help his team come from behind at Brentford to win it 2–1 – his second came through an injury time header . Ighalo scored in his Premier League debut on 8 August 2015 , replacing José Manuel Jurado 16 minutes from time and putting the visitors ahead 2–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw away against Everton for the season opener . He netted twice in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United on 31 October , reaching seven goals for the season and becoming the highest club scorer in the competition after just 11 matches . On 20 December 2015 , Ighalo scored in a Watford victory for the fourth consecutive time , netting a brace in a 3–0 win over Liverpool . His five-goal haul earned him Decembers Premier League Player of the Month , while his manager Quique Sánchez Flores won the equivalent award . Ighalo broke a 599-minute personal scoring drought on 13 March 2016 , with a goal in a 2–1 win at holders Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , putting the Hornets into the last four for the first time in nine years . On 12 August he signed a new five-year contract but , the following season , he scored just one league goal and did not find the net in any of his last 15 games . Changchun Yatai . On 31 January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million . He ranked second in the scoring charts in his second season at 21 , but his team suffered relegation . Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . Ighalo transferred to Shanghai Greenland Shenhua on 14 February 2019 . In March , he said he turned down a move to Barcelona the previous month . In March 2020 , he was offered a contract extension worth over £400,000 a week by Shenhua . Loan to Manchester United . On 31 January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the season . In doing so , he became the first Nigerian player , and only the seventh African , to join the club . After the move was confirmed , Ighalo revealed that he had taken a pay cut to make the move happen , calling it a dream to join the club he has long supported . He opted to wear the number 25 shirt , previously worn by Manchester Uniteds first and longest-serving African player , Quinton Fortune of South Africa . His presence within the first team was initially blocked as a precautionary measure due to ongoing fears over the COVID-19 outbreak in China . After three substitute appearances , Ighalo made his full debut for United in their Europa League round of 32 second leg match against Club Brugge on 27 February 2020 . He scored his first United goal , which was also his maiden goal in a European competition , as the hosts won 5–0 . A week later , he scored his first brace for the club as United beat Derby County 3–0 in the FA Cup . On Manchester Uniteds final game before the suspension of football due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Ighalo scored a half-volley after juggling the ball in a 5–0 win over LASK ; it was voted Manchester Uniteds goal of the month for March . With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Ighalos loan set to expire at the end of May 2020 , on 1 June Manchester United announced that they had agreed to extend Ighalos loan deal until 30 January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , Ighalo posted a farewell message on social media , ahead of his imminent departure from Manchester United at the end of the month . Manchester United confirmed Ighalos departure the following day . Al Shabab . On 4 February 2021 , Ighalo joined Saudi Professional League club Al Shabab on a two-and-a-half-year contract . International career . On 24 March 2015 , after a series of strong performances for Watford , newly appointed Nigeria interim coach Daniel Amokachi selected Ighalo for the first time , and the latter stated , I feel good because it is my dream to play for my country . He won his first cap two days later , starting in a 0–1 friendly home loss to Uganda . Ighalo was initially named as one of three overage players in Nigerias squad for the 2016 Olympic tournament , but he eventually did not make the trip to Brazil . In June 2018 , he was named in the 23-man squad for the upcoming edition of the FIFA World Cup in Russia , making his first appearance in the competition by playing 73 minutes in the 0–2 group stage defeat against Croatia ; in October , he revealed that his family had received death threats after he failed to score in the tournament . Ighalo scored seven goals in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign , the most by any player , to help Nigeria qualify for the finals in Egypt later that year . He was included in Gernot Rohrs squad , taking part in all the matches and finding the net against Burundi in the group phase ( 1–0 ) , Cameroon in the round of 16 ( 3–2 win ) , Algeria in the semi-finals ( 1–2 loss ) and Tunisia in the third-place playoff ( 1–0 ) ; at the end of the competition , he announced his retirement from the international scene . Personal life . Ighalo is a devout Christian , who also often dedicates part of his wages for Nigerian charitable organisations to help impoverished children , schools and widows below the poverty line . He is a lifelong Manchester United supporter . Ighalo has three children , two sons and one daughter . Career statistics . International . Source : Honours . Watford - Football League Championship runner-up : 2014–15 Shanghai Shenhua - Chinese FA Cup : 2019 Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations third place : 2019 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : December 2015 - Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament : 2019 - Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot : 2019 External links . - Lyn official profile
|
[
"Cesena"
] |
easy
|
Odion Ighalo played for which team from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Odion_Ighalo#P54#5
|
Odion Ighalo Odion Jude Ighalo ( born 16 June 1989 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Shabab . After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger , Ighalo moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007 . A year later , he was signed by Italian club Udinese , spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada . In 2014 , he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the clubs promotion to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season . In January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million , before moving onto Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . In January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan , initially until the end of the 2019–20 season ; the loan was then extended until January 2021 . Ighalo made his debut for the Nigeria national team in March 2015 against Uganda . He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign . He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations , where he finished in the competitions Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer . Club career . Early career . Born in Lagos and raised in Edo , Ighalo played in his country with Prime and Julius Berger , where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who recommended him to Atta Aneke , being subsequently taken on trial by Norways Lyn . He made his Tippeligaen debut on 16 September 2007 at the age of just 18 , scoring in a 2–0 home win against Viking . He scored six goals in 13 matches in his second year to help his team to the seventh position , and subsequently arose interest from other clubs in the country , with Brann reporting Lyn to the Norwegian Football Federation for unfairness in the negotiation process . Udinese and Granada . On 30 July 2008 , Ighalo signed for Udinese in Italy , moving alongside teammate Jo Inge Berget and agreeing to a five-year contract . He appeared rarely in Serie A in his debut season , scoring against Cagliari in a 6–2 home routing . Four of his five league appearances came as a late substitute . Ighalo was loaned to Granada in summer 2009 , as part of the partnership agreement between Udinese and the Spaniards . He scored 17 times in his first year ( playoffs included ) and five in the second , as both seasons ended in promotion ; this was interspersed with a brief loan stint back in Italy , with Cesena . Ighalo continued playing with Granada in the following years , still owned by the Udine club . He played his first La Liga match on 27 August 2011 , starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss to Real Betis . Watford . Ighalo joined Watford on a season-long loan deal from Udinese , on 29 July 2014 . He made his debut for the English club in the first round of the League Cup away to Stevenage on 12 August , and scored his first goal in the Championship against Brentford on 30 September by tucking the ball home after his initial penalty was saved by David Button , in a 2–1 home win . On 24 October 2014 , Watford terminated Ighalos loan and re-signed him on a permanent deal the same day after Udinese released him from his contract . Exactly three months later , he scored four-second-half goals and was voted Man of the match in a 7–2 home routing of Blackpool , who led 0–2 at half time ; he took his league tally to 14 on 10 February 2015 , after netting a brace to help his team come from behind at Brentford to win it 2–1 – his second came through an injury time header . Ighalo scored in his Premier League debut on 8 August 2015 , replacing José Manuel Jurado 16 minutes from time and putting the visitors ahead 2–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw away against Everton for the season opener . He netted twice in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United on 31 October , reaching seven goals for the season and becoming the highest club scorer in the competition after just 11 matches . On 20 December 2015 , Ighalo scored in a Watford victory for the fourth consecutive time , netting a brace in a 3–0 win over Liverpool . His five-goal haul earned him Decembers Premier League Player of the Month , while his manager Quique Sánchez Flores won the equivalent award . Ighalo broke a 599-minute personal scoring drought on 13 March 2016 , with a goal in a 2–1 win at holders Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , putting the Hornets into the last four for the first time in nine years . On 12 August he signed a new five-year contract but , the following season , he scored just one league goal and did not find the net in any of his last 15 games . Changchun Yatai . On 31 January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million . He ranked second in the scoring charts in his second season at 21 , but his team suffered relegation . Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . Ighalo transferred to Shanghai Greenland Shenhua on 14 February 2019 . In March , he said he turned down a move to Barcelona the previous month . In March 2020 , he was offered a contract extension worth over £400,000 a week by Shenhua . Loan to Manchester United . On 31 January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the season . In doing so , he became the first Nigerian player , and only the seventh African , to join the club . After the move was confirmed , Ighalo revealed that he had taken a pay cut to make the move happen , calling it a dream to join the club he has long supported . He opted to wear the number 25 shirt , previously worn by Manchester Uniteds first and longest-serving African player , Quinton Fortune of South Africa . His presence within the first team was initially blocked as a precautionary measure due to ongoing fears over the COVID-19 outbreak in China . After three substitute appearances , Ighalo made his full debut for United in their Europa League round of 32 second leg match against Club Brugge on 27 February 2020 . He scored his first United goal , which was also his maiden goal in a European competition , as the hosts won 5–0 . A week later , he scored his first brace for the club as United beat Derby County 3–0 in the FA Cup . On Manchester Uniteds final game before the suspension of football due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Ighalo scored a half-volley after juggling the ball in a 5–0 win over LASK ; it was voted Manchester Uniteds goal of the month for March . With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Ighalos loan set to expire at the end of May 2020 , on 1 June Manchester United announced that they had agreed to extend Ighalos loan deal until 30 January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , Ighalo posted a farewell message on social media , ahead of his imminent departure from Manchester United at the end of the month . Manchester United confirmed Ighalos departure the following day . Al Shabab . On 4 February 2021 , Ighalo joined Saudi Professional League club Al Shabab on a two-and-a-half-year contract . International career . On 24 March 2015 , after a series of strong performances for Watford , newly appointed Nigeria interim coach Daniel Amokachi selected Ighalo for the first time , and the latter stated , I feel good because it is my dream to play for my country . He won his first cap two days later , starting in a 0–1 friendly home loss to Uganda . Ighalo was initially named as one of three overage players in Nigerias squad for the 2016 Olympic tournament , but he eventually did not make the trip to Brazil . In June 2018 , he was named in the 23-man squad for the upcoming edition of the FIFA World Cup in Russia , making his first appearance in the competition by playing 73 minutes in the 0–2 group stage defeat against Croatia ; in October , he revealed that his family had received death threats after he failed to score in the tournament . Ighalo scored seven goals in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign , the most by any player , to help Nigeria qualify for the finals in Egypt later that year . He was included in Gernot Rohrs squad , taking part in all the matches and finding the net against Burundi in the group phase ( 1–0 ) , Cameroon in the round of 16 ( 3–2 win ) , Algeria in the semi-finals ( 1–2 loss ) and Tunisia in the third-place playoff ( 1–0 ) ; at the end of the competition , he announced his retirement from the international scene . Personal life . Ighalo is a devout Christian , who also often dedicates part of his wages for Nigerian charitable organisations to help impoverished children , schools and widows below the poverty line . He is a lifelong Manchester United supporter . Ighalo has three children , two sons and one daughter . Career statistics . International . Source : Honours . Watford - Football League Championship runner-up : 2014–15 Shanghai Shenhua - Chinese FA Cup : 2019 Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations third place : 2019 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : December 2015 - Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament : 2019 - Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot : 2019 External links . - Lyn official profile
|
[
"Udinese"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Odion Ighalo belong to in 2011?
|
/wiki/Odion_Ighalo#P54#6
|
Odion Ighalo Odion Jude Ighalo ( born 16 June 1989 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Shabab . After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger , Ighalo moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007 . A year later , he was signed by Italian club Udinese , spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada . In 2014 , he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the clubs promotion to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season . In January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million , before moving onto Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . In January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan , initially until the end of the 2019–20 season ; the loan was then extended until January 2021 . Ighalo made his debut for the Nigeria national team in March 2015 against Uganda . He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign . He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations , where he finished in the competitions Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer . Club career . Early career . Born in Lagos and raised in Edo , Ighalo played in his country with Prime and Julius Berger , where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who recommended him to Atta Aneke , being subsequently taken on trial by Norways Lyn . He made his Tippeligaen debut on 16 September 2007 at the age of just 18 , scoring in a 2–0 home win against Viking . He scored six goals in 13 matches in his second year to help his team to the seventh position , and subsequently arose interest from other clubs in the country , with Brann reporting Lyn to the Norwegian Football Federation for unfairness in the negotiation process . Udinese and Granada . On 30 July 2008 , Ighalo signed for Udinese in Italy , moving alongside teammate Jo Inge Berget and agreeing to a five-year contract . He appeared rarely in Serie A in his debut season , scoring against Cagliari in a 6–2 home routing . Four of his five league appearances came as a late substitute . Ighalo was loaned to Granada in summer 2009 , as part of the partnership agreement between Udinese and the Spaniards . He scored 17 times in his first year ( playoffs included ) and five in the second , as both seasons ended in promotion ; this was interspersed with a brief loan stint back in Italy , with Cesena . Ighalo continued playing with Granada in the following years , still owned by the Udine club . He played his first La Liga match on 27 August 2011 , starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss to Real Betis . Watford . Ighalo joined Watford on a season-long loan deal from Udinese , on 29 July 2014 . He made his debut for the English club in the first round of the League Cup away to Stevenage on 12 August , and scored his first goal in the Championship against Brentford on 30 September by tucking the ball home after his initial penalty was saved by David Button , in a 2–1 home win . On 24 October 2014 , Watford terminated Ighalos loan and re-signed him on a permanent deal the same day after Udinese released him from his contract . Exactly three months later , he scored four-second-half goals and was voted Man of the match in a 7–2 home routing of Blackpool , who led 0–2 at half time ; he took his league tally to 14 on 10 February 2015 , after netting a brace to help his team come from behind at Brentford to win it 2–1 – his second came through an injury time header . Ighalo scored in his Premier League debut on 8 August 2015 , replacing José Manuel Jurado 16 minutes from time and putting the visitors ahead 2–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw away against Everton for the season opener . He netted twice in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United on 31 October , reaching seven goals for the season and becoming the highest club scorer in the competition after just 11 matches . On 20 December 2015 , Ighalo scored in a Watford victory for the fourth consecutive time , netting a brace in a 3–0 win over Liverpool . His five-goal haul earned him Decembers Premier League Player of the Month , while his manager Quique Sánchez Flores won the equivalent award . Ighalo broke a 599-minute personal scoring drought on 13 March 2016 , with a goal in a 2–1 win at holders Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , putting the Hornets into the last four for the first time in nine years . On 12 August he signed a new five-year contract but , the following season , he scored just one league goal and did not find the net in any of his last 15 games . Changchun Yatai . On 31 January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million . He ranked second in the scoring charts in his second season at 21 , but his team suffered relegation . Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . Ighalo transferred to Shanghai Greenland Shenhua on 14 February 2019 . In March , he said he turned down a move to Barcelona the previous month . In March 2020 , he was offered a contract extension worth over £400,000 a week by Shenhua . Loan to Manchester United . On 31 January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the season . In doing so , he became the first Nigerian player , and only the seventh African , to join the club . After the move was confirmed , Ighalo revealed that he had taken a pay cut to make the move happen , calling it a dream to join the club he has long supported . He opted to wear the number 25 shirt , previously worn by Manchester Uniteds first and longest-serving African player , Quinton Fortune of South Africa . His presence within the first team was initially blocked as a precautionary measure due to ongoing fears over the COVID-19 outbreak in China . After three substitute appearances , Ighalo made his full debut for United in their Europa League round of 32 second leg match against Club Brugge on 27 February 2020 . He scored his first United goal , which was also his maiden goal in a European competition , as the hosts won 5–0 . A week later , he scored his first brace for the club as United beat Derby County 3–0 in the FA Cup . On Manchester Uniteds final game before the suspension of football due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Ighalo scored a half-volley after juggling the ball in a 5–0 win over LASK ; it was voted Manchester Uniteds goal of the month for March . With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Ighalos loan set to expire at the end of May 2020 , on 1 June Manchester United announced that they had agreed to extend Ighalos loan deal until 30 January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , Ighalo posted a farewell message on social media , ahead of his imminent departure from Manchester United at the end of the month . Manchester United confirmed Ighalos departure the following day . Al Shabab . On 4 February 2021 , Ighalo joined Saudi Professional League club Al Shabab on a two-and-a-half-year contract . International career . On 24 March 2015 , after a series of strong performances for Watford , newly appointed Nigeria interim coach Daniel Amokachi selected Ighalo for the first time , and the latter stated , I feel good because it is my dream to play for my country . He won his first cap two days later , starting in a 0–1 friendly home loss to Uganda . Ighalo was initially named as one of three overage players in Nigerias squad for the 2016 Olympic tournament , but he eventually did not make the trip to Brazil . In June 2018 , he was named in the 23-man squad for the upcoming edition of the FIFA World Cup in Russia , making his first appearance in the competition by playing 73 minutes in the 0–2 group stage defeat against Croatia ; in October , he revealed that his family had received death threats after he failed to score in the tournament . Ighalo scored seven goals in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign , the most by any player , to help Nigeria qualify for the finals in Egypt later that year . He was included in Gernot Rohrs squad , taking part in all the matches and finding the net against Burundi in the group phase ( 1–0 ) , Cameroon in the round of 16 ( 3–2 win ) , Algeria in the semi-finals ( 1–2 loss ) and Tunisia in the third-place playoff ( 1–0 ) ; at the end of the competition , he announced his retirement from the international scene . Personal life . Ighalo is a devout Christian , who also often dedicates part of his wages for Nigerian charitable organisations to help impoverished children , schools and widows below the poverty line . He is a lifelong Manchester United supporter . Ighalo has three children , two sons and one daughter . Career statistics . International . Source : Honours . Watford - Football League Championship runner-up : 2014–15 Shanghai Shenhua - Chinese FA Cup : 2019 Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations third place : 2019 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : December 2015 - Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament : 2019 - Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot : 2019 External links . - Lyn official profile
|
[
"Granada"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Odion Ighalo play for from 2011 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Odion_Ighalo#P54#7
|
Odion Ighalo Odion Jude Ighalo ( born 16 June 1989 ) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi club Al Shabab . After starting his career at Nigerian clubs Prime and Julius Berger , Ighalo moved to Norwegian club Lyn in 2007 . A year later , he was signed by Italian club Udinese , spending most of his tenure on two separate loan spells with Spanish club Granada . In 2014 , he signed for Championship club Watford and was integral in the clubs promotion to the Premier League in the 2014–15 season . In January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million , before moving onto Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . In January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan , initially until the end of the 2019–20 season ; the loan was then extended until January 2021 . Ighalo made his debut for the Nigeria national team in March 2015 against Uganda . He represented the nation at the 2018 World Cup and was the highest goalscorer in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign . He eventually led Nigeria to a third place finish at the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations , where he finished in the competitions Team of the Tournament and was crowned top scorer . Club career . Early career . Born in Lagos and raised in Edo , Ighalo played in his country with Prime and Julius Berger , where he was discovered by FIFA agent Marcelo Houseman who recommended him to Atta Aneke , being subsequently taken on trial by Norways Lyn . He made his Tippeligaen debut on 16 September 2007 at the age of just 18 , scoring in a 2–0 home win against Viking . He scored six goals in 13 matches in his second year to help his team to the seventh position , and subsequently arose interest from other clubs in the country , with Brann reporting Lyn to the Norwegian Football Federation for unfairness in the negotiation process . Udinese and Granada . On 30 July 2008 , Ighalo signed for Udinese in Italy , moving alongside teammate Jo Inge Berget and agreeing to a five-year contract . He appeared rarely in Serie A in his debut season , scoring against Cagliari in a 6–2 home routing . Four of his five league appearances came as a late substitute . Ighalo was loaned to Granada in summer 2009 , as part of the partnership agreement between Udinese and the Spaniards . He scored 17 times in his first year ( playoffs included ) and five in the second , as both seasons ended in promotion ; this was interspersed with a brief loan stint back in Italy , with Cesena . Ighalo continued playing with Granada in the following years , still owned by the Udine club . He played his first La Liga match on 27 August 2011 , starting and playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home loss to Real Betis . Watford . Ighalo joined Watford on a season-long loan deal from Udinese , on 29 July 2014 . He made his debut for the English club in the first round of the League Cup away to Stevenage on 12 August , and scored his first goal in the Championship against Brentford on 30 September by tucking the ball home after his initial penalty was saved by David Button , in a 2–1 home win . On 24 October 2014 , Watford terminated Ighalos loan and re-signed him on a permanent deal the same day after Udinese released him from his contract . Exactly three months later , he scored four-second-half goals and was voted Man of the match in a 7–2 home routing of Blackpool , who led 0–2 at half time ; he took his league tally to 14 on 10 February 2015 , after netting a brace to help his team come from behind at Brentford to win it 2–1 – his second came through an injury time header . Ighalo scored in his Premier League debut on 8 August 2015 , replacing José Manuel Jurado 16 minutes from time and putting the visitors ahead 2–1 in an eventual 2–2 draw away against Everton for the season opener . He netted twice in a 2–0 home win over West Ham United on 31 October , reaching seven goals for the season and becoming the highest club scorer in the competition after just 11 matches . On 20 December 2015 , Ighalo scored in a Watford victory for the fourth consecutive time , netting a brace in a 3–0 win over Liverpool . His five-goal haul earned him Decembers Premier League Player of the Month , while his manager Quique Sánchez Flores won the equivalent award . Ighalo broke a 599-minute personal scoring drought on 13 March 2016 , with a goal in a 2–1 win at holders Arsenal in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , putting the Hornets into the last four for the first time in nine years . On 12 August he signed a new five-year contract but , the following season , he scored just one league goal and did not find the net in any of his last 15 games . Changchun Yatai . On 31 January 2017 , Ighalo joined Chinese Super League club Changchun Yatai for a reported £20 million . He ranked second in the scoring charts in his second season at 21 , but his team suffered relegation . Shanghai Greenland Shenhua . Ighalo transferred to Shanghai Greenland Shenhua on 14 February 2019 . In March , he said he turned down a move to Barcelona the previous month . In March 2020 , he was offered a contract extension worth over £400,000 a week by Shenhua . Loan to Manchester United . On 31 January 2020 , Ighalo returned to the Premier League , joining Manchester United on loan until the end of the season . In doing so , he became the first Nigerian player , and only the seventh African , to join the club . After the move was confirmed , Ighalo revealed that he had taken a pay cut to make the move happen , calling it a dream to join the club he has long supported . He opted to wear the number 25 shirt , previously worn by Manchester Uniteds first and longest-serving African player , Quinton Fortune of South Africa . His presence within the first team was initially blocked as a precautionary measure due to ongoing fears over the COVID-19 outbreak in China . After three substitute appearances , Ighalo made his full debut for United in their Europa League round of 32 second leg match against Club Brugge on 27 February 2020 . He scored his first United goal , which was also his maiden goal in a European competition , as the hosts won 5–0 . A week later , he scored his first brace for the club as United beat Derby County 3–0 in the FA Cup . On Manchester Uniteds final game before the suspension of football due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Ighalo scored a half-volley after juggling the ball in a 5–0 win over LASK ; it was voted Manchester Uniteds goal of the month for March . With football suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic and Ighalos loan set to expire at the end of May 2020 , on 1 June Manchester United announced that they had agreed to extend Ighalos loan deal until 30 January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , Ighalo posted a farewell message on social media , ahead of his imminent departure from Manchester United at the end of the month . Manchester United confirmed Ighalos departure the following day . Al Shabab . On 4 February 2021 , Ighalo joined Saudi Professional League club Al Shabab on a two-and-a-half-year contract . International career . On 24 March 2015 , after a series of strong performances for Watford , newly appointed Nigeria interim coach Daniel Amokachi selected Ighalo for the first time , and the latter stated , I feel good because it is my dream to play for my country . He won his first cap two days later , starting in a 0–1 friendly home loss to Uganda . Ighalo was initially named as one of three overage players in Nigerias squad for the 2016 Olympic tournament , but he eventually did not make the trip to Brazil . In June 2018 , he was named in the 23-man squad for the upcoming edition of the FIFA World Cup in Russia , making his first appearance in the competition by playing 73 minutes in the 0–2 group stage defeat against Croatia ; in October , he revealed that his family had received death threats after he failed to score in the tournament . Ighalo scored seven goals in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign , the most by any player , to help Nigeria qualify for the finals in Egypt later that year . He was included in Gernot Rohrs squad , taking part in all the matches and finding the net against Burundi in the group phase ( 1–0 ) , Cameroon in the round of 16 ( 3–2 win ) , Algeria in the semi-finals ( 1–2 loss ) and Tunisia in the third-place playoff ( 1–0 ) ; at the end of the competition , he announced his retirement from the international scene . Personal life . Ighalo is a devout Christian , who also often dedicates part of his wages for Nigerian charitable organisations to help impoverished children , schools and widows below the poverty line . He is a lifelong Manchester United supporter . Ighalo has three children , two sons and one daughter . Career statistics . International . Source : Honours . Watford - Football League Championship runner-up : 2014–15 Shanghai Shenhua - Chinese FA Cup : 2019 Nigeria - Africa Cup of Nations third place : 2019 Individual - Premier League Player of the Month : December 2015 - Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament : 2019 - Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot : 2019 External links . - Lyn official profile
|
[
"Labour Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Eric Varley hold from Jun 1970 to Feb 1974?
|
/wiki/Eric_Varley#P39#0
|
Eric Varley Eric Graham Varley , Baron Varley , ( 11 August 1932 – 29 July 2008 ) was a British Labour politician and cabinet minister on the right-wing of the party . Early life . Varley was born at 15 Poolsbrook Square , Poolsbrook , Staveley , near Chesterfield , Derbyshire , the son of Frank Varley , coalminer , and his wife Eva , née Goring . He attended the local secondary modern school after failing his eleven-plus but left at the age of fourteen in 1946 . His mother was determined that he should not go down the pit , and he began his working life as an apprentice turner at Staveley iron works , before qualifying as an engineers turner in 1952 . If it had not been for his political predilections his career could have gone in an entirely different direction , since in his youth he was regarded as a first-rate soccer player , became a semi-professional , and was believed by experts to have the makings of a leading professional footballer . Political career . He was active in the National Union of Mineworkers , and became a branch secretary of the union in 1955 , joining the Labour Party the same year . After a period at Ruskin College , Varley won the NUM nomination to be the Labour candidate for his home town , where the sitting Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) George Benson was retiring from Parliament . He was narrowly selected in June 1963 and duly held the Chesterfield seat in the 1964 election . Despite rebelling against the governments application to join the Common Market in 1967 , Varley became an Assistant Whip later that year , and Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister Harold Wilson in November 1968 . He served briefly as a junior minister under Tony Benn at the Ministry of Technology from 1969 . During the Labour Partys period of opposition in the early 1970s Varley was Chairman of the Trade Union Group of MPs , and became spokesman on fuel and power . Varley was appointed Secretary of State for Energy in March 1974 when Labour returned to power . The appointment of an NUM-sponsored MP helped the government end the NUM strike which had led the previous government to ration electricity to three days a week . Varley subsidised the National Coal Board and chose a British design for new nuclear power stations over an American rival . He also began the procedure to nationalise North Sea oil . During the Common Market referendum he advocated a No vote but was not prominent in the campaign . Immediately afterwards Wilson swapped Varleys and Benns posts , so that Varley was effectively promoted to Secretary of State for Industry . In November 1976 Varley suffered an embarrassing public defeat when he determined to shut down the loss-making Chrysler car factory : the Cabinet forced him to increase its subsidy to keep it open . He continued the governments slow nationalisation programme by appointing Michael Edwardes to take over at British Leyland . When Labour went into opposition in 1979 Varley was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in fifth place . He led Denis Healeys campaign for the party leadership in 1980 and defeated the left-winger Norman Atkinson for the post of party Treasurer ( an office he had coveted for some years ) in 1981 . He served as opposition spokesman on employment , and resisted an attempt by Michael Foot to replace him with Neil Kinnock ( whom he disliked ) in 1982 . After Kinnocks election as party leader in 1983 , Varley announced that he would retire from Parliament at the next general election . However , he was appointed as Chairman of Coalite plc , a private company manufacturing coal-based products including a coke-like smokeless fuel of the same name , and resigned his seat in January 1984 . Ironically , this opened the way for Tony Benn to return to the House of Commons as Varleys successor in the seat . Varley served five years at Coalite , and later held other directorships , including a regional director for Lloyds Bank from 1987 to 1991 . Ashgate Hospice Ltd , 1987–96 ; Cathelco Ltd , 1989–99 when he retired ; Laxgate Ltd , 1991–92 . Following a Labour Party nomination , he was created a life peer on 30 May 1990 taking the title Baron Varley , of Chesterfield in the County of Derbyshire . Personal life . An observant Methodist all his life , on 11 June 1955 he married Marjorie Turner , a 21-year-old shop assistant , at Middle Duckmanton Methodist Church . She was the daughter of Alfred Turner , a coal miner . They had one son , Roger . Death . Eric Varley died on 29 July 2008 of cancer at his home .
|
[
"Secretary of State for Energy"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Eric Varley from Feb 1974 to Sep 1974?
|
/wiki/Eric_Varley#P39#1
|
Eric Varley Eric Graham Varley , Baron Varley , ( 11 August 1932 – 29 July 2008 ) was a British Labour politician and cabinet minister on the right-wing of the party . Early life . Varley was born at 15 Poolsbrook Square , Poolsbrook , Staveley , near Chesterfield , Derbyshire , the son of Frank Varley , coalminer , and his wife Eva , née Goring . He attended the local secondary modern school after failing his eleven-plus but left at the age of fourteen in 1946 . His mother was determined that he should not go down the pit , and he began his working life as an apprentice turner at Staveley iron works , before qualifying as an engineers turner in 1952 . If it had not been for his political predilections his career could have gone in an entirely different direction , since in his youth he was regarded as a first-rate soccer player , became a semi-professional , and was believed by experts to have the makings of a leading professional footballer . Political career . He was active in the National Union of Mineworkers , and became a branch secretary of the union in 1955 , joining the Labour Party the same year . After a period at Ruskin College , Varley won the NUM nomination to be the Labour candidate for his home town , where the sitting Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) George Benson was retiring from Parliament . He was narrowly selected in June 1963 and duly held the Chesterfield seat in the 1964 election . Despite rebelling against the governments application to join the Common Market in 1967 , Varley became an Assistant Whip later that year , and Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister Harold Wilson in November 1968 . He served briefly as a junior minister under Tony Benn at the Ministry of Technology from 1969 . During the Labour Partys period of opposition in the early 1970s Varley was Chairman of the Trade Union Group of MPs , and became spokesman on fuel and power . Varley was appointed Secretary of State for Energy in March 1974 when Labour returned to power . The appointment of an NUM-sponsored MP helped the government end the NUM strike which had led the previous government to ration electricity to three days a week . Varley subsidised the National Coal Board and chose a British design for new nuclear power stations over an American rival . He also began the procedure to nationalise North Sea oil . During the Common Market referendum he advocated a No vote but was not prominent in the campaign . Immediately afterwards Wilson swapped Varleys and Benns posts , so that Varley was effectively promoted to Secretary of State for Industry . In November 1976 Varley suffered an embarrassing public defeat when he determined to shut down the loss-making Chrysler car factory : the Cabinet forced him to increase its subsidy to keep it open . He continued the governments slow nationalisation programme by appointing Michael Edwardes to take over at British Leyland . When Labour went into opposition in 1979 Varley was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in fifth place . He led Denis Healeys campaign for the party leadership in 1980 and defeated the left-winger Norman Atkinson for the post of party Treasurer ( an office he had coveted for some years ) in 1981 . He served as opposition spokesman on employment , and resisted an attempt by Michael Foot to replace him with Neil Kinnock ( whom he disliked ) in 1982 . After Kinnocks election as party leader in 1983 , Varley announced that he would retire from Parliament at the next general election . However , he was appointed as Chairman of Coalite plc , a private company manufacturing coal-based products including a coke-like smokeless fuel of the same name , and resigned his seat in January 1984 . Ironically , this opened the way for Tony Benn to return to the House of Commons as Varleys successor in the seat . Varley served five years at Coalite , and later held other directorships , including a regional director for Lloyds Bank from 1987 to 1991 . Ashgate Hospice Ltd , 1987–96 ; Cathelco Ltd , 1989–99 when he retired ; Laxgate Ltd , 1991–92 . Following a Labour Party nomination , he was created a life peer on 30 May 1990 taking the title Baron Varley , of Chesterfield in the County of Derbyshire . Personal life . An observant Methodist all his life , on 11 June 1955 he married Marjorie Turner , a 21-year-old shop assistant , at Middle Duckmanton Methodist Church . She was the daughter of Alfred Turner , a coal miner . They had one son , Roger . Death . Eric Varley died on 29 July 2008 of cancer at his home .
|
[
"Secretary of State for Energy"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Eric Varley from Oct 1974 to Apr 1979?
|
/wiki/Eric_Varley#P39#2
|
Eric Varley Eric Graham Varley , Baron Varley , ( 11 August 1932 – 29 July 2008 ) was a British Labour politician and cabinet minister on the right-wing of the party . Early life . Varley was born at 15 Poolsbrook Square , Poolsbrook , Staveley , near Chesterfield , Derbyshire , the son of Frank Varley , coalminer , and his wife Eva , née Goring . He attended the local secondary modern school after failing his eleven-plus but left at the age of fourteen in 1946 . His mother was determined that he should not go down the pit , and he began his working life as an apprentice turner at Staveley iron works , before qualifying as an engineers turner in 1952 . If it had not been for his political predilections his career could have gone in an entirely different direction , since in his youth he was regarded as a first-rate soccer player , became a semi-professional , and was believed by experts to have the makings of a leading professional footballer . Political career . He was active in the National Union of Mineworkers , and became a branch secretary of the union in 1955 , joining the Labour Party the same year . After a period at Ruskin College , Varley won the NUM nomination to be the Labour candidate for his home town , where the sitting Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) George Benson was retiring from Parliament . He was narrowly selected in June 1963 and duly held the Chesterfield seat in the 1964 election . Despite rebelling against the governments application to join the Common Market in 1967 , Varley became an Assistant Whip later that year , and Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister Harold Wilson in November 1968 . He served briefly as a junior minister under Tony Benn at the Ministry of Technology from 1969 . During the Labour Partys period of opposition in the early 1970s Varley was Chairman of the Trade Union Group of MPs , and became spokesman on fuel and power . Varley was appointed Secretary of State for Energy in March 1974 when Labour returned to power . The appointment of an NUM-sponsored MP helped the government end the NUM strike which had led the previous government to ration electricity to three days a week . Varley subsidised the National Coal Board and chose a British design for new nuclear power stations over an American rival . He also began the procedure to nationalise North Sea oil . During the Common Market referendum he advocated a No vote but was not prominent in the campaign . Immediately afterwards Wilson swapped Varleys and Benns posts , so that Varley was effectively promoted to Secretary of State for Industry . In November 1976 Varley suffered an embarrassing public defeat when he determined to shut down the loss-making Chrysler car factory : the Cabinet forced him to increase its subsidy to keep it open . He continued the governments slow nationalisation programme by appointing Michael Edwardes to take over at British Leyland . When Labour went into opposition in 1979 Varley was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in fifth place . He led Denis Healeys campaign for the party leadership in 1980 and defeated the left-winger Norman Atkinson for the post of party Treasurer ( an office he had coveted for some years ) in 1981 . He served as opposition spokesman on employment , and resisted an attempt by Michael Foot to replace him with Neil Kinnock ( whom he disliked ) in 1982 . After Kinnocks election as party leader in 1983 , Varley announced that he would retire from Parliament at the next general election . However , he was appointed as Chairman of Coalite plc , a private company manufacturing coal-based products including a coke-like smokeless fuel of the same name , and resigned his seat in January 1984 . Ironically , this opened the way for Tony Benn to return to the House of Commons as Varleys successor in the seat . Varley served five years at Coalite , and later held other directorships , including a regional director for Lloyds Bank from 1987 to 1991 . Ashgate Hospice Ltd , 1987–96 ; Cathelco Ltd , 1989–99 when he retired ; Laxgate Ltd , 1991–92 . Following a Labour Party nomination , he was created a life peer on 30 May 1990 taking the title Baron Varley , of Chesterfield in the County of Derbyshire . Personal life . An observant Methodist all his life , on 11 June 1955 he married Marjorie Turner , a 21-year-old shop assistant , at Middle Duckmanton Methodist Church . She was the daughter of Alfred Turner , a coal miner . They had one son , Roger . Death . Eric Varley died on 29 July 2008 of cancer at his home .
|
[
"elected to the Shadow Cabinet"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Eric Varley from May 1979 to May 1983?
|
/wiki/Eric_Varley#P39#3
|
Eric Varley Eric Graham Varley , Baron Varley , ( 11 August 1932 – 29 July 2008 ) was a British Labour politician and cabinet minister on the right-wing of the party . Early life . Varley was born at 15 Poolsbrook Square , Poolsbrook , Staveley , near Chesterfield , Derbyshire , the son of Frank Varley , coalminer , and his wife Eva , née Goring . He attended the local secondary modern school after failing his eleven-plus but left at the age of fourteen in 1946 . His mother was determined that he should not go down the pit , and he began his working life as an apprentice turner at Staveley iron works , before qualifying as an engineers turner in 1952 . If it had not been for his political predilections his career could have gone in an entirely different direction , since in his youth he was regarded as a first-rate soccer player , became a semi-professional , and was believed by experts to have the makings of a leading professional footballer . Political career . He was active in the National Union of Mineworkers , and became a branch secretary of the union in 1955 , joining the Labour Party the same year . After a period at Ruskin College , Varley won the NUM nomination to be the Labour candidate for his home town , where the sitting Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) George Benson was retiring from Parliament . He was narrowly selected in June 1963 and duly held the Chesterfield seat in the 1964 election . Despite rebelling against the governments application to join the Common Market in 1967 , Varley became an Assistant Whip later that year , and Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister Harold Wilson in November 1968 . He served briefly as a junior minister under Tony Benn at the Ministry of Technology from 1969 . During the Labour Partys period of opposition in the early 1970s Varley was Chairman of the Trade Union Group of MPs , and became spokesman on fuel and power . Varley was appointed Secretary of State for Energy in March 1974 when Labour returned to power . The appointment of an NUM-sponsored MP helped the government end the NUM strike which had led the previous government to ration electricity to three days a week . Varley subsidised the National Coal Board and chose a British design for new nuclear power stations over an American rival . He also began the procedure to nationalise North Sea oil . During the Common Market referendum he advocated a No vote but was not prominent in the campaign . Immediately afterwards Wilson swapped Varleys and Benns posts , so that Varley was effectively promoted to Secretary of State for Industry . In November 1976 Varley suffered an embarrassing public defeat when he determined to shut down the loss-making Chrysler car factory : the Cabinet forced him to increase its subsidy to keep it open . He continued the governments slow nationalisation programme by appointing Michael Edwardes to take over at British Leyland . When Labour went into opposition in 1979 Varley was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in fifth place . He led Denis Healeys campaign for the party leadership in 1980 and defeated the left-winger Norman Atkinson for the post of party Treasurer ( an office he had coveted for some years ) in 1981 . He served as opposition spokesman on employment , and resisted an attempt by Michael Foot to replace him with Neil Kinnock ( whom he disliked ) in 1982 . After Kinnocks election as party leader in 1983 , Varley announced that he would retire from Parliament at the next general election . However , he was appointed as Chairman of Coalite plc , a private company manufacturing coal-based products including a coke-like smokeless fuel of the same name , and resigned his seat in January 1984 . Ironically , this opened the way for Tony Benn to return to the House of Commons as Varleys successor in the seat . Varley served five years at Coalite , and later held other directorships , including a regional director for Lloyds Bank from 1987 to 1991 . Ashgate Hospice Ltd , 1987–96 ; Cathelco Ltd , 1989–99 when he retired ; Laxgate Ltd , 1991–92 . Following a Labour Party nomination , he was created a life peer on 30 May 1990 taking the title Baron Varley , of Chesterfield in the County of Derbyshire . Personal life . An observant Methodist all his life , on 11 June 1955 he married Marjorie Turner , a 21-year-old shop assistant , at Middle Duckmanton Methodist Church . She was the daughter of Alfred Turner , a coal miner . They had one son , Roger . Death . Eric Varley died on 29 July 2008 of cancer at his home .
|
[
"Labour Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
|
Eric Varley took which position from Jun 1983 to 1984?
|
/wiki/Eric_Varley#P39#4
|
Eric Varley Eric Graham Varley , Baron Varley , ( 11 August 1932 – 29 July 2008 ) was a British Labour politician and cabinet minister on the right-wing of the party . Early life . Varley was born at 15 Poolsbrook Square , Poolsbrook , Staveley , near Chesterfield , Derbyshire , the son of Frank Varley , coalminer , and his wife Eva , née Goring . He attended the local secondary modern school after failing his eleven-plus but left at the age of fourteen in 1946 . His mother was determined that he should not go down the pit , and he began his working life as an apprentice turner at Staveley iron works , before qualifying as an engineers turner in 1952 . If it had not been for his political predilections his career could have gone in an entirely different direction , since in his youth he was regarded as a first-rate soccer player , became a semi-professional , and was believed by experts to have the makings of a leading professional footballer . Political career . He was active in the National Union of Mineworkers , and became a branch secretary of the union in 1955 , joining the Labour Party the same year . After a period at Ruskin College , Varley won the NUM nomination to be the Labour candidate for his home town , where the sitting Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) George Benson was retiring from Parliament . He was narrowly selected in June 1963 and duly held the Chesterfield seat in the 1964 election . Despite rebelling against the governments application to join the Common Market in 1967 , Varley became an Assistant Whip later that year , and Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister Harold Wilson in November 1968 . He served briefly as a junior minister under Tony Benn at the Ministry of Technology from 1969 . During the Labour Partys period of opposition in the early 1970s Varley was Chairman of the Trade Union Group of MPs , and became spokesman on fuel and power . Varley was appointed Secretary of State for Energy in March 1974 when Labour returned to power . The appointment of an NUM-sponsored MP helped the government end the NUM strike which had led the previous government to ration electricity to three days a week . Varley subsidised the National Coal Board and chose a British design for new nuclear power stations over an American rival . He also began the procedure to nationalise North Sea oil . During the Common Market referendum he advocated a No vote but was not prominent in the campaign . Immediately afterwards Wilson swapped Varleys and Benns posts , so that Varley was effectively promoted to Secretary of State for Industry . In November 1976 Varley suffered an embarrassing public defeat when he determined to shut down the loss-making Chrysler car factory : the Cabinet forced him to increase its subsidy to keep it open . He continued the governments slow nationalisation programme by appointing Michael Edwardes to take over at British Leyland . When Labour went into opposition in 1979 Varley was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in fifth place . He led Denis Healeys campaign for the party leadership in 1980 and defeated the left-winger Norman Atkinson for the post of party Treasurer ( an office he had coveted for some years ) in 1981 . He served as opposition spokesman on employment , and resisted an attempt by Michael Foot to replace him with Neil Kinnock ( whom he disliked ) in 1982 . After Kinnocks election as party leader in 1983 , Varley announced that he would retire from Parliament at the next general election . However , he was appointed as Chairman of Coalite plc , a private company manufacturing coal-based products including a coke-like smokeless fuel of the same name , and resigned his seat in January 1984 . Ironically , this opened the way for Tony Benn to return to the House of Commons as Varleys successor in the seat . Varley served five years at Coalite , and later held other directorships , including a regional director for Lloyds Bank from 1987 to 1991 . Ashgate Hospice Ltd , 1987–96 ; Cathelco Ltd , 1989–99 when he retired ; Laxgate Ltd , 1991–92 . Following a Labour Party nomination , he was created a life peer on 30 May 1990 taking the title Baron Varley , of Chesterfield in the County of Derbyshire . Personal life . An observant Methodist all his life , on 11 June 1955 he married Marjorie Turner , a 21-year-old shop assistant , at Middle Duckmanton Methodist Church . She was the daughter of Alfred Turner , a coal miner . They had one son , Roger . Death . Eric Varley died on 29 July 2008 of cancer at his home .
|
[
"Ashgate Hospice Ltd ,",
"regional director for Lloyds Bank",
"Cathelco Ltd"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Eric Varley from May 1990 to May 1991?
|
/wiki/Eric_Varley#P39#5
|
Eric Varley Eric Graham Varley , Baron Varley , ( 11 August 1932 – 29 July 2008 ) was a British Labour politician and cabinet minister on the right-wing of the party . Early life . Varley was born at 15 Poolsbrook Square , Poolsbrook , Staveley , near Chesterfield , Derbyshire , the son of Frank Varley , coalminer , and his wife Eva , née Goring . He attended the local secondary modern school after failing his eleven-plus but left at the age of fourteen in 1946 . His mother was determined that he should not go down the pit , and he began his working life as an apprentice turner at Staveley iron works , before qualifying as an engineers turner in 1952 . If it had not been for his political predilections his career could have gone in an entirely different direction , since in his youth he was regarded as a first-rate soccer player , became a semi-professional , and was believed by experts to have the makings of a leading professional footballer . Political career . He was active in the National Union of Mineworkers , and became a branch secretary of the union in 1955 , joining the Labour Party the same year . After a period at Ruskin College , Varley won the NUM nomination to be the Labour candidate for his home town , where the sitting Labour Member of Parliament ( MP ) George Benson was retiring from Parliament . He was narrowly selected in June 1963 and duly held the Chesterfield seat in the 1964 election . Despite rebelling against the governments application to join the Common Market in 1967 , Varley became an Assistant Whip later that year , and Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister Harold Wilson in November 1968 . He served briefly as a junior minister under Tony Benn at the Ministry of Technology from 1969 . During the Labour Partys period of opposition in the early 1970s Varley was Chairman of the Trade Union Group of MPs , and became spokesman on fuel and power . Varley was appointed Secretary of State for Energy in March 1974 when Labour returned to power . The appointment of an NUM-sponsored MP helped the government end the NUM strike which had led the previous government to ration electricity to three days a week . Varley subsidised the National Coal Board and chose a British design for new nuclear power stations over an American rival . He also began the procedure to nationalise North Sea oil . During the Common Market referendum he advocated a No vote but was not prominent in the campaign . Immediately afterwards Wilson swapped Varleys and Benns posts , so that Varley was effectively promoted to Secretary of State for Industry . In November 1976 Varley suffered an embarrassing public defeat when he determined to shut down the loss-making Chrysler car factory : the Cabinet forced him to increase its subsidy to keep it open . He continued the governments slow nationalisation programme by appointing Michael Edwardes to take over at British Leyland . When Labour went into opposition in 1979 Varley was elected to the Shadow Cabinet in fifth place . He led Denis Healeys campaign for the party leadership in 1980 and defeated the left-winger Norman Atkinson for the post of party Treasurer ( an office he had coveted for some years ) in 1981 . He served as opposition spokesman on employment , and resisted an attempt by Michael Foot to replace him with Neil Kinnock ( whom he disliked ) in 1982 . After Kinnocks election as party leader in 1983 , Varley announced that he would retire from Parliament at the next general election . However , he was appointed as Chairman of Coalite plc , a private company manufacturing coal-based products including a coke-like smokeless fuel of the same name , and resigned his seat in January 1984 . Ironically , this opened the way for Tony Benn to return to the House of Commons as Varleys successor in the seat . Varley served five years at Coalite , and later held other directorships , including a regional director for Lloyds Bank from 1987 to 1991 . Ashgate Hospice Ltd , 1987–96 ; Cathelco Ltd , 1989–99 when he retired ; Laxgate Ltd , 1991–92 . Following a Labour Party nomination , he was created a life peer on 30 May 1990 taking the title Baron Varley , of Chesterfield in the County of Derbyshire . Personal life . An observant Methodist all his life , on 11 June 1955 he married Marjorie Turner , a 21-year-old shop assistant , at Middle Duckmanton Methodist Church . She was the daughter of Alfred Turner , a coal miner . They had one son , Roger . Death . Eric Varley died on 29 July 2008 of cancer at his home .
|
Subsets and Splits
Filter Context Length 4000-1
The query filters and retrieves records based on context length, which is a basic filtering operation providing limited insight.
Filter Short Contexts
Basic filtering that returns records with a context length less than 2000 characters, providing limited analytical value.
Context Length Between 2000-4
Filters and retrieves records where the context length is between 2000 and 4000 characters, providing a basic filter on content length.
Filter Context Length 4k-7k
Filters records to show those with context lengths between 4000 and 7500 characters, providing a basic range analysis of context sizes.
Short Context Records
This query retrieves records with a context length less than 950 characters, providing basic filtering but minimal analytical insight.