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[
"St Johnstone"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Callum Davidson belong to from 2011 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Callum_Davidson#P54#4
|
Callum Davidson Callum Iain Davidson ( born 25 June 1976 in Stirling ) is a Scottish professional football player and coach . He is the manager of St Johnstone . Davidson played as a left-back for St Johnstone , Blackburn Rovers , Leicester City and Preston North End between 1994 and 2014 . At international level , Davidson represented Scotland on 19 occasions between 1998 and 2009 . Since retiring as a player , Davidson has become a football coach , and was given his first full-time role in management with St Johnstone in June 2020 . Playing career . Early years . Davidson grew up in Dunblane and attended Dunblane High School from 1988 to 1994 , for which he captained the football team . His performances for the team led to his being scouted . He also played tennis at the school , and was part of the team that won the Scottish Schools Championship , where he was coached under Judy Murray . He also represented Scotland in golf . Club career . Davidson was scouted and subsequently signed by St Johnstone . His performances for the Perth club attracted interest from Premiership clubs , resulting in a move to Blackburn Rovers in February 1998 for £1.75m , a St Johnstone club record . He spent two years at Ewood Park , making 66 League appearances and scoring once , against West Ham United . Davidson joined Leicester City in July 2000 , for a fee of £2.75m , and he remained with the Foxes for four years , making over 100 appearances . He was signed by Preston North End in 2004 on a free transfer and was later appointed club captain . His time at Deepdale was dominated by recurring injury problems , but he still managed to make over 160 appearances for Preston . On 26 May 2011 , Davidson rejoined his first professional club St Johnstone on a one-year deal on a free transfer after being released from Preston North End earlier in the year . He made his debut on 23 July against Aberdeen . He scored his first goal for St Johnstone in a 3–1 win over Dunfermline on 25 February 2012 . St Johnstone chairman Steve Brown had initially indicated the club would not be offering Davidson a new contract due to his age , with Davidsons form forcing him into a rethink . Davidson extended his contract with St Johnstone for another season in March 2012 . International career . Davidson made his first full international appearance for Scotland in September 1998 , in a goalless draw with Lithuania . He played regularly during the UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying campaign , including the second leg of the play-off tie with England . After six years out of the national team , he was included in George Burleys squad to face Northern Ireland in August 2008 , but did not play . He then started in a 4–0 defeat against Norway in August 2009 . Davidson ended up winning 19 caps in total , with his final appearance being in a 2–0 win against Macedonia in September 2009 . Coaching career . Davidson was appointed assistant manager of St Johnstone in June 2013 , while retaining his registration as a player . He did not make any playing appearances in the 2013–14 season , during which St Johnstone won the 2013–14 Scottish Cup . Davidson temporarily took charge of the team in March 2014 , while manager Tommy Wright was in hospital having a gall bladder operation . He was added to the coaching staff of the Scotland national football team during 2017 . Davidson left St Johnstone in June 2018 , when he became a first-team coach at Stoke City . Davidson linked up with Gary Rowett , who had been his teammate at Leicester . Rowett and Davidson both left Stoke on 8 January 2019 . In February 2019 , Davidson became first-team coach at Dunfermline Athletic . He left this position in the summer of 2019 , and was then appointed assistant manager of Millwall in October 2019 ( again working with Gary Rowett ) . St . Johnstone . He was appointed manager of St Johnstone in June 2020 , succeeding Tommy Wright . He won the Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup Double in his first season in charge . Honours . Manager . St Johnstone - Scottish League Cup : 2020–21 - Scottish Cup : 2020–21 Individual . St Johnstone - Scottish Premiership Manager of the Month : March 2021 External links . - Callum Davidson player profile at pnefc.net - Callum Davidson player profile at lcfc.co.uk - Callum Davidson appointed Preston North End Club Captain at www.pne.com
|
[
"Cuban chess Grandmaster"
] |
easy
|
Which title was conferred to Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo in 1988?
|
/wiki/Reynaldo_Vera_González-Quevedo#P2962#0
|
Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo ( born 7 January 1961 ) is a Cuban chess Grandmaster ( GM ) ( 1988 ) , two-times Cuban Chess Championship winner ( 1997 , 2001 ) , Chess Olympiad individual gold medal winner ( 1998 ) . Biography . First international success Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo have in 1977 in Innsbruck , where he ranked 4th in World Junior Chess Championship . He is multiple participant of Cuban Chess Championship and two-time winner of these tournaments ( 1997 , 2001 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo has achieved many successes on the international chess tournaments , including winning or shared the first places in Havana ( 1980 ) , Varna ( 1986 ) , León ( 1996 ) , San Sebastián ( 2007 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in the Chess Olympiads : - In 1980 , at second reserve board in the 24th Chess Olympiad in La Valletta ( +3 , =1 , -2 ) , - In 1984 , at second reserve board in the 26th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki ( +1 , =3 , -1 ) , - In 1986 , at first reserve board in the 27th Chess Olympiad in Dubai ( +3 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 1988 , at first reserve board in the 28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki ( +2 , =3 , -3 ) , - In 1990 , at fourth board in the 29th Chess Olympiad in Novi Sad ( +3 , =3 , -4 ) , - In 1994 , at third board in the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow ( +1 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 1996 , at first reserve board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan ( +3 , =4 , -0 ) , - In 1998 , at third board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad in Elista ( +5 , =4 , -0 ) and won individual gold medal , - In 2000 , at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul ( +0 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2002 , at third board in the 35th Chess Olympiad in Bled ( +3 , =6 , -0 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in the World Team Chess Championships : - In 1989 , at fourth board in the 2nd World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne ( +2 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 1993 , at second board in the 3rd World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne ( +2 , =4 , -3 ) , - In 1997 , at fourth board in the 4th World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne ( +2 , =3 , -1 ) , - In 2001 , at second board in the 5th World Team Chess Championship in Yerevan ( +0 , =5 , -3 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in four Pan American Team Chess Championships : - In 1987 , at fourth board in the 3rd Pan American Team Chess Championship in Junín ( +3 , =3 , -1 ) and won team gold and individual silver medals , - In 1991 , at fourth board in the 4th Pan American Team Chess Championship in Guarapuava ( +3 , =1 , -1 ) and won team and individual gold medals , - In 1995 , at third board in the 5th Pan American Team Chess Championship in Cascavel ( +1 , =1 , -1 ) and won team gold medal , - In 2000 , at first board in the 6th Pan American Team Chess Championship in Mérida ( +1 , =3 , -0 ) and won team gold and individual silver medals . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in the World Youth U26 Team Chess Championships : - In 1978 , at first reserve board in the 1st World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship in Mexico City ( +1 , =0 , -2 ) and won team bronze medal , - In 1980 , at third board in the 2nd World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship in Mexico City ( +4 , =2 , -4 ) . In 1979 , he was awarded the FIDE International Master ( IM ) title and in 1988 he received the FIDE Grandmaster ( GM ) title . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo also is FIDE Senior Trainer ( 2007 ) . External links . - Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo chess games at 365Chess.com
|
[
"FIDE International Master"
] |
easy
|
Which title was conferred to Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo in 1979?
|
/wiki/Reynaldo_Vera_González-Quevedo#P2962#1
|
Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo ( born 7 January 1961 ) is a Cuban chess Grandmaster ( GM ) ( 1988 ) , two-times Cuban Chess Championship winner ( 1997 , 2001 ) , Chess Olympiad individual gold medal winner ( 1998 ) . Biography . First international success Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo have in 1977 in Innsbruck , where he ranked 4th in World Junior Chess Championship . He is multiple participant of Cuban Chess Championship and two-time winner of these tournaments ( 1997 , 2001 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo has achieved many successes on the international chess tournaments , including winning or shared the first places in Havana ( 1980 ) , Varna ( 1986 ) , León ( 1996 ) , San Sebastián ( 2007 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in the Chess Olympiads : - In 1980 , at second reserve board in the 24th Chess Olympiad in La Valletta ( +3 , =1 , -2 ) , - In 1984 , at second reserve board in the 26th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki ( +1 , =3 , -1 ) , - In 1986 , at first reserve board in the 27th Chess Olympiad in Dubai ( +3 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 1988 , at first reserve board in the 28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki ( +2 , =3 , -3 ) , - In 1990 , at fourth board in the 29th Chess Olympiad in Novi Sad ( +3 , =3 , -4 ) , - In 1994 , at third board in the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow ( +1 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 1996 , at first reserve board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan ( +3 , =4 , -0 ) , - In 1998 , at third board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad in Elista ( +5 , =4 , -0 ) and won individual gold medal , - In 2000 , at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul ( +0 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2002 , at third board in the 35th Chess Olympiad in Bled ( +3 , =6 , -0 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in the World Team Chess Championships : - In 1989 , at fourth board in the 2nd World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne ( +2 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 1993 , at second board in the 3rd World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne ( +2 , =4 , -3 ) , - In 1997 , at fourth board in the 4th World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne ( +2 , =3 , -1 ) , - In 2001 , at second board in the 5th World Team Chess Championship in Yerevan ( +0 , =5 , -3 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in four Pan American Team Chess Championships : - In 1987 , at fourth board in the 3rd Pan American Team Chess Championship in Junín ( +3 , =3 , -1 ) and won team gold and individual silver medals , - In 1991 , at fourth board in the 4th Pan American Team Chess Championship in Guarapuava ( +3 , =1 , -1 ) and won team and individual gold medals , - In 1995 , at third board in the 5th Pan American Team Chess Championship in Cascavel ( +1 , =1 , -1 ) and won team gold medal , - In 2000 , at first board in the 6th Pan American Team Chess Championship in Mérida ( +1 , =3 , -0 ) and won team gold and individual silver medals . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in the World Youth U26 Team Chess Championships : - In 1978 , at first reserve board in the 1st World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship in Mexico City ( +1 , =0 , -2 ) and won team bronze medal , - In 1980 , at third board in the 2nd World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship in Mexico City ( +4 , =2 , -4 ) . In 1979 , he was awarded the FIDE International Master ( IM ) title and in 1988 he received the FIDE Grandmaster ( GM ) title . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo also is FIDE Senior Trainer ( 2007 ) . External links . - Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo chess games at 365Chess.com
|
[
"FIDE Senior Trainer"
] |
easy
|
Which title was conferred to Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo in 2007?
|
/wiki/Reynaldo_Vera_González-Quevedo#P2962#2
|
Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo ( born 7 January 1961 ) is a Cuban chess Grandmaster ( GM ) ( 1988 ) , two-times Cuban Chess Championship winner ( 1997 , 2001 ) , Chess Olympiad individual gold medal winner ( 1998 ) . Biography . First international success Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo have in 1977 in Innsbruck , where he ranked 4th in World Junior Chess Championship . He is multiple participant of Cuban Chess Championship and two-time winner of these tournaments ( 1997 , 2001 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo has achieved many successes on the international chess tournaments , including winning or shared the first places in Havana ( 1980 ) , Varna ( 1986 ) , León ( 1996 ) , San Sebastián ( 2007 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in the Chess Olympiads : - In 1980 , at second reserve board in the 24th Chess Olympiad in La Valletta ( +3 , =1 , -2 ) , - In 1984 , at second reserve board in the 26th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki ( +1 , =3 , -1 ) , - In 1986 , at first reserve board in the 27th Chess Olympiad in Dubai ( +3 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 1988 , at first reserve board in the 28th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki ( +2 , =3 , -3 ) , - In 1990 , at fourth board in the 29th Chess Olympiad in Novi Sad ( +3 , =3 , -4 ) , - In 1994 , at third board in the 31st Chess Olympiad in Moscow ( +1 , =5 , -1 ) , - In 1996 , at first reserve board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan ( +3 , =4 , -0 ) , - In 1998 , at third board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad in Elista ( +5 , =4 , -0 ) and won individual gold medal , - In 2000 , at second board in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul ( +0 , =2 , -3 ) , - In 2002 , at third board in the 35th Chess Olympiad in Bled ( +3 , =6 , -0 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in the World Team Chess Championships : - In 1989 , at fourth board in the 2nd World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne ( +2 , =2 , -2 ) , - In 1993 , at second board in the 3rd World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne ( +2 , =4 , -3 ) , - In 1997 , at fourth board in the 4th World Team Chess Championship in Lucerne ( +2 , =3 , -1 ) , - In 2001 , at second board in the 5th World Team Chess Championship in Yerevan ( +0 , =5 , -3 ) . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in four Pan American Team Chess Championships : - In 1987 , at fourth board in the 3rd Pan American Team Chess Championship in Junín ( +3 , =3 , -1 ) and won team gold and individual silver medals , - In 1991 , at fourth board in the 4th Pan American Team Chess Championship in Guarapuava ( +3 , =1 , -1 ) and won team and individual gold medals , - In 1995 , at third board in the 5th Pan American Team Chess Championship in Cascavel ( +1 , =1 , -1 ) and won team gold medal , - In 2000 , at first board in the 6th Pan American Team Chess Championship in Mérida ( +1 , =3 , -0 ) and won team gold and individual silver medals . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo played for Cuba in the World Youth U26 Team Chess Championships : - In 1978 , at first reserve board in the 1st World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship in Mexico City ( +1 , =0 , -2 ) and won team bronze medal , - In 1980 , at third board in the 2nd World Youth U26 Team Chess Championship in Mexico City ( +4 , =2 , -4 ) . In 1979 , he was awarded the FIDE International Master ( IM ) title and in 1988 he received the FIDE Grandmaster ( GM ) title . Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo also is FIDE Senior Trainer ( 2007 ) . External links . - Reynaldo Vera González-Quevedo chess games at 365Chess.com
|
[
"Premier of Western Australia"
] |
easy
|
What position did James Mitchell (Australian politician) take from May 1919 to Apr 1924?
|
/wiki/James_Mitchell_(Australian_politician)#P39#0
|
James Mitchell ( Australian politician ) Sir James Mitchell , ( 27 April 1866 – 26 July 1951 ) was an Australian politician . He was the 13th Premier of Western Australia , serving on two occasions , the Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia for 15 years , and the 22nd Governor of Western Australia from 1948 to 1951 . Early life and family . Mitchell , the eldest of thirteen children , was educated at Bunbury , Western Australia and in 1885 joined the Western Australian Bank . He later was a farmer . Mitchell married Clara Robinson Spencer , daughter of future MP William Spencer in 1888 . They were married for 61 years until Claras death in October 1949 . Political career . In 1906 , the state premier Newton Moore made Mitchell an honorary minister for agricultural expansion . In 1909 he was promoted , being given the portfolios of lands and agriculture . He recruited William Lowrie as director of agriculture . On 17 May 1919 , Premier Hal Colebatch resigned and Mitchell succeeded to the position . Mitchell won the 1921 election and remained premier until 1924 . During this period he garnered much publicity for his strong support for the Soldier-Settlement Scheme in the south-west of Western Australia . As a result of his enthusiastic promotion of this scheme ( which ultimately proved very costly in terms of money and resources ) he was dubbed Moo-Cow Mitchell by the local press . Nonetheless the establishment of a dairy industry in Western Australia can be largely credited to him . He also proved adept at dealing with the divisions between the Nationalist Party and the Country Party . Mitchells election to a second term in office coincided with the onset of the Great Depression . His government was defeated at the 1933 state elections , in addition to which he became the first Western Australian premier to lose both a state election and his parliamentary seat ( of Northam ) . As a result of financial difficulties during the Great Depression , Tasmania had appointed a lieutenant governor in the 1930s . With the approval of the major political parties , in July 1933 Mitchell was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia . This meant that , although he resided in Government House , Perth , and was governor in all but name , he drew no salary , thus making a reduced demand on the public purse at a time when ordinary people were under severe restraint . He held the position until he was finally appointed Governor of Western Australia in 1948 . Mitchell was the first Australian-born Governor of Western Australia ; he remains the only person to have served as both premier and governor of the state . He retired from the post in June 1951 . One month later he died in his railway coach during an overnight stop at Glen Mervyn siding , about from Donnybrook , Western Australia , while on a tour of the southwest of the state . He was 85 . Legacy . The Mitchell Freeway was named in his honour , as was Sir James Mitchell Park in South Perth and Sir James Mitchell National Park . The botanist Charles Gardner named the rapier featherflower , Verticordia mitchelliana in his honour . External links . - G . C . Bolton , Mitchell , Sir James ( 1866 - 1951 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 10 , MUP , 1986 , pp 530–532 .
|
[
"Premier of Western Australia"
] |
easy
|
James Mitchell (Australian politician) took which position from Apr 1930 to Apr 1933?
|
/wiki/James_Mitchell_(Australian_politician)#P39#1
|
James Mitchell ( Australian politician ) Sir James Mitchell , ( 27 April 1866 – 26 July 1951 ) was an Australian politician . He was the 13th Premier of Western Australia , serving on two occasions , the Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia for 15 years , and the 22nd Governor of Western Australia from 1948 to 1951 . Early life and family . Mitchell , the eldest of thirteen children , was educated at Bunbury , Western Australia and in 1885 joined the Western Australian Bank . He later was a farmer . Mitchell married Clara Robinson Spencer , daughter of future MP William Spencer in 1888 . They were married for 61 years until Claras death in October 1949 . Political career . In 1906 , the state premier Newton Moore made Mitchell an honorary minister for agricultural expansion . In 1909 he was promoted , being given the portfolios of lands and agriculture . He recruited William Lowrie as director of agriculture . On 17 May 1919 , Premier Hal Colebatch resigned and Mitchell succeeded to the position . Mitchell won the 1921 election and remained premier until 1924 . During this period he garnered much publicity for his strong support for the Soldier-Settlement Scheme in the south-west of Western Australia . As a result of his enthusiastic promotion of this scheme ( which ultimately proved very costly in terms of money and resources ) he was dubbed Moo-Cow Mitchell by the local press . Nonetheless the establishment of a dairy industry in Western Australia can be largely credited to him . He also proved adept at dealing with the divisions between the Nationalist Party and the Country Party . Mitchells election to a second term in office coincided with the onset of the Great Depression . His government was defeated at the 1933 state elections , in addition to which he became the first Western Australian premier to lose both a state election and his parliamentary seat ( of Northam ) . As a result of financial difficulties during the Great Depression , Tasmania had appointed a lieutenant governor in the 1930s . With the approval of the major political parties , in July 1933 Mitchell was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia . This meant that , although he resided in Government House , Perth , and was governor in all but name , he drew no salary , thus making a reduced demand on the public purse at a time when ordinary people were under severe restraint . He held the position until he was finally appointed Governor of Western Australia in 1948 . Mitchell was the first Australian-born Governor of Western Australia ; he remains the only person to have served as both premier and governor of the state . He retired from the post in June 1951 . One month later he died in his railway coach during an overnight stop at Glen Mervyn siding , about from Donnybrook , Western Australia , while on a tour of the southwest of the state . He was 85 . Legacy . The Mitchell Freeway was named in his honour , as was Sir James Mitchell Park in South Perth and Sir James Mitchell National Park . The botanist Charles Gardner named the rapier featherflower , Verticordia mitchelliana in his honour . External links . - G . C . Bolton , Mitchell , Sir James ( 1866 - 1951 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 10 , MUP , 1986 , pp 530–532 .
|
[
"Governor of Western Australia"
] |
easy
|
Which position did James Mitchell (Australian politician) hold from Oct 1948 to Jun 1951?
|
/wiki/James_Mitchell_(Australian_politician)#P39#2
|
James Mitchell ( Australian politician ) Sir James Mitchell , ( 27 April 1866 – 26 July 1951 ) was an Australian politician . He was the 13th Premier of Western Australia , serving on two occasions , the Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia for 15 years , and the 22nd Governor of Western Australia from 1948 to 1951 . Early life and family . Mitchell , the eldest of thirteen children , was educated at Bunbury , Western Australia and in 1885 joined the Western Australian Bank . He later was a farmer . Mitchell married Clara Robinson Spencer , daughter of future MP William Spencer in 1888 . They were married for 61 years until Claras death in October 1949 . Political career . In 1906 , the state premier Newton Moore made Mitchell an honorary minister for agricultural expansion . In 1909 he was promoted , being given the portfolios of lands and agriculture . He recruited William Lowrie as director of agriculture . On 17 May 1919 , Premier Hal Colebatch resigned and Mitchell succeeded to the position . Mitchell won the 1921 election and remained premier until 1924 . During this period he garnered much publicity for his strong support for the Soldier-Settlement Scheme in the south-west of Western Australia . As a result of his enthusiastic promotion of this scheme ( which ultimately proved very costly in terms of money and resources ) he was dubbed Moo-Cow Mitchell by the local press . Nonetheless the establishment of a dairy industry in Western Australia can be largely credited to him . He also proved adept at dealing with the divisions between the Nationalist Party and the Country Party . Mitchells election to a second term in office coincided with the onset of the Great Depression . His government was defeated at the 1933 state elections , in addition to which he became the first Western Australian premier to lose both a state election and his parliamentary seat ( of Northam ) . As a result of financial difficulties during the Great Depression , Tasmania had appointed a lieutenant governor in the 1930s . With the approval of the major political parties , in July 1933 Mitchell was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia . This meant that , although he resided in Government House , Perth , and was governor in all but name , he drew no salary , thus making a reduced demand on the public purse at a time when ordinary people were under severe restraint . He held the position until he was finally appointed Governor of Western Australia in 1948 . Mitchell was the first Australian-born Governor of Western Australia ; he remains the only person to have served as both premier and governor of the state . He retired from the post in June 1951 . One month later he died in his railway coach during an overnight stop at Glen Mervyn siding , about from Donnybrook , Western Australia , while on a tour of the southwest of the state . He was 85 . Legacy . The Mitchell Freeway was named in his honour , as was Sir James Mitchell Park in South Perth and Sir James Mitchell National Park . The botanist Charles Gardner named the rapier featherflower , Verticordia mitchelliana in his honour . External links . - G . C . Bolton , Mitchell , Sir James ( 1866 - 1951 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 10 , MUP , 1986 , pp 530–532 .
|
[
"Port Vale"
] |
easy
|
Which team did George Poyser play for from 1931 to 1934?
|
/wiki/George_Poyser#P54#0
|
George Poyser George Henry Poyser ( 6 February 1910 – 30 January 1995 ) was an English football player and manager . A defender , he enjoyed a lengthy playing career , the tail end of which was interrupted by World War II . He played for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Stourbridge , Mansfield Town , Port Vale , Brentford , and Plymouth Argyle . He helped Brentford to win the Second Division title in 1934–35 . He became a coach and manager after the war , taking charge of Dover , Notts County and Manchester City . He took County into the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , though he was better equipped as a scout than as a manager . Playing career . Poyser played as a defender , and was a strong left-back . Playing for Teversal Colliery , he had an unsuccessful trial at Mansfield Town , before moving on to Stanton Hill Victoria . He enjoyed spells at Wolverhampton Wanderers and Stourbridge , before signing with Mansfield Town . He was part of the Mansfield team when they were elected to the Football League in 1931 . In May 1931 , he joined Port Vale of the Second Division . His debut came on 2 January 1932 , in a 2–0 win over Plymouth Argyle at The Old Recreation Ground . However , he totalled just six appearances for the Valiants in the 1931–32 campaign . He featured 28 times in the 1932–33 season , before establishing himself in the first team with 39 appearances in the 1933–34 campaign . He made 72 league appearances for Port Vale . In June 1934 he transferred to Brentford for a fee of £1,550 , a club record . In his first season at Brentford , the club won the Second Division championship . The Bees finished fifth in the First Division in 1935–36 , sixth in 1936–37 and 1937–38 , and then 18th in 1938–39 . He remained at Griffin Park for a decade , making 157 appearances , though like many players of his era , the Second World War shortened his career , though he represented Brentford in the non-competitive wartime competitions . The 36-year-old Poyser joined Plymouth Argyle for a £3,500 fee late in the 1945–46 season , making three Football League South appearances and a further three Second Division appearances . He left Home Park at the end of the 1946–47 season . Management career . Poyser first turned to management with Dover . He then returned to his old professional clubs in a coaching capacity , becoming the assistant trainer at Brentford and a coach at Wolverhampton Wanderers . His management career gained more recognition at Notts County , whom he managed between October 1953 and January 1957 , reaching the FA Cup quarter-finals in 1955 . Former Notts County winger Gordon Wills regards Poyser as the best manager he played for . The Magpies struggled in the lower half of the Second Division during his four seasons at Meadow Lane , though they did reach seventh in the 1954–55 season . In January 1957 Poyser joined Manchester City as assistant to Les McDowall , with a reputation for being a talented scout . Manchester City were relegated to the Second Division in 1963 , and McDowall left the club . On 12 July 1963 , Poyser was appointed as his replacement . He made three key signings in Derek Kevan , Jimmy Murray , and Johnny Crossan , whilst promoting home-grown talent in Alan Oakes and Glyn Pardoe – both of whom went on to build long careers at the club . In his first season , the club reached the League Cup semi-finals , but were well short of promotion in the league , finishing sixth . His second season proved disappointing , and in January 1965 the club reached a low point with their lowest ever league attendance of 8,015 against Swindon Town . Poyser himself was not at the stadium , as he had elected to perform a scouting mission instead . At Easter Poyser was sacked , and the club finished the season in their then lowest ever position of 11th in the Second Division . His replacement , Joe Mercer , went on to great success at Maine Road . Honours . - Brentford - Football League Second Division : 1934–35 - London War Cup : 1941–42 Individual - Brentford Hall of Fame
|
[
"Brentford"
] |
easy
|
George Poyser played for which team from 1934 to 1946?
|
/wiki/George_Poyser#P54#1
|
George Poyser George Henry Poyser ( 6 February 1910 – 30 January 1995 ) was an English football player and manager . A defender , he enjoyed a lengthy playing career , the tail end of which was interrupted by World War II . He played for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Stourbridge , Mansfield Town , Port Vale , Brentford , and Plymouth Argyle . He helped Brentford to win the Second Division title in 1934–35 . He became a coach and manager after the war , taking charge of Dover , Notts County and Manchester City . He took County into the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , though he was better equipped as a scout than as a manager . Playing career . Poyser played as a defender , and was a strong left-back . Playing for Teversal Colliery , he had an unsuccessful trial at Mansfield Town , before moving on to Stanton Hill Victoria . He enjoyed spells at Wolverhampton Wanderers and Stourbridge , before signing with Mansfield Town . He was part of the Mansfield team when they were elected to the Football League in 1931 . In May 1931 , he joined Port Vale of the Second Division . His debut came on 2 January 1932 , in a 2–0 win over Plymouth Argyle at The Old Recreation Ground . However , he totalled just six appearances for the Valiants in the 1931–32 campaign . He featured 28 times in the 1932–33 season , before establishing himself in the first team with 39 appearances in the 1933–34 campaign . He made 72 league appearances for Port Vale . In June 1934 he transferred to Brentford for a fee of £1,550 , a club record . In his first season at Brentford , the club won the Second Division championship . The Bees finished fifth in the First Division in 1935–36 , sixth in 1936–37 and 1937–38 , and then 18th in 1938–39 . He remained at Griffin Park for a decade , making 157 appearances , though like many players of his era , the Second World War shortened his career , though he represented Brentford in the non-competitive wartime competitions . The 36-year-old Poyser joined Plymouth Argyle for a £3,500 fee late in the 1945–46 season , making three Football League South appearances and a further three Second Division appearances . He left Home Park at the end of the 1946–47 season . Management career . Poyser first turned to management with Dover . He then returned to his old professional clubs in a coaching capacity , becoming the assistant trainer at Brentford and a coach at Wolverhampton Wanderers . His management career gained more recognition at Notts County , whom he managed between October 1953 and January 1957 , reaching the FA Cup quarter-finals in 1955 . Former Notts County winger Gordon Wills regards Poyser as the best manager he played for . The Magpies struggled in the lower half of the Second Division during his four seasons at Meadow Lane , though they did reach seventh in the 1954–55 season . In January 1957 Poyser joined Manchester City as assistant to Les McDowall , with a reputation for being a talented scout . Manchester City were relegated to the Second Division in 1963 , and McDowall left the club . On 12 July 1963 , Poyser was appointed as his replacement . He made three key signings in Derek Kevan , Jimmy Murray , and Johnny Crossan , whilst promoting home-grown talent in Alan Oakes and Glyn Pardoe – both of whom went on to build long careers at the club . In his first season , the club reached the League Cup semi-finals , but were well short of promotion in the league , finishing sixth . His second season proved disappointing , and in January 1965 the club reached a low point with their lowest ever league attendance of 8,015 against Swindon Town . Poyser himself was not at the stadium , as he had elected to perform a scouting mission instead . At Easter Poyser was sacked , and the club finished the season in their then lowest ever position of 11th in the Second Division . His replacement , Joe Mercer , went on to great success at Maine Road . Honours . - Brentford - Football League Second Division : 1934–35 - London War Cup : 1941–42 Individual - Brentford Hall of Fame
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[
"Plymouth Argyle"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player George Poyser belong to from 1946 to 1947?
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/wiki/George_Poyser#P54#2
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George Poyser George Henry Poyser ( 6 February 1910 – 30 January 1995 ) was an English football player and manager . A defender , he enjoyed a lengthy playing career , the tail end of which was interrupted by World War II . He played for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Stourbridge , Mansfield Town , Port Vale , Brentford , and Plymouth Argyle . He helped Brentford to win the Second Division title in 1934–35 . He became a coach and manager after the war , taking charge of Dover , Notts County and Manchester City . He took County into the quarter-finals of the FA Cup , though he was better equipped as a scout than as a manager . Playing career . Poyser played as a defender , and was a strong left-back . Playing for Teversal Colliery , he had an unsuccessful trial at Mansfield Town , before moving on to Stanton Hill Victoria . He enjoyed spells at Wolverhampton Wanderers and Stourbridge , before signing with Mansfield Town . He was part of the Mansfield team when they were elected to the Football League in 1931 . In May 1931 , he joined Port Vale of the Second Division . His debut came on 2 January 1932 , in a 2–0 win over Plymouth Argyle at The Old Recreation Ground . However , he totalled just six appearances for the Valiants in the 1931–32 campaign . He featured 28 times in the 1932–33 season , before establishing himself in the first team with 39 appearances in the 1933–34 campaign . He made 72 league appearances for Port Vale . In June 1934 he transferred to Brentford for a fee of £1,550 , a club record . In his first season at Brentford , the club won the Second Division championship . The Bees finished fifth in the First Division in 1935–36 , sixth in 1936–37 and 1937–38 , and then 18th in 1938–39 . He remained at Griffin Park for a decade , making 157 appearances , though like many players of his era , the Second World War shortened his career , though he represented Brentford in the non-competitive wartime competitions . The 36-year-old Poyser joined Plymouth Argyle for a £3,500 fee late in the 1945–46 season , making three Football League South appearances and a further three Second Division appearances . He left Home Park at the end of the 1946–47 season . Management career . Poyser first turned to management with Dover . He then returned to his old professional clubs in a coaching capacity , becoming the assistant trainer at Brentford and a coach at Wolverhampton Wanderers . His management career gained more recognition at Notts County , whom he managed between October 1953 and January 1957 , reaching the FA Cup quarter-finals in 1955 . Former Notts County winger Gordon Wills regards Poyser as the best manager he played for . The Magpies struggled in the lower half of the Second Division during his four seasons at Meadow Lane , though they did reach seventh in the 1954–55 season . In January 1957 Poyser joined Manchester City as assistant to Les McDowall , with a reputation for being a talented scout . Manchester City were relegated to the Second Division in 1963 , and McDowall left the club . On 12 July 1963 , Poyser was appointed as his replacement . He made three key signings in Derek Kevan , Jimmy Murray , and Johnny Crossan , whilst promoting home-grown talent in Alan Oakes and Glyn Pardoe – both of whom went on to build long careers at the club . In his first season , the club reached the League Cup semi-finals , but were well short of promotion in the league , finishing sixth . His second season proved disappointing , and in January 1965 the club reached a low point with their lowest ever league attendance of 8,015 against Swindon Town . Poyser himself was not at the stadium , as he had elected to perform a scouting mission instead . At Easter Poyser was sacked , and the club finished the season in their then lowest ever position of 11th in the Second Division . His replacement , Joe Mercer , went on to great success at Maine Road . Honours . - Brentford - Football League Second Division : 1934–35 - London War Cup : 1941–42 Individual - Brentford Hall of Fame
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[
""
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easy
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Which team did the player Gary Glen belong to from 2005 to 2006?
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/wiki/Gary_Glen#P54#0
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Gary Glen Gary Glen ( born 22 March 1990 ) is a former Scottish professional footballer who plays as a forward . He has previously played for Heart of Midlothian , Ross County , Livingston and Cowdenbeath . Career . Hearts . Born in Livingston , West Lothian , Glen – a former pupil of Broxburn Academy – joined Heart of Midlothian from their youth academy system in 2006 . Aged 16 he had a trial with Manchester United , but turned them down as he thought he was more likely to make it as a footballer with Hearts than with the Old Trafford club . Highly rated by the Hearts coaching staff , Glen earned his first involvement with the first team squad when he was an unused substitute in a league match at Motherwell on 5 March 2007 . At the age of 16 , he made his senior debut as a substitute against Dundee United on 17 March 2007 . He began to feature more for the first team towards the end of the 2007–08 season , with his first start coming against St Mirren at Tynecastle on 19 April 2008 scoring his first senior goal to put Hearts in front as Hearts came back from a goal down to win 3–2 . This led to Glen being awarded the Clydesdale Bank U19 Graduate award for his breakthrough to the first team . He continued his form with the only goal of the game in his second start against Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 26 April . In April 2008 he signed a new four-year contract extending his stay until the summer of 2012 . On 3 May 2008 edition of Soccer AM , Glen and fellow Hearts youngster Matej Rapnik , appeared on the sub program , Skill Skool , where they went head-to-head in a battle of skill . On 14 May 2008 Glen picked up his first red card for kicking out at Gretna player Craig Barr during the last game of the season . Glen was accused of lacking a good attitude toward his game by manager Csaba László and consequently failed to become a regular in the Hearts team during season 2008–09 . He failed to make another first team appearance until 27 December 2008 , appearing against Aberdeen as a substitute . On 11 January 2009 , Glen came off the bench with 10 minutes remaining and scored a decisive 94th-minute goal against Hibernian at Easter Road in the fourth round of the Scottish Cup to knock Hearts city rivals out of the cup . Glen became a regular starter for the Hearts first team in season 2009–10 , under new manager Jim Jefferies who was confident of Glens ability despite suffering a Hernia injury . He scored his first goal of the new season against Dunfermline Athletic in the Co-operative Insurance League Cup on 23 September 2009 . He made 20 appearances scoring twice that season . Glen picked up a hamstring injury in pre season , this and a series of further injuries limited him to just 14 appearances the following season . Glen was offered to go on loan to Brechin City to gain experience but turned this down , preferring to stay with Hearts . In December 2011 , with Hearts experiencing financial difficulty , Glen was told that he was free to either find a new club in the January 2012 transfer window , or he would be released when his contract expires in summer 2012 . He made his first appearance of the season after recovering from injury as a substitute on 7 January 2012 as a substitute against Auchinleck Talbot in the Scottish Cup . Glen scored his first goal of the season on 7 April 2012 , in a 2–1 victory over Dunfermline . At the end of the season Hearts confirmed his contract had not been renewed and he left the club . Ross County . After leaving Hearts , Glen signed a one-year contract with Ross County in June 2012 . In his opening season , he managed to score three goals in 26 appearances – the majority of them substitutions . His first came in the home game versus Dundee on 15 December where he equalised and made the game one all . His second didnt come until 2 February , where he again scored against Dundee , this time to make it 2–0 to the Staggies at Dens Park . His third and final goal of the season came against Aberdeen on 26 February , where he scored the winning goal at Pittodrie . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Glen was given a contract extension to stay at the club . Glen was released by Ross County on 16 May 2014 after finding his first team opportunities limited , making just 15 appearances in the 2013–14 season . Livingston . In July 2014 , Glen signed for Livingston on a one-year deal ahead of the 2014–15 Scottish Championship season . He extended his stay with them for the following season . Cowdenbeath . After two seasons with Livingston , Glen signed for Scottish League Two side Cowdenbeath in June 2016 . Glen spent one season with the club before being released in June 2017 . Scotland youth . He has featured for Scotland at youth team level , scoring against Northern Ireland and England in the 2005 Victory Shield . He went on to represent the Scotland under-19 team on five occasions . Personal awards and achievements . - Scottish Premier League Clydesdale Bank U19 league graduation award - Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month for April 2008 External links . - Profile at londonhearts.com
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[
"Heart of Midlothian"
] |
easy
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Which team did Gary Glen play for from 2007 to 2008?
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/wiki/Gary_Glen#P54#1
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Gary Glen Gary Glen ( born 22 March 1990 ) is a former Scottish professional footballer who plays as a forward . He has previously played for Heart of Midlothian , Ross County , Livingston and Cowdenbeath . Career . Hearts . Born in Livingston , West Lothian , Glen – a former pupil of Broxburn Academy – joined Heart of Midlothian from their youth academy system in 2006 . Aged 16 he had a trial with Manchester United , but turned them down as he thought he was more likely to make it as a footballer with Hearts than with the Old Trafford club . Highly rated by the Hearts coaching staff , Glen earned his first involvement with the first team squad when he was an unused substitute in a league match at Motherwell on 5 March 2007 . At the age of 16 , he made his senior debut as a substitute against Dundee United on 17 March 2007 . He began to feature more for the first team towards the end of the 2007–08 season , with his first start coming against St Mirren at Tynecastle on 19 April 2008 scoring his first senior goal to put Hearts in front as Hearts came back from a goal down to win 3–2 . This led to Glen being awarded the Clydesdale Bank U19 Graduate award for his breakthrough to the first team . He continued his form with the only goal of the game in his second start against Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 26 April . In April 2008 he signed a new four-year contract extending his stay until the summer of 2012 . On 3 May 2008 edition of Soccer AM , Glen and fellow Hearts youngster Matej Rapnik , appeared on the sub program , Skill Skool , where they went head-to-head in a battle of skill . On 14 May 2008 Glen picked up his first red card for kicking out at Gretna player Craig Barr during the last game of the season . Glen was accused of lacking a good attitude toward his game by manager Csaba László and consequently failed to become a regular in the Hearts team during season 2008–09 . He failed to make another first team appearance until 27 December 2008 , appearing against Aberdeen as a substitute . On 11 January 2009 , Glen came off the bench with 10 minutes remaining and scored a decisive 94th-minute goal against Hibernian at Easter Road in the fourth round of the Scottish Cup to knock Hearts city rivals out of the cup . Glen became a regular starter for the Hearts first team in season 2009–10 , under new manager Jim Jefferies who was confident of Glens ability despite suffering a Hernia injury . He scored his first goal of the new season against Dunfermline Athletic in the Co-operative Insurance League Cup on 23 September 2009 . He made 20 appearances scoring twice that season . Glen picked up a hamstring injury in pre season , this and a series of further injuries limited him to just 14 appearances the following season . Glen was offered to go on loan to Brechin City to gain experience but turned this down , preferring to stay with Hearts . In December 2011 , with Hearts experiencing financial difficulty , Glen was told that he was free to either find a new club in the January 2012 transfer window , or he would be released when his contract expires in summer 2012 . He made his first appearance of the season after recovering from injury as a substitute on 7 January 2012 as a substitute against Auchinleck Talbot in the Scottish Cup . Glen scored his first goal of the season on 7 April 2012 , in a 2–1 victory over Dunfermline . At the end of the season Hearts confirmed his contract had not been renewed and he left the club . Ross County . After leaving Hearts , Glen signed a one-year contract with Ross County in June 2012 . In his opening season , he managed to score three goals in 26 appearances – the majority of them substitutions . His first came in the home game versus Dundee on 15 December where he equalised and made the game one all . His second didnt come until 2 February , where he again scored against Dundee , this time to make it 2–0 to the Staggies at Dens Park . His third and final goal of the season came against Aberdeen on 26 February , where he scored the winning goal at Pittodrie . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Glen was given a contract extension to stay at the club . Glen was released by Ross County on 16 May 2014 after finding his first team opportunities limited , making just 15 appearances in the 2013–14 season . Livingston . In July 2014 , Glen signed for Livingston on a one-year deal ahead of the 2014–15 Scottish Championship season . He extended his stay with them for the following season . Cowdenbeath . After two seasons with Livingston , Glen signed for Scottish League Two side Cowdenbeath in June 2016 . Glen spent one season with the club before being released in June 2017 . Scotland youth . He has featured for Scotland at youth team level , scoring against Northern Ireland and England in the 2005 Victory Shield . He went on to represent the Scotland under-19 team on five occasions . Personal awards and achievements . - Scottish Premier League Clydesdale Bank U19 league graduation award - Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month for April 2008 External links . - Profile at londonhearts.com
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[
"Ross County"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Gary Glen belong to from 2012 to 2014?
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/wiki/Gary_Glen#P54#2
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Gary Glen Gary Glen ( born 22 March 1990 ) is a former Scottish professional footballer who plays as a forward . He has previously played for Heart of Midlothian , Ross County , Livingston and Cowdenbeath . Career . Hearts . Born in Livingston , West Lothian , Glen – a former pupil of Broxburn Academy – joined Heart of Midlothian from their youth academy system in 2006 . Aged 16 he had a trial with Manchester United , but turned them down as he thought he was more likely to make it as a footballer with Hearts than with the Old Trafford club . Highly rated by the Hearts coaching staff , Glen earned his first involvement with the first team squad when he was an unused substitute in a league match at Motherwell on 5 March 2007 . At the age of 16 , he made his senior debut as a substitute against Dundee United on 17 March 2007 . He began to feature more for the first team towards the end of the 2007–08 season , with his first start coming against St Mirren at Tynecastle on 19 April 2008 scoring his first senior goal to put Hearts in front as Hearts came back from a goal down to win 3–2 . This led to Glen being awarded the Clydesdale Bank U19 Graduate award for his breakthrough to the first team . He continued his form with the only goal of the game in his second start against Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 26 April . In April 2008 he signed a new four-year contract extending his stay until the summer of 2012 . On 3 May 2008 edition of Soccer AM , Glen and fellow Hearts youngster Matej Rapnik , appeared on the sub program , Skill Skool , where they went head-to-head in a battle of skill . On 14 May 2008 Glen picked up his first red card for kicking out at Gretna player Craig Barr during the last game of the season . Glen was accused of lacking a good attitude toward his game by manager Csaba László and consequently failed to become a regular in the Hearts team during season 2008–09 . He failed to make another first team appearance until 27 December 2008 , appearing against Aberdeen as a substitute . On 11 January 2009 , Glen came off the bench with 10 minutes remaining and scored a decisive 94th-minute goal against Hibernian at Easter Road in the fourth round of the Scottish Cup to knock Hearts city rivals out of the cup . Glen became a regular starter for the Hearts first team in season 2009–10 , under new manager Jim Jefferies who was confident of Glens ability despite suffering a Hernia injury . He scored his first goal of the new season against Dunfermline Athletic in the Co-operative Insurance League Cup on 23 September 2009 . He made 20 appearances scoring twice that season . Glen picked up a hamstring injury in pre season , this and a series of further injuries limited him to just 14 appearances the following season . Glen was offered to go on loan to Brechin City to gain experience but turned this down , preferring to stay with Hearts . In December 2011 , with Hearts experiencing financial difficulty , Glen was told that he was free to either find a new club in the January 2012 transfer window , or he would be released when his contract expires in summer 2012 . He made his first appearance of the season after recovering from injury as a substitute on 7 January 2012 as a substitute against Auchinleck Talbot in the Scottish Cup . Glen scored his first goal of the season on 7 April 2012 , in a 2–1 victory over Dunfermline . At the end of the season Hearts confirmed his contract had not been renewed and he left the club . Ross County . After leaving Hearts , Glen signed a one-year contract with Ross County in June 2012 . In his opening season , he managed to score three goals in 26 appearances – the majority of them substitutions . His first came in the home game versus Dundee on 15 December where he equalised and made the game one all . His second didnt come until 2 February , where he again scored against Dundee , this time to make it 2–0 to the Staggies at Dens Park . His third and final goal of the season came against Aberdeen on 26 February , where he scored the winning goal at Pittodrie . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Glen was given a contract extension to stay at the club . Glen was released by Ross County on 16 May 2014 after finding his first team opportunities limited , making just 15 appearances in the 2013–14 season . Livingston . In July 2014 , Glen signed for Livingston on a one-year deal ahead of the 2014–15 Scottish Championship season . He extended his stay with them for the following season . Cowdenbeath . After two seasons with Livingston , Glen signed for Scottish League Two side Cowdenbeath in June 2016 . Glen spent one season with the club before being released in June 2017 . Scotland youth . He has featured for Scotland at youth team level , scoring against Northern Ireland and England in the 2005 Victory Shield . He went on to represent the Scotland under-19 team on five occasions . Personal awards and achievements . - Scottish Premier League Clydesdale Bank U19 league graduation award - Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month for April 2008 External links . - Profile at londonhearts.com
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[
"Livingston"
] |
easy
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Which team did Gary Glen play for from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Gary_Glen#P54#3
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Gary Glen Gary Glen ( born 22 March 1990 ) is a former Scottish professional footballer who plays as a forward . He has previously played for Heart of Midlothian , Ross County , Livingston and Cowdenbeath . Career . Hearts . Born in Livingston , West Lothian , Glen – a former pupil of Broxburn Academy – joined Heart of Midlothian from their youth academy system in 2006 . Aged 16 he had a trial with Manchester United , but turned them down as he thought he was more likely to make it as a footballer with Hearts than with the Old Trafford club . Highly rated by the Hearts coaching staff , Glen earned his first involvement with the first team squad when he was an unused substitute in a league match at Motherwell on 5 March 2007 . At the age of 16 , he made his senior debut as a substitute against Dundee United on 17 March 2007 . He began to feature more for the first team towards the end of the 2007–08 season , with his first start coming against St Mirren at Tynecastle on 19 April 2008 scoring his first senior goal to put Hearts in front as Hearts came back from a goal down to win 3–2 . This led to Glen being awarded the Clydesdale Bank U19 Graduate award for his breakthrough to the first team . He continued his form with the only goal of the game in his second start against Inverness Caledonian Thistle on 26 April . In April 2008 he signed a new four-year contract extending his stay until the summer of 2012 . On 3 May 2008 edition of Soccer AM , Glen and fellow Hearts youngster Matej Rapnik , appeared on the sub program , Skill Skool , where they went head-to-head in a battle of skill . On 14 May 2008 Glen picked up his first red card for kicking out at Gretna player Craig Barr during the last game of the season . Glen was accused of lacking a good attitude toward his game by manager Csaba László and consequently failed to become a regular in the Hearts team during season 2008–09 . He failed to make another first team appearance until 27 December 2008 , appearing against Aberdeen as a substitute . On 11 January 2009 , Glen came off the bench with 10 minutes remaining and scored a decisive 94th-minute goal against Hibernian at Easter Road in the fourth round of the Scottish Cup to knock Hearts city rivals out of the cup . Glen became a regular starter for the Hearts first team in season 2009–10 , under new manager Jim Jefferies who was confident of Glens ability despite suffering a Hernia injury . He scored his first goal of the new season against Dunfermline Athletic in the Co-operative Insurance League Cup on 23 September 2009 . He made 20 appearances scoring twice that season . Glen picked up a hamstring injury in pre season , this and a series of further injuries limited him to just 14 appearances the following season . Glen was offered to go on loan to Brechin City to gain experience but turned this down , preferring to stay with Hearts . In December 2011 , with Hearts experiencing financial difficulty , Glen was told that he was free to either find a new club in the January 2012 transfer window , or he would be released when his contract expires in summer 2012 . He made his first appearance of the season after recovering from injury as a substitute on 7 January 2012 as a substitute against Auchinleck Talbot in the Scottish Cup . Glen scored his first goal of the season on 7 April 2012 , in a 2–1 victory over Dunfermline . At the end of the season Hearts confirmed his contract had not been renewed and he left the club . Ross County . After leaving Hearts , Glen signed a one-year contract with Ross County in June 2012 . In his opening season , he managed to score three goals in 26 appearances – the majority of them substitutions . His first came in the home game versus Dundee on 15 December where he equalised and made the game one all . His second didnt come until 2 February , where he again scored against Dundee , this time to make it 2–0 to the Staggies at Dens Park . His third and final goal of the season came against Aberdeen on 26 February , where he scored the winning goal at Pittodrie . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Glen was given a contract extension to stay at the club . Glen was released by Ross County on 16 May 2014 after finding his first team opportunities limited , making just 15 appearances in the 2013–14 season . Livingston . In July 2014 , Glen signed for Livingston on a one-year deal ahead of the 2014–15 Scottish Championship season . He extended his stay with them for the following season . Cowdenbeath . After two seasons with Livingston , Glen signed for Scottish League Two side Cowdenbeath in June 2016 . Glen spent one season with the club before being released in June 2017 . Scotland youth . He has featured for Scotland at youth team level , scoring against Northern Ireland and England in the 2005 Victory Shield . He went on to represent the Scotland under-19 team on five occasions . Personal awards and achievements . - Scottish Premier League Clydesdale Bank U19 league graduation award - Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month for April 2008 External links . - Profile at londonhearts.com
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[
"Stade Lavallois"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Eugène Dadi belong to from 1989 to 1992?
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/wiki/Eugène_Dadi#P54#0
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Eugène Dadi Eugène Dadi ( born 20 August 1973 ) is a retired Ivorian footballer who played as a striker for clubs in Switzerland , France , Austria , Scotland , England , Israel , Australia , and New Zealand . At international level , he represented Ivory Coast on two occasions in 2000 . Biography . Sochaux . Born in Abidjan , Ivory Coast , Dadi attended the football academy at French Ligue 1 team FC Sochaux as a teenager . Stade Lavallois . Dadi played his first professional football at French Ligue 2 team Stade Lavallois in 1989 . He played until 1992 when his father died . At this point he decided to quit professional football for two years . LASK Linz . After being spotted playing park football on the Indian Ocean island of Réunion , where he had a job working in real estate , Dadi was signed to Austrian club LASK Linz . Aberdeen . Eugène Dadi spent one season at Aberdeen that in terms of scoring goals was not great . However , he was a firm fans favourite and had become somewhat of a cult hero with Aberdeen fans . This was due to his last name , which inspired the popular terrace chant of Whos your , whos your , whos your feckin Dadi? . Highlights of his time at Aberdeen included four SPL goals , but perhaps is most remembered for bamboozling Celtic defender Bobo Balde during a 2–0 win at Pittodrie in December 2001 . Tranmere Rovers . Dadi had two seasons on the Wirral with Tranmere Rovers . He played up front and scored 28 goals . In his first season in 2002–03 he finished the clubs top scorer , scoring goals against Notts County and Chesterfield . He also scored the first goal against Bolton Wanderers in the FA Cup third round replay at the Reebok Stadium , a game which Tranmere Rovers won 2–1 . In his second season , he helped Rovers finish in the play-offs and was a regular up front with Iain Hume . He was known for wearing his hair in a pineapple shape . He left the club in the summer and joined Nottingham Forest . Perth Glory . Dadi trialled with Perth in November 2007 , but was denied an opportunity to join Perth Glory , when his previous club Hapoel Acre failed to release him during the transfer window . He took part in the Glorys post-season tour of China and impressed coaching staff enough to offer him a permanent contract with the club . Dadis first A-League goal with the club came in the second match of the 2008–09 A-League season , against Newcastle United Jets at Members Equity Stadium in Perth . Dadi rose to meet a cross from team mate Amaral , putting the header past goalkeeper Ante Covic . His next two goals were against Sydney FC , where Perth were defeated by 5–2 . Dadi scored a late winner to beat Wellington Phoenix 1–0 and a late penalty which he had to retake to equalise against Newcastle Jets to keep the Glory within touch of the A-League top four . On 6 December , Dadi scored two goals in four minutes in Perth Glorys 3–1 win over Melbourne Victory . In Glorys match against the Victory in January , Dadi again scored twice to lead Glory to a 3–2 victory . He re-signed with the club until the end of the 2009/10 season , however , he missed the last two games of Perths 2008/09 season to begin a five-month loan at Swiss Super League side FC Vaduz . Wellington Phoenix . Dadi left Perth Glory due to lack of game time , and signed with the Wellington Phoenix . He made his debut on 9 January against the Brisbane Roar where he scored two goals , including a spectacular bicycle kick which earned him the Phone-Nix Player of the Day . His bicycle kick goal was nominated for A-League Goal of the Year for that season . Dadi scored again a week later against North Queensland Fury , when he headed in from a Leo Bertos corner . Dadi was forced off the field after he and Matt Smith clashed heads . Dadi required 15 stitches for his wound . Dadis return to Perth Glory was not a good one for the striker as the Phoenix lost 2–0 . Dadi picked up an early yellow card for dissent and nearly got himself sent off after a lunge at Jacob Burns . Dadi was given the chance to reduce the deficit in the 73rd minute after Troy Hearfield won a penalty , but he shot the ball straight into Glory goalkeeper Tando Velaphi . Dadi scored the third goal in Wellingtons extra-time 3–1 victory over Newcastle Jets in the 2009–10 Minor Semi-final second leg . Manado United . Dadi left Persibo Bojonegoro due to undergoing a player exchange with Amir Amadeh of Persibo Bojonegoro to Manado United on Liga Primer Indonesia side . Personal life . Eugène owns his own fashion label and can speak three languages fluently – English , French and German . He spent a year in Austria as an actor . Dadi took two years off football after the death of his father in the early 1990s . Honours . Individual . - Perth Glory Members Player of the Year : 2008–2009 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Fashion Label website
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[
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easy
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Which team did the player Eugène Dadi belong to from 1996 to 2001?
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/wiki/Eugène_Dadi#P54#1
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Eugène Dadi Eugène Dadi ( born 20 August 1973 ) is a retired Ivorian footballer who played as a striker for clubs in Switzerland , France , Austria , Scotland , England , Israel , Australia , and New Zealand . At international level , he represented Ivory Coast on two occasions in 2000 . Biography . Sochaux . Born in Abidjan , Ivory Coast , Dadi attended the football academy at French Ligue 1 team FC Sochaux as a teenager . Stade Lavallois . Dadi played his first professional football at French Ligue 2 team Stade Lavallois in 1989 . He played until 1992 when his father died . At this point he decided to quit professional football for two years . LASK Linz . After being spotted playing park football on the Indian Ocean island of Réunion , where he had a job working in real estate , Dadi was signed to Austrian club LASK Linz . Aberdeen . Eugène Dadi spent one season at Aberdeen that in terms of scoring goals was not great . However , he was a firm fans favourite and had become somewhat of a cult hero with Aberdeen fans . This was due to his last name , which inspired the popular terrace chant of Whos your , whos your , whos your feckin Dadi? . Highlights of his time at Aberdeen included four SPL goals , but perhaps is most remembered for bamboozling Celtic defender Bobo Balde during a 2–0 win at Pittodrie in December 2001 . Tranmere Rovers . Dadi had two seasons on the Wirral with Tranmere Rovers . He played up front and scored 28 goals . In his first season in 2002–03 he finished the clubs top scorer , scoring goals against Notts County and Chesterfield . He also scored the first goal against Bolton Wanderers in the FA Cup third round replay at the Reebok Stadium , a game which Tranmere Rovers won 2–1 . In his second season , he helped Rovers finish in the play-offs and was a regular up front with Iain Hume . He was known for wearing his hair in a pineapple shape . He left the club in the summer and joined Nottingham Forest . Perth Glory . Dadi trialled with Perth in November 2007 , but was denied an opportunity to join Perth Glory , when his previous club Hapoel Acre failed to release him during the transfer window . He took part in the Glorys post-season tour of China and impressed coaching staff enough to offer him a permanent contract with the club . Dadis first A-League goal with the club came in the second match of the 2008–09 A-League season , against Newcastle United Jets at Members Equity Stadium in Perth . Dadi rose to meet a cross from team mate Amaral , putting the header past goalkeeper Ante Covic . His next two goals were against Sydney FC , where Perth were defeated by 5–2 . Dadi scored a late winner to beat Wellington Phoenix 1–0 and a late penalty which he had to retake to equalise against Newcastle Jets to keep the Glory within touch of the A-League top four . On 6 December , Dadi scored two goals in four minutes in Perth Glorys 3–1 win over Melbourne Victory . In Glorys match against the Victory in January , Dadi again scored twice to lead Glory to a 3–2 victory . He re-signed with the club until the end of the 2009/10 season , however , he missed the last two games of Perths 2008/09 season to begin a five-month loan at Swiss Super League side FC Vaduz . Wellington Phoenix . Dadi left Perth Glory due to lack of game time , and signed with the Wellington Phoenix . He made his debut on 9 January against the Brisbane Roar where he scored two goals , including a spectacular bicycle kick which earned him the Phone-Nix Player of the Day . His bicycle kick goal was nominated for A-League Goal of the Year for that season . Dadi scored again a week later against North Queensland Fury , when he headed in from a Leo Bertos corner . Dadi was forced off the field after he and Matt Smith clashed heads . Dadi required 15 stitches for his wound . Dadis return to Perth Glory was not a good one for the striker as the Phoenix lost 2–0 . Dadi picked up an early yellow card for dissent and nearly got himself sent off after a lunge at Jacob Burns . Dadi was given the chance to reduce the deficit in the 73rd minute after Troy Hearfield won a penalty , but he shot the ball straight into Glory goalkeeper Tando Velaphi . Dadi scored the third goal in Wellingtons extra-time 3–1 victory over Newcastle Jets in the 2009–10 Minor Semi-final second leg . Manado United . Dadi left Persibo Bojonegoro due to undergoing a player exchange with Amir Amadeh of Persibo Bojonegoro to Manado United on Liga Primer Indonesia side . Personal life . Eugène owns his own fashion label and can speak three languages fluently – English , French and German . He spent a year in Austria as an actor . Dadi took two years off football after the death of his father in the early 1990s . Honours . Individual . - Perth Glory Members Player of the Year : 2008–2009 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Fashion Label website
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"Aberdeen"
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Which team did the player Eugène Dadi belong to from 2001 to 2002?
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/wiki/Eugène_Dadi#P54#2
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Eugène Dadi Eugène Dadi ( born 20 August 1973 ) is a retired Ivorian footballer who played as a striker for clubs in Switzerland , France , Austria , Scotland , England , Israel , Australia , and New Zealand . At international level , he represented Ivory Coast on two occasions in 2000 . Biography . Sochaux . Born in Abidjan , Ivory Coast , Dadi attended the football academy at French Ligue 1 team FC Sochaux as a teenager . Stade Lavallois . Dadi played his first professional football at French Ligue 2 team Stade Lavallois in 1989 . He played until 1992 when his father died . At this point he decided to quit professional football for two years . LASK Linz . After being spotted playing park football on the Indian Ocean island of Réunion , where he had a job working in real estate , Dadi was signed to Austrian club LASK Linz . Aberdeen . Eugène Dadi spent one season at Aberdeen that in terms of scoring goals was not great . However , he was a firm fans favourite and had become somewhat of a cult hero with Aberdeen fans . This was due to his last name , which inspired the popular terrace chant of Whos your , whos your , whos your feckin Dadi? . Highlights of his time at Aberdeen included four SPL goals , but perhaps is most remembered for bamboozling Celtic defender Bobo Balde during a 2–0 win at Pittodrie in December 2001 . Tranmere Rovers . Dadi had two seasons on the Wirral with Tranmere Rovers . He played up front and scored 28 goals . In his first season in 2002–03 he finished the clubs top scorer , scoring goals against Notts County and Chesterfield . He also scored the first goal against Bolton Wanderers in the FA Cup third round replay at the Reebok Stadium , a game which Tranmere Rovers won 2–1 . In his second season , he helped Rovers finish in the play-offs and was a regular up front with Iain Hume . He was known for wearing his hair in a pineapple shape . He left the club in the summer and joined Nottingham Forest . Perth Glory . Dadi trialled with Perth in November 2007 , but was denied an opportunity to join Perth Glory , when his previous club Hapoel Acre failed to release him during the transfer window . He took part in the Glorys post-season tour of China and impressed coaching staff enough to offer him a permanent contract with the club . Dadis first A-League goal with the club came in the second match of the 2008–09 A-League season , against Newcastle United Jets at Members Equity Stadium in Perth . Dadi rose to meet a cross from team mate Amaral , putting the header past goalkeeper Ante Covic . His next two goals were against Sydney FC , where Perth were defeated by 5–2 . Dadi scored a late winner to beat Wellington Phoenix 1–0 and a late penalty which he had to retake to equalise against Newcastle Jets to keep the Glory within touch of the A-League top four . On 6 December , Dadi scored two goals in four minutes in Perth Glorys 3–1 win over Melbourne Victory . In Glorys match against the Victory in January , Dadi again scored twice to lead Glory to a 3–2 victory . He re-signed with the club until the end of the 2009/10 season , however , he missed the last two games of Perths 2008/09 season to begin a five-month loan at Swiss Super League side FC Vaduz . Wellington Phoenix . Dadi left Perth Glory due to lack of game time , and signed with the Wellington Phoenix . He made his debut on 9 January against the Brisbane Roar where he scored two goals , including a spectacular bicycle kick which earned him the Phone-Nix Player of the Day . His bicycle kick goal was nominated for A-League Goal of the Year for that season . Dadi scored again a week later against North Queensland Fury , when he headed in from a Leo Bertos corner . Dadi was forced off the field after he and Matt Smith clashed heads . Dadi required 15 stitches for his wound . Dadis return to Perth Glory was not a good one for the striker as the Phoenix lost 2–0 . Dadi picked up an early yellow card for dissent and nearly got himself sent off after a lunge at Jacob Burns . Dadi was given the chance to reduce the deficit in the 73rd minute after Troy Hearfield won a penalty , but he shot the ball straight into Glory goalkeeper Tando Velaphi . Dadi scored the third goal in Wellingtons extra-time 3–1 victory over Newcastle Jets in the 2009–10 Minor Semi-final second leg . Manado United . Dadi left Persibo Bojonegoro due to undergoing a player exchange with Amir Amadeh of Persibo Bojonegoro to Manado United on Liga Primer Indonesia side . Personal life . Eugène owns his own fashion label and can speak three languages fluently – English , French and German . He spent a year in Austria as an actor . Dadi took two years off football after the death of his father in the early 1990s . Honours . Individual . - Perth Glory Members Player of the Year : 2008–2009 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Fashion Label website
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"Tranmere Rovers"
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easy
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Which team did Eugène Dadi play for from 2002 to 2003?
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/wiki/Eugène_Dadi#P54#3
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Eugène Dadi Eugène Dadi ( born 20 August 1973 ) is a retired Ivorian footballer who played as a striker for clubs in Switzerland , France , Austria , Scotland , England , Israel , Australia , and New Zealand . At international level , he represented Ivory Coast on two occasions in 2000 . Biography . Sochaux . Born in Abidjan , Ivory Coast , Dadi attended the football academy at French Ligue 1 team FC Sochaux as a teenager . Stade Lavallois . Dadi played his first professional football at French Ligue 2 team Stade Lavallois in 1989 . He played until 1992 when his father died . At this point he decided to quit professional football for two years . LASK Linz . After being spotted playing park football on the Indian Ocean island of Réunion , where he had a job working in real estate , Dadi was signed to Austrian club LASK Linz . Aberdeen . Eugène Dadi spent one season at Aberdeen that in terms of scoring goals was not great . However , he was a firm fans favourite and had become somewhat of a cult hero with Aberdeen fans . This was due to his last name , which inspired the popular terrace chant of Whos your , whos your , whos your feckin Dadi? . Highlights of his time at Aberdeen included four SPL goals , but perhaps is most remembered for bamboozling Celtic defender Bobo Balde during a 2–0 win at Pittodrie in December 2001 . Tranmere Rovers . Dadi had two seasons on the Wirral with Tranmere Rovers . He played up front and scored 28 goals . In his first season in 2002–03 he finished the clubs top scorer , scoring goals against Notts County and Chesterfield . He also scored the first goal against Bolton Wanderers in the FA Cup third round replay at the Reebok Stadium , a game which Tranmere Rovers won 2–1 . In his second season , he helped Rovers finish in the play-offs and was a regular up front with Iain Hume . He was known for wearing his hair in a pineapple shape . He left the club in the summer and joined Nottingham Forest . Perth Glory . Dadi trialled with Perth in November 2007 , but was denied an opportunity to join Perth Glory , when his previous club Hapoel Acre failed to release him during the transfer window . He took part in the Glorys post-season tour of China and impressed coaching staff enough to offer him a permanent contract with the club . Dadis first A-League goal with the club came in the second match of the 2008–09 A-League season , against Newcastle United Jets at Members Equity Stadium in Perth . Dadi rose to meet a cross from team mate Amaral , putting the header past goalkeeper Ante Covic . His next two goals were against Sydney FC , where Perth were defeated by 5–2 . Dadi scored a late winner to beat Wellington Phoenix 1–0 and a late penalty which he had to retake to equalise against Newcastle Jets to keep the Glory within touch of the A-League top four . On 6 December , Dadi scored two goals in four minutes in Perth Glorys 3–1 win over Melbourne Victory . In Glorys match against the Victory in January , Dadi again scored twice to lead Glory to a 3–2 victory . He re-signed with the club until the end of the 2009/10 season , however , he missed the last two games of Perths 2008/09 season to begin a five-month loan at Swiss Super League side FC Vaduz . Wellington Phoenix . Dadi left Perth Glory due to lack of game time , and signed with the Wellington Phoenix . He made his debut on 9 January against the Brisbane Roar where he scored two goals , including a spectacular bicycle kick which earned him the Phone-Nix Player of the Day . His bicycle kick goal was nominated for A-League Goal of the Year for that season . Dadi scored again a week later against North Queensland Fury , when he headed in from a Leo Bertos corner . Dadi was forced off the field after he and Matt Smith clashed heads . Dadi required 15 stitches for his wound . Dadis return to Perth Glory was not a good one for the striker as the Phoenix lost 2–0 . Dadi picked up an early yellow card for dissent and nearly got himself sent off after a lunge at Jacob Burns . Dadi was given the chance to reduce the deficit in the 73rd minute after Troy Hearfield won a penalty , but he shot the ball straight into Glory goalkeeper Tando Velaphi . Dadi scored the third goal in Wellingtons extra-time 3–1 victory over Newcastle Jets in the 2009–10 Minor Semi-final second leg . Manado United . Dadi left Persibo Bojonegoro due to undergoing a player exchange with Amir Amadeh of Persibo Bojonegoro to Manado United on Liga Primer Indonesia side . Personal life . Eugène owns his own fashion label and can speak three languages fluently – English , French and German . He spent a year in Austria as an actor . Dadi took two years off football after the death of his father in the early 1990s . Honours . Individual . - Perth Glory Members Player of the Year : 2008–2009 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Fashion Label website
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"Perth Glory"
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Which team did the player Eugène Dadi belong to from 2008 to 2010?
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/wiki/Eugène_Dadi#P54#4
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Eugène Dadi Eugène Dadi ( born 20 August 1973 ) is a retired Ivorian footballer who played as a striker for clubs in Switzerland , France , Austria , Scotland , England , Israel , Australia , and New Zealand . At international level , he represented Ivory Coast on two occasions in 2000 . Biography . Sochaux . Born in Abidjan , Ivory Coast , Dadi attended the football academy at French Ligue 1 team FC Sochaux as a teenager . Stade Lavallois . Dadi played his first professional football at French Ligue 2 team Stade Lavallois in 1989 . He played until 1992 when his father died . At this point he decided to quit professional football for two years . LASK Linz . After being spotted playing park football on the Indian Ocean island of Réunion , where he had a job working in real estate , Dadi was signed to Austrian club LASK Linz . Aberdeen . Eugène Dadi spent one season at Aberdeen that in terms of scoring goals was not great . However , he was a firm fans favourite and had become somewhat of a cult hero with Aberdeen fans . This was due to his last name , which inspired the popular terrace chant of Whos your , whos your , whos your feckin Dadi? . Highlights of his time at Aberdeen included four SPL goals , but perhaps is most remembered for bamboozling Celtic defender Bobo Balde during a 2–0 win at Pittodrie in December 2001 . Tranmere Rovers . Dadi had two seasons on the Wirral with Tranmere Rovers . He played up front and scored 28 goals . In his first season in 2002–03 he finished the clubs top scorer , scoring goals against Notts County and Chesterfield . He also scored the first goal against Bolton Wanderers in the FA Cup third round replay at the Reebok Stadium , a game which Tranmere Rovers won 2–1 . In his second season , he helped Rovers finish in the play-offs and was a regular up front with Iain Hume . He was known for wearing his hair in a pineapple shape . He left the club in the summer and joined Nottingham Forest . Perth Glory . Dadi trialled with Perth in November 2007 , but was denied an opportunity to join Perth Glory , when his previous club Hapoel Acre failed to release him during the transfer window . He took part in the Glorys post-season tour of China and impressed coaching staff enough to offer him a permanent contract with the club . Dadis first A-League goal with the club came in the second match of the 2008–09 A-League season , against Newcastle United Jets at Members Equity Stadium in Perth . Dadi rose to meet a cross from team mate Amaral , putting the header past goalkeeper Ante Covic . His next two goals were against Sydney FC , where Perth were defeated by 5–2 . Dadi scored a late winner to beat Wellington Phoenix 1–0 and a late penalty which he had to retake to equalise against Newcastle Jets to keep the Glory within touch of the A-League top four . On 6 December , Dadi scored two goals in four minutes in Perth Glorys 3–1 win over Melbourne Victory . In Glorys match against the Victory in January , Dadi again scored twice to lead Glory to a 3–2 victory . He re-signed with the club until the end of the 2009/10 season , however , he missed the last two games of Perths 2008/09 season to begin a five-month loan at Swiss Super League side FC Vaduz . Wellington Phoenix . Dadi left Perth Glory due to lack of game time , and signed with the Wellington Phoenix . He made his debut on 9 January against the Brisbane Roar where he scored two goals , including a spectacular bicycle kick which earned him the Phone-Nix Player of the Day . His bicycle kick goal was nominated for A-League Goal of the Year for that season . Dadi scored again a week later against North Queensland Fury , when he headed in from a Leo Bertos corner . Dadi was forced off the field after he and Matt Smith clashed heads . Dadi required 15 stitches for his wound . Dadis return to Perth Glory was not a good one for the striker as the Phoenix lost 2–0 . Dadi picked up an early yellow card for dissent and nearly got himself sent off after a lunge at Jacob Burns . Dadi was given the chance to reduce the deficit in the 73rd minute after Troy Hearfield won a penalty , but he shot the ball straight into Glory goalkeeper Tando Velaphi . Dadi scored the third goal in Wellingtons extra-time 3–1 victory over Newcastle Jets in the 2009–10 Minor Semi-final second leg . Manado United . Dadi left Persibo Bojonegoro due to undergoing a player exchange with Amir Amadeh of Persibo Bojonegoro to Manado United on Liga Primer Indonesia side . Personal life . Eugène owns his own fashion label and can speak three languages fluently – English , French and German . He spent a year in Austria as an actor . Dadi took two years off football after the death of his father in the early 1990s . Honours . Individual . - Perth Glory Members Player of the Year : 2008–2009 External links . - Perth Glory profile - Fashion Label website
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Vologda was the capital of what from 1719 to 1775?
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/wiki/Vologda#P1376#0
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Vologda Vologda ( ) is a city and the administrative , cultural , and scientific center of Vologda Oblast , Russia , located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina . Population : 293,046 ( 2002 Census ) ; The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia . The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as an historic city , one of forty-one in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast . 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments . History . Foundation . Two conflicting theories exist as to the date of Vologdas foundation . The year 1147 is the official date first fixed in 1780 by Alexey Zasetsky in his book Stories about miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda . The story mentions that in 1147 the Trinity Monastery was founded close to the river Vologda . The date of the foundation of the monastery is then taken as the date of the foundation of the city of Vologda and is mentioned in official city documents . This date , which would make Vologda to be of the same age as Moscow , is , however , not supported by any scientific data and is considered by authoritative sources to be fictional . The story was only written in 1666 by a certain Foma , who got a request from Archbishop Markel to produce the vita of Gerasimus . Foma himself admitted that he had no sufficient data on the biography . The story contains many contradicting details . Besides , the monastic life in the Russian north was not known in the 12th century : the first monastery in Vladimir was founded in 1152 , in Rostov in 1212 , in the Belozersk area in 1251 . Archeological excavations do not confirm this date either . Instead , they demonstrate that the city of Vologda was founded in the 13th century . The year 1264 was the first mention of Vologda when it was included in the list of possessions of the Novgorod Republic in the agreement between the Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir . This date is also supported by archaeological data . The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center , but rather the area known now as Lazy ground ( ) , close to the Resurrection church . This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565 . Until that year , no stone constructions existed in Vologda ; all of the city fortifications , bridges , houses , churches , and industrial enterprises were made of wood . Before the 16th century . The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow , Novgorod , and the White Sea ( via the Northern Dvina ) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic , as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow , who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries . In 1371 , Dmitry Prilutsky , a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky , founded Nikolsky Monastery , now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery , close to the city . Dmitry Donskoy , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod . In 1397 , during the reign of Vasily I , Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Subsequently , the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces . During the Muscovite Civil War , Vologda played a key role . After Vasily II the Blind , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447 , he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka , was exiled to Vologda , and got the city as a personal possession . From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath . The civil war continued , and in 1450 , Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka ; however , they did not manage to occupy the town . After the death of Vasily in 1462 , Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda . In 1481 , after the death of Andrey who had no successors , Vologda passed to Ivan III , the Grand Duke of Moscow , and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Times of Ivan the Terrible . During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible , Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russias trade . The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England , Holland , and other western countries via the White Sea . Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven , and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk . The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda , and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center . The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda . In 1553 , Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England . In 1554 , trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod , and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda . Following the reports of John Gass , in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city , and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya , a native of Vologda . In 1565 , Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda into the structure of Oprichnina lands . That year , he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country . The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress . It was decided to build it not in the former town center , but rather in another part of the town , limited on the one side by the river , and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya , Oktyabrskaya , and Mira Streets . The fortress was surrounded by a moat . Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28 , 1566 , which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason ( Nason in Russian tradition ) and Saint Sosipater . Therefore , the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the Nason-gorod ( Nason-town ) . The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin ( currently the name is sometimes referred only to the Bishops courtyard ) . Between 1568 and 1570 , a new cathedral was built in the new fortress . The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda . The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin . This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow . He personally supervised the construction , headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov . In 1571 , Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands . Thereby , Vologda was strengthened not only in trading , military and political influence , but also in ecclesiastical affairs . However , in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good . Presumably , this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina , and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer . According to the legend , when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral , a little stone fell from the roof on his head . The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as an sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city . In any case , it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral , and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime . The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587 . Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building . Time of Troubles . The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605 . In 1608 , when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops , the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry . By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses , but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia . However , abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population . As a result , Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky . Moreover , in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II . In 1612 , people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky , which eventually defeated Polish troops . However , after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard , it remained without sufficient protection , and on September 22 , 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance , later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants . Under the Romanovs . After 1613 , Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade . During the reign of Peter the Great , Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia . Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there . Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda . Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye , north of Vologda . However , after personally inspecting the lake in 1692 , he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose . Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions , on six of which ( in 1692 , 1693 , 1694 , 1702 , 1722 , and 1724 ) he stayed in the city for extended time . He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman , which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities , and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda . However , after St . Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea , the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed . In 1722 , Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk , which damaged Vologda even further . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 , Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate . The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty , a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1796 , the viceroyalty , administered by a governor-general , was transformed into Vologda Governorate , the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east . The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781 . The street network is still in use now . A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow ( 1872 ) , with Arkhangelsk ( 1898 ) , with St . Petersburg and Vyatka ( 1905 ) . In 1871 , the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye , from Vologda . It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia . Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry , and the Vologda butter , a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman , became a world trademark . In 1911 , the manor of Fominskoye together with the Bumans creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute . Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia . Since the 15th century , Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as Siberia close to the capital . In the 19th–20th centuries , such persons as Joseph Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov ( later the Minister of Foreign Affairs ) , Nikolai Berdyaev ( the famous Russian philosopher ) , Boris Savinkov ( later known as a successful terrorist ) , Mariya Ulyanova , and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda . Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov , and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya , Bogdanovs sister . Soviet period . Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917 , and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration . In February 1918 , Vologda became the diplomatic capital of Russia for several months . Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army , so Western powers , led by American Ambassador David R . Francis , relocated them to Vologda . However , pressured by the Bolsheviks , on July 24 , 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk . During the Russian Civil War , Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army . The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia . In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral , that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city . In 1929 , the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation , Northern Krai , which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates , as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast . The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk . In December 1936 , Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast , with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk . On September 23 , 1937 , Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union . According to the same decision , districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast . These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast . Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined . In the 1930s , a flax factory , a coach-repair factory , and a sawmill , Northern Communard , were constructed . During World War II , martial law was declared in Vologda , and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production . In the fall of 1941 , Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast , and Vologda thus became a front city . The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches . In the city , bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction , systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed . As a result , though attempts of bombardments were numerous , no bombs fell on the city . To commemorate these events , a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda . The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun . In addition , Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment . It also served as a large hospital center . Residents of Vologda donated blood , money , and jewellery . The tank detachment Vologda Collective Farmer was funded by these donations . To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street . Between 1961 and 1985 , Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast . During this period , notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred . In particular , a bearing plant , a mechanical plant , and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda . A polytechnical university was opened . A large-scale poultry farm was established . A major construction initiative was carried out , and , in particular , the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed . The city expanded , with new residential areas built ; in particular , Byvalovo , GPZ , the 5th and the 6th Microdistricts . In 1976 , the Vologda trolleybus system opened . Post-Soviet period . In November 1991 , the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began . In October 1993 , the Soviets of Peoples Deputies of all levels were abolished . After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet , the City Duma was established . The first Duma elections took place on March 20 , 1994 . This first Duma only had six seats , but in 1995 , after the next elections , it was expanded to thirty deputies . On July 25 , 1996 , the City Duma adopted the main city document : the Charter of Vologda . On October 6 , 1996 , the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place . Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city . His term ended in 2008 . In 2003 , the construction of a ring road started . Before that , the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center , causing congestion . Since the completion , the ring road connects the highways А114 ( Vologda – Novaya Ladoga ) , Р5 ( Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk ) , and М8 ( Moscow – Arkhangelsk ) . On August 25 , 2005 , the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda . Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996 , the changes were relatively minor . On October 12 , 2008 , Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head . Administrative and municipal status . Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with one rural locality , incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda ( one of the four in Vologda Oblast ) —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug . Climate . Vologdas climate is humid continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) bordering on a mild subarctic climate ( Dfc ) . Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months . Spring and autumn are cool , summer is warm , the coldest months are December and January , the warmest month is July . Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn . - Mean-annual temperature : - Mean-annual speed of wind : 3.0 m/s - Mean-annual humidity of air : 80% Demographics . The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians . A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates , their number reaches fifty thousand people . The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast . Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused , hence government has announced giving away free land . Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose . Culture and art . Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments . In Vologda , 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance . The most known of them are - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Saint Sophia cathedral - Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery - ensemble of the Vladimir churches - Konstantin and Elena church , St . John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes - Dmitry Prilutsky church - Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona - architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture . Vologda is among them . Trademarks . Vologdas trademark products include Vologda lace , butter , and flax . Museums . In Vologda , there are ten museums , four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery , and the gallery Red bridge . The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve . Its structure now includes the following museums , - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Peter the Greats house museum ( Peters house ) – the first museum of Vologda ( opened in 1885 ) - Expocenter Vologda at a boundary of centuries - Museum World of the forgotten things - K . N . Batyushkovs apartment museum - Museum Literature . Art . 20th century - Alexander Mozhayskys house museum - Museum Vologda exile - Museum of Architecture and Ethnography ( Semyonkovo ) Additionally , Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918 . Theaters . - Drama theater - Theater for children and youth - Puppet theater Teremok - Chamber theater - Philharmonic society of Valery Gavrilin - Childrens musical theater Annual festivals . The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda : - Voices of History ( the beginning of July , every year ) - Valery Gavrilin international music festival ( every year , from October till December ) - «Summer in the Kremlin» ( every even year , from June till July ) - The annual open international festival of multimedia art Multimatograf Exhibitions . Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following : - Russian Flax - Russian Wood - Gates of the North - Your Home Literature . Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda . The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov , Varlam Shalamov , Nikolay Rubtsov , and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky . Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova , Maria Markova , Galina Schekina , and Anton Chorny . Institutions of higher education . - Vologda State Technical University - Vologda State Pedagogical University - N.V . Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy - Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service - Vologda Institute of Business - Branches : - Vologda branch of the Moscow State Law Academy - Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service - Vologda branch of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics - Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies Transportation . Vologda is a major transportation hub , located at the intersection of highways , railways , and waterways . The public transport network is well developed in the city : There are both bus and trolleybus lines . The city has four big automobile bridges : two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways . There is one pedestrian bridge ( the Red bridge ) in the city center . Railway . Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway . It includes the stations Vologda-1 , Vologda-2 , Rybkino , and Losta . The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation , with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily . Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1 . Air . The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway . Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow , Ukhta , Velikiy Ustyug , Kichmengsky Gorodok , and Vytegra . Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company . They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service . Highways . The following highways go through Vologda : - Federal highway М8 ( Moscow – Yaroslavl – Vologda – Arkhangelsk – Severodvinsk ) . The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side ( south ) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street , from the Arkhangelsk side ( north ) – Chernyshevskaya street . - Road А-114 ( Vologda – Cherepovets – Novaya Ladoga ) . The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse . - Line Р-5 ( Vologda – Kirillov – Vytegra – Pudozh – Medvezhyegorsk ) . The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street . - Roads of local importance lead to - Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo , - Fetinino ( through Semyonkovo ) - Gryazovets and Rostilovo ( old Moscow highway ) . The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114 , Р-5 and М-8 ( the Arkhangelsk destination ) is under construction around Vologda . The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road . Urban public transport . The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes , and also by lines of fixed-route taxis . Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929 , the trolleybus service was open in 1976 . As of November 2009 , in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes , nineteen municipal bus routes , and about forty marshrutkas ( routed taxis ) . The main transport companies are the open society VologdaElectroTrans ( trolleybuses ) , PATP-1 and PATP-32 ( municipal bus routes ) . Industry . Currently , there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda . The most notable ones are : - Closed joint-stock company Vologda Bearing Factory – produces bearings of various types - Open joint stock company Vagron – alcohol production - Open joint stock company Vologda Machine-Building Plant – produces various processing equipment for agriculture - Open joint stock company Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant – produces optical devices - State-owned enterprise Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works , branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains , makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages - Open joint stock company Byvalovsky machinery plant – the leading enterprise of the Northwest of Russia that produces cranes - Open joint stock company ElectroTechMash – produces electric household and technological products - Limited liability company Central operating company – building , designing , management of dwellings , management of the commercial real estate - Open joint stock company Trans-alpha ( former Vologda mechanical factory ) – produces trolleybuses and buses - Opened joint-stock company Vologda building designs and road machines factory – produces mobile buildings for household , public , and industrial use - Closed joint-stock company SoyuzLesMontazh – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» ( lace ) , limited liability company Hope and other enterprises . Sports . Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums Dynamo , Locomotive , Vityaz , the swimming pools Dynamo and Lagoon , the sports and concert complex Spectrum , fitness centers , regional athletic spots . Vologda is a home to : - the male soccer team Dynamo - the female basketball team Chevakata Twin towns – sister cities . Vologda is twinned with : - Burgas , Bulgaria - Grodno , Belarus - Kouvola , Finland - Sevastopol , Ukraine - Yevpatoria , Ukraine Notable people . Arts . - Konstantin Batyushkov ( 1787–1855 ) , poet - Valery Gavrilin ( 1939–1999 ) , composer - Varlam Shalamov ( 1907–1982 ) , writer , poet - Georgi Vasilyev ( 1899–1946 ) , film director , screenwriter - Apollo Korzeniowski and his son Joseph Conrad , writers , were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order - Anya Monzikova ( born 25 August 1984 ) , model and actress Sciences . - Alexander Bykov ( born 1962 ) , historian , numismatist - Khariton Chebotaryov ( 1746–1815 ) , historian , rector of the Moscow University - Nikolay Devyatkov ( 1907–2001 ) , engineer and inventor - Grigory Landsberg ( 1890–1957 ) , physicist Sports . - Yuliya Chekalyova ( born 1984 ) , cross-country skier - Zhanna Gromova ( born 1949 ) , figure skating coach - Nikolay Gulyayev ( born 1966 ) , speed skater - Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov ( born 1988 ) , football player - Natalia Podolskaya ( canoeist ) ( born 1993 ) , canoeist - Artur Rylov ( born 1989 ) , football player - Tamara Rylova ( born 1931 ) , speed skater - Artem Yashkin ( born 1975 ) , football playe
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Vologda Vologda ( ) is a city and the administrative , cultural , and scientific center of Vologda Oblast , Russia , located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina . Population : 293,046 ( 2002 Census ) ; The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia . The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as an historic city , one of forty-one in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast . 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments . History . Foundation . Two conflicting theories exist as to the date of Vologdas foundation . The year 1147 is the official date first fixed in 1780 by Alexey Zasetsky in his book Stories about miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda . The story mentions that in 1147 the Trinity Monastery was founded close to the river Vologda . The date of the foundation of the monastery is then taken as the date of the foundation of the city of Vologda and is mentioned in official city documents . This date , which would make Vologda to be of the same age as Moscow , is , however , not supported by any scientific data and is considered by authoritative sources to be fictional . The story was only written in 1666 by a certain Foma , who got a request from Archbishop Markel to produce the vita of Gerasimus . Foma himself admitted that he had no sufficient data on the biography . The story contains many contradicting details . Besides , the monastic life in the Russian north was not known in the 12th century : the first monastery in Vladimir was founded in 1152 , in Rostov in 1212 , in the Belozersk area in 1251 . Archeological excavations do not confirm this date either . Instead , they demonstrate that the city of Vologda was founded in the 13th century . The year 1264 was the first mention of Vologda when it was included in the list of possessions of the Novgorod Republic in the agreement between the Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir . This date is also supported by archaeological data . The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center , but rather the area known now as Lazy ground ( ) , close to the Resurrection church . This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565 . Until that year , no stone constructions existed in Vologda ; all of the city fortifications , bridges , houses , churches , and industrial enterprises were made of wood . Before the 16th century . The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow , Novgorod , and the White Sea ( via the Northern Dvina ) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic , as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow , who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries . In 1371 , Dmitry Prilutsky , a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky , founded Nikolsky Monastery , now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery , close to the city . Dmitry Donskoy , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod . In 1397 , during the reign of Vasily I , Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Subsequently , the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces . During the Muscovite Civil War , Vologda played a key role . After Vasily II the Blind , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447 , he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka , was exiled to Vologda , and got the city as a personal possession . From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath . The civil war continued , and in 1450 , Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka ; however , they did not manage to occupy the town . After the death of Vasily in 1462 , Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda . In 1481 , after the death of Andrey who had no successors , Vologda passed to Ivan III , the Grand Duke of Moscow , and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Times of Ivan the Terrible . During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible , Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russias trade . The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England , Holland , and other western countries via the White Sea . Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven , and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk . The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda , and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center . The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda . In 1553 , Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England . In 1554 , trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod , and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda . Following the reports of John Gass , in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city , and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya , a native of Vologda . In 1565 , Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda into the structure of Oprichnina lands . That year , he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country . The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress . It was decided to build it not in the former town center , but rather in another part of the town , limited on the one side by the river , and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya , Oktyabrskaya , and Mira Streets . The fortress was surrounded by a moat . Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28 , 1566 , which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason ( Nason in Russian tradition ) and Saint Sosipater . Therefore , the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the Nason-gorod ( Nason-town ) . The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin ( currently the name is sometimes referred only to the Bishops courtyard ) . Between 1568 and 1570 , a new cathedral was built in the new fortress . The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda . The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin . This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow . He personally supervised the construction , headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov . In 1571 , Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands . Thereby , Vologda was strengthened not only in trading , military and political influence , but also in ecclesiastical affairs . However , in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good . Presumably , this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina , and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer . According to the legend , when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral , a little stone fell from the roof on his head . The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as an sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city . In any case , it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral , and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime . The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587 . Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building . Time of Troubles . The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605 . In 1608 , when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops , the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry . By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses , but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia . However , abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population . As a result , Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky . Moreover , in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II . In 1612 , people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky , which eventually defeated Polish troops . However , after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard , it remained without sufficient protection , and on September 22 , 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance , later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants . Under the Romanovs . After 1613 , Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade . During the reign of Peter the Great , Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia . Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there . Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda . Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye , north of Vologda . However , after personally inspecting the lake in 1692 , he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose . Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions , on six of which ( in 1692 , 1693 , 1694 , 1702 , 1722 , and 1724 ) he stayed in the city for extended time . He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman , which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities , and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda . However , after St . Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea , the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed . In 1722 , Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk , which damaged Vologda even further . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 , Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate . The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty , a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1796 , the viceroyalty , administered by a governor-general , was transformed into Vologda Governorate , the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east . The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781 . The street network is still in use now . A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow ( 1872 ) , with Arkhangelsk ( 1898 ) , with St . Petersburg and Vyatka ( 1905 ) . In 1871 , the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye , from Vologda . It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia . Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry , and the Vologda butter , a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman , became a world trademark . In 1911 , the manor of Fominskoye together with the Bumans creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute . Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia . Since the 15th century , Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as Siberia close to the capital . In the 19th–20th centuries , such persons as Joseph Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov ( later the Minister of Foreign Affairs ) , Nikolai Berdyaev ( the famous Russian philosopher ) , Boris Savinkov ( later known as a successful terrorist ) , Mariya Ulyanova , and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda . Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov , and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya , Bogdanovs sister . Soviet period . Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917 , and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration . In February 1918 , Vologda became the diplomatic capital of Russia for several months . Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army , so Western powers , led by American Ambassador David R . Francis , relocated them to Vologda . However , pressured by the Bolsheviks , on July 24 , 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk . During the Russian Civil War , Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army . The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia . In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral , that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city . In 1929 , the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation , Northern Krai , which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates , as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast . The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk . In December 1936 , Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast , with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk . On September 23 , 1937 , Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union . According to the same decision , districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast . These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast . Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined . In the 1930s , a flax factory , a coach-repair factory , and a sawmill , Northern Communard , were constructed . During World War II , martial law was declared in Vologda , and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production . In the fall of 1941 , Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast , and Vologda thus became a front city . The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches . In the city , bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction , systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed . As a result , though attempts of bombardments were numerous , no bombs fell on the city . To commemorate these events , a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda . The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun . In addition , Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment . It also served as a large hospital center . Residents of Vologda donated blood , money , and jewellery . The tank detachment Vologda Collective Farmer was funded by these donations . To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street . Between 1961 and 1985 , Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast . During this period , notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred . In particular , a bearing plant , a mechanical plant , and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda . A polytechnical university was opened . A large-scale poultry farm was established . A major construction initiative was carried out , and , in particular , the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed . The city expanded , with new residential areas built ; in particular , Byvalovo , GPZ , the 5th and the 6th Microdistricts . In 1976 , the Vologda trolleybus system opened . Post-Soviet period . In November 1991 , the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began . In October 1993 , the Soviets of Peoples Deputies of all levels were abolished . After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet , the City Duma was established . The first Duma elections took place on March 20 , 1994 . This first Duma only had six seats , but in 1995 , after the next elections , it was expanded to thirty deputies . On July 25 , 1996 , the City Duma adopted the main city document : the Charter of Vologda . On October 6 , 1996 , the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place . Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city . His term ended in 2008 . In 2003 , the construction of a ring road started . Before that , the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center , causing congestion . Since the completion , the ring road connects the highways А114 ( Vologda – Novaya Ladoga ) , Р5 ( Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk ) , and М8 ( Moscow – Arkhangelsk ) . On August 25 , 2005 , the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda . Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996 , the changes were relatively minor . On October 12 , 2008 , Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head . Administrative and municipal status . Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with one rural locality , incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda ( one of the four in Vologda Oblast ) —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug . Climate . Vologdas climate is humid continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) bordering on a mild subarctic climate ( Dfc ) . Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months . Spring and autumn are cool , summer is warm , the coldest months are December and January , the warmest month is July . Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn . - Mean-annual temperature : - Mean-annual speed of wind : 3.0 m/s - Mean-annual humidity of air : 80% Demographics . The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians . A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates , their number reaches fifty thousand people . The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast . Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused , hence government has announced giving away free land . Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose . Culture and art . Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments . In Vologda , 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance . The most known of them are - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Saint Sophia cathedral - Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery - ensemble of the Vladimir churches - Konstantin and Elena church , St . John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes - Dmitry Prilutsky church - Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona - architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture . Vologda is among them . Trademarks . Vologdas trademark products include Vologda lace , butter , and flax . Museums . In Vologda , there are ten museums , four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery , and the gallery Red bridge . The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve . Its structure now includes the following museums , - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Peter the Greats house museum ( Peters house ) – the first museum of Vologda ( opened in 1885 ) - Expocenter Vologda at a boundary of centuries - Museum World of the forgotten things - K . N . Batyushkovs apartment museum - Museum Literature . Art . 20th century - Alexander Mozhayskys house museum - Museum Vologda exile - Museum of Architecture and Ethnography ( Semyonkovo ) Additionally , Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918 . Theaters . - Drama theater - Theater for children and youth - Puppet theater Teremok - Chamber theater - Philharmonic society of Valery Gavrilin - Childrens musical theater Annual festivals . The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda : - Voices of History ( the beginning of July , every year ) - Valery Gavrilin international music festival ( every year , from October till December ) - «Summer in the Kremlin» ( every even year , from June till July ) - The annual open international festival of multimedia art Multimatograf Exhibitions . Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following : - Russian Flax - Russian Wood - Gates of the North - Your Home Literature . Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda . The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov , Varlam Shalamov , Nikolay Rubtsov , and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky . Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova , Maria Markova , Galina Schekina , and Anton Chorny . Institutions of higher education . - Vologda State Technical University - Vologda State Pedagogical University - N.V . Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy - Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service - Vologda Institute of Business - Branches : - Vologda branch of the Moscow State Law Academy - Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service - Vologda branch of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics - Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies Transportation . Vologda is a major transportation hub , located at the intersection of highways , railways , and waterways . The public transport network is well developed in the city : There are both bus and trolleybus lines . The city has four big automobile bridges : two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways . There is one pedestrian bridge ( the Red bridge ) in the city center . Railway . Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway . It includes the stations Vologda-1 , Vologda-2 , Rybkino , and Losta . The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation , with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily . Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1 . Air . The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway . Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow , Ukhta , Velikiy Ustyug , Kichmengsky Gorodok , and Vytegra . Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company . They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service . Highways . The following highways go through Vologda : - Federal highway М8 ( Moscow – Yaroslavl – Vologda – Arkhangelsk – Severodvinsk ) . The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side ( south ) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street , from the Arkhangelsk side ( north ) – Chernyshevskaya street . - Road А-114 ( Vologda – Cherepovets – Novaya Ladoga ) . The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse . - Line Р-5 ( Vologda – Kirillov – Vytegra – Pudozh – Medvezhyegorsk ) . The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street . - Roads of local importance lead to - Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo , - Fetinino ( through Semyonkovo ) - Gryazovets and Rostilovo ( old Moscow highway ) . The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114 , Р-5 and М-8 ( the Arkhangelsk destination ) is under construction around Vologda . The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road . Urban public transport . The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes , and also by lines of fixed-route taxis . Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929 , the trolleybus service was open in 1976 . As of November 2009 , in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes , nineteen municipal bus routes , and about forty marshrutkas ( routed taxis ) . The main transport companies are the open society VologdaElectroTrans ( trolleybuses ) , PATP-1 and PATP-32 ( municipal bus routes ) . Industry . Currently , there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda . The most notable ones are : - Closed joint-stock company Vologda Bearing Factory – produces bearings of various types - Open joint stock company Vagron – alcohol production - Open joint stock company Vologda Machine-Building Plant – produces various processing equipment for agriculture - Open joint stock company Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant – produces optical devices - State-owned enterprise Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works , branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains , makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages - Open joint stock company Byvalovsky machinery plant – the leading enterprise of the Northwest of Russia that produces cranes - Open joint stock company ElectroTechMash – produces electric household and technological products - Limited liability company Central operating company – building , designing , management of dwellings , management of the commercial real estate - Open joint stock company Trans-alpha ( former Vologda mechanical factory ) – produces trolleybuses and buses - Opened joint-stock company Vologda building designs and road machines factory – produces mobile buildings for household , public , and industrial use - Closed joint-stock company SoyuzLesMontazh – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» ( lace ) , limited liability company Hope and other enterprises . Sports . Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums Dynamo , Locomotive , Vityaz , the swimming pools Dynamo and Lagoon , the sports and concert complex Spectrum , fitness centers , regional athletic spots . Vologda is a home to : - the male soccer team Dynamo - the female basketball team Chevakata Twin towns – sister cities . Vologda is twinned with : - Burgas , Bulgaria - Grodno , Belarus - Kouvola , Finland - Sevastopol , Ukraine - Yevpatoria , Ukraine Notable people . Arts . - Konstantin Batyushkov ( 1787–1855 ) , poet - Valery Gavrilin ( 1939–1999 ) , composer - Varlam Shalamov ( 1907–1982 ) , writer , poet - Georgi Vasilyev ( 1899–1946 ) , film director , screenwriter - Apollo Korzeniowski and his son Joseph Conrad , writers , were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order - Anya Monzikova ( born 25 August 1984 ) , model and actress Sciences . - Alexander Bykov ( born 1962 ) , historian , numismatist - Khariton Chebotaryov ( 1746–1815 ) , historian , rector of the Moscow University - Nikolay Devyatkov ( 1907–2001 ) , engineer and inventor - Grigory Landsberg ( 1890–1957 ) , physicist Sports . - Yuliya Chekalyova ( born 1984 ) , cross-country skier - Zhanna Gromova ( born 1949 ) , figure skating coach - Nikolay Gulyayev ( born 1966 ) , speed skater - Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov ( born 1988 ) , football player - Natalia Podolskaya ( canoeist ) ( born 1993 ) , canoeist - Artur Rylov ( born 1989 ) , football player - Tamara Rylova ( born 1931 ) , speed skater - Artem Yashkin ( born 1975 ) , football playe
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Vologda Vologda ( ) is a city and the administrative , cultural , and scientific center of Vologda Oblast , Russia , located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina . Population : 293,046 ( 2002 Census ) ; The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia . The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as an historic city , one of forty-one in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast . 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments . History . Foundation . Two conflicting theories exist as to the date of Vologdas foundation . The year 1147 is the official date first fixed in 1780 by Alexey Zasetsky in his book Stories about miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda . The story mentions that in 1147 the Trinity Monastery was founded close to the river Vologda . The date of the foundation of the monastery is then taken as the date of the foundation of the city of Vologda and is mentioned in official city documents . This date , which would make Vologda to be of the same age as Moscow , is , however , not supported by any scientific data and is considered by authoritative sources to be fictional . The story was only written in 1666 by a certain Foma , who got a request from Archbishop Markel to produce the vita of Gerasimus . Foma himself admitted that he had no sufficient data on the biography . The story contains many contradicting details . Besides , the monastic life in the Russian north was not known in the 12th century : the first monastery in Vladimir was founded in 1152 , in Rostov in 1212 , in the Belozersk area in 1251 . Archeological excavations do not confirm this date either . Instead , they demonstrate that the city of Vologda was founded in the 13th century . The year 1264 was the first mention of Vologda when it was included in the list of possessions of the Novgorod Republic in the agreement between the Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir . This date is also supported by archaeological data . The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center , but rather the area known now as Lazy ground ( ) , close to the Resurrection church . This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565 . Until that year , no stone constructions existed in Vologda ; all of the city fortifications , bridges , houses , churches , and industrial enterprises were made of wood . Before the 16th century . The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow , Novgorod , and the White Sea ( via the Northern Dvina ) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic , as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow , who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries . In 1371 , Dmitry Prilutsky , a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky , founded Nikolsky Monastery , now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery , close to the city . Dmitry Donskoy , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod . In 1397 , during the reign of Vasily I , Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Subsequently , the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces . During the Muscovite Civil War , Vologda played a key role . After Vasily II the Blind , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447 , he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka , was exiled to Vologda , and got the city as a personal possession . From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath . The civil war continued , and in 1450 , Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka ; however , they did not manage to occupy the town . After the death of Vasily in 1462 , Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda . In 1481 , after the death of Andrey who had no successors , Vologda passed to Ivan III , the Grand Duke of Moscow , and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Times of Ivan the Terrible . During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible , Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russias trade . The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England , Holland , and other western countries via the White Sea . Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven , and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk . The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda , and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center . The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda . In 1553 , Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England . In 1554 , trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod , and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda . Following the reports of John Gass , in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city , and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya , a native of Vologda . In 1565 , Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda into the structure of Oprichnina lands . That year , he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country . The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress . It was decided to build it not in the former town center , but rather in another part of the town , limited on the one side by the river , and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya , Oktyabrskaya , and Mira Streets . The fortress was surrounded by a moat . Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28 , 1566 , which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason ( Nason in Russian tradition ) and Saint Sosipater . Therefore , the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the Nason-gorod ( Nason-town ) . The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin ( currently the name is sometimes referred only to the Bishops courtyard ) . Between 1568 and 1570 , a new cathedral was built in the new fortress . The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda . The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin . This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow . He personally supervised the construction , headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov . In 1571 , Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands . Thereby , Vologda was strengthened not only in trading , military and political influence , but also in ecclesiastical affairs . However , in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good . Presumably , this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina , and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer . According to the legend , when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral , a little stone fell from the roof on his head . The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as an sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city . In any case , it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral , and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime . The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587 . Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building . Time of Troubles . The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605 . In 1608 , when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops , the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry . By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses , but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia . However , abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population . As a result , Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky . Moreover , in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II . In 1612 , people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky , which eventually defeated Polish troops . However , after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard , it remained without sufficient protection , and on September 22 , 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance , later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants . Under the Romanovs . After 1613 , Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade . During the reign of Peter the Great , Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia . Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there . Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda . Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye , north of Vologda . However , after personally inspecting the lake in 1692 , he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose . Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions , on six of which ( in 1692 , 1693 , 1694 , 1702 , 1722 , and 1724 ) he stayed in the city for extended time . He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman , which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities , and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda . However , after St . Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea , the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed . In 1722 , Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk , which damaged Vologda even further . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 , Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate . The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty , a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1796 , the viceroyalty , administered by a governor-general , was transformed into Vologda Governorate , the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east . The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781 . The street network is still in use now . A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow ( 1872 ) , with Arkhangelsk ( 1898 ) , with St . Petersburg and Vyatka ( 1905 ) . In 1871 , the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye , from Vologda . It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia . Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry , and the Vologda butter , a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman , became a world trademark . In 1911 , the manor of Fominskoye together with the Bumans creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute . Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia . Since the 15th century , Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as Siberia close to the capital . In the 19th–20th centuries , such persons as Joseph Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov ( later the Minister of Foreign Affairs ) , Nikolai Berdyaev ( the famous Russian philosopher ) , Boris Savinkov ( later known as a successful terrorist ) , Mariya Ulyanova , and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda . Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov , and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya , Bogdanovs sister . Soviet period . Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917 , and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration . In February 1918 , Vologda became the diplomatic capital of Russia for several months . Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army , so Western powers , led by American Ambassador David R . Francis , relocated them to Vologda . However , pressured by the Bolsheviks , on July 24 , 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk . During the Russian Civil War , Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army . The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia . In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral , that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city . In 1929 , the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation , Northern Krai , which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates , as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast . The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk . In December 1936 , Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast , with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk . On September 23 , 1937 , Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union . According to the same decision , districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast . These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast . Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined . In the 1930s , a flax factory , a coach-repair factory , and a sawmill , Northern Communard , were constructed . During World War II , martial law was declared in Vologda , and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production . In the fall of 1941 , Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast , and Vologda thus became a front city . The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches . In the city , bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction , systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed . As a result , though attempts of bombardments were numerous , no bombs fell on the city . To commemorate these events , a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda . The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun . In addition , Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment . It also served as a large hospital center . Residents of Vologda donated blood , money , and jewellery . The tank detachment Vologda Collective Farmer was funded by these donations . To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street . Between 1961 and 1985 , Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast . During this period , notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred . In particular , a bearing plant , a mechanical plant , and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda . A polytechnical university was opened . A large-scale poultry farm was established . A major construction initiative was carried out , and , in particular , the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed . The city expanded , with new residential areas built ; in particular , Byvalovo , GPZ , the 5th and the 6th Microdistricts . In 1976 , the Vologda trolleybus system opened . Post-Soviet period . In November 1991 , the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began . In October 1993 , the Soviets of Peoples Deputies of all levels were abolished . After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet , the City Duma was established . The first Duma elections took place on March 20 , 1994 . This first Duma only had six seats , but in 1995 , after the next elections , it was expanded to thirty deputies . On July 25 , 1996 , the City Duma adopted the main city document : the Charter of Vologda . On October 6 , 1996 , the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place . Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city . His term ended in 2008 . In 2003 , the construction of a ring road started . Before that , the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center , causing congestion . Since the completion , the ring road connects the highways А114 ( Vologda – Novaya Ladoga ) , Р5 ( Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk ) , and М8 ( Moscow – Arkhangelsk ) . On August 25 , 2005 , the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda . Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996 , the changes were relatively minor . On October 12 , 2008 , Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head . Administrative and municipal status . Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with one rural locality , incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda ( one of the four in Vologda Oblast ) —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug . Climate . Vologdas climate is humid continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) bordering on a mild subarctic climate ( Dfc ) . Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months . Spring and autumn are cool , summer is warm , the coldest months are December and January , the warmest month is July . Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn . - Mean-annual temperature : - Mean-annual speed of wind : 3.0 m/s - Mean-annual humidity of air : 80% Demographics . The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians . A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates , their number reaches fifty thousand people . The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast . Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused , hence government has announced giving away free land . Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose . Culture and art . Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments . In Vologda , 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance . The most known of them are - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Saint Sophia cathedral - Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery - ensemble of the Vladimir churches - Konstantin and Elena church , St . John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes - Dmitry Prilutsky church - Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona - architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture . Vologda is among them . Trademarks . Vologdas trademark products include Vologda lace , butter , and flax . Museums . In Vologda , there are ten museums , four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery , and the gallery Red bridge . The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve . Its structure now includes the following museums , - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Peter the Greats house museum ( Peters house ) – the first museum of Vologda ( opened in 1885 ) - Expocenter Vologda at a boundary of centuries - Museum World of the forgotten things - K . N . Batyushkovs apartment museum - Museum Literature . Art . 20th century - Alexander Mozhayskys house museum - Museum Vologda exile - Museum of Architecture and Ethnography ( Semyonkovo ) Additionally , Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918 . Theaters . - Drama theater - Theater for children and youth - Puppet theater Teremok - Chamber theater - Philharmonic society of Valery Gavrilin - Childrens musical theater Annual festivals . The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda : - Voices of History ( the beginning of July , every year ) - Valery Gavrilin international music festival ( every year , from October till December ) - «Summer in the Kremlin» ( every even year , from June till July ) - The annual open international festival of multimedia art Multimatograf Exhibitions . Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following : - Russian Flax - Russian Wood - Gates of the North - Your Home Literature . Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda . The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov , Varlam Shalamov , Nikolay Rubtsov , and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky . Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova , Maria Markova , Galina Schekina , and Anton Chorny . Institutions of higher education . - Vologda State Technical University - Vologda State Pedagogical University - N.V . Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy - Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service - Vologda Institute of Business - Branches : - Vologda branch of the Moscow State Law Academy - Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service - Vologda branch of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics - Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies Transportation . Vologda is a major transportation hub , located at the intersection of highways , railways , and waterways . The public transport network is well developed in the city : There are both bus and trolleybus lines . The city has four big automobile bridges : two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways . There is one pedestrian bridge ( the Red bridge ) in the city center . Railway . Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway . It includes the stations Vologda-1 , Vologda-2 , Rybkino , and Losta . The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation , with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily . Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1 . Air . The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway . Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow , Ukhta , Velikiy Ustyug , Kichmengsky Gorodok , and Vytegra . Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company . They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service . Highways . The following highways go through Vologda : - Federal highway М8 ( Moscow – Yaroslavl – Vologda – Arkhangelsk – Severodvinsk ) . The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side ( south ) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street , from the Arkhangelsk side ( north ) – Chernyshevskaya street . - Road А-114 ( Vologda – Cherepovets – Novaya Ladoga ) . The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse . - Line Р-5 ( Vologda – Kirillov – Vytegra – Pudozh – Medvezhyegorsk ) . The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street . - Roads of local importance lead to - Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo , - Fetinino ( through Semyonkovo ) - Gryazovets and Rostilovo ( old Moscow highway ) . The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114 , Р-5 and М-8 ( the Arkhangelsk destination ) is under construction around Vologda . The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road . Urban public transport . The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes , and also by lines of fixed-route taxis . Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929 , the trolleybus service was open in 1976 . As of November 2009 , in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes , nineteen municipal bus routes , and about forty marshrutkas ( routed taxis ) . The main transport companies are the open society VologdaElectroTrans ( trolleybuses ) , PATP-1 and PATP-32 ( municipal bus routes ) . Industry . Currently , there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda . The most notable ones are : - Closed joint-stock company Vologda Bearing Factory – produces bearings of various types - Open joint stock company Vagron – alcohol production - Open joint stock company Vologda Machine-Building Plant – produces various processing equipment for agriculture - Open joint stock company Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant – produces optical devices - State-owned enterprise Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works , branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains , makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages - Open joint stock company Byvalovsky machinery plant – the leading enterprise of the Northwest of Russia that produces cranes - Open joint stock company ElectroTechMash – produces electric household and technological products - Limited liability company Central operating company – building , designing , management of dwellings , management of the commercial real estate - Open joint stock company Trans-alpha ( former Vologda mechanical factory ) – produces trolleybuses and buses - Opened joint-stock company Vologda building designs and road machines factory – produces mobile buildings for household , public , and industrial use - Closed joint-stock company SoyuzLesMontazh – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» ( lace ) , limited liability company Hope and other enterprises . Sports . Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums Dynamo , Locomotive , Vityaz , the swimming pools Dynamo and Lagoon , the sports and concert complex Spectrum , fitness centers , regional athletic spots . Vologda is a home to : - the male soccer team Dynamo - the female basketball team Chevakata Twin towns – sister cities . Vologda is twinned with : - Burgas , Bulgaria - Grodno , Belarus - Kouvola , Finland - Sevastopol , Ukraine - Yevpatoria , Ukraine Notable people . Arts . - Konstantin Batyushkov ( 1787–1855 ) , poet - Valery Gavrilin ( 1939–1999 ) , composer - Varlam Shalamov ( 1907–1982 ) , writer , poet - Georgi Vasilyev ( 1899–1946 ) , film director , screenwriter - Apollo Korzeniowski and his son Joseph Conrad , writers , were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order - Anya Monzikova ( born 25 August 1984 ) , model and actress Sciences . - Alexander Bykov ( born 1962 ) , historian , numismatist - Khariton Chebotaryov ( 1746–1815 ) , historian , rector of the Moscow University - Nikolay Devyatkov ( 1907–2001 ) , engineer and inventor - Grigory Landsberg ( 1890–1957 ) , physicist Sports . - Yuliya Chekalyova ( born 1984 ) , cross-country skier - Zhanna Gromova ( born 1949 ) , figure skating coach - Nikolay Gulyayev ( born 1966 ) , speed skater - Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov ( born 1988 ) , football player - Natalia Podolskaya ( canoeist ) ( born 1993 ) , canoeist - Artur Rylov ( born 1989 ) , football player - Tamara Rylova ( born 1931 ) , speed skater - Artem Yashkin ( born 1975 ) , football playe
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Vologda Vologda ( ) is a city and the administrative , cultural , and scientific center of Vologda Oblast , Russia , located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina . Population : 293,046 ( 2002 Census ) ; The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia . The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as an historic city , one of forty-one in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast . 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments . History . Foundation . Two conflicting theories exist as to the date of Vologdas foundation . The year 1147 is the official date first fixed in 1780 by Alexey Zasetsky in his book Stories about miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda . The story mentions that in 1147 the Trinity Monastery was founded close to the river Vologda . The date of the foundation of the monastery is then taken as the date of the foundation of the city of Vologda and is mentioned in official city documents . This date , which would make Vologda to be of the same age as Moscow , is , however , not supported by any scientific data and is considered by authoritative sources to be fictional . The story was only written in 1666 by a certain Foma , who got a request from Archbishop Markel to produce the vita of Gerasimus . Foma himself admitted that he had no sufficient data on the biography . The story contains many contradicting details . Besides , the monastic life in the Russian north was not known in the 12th century : the first monastery in Vladimir was founded in 1152 , in Rostov in 1212 , in the Belozersk area in 1251 . Archeological excavations do not confirm this date either . Instead , they demonstrate that the city of Vologda was founded in the 13th century . The year 1264 was the first mention of Vologda when it was included in the list of possessions of the Novgorod Republic in the agreement between the Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir . This date is also supported by archaeological data . The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center , but rather the area known now as Lazy ground ( ) , close to the Resurrection church . This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565 . Until that year , no stone constructions existed in Vologda ; all of the city fortifications , bridges , houses , churches , and industrial enterprises were made of wood . Before the 16th century . The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow , Novgorod , and the White Sea ( via the Northern Dvina ) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic , as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow , who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries . In 1371 , Dmitry Prilutsky , a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky , founded Nikolsky Monastery , now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery , close to the city . Dmitry Donskoy , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod . In 1397 , during the reign of Vasily I , Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Subsequently , the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces . During the Muscovite Civil War , Vologda played a key role . After Vasily II the Blind , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447 , he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka , was exiled to Vologda , and got the city as a personal possession . From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath . The civil war continued , and in 1450 , Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka ; however , they did not manage to occupy the town . After the death of Vasily in 1462 , Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda . In 1481 , after the death of Andrey who had no successors , Vologda passed to Ivan III , the Grand Duke of Moscow , and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Times of Ivan the Terrible . During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible , Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russias trade . The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England , Holland , and other western countries via the White Sea . Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven , and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk . The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda , and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center . The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda . In 1553 , Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England . In 1554 , trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod , and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda . Following the reports of John Gass , in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city , and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya , a native of Vologda . In 1565 , Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda into the structure of Oprichnina lands . That year , he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country . The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress . It was decided to build it not in the former town center , but rather in another part of the town , limited on the one side by the river , and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya , Oktyabrskaya , and Mira Streets . The fortress was surrounded by a moat . Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28 , 1566 , which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason ( Nason in Russian tradition ) and Saint Sosipater . Therefore , the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the Nason-gorod ( Nason-town ) . The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin ( currently the name is sometimes referred only to the Bishops courtyard ) . Between 1568 and 1570 , a new cathedral was built in the new fortress . The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda . The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin . This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow . He personally supervised the construction , headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov . In 1571 , Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands . Thereby , Vologda was strengthened not only in trading , military and political influence , but also in ecclesiastical affairs . However , in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good . Presumably , this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina , and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer . According to the legend , when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral , a little stone fell from the roof on his head . The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as an sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city . In any case , it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral , and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime . The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587 . Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building . Time of Troubles . The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605 . In 1608 , when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops , the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry . By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses , but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia . However , abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population . As a result , Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky . Moreover , in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II . In 1612 , people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky , which eventually defeated Polish troops . However , after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard , it remained without sufficient protection , and on September 22 , 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance , later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants . Under the Romanovs . After 1613 , Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade . During the reign of Peter the Great , Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia . Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there . Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda . Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye , north of Vologda . However , after personally inspecting the lake in 1692 , he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose . Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions , on six of which ( in 1692 , 1693 , 1694 , 1702 , 1722 , and 1724 ) he stayed in the city for extended time . He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman , which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities , and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda . However , after St . Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea , the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed . In 1722 , Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk , which damaged Vologda even further . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 , Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate . The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty , a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1796 , the viceroyalty , administered by a governor-general , was transformed into Vologda Governorate , the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east . The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781 . The street network is still in use now . A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow ( 1872 ) , with Arkhangelsk ( 1898 ) , with St . Petersburg and Vyatka ( 1905 ) . In 1871 , the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye , from Vologda . It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia . Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry , and the Vologda butter , a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman , became a world trademark . In 1911 , the manor of Fominskoye together with the Bumans creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute . Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia . Since the 15th century , Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as Siberia close to the capital . In the 19th–20th centuries , such persons as Joseph Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov ( later the Minister of Foreign Affairs ) , Nikolai Berdyaev ( the famous Russian philosopher ) , Boris Savinkov ( later known as a successful terrorist ) , Mariya Ulyanova , and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda . Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov , and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya , Bogdanovs sister . Soviet period . Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917 , and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration . In February 1918 , Vologda became the diplomatic capital of Russia for several months . Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army , so Western powers , led by American Ambassador David R . Francis , relocated them to Vologda . However , pressured by the Bolsheviks , on July 24 , 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk . During the Russian Civil War , Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army . The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia . In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral , that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city . In 1929 , the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation , Northern Krai , which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates , as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast . The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk . In December 1936 , Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast , with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk . On September 23 , 1937 , Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union . According to the same decision , districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast . These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast . Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined . In the 1930s , a flax factory , a coach-repair factory , and a sawmill , Northern Communard , were constructed . During World War II , martial law was declared in Vologda , and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production . In the fall of 1941 , Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast , and Vologda thus became a front city . The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches . In the city , bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction , systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed . As a result , though attempts of bombardments were numerous , no bombs fell on the city . To commemorate these events , a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda . The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun . In addition , Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment . It also served as a large hospital center . Residents of Vologda donated blood , money , and jewellery . The tank detachment Vologda Collective Farmer was funded by these donations . To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street . Between 1961 and 1985 , Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast . During this period , notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred . In particular , a bearing plant , a mechanical plant , and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda . A polytechnical university was opened . A large-scale poultry farm was established . A major construction initiative was carried out , and , in particular , the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed . The city expanded , with new residential areas built ; in particular , Byvalovo , GPZ , the 5th and the 6th Microdistricts . In 1976 , the Vologda trolleybus system opened . Post-Soviet period . In November 1991 , the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began . In October 1993 , the Soviets of Peoples Deputies of all levels were abolished . After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet , the City Duma was established . The first Duma elections took place on March 20 , 1994 . This first Duma only had six seats , but in 1995 , after the next elections , it was expanded to thirty deputies . On July 25 , 1996 , the City Duma adopted the main city document : the Charter of Vologda . On October 6 , 1996 , the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place . Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city . His term ended in 2008 . In 2003 , the construction of a ring road started . Before that , the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center , causing congestion . Since the completion , the ring road connects the highways А114 ( Vologda – Novaya Ladoga ) , Р5 ( Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk ) , and М8 ( Moscow – Arkhangelsk ) . On August 25 , 2005 , the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda . Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996 , the changes were relatively minor . On October 12 , 2008 , Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head . Administrative and municipal status . Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with one rural locality , incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda ( one of the four in Vologda Oblast ) —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug . Climate . Vologdas climate is humid continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) bordering on a mild subarctic climate ( Dfc ) . Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months . Spring and autumn are cool , summer is warm , the coldest months are December and January , the warmest month is July . Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn . - Mean-annual temperature : - Mean-annual speed of wind : 3.0 m/s - Mean-annual humidity of air : 80% Demographics . The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians . A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates , their number reaches fifty thousand people . The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast . Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused , hence government has announced giving away free land . Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose . Culture and art . Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments . In Vologda , 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance . The most known of them are - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Saint Sophia cathedral - Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery - ensemble of the Vladimir churches - Konstantin and Elena church , St . John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes - Dmitry Prilutsky church - Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona - architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture . Vologda is among them . Trademarks . Vologdas trademark products include Vologda lace , butter , and flax . Museums . In Vologda , there are ten museums , four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery , and the gallery Red bridge . The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve . Its structure now includes the following museums , - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Peter the Greats house museum ( Peters house ) – the first museum of Vologda ( opened in 1885 ) - Expocenter Vologda at a boundary of centuries - Museum World of the forgotten things - K . N . Batyushkovs apartment museum - Museum Literature . Art . 20th century - Alexander Mozhayskys house museum - Museum Vologda exile - Museum of Architecture and Ethnography ( Semyonkovo ) Additionally , Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918 . Theaters . - Drama theater - Theater for children and youth - Puppet theater Teremok - Chamber theater - Philharmonic society of Valery Gavrilin - Childrens musical theater Annual festivals . The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda : - Voices of History ( the beginning of July , every year ) - Valery Gavrilin international music festival ( every year , from October till December ) - «Summer in the Kremlin» ( every even year , from June till July ) - The annual open international festival of multimedia art Multimatograf Exhibitions . Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following : - Russian Flax - Russian Wood - Gates of the North - Your Home Literature . Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda . The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov , Varlam Shalamov , Nikolay Rubtsov , and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky . Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova , Maria Markova , Galina Schekina , and Anton Chorny . Institutions of higher education . - Vologda State Technical University - Vologda State Pedagogical University - N.V . Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy - Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service - Vologda Institute of Business - Branches : - Vologda branch of the Moscow State Law Academy - Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service - Vologda branch of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics - Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies Transportation . Vologda is a major transportation hub , located at the intersection of highways , railways , and waterways . The public transport network is well developed in the city : There are both bus and trolleybus lines . The city has four big automobile bridges : two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways . There is one pedestrian bridge ( the Red bridge ) in the city center . Railway . Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway . It includes the stations Vologda-1 , Vologda-2 , Rybkino , and Losta . The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation , with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily . Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1 . Air . The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway . Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow , Ukhta , Velikiy Ustyug , Kichmengsky Gorodok , and Vytegra . Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company . They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service . Highways . The following highways go through Vologda : - Federal highway М8 ( Moscow – Yaroslavl – Vologda – Arkhangelsk – Severodvinsk ) . The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side ( south ) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street , from the Arkhangelsk side ( north ) – Chernyshevskaya street . - Road А-114 ( Vologda – Cherepovets – Novaya Ladoga ) . The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse . - Line Р-5 ( Vologda – Kirillov – Vytegra – Pudozh – Medvezhyegorsk ) . The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street . - Roads of local importance lead to - Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo , - Fetinino ( through Semyonkovo ) - Gryazovets and Rostilovo ( old Moscow highway ) . The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114 , Р-5 and М-8 ( the Arkhangelsk destination ) is under construction around Vologda . The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road . Urban public transport . The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes , and also by lines of fixed-route taxis . Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929 , the trolleybus service was open in 1976 . As of November 2009 , in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes , nineteen municipal bus routes , and about forty marshrutkas ( routed taxis ) . The main transport companies are the open society VologdaElectroTrans ( trolleybuses ) , PATP-1 and PATP-32 ( municipal bus routes ) . Industry . Currently , there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda . The most notable ones are : - Closed joint-stock company Vologda Bearing Factory – produces bearings of various types - Open joint stock company Vagron – alcohol production - Open joint stock company Vologda Machine-Building Plant – produces various processing equipment for agriculture - Open joint stock company Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant – produces optical devices - State-owned enterprise Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works , branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains , makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages - Open joint stock company Byvalovsky machinery plant – the leading enterprise of the Northwest of Russia that produces cranes - Open joint stock company ElectroTechMash – produces electric household and technological products - Limited liability company Central operating company – building , designing , management of dwellings , management of the commercial real estate - Open joint stock company Trans-alpha ( former Vologda mechanical factory ) – produces trolleybuses and buses - Opened joint-stock company Vologda building designs and road machines factory – produces mobile buildings for household , public , and industrial use - Closed joint-stock company SoyuzLesMontazh – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» ( lace ) , limited liability company Hope and other enterprises . Sports . Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums Dynamo , Locomotive , Vityaz , the swimming pools Dynamo and Lagoon , the sports and concert complex Spectrum , fitness centers , regional athletic spots . Vologda is a home to : - the male soccer team Dynamo - the female basketball team Chevakata Twin towns – sister cities . Vologda is twinned with : - Burgas , Bulgaria - Grodno , Belarus - Kouvola , Finland - Sevastopol , Ukraine - Yevpatoria , Ukraine Notable people . Arts . - Konstantin Batyushkov ( 1787–1855 ) , poet - Valery Gavrilin ( 1939–1999 ) , composer - Varlam Shalamov ( 1907–1982 ) , writer , poet - Georgi Vasilyev ( 1899–1946 ) , film director , screenwriter - Apollo Korzeniowski and his son Joseph Conrad , writers , were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order - Anya Monzikova ( born 25 August 1984 ) , model and actress Sciences . - Alexander Bykov ( born 1962 ) , historian , numismatist - Khariton Chebotaryov ( 1746–1815 ) , historian , rector of the Moscow University - Nikolay Devyatkov ( 1907–2001 ) , engineer and inventor - Grigory Landsberg ( 1890–1957 ) , physicist Sports . - Yuliya Chekalyova ( born 1984 ) , cross-country skier - Zhanna Gromova ( born 1949 ) , figure skating coach - Nikolay Gulyayev ( born 1966 ) , speed skater - Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov ( born 1988 ) , football player - Natalia Podolskaya ( canoeist ) ( born 1993 ) , canoeist - Artur Rylov ( born 1989 ) , football player - Tamara Rylova ( born 1931 ) , speed skater - Artem Yashkin ( born 1975 ) , football playe
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"Vologda Regional",
"Vologodsky District"
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What was the capital of Vologda from Sep 1937 to Dec 2004?
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/wiki/Vologda#P1376#4
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Vologda Vologda ( ) is a city and the administrative , cultural , and scientific center of Vologda Oblast , Russia , located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina . Population : 293,046 ( 2002 Census ) ; The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia . The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as an historic city , one of forty-one in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast . 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments . History . Foundation . Two conflicting theories exist as to the date of Vologdas foundation . The year 1147 is the official date first fixed in 1780 by Alexey Zasetsky in his book Stories about miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda . The story mentions that in 1147 the Trinity Monastery was founded close to the river Vologda . The date of the foundation of the monastery is then taken as the date of the foundation of the city of Vologda and is mentioned in official city documents . This date , which would make Vologda to be of the same age as Moscow , is , however , not supported by any scientific data and is considered by authoritative sources to be fictional . The story was only written in 1666 by a certain Foma , who got a request from Archbishop Markel to produce the vita of Gerasimus . Foma himself admitted that he had no sufficient data on the biography . The story contains many contradicting details . Besides , the monastic life in the Russian north was not known in the 12th century : the first monastery in Vladimir was founded in 1152 , in Rostov in 1212 , in the Belozersk area in 1251 . Archeological excavations do not confirm this date either . Instead , they demonstrate that the city of Vologda was founded in the 13th century . The year 1264 was the first mention of Vologda when it was included in the list of possessions of the Novgorod Republic in the agreement between the Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir . This date is also supported by archaeological data . The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center , but rather the area known now as Lazy ground ( ) , close to the Resurrection church . This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565 . Until that year , no stone constructions existed in Vologda ; all of the city fortifications , bridges , houses , churches , and industrial enterprises were made of wood . Before the 16th century . The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow , Novgorod , and the White Sea ( via the Northern Dvina ) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic , as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow , who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries . In 1371 , Dmitry Prilutsky , a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky , founded Nikolsky Monastery , now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery , close to the city . Dmitry Donskoy , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod . In 1397 , during the reign of Vasily I , Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Subsequently , the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces . During the Muscovite Civil War , Vologda played a key role . After Vasily II the Blind , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447 , he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka , was exiled to Vologda , and got the city as a personal possession . From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath . The civil war continued , and in 1450 , Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka ; however , they did not manage to occupy the town . After the death of Vasily in 1462 , Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda . In 1481 , after the death of Andrey who had no successors , Vologda passed to Ivan III , the Grand Duke of Moscow , and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Times of Ivan the Terrible . During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible , Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russias trade . The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England , Holland , and other western countries via the White Sea . Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven , and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk . The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda , and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center . The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda . In 1553 , Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England . In 1554 , trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod , and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda . Following the reports of John Gass , in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city , and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya , a native of Vologda . In 1565 , Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda into the structure of Oprichnina lands . That year , he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country . The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress . It was decided to build it not in the former town center , but rather in another part of the town , limited on the one side by the river , and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya , Oktyabrskaya , and Mira Streets . The fortress was surrounded by a moat . Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28 , 1566 , which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason ( Nason in Russian tradition ) and Saint Sosipater . Therefore , the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the Nason-gorod ( Nason-town ) . The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin ( currently the name is sometimes referred only to the Bishops courtyard ) . Between 1568 and 1570 , a new cathedral was built in the new fortress . The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda . The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin . This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow . He personally supervised the construction , headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov . In 1571 , Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands . Thereby , Vologda was strengthened not only in trading , military and political influence , but also in ecclesiastical affairs . However , in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good . Presumably , this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina , and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer . According to the legend , when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral , a little stone fell from the roof on his head . The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as an sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city . In any case , it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral , and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime . The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587 . Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building . Time of Troubles . The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605 . In 1608 , when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops , the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry . By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses , but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia . However , abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population . As a result , Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky . Moreover , in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II . In 1612 , people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky , which eventually defeated Polish troops . However , after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard , it remained without sufficient protection , and on September 22 , 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance , later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants . Under the Romanovs . After 1613 , Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade . During the reign of Peter the Great , Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia . Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there . Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda . Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye , north of Vologda . However , after personally inspecting the lake in 1692 , he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose . Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions , on six of which ( in 1692 , 1693 , 1694 , 1702 , 1722 , and 1724 ) he stayed in the city for extended time . He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman , which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities , and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda . However , after St . Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea , the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed . In 1722 , Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk , which damaged Vologda even further . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 , Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate . The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty , a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1796 , the viceroyalty , administered by a governor-general , was transformed into Vologda Governorate , the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east . The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781 . The street network is still in use now . A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow ( 1872 ) , with Arkhangelsk ( 1898 ) , with St . Petersburg and Vyatka ( 1905 ) . In 1871 , the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye , from Vologda . It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia . Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry , and the Vologda butter , a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman , became a world trademark . In 1911 , the manor of Fominskoye together with the Bumans creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute . Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia . Since the 15th century , Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as Siberia close to the capital . In the 19th–20th centuries , such persons as Joseph Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov ( later the Minister of Foreign Affairs ) , Nikolai Berdyaev ( the famous Russian philosopher ) , Boris Savinkov ( later known as a successful terrorist ) , Mariya Ulyanova , and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda . Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov , and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya , Bogdanovs sister . Soviet period . Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917 , and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration . In February 1918 , Vologda became the diplomatic capital of Russia for several months . Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army , so Western powers , led by American Ambassador David R . Francis , relocated them to Vologda . However , pressured by the Bolsheviks , on July 24 , 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk . During the Russian Civil War , Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army . The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia . In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral , that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city . In 1929 , the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation , Northern Krai , which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates , as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast . The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk . In December 1936 , Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast , with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk . On September 23 , 1937 , Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union . According to the same decision , districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast . These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast . Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined . In the 1930s , a flax factory , a coach-repair factory , and a sawmill , Northern Communard , were constructed . During World War II , martial law was declared in Vologda , and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production . In the fall of 1941 , Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast , and Vologda thus became a front city . The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches . In the city , bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction , systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed . As a result , though attempts of bombardments were numerous , no bombs fell on the city . To commemorate these events , a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda . The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun . In addition , Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment . It also served as a large hospital center . Residents of Vologda donated blood , money , and jewellery . The tank detachment Vologda Collective Farmer was funded by these donations . To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street . Between 1961 and 1985 , Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast . During this period , notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred . In particular , a bearing plant , a mechanical plant , and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda . A polytechnical university was opened . A large-scale poultry farm was established . A major construction initiative was carried out , and , in particular , the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed . The city expanded , with new residential areas built ; in particular , Byvalovo , GPZ , the 5th and the 6th Microdistricts . In 1976 , the Vologda trolleybus system opened . Post-Soviet period . In November 1991 , the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began . In October 1993 , the Soviets of Peoples Deputies of all levels were abolished . After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet , the City Duma was established . The first Duma elections took place on March 20 , 1994 . This first Duma only had six seats , but in 1995 , after the next elections , it was expanded to thirty deputies . On July 25 , 1996 , the City Duma adopted the main city document : the Charter of Vologda . On October 6 , 1996 , the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place . Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city . His term ended in 2008 . In 2003 , the construction of a ring road started . Before that , the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center , causing congestion . Since the completion , the ring road connects the highways А114 ( Vologda – Novaya Ladoga ) , Р5 ( Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk ) , and М8 ( Moscow – Arkhangelsk ) . On August 25 , 2005 , the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda . Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996 , the changes were relatively minor . On October 12 , 2008 , Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head . Administrative and municipal status . Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with one rural locality , incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda ( one of the four in Vologda Oblast ) —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug . Climate . Vologdas climate is humid continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) bordering on a mild subarctic climate ( Dfc ) . Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months . Spring and autumn are cool , summer is warm , the coldest months are December and January , the warmest month is July . Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn . - Mean-annual temperature : - Mean-annual speed of wind : 3.0 m/s - Mean-annual humidity of air : 80% Demographics . The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians . A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates , their number reaches fifty thousand people . The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast . Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused , hence government has announced giving away free land . Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose . Culture and art . Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments . In Vologda , 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance . The most known of them are - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Saint Sophia cathedral - Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery - ensemble of the Vladimir churches - Konstantin and Elena church , St . John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes - Dmitry Prilutsky church - Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona - architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture . Vologda is among them . Trademarks . Vologdas trademark products include Vologda lace , butter , and flax . Museums . In Vologda , there are ten museums , four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery , and the gallery Red bridge . The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve . Its structure now includes the following museums , - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Peter the Greats house museum ( Peters house ) – the first museum of Vologda ( opened in 1885 ) - Expocenter Vologda at a boundary of centuries - Museum World of the forgotten things - K . N . Batyushkovs apartment museum - Museum Literature . Art . 20th century - Alexander Mozhayskys house museum - Museum Vologda exile - Museum of Architecture and Ethnography ( Semyonkovo ) Additionally , Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918 . Theaters . - Drama theater - Theater for children and youth - Puppet theater Teremok - Chamber theater - Philharmonic society of Valery Gavrilin - Childrens musical theater Annual festivals . The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda : - Voices of History ( the beginning of July , every year ) - Valery Gavrilin international music festival ( every year , from October till December ) - «Summer in the Kremlin» ( every even year , from June till July ) - The annual open international festival of multimedia art Multimatograf Exhibitions . Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following : - Russian Flax - Russian Wood - Gates of the North - Your Home Literature . Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda . The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov , Varlam Shalamov , Nikolay Rubtsov , and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky . Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova , Maria Markova , Galina Schekina , and Anton Chorny . Institutions of higher education . - Vologda State Technical University - Vologda State Pedagogical University - N.V . Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy - Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service - Vologda Institute of Business - Branches : - Vologda branch of the Moscow State Law Academy - Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service - Vologda branch of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics - Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies Transportation . Vologda is a major transportation hub , located at the intersection of highways , railways , and waterways . The public transport network is well developed in the city : There are both bus and trolleybus lines . The city has four big automobile bridges : two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways . There is one pedestrian bridge ( the Red bridge ) in the city center . Railway . Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway . It includes the stations Vologda-1 , Vologda-2 , Rybkino , and Losta . The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation , with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily . Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1 . Air . The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway . Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow , Ukhta , Velikiy Ustyug , Kichmengsky Gorodok , and Vytegra . Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company . They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service . Highways . The following highways go through Vologda : - Federal highway М8 ( Moscow – Yaroslavl – Vologda – Arkhangelsk – Severodvinsk ) . The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side ( south ) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street , from the Arkhangelsk side ( north ) – Chernyshevskaya street . - Road А-114 ( Vologda – Cherepovets – Novaya Ladoga ) . The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse . - Line Р-5 ( Vologda – Kirillov – Vytegra – Pudozh – Medvezhyegorsk ) . The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street . - Roads of local importance lead to - Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo , - Fetinino ( through Semyonkovo ) - Gryazovets and Rostilovo ( old Moscow highway ) . The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114 , Р-5 and М-8 ( the Arkhangelsk destination ) is under construction around Vologda . The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road . Urban public transport . The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes , and also by lines of fixed-route taxis . Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929 , the trolleybus service was open in 1976 . As of November 2009 , in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes , nineteen municipal bus routes , and about forty marshrutkas ( routed taxis ) . The main transport companies are the open society VologdaElectroTrans ( trolleybuses ) , PATP-1 and PATP-32 ( municipal bus routes ) . Industry . Currently , there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda . The most notable ones are : - Closed joint-stock company Vologda Bearing Factory – produces bearings of various types - Open joint stock company Vagron – alcohol production - Open joint stock company Vologda Machine-Building Plant – produces various processing equipment for agriculture - Open joint stock company Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant – produces optical devices - State-owned enterprise Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works , branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains , makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages - Open joint stock company Byvalovsky machinery plant – the leading enterprise of the Northwest of Russia that produces cranes - Open joint stock company ElectroTechMash – produces electric household and technological products - Limited liability company Central operating company – building , designing , management of dwellings , management of the commercial real estate - Open joint stock company Trans-alpha ( former Vologda mechanical factory ) – produces trolleybuses and buses - Opened joint-stock company Vologda building designs and road machines factory – produces mobile buildings for household , public , and industrial use - Closed joint-stock company SoyuzLesMontazh – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» ( lace ) , limited liability company Hope and other enterprises . Sports . Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums Dynamo , Locomotive , Vityaz , the swimming pools Dynamo and Lagoon , the sports and concert complex Spectrum , fitness centers , regional athletic spots . Vologda is a home to : - the male soccer team Dynamo - the female basketball team Chevakata Twin towns – sister cities . Vologda is twinned with : - Burgas , Bulgaria - Grodno , Belarus - Kouvola , Finland - Sevastopol , Ukraine - Yevpatoria , Ukraine Notable people . Arts . - Konstantin Batyushkov ( 1787–1855 ) , poet - Valery Gavrilin ( 1939–1999 ) , composer - Varlam Shalamov ( 1907–1982 ) , writer , poet - Georgi Vasilyev ( 1899–1946 ) , film director , screenwriter - Apollo Korzeniowski and his son Joseph Conrad , writers , were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order - Anya Monzikova ( born 25 August 1984 ) , model and actress Sciences . - Alexander Bykov ( born 1962 ) , historian , numismatist - Khariton Chebotaryov ( 1746–1815 ) , historian , rector of the Moscow University - Nikolay Devyatkov ( 1907–2001 ) , engineer and inventor - Grigory Landsberg ( 1890–1957 ) , physicist Sports . - Yuliya Chekalyova ( born 1984 ) , cross-country skier - Zhanna Gromova ( born 1949 ) , figure skating coach - Nikolay Gulyayev ( born 1966 ) , speed skater - Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov ( born 1988 ) , football player - Natalia Podolskaya ( canoeist ) ( born 1993 ) , canoeist - Artur Rylov ( born 1989 ) , football player - Tamara Rylova ( born 1931 ) , speed skater - Artem Yashkin ( born 1975 ) , football playe
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"Vologda Urban Okrug"
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easy
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What was the capital of Vologda from Dec 2004 to Dec 2005?
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/wiki/Vologda#P1376#5
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Vologda Vologda ( ) is a city and the administrative , cultural , and scientific center of Vologda Oblast , Russia , located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina . Population : 293,046 ( 2002 Census ) ; The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwest of Russia . The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as an historic city , one of forty-one in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast . 224 buildings in Vologda have been officially recognized as cultural heritage monuments . History . Foundation . Two conflicting theories exist as to the date of Vologdas foundation . The year 1147 is the official date first fixed in 1780 by Alexey Zasetsky in his book Stories about miracles of Gerasimus of Vologda . The story mentions that in 1147 the Trinity Monastery was founded close to the river Vologda . The date of the foundation of the monastery is then taken as the date of the foundation of the city of Vologda and is mentioned in official city documents . This date , which would make Vologda to be of the same age as Moscow , is , however , not supported by any scientific data and is considered by authoritative sources to be fictional . The story was only written in 1666 by a certain Foma , who got a request from Archbishop Markel to produce the vita of Gerasimus . Foma himself admitted that he had no sufficient data on the biography . The story contains many contradicting details . Besides , the monastic life in the Russian north was not known in the 12th century : the first monastery in Vladimir was founded in 1152 , in Rostov in 1212 , in the Belozersk area in 1251 . Archeological excavations do not confirm this date either . Instead , they demonstrate that the city of Vologda was founded in the 13th century . The year 1264 was the first mention of Vologda when it was included in the list of possessions of the Novgorod Republic in the agreement between the Republic and the Grand Prince of Vladimir . This date is also supported by archaeological data . The nucleus of Vologda in the 13th century was not located in the area which is now the city center , but rather the area known now as Lazy ground ( ) , close to the Resurrection church . This area was the center of Vologda up to 1565 . Until that year , no stone constructions existed in Vologda ; all of the city fortifications , bridges , houses , churches , and industrial enterprises were made of wood . Before the 16th century . The unique position of Vologda on important waterways connecting Moscow , Novgorod , and the White Sea ( via the Northern Dvina ) made it attractive for the Novgorod Republic , as well as for the princes of Tver and Moscow , who fought numerous wars between the 13th and the 15th centuries . In 1371 , Dmitry Prilutsky , a monk from the Nikolsky Monastery in Pereslavl-Zalessky , founded Nikolsky Monastery , now known as Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery , close to the city . Dmitry Donskoy , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was the chief benefactor of the monastery and viewed it as a stronghold of the influence of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Northern lands in competition with Novgorod . In 1397 , during the reign of Vasily I , Vologda was added to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Subsequently , the city was several times attacked by Novgorod forces . During the Muscovite Civil War , Vologda played a key role . After Vasily II the Blind , the Grand Prince of Moscow , was defeated by Dmitry Shemyaka in 1447 , he swore to never start a war against Shemyaka , was exiled to Vologda , and got the city as a personal possession . From there Vasily traveled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery where the hegumen released him from the oath . The civil war continued , and in 1450 , Vologda was besieged by the troops of Dmitry Shemyaka ; however , they did not manage to occupy the town . After the death of Vasily in 1462 , Vologda passed to the possession of his son Andrey Menshoy and became the center of the Principality of Vologda . In 1481 , after the death of Andrey who had no successors , Vologda passed to Ivan III , the Grand Duke of Moscow , and was included to the Grand Duchy of Moscow . Times of Ivan the Terrible . During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible , Vologda became one of the major transit centers of Russias trade . The foreign trade was conducted mostly with England , Holland , and other western countries via the White Sea . Arkhangelsk was the major foreign trade haven , and Vologda stood on the waterway connecting Moscow with Arkhangelsk . The trade with Siberia was conducted via the Sukhona and the Vychegda , and Vologda also played an important role as a transit center . The state courtyard was built in the city on the bank of the Vologda . In 1553 , Vologda was visited by the English seafarer Richard Chancellor who officially established diplomatic relations between the Tsardom of Russia and England . In 1554 , trading agent John Gass described Vologda to English merchants as a city with an abundance of bread where the goods were twice as cheap as in Moscow and Novgorod , and that there was no city in Russia that would not trade with Vologda . Following the reports of John Gass , in 1555 England opened a trading office in the city , and the first Russian ambassador sent to England for negotiations became Osip Nepeya , a native of Vologda . In 1565 , Ivan the Terrible introduced the policy of Oprichnina and included Vologda into the structure of Oprichnina lands . That year , he visited the city for the first time and decided to make it the center of Oprichnina and consequently the capital of the country . The Tsar ordered to build a new fortress . It was decided to build it not in the former town center , but rather in another part of the town , limited on the one side by the river , and on the other side by what are now Leningradskaya , Oktyabrskaya , and Mira Streets . The fortress was surrounded by a moat . Ivan the Terrible traveled to Vologda in person to supervise the foundation of the fortress on April 28 , 1566 , which was the day to celebrate the memory of Saint Jason ( Nason in Russian tradition ) and Saint Sosipater . Therefore , the territory of the fortress located in the new part of Vologda was named the Nason-gorod ( Nason-town ) . The other name of the Nason-gorod was the Vologda Kremlin ( currently the name is sometimes referred only to the Bishops courtyard ) . Between 1568 and 1570 , a new cathedral was built in the new fortress . The Saint Sophia Cathedral became the first stone building in Vologda . The design of the cathedral copied the Dormition Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin . This was the idea of Ivan the Terrible who wanted to make his new capital similar to Moscow . He personally supervised the construction , headed by the architect Razmysl Petrov . In 1571 , Vologda became the center of the Diocese of Vologda and Perm that was formed in 1492 and previously had its main church in the distant settlement of Ust-Vym in Perm lands . Thereby , Vologda was strengthened not only in trading , military and political influence , but also in ecclesiastical affairs . However , in 1571 Ivan the Terrible unexpectedly stopped the construction work in Vologda and left the city for good . Presumably , this was connected with his decision to abolish Oprichnina , and Vologda was not needed as the second capital any longer . According to the legend , when Ivan visited the Saint Sophia Cathedral , a little stone fell from the roof on his head . The superstitious Tsar who received a serious head injury took it as an sign of misfortune and decided to leave the city . In any case , it is known that the Tsar wanted even to demolish the cathedral , and that the cathedral was never consecrated during his lifetime . The consecration took place only during the reign his son Feodor I in 1587 . Parts of the incomplete fortress which were later in the 17th century strengthened with wooden walls stayed up to the 19th century when they were disassembled by the city authorities and local residents and used as a material for stone building . Time of Troubles . The Time of Troubles for Vologda began with a plague epidemic in 1605 . In 1608 , when Russia was split into areas controlled by Tsar Vasily Shuysky and areas controlled by the pretender False Dmitry II supported by Polish troops , the people of Vologda made an oath to False Dmitry . By gaining Vologda not only did he get control over Russian and English trading warehouses , but he also positioned himself to gain control over northern Russia . However , abuses and property seizures by the new administration sent to Vologda caused extreme discontent among the population . As a result , Vologda denounced False Dmitry II and supported Shuysky . Moreover , in February 1609 a national home guard headed by Nikita Vysheslavtsev was formed in Vologda and went to fight against False Dmitry II . In 1612 , people of Vologda rendered sizable food and military help to the home guard organized by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky , which eventually defeated Polish troops . However , after the city sent huge military forces to support the second home guard , it remained without sufficient protection , and on September 22 , 1612 one of the Lithuanian extortionate groups seized Vologda without resistance , later burning down the city and killing and imprisoning many of its inhabitants . Under the Romanovs . After 1613 , Vologda quickly recovered due to its convenient location and once again became an important center of foreign trade . During the reign of Peter the Great , Vologda became one of the main military bases of Russia . Military and technical equipment for fortresses and military ships under construction was stored there . Vessels which delivered food supplies to Arkhangelsk were constructed in Vologda . Peter intended to hold them on Lake Kubenskoye , north of Vologda . However , after personally inspecting the lake in 1692 , he abandoned the idea deciding that the lake is improper for that purpose . Peter the Great visited Vologda on no less than ten occasions , on six of which ( in 1692 , 1693 , 1694 , 1702 , 1722 , and 1724 ) he stayed in the city for extended time . He always stayed in a small house of the Dutch merchant Goutman , which in 1872 was bought by the city authorities , and in 1885 was transformed into the memorial museum of Peter the Great and became the first museum of Vologda . However , after St . Petersburg was founded and foreign trade was rerouted to the Baltic Sea , the importance of Vologda as a center of foreign trade decayed . In 1722 , Peter issued the decree restricting trade through Arkhangelsk , which damaged Vologda even further . In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 , Vologda lost its functions as an administrative center and was included as a town of Archangelgorod Governorate . The revival began only during the reign of Catherine the Great who in 1780 made Vologda the center of Vologda Viceroyalty , a successor of Archangelgorod Governorate . In 1796 , the viceroyalty , administered by a governor-general , was transformed into Vologda Governorate , the borders of which stretched up to the Ural mountains in the east . The center of Vologda was rebuilt according to the plan of a provincial city issued in 1781 . The street network is still in use now . A new economic lifting of the city was connected with a steamship movement across the Sukhona and with the building of a new railroad line connecting Vologda with Yaroslavl and Moscow ( 1872 ) , with Arkhangelsk ( 1898 ) , with St . Petersburg and Vyatka ( 1905 ) . In 1871 , the Danish merchant Friedrich Buman opened a specialized butter factory in the manor of Fominskoye , from Vologda . It was the first butter factory both in Vologda Governorate and in Russia . Since then Vologda became the center of the butter industry , and the Vologda butter , a special type of butter with the taste of nuts invented by Nikolay Vereschagin and Buman , became a world trademark . In 1911 , the manor of Fominskoye together with the Bumans creamery was given to the state and became the base for the Vologda dairy institute . Thereby Vologda turned to one of the largest dairy centers of Russia . Since the 15th century , Vologda was a political exile destination and was even known as Siberia close to the capital . In the 19th–20th centuries , such persons as Joseph Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov ( later the Minister of Foreign Affairs ) , Nikolai Berdyaev ( the famous Russian philosopher ) , Boris Savinkov ( later known as a successful terrorist ) , Mariya Ulyanova , and Alexander Bogdanov were sent to Vologda . Anatoly Lunacharsky chose to go there to join Bogdanov , and to marry Anna Alexandrovna Malinovskaya , Bogdanovs sister . Soviet period . Soviet power was established in Vologda in December 1917 , and up to the summer of 1918 co-existed with the zemstvo and municipal administration . In February 1918 , Vologda became the diplomatic capital of Russia for several months . Embassies located in Saint Petersburg were threatened by the German army , so Western powers , led by American Ambassador David R . Francis , relocated them to Vologda . However , pressured by the Bolsheviks , on July 24 , 1918 the diplomats were compelled to leave Vologda and repatriate via Arkhangelsk . During the Russian Civil War , Vologda was the location of the headquarters of the 6th Red Army . The army opposed the White Army under command of Evgeny Miller and the military forces of Entente in northern Russia . In 1924 the government ordered to close the Vsegradsky cathedral , that used to be one of the biggest and most revered in the city . In 1929 , the Vologda Governorate was abolished and included into the structure of a new formation , Northern Krai , which also included former Arkhangelsk and Northern Dvina Governorates , as well as the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast . The administrative center of Northern Krai was located in Arkhangelsk . In December 1936 , Northern Krai was abolished and divided into the Komi ASSR and Northern Oblast , with the administrative center still located in Arkhangelsk . On September 23 , 1937 , Northern Oblast was divided into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast by the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union . According to the same decision , districts of former Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast were attached to Vologda Oblast . These districts currently make for the western part of Vologda Oblast . Thereby the current borders of Vologda Oblast were determined . In the 1930s , a flax factory , a coach-repair factory , and a sawmill , Northern Communard , were constructed . During World War II , martial law was declared in Vologda , and its industrial enterprises shifted to military production . In the fall of 1941 , Finnish troops crossed the borders of Vologda Oblast , and Vologda thus became a front city . The inhabitants were mobilized to dig trenches . In the city , bomb-proof shelters and elementary shelters were under construction , systems of air defense which protected the railway junction and the military-industrial enterprises were developed . As a result , though attempts of bombardments were numerous , no bombs fell on the city . To commemorate these events , a monument to the air defense forces was later erected on Zosimovskaya Street in Vologda . The monument has the shape of an anti-aircraft gun . In addition , Vologda was a railway hub used to supply the army and to evacuate equipment . It also served as a large hospital center . Residents of Vologda donated blood , money , and jewellery . The tank detachment Vologda Collective Farmer was funded by these donations . To commemorate these events the monument to the tank T-34 was built on Mira Street . Between 1961 and 1985 , Anatoly Drygin was the first secretary of the CPSU Vologda Oblast Committee and the head of the oblast . During this period , notable changes in many aspects of economy both of the city and of the oblast occurred . In particular , a bearing plant , a mechanical plant , and an optical-mechanical factory were built in Vologda . A polytechnical university was opened . A large-scale poultry farm was established . A major construction initiative was carried out , and , in particular , the first buildings higher than five floors were constructed . The city expanded , with new residential areas built ; in particular , Byvalovo , GPZ , the 5th and the 6th Microdistricts . In 1976 , the Vologda trolleybus system opened . Post-Soviet period . In November 1991 , the city administration was formed and the reform of local governments began . In October 1993 , the Soviets of Peoples Deputies of all levels were abolished . After the dissolution of the Vologda Soviet , the City Duma was established . The first Duma elections took place on March 20 , 1994 . This first Duma only had six seats , but in 1995 , after the next elections , it was expanded to thirty deputies . On July 25 , 1996 , the City Duma adopted the main city document : the Charter of Vologda . On October 6 , 1996 , the first mayoral elections in the history of Vologda took place . Alexey Yakunichev was elected and became the head of the city . His term ended in 2008 . In 2003 , the construction of a ring road started . Before that , the М8 highway connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk ran through the city center , causing congestion . Since the completion , the ring road connects the highways А114 ( Vologda – Novaya Ladoga ) , Р5 ( Vologda – Medvezhyegorsk ) , and М8 ( Moscow – Arkhangelsk ) . On August 25 , 2005 , the City Duma approved the new Charter of Vologda . Even though the deputies introduced more than four hundred amendments and the document increased more than twice in volume as compared with the Charter of 1996 , the changes were relatively minor . On October 12 , 2008 , Yevgeny Shulepov was elected to be the City Head . Administrative and municipal status . Vologda is the administrative center of the oblast and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative center of Vologodsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with one rural locality , incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Vologda ( one of the four in Vologda Oblast ) —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Vologda is incorporated as Vologda Urban Okrug . Climate . Vologdas climate is humid continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) bordering on a mild subarctic climate ( Dfc ) . Winter is long and cold but not severe and lasts for five months . Spring and autumn are cool , summer is warm , the coldest months are December and January , the warmest month is July . Rain is most frequent in the summer and autumn . - Mean-annual temperature : - Mean-annual speed of wind : 3.0 m/s - Mean-annual humidity of air : 80% Demographics . The population of the city and the oblast consists mainly of ethnic Russians . A considerable part of the city population are government officials and civil servants of different levels – according to various estimates , their number reaches fifty thousand people . The reason is that Vologda is not only a big city but also the administrative center of Vologda Oblast . Around 43 million hectares of farmland is unused , hence government has announced giving away free land . Vologda will lend 468,000 hectares of land for agriculture and raising livestock purpose . Culture and art . Vologda is one of the best preserved big cities of Russia combining traditional wooden architecture and stone monuments . In Vologda , 193 monuments of architecture and history are designated as cultural monuments of federal significance . The most known of them are - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Saint Sophia cathedral - Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery - ensemble of the Vladimir churches - Konstantin and Elena church , St . John the Baptist Church in Roshcheniye with its frescoes - Dmitry Prilutsky church - Church of the Intercession on Kozlyona - architectural ensembles of the Stone bridge and of the Revolyutsii Square Of 116 historical cities of Russia only 16 have monuments of wooden architecture . Vologda is among them . Trademarks . Vologdas trademark products include Vologda lace , butter , and flax . Museums . In Vologda , there are ten museums , four showrooms of the Vologda Regional Art Gallery , and the gallery Red bridge . The largest cultural center of the Russian North is the Vologda State Museum Reserve . Its structure now includes the following museums , - Vologda Kremlin ( Bishops courtyard ) - Peter the Greats house museum ( Peters house ) – the first museum of Vologda ( opened in 1885 ) - Expocenter Vologda at a boundary of centuries - Museum World of the forgotten things - K . N . Batyushkovs apartment museum - Museum Literature . Art . 20th century - Alexander Mozhayskys house museum - Museum Vologda exile - Museum of Architecture and Ethnography ( Semyonkovo ) Additionally , Vologda is home to a unique Russian private museum of political history—the Museum of Diplomatic Corps which highlights the short stay of diplomatic corps in Vologda in 1918 . Theaters . - Drama theater - Theater for children and youth - Puppet theater Teremok - Chamber theater - Philharmonic society of Valery Gavrilin - Childrens musical theater Annual festivals . The following annual theater festivals are held in Vologda : - Voices of History ( the beginning of July , every year ) - Valery Gavrilin international music festival ( every year , from October till December ) - «Summer in the Kremlin» ( every even year , from June till July ) - The annual open international festival of multimedia art Multimatograf Exhibitions . Among annual exhibitions which take place in Vologda are the following : - Russian Flax - Russian Wood - Gates of the North - Your Home Literature . Many notable Russian writers and poets were born or worked in Vologda . The best known of them were Konstantin Batyushkov , Varlam Shalamov , Nikolay Rubtsov , and Vasily Belov and Vladimir Gilarovsky . Contemporary literature of Vologda is represented by a number of authors which include Nata Suchkova , Maria Markova , Galina Schekina , and Anton Chorny . Institutions of higher education . - Vologda State Technical University - Vologda State Pedagogical University - N.V . Vereschagin Vologda State Dairy Academy - Vologda Institute of Law and Economy of the Federal Penal Service - Vologda Institute of Business - Branches : - Vologda branch of the Moscow State Law Academy - Vologda branch of the Northwestern Academy of Public Service - Vologda branch of the Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics - Vologda branch of the International Academy of Business and New Technologies Transportation . Vologda is a major transportation hub , located at the intersection of highways , railways , and waterways . The public transport network is well developed in the city : There are both bus and trolleybus lines . The city has four big automobile bridges : two automobile bridges across the Vologda and two bridges across railways . There is one pedestrian bridge ( the Red bridge ) in the city center . Railway . Vologda is the largest sorting and transit spot of the Northern Railway . It includes the stations Vologda-1 , Vologda-2 , Rybkino , and Losta . The stretch between Vologda-2 and Losta is the most active one in the railroad network of the Russian Federation , with more than 120–150 pairs of trains running through it daily . Suburban trains and long-distance trains originate from the railway station of Vologda-1 . Air . The Vologda Airport is situated 10 km from the city centre along the Arkhangelsk highway . Yak-40 aircraft carry out regular passenger flights to Moscow , Ukhta , Velikiy Ustyug , Kichmengsky Gorodok , and Vytegra . Helicopters Mi-2 and Mi-8 are used by the Vologda aviation company . They are used for the emergency aircraft and for the oil pipeline service . Highways . The following highways go through Vologda : - Federal highway М8 ( Moscow – Yaroslavl – Vologda – Arkhangelsk – Severodvinsk ) . The entrance to Vologda from the Moscow side ( south ) is Okruzhnoe shosse and Koneva street , from the Arkhangelsk side ( north ) – Chernyshevskaya street . - Road А-114 ( Vologda – Cherepovets – Novaya Ladoga ) . The entrance to Vologda is Leningradskoe shosse and Okruzhnoe shosse . - Line Р-5 ( Vologda – Kirillov – Vytegra – Pudozh – Medvezhyegorsk ) . The entrance to Vologda is Alexander Klubov street . - Roads of local importance lead to - Mozhaiskoye and Norobovo , - Fetinino ( through Semyonkovo ) - Gryazovets and Rostilovo ( old Moscow highway ) . The new ring road with modern exits connecting roads A-114 , Р-5 and М-8 ( the Arkhangelsk destination ) is under construction around Vologda . The Arkhangelsk direction is still not connected by the ring road . Urban public transport . The municipal transportation of Vologda is carried out by bus and trolleybus routes , and also by lines of fixed-route taxis . Regular bus service started in Vologda in 1929 , the trolleybus service was open in 1976 . As of November 2009 , in Vologda there were five trolleybus routes , nineteen municipal bus routes , and about forty marshrutkas ( routed taxis ) . The main transport companies are the open society VologdaElectroTrans ( trolleybuses ) , PATP-1 and PATP-32 ( municipal bus routes ) . Industry . Currently , there are more than ten thousand enterprises of various patterns of ownership in Vologda . The most notable ones are : - Closed joint-stock company Vologda Bearing Factory – produces bearings of various types - Open joint stock company Vagron – alcohol production - Open joint stock company Vologda Machine-Building Plant – produces various processing equipment for agriculture - Open joint stock company Vologda Optical and Mechanical Plant – produces optical devices - State-owned enterprise Vologda Railway-Carriage Repair Works , branch of the Open Society of the Russian Railway – produces various trains , makes repair and reconstruction of old carriages - Open joint stock company Byvalovsky machinery plant – the leading enterprise of the Northwest of Russia that produces cranes - Open joint stock company ElectroTechMash – produces electric household and technological products - Limited liability company Central operating company – building , designing , management of dwellings , management of the commercial real estate - Open joint stock company Trans-alpha ( former Vologda mechanical factory ) – produces trolleybuses and buses - Opened joint-stock company Vologda building designs and road machines factory – produces mobile buildings for household , public , and industrial use - Closed joint-stock company SoyuzLesMontazh – produces a wide range of equipment for wood processing and equipment for the paper industry Traditional national crafts are presented by the closed joint-stock company «Snowflake» ( lace ) , limited liability company Hope and other enterprises . Sports . Vologda has large sports venues such as the stadiums Dynamo , Locomotive , Vityaz , the swimming pools Dynamo and Lagoon , the sports and concert complex Spectrum , fitness centers , regional athletic spots . Vologda is a home to : - the male soccer team Dynamo - the female basketball team Chevakata Twin towns – sister cities . Vologda is twinned with : - Burgas , Bulgaria - Grodno , Belarus - Kouvola , Finland - Sevastopol , Ukraine - Yevpatoria , Ukraine Notable people . Arts . - Konstantin Batyushkov ( 1787–1855 ) , poet - Valery Gavrilin ( 1939–1999 ) , composer - Varlam Shalamov ( 1907–1982 ) , writer , poet - Georgi Vasilyev ( 1899–1946 ) , film director , screenwriter - Apollo Korzeniowski and his son Joseph Conrad , writers , were expelled to Vologda via court-martial order - Anya Monzikova ( born 25 August 1984 ) , model and actress Sciences . - Alexander Bykov ( born 1962 ) , historian , numismatist - Khariton Chebotaryov ( 1746–1815 ) , historian , rector of the Moscow University - Nikolay Devyatkov ( 1907–2001 ) , engineer and inventor - Grigory Landsberg ( 1890–1957 ) , physicist Sports . - Yuliya Chekalyova ( born 1984 ) , cross-country skier - Zhanna Gromova ( born 1949 ) , figure skating coach - Nikolay Gulyayev ( born 1966 ) , speed skater - Aleksandr Vladimirovich Kulikov ( born 1988 ) , football player - Natalia Podolskaya ( canoeist ) ( born 1993 ) , canoeist - Artur Rylov ( born 1989 ) , football player - Tamara Rylova ( born 1931 ) , speed skater - Artem Yashkin ( born 1975 ) , football playe
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Elizabet Tursynbayeva Elizabet Tursynbayeva ( , born 14 February 2000 ) is a Kazakh figure skater . She is the 2019 World silver medalist , the 2019 Four Continents silver medalist , the 2017 CS Ice Star champion , the 2018 CS Finlandia Trophy silver medalist , the 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb silver medalist , the 2019 Winter Universiade silver medalist , and a three-time Kazakhstani national champion ( 2015-2017 ) . She placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics . Having successfully landed a quadruple salchow at the 2019 World Figure Skating Championships , Tursynbayeva is the first female skater to land a quadruple jump in senior competition . Competing in the junior ranks , Tursynbayeva won bronze at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics and silver at two ISU Junior Grand Prix events . Tursynbaeva placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics and is currently the 20th highest ranked ladies singles skater in world by the International Skating Union following the 2019–20 figure skating season . Personal life . Elizabet Tursynbayeva was born on 14 February 2000 in Moscow , Russia . She is the daughter of Padishakhan Sultanalieva and Baitak Tursynbayev . Her family is originally from Kazakhstan . Her brother , Timur Tursynbayev , who is two years older than her , is a two-time Kazakhstan national figure skating champion . Tursynbaeva is a professional violinist and can also play the piano . She attended a special music school in Moscow . She and her mother settled in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in May 2015 , where she was home-schooled . In 2018 they relocated back to Moscow , Russia . Tursynbaeva speaks Russian and English . Because of her small stature , she is known to many of her fans as Lilbet . Career . Early career . Tursynbayeva started skating at the age of five after following her brother , Timur , into figure skating . As a child , she was coached by Natalia Dubinskaya and Alexander Shubin . She was also briefly coached by Elena Buianova and Svetlana Sokolovskaya from 2011 to 2012 , before switching to Eteri Tutberidze . Representing Kazakhstan , Tursynbayeva made her international debut in April 2011 , placing fourth in the novice ladies category at the Rooster Cup . She won the novice bronze medal at the 2011 NRW Trophy . After finishing thirteenth at the 2013 Russian Junior Championships , she decided to continue representing Kazakhstan . She made no international appearances for Russia . Her coaching relationship with Tutberidze ended in 2013 because Russian coaches no longer had the right to work with non-Russian skaters during the 2014 Olympic season . Having difficulty finding a coach in Russia , Tursynbaeva and her mother wrote a letter to Brian Orser , whom she had always wanted as a coach , and sent him videos of her , asking if he could coach her . Orser , impressed by her talent , responded that he would love to work with her . 2013–2014 season : Junior international debut . Before the 2013–2014 season , Tursynbayeva began training under Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson in Toronto , Canada . In September 2013 , she won the silver medal in her ISU Junior Grand Prix ( JGP ) debut , in Minsk , Belarus . She placed fifth at her second JGP event , in Tallinn , Estonia , and eleventh at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia , Bulgaria . She ended her season with gold at the 2014 Triglav Trophy in Slovenia . 2014–2015 season . During the 2014 JGP series , Tursynbayeva won bronze in Aichi , Japan and silver in Dresden , Germany , finishing as the second alternate for the JGP Final . She then won the junior ladies titles at the International Cup of Nice , Merano Cup , and NRW Trophy . At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn , she placed seventh in the short program , fourth in the free skate , and fourth overall . Most of this season , Tursynbayeva experienced visa problems , which meant that she spent only part of the season training in Toronto under Orser and instead trained mainly at a shopping mall ice rink in Moscow with her mother . 2015–2016 season : Senior international debut . Tursynbayeva became eligible to compete internationally at the senior level for the first time in the 2015-16 season . She was invited to two Grand Prix events . Due to her ongoing visa problem , her first short program , Send In the Clowns , was created in Russia . Her exhibition program , I Got Rhythm , became her short program later during the season . Tursynbayeva began her season by winning silver at the 2015 U.S . Classic , her first ISU Challenger Series ( CS ) event , and gold at the 2015 Skate Canada Autumn Classic . Making her Grand Prix debut , she placed fourth at the 2015 Skate America and seventh at the 2015 Skate Canada International . She then won silver medals at the 2015 CS Tallinn Trophy and 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb . In February 2016 , Tursynbayeva won the individual bronze medal , behind Russians Polina Tsurskaya and Maria Sotskova , at the Winter Youth Olympics in Hamar , Norway . In March , she rose from fourteenth after the short to finish fifth overall ( fourth in the free ) at the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen , Hungary . In April , she finished twelfth at the 2016 World Championships in Boston after placing twelfth in the short and tenth in the free . Later that month , she competed at her first team event , the 2016 Team Challenge Cup in Spokane , Washington . 2016–2017 season . Tursynbayeva won the bronze medal at the 2016 CS Autumn Classic International . She appeared as a torch-bearer for the 2017 Winter Universiade but was too young to compete . At the 2017 Four Continents Championships in Gangneung , South Korea , she received a small bronze medal for her short program and finished eighth overall . Later that month , she placed third at the 2017 Asian Winter Games . Tursynbaeva would go on to finish ninth at the 2017 World Championships , scoring personal bests in the free skate and combined total scores . Her ninth-place finish qualified two spots for the ladies singles event for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang and 2018 World Championships in Milan . During the season , videos surfaced of Tursynbaeva completing fully rotated quad Salchow jumps , along with quadruple Salchows in combination with double and triple toe-loops . 2017–2018 season . Tursynbayeva won the bronze medal at the 2017 CS Autumn Classic International , and then placed eighth at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup . She went on to win the 2017 CS Minsk-Arena Ice Star . She scored a personal best , placing fifth , at the 2017 Internationaux de France . At her next competition , the 2018 Four Continents Championships , she received her lowest scores of the season and finished twelfth . She went on to place twelfth at the 2018 Winter Olympics , and eleventh at the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships . 2018–2019 season . In June , Tursynbayeva announced that she had changed coaches from Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson back to her previous coach , Eteri Tutberidze . Beginning on the Challenger series , Tursynbayeva won silver medals at both the Finlandia Trophy and the Ondrej Nepela Trophy . Assigned to two Grand Prix events , she finished fifth at the 2018 Skate Canada International and sixth at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup . At the 2019 Four Continents Championships , she placed sixth in the short program after turning out of her double Axel . She placed third in the free skate , which included an attempted quad Salchow that she fully rotated but fell on , and won the silver medal overall . This was only the second Four Continents medal for a Kazakh skater ( after Denis Ten ) , and the first for a lady . Speaking afterward , Tursynbayeva admitted that she did not expect to make the podium . Regarding the quad , she said I still have work to do on it , but it wasn’t bad for a first time in competition . Tursynbayeva next competed in the 2019 Winter Universiade . She placed fourth after the short program and first in the free skate . Her free skate included an attempted quad Salchow that she fell on . She was able to deliver the rest of her program without any mistakes and won the silver medal , becoming the second Kazakh skater ( again after Denis Ten ) to medal at a Winter Universiade , and the first to medal in ladies singles . At the 2019 World Championships , she placed third in the short program executing triple Salchow-triple toe loop combination in the second half of the program , earning bonus 10% and a Triple Lutz . She placed fourth in the free skate , successfully landing the quad Salchow and becoming the first woman to ever land a quad jump at the World Championships in ladies singles . She finished in second place overall , winning the silver medal and becoming the second Kazakh skater to medal at the World Championships and the first to do so in ladies singles . In an interview when asked about her performance and the quad , she said I cant believe I landed it , it was good in practice this morning . I couldnt do it at the last two competitions so I was really glad to be able to do it here . 2019–2020 season . Tursynbaeva suffered from recurring injury issues that compelled her to withdraw from the 2019 CS Lombardia Trophy . She did compete at the 2019 Shanghai Trophy , winning the silver medal , but withdrew from her first Grand Prix assignment , 2019 Skate America . She subsequently withdrew from the 2019 Cup of China as well , stating that she hoped to be well enough to participate in ice shows later in the year . Competitive highlights . GP : Grand Prix ; CS : Challenger Series ; JGP : Junior Grand Prix Detailed results . Senior level . Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships . At team events , medals awarded for team results only . External links . - Elizabet Tursynbayeva at Tracings.net
|
[
"Eteri Tutberidze"
] |
easy
|
Who coached the team Elizabet Tursynbayeva from 2012 to 2013?
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/wiki/Elizabet_Tursynbayeva#P286#1
|
Elizabet Tursynbayeva Elizabet Tursynbayeva ( , born 14 February 2000 ) is a Kazakh figure skater . She is the 2019 World silver medalist , the 2019 Four Continents silver medalist , the 2017 CS Ice Star champion , the 2018 CS Finlandia Trophy silver medalist , the 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb silver medalist , the 2019 Winter Universiade silver medalist , and a three-time Kazakhstani national champion ( 2015-2017 ) . She placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics . Having successfully landed a quadruple salchow at the 2019 World Figure Skating Championships , Tursynbayeva is the first female skater to land a quadruple jump in senior competition . Competing in the junior ranks , Tursynbayeva won bronze at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics and silver at two ISU Junior Grand Prix events . Tursynbaeva placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics and is currently the 20th highest ranked ladies singles skater in world by the International Skating Union following the 2019–20 figure skating season . Personal life . Elizabet Tursynbayeva was born on 14 February 2000 in Moscow , Russia . She is the daughter of Padishakhan Sultanalieva and Baitak Tursynbayev . Her family is originally from Kazakhstan . Her brother , Timur Tursynbayev , who is two years older than her , is a two-time Kazakhstan national figure skating champion . Tursynbaeva is a professional violinist and can also play the piano . She attended a special music school in Moscow . She and her mother settled in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in May 2015 , where she was home-schooled . In 2018 they relocated back to Moscow , Russia . Tursynbaeva speaks Russian and English . Because of her small stature , she is known to many of her fans as Lilbet . Career . Early career . Tursynbayeva started skating at the age of five after following her brother , Timur , into figure skating . As a child , she was coached by Natalia Dubinskaya and Alexander Shubin . She was also briefly coached by Elena Buianova and Svetlana Sokolovskaya from 2011 to 2012 , before switching to Eteri Tutberidze . Representing Kazakhstan , Tursynbayeva made her international debut in April 2011 , placing fourth in the novice ladies category at the Rooster Cup . She won the novice bronze medal at the 2011 NRW Trophy . After finishing thirteenth at the 2013 Russian Junior Championships , she decided to continue representing Kazakhstan . She made no international appearances for Russia . Her coaching relationship with Tutberidze ended in 2013 because Russian coaches no longer had the right to work with non-Russian skaters during the 2014 Olympic season . Having difficulty finding a coach in Russia , Tursynbaeva and her mother wrote a letter to Brian Orser , whom she had always wanted as a coach , and sent him videos of her , asking if he could coach her . Orser , impressed by her talent , responded that he would love to work with her . 2013–2014 season : Junior international debut . Before the 2013–2014 season , Tursynbayeva began training under Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson in Toronto , Canada . In September 2013 , she won the silver medal in her ISU Junior Grand Prix ( JGP ) debut , in Minsk , Belarus . She placed fifth at her second JGP event , in Tallinn , Estonia , and eleventh at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia , Bulgaria . She ended her season with gold at the 2014 Triglav Trophy in Slovenia . 2014–2015 season . During the 2014 JGP series , Tursynbayeva won bronze in Aichi , Japan and silver in Dresden , Germany , finishing as the second alternate for the JGP Final . She then won the junior ladies titles at the International Cup of Nice , Merano Cup , and NRW Trophy . At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn , she placed seventh in the short program , fourth in the free skate , and fourth overall . Most of this season , Tursynbayeva experienced visa problems , which meant that she spent only part of the season training in Toronto under Orser and instead trained mainly at a shopping mall ice rink in Moscow with her mother . 2015–2016 season : Senior international debut . Tursynbayeva became eligible to compete internationally at the senior level for the first time in the 2015-16 season . She was invited to two Grand Prix events . Due to her ongoing visa problem , her first short program , Send In the Clowns , was created in Russia . Her exhibition program , I Got Rhythm , became her short program later during the season . Tursynbayeva began her season by winning silver at the 2015 U.S . Classic , her first ISU Challenger Series ( CS ) event , and gold at the 2015 Skate Canada Autumn Classic . Making her Grand Prix debut , she placed fourth at the 2015 Skate America and seventh at the 2015 Skate Canada International . She then won silver medals at the 2015 CS Tallinn Trophy and 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb . In February 2016 , Tursynbayeva won the individual bronze medal , behind Russians Polina Tsurskaya and Maria Sotskova , at the Winter Youth Olympics in Hamar , Norway . In March , she rose from fourteenth after the short to finish fifth overall ( fourth in the free ) at the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen , Hungary . In April , she finished twelfth at the 2016 World Championships in Boston after placing twelfth in the short and tenth in the free . Later that month , she competed at her first team event , the 2016 Team Challenge Cup in Spokane , Washington . 2016–2017 season . Tursynbayeva won the bronze medal at the 2016 CS Autumn Classic International . She appeared as a torch-bearer for the 2017 Winter Universiade but was too young to compete . At the 2017 Four Continents Championships in Gangneung , South Korea , she received a small bronze medal for her short program and finished eighth overall . Later that month , she placed third at the 2017 Asian Winter Games . Tursynbaeva would go on to finish ninth at the 2017 World Championships , scoring personal bests in the free skate and combined total scores . Her ninth-place finish qualified two spots for the ladies singles event for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang and 2018 World Championships in Milan . During the season , videos surfaced of Tursynbaeva completing fully rotated quad Salchow jumps , along with quadruple Salchows in combination with double and triple toe-loops . 2017–2018 season . Tursynbayeva won the bronze medal at the 2017 CS Autumn Classic International , and then placed eighth at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup . She went on to win the 2017 CS Minsk-Arena Ice Star . She scored a personal best , placing fifth , at the 2017 Internationaux de France . At her next competition , the 2018 Four Continents Championships , she received her lowest scores of the season and finished twelfth . She went on to place twelfth at the 2018 Winter Olympics , and eleventh at the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships . 2018–2019 season . In June , Tursynbayeva announced that she had changed coaches from Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson back to her previous coach , Eteri Tutberidze . Beginning on the Challenger series , Tursynbayeva won silver medals at both the Finlandia Trophy and the Ondrej Nepela Trophy . Assigned to two Grand Prix events , she finished fifth at the 2018 Skate Canada International and sixth at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup . At the 2019 Four Continents Championships , she placed sixth in the short program after turning out of her double Axel . She placed third in the free skate , which included an attempted quad Salchow that she fully rotated but fell on , and won the silver medal overall . This was only the second Four Continents medal for a Kazakh skater ( after Denis Ten ) , and the first for a lady . Speaking afterward , Tursynbayeva admitted that she did not expect to make the podium . Regarding the quad , she said I still have work to do on it , but it wasn’t bad for a first time in competition . Tursynbayeva next competed in the 2019 Winter Universiade . She placed fourth after the short program and first in the free skate . Her free skate included an attempted quad Salchow that she fell on . She was able to deliver the rest of her program without any mistakes and won the silver medal , becoming the second Kazakh skater ( again after Denis Ten ) to medal at a Winter Universiade , and the first to medal in ladies singles . At the 2019 World Championships , she placed third in the short program executing triple Salchow-triple toe loop combination in the second half of the program , earning bonus 10% and a Triple Lutz . She placed fourth in the free skate , successfully landing the quad Salchow and becoming the first woman to ever land a quad jump at the World Championships in ladies singles . She finished in second place overall , winning the silver medal and becoming the second Kazakh skater to medal at the World Championships and the first to do so in ladies singles . In an interview when asked about her performance and the quad , she said I cant believe I landed it , it was good in practice this morning . I couldnt do it at the last two competitions so I was really glad to be able to do it here . 2019–2020 season . Tursynbaeva suffered from recurring injury issues that compelled her to withdraw from the 2019 CS Lombardia Trophy . She did compete at the 2019 Shanghai Trophy , winning the silver medal , but withdrew from her first Grand Prix assignment , 2019 Skate America . She subsequently withdrew from the 2019 Cup of China as well , stating that she hoped to be well enough to participate in ice shows later in the year . Competitive highlights . GP : Grand Prix ; CS : Challenger Series ; JGP : Junior Grand Prix Detailed results . Senior level . Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships . At team events , medals awarded for team results only . External links . - Elizabet Tursynbayeva at Tracings.net
|
[
"Brian Orser",
"Tracy Wilson"
] |
easy
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Who coached the team Elizabet Tursynbayeva from 2013 to 2018?
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/wiki/Elizabet_Tursynbayeva#P286#2
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Elizabet Tursynbayeva Elizabet Tursynbayeva ( , born 14 February 2000 ) is a Kazakh figure skater . She is the 2019 World silver medalist , the 2019 Four Continents silver medalist , the 2017 CS Ice Star champion , the 2018 CS Finlandia Trophy silver medalist , the 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb silver medalist , the 2019 Winter Universiade silver medalist , and a three-time Kazakhstani national champion ( 2015-2017 ) . She placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics . Having successfully landed a quadruple salchow at the 2019 World Figure Skating Championships , Tursynbayeva is the first female skater to land a quadruple jump in senior competition . Competing in the junior ranks , Tursynbayeva won bronze at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics and silver at two ISU Junior Grand Prix events . Tursynbaeva placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics and is currently the 20th highest ranked ladies singles skater in world by the International Skating Union following the 2019–20 figure skating season . Personal life . Elizabet Tursynbayeva was born on 14 February 2000 in Moscow , Russia . She is the daughter of Padishakhan Sultanalieva and Baitak Tursynbayev . Her family is originally from Kazakhstan . Her brother , Timur Tursynbayev , who is two years older than her , is a two-time Kazakhstan national figure skating champion . Tursynbaeva is a professional violinist and can also play the piano . She attended a special music school in Moscow . She and her mother settled in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in May 2015 , where she was home-schooled . In 2018 they relocated back to Moscow , Russia . Tursynbaeva speaks Russian and English . Because of her small stature , she is known to many of her fans as Lilbet . Career . Early career . Tursynbayeva started skating at the age of five after following her brother , Timur , into figure skating . As a child , she was coached by Natalia Dubinskaya and Alexander Shubin . She was also briefly coached by Elena Buianova and Svetlana Sokolovskaya from 2011 to 2012 , before switching to Eteri Tutberidze . Representing Kazakhstan , Tursynbayeva made her international debut in April 2011 , placing fourth in the novice ladies category at the Rooster Cup . She won the novice bronze medal at the 2011 NRW Trophy . After finishing thirteenth at the 2013 Russian Junior Championships , she decided to continue representing Kazakhstan . She made no international appearances for Russia . Her coaching relationship with Tutberidze ended in 2013 because Russian coaches no longer had the right to work with non-Russian skaters during the 2014 Olympic season . Having difficulty finding a coach in Russia , Tursynbaeva and her mother wrote a letter to Brian Orser , whom she had always wanted as a coach , and sent him videos of her , asking if he could coach her . Orser , impressed by her talent , responded that he would love to work with her . 2013–2014 season : Junior international debut . Before the 2013–2014 season , Tursynbayeva began training under Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson in Toronto , Canada . In September 2013 , she won the silver medal in her ISU Junior Grand Prix ( JGP ) debut , in Minsk , Belarus . She placed fifth at her second JGP event , in Tallinn , Estonia , and eleventh at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia , Bulgaria . She ended her season with gold at the 2014 Triglav Trophy in Slovenia . 2014–2015 season . During the 2014 JGP series , Tursynbayeva won bronze in Aichi , Japan and silver in Dresden , Germany , finishing as the second alternate for the JGP Final . She then won the junior ladies titles at the International Cup of Nice , Merano Cup , and NRW Trophy . At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn , she placed seventh in the short program , fourth in the free skate , and fourth overall . Most of this season , Tursynbayeva experienced visa problems , which meant that she spent only part of the season training in Toronto under Orser and instead trained mainly at a shopping mall ice rink in Moscow with her mother . 2015–2016 season : Senior international debut . Tursynbayeva became eligible to compete internationally at the senior level for the first time in the 2015-16 season . She was invited to two Grand Prix events . Due to her ongoing visa problem , her first short program , Send In the Clowns , was created in Russia . Her exhibition program , I Got Rhythm , became her short program later during the season . Tursynbayeva began her season by winning silver at the 2015 U.S . Classic , her first ISU Challenger Series ( CS ) event , and gold at the 2015 Skate Canada Autumn Classic . Making her Grand Prix debut , she placed fourth at the 2015 Skate America and seventh at the 2015 Skate Canada International . She then won silver medals at the 2015 CS Tallinn Trophy and 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb . In February 2016 , Tursynbayeva won the individual bronze medal , behind Russians Polina Tsurskaya and Maria Sotskova , at the Winter Youth Olympics in Hamar , Norway . In March , she rose from fourteenth after the short to finish fifth overall ( fourth in the free ) at the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen , Hungary . In April , she finished twelfth at the 2016 World Championships in Boston after placing twelfth in the short and tenth in the free . Later that month , she competed at her first team event , the 2016 Team Challenge Cup in Spokane , Washington . 2016–2017 season . Tursynbayeva won the bronze medal at the 2016 CS Autumn Classic International . She appeared as a torch-bearer for the 2017 Winter Universiade but was too young to compete . At the 2017 Four Continents Championships in Gangneung , South Korea , she received a small bronze medal for her short program and finished eighth overall . Later that month , she placed third at the 2017 Asian Winter Games . Tursynbaeva would go on to finish ninth at the 2017 World Championships , scoring personal bests in the free skate and combined total scores . Her ninth-place finish qualified two spots for the ladies singles event for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang and 2018 World Championships in Milan . During the season , videos surfaced of Tursynbaeva completing fully rotated quad Salchow jumps , along with quadruple Salchows in combination with double and triple toe-loops . 2017–2018 season . Tursynbayeva won the bronze medal at the 2017 CS Autumn Classic International , and then placed eighth at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup . She went on to win the 2017 CS Minsk-Arena Ice Star . She scored a personal best , placing fifth , at the 2017 Internationaux de France . At her next competition , the 2018 Four Continents Championships , she received her lowest scores of the season and finished twelfth . She went on to place twelfth at the 2018 Winter Olympics , and eleventh at the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships . 2018–2019 season . In June , Tursynbayeva announced that she had changed coaches from Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson back to her previous coach , Eteri Tutberidze . Beginning on the Challenger series , Tursynbayeva won silver medals at both the Finlandia Trophy and the Ondrej Nepela Trophy . Assigned to two Grand Prix events , she finished fifth at the 2018 Skate Canada International and sixth at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup . At the 2019 Four Continents Championships , she placed sixth in the short program after turning out of her double Axel . She placed third in the free skate , which included an attempted quad Salchow that she fully rotated but fell on , and won the silver medal overall . This was only the second Four Continents medal for a Kazakh skater ( after Denis Ten ) , and the first for a lady . Speaking afterward , Tursynbayeva admitted that she did not expect to make the podium . Regarding the quad , she said I still have work to do on it , but it wasn’t bad for a first time in competition . Tursynbayeva next competed in the 2019 Winter Universiade . She placed fourth after the short program and first in the free skate . Her free skate included an attempted quad Salchow that she fell on . She was able to deliver the rest of her program without any mistakes and won the silver medal , becoming the second Kazakh skater ( again after Denis Ten ) to medal at a Winter Universiade , and the first to medal in ladies singles . At the 2019 World Championships , she placed third in the short program executing triple Salchow-triple toe loop combination in the second half of the program , earning bonus 10% and a Triple Lutz . She placed fourth in the free skate , successfully landing the quad Salchow and becoming the first woman to ever land a quad jump at the World Championships in ladies singles . She finished in second place overall , winning the silver medal and becoming the second Kazakh skater to medal at the World Championships and the first to do so in ladies singles . In an interview when asked about her performance and the quad , she said I cant believe I landed it , it was good in practice this morning . I couldnt do it at the last two competitions so I was really glad to be able to do it here . 2019–2020 season . Tursynbaeva suffered from recurring injury issues that compelled her to withdraw from the 2019 CS Lombardia Trophy . She did compete at the 2019 Shanghai Trophy , winning the silver medal , but withdrew from her first Grand Prix assignment , 2019 Skate America . She subsequently withdrew from the 2019 Cup of China as well , stating that she hoped to be well enough to participate in ice shows later in the year . Competitive highlights . GP : Grand Prix ; CS : Challenger Series ; JGP : Junior Grand Prix Detailed results . Senior level . Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships . At team events , medals awarded for team results only . External links . - Elizabet Tursynbayeva at Tracings.net
|
[
"Eteri Tutberidze"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head coach of the team Elizabet Tursynbayeva from 2018 to 2019?
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/wiki/Elizabet_Tursynbayeva#P286#3
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Elizabet Tursynbayeva Elizabet Tursynbayeva ( , born 14 February 2000 ) is a Kazakh figure skater . She is the 2019 World silver medalist , the 2019 Four Continents silver medalist , the 2017 CS Ice Star champion , the 2018 CS Finlandia Trophy silver medalist , the 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb silver medalist , the 2019 Winter Universiade silver medalist , and a three-time Kazakhstani national champion ( 2015-2017 ) . She placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics . Having successfully landed a quadruple salchow at the 2019 World Figure Skating Championships , Tursynbayeva is the first female skater to land a quadruple jump in senior competition . Competing in the junior ranks , Tursynbayeva won bronze at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics and silver at two ISU Junior Grand Prix events . Tursynbaeva placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics and is currently the 20th highest ranked ladies singles skater in world by the International Skating Union following the 2019–20 figure skating season . Personal life . Elizabet Tursynbayeva was born on 14 February 2000 in Moscow , Russia . She is the daughter of Padishakhan Sultanalieva and Baitak Tursynbayev . Her family is originally from Kazakhstan . Her brother , Timur Tursynbayev , who is two years older than her , is a two-time Kazakhstan national figure skating champion . Tursynbaeva is a professional violinist and can also play the piano . She attended a special music school in Moscow . She and her mother settled in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in May 2015 , where she was home-schooled . In 2018 they relocated back to Moscow , Russia . Tursynbaeva speaks Russian and English . Because of her small stature , she is known to many of her fans as Lilbet . Career . Early career . Tursynbayeva started skating at the age of five after following her brother , Timur , into figure skating . As a child , she was coached by Natalia Dubinskaya and Alexander Shubin . She was also briefly coached by Elena Buianova and Svetlana Sokolovskaya from 2011 to 2012 , before switching to Eteri Tutberidze . Representing Kazakhstan , Tursynbayeva made her international debut in April 2011 , placing fourth in the novice ladies category at the Rooster Cup . She won the novice bronze medal at the 2011 NRW Trophy . After finishing thirteenth at the 2013 Russian Junior Championships , she decided to continue representing Kazakhstan . She made no international appearances for Russia . Her coaching relationship with Tutberidze ended in 2013 because Russian coaches no longer had the right to work with non-Russian skaters during the 2014 Olympic season . Having difficulty finding a coach in Russia , Tursynbaeva and her mother wrote a letter to Brian Orser , whom she had always wanted as a coach , and sent him videos of her , asking if he could coach her . Orser , impressed by her talent , responded that he would love to work with her . 2013–2014 season : Junior international debut . Before the 2013–2014 season , Tursynbayeva began training under Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson in Toronto , Canada . In September 2013 , she won the silver medal in her ISU Junior Grand Prix ( JGP ) debut , in Minsk , Belarus . She placed fifth at her second JGP event , in Tallinn , Estonia , and eleventh at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia , Bulgaria . She ended her season with gold at the 2014 Triglav Trophy in Slovenia . 2014–2015 season . During the 2014 JGP series , Tursynbayeva won bronze in Aichi , Japan and silver in Dresden , Germany , finishing as the second alternate for the JGP Final . She then won the junior ladies titles at the International Cup of Nice , Merano Cup , and NRW Trophy . At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn , she placed seventh in the short program , fourth in the free skate , and fourth overall . Most of this season , Tursynbayeva experienced visa problems , which meant that she spent only part of the season training in Toronto under Orser and instead trained mainly at a shopping mall ice rink in Moscow with her mother . 2015–2016 season : Senior international debut . Tursynbayeva became eligible to compete internationally at the senior level for the first time in the 2015-16 season . She was invited to two Grand Prix events . Due to her ongoing visa problem , her first short program , Send In the Clowns , was created in Russia . Her exhibition program , I Got Rhythm , became her short program later during the season . Tursynbayeva began her season by winning silver at the 2015 U.S . Classic , her first ISU Challenger Series ( CS ) event , and gold at the 2015 Skate Canada Autumn Classic . Making her Grand Prix debut , she placed fourth at the 2015 Skate America and seventh at the 2015 Skate Canada International . She then won silver medals at the 2015 CS Tallinn Trophy and 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb . In February 2016 , Tursynbayeva won the individual bronze medal , behind Russians Polina Tsurskaya and Maria Sotskova , at the Winter Youth Olympics in Hamar , Norway . In March , she rose from fourteenth after the short to finish fifth overall ( fourth in the free ) at the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen , Hungary . In April , she finished twelfth at the 2016 World Championships in Boston after placing twelfth in the short and tenth in the free . Later that month , she competed at her first team event , the 2016 Team Challenge Cup in Spokane , Washington . 2016–2017 season . Tursynbayeva won the bronze medal at the 2016 CS Autumn Classic International . She appeared as a torch-bearer for the 2017 Winter Universiade but was too young to compete . At the 2017 Four Continents Championships in Gangneung , South Korea , she received a small bronze medal for her short program and finished eighth overall . Later that month , she placed third at the 2017 Asian Winter Games . Tursynbaeva would go on to finish ninth at the 2017 World Championships , scoring personal bests in the free skate and combined total scores . Her ninth-place finish qualified two spots for the ladies singles event for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang and 2018 World Championships in Milan . During the season , videos surfaced of Tursynbaeva completing fully rotated quad Salchow jumps , along with quadruple Salchows in combination with double and triple toe-loops . 2017–2018 season . Tursynbayeva won the bronze medal at the 2017 CS Autumn Classic International , and then placed eighth at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup . She went on to win the 2017 CS Minsk-Arena Ice Star . She scored a personal best , placing fifth , at the 2017 Internationaux de France . At her next competition , the 2018 Four Continents Championships , she received her lowest scores of the season and finished twelfth . She went on to place twelfth at the 2018 Winter Olympics , and eleventh at the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships . 2018–2019 season . In June , Tursynbayeva announced that she had changed coaches from Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson back to her previous coach , Eteri Tutberidze . Beginning on the Challenger series , Tursynbayeva won silver medals at both the Finlandia Trophy and the Ondrej Nepela Trophy . Assigned to two Grand Prix events , she finished fifth at the 2018 Skate Canada International and sixth at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup . At the 2019 Four Continents Championships , she placed sixth in the short program after turning out of her double Axel . She placed third in the free skate , which included an attempted quad Salchow that she fully rotated but fell on , and won the silver medal overall . This was only the second Four Continents medal for a Kazakh skater ( after Denis Ten ) , and the first for a lady . Speaking afterward , Tursynbayeva admitted that she did not expect to make the podium . Regarding the quad , she said I still have work to do on it , but it wasn’t bad for a first time in competition . Tursynbayeva next competed in the 2019 Winter Universiade . She placed fourth after the short program and first in the free skate . Her free skate included an attempted quad Salchow that she fell on . She was able to deliver the rest of her program without any mistakes and won the silver medal , becoming the second Kazakh skater ( again after Denis Ten ) to medal at a Winter Universiade , and the first to medal in ladies singles . At the 2019 World Championships , she placed third in the short program executing triple Salchow-triple toe loop combination in the second half of the program , earning bonus 10% and a Triple Lutz . She placed fourth in the free skate , successfully landing the quad Salchow and becoming the first woman to ever land a quad jump at the World Championships in ladies singles . She finished in second place overall , winning the silver medal and becoming the second Kazakh skater to medal at the World Championships and the first to do so in ladies singles . In an interview when asked about her performance and the quad , she said I cant believe I landed it , it was good in practice this morning . I couldnt do it at the last two competitions so I was really glad to be able to do it here . 2019–2020 season . Tursynbaeva suffered from recurring injury issues that compelled her to withdraw from the 2019 CS Lombardia Trophy . She did compete at the 2019 Shanghai Trophy , winning the silver medal , but withdrew from her first Grand Prix assignment , 2019 Skate America . She subsequently withdrew from the 2019 Cup of China as well , stating that she hoped to be well enough to participate in ice shows later in the year . Competitive highlights . GP : Grand Prix ; CS : Challenger Series ; JGP : Junior Grand Prix Detailed results . Senior level . Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships . At team events , medals awarded for team results only . External links . - Elizabet Tursynbayeva at Tracings.net
|
[
"Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Joseph-Isidore Godelle from Apr 1857 to Aug 1857?
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/wiki/Joseph-Isidore_Godelle#P39#0
|
Joseph-Isidore Godelle Joseph-Isidore Godelle ( 7 March 1806 – 15 July 1867 ) was a missionary of Paris Foreign Missions Society and was the Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry from 21 March 1861 until his death on 15 July 1867 . He was born in Hannapes , Ardennes on 7 March 1806 . After his ordination on 1 June 1833 , he served as pastor in Remaucourt , Aisne and Logny-lès-Chaumont ( now a part of Chaumont-Porcien ) . In 1834 he served in Librecy . He joined the Seminary of Paris Foreign Missions on 4 May 1839 . He was sent to Pondicherry , India on 6 January 1840 . In India . Coming to India he served in Tanjore , Kovilur in Dharmapuri District , Tranquabar and also in Karaikal . He became the rector of the Petit Seminaire in Pondicherry and served for five years from 1846 to 1850 . The caste Catholics had viewed the decision of the Synod of Pondicherry with regard to the admissions to Petit Seminaire as a veiled threat to the caste system . Tamil news papers from Madras carried letters and articles condemning the acts of the priests . The seminary authorities declared indefinite holidays and the seminary was closed . Normalcy returned only in April 1847 with the intervention of Mgr . Bonnand . As a Bishop . He was appointed as the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry on 3 April 1857 . He was ordained a Bishop by Ordained Bishop Mgr . Bonnand on 27 August 1857 at Karoumatampatty , Coimbatore with Thermopylae as his titular see . He was simultaneously appointed as an administrator of Coimbatore . When Mgr . Bonnand was appointed as the apostolic visitor of the missions of India and set off for his apostolic visitation in November 1859 , Godelle took charge of the mission of Pondicherry . He succeeded Bonnand as the Vicar Apostolic on 21 March 1861 after the death of the prelate , while remaining an administrator of Coimbatore . He remained in this additional post until 1865 the Vicariate of Coimbatore was entrusted to Bishop Depommier . Death . In 1867 , the Catholic bishops of the world were invited to Rome to solemnize the 18th centenary of the martyrdom of Saints Peter and Paul and to attend the canonization of Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan . Mgr . Godelle , accompanied by Mgr . Charbonnaux , went to Rome . At the end of the celebrations they met the Pope in private audience and started their return journey . During that journey Mgr . Godelle fell ill and he was taken by Mgr.Charbonnaux to Chambéry , where he was admitted in the general hospital , since Mgr . Godelle refused to seek hospitality from the Archbishop of Chambéry on account of his austerity and simplicity . He asked Mgr.Charbonnaux to proceed to India while he remained alone in the hospital , in the company of a missionary from China . On 15 July 1867 he received the last sacraments in the presence of Cardinal , the Archbishop of Chambéry , and died that day . He was buried in the graveyard of Chambéry and a monument was erected in the Cathedral . On 14 August 1867 , a solemn service was held for him at Pondicherry which was attended by all the members of the government and at which military honours were rendered . In 1870 around the cemetery chapel a vault was prepared to bury clergymen including Mgr . Godelle . His remains were later transferred to the cathedral . References .
|
[
"Bishop"
] |
easy
|
What position did Joseph-Isidore Godelle take from Aug 1857 to 1861?
|
/wiki/Joseph-Isidore_Godelle#P39#1
|
Joseph-Isidore Godelle Joseph-Isidore Godelle ( 7 March 1806 – 15 July 1867 ) was a missionary of Paris Foreign Missions Society and was the Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry from 21 March 1861 until his death on 15 July 1867 . He was born in Hannapes , Ardennes on 7 March 1806 . After his ordination on 1 June 1833 , he served as pastor in Remaucourt , Aisne and Logny-lès-Chaumont ( now a part of Chaumont-Porcien ) . In 1834 he served in Librecy . He joined the Seminary of Paris Foreign Missions on 4 May 1839 . He was sent to Pondicherry , India on 6 January 1840 . In India . Coming to India he served in Tanjore , Kovilur in Dharmapuri District , Tranquabar and also in Karaikal . He became the rector of the Petit Seminaire in Pondicherry and served for five years from 1846 to 1850 . The caste Catholics had viewed the decision of the Synod of Pondicherry with regard to the admissions to Petit Seminaire as a veiled threat to the caste system . Tamil news papers from Madras carried letters and articles condemning the acts of the priests . The seminary authorities declared indefinite holidays and the seminary was closed . Normalcy returned only in April 1847 with the intervention of Mgr . Bonnand . As a Bishop . He was appointed as the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry on 3 April 1857 . He was ordained a Bishop by Ordained Bishop Mgr . Bonnand on 27 August 1857 at Karoumatampatty , Coimbatore with Thermopylae as his titular see . He was simultaneously appointed as an administrator of Coimbatore . When Mgr . Bonnand was appointed as the apostolic visitor of the missions of India and set off for his apostolic visitation in November 1859 , Godelle took charge of the mission of Pondicherry . He succeeded Bonnand as the Vicar Apostolic on 21 March 1861 after the death of the prelate , while remaining an administrator of Coimbatore . He remained in this additional post until 1865 the Vicariate of Coimbatore was entrusted to Bishop Depommier . Death . In 1867 , the Catholic bishops of the world were invited to Rome to solemnize the 18th centenary of the martyrdom of Saints Peter and Paul and to attend the canonization of Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan . Mgr . Godelle , accompanied by Mgr . Charbonnaux , went to Rome . At the end of the celebrations they met the Pope in private audience and started their return journey . During that journey Mgr . Godelle fell ill and he was taken by Mgr.Charbonnaux to Chambéry , where he was admitted in the general hospital , since Mgr . Godelle refused to seek hospitality from the Archbishop of Chambéry on account of his austerity and simplicity . He asked Mgr.Charbonnaux to proceed to India while he remained alone in the hospital , in the company of a missionary from China . On 15 July 1867 he received the last sacraments in the presence of Cardinal , the Archbishop of Chambéry , and died that day . He was buried in the graveyard of Chambéry and a monument was erected in the Cathedral . On 14 August 1867 , a solemn service was held for him at Pondicherry which was attended by all the members of the government and at which military honours were rendered . In 1870 around the cemetery chapel a vault was prepared to bury clergymen including Mgr . Godelle . His remains were later transferred to the cathedral . References .
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[
"Vicar Apostolic",
"Bishop"
] |
easy
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Which position did Joseph-Isidore Godelle hold from 1861 to 1867?
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/wiki/Joseph-Isidore_Godelle#P39#2
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Joseph-Isidore Godelle Joseph-Isidore Godelle ( 7 March 1806 – 15 July 1867 ) was a missionary of Paris Foreign Missions Society and was the Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry from 21 March 1861 until his death on 15 July 1867 . He was born in Hannapes , Ardennes on 7 March 1806 . After his ordination on 1 June 1833 , he served as pastor in Remaucourt , Aisne and Logny-lès-Chaumont ( now a part of Chaumont-Porcien ) . In 1834 he served in Librecy . He joined the Seminary of Paris Foreign Missions on 4 May 1839 . He was sent to Pondicherry , India on 6 January 1840 . In India . Coming to India he served in Tanjore , Kovilur in Dharmapuri District , Tranquabar and also in Karaikal . He became the rector of the Petit Seminaire in Pondicherry and served for five years from 1846 to 1850 . The caste Catholics had viewed the decision of the Synod of Pondicherry with regard to the admissions to Petit Seminaire as a veiled threat to the caste system . Tamil news papers from Madras carried letters and articles condemning the acts of the priests . The seminary authorities declared indefinite holidays and the seminary was closed . Normalcy returned only in April 1847 with the intervention of Mgr . Bonnand . As a Bishop . He was appointed as the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry on 3 April 1857 . He was ordained a Bishop by Ordained Bishop Mgr . Bonnand on 27 August 1857 at Karoumatampatty , Coimbatore with Thermopylae as his titular see . He was simultaneously appointed as an administrator of Coimbatore . When Mgr . Bonnand was appointed as the apostolic visitor of the missions of India and set off for his apostolic visitation in November 1859 , Godelle took charge of the mission of Pondicherry . He succeeded Bonnand as the Vicar Apostolic on 21 March 1861 after the death of the prelate , while remaining an administrator of Coimbatore . He remained in this additional post until 1865 the Vicariate of Coimbatore was entrusted to Bishop Depommier . Death . In 1867 , the Catholic bishops of the world were invited to Rome to solemnize the 18th centenary of the martyrdom of Saints Peter and Paul and to attend the canonization of Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan . Mgr . Godelle , accompanied by Mgr . Charbonnaux , went to Rome . At the end of the celebrations they met the Pope in private audience and started their return journey . During that journey Mgr . Godelle fell ill and he was taken by Mgr.Charbonnaux to Chambéry , where he was admitted in the general hospital , since Mgr . Godelle refused to seek hospitality from the Archbishop of Chambéry on account of his austerity and simplicity . He asked Mgr.Charbonnaux to proceed to India while he remained alone in the hospital , in the company of a missionary from China . On 15 July 1867 he received the last sacraments in the presence of Cardinal , the Archbishop of Chambéry , and died that day . He was buried in the graveyard of Chambéry and a monument was erected in the Cathedral . On 14 August 1867 , a solemn service was held for him at Pondicherry which was attended by all the members of the government and at which military honours were rendered . In 1870 around the cemetery chapel a vault was prepared to bury clergymen including Mgr . Godelle . His remains were later transferred to the cathedral . References .
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[
"died"
] |
easy
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Joseph-Isidore Godelle took which position from 1867 to 1868?
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/wiki/Joseph-Isidore_Godelle#P39#3
|
Joseph-Isidore Godelle Joseph-Isidore Godelle ( 7 March 1806 – 15 July 1867 ) was a missionary of Paris Foreign Missions Society and was the Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry from 21 March 1861 until his death on 15 July 1867 . He was born in Hannapes , Ardennes on 7 March 1806 . After his ordination on 1 June 1833 , he served as pastor in Remaucourt , Aisne and Logny-lès-Chaumont ( now a part of Chaumont-Porcien ) . In 1834 he served in Librecy . He joined the Seminary of Paris Foreign Missions on 4 May 1839 . He was sent to Pondicherry , India on 6 January 1840 . In India . Coming to India he served in Tanjore , Kovilur in Dharmapuri District , Tranquabar and also in Karaikal . He became the rector of the Petit Seminaire in Pondicherry and served for five years from 1846 to 1850 . The caste Catholics had viewed the decision of the Synod of Pondicherry with regard to the admissions to Petit Seminaire as a veiled threat to the caste system . Tamil news papers from Madras carried letters and articles condemning the acts of the priests . The seminary authorities declared indefinite holidays and the seminary was closed . Normalcy returned only in April 1847 with the intervention of Mgr . Bonnand . As a Bishop . He was appointed as the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Pondicherry on 3 April 1857 . He was ordained a Bishop by Ordained Bishop Mgr . Bonnand on 27 August 1857 at Karoumatampatty , Coimbatore with Thermopylae as his titular see . He was simultaneously appointed as an administrator of Coimbatore . When Mgr . Bonnand was appointed as the apostolic visitor of the missions of India and set off for his apostolic visitation in November 1859 , Godelle took charge of the mission of Pondicherry . He succeeded Bonnand as the Vicar Apostolic on 21 March 1861 after the death of the prelate , while remaining an administrator of Coimbatore . He remained in this additional post until 1865 the Vicariate of Coimbatore was entrusted to Bishop Depommier . Death . In 1867 , the Catholic bishops of the world were invited to Rome to solemnize the 18th centenary of the martyrdom of Saints Peter and Paul and to attend the canonization of Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan . Mgr . Godelle , accompanied by Mgr . Charbonnaux , went to Rome . At the end of the celebrations they met the Pope in private audience and started their return journey . During that journey Mgr . Godelle fell ill and he was taken by Mgr.Charbonnaux to Chambéry , where he was admitted in the general hospital , since Mgr . Godelle refused to seek hospitality from the Archbishop of Chambéry on account of his austerity and simplicity . He asked Mgr.Charbonnaux to proceed to India while he remained alone in the hospital , in the company of a missionary from China . On 15 July 1867 he received the last sacraments in the presence of Cardinal , the Archbishop of Chambéry , and died that day . He was buried in the graveyard of Chambéry and a monument was erected in the Cathedral . On 14 August 1867 , a solemn service was held for him at Pondicherry which was attended by all the members of the government and at which military honours were rendered . In 1870 around the cemetery chapel a vault was prepared to bury clergymen including Mgr . Godelle . His remains were later transferred to the cathedral . References .
|
[
"New York City"
] |
easy
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What was the working location for Ruth Bernhard from 1927 to 1936?
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/wiki/Ruth_Bernhard#P937#0
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Ruth Bernhard Ruth Bernhard ( October 14 , 1905 – December 18 , 2006 ) was a German-born American photographer . Early life and education . Bernhard was born in Berlin to Lucian Bernhard and Gertrude Hoffmann . Lucian Bernhard was known for his poster and typeface design , many of which bear his name and are still in use . Bernhards parents divorced when she was 2 years old and she only met her mother twice after the divorce . She was raised by two schoolteacher sisters and their mother . Bernhards father Lucian was a major proponent of Ruths work , and advised her frequently . Bernhard studied art history and typography at the Berlin Academy of Art from 1925 to 1927 before moving to New York City to join her father . She began teaching at the University of California in 1958 , while also giving lectures , classes and workshops all over the United States . Photography career . In 1927 Bernhard moved to New York City , where her father was already living . She worked as an assistant to Ralph Steiner in Delineator magazine , but he terminated her employment for indifferent performance . Using the severence pay , Bernhard bought her own camera equipment . By the late-1920s , while living in Manhattan , Bernhard was heavily involved in the lesbian sub-culture of the artistic community , becoming friends with photographer Berenice Abbott and her lover , critic Elizabeth McCausland . Her first realization that she was attracted to other women occurred on New Years Eve 1928 when she met the painter Patti Light . She wrote about her bisexual escapades in her memoir . In 1934 Bernhard began photographing women in the nude . It would be this art form for which she would eventually become best known . In 1935 , she chanced to meet Edward Weston on the beach in Santa Monica . She would later say ; Bernhard was so inspired by Westons work that , after meeting him in 1935 , she moved to California ( where he lived ) . In 1939 , Bernhard moved back to New York for eight years , during which time she met photographer Alfred Stieglitz . Bernhard was inspired by the small things in her life . In an interview from 1999 with Photographers Forum , Ruth states , I’m most interested in—the little things that nobody observes , that nobody thinks are of any value . In the same interview she stated that,Everything is universal and that she was very much aware of that . This idea of minimalism drove her passion for photography . In 1934 Ruth received a commission from the Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) to photograph works for the Machine Art exhibition catalog . Her father Lucian Bernhard set up the meeting with MoMA for her . Life on the West Coast . By 1944 she had met and became involved with artist and designer Eveline ( Evelyn ) Phimister . The two moved in together , and remained together for the next ten years in Carmel , California . Here , Bernhard worked with Group f/64 . Soon , finding Carmel a difficult place in which to earn a living , they moved to Hollywood where she fashioned a career as a commercial photographer . In 1953 , they moved to San Francisco where she became a colleague of photographers such as Ansel Adams , Imogen Cunningham , Minor White , and Wynn Bullock . Most of Bernhards work is studio-based , ranging from simple still lifes to complex nudes . In the 1940s she worked with the conchologist Jean Schwengel . She worked almost exclusively in black-and-white , though there are rumours that she had done some color work as well . She also is known for her lesbian themed works , most notably Two Forms ( 1962 ) . In that work , a black woman and a white woman who were real-life lovers are featured with their nude bodies pressed against one another . A departure was a collaboration with Melvin Van Peebles ( as Melvin Van ) , then a young cable car gripman ( driver ) in San Francisco . Van Peebles wrote the text and Bernhard took the unposed photographs for The Big Heart , a book about life on the cable cars . In the early 1980s , Bernhard started to work with Carol Williams , owner of Photography West Gallery in Carmel , California . Bernhard told Williams that she knew there would be a book of her photography after her death , but hoped one could be published during her lifetime . Williams approached New York Graphics Society , and several other photographic book publishers , but was advised that only Ansel Adams could sell black-and-white photography books . Bernhard and Williams decided to sell five limited edition prints to raise the necessary funds to publish a superior quality book of Ruth Bernhard nudes . The ensuing edition was produced by David Gray Gardner of Gardner Lithograph , ( also the printer of Adamss books ) and was called The Eternal Body . It won Photography Book of the Year in 1986 from Friends of Photography . This book was often credited by Ruth Bernhard as being an immeasurable help to her future career and public recognition . The Eternal Body was reprinted by Chronicle Books and later as a deluxe limited Centennial Edition in celebration of Ruth Bernhards 100th birthday in October 2005 . Carol Williams credited Ruth Bernhard with encouraging her to venture into book publishing , and later published several other photographic monographs . In the 1980s Bernhard also started to work with Joe Folberg . Folberg bought Vision Gallery from Douglas Elliott ( who founded it in 1979 ) in San Francisco in 1982 . Bernhard and Folberg worked together until Folbergs death . The gallery split with Debra Heimerdinger taking over operations in North America and Folbergs son Neil moving the Vision Gallery to Jerusalem . In 1967 , Bernhard began a teaching career . This same year , Bernhard met United States Air Force Colonel Price Rice , an African American man ten years younger than her , and the two became lovers . They would remain together until his death in 1999 . In her 90s , Bernhard cooperated with biographer Margaretta K . Mitchell in the book Ruth Bernhard , Between Art and Life , publicly revealing her many affairs with women and men throughout her lifetime . In 1984 Ruth worked with filmmaker Robert Burrill on her autobiographic film entitled , Illuminations : Ruth Bernhard , Photographer . The film premièred in 1989 at the Kabuki Theater in San Francisco and on local PBS station KQED in 1991 . Bernhard was inducted into the Womens Caucus for Art in 1981 . Bernhard was hailed by Ansel Adams as the greatest photographer of the nude . Bernhard died in San Francisco at age 101 . Publications by Bernhard . - Bernhard , Ruth . Collecting Light : The Photographs of Ruth Bernhard . Edited by James Alinder . Carmel , Calif. : Friends of Photography , 1979 - Bernhard , Ruth . Gift of the Commonplace . Carmel Valley , Calif. : Woodrose Publications / Center for Photographic Art , 1996 . - Bernhard , Ruth . The Eternal Body : A Collection of Fifty Nudes . Carmel , Calif. : Photography West Graphics , 1986 . San Francisco : Chronicle , 1994 . Essay by Margaretta K . Mitchell . - Van , Melvin , and Ruth Bernhard . The Big Heart . San Francisco : Fearon , 1957 . - Mitchell , Margaretta K. , and Ruth Bernhard . Ruth Bernhard : between art and life . San Francisco : Chronicle , 2000 . Print . Awards . - 1976 Dorothea Lange Award by the Oakland Museum - 1987 Distinguished Career in Photography Award . Society of Photographic education . Midwest Regional Conference , Chicago , Illinois November 8 , 1987 - 1990 Presidential Citation for Outstanding Service to Utah State University . Logan , Utah , October 25 , 1990 - 1994 Cyril Magnin Award for Distinguished Service in Photography . Presented by the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce - 1996 Lifetime Achievement Award . Womens Caucus for Art . California Regional Chapter , Presented at Mills College , Oakland , March 30 , 1996 - 1997 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters . The Academy of Art , San Francisco , June 1 , 1997 - 2003 Lucie Awards for achievement in fine art Solo exhibitions . - 1936 : Jake Zeitlin Gallery , Los Angeles - 1936 : Pacific Institute of Music and Art , Los Angeles , Eye Behind the Camera - 1938 : P.M . Gallery , New York - 1956 : Institute for Cultural Relations , Mexico City - 1986 : San Francisco Museum of Modern Art The Eternal Body - 2014 : Peter Fetterman Gallery The Eternal Nude Collections . Bernhards work is held in the following permanent collections : - Indianapolis Museum of Art , Indiana - J . Paul Getty Museum , Los Angeles , California - Museum of Contemporary Photography at Columbia College Chicago , Illinois - Museum of Photographic Arts ( MOPA ) , San Diego , California - Portland Museum of Art , Oregon - San Jose Museum of Art , California - Minneapolis Institute of Art - International Photography Hall of Fame , St.Louis , Missouri
|
[
"California",
"New York"
] |
easy
|
Ruth Bernhard worked in which location from 1936 to 1953?
|
/wiki/Ruth_Bernhard#P937#1
|
Ruth Bernhard Ruth Bernhard ( October 14 , 1905 – December 18 , 2006 ) was a German-born American photographer . Early life and education . Bernhard was born in Berlin to Lucian Bernhard and Gertrude Hoffmann . Lucian Bernhard was known for his poster and typeface design , many of which bear his name and are still in use . Bernhards parents divorced when she was 2 years old and she only met her mother twice after the divorce . She was raised by two schoolteacher sisters and their mother . Bernhards father Lucian was a major proponent of Ruths work , and advised her frequently . Bernhard studied art history and typography at the Berlin Academy of Art from 1925 to 1927 before moving to New York City to join her father . She began teaching at the University of California in 1958 , while also giving lectures , classes and workshops all over the United States . Photography career . In 1927 Bernhard moved to New York City , where her father was already living . She worked as an assistant to Ralph Steiner in Delineator magazine , but he terminated her employment for indifferent performance . Using the severence pay , Bernhard bought her own camera equipment . By the late-1920s , while living in Manhattan , Bernhard was heavily involved in the lesbian sub-culture of the artistic community , becoming friends with photographer Berenice Abbott and her lover , critic Elizabeth McCausland . Her first realization that she was attracted to other women occurred on New Years Eve 1928 when she met the painter Patti Light . She wrote about her bisexual escapades in her memoir . In 1934 Bernhard began photographing women in the nude . It would be this art form for which she would eventually become best known . In 1935 , she chanced to meet Edward Weston on the beach in Santa Monica . She would later say ; Bernhard was so inspired by Westons work that , after meeting him in 1935 , she moved to California ( where he lived ) . In 1939 , Bernhard moved back to New York for eight years , during which time she met photographer Alfred Stieglitz . Bernhard was inspired by the small things in her life . In an interview from 1999 with Photographers Forum , Ruth states , I’m most interested in—the little things that nobody observes , that nobody thinks are of any value . In the same interview she stated that,Everything is universal and that she was very much aware of that . This idea of minimalism drove her passion for photography . In 1934 Ruth received a commission from the Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) to photograph works for the Machine Art exhibition catalog . Her father Lucian Bernhard set up the meeting with MoMA for her . Life on the West Coast . By 1944 she had met and became involved with artist and designer Eveline ( Evelyn ) Phimister . The two moved in together , and remained together for the next ten years in Carmel , California . Here , Bernhard worked with Group f/64 . Soon , finding Carmel a difficult place in which to earn a living , they moved to Hollywood where she fashioned a career as a commercial photographer . In 1953 , they moved to San Francisco where she became a colleague of photographers such as Ansel Adams , Imogen Cunningham , Minor White , and Wynn Bullock . Most of Bernhards work is studio-based , ranging from simple still lifes to complex nudes . In the 1940s she worked with the conchologist Jean Schwengel . She worked almost exclusively in black-and-white , though there are rumours that she had done some color work as well . She also is known for her lesbian themed works , most notably Two Forms ( 1962 ) . In that work , a black woman and a white woman who were real-life lovers are featured with their nude bodies pressed against one another . A departure was a collaboration with Melvin Van Peebles ( as Melvin Van ) , then a young cable car gripman ( driver ) in San Francisco . Van Peebles wrote the text and Bernhard took the unposed photographs for The Big Heart , a book about life on the cable cars . In the early 1980s , Bernhard started to work with Carol Williams , owner of Photography West Gallery in Carmel , California . Bernhard told Williams that she knew there would be a book of her photography after her death , but hoped one could be published during her lifetime . Williams approached New York Graphics Society , and several other photographic book publishers , but was advised that only Ansel Adams could sell black-and-white photography books . Bernhard and Williams decided to sell five limited edition prints to raise the necessary funds to publish a superior quality book of Ruth Bernhard nudes . The ensuing edition was produced by David Gray Gardner of Gardner Lithograph , ( also the printer of Adamss books ) and was called The Eternal Body . It won Photography Book of the Year in 1986 from Friends of Photography . This book was often credited by Ruth Bernhard as being an immeasurable help to her future career and public recognition . The Eternal Body was reprinted by Chronicle Books and later as a deluxe limited Centennial Edition in celebration of Ruth Bernhards 100th birthday in October 2005 . Carol Williams credited Ruth Bernhard with encouraging her to venture into book publishing , and later published several other photographic monographs . In the 1980s Bernhard also started to work with Joe Folberg . Folberg bought Vision Gallery from Douglas Elliott ( who founded it in 1979 ) in San Francisco in 1982 . Bernhard and Folberg worked together until Folbergs death . The gallery split with Debra Heimerdinger taking over operations in North America and Folbergs son Neil moving the Vision Gallery to Jerusalem . In 1967 , Bernhard began a teaching career . This same year , Bernhard met United States Air Force Colonel Price Rice , an African American man ten years younger than her , and the two became lovers . They would remain together until his death in 1999 . In her 90s , Bernhard cooperated with biographer Margaretta K . Mitchell in the book Ruth Bernhard , Between Art and Life , publicly revealing her many affairs with women and men throughout her lifetime . In 1984 Ruth worked with filmmaker Robert Burrill on her autobiographic film entitled , Illuminations : Ruth Bernhard , Photographer . The film premièred in 1989 at the Kabuki Theater in San Francisco and on local PBS station KQED in 1991 . Bernhard was inducted into the Womens Caucus for Art in 1981 . Bernhard was hailed by Ansel Adams as the greatest photographer of the nude . Bernhard died in San Francisco at age 101 . Publications by Bernhard . - Bernhard , Ruth . Collecting Light : The Photographs of Ruth Bernhard . Edited by James Alinder . Carmel , Calif. : Friends of Photography , 1979 - Bernhard , Ruth . Gift of the Commonplace . Carmel Valley , Calif. : Woodrose Publications / Center for Photographic Art , 1996 . - Bernhard , Ruth . The Eternal Body : A Collection of Fifty Nudes . Carmel , Calif. : Photography West Graphics , 1986 . San Francisco : Chronicle , 1994 . Essay by Margaretta K . Mitchell . - Van , Melvin , and Ruth Bernhard . The Big Heart . San Francisco : Fearon , 1957 . - Mitchell , Margaretta K. , and Ruth Bernhard . Ruth Bernhard : between art and life . San Francisco : Chronicle , 2000 . Print . Awards . - 1976 Dorothea Lange Award by the Oakland Museum - 1987 Distinguished Career in Photography Award . Society of Photographic education . Midwest Regional Conference , Chicago , Illinois November 8 , 1987 - 1990 Presidential Citation for Outstanding Service to Utah State University . Logan , Utah , October 25 , 1990 - 1994 Cyril Magnin Award for Distinguished Service in Photography . Presented by the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce - 1996 Lifetime Achievement Award . Womens Caucus for Art . California Regional Chapter , Presented at Mills College , Oakland , March 30 , 1996 - 1997 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters . The Academy of Art , San Francisco , June 1 , 1997 - 2003 Lucie Awards for achievement in fine art Solo exhibitions . - 1936 : Jake Zeitlin Gallery , Los Angeles - 1936 : Pacific Institute of Music and Art , Los Angeles , Eye Behind the Camera - 1938 : P.M . Gallery , New York - 1956 : Institute for Cultural Relations , Mexico City - 1986 : San Francisco Museum of Modern Art The Eternal Body - 2014 : Peter Fetterman Gallery The Eternal Nude Collections . Bernhards work is held in the following permanent collections : - Indianapolis Museum of Art , Indiana - J . Paul Getty Museum , Los Angeles , California - Museum of Contemporary Photography at Columbia College Chicago , Illinois - Museum of Photographic Arts ( MOPA ) , San Diego , California - Portland Museum of Art , Oregon - San Jose Museum of Art , California - Minneapolis Institute of Art - International Photography Hall of Fame , St.Louis , Missouri
|
[
"San Francisco"
] |
easy
|
Ruth Bernhard worked in which location from 1953 to 2002?
|
/wiki/Ruth_Bernhard#P937#2
|
Ruth Bernhard Ruth Bernhard ( October 14 , 1905 – December 18 , 2006 ) was a German-born American photographer . Early life and education . Bernhard was born in Berlin to Lucian Bernhard and Gertrude Hoffmann . Lucian Bernhard was known for his poster and typeface design , many of which bear his name and are still in use . Bernhards parents divorced when she was 2 years old and she only met her mother twice after the divorce . She was raised by two schoolteacher sisters and their mother . Bernhards father Lucian was a major proponent of Ruths work , and advised her frequently . Bernhard studied art history and typography at the Berlin Academy of Art from 1925 to 1927 before moving to New York City to join her father . She began teaching at the University of California in 1958 , while also giving lectures , classes and workshops all over the United States . Photography career . In 1927 Bernhard moved to New York City , where her father was already living . She worked as an assistant to Ralph Steiner in Delineator magazine , but he terminated her employment for indifferent performance . Using the severence pay , Bernhard bought her own camera equipment . By the late-1920s , while living in Manhattan , Bernhard was heavily involved in the lesbian sub-culture of the artistic community , becoming friends with photographer Berenice Abbott and her lover , critic Elizabeth McCausland . Her first realization that she was attracted to other women occurred on New Years Eve 1928 when she met the painter Patti Light . She wrote about her bisexual escapades in her memoir . In 1934 Bernhard began photographing women in the nude . It would be this art form for which she would eventually become best known . In 1935 , she chanced to meet Edward Weston on the beach in Santa Monica . She would later say ; Bernhard was so inspired by Westons work that , after meeting him in 1935 , she moved to California ( where he lived ) . In 1939 , Bernhard moved back to New York for eight years , during which time she met photographer Alfred Stieglitz . Bernhard was inspired by the small things in her life . In an interview from 1999 with Photographers Forum , Ruth states , I’m most interested in—the little things that nobody observes , that nobody thinks are of any value . In the same interview she stated that,Everything is universal and that she was very much aware of that . This idea of minimalism drove her passion for photography . In 1934 Ruth received a commission from the Museum of Modern Art ( MoMA ) to photograph works for the Machine Art exhibition catalog . Her father Lucian Bernhard set up the meeting with MoMA for her . Life on the West Coast . By 1944 she had met and became involved with artist and designer Eveline ( Evelyn ) Phimister . The two moved in together , and remained together for the next ten years in Carmel , California . Here , Bernhard worked with Group f/64 . Soon , finding Carmel a difficult place in which to earn a living , they moved to Hollywood where she fashioned a career as a commercial photographer . In 1953 , they moved to San Francisco where she became a colleague of photographers such as Ansel Adams , Imogen Cunningham , Minor White , and Wynn Bullock . Most of Bernhards work is studio-based , ranging from simple still lifes to complex nudes . In the 1940s she worked with the conchologist Jean Schwengel . She worked almost exclusively in black-and-white , though there are rumours that she had done some color work as well . She also is known for her lesbian themed works , most notably Two Forms ( 1962 ) . In that work , a black woman and a white woman who were real-life lovers are featured with their nude bodies pressed against one another . A departure was a collaboration with Melvin Van Peebles ( as Melvin Van ) , then a young cable car gripman ( driver ) in San Francisco . Van Peebles wrote the text and Bernhard took the unposed photographs for The Big Heart , a book about life on the cable cars . In the early 1980s , Bernhard started to work with Carol Williams , owner of Photography West Gallery in Carmel , California . Bernhard told Williams that she knew there would be a book of her photography after her death , but hoped one could be published during her lifetime . Williams approached New York Graphics Society , and several other photographic book publishers , but was advised that only Ansel Adams could sell black-and-white photography books . Bernhard and Williams decided to sell five limited edition prints to raise the necessary funds to publish a superior quality book of Ruth Bernhard nudes . The ensuing edition was produced by David Gray Gardner of Gardner Lithograph , ( also the printer of Adamss books ) and was called The Eternal Body . It won Photography Book of the Year in 1986 from Friends of Photography . This book was often credited by Ruth Bernhard as being an immeasurable help to her future career and public recognition . The Eternal Body was reprinted by Chronicle Books and later as a deluxe limited Centennial Edition in celebration of Ruth Bernhards 100th birthday in October 2005 . Carol Williams credited Ruth Bernhard with encouraging her to venture into book publishing , and later published several other photographic monographs . In the 1980s Bernhard also started to work with Joe Folberg . Folberg bought Vision Gallery from Douglas Elliott ( who founded it in 1979 ) in San Francisco in 1982 . Bernhard and Folberg worked together until Folbergs death . The gallery split with Debra Heimerdinger taking over operations in North America and Folbergs son Neil moving the Vision Gallery to Jerusalem . In 1967 , Bernhard began a teaching career . This same year , Bernhard met United States Air Force Colonel Price Rice , an African American man ten years younger than her , and the two became lovers . They would remain together until his death in 1999 . In her 90s , Bernhard cooperated with biographer Margaretta K . Mitchell in the book Ruth Bernhard , Between Art and Life , publicly revealing her many affairs with women and men throughout her lifetime . In 1984 Ruth worked with filmmaker Robert Burrill on her autobiographic film entitled , Illuminations : Ruth Bernhard , Photographer . The film premièred in 1989 at the Kabuki Theater in San Francisco and on local PBS station KQED in 1991 . Bernhard was inducted into the Womens Caucus for Art in 1981 . Bernhard was hailed by Ansel Adams as the greatest photographer of the nude . Bernhard died in San Francisco at age 101 . Publications by Bernhard . - Bernhard , Ruth . Collecting Light : The Photographs of Ruth Bernhard . Edited by James Alinder . Carmel , Calif. : Friends of Photography , 1979 - Bernhard , Ruth . Gift of the Commonplace . Carmel Valley , Calif. : Woodrose Publications / Center for Photographic Art , 1996 . - Bernhard , Ruth . The Eternal Body : A Collection of Fifty Nudes . Carmel , Calif. : Photography West Graphics , 1986 . San Francisco : Chronicle , 1994 . Essay by Margaretta K . Mitchell . - Van , Melvin , and Ruth Bernhard . The Big Heart . San Francisco : Fearon , 1957 . - Mitchell , Margaretta K. , and Ruth Bernhard . Ruth Bernhard : between art and life . San Francisco : Chronicle , 2000 . Print . Awards . - 1976 Dorothea Lange Award by the Oakland Museum - 1987 Distinguished Career in Photography Award . Society of Photographic education . Midwest Regional Conference , Chicago , Illinois November 8 , 1987 - 1990 Presidential Citation for Outstanding Service to Utah State University . Logan , Utah , October 25 , 1990 - 1994 Cyril Magnin Award for Distinguished Service in Photography . Presented by the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce - 1996 Lifetime Achievement Award . Womens Caucus for Art . California Regional Chapter , Presented at Mills College , Oakland , March 30 , 1996 - 1997 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters . The Academy of Art , San Francisco , June 1 , 1997 - 2003 Lucie Awards for achievement in fine art Solo exhibitions . - 1936 : Jake Zeitlin Gallery , Los Angeles - 1936 : Pacific Institute of Music and Art , Los Angeles , Eye Behind the Camera - 1938 : P.M . Gallery , New York - 1956 : Institute for Cultural Relations , Mexico City - 1986 : San Francisco Museum of Modern Art The Eternal Body - 2014 : Peter Fetterman Gallery The Eternal Nude Collections . Bernhards work is held in the following permanent collections : - Indianapolis Museum of Art , Indiana - J . Paul Getty Museum , Los Angeles , California - Museum of Contemporary Photography at Columbia College Chicago , Illinois - Museum of Photographic Arts ( MOPA ) , San Diego , California - Portland Museum of Art , Oregon - San Jose Museum of Art , California - Minneapolis Institute of Art - International Photography Hall of Fame , St.Louis , Missouri
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[
""
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easy
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Who was the original broadcaster of Big Brother (Swedish TV series) from Sep 2000 to May 2006?
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/wiki/Big_Brother_(Swedish_TV_series)#P449#0
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Big Brother ( Swedish TV series ) Big Brother Sverige is the Swedish version of the reality television franchise Big Brother created by producer John de Mol in 1997 . The show followed a number of contestants , known as housemates , who are isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom-built house . Each week , one of the housemates is evicted by a public vote , with the last housemate remaining winning a cash prize . The show was aired from 2000 to 2004 on Kanal 5 , in 2011 and 2012 on TV11 , and 2015 on Kanal 11 . The eighth season began on 10 February 2020 on TV4 . Big Brother 1 . The first season of Big Brother Sverige started on 4 September 2000 and ended on 15 December 2000 lasting for 103 days . Being one of the first ten countries to air the format , the show saw several worlds first in the game . After nine original contestants entered the house on launch night , Daniel Hellström would eventually walk only three days later . In the second week Eva Pederson , single mother of four , walked as well which resulted in only seven housemates being eligible for the first nomination and two replacements making their way into the house before the very first official eviction . Having a diverse cast , the audience witnessed a lot of arguments and misunderstandings between the contestants mainly between the sexual experiential housemates and the more conservative ones . Angelica Freij , the 33-year-old mother of six , felt offended by the close relationship between lesbian Anna Bäckelin and bisexual Paula Glantz . However , in a conversation with Anna , she admitted to never having any contact with homosexuals and the experience of living with some of them in the house ( many housemates stated to be bisexual in that season ) opened some new points of view for her which earned her a lot of sympathy from the viewers . The girl-girl relationship between Paula and Anna got troubled when females favorite Christoffer Jensen re-entered the house after being evicted and started to fancy Paula , who then decided to go hetero for the rest of the season and concentrated on Christoffer , mostly to Annas disappointment . Together with Christoffer , two new housemates entered the house on Day 61 with only one of them eventually being allowed to stay in the house as the replacement contestant for Johan Hellström , who had , recently , voluntarily left the house . When the housemates voted for Christoffer to stay in the house , he became the first contestant to replace two different housemates ( he has also been the replacement for Daniel Hellström earlier that series ) and Big Brother saw its first double eviction with Camilla Björk and Dieck leaving the house at the very same time . It was also the first time in Big Brother history that a replacement housemate made it to the final day ( again Christoffer Jensen , who achieved the second runner up position ) and most prominently , that Angelica became the first woman worldwide to win the show . Being responsible for the very first reality TV show Expedition Robinson , Sweden embraced its first local Big Brother season and the show was a huge rating hit . Per Holknekt who finished fifth place in the first season became a well-known fashion designer . Big Brother Stjärnveckan . After being off-air for more than a year , Big Brother Sverige returned with a spin-off called Big Brother Stjärnveckan ( Week of the Stars ) on 20 January 2002 lasting for six days only and is , therefore , the shortest version of any Big Brother series worldwide . Seven former Swedish contestants from several reality shows lived together in the house with daily evictions . The show was aired in the week before the start of the actual second season of Big Brother Sverige and was supposed to create excitement between the viewers . The contestants that entered the house were Anki Lundberg from The Bar 3 , Johan Godzilla Lennström and Anneli from Villa Medusa , Elizabeth Lelle Anderzén from Expedition Robinson 1998 , Henric Olsson from The Bar 2 , Robert Robban Andersson from Expedition Robinson 1999 and Karin Stor from the first Big Brother Sverige season . However , being the only person that already experienced to be in the house did not work in Karins favor as she was the first person to be evicted . After a week , Anki Lundberg won the show on the day of the start of the second season . Big Brother 2 . Season two of Big Brother Sverige started on 26 January 2002 , exactly on the final day of Big Brother Stjärnveckan lasting for 108 days until 13 May 2002 . To follow the footsteps of season one , the cast of the sophomore season included even more exotic and mostly very attractive contestants which saw more sexual interactions than any other Big Brother season of that time with once again a threeway relationship , this time between Dominique Pons and both Emma-Maria Carlsson and punk Kitty Jutbring . But when Emma-Maria voluntary left the house and Dominique was evicted in one of the earlier rounds the focus turned on other showmances such as between Elin Nilsson and Jacob Heidrich or Benjamin Sorani and Marie Picasso Pettersson . Marie was earlier voted to become the replacement for Emma-Marie between three different girls that entered the house together and Benjamin has been originally evicted on Day 62 but was allowed a return a week later after several viewers were unable to vote in what has been a close vote between him and fellow-nominee Jacob . However , when Big Brother offered the housemate that would walk 50,000 kronor Benjamin left the house voluntary only two weeks after his comeback . For the third time in a row , the Swedish audience chose a female to win their Big Brother season - this time it was Ulrica Andersson from Karlstad but the most famous housemate resulting from that season was undoubtedly Marie Picasso , who tried to break into music business with recording two singles and becoming the host of a call-in show without any significant success . In 2007 she auditioned for Swedens local version of Pop Idol called Idol 2007 which she won resulting in a no.1 single called This Moment . Big Brother 3 . Season three of Big Brother Sverige started on 25 January 2003 , lasting for 107 days until 11 May 2003 . Big Brother 4 . Season four of Big Brother Sverige started on 23 January 2004 , lasting for 109 days until 10 May 2004 . External links . - on TV4 - World of Big Brothe
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[
"TV11"
] |
easy
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Who was the original broadcaster of Big Brother (Swedish TV series) from Feb 2011 to Jun 2012?
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/wiki/Big_Brother_(Swedish_TV_series)#P449#1
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Big Brother ( Swedish TV series ) Big Brother Sverige is the Swedish version of the reality television franchise Big Brother created by producer John de Mol in 1997 . The show followed a number of contestants , known as housemates , who are isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom-built house . Each week , one of the housemates is evicted by a public vote , with the last housemate remaining winning a cash prize . The show was aired from 2000 to 2004 on Kanal 5 , in 2011 and 2012 on TV11 , and 2015 on Kanal 11 . The eighth season began on 10 February 2020 on TV4 . Big Brother 1 . The first season of Big Brother Sverige started on 4 September 2000 and ended on 15 December 2000 lasting for 103 days . Being one of the first ten countries to air the format , the show saw several worlds first in the game . After nine original contestants entered the house on launch night , Daniel Hellström would eventually walk only three days later . In the second week Eva Pederson , single mother of four , walked as well which resulted in only seven housemates being eligible for the first nomination and two replacements making their way into the house before the very first official eviction . Having a diverse cast , the audience witnessed a lot of arguments and misunderstandings between the contestants mainly between the sexual experiential housemates and the more conservative ones . Angelica Freij , the 33-year-old mother of six , felt offended by the close relationship between lesbian Anna Bäckelin and bisexual Paula Glantz . However , in a conversation with Anna , she admitted to never having any contact with homosexuals and the experience of living with some of them in the house ( many housemates stated to be bisexual in that season ) opened some new points of view for her which earned her a lot of sympathy from the viewers . The girl-girl relationship between Paula and Anna got troubled when females favorite Christoffer Jensen re-entered the house after being evicted and started to fancy Paula , who then decided to go hetero for the rest of the season and concentrated on Christoffer , mostly to Annas disappointment . Together with Christoffer , two new housemates entered the house on Day 61 with only one of them eventually being allowed to stay in the house as the replacement contestant for Johan Hellström , who had , recently , voluntarily left the house . When the housemates voted for Christoffer to stay in the house , he became the first contestant to replace two different housemates ( he has also been the replacement for Daniel Hellström earlier that series ) and Big Brother saw its first double eviction with Camilla Björk and Dieck leaving the house at the very same time . It was also the first time in Big Brother history that a replacement housemate made it to the final day ( again Christoffer Jensen , who achieved the second runner up position ) and most prominently , that Angelica became the first woman worldwide to win the show . Being responsible for the very first reality TV show Expedition Robinson , Sweden embraced its first local Big Brother season and the show was a huge rating hit . Per Holknekt who finished fifth place in the first season became a well-known fashion designer . Big Brother Stjärnveckan . After being off-air for more than a year , Big Brother Sverige returned with a spin-off called Big Brother Stjärnveckan ( Week of the Stars ) on 20 January 2002 lasting for six days only and is , therefore , the shortest version of any Big Brother series worldwide . Seven former Swedish contestants from several reality shows lived together in the house with daily evictions . The show was aired in the week before the start of the actual second season of Big Brother Sverige and was supposed to create excitement between the viewers . The contestants that entered the house were Anki Lundberg from The Bar 3 , Johan Godzilla Lennström and Anneli from Villa Medusa , Elizabeth Lelle Anderzén from Expedition Robinson 1998 , Henric Olsson from The Bar 2 , Robert Robban Andersson from Expedition Robinson 1999 and Karin Stor from the first Big Brother Sverige season . However , being the only person that already experienced to be in the house did not work in Karins favor as she was the first person to be evicted . After a week , Anki Lundberg won the show on the day of the start of the second season . Big Brother 2 . Season two of Big Brother Sverige started on 26 January 2002 , exactly on the final day of Big Brother Stjärnveckan lasting for 108 days until 13 May 2002 . To follow the footsteps of season one , the cast of the sophomore season included even more exotic and mostly very attractive contestants which saw more sexual interactions than any other Big Brother season of that time with once again a threeway relationship , this time between Dominique Pons and both Emma-Maria Carlsson and punk Kitty Jutbring . But when Emma-Maria voluntary left the house and Dominique was evicted in one of the earlier rounds the focus turned on other showmances such as between Elin Nilsson and Jacob Heidrich or Benjamin Sorani and Marie Picasso Pettersson . Marie was earlier voted to become the replacement for Emma-Marie between three different girls that entered the house together and Benjamin has been originally evicted on Day 62 but was allowed a return a week later after several viewers were unable to vote in what has been a close vote between him and fellow-nominee Jacob . However , when Big Brother offered the housemate that would walk 50,000 kronor Benjamin left the house voluntary only two weeks after his comeback . For the third time in a row , the Swedish audience chose a female to win their Big Brother season - this time it was Ulrica Andersson from Karlstad but the most famous housemate resulting from that season was undoubtedly Marie Picasso , who tried to break into music business with recording two singles and becoming the host of a call-in show without any significant success . In 2007 she auditioned for Swedens local version of Pop Idol called Idol 2007 which she won resulting in a no.1 single called This Moment . Big Brother 3 . Season three of Big Brother Sverige started on 25 January 2003 , lasting for 107 days until 11 May 2003 . Big Brother 4 . Season four of Big Brother Sverige started on 23 January 2004 , lasting for 109 days until 10 May 2004 . External links . - on TV4 - World of Big Brothe
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[
""
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easy
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Who was the original broadcaster of Big Brother (Swedish TV series) from Aug 2014 to Dec 2014?
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/wiki/Big_Brother_(Swedish_TV_series)#P449#2
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Big Brother ( Swedish TV series ) Big Brother Sverige is the Swedish version of the reality television franchise Big Brother created by producer John de Mol in 1997 . The show followed a number of contestants , known as housemates , who are isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom-built house . Each week , one of the housemates is evicted by a public vote , with the last housemate remaining winning a cash prize . The show was aired from 2000 to 2004 on Kanal 5 , in 2011 and 2012 on TV11 , and 2015 on Kanal 11 . The eighth season began on 10 February 2020 on TV4 . Big Brother 1 . The first season of Big Brother Sverige started on 4 September 2000 and ended on 15 December 2000 lasting for 103 days . Being one of the first ten countries to air the format , the show saw several worlds first in the game . After nine original contestants entered the house on launch night , Daniel Hellström would eventually walk only three days later . In the second week Eva Pederson , single mother of four , walked as well which resulted in only seven housemates being eligible for the first nomination and two replacements making their way into the house before the very first official eviction . Having a diverse cast , the audience witnessed a lot of arguments and misunderstandings between the contestants mainly between the sexual experiential housemates and the more conservative ones . Angelica Freij , the 33-year-old mother of six , felt offended by the close relationship between lesbian Anna Bäckelin and bisexual Paula Glantz . However , in a conversation with Anna , she admitted to never having any contact with homosexuals and the experience of living with some of them in the house ( many housemates stated to be bisexual in that season ) opened some new points of view for her which earned her a lot of sympathy from the viewers . The girl-girl relationship between Paula and Anna got troubled when females favorite Christoffer Jensen re-entered the house after being evicted and started to fancy Paula , who then decided to go hetero for the rest of the season and concentrated on Christoffer , mostly to Annas disappointment . Together with Christoffer , two new housemates entered the house on Day 61 with only one of them eventually being allowed to stay in the house as the replacement contestant for Johan Hellström , who had , recently , voluntarily left the house . When the housemates voted for Christoffer to stay in the house , he became the first contestant to replace two different housemates ( he has also been the replacement for Daniel Hellström earlier that series ) and Big Brother saw its first double eviction with Camilla Björk and Dieck leaving the house at the very same time . It was also the first time in Big Brother history that a replacement housemate made it to the final day ( again Christoffer Jensen , who achieved the second runner up position ) and most prominently , that Angelica became the first woman worldwide to win the show . Being responsible for the very first reality TV show Expedition Robinson , Sweden embraced its first local Big Brother season and the show was a huge rating hit . Per Holknekt who finished fifth place in the first season became a well-known fashion designer . Big Brother Stjärnveckan . After being off-air for more than a year , Big Brother Sverige returned with a spin-off called Big Brother Stjärnveckan ( Week of the Stars ) on 20 January 2002 lasting for six days only and is , therefore , the shortest version of any Big Brother series worldwide . Seven former Swedish contestants from several reality shows lived together in the house with daily evictions . The show was aired in the week before the start of the actual second season of Big Brother Sverige and was supposed to create excitement between the viewers . The contestants that entered the house were Anki Lundberg from The Bar 3 , Johan Godzilla Lennström and Anneli from Villa Medusa , Elizabeth Lelle Anderzén from Expedition Robinson 1998 , Henric Olsson from The Bar 2 , Robert Robban Andersson from Expedition Robinson 1999 and Karin Stor from the first Big Brother Sverige season . However , being the only person that already experienced to be in the house did not work in Karins favor as she was the first person to be evicted . After a week , Anki Lundberg won the show on the day of the start of the second season . Big Brother 2 . Season two of Big Brother Sverige started on 26 January 2002 , exactly on the final day of Big Brother Stjärnveckan lasting for 108 days until 13 May 2002 . To follow the footsteps of season one , the cast of the sophomore season included even more exotic and mostly very attractive contestants which saw more sexual interactions than any other Big Brother season of that time with once again a threeway relationship , this time between Dominique Pons and both Emma-Maria Carlsson and punk Kitty Jutbring . But when Emma-Maria voluntary left the house and Dominique was evicted in one of the earlier rounds the focus turned on other showmances such as between Elin Nilsson and Jacob Heidrich or Benjamin Sorani and Marie Picasso Pettersson . Marie was earlier voted to become the replacement for Emma-Marie between three different girls that entered the house together and Benjamin has been originally evicted on Day 62 but was allowed a return a week later after several viewers were unable to vote in what has been a close vote between him and fellow-nominee Jacob . However , when Big Brother offered the housemate that would walk 50,000 kronor Benjamin left the house voluntary only two weeks after his comeback . For the third time in a row , the Swedish audience chose a female to win their Big Brother season - this time it was Ulrica Andersson from Karlstad but the most famous housemate resulting from that season was undoubtedly Marie Picasso , who tried to break into music business with recording two singles and becoming the host of a call-in show without any significant success . In 2007 she auditioned for Swedens local version of Pop Idol called Idol 2007 which she won resulting in a no.1 single called This Moment . Big Brother 3 . Season three of Big Brother Sverige started on 25 January 2003 , lasting for 107 days until 11 May 2003 . Big Brother 4 . Season four of Big Brother Sverige started on 23 January 2004 , lasting for 109 days until 10 May 2004 . External links . - on TV4 - World of Big Brothe
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[
"Kanal 11"
] |
easy
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Who was the original broadcaster of Big Brother (Swedish TV series) from Oct 2015 to Oct 2016?
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/wiki/Big_Brother_(Swedish_TV_series)#P449#3
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Big Brother ( Swedish TV series ) Big Brother Sverige is the Swedish version of the reality television franchise Big Brother created by producer John de Mol in 1997 . The show followed a number of contestants , known as housemates , who are isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom-built house . Each week , one of the housemates is evicted by a public vote , with the last housemate remaining winning a cash prize . The show was aired from 2000 to 2004 on Kanal 5 , in 2011 and 2012 on TV11 , and 2015 on Kanal 11 . The eighth season began on 10 February 2020 on TV4 . Big Brother 1 . The first season of Big Brother Sverige started on 4 September 2000 and ended on 15 December 2000 lasting for 103 days . Being one of the first ten countries to air the format , the show saw several worlds first in the game . After nine original contestants entered the house on launch night , Daniel Hellström would eventually walk only three days later . In the second week Eva Pederson , single mother of four , walked as well which resulted in only seven housemates being eligible for the first nomination and two replacements making their way into the house before the very first official eviction . Having a diverse cast , the audience witnessed a lot of arguments and misunderstandings between the contestants mainly between the sexual experiential housemates and the more conservative ones . Angelica Freij , the 33-year-old mother of six , felt offended by the close relationship between lesbian Anna Bäckelin and bisexual Paula Glantz . However , in a conversation with Anna , she admitted to never having any contact with homosexuals and the experience of living with some of them in the house ( many housemates stated to be bisexual in that season ) opened some new points of view for her which earned her a lot of sympathy from the viewers . The girl-girl relationship between Paula and Anna got troubled when females favorite Christoffer Jensen re-entered the house after being evicted and started to fancy Paula , who then decided to go hetero for the rest of the season and concentrated on Christoffer , mostly to Annas disappointment . Together with Christoffer , two new housemates entered the house on Day 61 with only one of them eventually being allowed to stay in the house as the replacement contestant for Johan Hellström , who had , recently , voluntarily left the house . When the housemates voted for Christoffer to stay in the house , he became the first contestant to replace two different housemates ( he has also been the replacement for Daniel Hellström earlier that series ) and Big Brother saw its first double eviction with Camilla Björk and Dieck leaving the house at the very same time . It was also the first time in Big Brother history that a replacement housemate made it to the final day ( again Christoffer Jensen , who achieved the second runner up position ) and most prominently , that Angelica became the first woman worldwide to win the show . Being responsible for the very first reality TV show Expedition Robinson , Sweden embraced its first local Big Brother season and the show was a huge rating hit . Per Holknekt who finished fifth place in the first season became a well-known fashion designer . Big Brother Stjärnveckan . After being off-air for more than a year , Big Brother Sverige returned with a spin-off called Big Brother Stjärnveckan ( Week of the Stars ) on 20 January 2002 lasting for six days only and is , therefore , the shortest version of any Big Brother series worldwide . Seven former Swedish contestants from several reality shows lived together in the house with daily evictions . The show was aired in the week before the start of the actual second season of Big Brother Sverige and was supposed to create excitement between the viewers . The contestants that entered the house were Anki Lundberg from The Bar 3 , Johan Godzilla Lennström and Anneli from Villa Medusa , Elizabeth Lelle Anderzén from Expedition Robinson 1998 , Henric Olsson from The Bar 2 , Robert Robban Andersson from Expedition Robinson 1999 and Karin Stor from the first Big Brother Sverige season . However , being the only person that already experienced to be in the house did not work in Karins favor as she was the first person to be evicted . After a week , Anki Lundberg won the show on the day of the start of the second season . Big Brother 2 . Season two of Big Brother Sverige started on 26 January 2002 , exactly on the final day of Big Brother Stjärnveckan lasting for 108 days until 13 May 2002 . To follow the footsteps of season one , the cast of the sophomore season included even more exotic and mostly very attractive contestants which saw more sexual interactions than any other Big Brother season of that time with once again a threeway relationship , this time between Dominique Pons and both Emma-Maria Carlsson and punk Kitty Jutbring . But when Emma-Maria voluntary left the house and Dominique was evicted in one of the earlier rounds the focus turned on other showmances such as between Elin Nilsson and Jacob Heidrich or Benjamin Sorani and Marie Picasso Pettersson . Marie was earlier voted to become the replacement for Emma-Marie between three different girls that entered the house together and Benjamin has been originally evicted on Day 62 but was allowed a return a week later after several viewers were unable to vote in what has been a close vote between him and fellow-nominee Jacob . However , when Big Brother offered the housemate that would walk 50,000 kronor Benjamin left the house voluntary only two weeks after his comeback . For the third time in a row , the Swedish audience chose a female to win their Big Brother season - this time it was Ulrica Andersson from Karlstad but the most famous housemate resulting from that season was undoubtedly Marie Picasso , who tried to break into music business with recording two singles and becoming the host of a call-in show without any significant success . In 2007 she auditioned for Swedens local version of Pop Idol called Idol 2007 which she won resulting in a no.1 single called This Moment . Big Brother 3 . Season three of Big Brother Sverige started on 25 January 2003 , lasting for 107 days until 11 May 2003 . Big Brother 4 . Season four of Big Brother Sverige started on 23 January 2004 , lasting for 109 days until 10 May 2004 . External links . - on TV4 - World of Big Brothe
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[
"Auckland , New Zealand"
] |
easy
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What was the residence of Rosé (singer) from 1997 to 2004?
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/wiki/Rosé_(singer)#P551#0
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Rosé ( singer ) Roseanne Park ( born 11 February 1997 ) , better known by the mononym Rosé ( ) , is a Korean-New Zealand singer and dancer based in South Korea . Born in New Zealand and raised in Australia , Rosé signed with South Korean label YG Entertainment following an audition in 2012 , training there for four years . She made her debut as a vocalist in the girl group Blackpink in August 2016 and made her solo debut with her single album R in March 2021 . She holds two Guinness World Records : of being the first artist to reach number one on Billboard Global 200 as a soloist and as part of a group , and for having the most-viewed YouTube music video in 24 hours by a K-pop soloist . Life and career . 1997–2015 : Early life and career beginnings . Roseanne Park ( ; Park Chae-young ) was born on 11 February 1997 in Auckland , New Zealand , to South Korean immigrant parents . She has an older sister . In 2004 , at the age of seven , Rosé and her family moved to Melbourne , Australia . Rosé initially attended Kew East Primary School graduating in 2009 , attending Canterbury Girls Secondary College in Melbourne for her secondary schooling . She began singing and learned to play guitar and piano as a child and performed in church choirs . In 2012 , 15-year-old Rosé attended an audition in Sydney , Australia for South Korean record label YG Entertainment at her fathers suggestion ranking first among 700 participants . She was a big fan of YG Entertainment , citing they had all the cool groups . Within two months , she dropped out of school , signed with the label as a trainee and moved to Seoul . She initially presumed her fathers idea was a joke due to the distance and difficulty of becoming a singer overseas , stating : The same year , Rosé was given an opportunity to feature on labelmate G-Dragons song Without You off his EP One of a Kind ( 2012 ) . Her name was not publicised at the time of release with her credit revealed following her announcement as a Blackpink member . The song peaked at number ten on South Koreas Gaon Music Chart and at number 15 on the Billboard Korea K-pop Hot 100 . 2016–2020 : Debut with Blackpink . Rosé trained at YG Entertainment for four years before her announcement as a member of Blackpink in June 2016 . She was the last member to be revealed amongst the four . She debuted on 8 August 2016 with the single album Square One , which produced the lead singles Whistle and <a The singer has also appeared on a variety of broadcast programmes such as music shows King of Masked Singer and Fantastic Duo 2 . Her vocal performance on King of Masked Singer was met with a warm reception by the audience , to which Rosé commented that she didnt know if the audience would like [ her ] singing and that she felt happy and relieved at the positive result . Rosé later appeared as a performer on the second season of Fantastic Duo . The shows production staff stated that her appearance was intended to reveal Rosés vocal appeal , which is different from Blackpink . 2021 : R . On 2 June 2020 , it was announced that Rosé would debut solo following the release of Blackpinks first Korean language full-length album . On 30 December 2020 , in an interview with South Korean media outlet Osen , her label revealed that filming for her debut music video would begin in mid-January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , a promotional teaser of Rosés solo debut was released , revealing that a preview of her solo debut would be revealed through Blackpink Livestream Concert : The Show on 31 January 2021 . Shortly after the performance , Rosés solo , titled Gone gained positive feedback from Korean news website My Daily . Rosés debut single album , entitled R , was released on 12 March 2021 . Upon release , with 41.6 million views in 24 hours on her lead single On the Ground , she currently holds the title as the most viewed South Korean music video of a soloist in 24 hours after breaking the almost 8-year record of former labelmate Psys Gentleman . On the Ground peaked at number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the highest-charting song by a Korean female soloist in the US . The song also debuted and peaked at number 1 on both the Global 200 and Global Excl . U.S . charts , the first song by a Korean solo artist to do so in the charts histories . R also set the record for the highest first-week sales by a Korean female soloist with 448,089 copies sold . On 24 March , Rosé received her first-ever music show win as a soloist with her single On the Ground through South Korean cable music program , Show Champion , and would go on to win five more . On 5 April , the music video for Rosés song Gone was released . Artistry . Influence . Through a radio interview , the singer cited her labelmate senior Big Bangs Taeyang as a role model towards her musical career . As a musician , Rosé also revealed she considers American singer Tori Kelly as an inspiration towards her musical style . Rosés voice has received acknowledgement in the K-pop industry for its distinct vocal timbre , following her debut as a member of Blackpink . Following Rosés performance on an episode of Fantastic Duo 2 , South Korean singer Gummy , whom Rosé cited as a musical role model , stated that [ Rosés ] voice is so unique , its the [ type of ] voice young people love . Other ventures . Endorsements . In 2018 , Rosé and fellow Blackpink member Jisoo were selected as endorsement models for the South Korean cosmetics brand Kiss Me . In October 2019 , Rosé was revealed as a promotional model for the Perfect World Entertainments MMORPG Perfect World Mobile . Fashion . In 2020 , Rosé was named the global ambassador for Yves Saint Laurent by Anthony Vaccarello , becoming its first global ambassador in 59 years . She was the global face for Saint Laurents Fall 2020 campaign . In 2021 , Rosé became the muse for luxury cosmetics brand Yves Saint Laurent Beauté . On 21 April 2021 , Rosé was officially declared as Tiffany & Cos newest global ambassador . She made her debut as their latest global ambassador through the 2021 Tiffany HardWear digital campaign . In response , Rosé stated : I’ve always loved wearing Tiffany jewellery . To be part of an iconic brand that has been part of my life for a long time makes it that much more special to me . I am very honoured and excited to be a part of the HardWear campaign and I can’t wait for everyone to see it.” Impact and influence . As of April 2021 , Rosé is among the top 10 most-followed Korean individual on Instagram , with over 37 million followers . Since 2018 , she has appeared on the Korean Business Research Institutes female celebrity brand reputation list , a chart that tracks Korean celebrities with the most online searches and engagements , and previously reached the top 10 . Discography . Composition credits . All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Associations database , unless otherwise noted . External links . - Official website
|
[
"Melbourne , Australia"
] |
easy
|
What was the residence of Rosé (singer) from 2004 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Rosé_(singer)#P551#1
|
Rosé ( singer ) Roseanne Park ( born 11 February 1997 ) , better known by the mononym Rosé ( ) , is a Korean-New Zealand singer and dancer based in South Korea . Born in New Zealand and raised in Australia , Rosé signed with South Korean label YG Entertainment following an audition in 2012 , training there for four years . She made her debut as a vocalist in the girl group Blackpink in August 2016 and made her solo debut with her single album R in March 2021 . She holds two Guinness World Records : of being the first artist to reach number one on Billboard Global 200 as a soloist and as part of a group , and for having the most-viewed YouTube music video in 24 hours by a K-pop soloist . Life and career . 1997–2015 : Early life and career beginnings . Roseanne Park ( ; Park Chae-young ) was born on 11 February 1997 in Auckland , New Zealand , to South Korean immigrant parents . She has an older sister . In 2004 , at the age of seven , Rosé and her family moved to Melbourne , Australia . Rosé initially attended Kew East Primary School graduating in 2009 , attending Canterbury Girls Secondary College in Melbourne for her secondary schooling . She began singing and learned to play guitar and piano as a child and performed in church choirs . In 2012 , 15-year-old Rosé attended an audition in Sydney , Australia for South Korean record label YG Entertainment at her fathers suggestion ranking first among 700 participants . She was a big fan of YG Entertainment , citing they had all the cool groups . Within two months , she dropped out of school , signed with the label as a trainee and moved to Seoul . She initially presumed her fathers idea was a joke due to the distance and difficulty of becoming a singer overseas , stating : The same year , Rosé was given an opportunity to feature on labelmate G-Dragons song Without You off his EP One of a Kind ( 2012 ) . Her name was not publicised at the time of release with her credit revealed following her announcement as a Blackpink member . The song peaked at number ten on South Koreas Gaon Music Chart and at number 15 on the Billboard Korea K-pop Hot 100 . 2016–2020 : Debut with Blackpink . Rosé trained at YG Entertainment for four years before her announcement as a member of Blackpink in June 2016 . She was the last member to be revealed amongst the four . She debuted on 8 August 2016 with the single album Square One , which produced the lead singles Whistle and <a The singer has also appeared on a variety of broadcast programmes such as music shows King of Masked Singer and Fantastic Duo 2 . Her vocal performance on King of Masked Singer was met with a warm reception by the audience , to which Rosé commented that she didnt know if the audience would like [ her ] singing and that she felt happy and relieved at the positive result . Rosé later appeared as a performer on the second season of Fantastic Duo . The shows production staff stated that her appearance was intended to reveal Rosés vocal appeal , which is different from Blackpink . 2021 : R . On 2 June 2020 , it was announced that Rosé would debut solo following the release of Blackpinks first Korean language full-length album . On 30 December 2020 , in an interview with South Korean media outlet Osen , her label revealed that filming for her debut music video would begin in mid-January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , a promotional teaser of Rosés solo debut was released , revealing that a preview of her solo debut would be revealed through Blackpink Livestream Concert : The Show on 31 January 2021 . Shortly after the performance , Rosés solo , titled Gone gained positive feedback from Korean news website My Daily . Rosés debut single album , entitled R , was released on 12 March 2021 . Upon release , with 41.6 million views in 24 hours on her lead single On the Ground , she currently holds the title as the most viewed South Korean music video of a soloist in 24 hours after breaking the almost 8-year record of former labelmate Psys Gentleman . On the Ground peaked at number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the highest-charting song by a Korean female soloist in the US . The song also debuted and peaked at number 1 on both the Global 200 and Global Excl . U.S . charts , the first song by a Korean solo artist to do so in the charts histories . R also set the record for the highest first-week sales by a Korean female soloist with 448,089 copies sold . On 24 March , Rosé received her first-ever music show win as a soloist with her single On the Ground through South Korean cable music program , Show Champion , and would go on to win five more . On 5 April , the music video for Rosés song Gone was released . Artistry . Influence . Through a radio interview , the singer cited her labelmate senior Big Bangs Taeyang as a role model towards her musical career . As a musician , Rosé also revealed she considers American singer Tori Kelly as an inspiration towards her musical style . Rosés voice has received acknowledgement in the K-pop industry for its distinct vocal timbre , following her debut as a member of Blackpink . Following Rosés performance on an episode of Fantastic Duo 2 , South Korean singer Gummy , whom Rosé cited as a musical role model , stated that [ Rosés ] voice is so unique , its the [ type of ] voice young people love . Other ventures . Endorsements . In 2018 , Rosé and fellow Blackpink member Jisoo were selected as endorsement models for the South Korean cosmetics brand Kiss Me . In October 2019 , Rosé was revealed as a promotional model for the Perfect World Entertainments MMORPG Perfect World Mobile . Fashion . In 2020 , Rosé was named the global ambassador for Yves Saint Laurent by Anthony Vaccarello , becoming its first global ambassador in 59 years . She was the global face for Saint Laurents Fall 2020 campaign . In 2021 , Rosé became the muse for luxury cosmetics brand Yves Saint Laurent Beauté . On 21 April 2021 , Rosé was officially declared as Tiffany & Cos newest global ambassador . She made her debut as their latest global ambassador through the 2021 Tiffany HardWear digital campaign . In response , Rosé stated : I’ve always loved wearing Tiffany jewellery . To be part of an iconic brand that has been part of my life for a long time makes it that much more special to me . I am very honoured and excited to be a part of the HardWear campaign and I can’t wait for everyone to see it.” Impact and influence . As of April 2021 , Rosé is among the top 10 most-followed Korean individual on Instagram , with over 37 million followers . Since 2018 , she has appeared on the Korean Business Research Institutes female celebrity brand reputation list , a chart that tracks Korean celebrities with the most online searches and engagements , and previously reached the top 10 . Discography . Composition credits . All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Associations database , unless otherwise noted . External links . - Official website
|
[
"Seoul"
] |
easy
|
Where did Rosé (singer) live from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Rosé_(singer)#P551#2
|
Rosé ( singer ) Roseanne Park ( born 11 February 1997 ) , better known by the mononym Rosé ( ) , is a Korean-New Zealand singer and dancer based in South Korea . Born in New Zealand and raised in Australia , Rosé signed with South Korean label YG Entertainment following an audition in 2012 , training there for four years . She made her debut as a vocalist in the girl group Blackpink in August 2016 and made her solo debut with her single album R in March 2021 . She holds two Guinness World Records : of being the first artist to reach number one on Billboard Global 200 as a soloist and as part of a group , and for having the most-viewed YouTube music video in 24 hours by a K-pop soloist . Life and career . 1997–2015 : Early life and career beginnings . Roseanne Park ( ; Park Chae-young ) was born on 11 February 1997 in Auckland , New Zealand , to South Korean immigrant parents . She has an older sister . In 2004 , at the age of seven , Rosé and her family moved to Melbourne , Australia . Rosé initially attended Kew East Primary School graduating in 2009 , attending Canterbury Girls Secondary College in Melbourne for her secondary schooling . She began singing and learned to play guitar and piano as a child and performed in church choirs . In 2012 , 15-year-old Rosé attended an audition in Sydney , Australia for South Korean record label YG Entertainment at her fathers suggestion ranking first among 700 participants . She was a big fan of YG Entertainment , citing they had all the cool groups . Within two months , she dropped out of school , signed with the label as a trainee and moved to Seoul . She initially presumed her fathers idea was a joke due to the distance and difficulty of becoming a singer overseas , stating : The same year , Rosé was given an opportunity to feature on labelmate G-Dragons song Without You off his EP One of a Kind ( 2012 ) . Her name was not publicised at the time of release with her credit revealed following her announcement as a Blackpink member . The song peaked at number ten on South Koreas Gaon Music Chart and at number 15 on the Billboard Korea K-pop Hot 100 . 2016–2020 : Debut with Blackpink . Rosé trained at YG Entertainment for four years before her announcement as a member of Blackpink in June 2016 . She was the last member to be revealed amongst the four . She debuted on 8 August 2016 with the single album Square One , which produced the lead singles Whistle and <a The singer has also appeared on a variety of broadcast programmes such as music shows King of Masked Singer and Fantastic Duo 2 . Her vocal performance on King of Masked Singer was met with a warm reception by the audience , to which Rosé commented that she didnt know if the audience would like [ her ] singing and that she felt happy and relieved at the positive result . Rosé later appeared as a performer on the second season of Fantastic Duo . The shows production staff stated that her appearance was intended to reveal Rosés vocal appeal , which is different from Blackpink . 2021 : R . On 2 June 2020 , it was announced that Rosé would debut solo following the release of Blackpinks first Korean language full-length album . On 30 December 2020 , in an interview with South Korean media outlet Osen , her label revealed that filming for her debut music video would begin in mid-January 2021 . On 26 January 2021 , a promotional teaser of Rosés solo debut was released , revealing that a preview of her solo debut would be revealed through Blackpink Livestream Concert : The Show on 31 January 2021 . Shortly after the performance , Rosés solo , titled Gone gained positive feedback from Korean news website My Daily . Rosés debut single album , entitled R , was released on 12 March 2021 . Upon release , with 41.6 million views in 24 hours on her lead single On the Ground , she currently holds the title as the most viewed South Korean music video of a soloist in 24 hours after breaking the almost 8-year record of former labelmate Psys Gentleman . On the Ground peaked at number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the highest-charting song by a Korean female soloist in the US . The song also debuted and peaked at number 1 on both the Global 200 and Global Excl . U.S . charts , the first song by a Korean solo artist to do so in the charts histories . R also set the record for the highest first-week sales by a Korean female soloist with 448,089 copies sold . On 24 March , Rosé received her first-ever music show win as a soloist with her single On the Ground through South Korean cable music program , Show Champion , and would go on to win five more . On 5 April , the music video for Rosés song Gone was released . Artistry . Influence . Through a radio interview , the singer cited her labelmate senior Big Bangs Taeyang as a role model towards her musical career . As a musician , Rosé also revealed she considers American singer Tori Kelly as an inspiration towards her musical style . Rosés voice has received acknowledgement in the K-pop industry for its distinct vocal timbre , following her debut as a member of Blackpink . Following Rosés performance on an episode of Fantastic Duo 2 , South Korean singer Gummy , whom Rosé cited as a musical role model , stated that [ Rosés ] voice is so unique , its the [ type of ] voice young people love . Other ventures . Endorsements . In 2018 , Rosé and fellow Blackpink member Jisoo were selected as endorsement models for the South Korean cosmetics brand Kiss Me . In October 2019 , Rosé was revealed as a promotional model for the Perfect World Entertainments MMORPG Perfect World Mobile . Fashion . In 2020 , Rosé was named the global ambassador for Yves Saint Laurent by Anthony Vaccarello , becoming its first global ambassador in 59 years . She was the global face for Saint Laurents Fall 2020 campaign . In 2021 , Rosé became the muse for luxury cosmetics brand Yves Saint Laurent Beauté . On 21 April 2021 , Rosé was officially declared as Tiffany & Cos newest global ambassador . She made her debut as their latest global ambassador through the 2021 Tiffany HardWear digital campaign . In response , Rosé stated : I’ve always loved wearing Tiffany jewellery . To be part of an iconic brand that has been part of my life for a long time makes it that much more special to me . I am very honoured and excited to be a part of the HardWear campaign and I can’t wait for everyone to see it.” Impact and influence . As of April 2021 , Rosé is among the top 10 most-followed Korean individual on Instagram , with over 37 million followers . Since 2018 , she has appeared on the Korean Business Research Institutes female celebrity brand reputation list , a chart that tracks Korean celebrities with the most online searches and engagements , and previously reached the top 10 . Discography . Composition credits . All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Associations database , unless otherwise noted . External links . - Official website
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Buck Shaw work for from 1922 to 1924?
|
/wiki/Buck_Shaw#P108#0
|
Buck Shaw Lawrence Timothy Buck Shaw ( March 28 , 1899 – March 19 , 1977 ) was an American football player and coach . He was the head coach for Santa Clara University , the University of California , Berkeley , the San Francisco 49ers , the United States Air Force Academy and the Philadelphia Eagles . He attended the University of Notre Dame , where he became a star player on Knute Rocknes first unbeaten team . He started his coaching career with one year as head coach at North Carolina State and four years as a line coach at Nevada in Reno . At Santa Clara , he compiled an impressive record ; his first two teams posted consecutive Sugar Bowl wins over LSU . After war-time service , his only team at California went 4–5–1 in 1945 . In 1946 , Shaw became the San Francisco 49ers first head coach in the old All-America Football Conference and continued through 1954 ; they entered the National Football League in from 1950 . After two seasons as the first Air Force Academy varsity head coach ( 1956–1957 ) , he returned to the NFL in 1958 with Philadelphia . In 1960 , he led the team to an NFL Championship victory against Vince Lombardi , who said of Shaw , “That right there is a good man...an honest man.” He stepped down after three seasons , following their win in the championship game over Vince Lombardis Green Bay Packers . Early life . Shaw was born in Mitchellville , Iowa , east of Des Moines , to cattle ranchers Tim and Margaret Shaw . One of five children ( brothers Bill , Jim , and John , and sister Mary ) , the family moved to Stuart when Shaw was ten , where high school football had been abolished because of a fatality . He played only four games as a prep after the sport was brought back in 1917 , his senior year . College . Shaw enrolled at Creighton University in Omaha in the fall of 1918 and went out for football ; he played one game before the rest of the schedule wiped out by the flu epidemic . He transferred to the University of Notre Dame in 1919 . Shaw apparently loved track and field competition . In fact it was track , not football that attracted him to Notre Dame . He enrolled at South Bend and went out for the track team . However , Shaw fell into the hands of Knute Rockne and became one of the greatest tackles and placekickers in Notre Dame history . Shaw was a starter for Rockne from 1919 to 1921 , first at left tackle and then in 1920 and 1921 as right tackle opening holes for George Gipp . He finished his playing career being selected an All-American by Football World Magazine . Shaw also set a record by converting 38 of 39 extra points during his varsity career , a mark that stood until 1976 , more than 50 years after he graduated . Shaw is a member of the all-time Fighting Irish football team . Coaching career . College . In the spring of Shaws senior year at Notre Dame , Rockne came to Shaw with a couple of letters from schools seeking coaches , one from Auburn University in Alabama , and another from the University of Nevada in Reno . Although he started his coaching career at North Carolina State in 1924 , he apparently did not want to go further south to Auburn . He heard from a friend at Notre Dame who was from Nevada that American football was new out there ; theyd been playing rugby before . In a 1970 interview , Shaw said , It sounded like an interesting challenge , so I took the Nevada job as line coach . Shaw was at Nevada for four years , then took a job with an oil firm and wanted to stay out of the coaching field , but was talked into becoming an assistant coach at Santa Clara University by his old teammate , Clipper Smith . He was line coach under Smith from 1929 to 1935 ; during the first season , the stock market crashed . I had a heck of a time getting on my feet , explained Shaw , Santa Clara could only afford to hire us on a seasonal basis in those years , and I was working for Standard Oil when I became head coach in 1936 after Clipper resigned to go to Villanova . Shaws first two Bronco teams ( 1936 and 1937 ) went a combined 18–1 , including back-to-back wins in New Orleans over local favorite LSU in the Sugar Bowl in January 1937 and 1938 . Possibly the first major coach to phone-it-in when because of an illness , he did not travel with the team but coached them to victory over the telephone . Santa Clara dropped football after the 1942 war-time season , and Shaw stayed on campus for two years to assist the Armys physical education program on campus . Shaw , while waiting for the professional All-America Football Conference to get off the ground , managed to mold California into a representative team and defeated a Frankie Albert-led St . Marys Pre-Flight team , 6–0 . It was a losing season overall for the Bears , but they had a good bunch of players , Shaw and his staff remarked after the 1945 season . The second Air Force Academy varsity head football coach , Shaw guided the Falcons to a 6–2–1 mark in 1956 and a 3–6–1 record in 1957 . Professional . Shaw was the San Francisco 49ers’ first head coach , working with such pro luminaries as Frankie Albert , Y . A . Tittle and Hugh McElhenny . In 1944 and 1945 , before World War II ended , the Morabito brothers , Victor and Tony , began organizing the San Francisco 49ers for entry into a new professional league , the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . Shaw and his assistant , Al Ruffo , were hired by the 49ers , but then were permitted to accept a one-year contract at California when the AAFC league kickoff was delayed until 1946 . In 1946 , Shaw took over the 49ers , and with the left-handed Frankie Albert leading and directing the attack , the team placed second to the Cleveland Browns four times ( 1946–1949 ) in the Western Division of the AAFC . In 1950 , the 49ers along with the Browns and the Baltimore Colts merged with the rival NFL . In 1958 , Shaw took over a last-place Philadelphia Eagles team and started rebuilding . He immediately dealt Buck Lansford , Jimmy Harris , and a first-round draft choice to the Los Angeles Rams for 32-year-old , nine-year veteran quarterback Norm Van Brocklin . Shaw and Van Brocklin led the Eagles to the NFL championship in 1960 with a 17–13 victory at Franklin Field over Vince Lombardis Green Bay Packers , the only time the Lombardi-era Packers lost a postseason game . The contest ended on a game-saving tackle of Green Bays Jim Taylor inside then ten-yard line . It was made by center/linebacker sixty-minute-man Chuck Bednarik , who because of early season injuries at linebacker revived , at Shaws request , the long-discarded concept of two-way football . After winning the 1960 championship , the 61-year-old Coach Shaw retired , saying I wanted to get out while I was ahead . In the quiet Green Bay dressing room , Lombardi said he was happy for Buck . Seeing hes going to retire , thats a nice note for him to go out on . Shaw was the oldest head coach to win an NFL championship for over 39 years , until Dick Vermeils victory with the St . Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV in early 2000 . Later life and legacy . After retiring from coaching , Shaw returned to California to work for a paper products company , and spent the later years of his life in Menlo Park . He and his wife had two married daughters who also lived in California . In 1962 , led by Sal Sanfilippo ( SCU 30 , J.D . SCU 32 ) , former players , friends , and fans of Shaw banded together to form the Bronco Bench Foundation to raise money for and build a football stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in his honor . On September 22 , 1962 , the first football game , a contest between Santa Clara and UC Davis , was played in Buck Shaw Stadium . Shaw died of cancer on March 19 , 1977 , nine days shy of his 78th birthday , at Stanford Universitys Branch Convalescent Hospital . References . - Much of the information in this article comes from John C . Hibners biography of Coach Shaw in The College Football Historical Societys Newsletter Vol . II , No . I , Nov . 1988 and the Des Moines ( Ia. ) Register 1970 article
|
[
"North Carolina State"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Buck Shaw work for from 1924 to 1925?
|
/wiki/Buck_Shaw#P108#1
|
Buck Shaw Lawrence Timothy Buck Shaw ( March 28 , 1899 – March 19 , 1977 ) was an American football player and coach . He was the head coach for Santa Clara University , the University of California , Berkeley , the San Francisco 49ers , the United States Air Force Academy and the Philadelphia Eagles . He attended the University of Notre Dame , where he became a star player on Knute Rocknes first unbeaten team . He started his coaching career with one year as head coach at North Carolina State and four years as a line coach at Nevada in Reno . At Santa Clara , he compiled an impressive record ; his first two teams posted consecutive Sugar Bowl wins over LSU . After war-time service , his only team at California went 4–5–1 in 1945 . In 1946 , Shaw became the San Francisco 49ers first head coach in the old All-America Football Conference and continued through 1954 ; they entered the National Football League in from 1950 . After two seasons as the first Air Force Academy varsity head coach ( 1956–1957 ) , he returned to the NFL in 1958 with Philadelphia . In 1960 , he led the team to an NFL Championship victory against Vince Lombardi , who said of Shaw , “That right there is a good man...an honest man.” He stepped down after three seasons , following their win in the championship game over Vince Lombardis Green Bay Packers . Early life . Shaw was born in Mitchellville , Iowa , east of Des Moines , to cattle ranchers Tim and Margaret Shaw . One of five children ( brothers Bill , Jim , and John , and sister Mary ) , the family moved to Stuart when Shaw was ten , where high school football had been abolished because of a fatality . He played only four games as a prep after the sport was brought back in 1917 , his senior year . College . Shaw enrolled at Creighton University in Omaha in the fall of 1918 and went out for football ; he played one game before the rest of the schedule wiped out by the flu epidemic . He transferred to the University of Notre Dame in 1919 . Shaw apparently loved track and field competition . In fact it was track , not football that attracted him to Notre Dame . He enrolled at South Bend and went out for the track team . However , Shaw fell into the hands of Knute Rockne and became one of the greatest tackles and placekickers in Notre Dame history . Shaw was a starter for Rockne from 1919 to 1921 , first at left tackle and then in 1920 and 1921 as right tackle opening holes for George Gipp . He finished his playing career being selected an All-American by Football World Magazine . Shaw also set a record by converting 38 of 39 extra points during his varsity career , a mark that stood until 1976 , more than 50 years after he graduated . Shaw is a member of the all-time Fighting Irish football team . Coaching career . College . In the spring of Shaws senior year at Notre Dame , Rockne came to Shaw with a couple of letters from schools seeking coaches , one from Auburn University in Alabama , and another from the University of Nevada in Reno . Although he started his coaching career at North Carolina State in 1924 , he apparently did not want to go further south to Auburn . He heard from a friend at Notre Dame who was from Nevada that American football was new out there ; theyd been playing rugby before . In a 1970 interview , Shaw said , It sounded like an interesting challenge , so I took the Nevada job as line coach . Shaw was at Nevada for four years , then took a job with an oil firm and wanted to stay out of the coaching field , but was talked into becoming an assistant coach at Santa Clara University by his old teammate , Clipper Smith . He was line coach under Smith from 1929 to 1935 ; during the first season , the stock market crashed . I had a heck of a time getting on my feet , explained Shaw , Santa Clara could only afford to hire us on a seasonal basis in those years , and I was working for Standard Oil when I became head coach in 1936 after Clipper resigned to go to Villanova . Shaws first two Bronco teams ( 1936 and 1937 ) went a combined 18–1 , including back-to-back wins in New Orleans over local favorite LSU in the Sugar Bowl in January 1937 and 1938 . Possibly the first major coach to phone-it-in when because of an illness , he did not travel with the team but coached them to victory over the telephone . Santa Clara dropped football after the 1942 war-time season , and Shaw stayed on campus for two years to assist the Armys physical education program on campus . Shaw , while waiting for the professional All-America Football Conference to get off the ground , managed to mold California into a representative team and defeated a Frankie Albert-led St . Marys Pre-Flight team , 6–0 . It was a losing season overall for the Bears , but they had a good bunch of players , Shaw and his staff remarked after the 1945 season . The second Air Force Academy varsity head football coach , Shaw guided the Falcons to a 6–2–1 mark in 1956 and a 3–6–1 record in 1957 . Professional . Shaw was the San Francisco 49ers’ first head coach , working with such pro luminaries as Frankie Albert , Y . A . Tittle and Hugh McElhenny . In 1944 and 1945 , before World War II ended , the Morabito brothers , Victor and Tony , began organizing the San Francisco 49ers for entry into a new professional league , the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . Shaw and his assistant , Al Ruffo , were hired by the 49ers , but then were permitted to accept a one-year contract at California when the AAFC league kickoff was delayed until 1946 . In 1946 , Shaw took over the 49ers , and with the left-handed Frankie Albert leading and directing the attack , the team placed second to the Cleveland Browns four times ( 1946–1949 ) in the Western Division of the AAFC . In 1950 , the 49ers along with the Browns and the Baltimore Colts merged with the rival NFL . In 1958 , Shaw took over a last-place Philadelphia Eagles team and started rebuilding . He immediately dealt Buck Lansford , Jimmy Harris , and a first-round draft choice to the Los Angeles Rams for 32-year-old , nine-year veteran quarterback Norm Van Brocklin . Shaw and Van Brocklin led the Eagles to the NFL championship in 1960 with a 17–13 victory at Franklin Field over Vince Lombardis Green Bay Packers , the only time the Lombardi-era Packers lost a postseason game . The contest ended on a game-saving tackle of Green Bays Jim Taylor inside then ten-yard line . It was made by center/linebacker sixty-minute-man Chuck Bednarik , who because of early season injuries at linebacker revived , at Shaws request , the long-discarded concept of two-way football . After winning the 1960 championship , the 61-year-old Coach Shaw retired , saying I wanted to get out while I was ahead . In the quiet Green Bay dressing room , Lombardi said he was happy for Buck . Seeing hes going to retire , thats a nice note for him to go out on . Shaw was the oldest head coach to win an NFL championship for over 39 years , until Dick Vermeils victory with the St . Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV in early 2000 . Later life and legacy . After retiring from coaching , Shaw returned to California to work for a paper products company , and spent the later years of his life in Menlo Park . He and his wife had two married daughters who also lived in California . In 1962 , led by Sal Sanfilippo ( SCU 30 , J.D . SCU 32 ) , former players , friends , and fans of Shaw banded together to form the Bronco Bench Foundation to raise money for and build a football stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in his honor . On September 22 , 1962 , the first football game , a contest between Santa Clara and UC Davis , was played in Buck Shaw Stadium . Shaw died of cancer on March 19 , 1977 , nine days shy of his 78th birthday , at Stanford Universitys Branch Convalescent Hospital . References . - Much of the information in this article comes from John C . Hibners biography of Coach Shaw in The College Football Historical Societys Newsletter Vol . II , No . I , Nov . 1988 and the Des Moines ( Ia. ) Register 1970 article
|
[
"Nevada"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Buck Shaw work for from 1925 to 1928?
|
/wiki/Buck_Shaw#P108#2
|
Buck Shaw Lawrence Timothy Buck Shaw ( March 28 , 1899 – March 19 , 1977 ) was an American football player and coach . He was the head coach for Santa Clara University , the University of California , Berkeley , the San Francisco 49ers , the United States Air Force Academy and the Philadelphia Eagles . He attended the University of Notre Dame , where he became a star player on Knute Rocknes first unbeaten team . He started his coaching career with one year as head coach at North Carolina State and four years as a line coach at Nevada in Reno . At Santa Clara , he compiled an impressive record ; his first two teams posted consecutive Sugar Bowl wins over LSU . After war-time service , his only team at California went 4–5–1 in 1945 . In 1946 , Shaw became the San Francisco 49ers first head coach in the old All-America Football Conference and continued through 1954 ; they entered the National Football League in from 1950 . After two seasons as the first Air Force Academy varsity head coach ( 1956–1957 ) , he returned to the NFL in 1958 with Philadelphia . In 1960 , he led the team to an NFL Championship victory against Vince Lombardi , who said of Shaw , “That right there is a good man...an honest man.” He stepped down after three seasons , following their win in the championship game over Vince Lombardis Green Bay Packers . Early life . Shaw was born in Mitchellville , Iowa , east of Des Moines , to cattle ranchers Tim and Margaret Shaw . One of five children ( brothers Bill , Jim , and John , and sister Mary ) , the family moved to Stuart when Shaw was ten , where high school football had been abolished because of a fatality . He played only four games as a prep after the sport was brought back in 1917 , his senior year . College . Shaw enrolled at Creighton University in Omaha in the fall of 1918 and went out for football ; he played one game before the rest of the schedule wiped out by the flu epidemic . He transferred to the University of Notre Dame in 1919 . Shaw apparently loved track and field competition . In fact it was track , not football that attracted him to Notre Dame . He enrolled at South Bend and went out for the track team . However , Shaw fell into the hands of Knute Rockne and became one of the greatest tackles and placekickers in Notre Dame history . Shaw was a starter for Rockne from 1919 to 1921 , first at left tackle and then in 1920 and 1921 as right tackle opening holes for George Gipp . He finished his playing career being selected an All-American by Football World Magazine . Shaw also set a record by converting 38 of 39 extra points during his varsity career , a mark that stood until 1976 , more than 50 years after he graduated . Shaw is a member of the all-time Fighting Irish football team . Coaching career . College . In the spring of Shaws senior year at Notre Dame , Rockne came to Shaw with a couple of letters from schools seeking coaches , one from Auburn University in Alabama , and another from the University of Nevada in Reno . Although he started his coaching career at North Carolina State in 1924 , he apparently did not want to go further south to Auburn . He heard from a friend at Notre Dame who was from Nevada that American football was new out there ; theyd been playing rugby before . In a 1970 interview , Shaw said , It sounded like an interesting challenge , so I took the Nevada job as line coach . Shaw was at Nevada for four years , then took a job with an oil firm and wanted to stay out of the coaching field , but was talked into becoming an assistant coach at Santa Clara University by his old teammate , Clipper Smith . He was line coach under Smith from 1929 to 1935 ; during the first season , the stock market crashed . I had a heck of a time getting on my feet , explained Shaw , Santa Clara could only afford to hire us on a seasonal basis in those years , and I was working for Standard Oil when I became head coach in 1936 after Clipper resigned to go to Villanova . Shaws first two Bronco teams ( 1936 and 1937 ) went a combined 18–1 , including back-to-back wins in New Orleans over local favorite LSU in the Sugar Bowl in January 1937 and 1938 . Possibly the first major coach to phone-it-in when because of an illness , he did not travel with the team but coached them to victory over the telephone . Santa Clara dropped football after the 1942 war-time season , and Shaw stayed on campus for two years to assist the Armys physical education program on campus . Shaw , while waiting for the professional All-America Football Conference to get off the ground , managed to mold California into a representative team and defeated a Frankie Albert-led St . Marys Pre-Flight team , 6–0 . It was a losing season overall for the Bears , but they had a good bunch of players , Shaw and his staff remarked after the 1945 season . The second Air Force Academy varsity head football coach , Shaw guided the Falcons to a 6–2–1 mark in 1956 and a 3–6–1 record in 1957 . Professional . Shaw was the San Francisco 49ers’ first head coach , working with such pro luminaries as Frankie Albert , Y . A . Tittle and Hugh McElhenny . In 1944 and 1945 , before World War II ended , the Morabito brothers , Victor and Tony , began organizing the San Francisco 49ers for entry into a new professional league , the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . Shaw and his assistant , Al Ruffo , were hired by the 49ers , but then were permitted to accept a one-year contract at California when the AAFC league kickoff was delayed until 1946 . In 1946 , Shaw took over the 49ers , and with the left-handed Frankie Albert leading and directing the attack , the team placed second to the Cleveland Browns four times ( 1946–1949 ) in the Western Division of the AAFC . In 1950 , the 49ers along with the Browns and the Baltimore Colts merged with the rival NFL . In 1958 , Shaw took over a last-place Philadelphia Eagles team and started rebuilding . He immediately dealt Buck Lansford , Jimmy Harris , and a first-round draft choice to the Los Angeles Rams for 32-year-old , nine-year veteran quarterback Norm Van Brocklin . Shaw and Van Brocklin led the Eagles to the NFL championship in 1960 with a 17–13 victory at Franklin Field over Vince Lombardis Green Bay Packers , the only time the Lombardi-era Packers lost a postseason game . The contest ended on a game-saving tackle of Green Bays Jim Taylor inside then ten-yard line . It was made by center/linebacker sixty-minute-man Chuck Bednarik , who because of early season injuries at linebacker revived , at Shaws request , the long-discarded concept of two-way football . After winning the 1960 championship , the 61-year-old Coach Shaw retired , saying I wanted to get out while I was ahead . In the quiet Green Bay dressing room , Lombardi said he was happy for Buck . Seeing hes going to retire , thats a nice note for him to go out on . Shaw was the oldest head coach to win an NFL championship for over 39 years , until Dick Vermeils victory with the St . Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV in early 2000 . Later life and legacy . After retiring from coaching , Shaw returned to California to work for a paper products company , and spent the later years of his life in Menlo Park . He and his wife had two married daughters who also lived in California . In 1962 , led by Sal Sanfilippo ( SCU 30 , J.D . SCU 32 ) , former players , friends , and fans of Shaw banded together to form the Bronco Bench Foundation to raise money for and build a football stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in his honor . On September 22 , 1962 , the first football game , a contest between Santa Clara and UC Davis , was played in Buck Shaw Stadium . Shaw died of cancer on March 19 , 1977 , nine days shy of his 78th birthday , at Stanford Universitys Branch Convalescent Hospital . References . - Much of the information in this article comes from John C . Hibners biography of Coach Shaw in The College Football Historical Societys Newsletter Vol . II , No . I , Nov . 1988 and the Des Moines ( Ia. ) Register 1970 article
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[
"Santa Clara University",
"Standard Oil"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Buck Shaw work for from 1929 to 1942?
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/wiki/Buck_Shaw#P108#3
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Buck Shaw Lawrence Timothy Buck Shaw ( March 28 , 1899 – March 19 , 1977 ) was an American football player and coach . He was the head coach for Santa Clara University , the University of California , Berkeley , the San Francisco 49ers , the United States Air Force Academy and the Philadelphia Eagles . He attended the University of Notre Dame , where he became a star player on Knute Rocknes first unbeaten team . He started his coaching career with one year as head coach at North Carolina State and four years as a line coach at Nevada in Reno . At Santa Clara , he compiled an impressive record ; his first two teams posted consecutive Sugar Bowl wins over LSU . After war-time service , his only team at California went 4–5–1 in 1945 . In 1946 , Shaw became the San Francisco 49ers first head coach in the old All-America Football Conference and continued through 1954 ; they entered the National Football League in from 1950 . After two seasons as the first Air Force Academy varsity head coach ( 1956–1957 ) , he returned to the NFL in 1958 with Philadelphia . In 1960 , he led the team to an NFL Championship victory against Vince Lombardi , who said of Shaw , “That right there is a good man...an honest man.” He stepped down after three seasons , following their win in the championship game over Vince Lombardis Green Bay Packers . Early life . Shaw was born in Mitchellville , Iowa , east of Des Moines , to cattle ranchers Tim and Margaret Shaw . One of five children ( brothers Bill , Jim , and John , and sister Mary ) , the family moved to Stuart when Shaw was ten , where high school football had been abolished because of a fatality . He played only four games as a prep after the sport was brought back in 1917 , his senior year . College . Shaw enrolled at Creighton University in Omaha in the fall of 1918 and went out for football ; he played one game before the rest of the schedule wiped out by the flu epidemic . He transferred to the University of Notre Dame in 1919 . Shaw apparently loved track and field competition . In fact it was track , not football that attracted him to Notre Dame . He enrolled at South Bend and went out for the track team . However , Shaw fell into the hands of Knute Rockne and became one of the greatest tackles and placekickers in Notre Dame history . Shaw was a starter for Rockne from 1919 to 1921 , first at left tackle and then in 1920 and 1921 as right tackle opening holes for George Gipp . He finished his playing career being selected an All-American by Football World Magazine . Shaw also set a record by converting 38 of 39 extra points during his varsity career , a mark that stood until 1976 , more than 50 years after he graduated . Shaw is a member of the all-time Fighting Irish football team . Coaching career . College . In the spring of Shaws senior year at Notre Dame , Rockne came to Shaw with a couple of letters from schools seeking coaches , one from Auburn University in Alabama , and another from the University of Nevada in Reno . Although he started his coaching career at North Carolina State in 1924 , he apparently did not want to go further south to Auburn . He heard from a friend at Notre Dame who was from Nevada that American football was new out there ; theyd been playing rugby before . In a 1970 interview , Shaw said , It sounded like an interesting challenge , so I took the Nevada job as line coach . Shaw was at Nevada for four years , then took a job with an oil firm and wanted to stay out of the coaching field , but was talked into becoming an assistant coach at Santa Clara University by his old teammate , Clipper Smith . He was line coach under Smith from 1929 to 1935 ; during the first season , the stock market crashed . I had a heck of a time getting on my feet , explained Shaw , Santa Clara could only afford to hire us on a seasonal basis in those years , and I was working for Standard Oil when I became head coach in 1936 after Clipper resigned to go to Villanova . Shaws first two Bronco teams ( 1936 and 1937 ) went a combined 18–1 , including back-to-back wins in New Orleans over local favorite LSU in the Sugar Bowl in January 1937 and 1938 . Possibly the first major coach to phone-it-in when because of an illness , he did not travel with the team but coached them to victory over the telephone . Santa Clara dropped football after the 1942 war-time season , and Shaw stayed on campus for two years to assist the Armys physical education program on campus . Shaw , while waiting for the professional All-America Football Conference to get off the ground , managed to mold California into a representative team and defeated a Frankie Albert-led St . Marys Pre-Flight team , 6–0 . It was a losing season overall for the Bears , but they had a good bunch of players , Shaw and his staff remarked after the 1945 season . The second Air Force Academy varsity head football coach , Shaw guided the Falcons to a 6–2–1 mark in 1956 and a 3–6–1 record in 1957 . Professional . Shaw was the San Francisco 49ers’ first head coach , working with such pro luminaries as Frankie Albert , Y . A . Tittle and Hugh McElhenny . In 1944 and 1945 , before World War II ended , the Morabito brothers , Victor and Tony , began organizing the San Francisco 49ers for entry into a new professional league , the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) . Shaw and his assistant , Al Ruffo , were hired by the 49ers , but then were permitted to accept a one-year contract at California when the AAFC league kickoff was delayed until 1946 . In 1946 , Shaw took over the 49ers , and with the left-handed Frankie Albert leading and directing the attack , the team placed second to the Cleveland Browns four times ( 1946–1949 ) in the Western Division of the AAFC . In 1950 , the 49ers along with the Browns and the Baltimore Colts merged with the rival NFL . In 1958 , Shaw took over a last-place Philadelphia Eagles team and started rebuilding . He immediately dealt Buck Lansford , Jimmy Harris , and a first-round draft choice to the Los Angeles Rams for 32-year-old , nine-year veteran quarterback Norm Van Brocklin . Shaw and Van Brocklin led the Eagles to the NFL championship in 1960 with a 17–13 victory at Franklin Field over Vince Lombardis Green Bay Packers , the only time the Lombardi-era Packers lost a postseason game . The contest ended on a game-saving tackle of Green Bays Jim Taylor inside then ten-yard line . It was made by center/linebacker sixty-minute-man Chuck Bednarik , who because of early season injuries at linebacker revived , at Shaws request , the long-discarded concept of two-way football . After winning the 1960 championship , the 61-year-old Coach Shaw retired , saying I wanted to get out while I was ahead . In the quiet Green Bay dressing room , Lombardi said he was happy for Buck . Seeing hes going to retire , thats a nice note for him to go out on . Shaw was the oldest head coach to win an NFL championship for over 39 years , until Dick Vermeils victory with the St . Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV in early 2000 . Later life and legacy . After retiring from coaching , Shaw returned to California to work for a paper products company , and spent the later years of his life in Menlo Park . He and his wife had two married daughters who also lived in California . In 1962 , led by Sal Sanfilippo ( SCU 30 , J.D . SCU 32 ) , former players , friends , and fans of Shaw banded together to form the Bronco Bench Foundation to raise money for and build a football stadium on the Santa Clara University campus in his honor . On September 22 , 1962 , the first football game , a contest between Santa Clara and UC Davis , was played in Buck Shaw Stadium . Shaw died of cancer on March 19 , 1977 , nine days shy of his 78th birthday , at Stanford Universitys Branch Convalescent Hospital . References . - Much of the information in this article comes from John C . Hibners biography of Coach Shaw in The College Football Historical Societys Newsletter Vol . II , No . I , Nov . 1988 and the Des Moines ( Ia. ) Register 1970 article
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[
"Lycée militaire de Saint-Cyr"
] |
easy
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Caroline Aigle went to which school from 1988 to 1994?
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/wiki/Caroline_Aigle#P69#0
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Caroline Aigle Commandant Caroline Aigle ( ) ( 12 September 1974 – 21 August 2007 ) was a French aviator who achieved a historical first when , at the age of 25 , she became the first woman fighter pilot in the French Air Force . Her promising military career was cut short by death from cancer seven years later . She was posthumously awarded the Médaille de lAéronautique ( Aeronautics Medal ) . Background . Born in Montauban , Aigle spent her early years in Africa , where her father served as a military physician . After reaching her fourteenth birthday , she matriculated at the Lycée militaire de Saint-Cyr ( Saint-Cyr Military High School ) , remaining for the three-year period from the second term until graduation . She subsequently proceeded to Prytanée Militaire , an advanced military high school , and then to the military academy wing of the prestigious École Polytechnique , Frances foremost school of engineering . During her first year ( 1994–95 ) , she fulfilled the requirements of her military duty while stationed with the 13th Battalion of the elite mountain infantry , the Chasseurs Alpins . She served her final year before graduation from the Polytechnique ( 1996–97 ) in the École de lAir , the French Air Forces officer candidate school . Career . After graduating from the Polytechnique , Aigle chose to join the French Air Force . On 28 May 1999 , she became the first woman to receive the Air Forces coveted fighter pilot wings . She was assigned to the Mirage 2000-5 in the Côte-dOr in 2000 , and promoted to the rank of Commandant ( roughly equivalent to Major ) in 2005 . Among the top candidates , she was also on the verge of being selected as an astronaut for the European Space Agency . By the time of her sudden death three weeks before her 33rd birthday ( the cancer , a melanoma , had been diagnosed only a month earlier ) , she had accumulated a total of 1600 hours of flight time . Aigle was a keen athlete and represented the Air Force in inter-service sports competitions . She was the 1997 French military champion in triathlon , followed by the 1997 triathlon world championship in military team competition . Still competing in 1999 , she and her team won the triathlon world military vice-championship . She was also a skydiver and free-fall parachutist . Death . Aigle was pregnant when she was first diagnosed with rapidly progressing cancer , and refused to undergo an abortion despite the increased difficulty in cancer treatment options . Her son Gabriel was delivered by caesarean section , five-and-a half months into term , fifteen days before her death on 21 August 2007 . She and her husband already had one other child . On 2 October 2007 , President Sarkozy posthumously awarded her the Médaille de lAéronautique ( Aeronautics Medal ) . Personal life . Aigle was married to Christophe Douky Deketelaere ( born 27 September 1964 ) , a former Air Force fighter pilot and deputy leader of the Breitling Jet Team . They had two sons , Marc and Gabriel .
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[
"Polytechnique",
"Lycée militaire de Saint-Cyr"
] |
easy
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Which school did Caroline Aigle go to from 1994 to 1997?
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/wiki/Caroline_Aigle#P69#1
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Caroline Aigle Commandant Caroline Aigle ( ) ( 12 September 1974 – 21 August 2007 ) was a French aviator who achieved a historical first when , at the age of 25 , she became the first woman fighter pilot in the French Air Force . Her promising military career was cut short by death from cancer seven years later . She was posthumously awarded the Médaille de lAéronautique ( Aeronautics Medal ) . Background . Born in Montauban , Aigle spent her early years in Africa , where her father served as a military physician . After reaching her fourteenth birthday , she matriculated at the Lycée militaire de Saint-Cyr ( Saint-Cyr Military High School ) , remaining for the three-year period from the second term until graduation . She subsequently proceeded to Prytanée Militaire , an advanced military high school , and then to the military academy wing of the prestigious École Polytechnique , Frances foremost school of engineering . During her first year ( 1994–95 ) , she fulfilled the requirements of her military duty while stationed with the 13th Battalion of the elite mountain infantry , the Chasseurs Alpins . She served her final year before graduation from the Polytechnique ( 1996–97 ) in the École de lAir , the French Air Forces officer candidate school . Career . After graduating from the Polytechnique , Aigle chose to join the French Air Force . On 28 May 1999 , she became the first woman to receive the Air Forces coveted fighter pilot wings . She was assigned to the Mirage 2000-5 in the Côte-dOr in 2000 , and promoted to the rank of Commandant ( roughly equivalent to Major ) in 2005 . Among the top candidates , she was also on the verge of being selected as an astronaut for the European Space Agency . By the time of her sudden death three weeks before her 33rd birthday ( the cancer , a melanoma , had been diagnosed only a month earlier ) , she had accumulated a total of 1600 hours of flight time . Aigle was a keen athlete and represented the Air Force in inter-service sports competitions . She was the 1997 French military champion in triathlon , followed by the 1997 triathlon world championship in military team competition . Still competing in 1999 , she and her team won the triathlon world military vice-championship . She was also a skydiver and free-fall parachutist . Death . Aigle was pregnant when she was first diagnosed with rapidly progressing cancer , and refused to undergo an abortion despite the increased difficulty in cancer treatment options . Her son Gabriel was delivered by caesarean section , five-and-a half months into term , fifteen days before her death on 21 August 2007 . She and her husband already had one other child . On 2 October 2007 , President Sarkozy posthumously awarded her the Médaille de lAéronautique ( Aeronautics Medal ) . Personal life . Aigle was married to Christophe Douky Deketelaere ( born 27 September 1964 ) , a former Air Force fighter pilot and deputy leader of the Breitling Jet Team . They had two sons , Marc and Gabriel .
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[
"École de lAir",
"Lycée militaire de Saint-Cyr"
] |
easy
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Caroline Aigle went to which school from 1997 to 1998?
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/wiki/Caroline_Aigle#P69#2
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Caroline Aigle Commandant Caroline Aigle ( ) ( 12 September 1974 – 21 August 2007 ) was a French aviator who achieved a historical first when , at the age of 25 , she became the first woman fighter pilot in the French Air Force . Her promising military career was cut short by death from cancer seven years later . She was posthumously awarded the Médaille de lAéronautique ( Aeronautics Medal ) . Background . Born in Montauban , Aigle spent her early years in Africa , where her father served as a military physician . After reaching her fourteenth birthday , she matriculated at the Lycée militaire de Saint-Cyr ( Saint-Cyr Military High School ) , remaining for the three-year period from the second term until graduation . She subsequently proceeded to Prytanée Militaire , an advanced military high school , and then to the military academy wing of the prestigious École Polytechnique , Frances foremost school of engineering . During her first year ( 1994–95 ) , she fulfilled the requirements of her military duty while stationed with the 13th Battalion of the elite mountain infantry , the Chasseurs Alpins . She served her final year before graduation from the Polytechnique ( 1996–97 ) in the École de lAir , the French Air Forces officer candidate school . Career . After graduating from the Polytechnique , Aigle chose to join the French Air Force . On 28 May 1999 , she became the first woman to receive the Air Forces coveted fighter pilot wings . She was assigned to the Mirage 2000-5 in the Côte-dOr in 2000 , and promoted to the rank of Commandant ( roughly equivalent to Major ) in 2005 . Among the top candidates , she was also on the verge of being selected as an astronaut for the European Space Agency . By the time of her sudden death three weeks before her 33rd birthday ( the cancer , a melanoma , had been diagnosed only a month earlier ) , she had accumulated a total of 1600 hours of flight time . Aigle was a keen athlete and represented the Air Force in inter-service sports competitions . She was the 1997 French military champion in triathlon , followed by the 1997 triathlon world championship in military team competition . Still competing in 1999 , she and her team won the triathlon world military vice-championship . She was also a skydiver and free-fall parachutist . Death . Aigle was pregnant when she was first diagnosed with rapidly progressing cancer , and refused to undergo an abortion despite the increased difficulty in cancer treatment options . Her son Gabriel was delivered by caesarean section , five-and-a half months into term , fifteen days before her death on 21 August 2007 . She and her husband already had one other child . On 2 October 2007 , President Sarkozy posthumously awarded her the Médaille de lAéronautique ( Aeronautics Medal ) . Personal life . Aigle was married to Christophe Douky Deketelaere ( born 27 September 1964 ) , a former Air Force fighter pilot and deputy leader of the Breitling Jet Team . They had two sons , Marc and Gabriel .
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[
"Chief Minister of Gujarat"
] |
easy
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What position did Anandiben Patel take from May 2014 to 2018?
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/wiki/Anandiben_Patel#P39#0
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Anandiben Patel Anandiben Mafatbhai Patel ( born 21 November 1941 ) is an Indian politician serving as the 28th and current Governor of Uttar Pradesh . She is also serving as Governor of Madhya Pradesh ( additional charge ) . She has served as the former Chief Minister of Gujarat . She was the first female chief minister of the state . She was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) since 1987 . She was the Cabinet Minister for Education from 2002 to 2007 . She was the cabinet Minister of Road and Building , Revenue , Urban development and Urban Housing , Disaster Management and Capital Projects in the Government of Gujarat from 2007 to 2014 . On 19 January 2018 , she became the Governor of Madhya Pradesh replacing Om Prakash Kohli who was holding additional charge since September 2016 . Early life . Birth . Anandiben Patel was born on 21 November 1941 , in present-day Kharod village of Vijapur taluka of Mehsana district , Gujarat , where her father , Jethabhai , was a teacher . Education . School . She moved to N.M . High School for her high school studies which had only three girl students . As a student she was an athlete and remained a district level champion for three consecutive years . She joined college for studying BSc in 1960 . She has excelled throughout as a student in her studies . She was awarded Veer Bala award in Mehsana for her outstanding achievement in athletics . College . Patel joined M . G . Panchal Science College at Pilvai in 1960 . She completed a bachelors degree in science in Visnagar . She married Mafatlal in 1962 . She joined Mahila Vikas Gruh for the upliftment of women as her first job , where she taught vocational courses to more than 50 widows . Post graduation . Patel moved to Ahmedabad in 1965 with her husband Mafatbhai Patel where she earned a master of science degree . In Ahmedabad , she took on the responsibility of educating all the children of her extended family ; at one time , more than 10 extended family members were staying in her home . She enrolled in a bachelor of education program to pursue her interest in teaching . While pursuing her bachelor of education program , her elder son , Sanjay was just 2 years old . She balanced her family life , her education and the job with utmost difficulty . Even though the financial condition was not so ripe , she left no stone unturned in getting educated and bringing up two children with utmost care . She received a gold medal in her master of education program . Teacher . Anandiben Patel was not keen on becoming a teacher . She took the job of a teacher to support the family financially , responding to an advertisement in the newspaper . In her interview as a teacher , she chose to teach the most difficult problem of Mathematics . Patel worked as the teacher at Mohiniba Kanya Vidyalaya , Ahmedabad in 1967 or 1970 , where she taught science and mathematics to higher secondary students . Later , she became the schools principal . Political career . Bravery . Patels entry into politics began with an accident during a school picnic in 1987 , when she jumped in the Sardar Sarovar reservoir to save two girls who were drowning during a school picnic , for which she received a presidents bravery award . Impressed by Patels heroism , BJP top cadre suggested Anandiben Patel to join the party . At first , she was hesitant in joining the party , but on persuasion by Keshubhai Patel and Narendra Modi , she joined BJP as the Gujarat Pradesh Mahila Morcha President in 1987 . Bird flu and service . Patels first notable work was during a spread of bird flu in the Viramgam district , where she spent weeks helping local citizens and appealing to government officials to take strong action . In 1992 , she participated in Ekta Yatra from Kanyakumari to Srinagar with BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi . As a member of Parliament . Patel was elected to Rajya Sabha from Gujarat in 1994 . As an MP , she participated in the Fourth World Womens Conference at Beijing ( China ) in 1994–95 , representing India . She also visited Bulgaria with the BJP Leader , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , and speaker of the Lok Sabha , P . A . Sangma . 1998 – First election in MANDAL ( As an Education Minister ) . Patel resigned from Rajyasabha in 1998 and contested her first assembly election from MANDAL assembly constituency . She won and became the cabinet minister for education under the Chief Minister Keshubhai Patel . In her first term as Education Minister , Patel started Lokdarbar to address issues related to schools and education . It was under her leadership that the state Government first launched Shala Praveshotsav to increase enrollment in schools , which is still the flagship program of the Education department . Her efforts resulted in a 100% increase in enrollment . In her first two years as an Education Minister , Patel initiated a campaign to recruit 26,000 teachers to fill positions that had been vacant for six years . She is also credited for her work to reduce corruption in the transfer of teachers . She established a school for handicapped children . Second and third election from Patan ( 2002–2012 ) . Patel contested her second and third assembly elections in 2002 and 2007 from Patan assembly constituency and was elected . She continued as a cabinet minister for education in her second term and was assigned to Roads & Building and Revenue in her third term . A few of the high impact projects that took place during her time are : connecting Patan with the Narmada canal for the welfare of farmers ; creating 174 check dams in the region ; building one of the largest water filtration plants to provide citizens of Patan with pure drinking water ; the construction of a new medical and engineering college in the region ; and the creation of more than 700 km worth of road networks and underground drainage systems . 2012 – fourth term from Ghatlodiya . Patel contested and won from Ghatlodiya constituency in the 2012 elections . She won the election with a margin of more than 175,000 votes , the highest in the election . She continued as the cabinet minister of Road and Building , Revenue , Urban Development , and Urban Housing , Disaster Management and Capital Projects . 2014 – 2016 Chief Minister of Gujarat . On 22 May 2014 , Patel took oath as the 15th Chief Minister of Gujarat succeeding Narendra Modi , after the latter was elected as Prime Minister of India following the victory of BJP in the 2014 Indian general election . Patel was the first female Chief Minister of Gujarat . She expressed her desire to resign on 1 August 2016 as she was turning 75 years old in November 2016 . She submitted her resignation to the Governor O . P . Kohli on 4 August 2016 which was accepted . She continued to hold the office until her successor Vijay Rupani took over on 7 August 2016 . Governorships ( 2018– ) . In January 2018 , she became the Governor of Madhya Pradesh replacing Om Prakash Kohli , who was an additional charge governor . Later in August 2018 , she took additional charge as the Governor of Chhattisgarh due to sudden demise of then governor Balram Das Tandon . On 20 July 2019 , she became Governor of Uttar Pradesh on end of term of Ram Naik . Personal life . On 29 May 1962 , Anandiben and Mafatlal Patel married ; Mafatlal was 28 years old . After living in Mehsana district for four years , the couple moved to Ahmedabad . Mafatlal was a professor of Psychology at the Saraspur Art and Commerce College , and Anandiben taught mathematics and science , and later became principal , at Mohiniba Kanya Vidyalaya on Ashram Road , Ahmedabad . They did not legally separate , but they began living apart in 1985 . Patel voluntarily retired from teaching after 31 years . The couple have two children , Sanjay and Anar . Sanjay is married to Hina and they have one son , Dharm . Anar is married to Jayesh , and they have one daughter Sanskruti . Recognition . The Indian Express has listed her in top 100 most influential people of India for the year 2014 . - Felicitated with Governors Award for best teacher in Gujarat ( 1988 ) - Felicitated with the Presidents Award for the best teacher ( 1989 ) - Felicitated with Sardar Patel Award by Patel Jagruti Mandal , Mumbai ( 1999 ) - Felicitated with the Vidya Gaurav Award by Shri Tapodhan Brahman Vikas Mandal ( 2000 ) - Felicitated with Patidar Shiromani Award by the Patel community ( 2005 ) - Special honour bestowed by Dharati Vikas Mandal for Womens Upliftment Campaign . - Veerbala award for ranking first in Mahesana District school sports event . Gallantry awards . - Gallantry Award for rescuing two girls of Mohinaba Girls school from drowning at Navagam reservoir in Narmada . - Winner of Charumati Yoddha Award ( Jyotisangh ) , Ahmedabad . - Winner of Ambubhai Purani Vyayam Vidyalay Award ( Rajpipala ) .
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[
"Governor of Madhya Pradesh"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Anandiben Patel from 2018 to Aug 2018?
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/wiki/Anandiben_Patel#P39#1
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Anandiben Patel Anandiben Mafatbhai Patel ( born 21 November 1941 ) is an Indian politician serving as the 28th and current Governor of Uttar Pradesh . She is also serving as Governor of Madhya Pradesh ( additional charge ) . She has served as the former Chief Minister of Gujarat . She was the first female chief minister of the state . She was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) since 1987 . She was the Cabinet Minister for Education from 2002 to 2007 . She was the cabinet Minister of Road and Building , Revenue , Urban development and Urban Housing , Disaster Management and Capital Projects in the Government of Gujarat from 2007 to 2014 . On 19 January 2018 , she became the Governor of Madhya Pradesh replacing Om Prakash Kohli who was holding additional charge since September 2016 . Early life . Birth . Anandiben Patel was born on 21 November 1941 , in present-day Kharod village of Vijapur taluka of Mehsana district , Gujarat , where her father , Jethabhai , was a teacher . Education . School . She moved to N.M . High School for her high school studies which had only three girl students . As a student she was an athlete and remained a district level champion for three consecutive years . She joined college for studying BSc in 1960 . She has excelled throughout as a student in her studies . She was awarded Veer Bala award in Mehsana for her outstanding achievement in athletics . College . Patel joined M . G . Panchal Science College at Pilvai in 1960 . She completed a bachelors degree in science in Visnagar . She married Mafatlal in 1962 . She joined Mahila Vikas Gruh for the upliftment of women as her first job , where she taught vocational courses to more than 50 widows . Post graduation . Patel moved to Ahmedabad in 1965 with her husband Mafatbhai Patel where she earned a master of science degree . In Ahmedabad , she took on the responsibility of educating all the children of her extended family ; at one time , more than 10 extended family members were staying in her home . She enrolled in a bachelor of education program to pursue her interest in teaching . While pursuing her bachelor of education program , her elder son , Sanjay was just 2 years old . She balanced her family life , her education and the job with utmost difficulty . Even though the financial condition was not so ripe , she left no stone unturned in getting educated and bringing up two children with utmost care . She received a gold medal in her master of education program . Teacher . Anandiben Patel was not keen on becoming a teacher . She took the job of a teacher to support the family financially , responding to an advertisement in the newspaper . In her interview as a teacher , she chose to teach the most difficult problem of Mathematics . Patel worked as the teacher at Mohiniba Kanya Vidyalaya , Ahmedabad in 1967 or 1970 , where she taught science and mathematics to higher secondary students . Later , she became the schools principal . Political career . Bravery . Patels entry into politics began with an accident during a school picnic in 1987 , when she jumped in the Sardar Sarovar reservoir to save two girls who were drowning during a school picnic , for which she received a presidents bravery award . Impressed by Patels heroism , BJP top cadre suggested Anandiben Patel to join the party . At first , she was hesitant in joining the party , but on persuasion by Keshubhai Patel and Narendra Modi , she joined BJP as the Gujarat Pradesh Mahila Morcha President in 1987 . Bird flu and service . Patels first notable work was during a spread of bird flu in the Viramgam district , where she spent weeks helping local citizens and appealing to government officials to take strong action . In 1992 , she participated in Ekta Yatra from Kanyakumari to Srinagar with BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi . As a member of Parliament . Patel was elected to Rajya Sabha from Gujarat in 1994 . As an MP , she participated in the Fourth World Womens Conference at Beijing ( China ) in 1994–95 , representing India . She also visited Bulgaria with the BJP Leader , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , and speaker of the Lok Sabha , P . A . Sangma . 1998 – First election in MANDAL ( As an Education Minister ) . Patel resigned from Rajyasabha in 1998 and contested her first assembly election from MANDAL assembly constituency . She won and became the cabinet minister for education under the Chief Minister Keshubhai Patel . In her first term as Education Minister , Patel started Lokdarbar to address issues related to schools and education . It was under her leadership that the state Government first launched Shala Praveshotsav to increase enrollment in schools , which is still the flagship program of the Education department . Her efforts resulted in a 100% increase in enrollment . In her first two years as an Education Minister , Patel initiated a campaign to recruit 26,000 teachers to fill positions that had been vacant for six years . She is also credited for her work to reduce corruption in the transfer of teachers . She established a school for handicapped children . Second and third election from Patan ( 2002–2012 ) . Patel contested her second and third assembly elections in 2002 and 2007 from Patan assembly constituency and was elected . She continued as a cabinet minister for education in her second term and was assigned to Roads & Building and Revenue in her third term . A few of the high impact projects that took place during her time are : connecting Patan with the Narmada canal for the welfare of farmers ; creating 174 check dams in the region ; building one of the largest water filtration plants to provide citizens of Patan with pure drinking water ; the construction of a new medical and engineering college in the region ; and the creation of more than 700 km worth of road networks and underground drainage systems . 2012 – fourth term from Ghatlodiya . Patel contested and won from Ghatlodiya constituency in the 2012 elections . She won the election with a margin of more than 175,000 votes , the highest in the election . She continued as the cabinet minister of Road and Building , Revenue , Urban Development , and Urban Housing , Disaster Management and Capital Projects . 2014 – 2016 Chief Minister of Gujarat . On 22 May 2014 , Patel took oath as the 15th Chief Minister of Gujarat succeeding Narendra Modi , after the latter was elected as Prime Minister of India following the victory of BJP in the 2014 Indian general election . Patel was the first female Chief Minister of Gujarat . She expressed her desire to resign on 1 August 2016 as she was turning 75 years old in November 2016 . She submitted her resignation to the Governor O . P . Kohli on 4 August 2016 which was accepted . She continued to hold the office until her successor Vijay Rupani took over on 7 August 2016 . Governorships ( 2018– ) . In January 2018 , she became the Governor of Madhya Pradesh replacing Om Prakash Kohli , who was an additional charge governor . Later in August 2018 , she took additional charge as the Governor of Chhattisgarh due to sudden demise of then governor Balram Das Tandon . On 20 July 2019 , she became Governor of Uttar Pradesh on end of term of Ram Naik . Personal life . On 29 May 1962 , Anandiben and Mafatlal Patel married ; Mafatlal was 28 years old . After living in Mehsana district for four years , the couple moved to Ahmedabad . Mafatlal was a professor of Psychology at the Saraspur Art and Commerce College , and Anandiben taught mathematics and science , and later became principal , at Mohiniba Kanya Vidyalaya on Ashram Road , Ahmedabad . They did not legally separate , but they began living apart in 1985 . Patel voluntarily retired from teaching after 31 years . The couple have two children , Sanjay and Anar . Sanjay is married to Hina and they have one son , Dharm . Anar is married to Jayesh , and they have one daughter Sanskruti . Recognition . The Indian Express has listed her in top 100 most influential people of India for the year 2014 . - Felicitated with Governors Award for best teacher in Gujarat ( 1988 ) - Felicitated with the Presidents Award for the best teacher ( 1989 ) - Felicitated with Sardar Patel Award by Patel Jagruti Mandal , Mumbai ( 1999 ) - Felicitated with the Vidya Gaurav Award by Shri Tapodhan Brahman Vikas Mandal ( 2000 ) - Felicitated with Patidar Shiromani Award by the Patel community ( 2005 ) - Special honour bestowed by Dharati Vikas Mandal for Womens Upliftment Campaign . - Veerbala award for ranking first in Mahesana District school sports event . Gallantry awards . - Gallantry Award for rescuing two girls of Mohinaba Girls school from drowning at Navagam reservoir in Narmada . - Winner of Charumati Yoddha Award ( Jyotisangh ) , Ahmedabad . - Winner of Ambubhai Purani Vyayam Vidyalay Award ( Rajpipala ) .
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[
"Governor of Chhattisgarh",
"Governor of Madhya Pradesh"
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What position did Anandiben Patel take from Aug 2018 to Jul 2019?
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/wiki/Anandiben_Patel#P39#2
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Anandiben Patel Anandiben Mafatbhai Patel ( born 21 November 1941 ) is an Indian politician serving as the 28th and current Governor of Uttar Pradesh . She is also serving as Governor of Madhya Pradesh ( additional charge ) . She has served as the former Chief Minister of Gujarat . She was the first female chief minister of the state . She was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) since 1987 . She was the Cabinet Minister for Education from 2002 to 2007 . She was the cabinet Minister of Road and Building , Revenue , Urban development and Urban Housing , Disaster Management and Capital Projects in the Government of Gujarat from 2007 to 2014 . On 19 January 2018 , she became the Governor of Madhya Pradesh replacing Om Prakash Kohli who was holding additional charge since September 2016 . Early life . Birth . Anandiben Patel was born on 21 November 1941 , in present-day Kharod village of Vijapur taluka of Mehsana district , Gujarat , where her father , Jethabhai , was a teacher . Education . School . She moved to N.M . High School for her high school studies which had only three girl students . As a student she was an athlete and remained a district level champion for three consecutive years . She joined college for studying BSc in 1960 . She has excelled throughout as a student in her studies . She was awarded Veer Bala award in Mehsana for her outstanding achievement in athletics . College . Patel joined M . G . Panchal Science College at Pilvai in 1960 . She completed a bachelors degree in science in Visnagar . She married Mafatlal in 1962 . She joined Mahila Vikas Gruh for the upliftment of women as her first job , where she taught vocational courses to more than 50 widows . Post graduation . Patel moved to Ahmedabad in 1965 with her husband Mafatbhai Patel where she earned a master of science degree . In Ahmedabad , she took on the responsibility of educating all the children of her extended family ; at one time , more than 10 extended family members were staying in her home . She enrolled in a bachelor of education program to pursue her interest in teaching . While pursuing her bachelor of education program , her elder son , Sanjay was just 2 years old . She balanced her family life , her education and the job with utmost difficulty . Even though the financial condition was not so ripe , she left no stone unturned in getting educated and bringing up two children with utmost care . She received a gold medal in her master of education program . Teacher . Anandiben Patel was not keen on becoming a teacher . She took the job of a teacher to support the family financially , responding to an advertisement in the newspaper . In her interview as a teacher , she chose to teach the most difficult problem of Mathematics . Patel worked as the teacher at Mohiniba Kanya Vidyalaya , Ahmedabad in 1967 or 1970 , where she taught science and mathematics to higher secondary students . Later , she became the schools principal . Political career . Bravery . Patels entry into politics began with an accident during a school picnic in 1987 , when she jumped in the Sardar Sarovar reservoir to save two girls who were drowning during a school picnic , for which she received a presidents bravery award . Impressed by Patels heroism , BJP top cadre suggested Anandiben Patel to join the party . At first , she was hesitant in joining the party , but on persuasion by Keshubhai Patel and Narendra Modi , she joined BJP as the Gujarat Pradesh Mahila Morcha President in 1987 . Bird flu and service . Patels first notable work was during a spread of bird flu in the Viramgam district , where she spent weeks helping local citizens and appealing to government officials to take strong action . In 1992 , she participated in Ekta Yatra from Kanyakumari to Srinagar with BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi . As a member of Parliament . Patel was elected to Rajya Sabha from Gujarat in 1994 . As an MP , she participated in the Fourth World Womens Conference at Beijing ( China ) in 1994–95 , representing India . She also visited Bulgaria with the BJP Leader , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , and speaker of the Lok Sabha , P . A . Sangma . 1998 – First election in MANDAL ( As an Education Minister ) . Patel resigned from Rajyasabha in 1998 and contested her first assembly election from MANDAL assembly constituency . She won and became the cabinet minister for education under the Chief Minister Keshubhai Patel . In her first term as Education Minister , Patel started Lokdarbar to address issues related to schools and education . It was under her leadership that the state Government first launched Shala Praveshotsav to increase enrollment in schools , which is still the flagship program of the Education department . Her efforts resulted in a 100% increase in enrollment . In her first two years as an Education Minister , Patel initiated a campaign to recruit 26,000 teachers to fill positions that had been vacant for six years . She is also credited for her work to reduce corruption in the transfer of teachers . She established a school for handicapped children . Second and third election from Patan ( 2002–2012 ) . Patel contested her second and third assembly elections in 2002 and 2007 from Patan assembly constituency and was elected . She continued as a cabinet minister for education in her second term and was assigned to Roads & Building and Revenue in her third term . A few of the high impact projects that took place during her time are : connecting Patan with the Narmada canal for the welfare of farmers ; creating 174 check dams in the region ; building one of the largest water filtration plants to provide citizens of Patan with pure drinking water ; the construction of a new medical and engineering college in the region ; and the creation of more than 700 km worth of road networks and underground drainage systems . 2012 – fourth term from Ghatlodiya . Patel contested and won from Ghatlodiya constituency in the 2012 elections . She won the election with a margin of more than 175,000 votes , the highest in the election . She continued as the cabinet minister of Road and Building , Revenue , Urban Development , and Urban Housing , Disaster Management and Capital Projects . 2014 – 2016 Chief Minister of Gujarat . On 22 May 2014 , Patel took oath as the 15th Chief Minister of Gujarat succeeding Narendra Modi , after the latter was elected as Prime Minister of India following the victory of BJP in the 2014 Indian general election . Patel was the first female Chief Minister of Gujarat . She expressed her desire to resign on 1 August 2016 as she was turning 75 years old in November 2016 . She submitted her resignation to the Governor O . P . Kohli on 4 August 2016 which was accepted . She continued to hold the office until her successor Vijay Rupani took over on 7 August 2016 . Governorships ( 2018– ) . In January 2018 , she became the Governor of Madhya Pradesh replacing Om Prakash Kohli , who was an additional charge governor . Later in August 2018 , she took additional charge as the Governor of Chhattisgarh due to sudden demise of then governor Balram Das Tandon . On 20 July 2019 , she became Governor of Uttar Pradesh on end of term of Ram Naik . Personal life . On 29 May 1962 , Anandiben and Mafatlal Patel married ; Mafatlal was 28 years old . After living in Mehsana district for four years , the couple moved to Ahmedabad . Mafatlal was a professor of Psychology at the Saraspur Art and Commerce College , and Anandiben taught mathematics and science , and later became principal , at Mohiniba Kanya Vidyalaya on Ashram Road , Ahmedabad . They did not legally separate , but they began living apart in 1985 . Patel voluntarily retired from teaching after 31 years . The couple have two children , Sanjay and Anar . Sanjay is married to Hina and they have one son , Dharm . Anar is married to Jayesh , and they have one daughter Sanskruti . Recognition . The Indian Express has listed her in top 100 most influential people of India for the year 2014 . - Felicitated with Governors Award for best teacher in Gujarat ( 1988 ) - Felicitated with the Presidents Award for the best teacher ( 1989 ) - Felicitated with Sardar Patel Award by Patel Jagruti Mandal , Mumbai ( 1999 ) - Felicitated with the Vidya Gaurav Award by Shri Tapodhan Brahman Vikas Mandal ( 2000 ) - Felicitated with Patidar Shiromani Award by the Patel community ( 2005 ) - Special honour bestowed by Dharati Vikas Mandal for Womens Upliftment Campaign . - Veerbala award for ranking first in Mahesana District school sports event . Gallantry awards . - Gallantry Award for rescuing two girls of Mohinaba Girls school from drowning at Navagam reservoir in Narmada . - Winner of Charumati Yoddha Award ( Jyotisangh ) , Ahmedabad . - Winner of Ambubhai Purani Vyayam Vidyalay Award ( Rajpipala ) .
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[
"Governor of Madhya Pradesh"
] |
easy
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Which position did Anandiben Patel hold in Jul 2019?
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/wiki/Anandiben_Patel#P39#3
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Anandiben Patel Anandiben Mafatbhai Patel ( born 21 November 1941 ) is an Indian politician serving as the 28th and current Governor of Uttar Pradesh . She is also serving as Governor of Madhya Pradesh ( additional charge ) . She has served as the former Chief Minister of Gujarat . She was the first female chief minister of the state . She was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) since 1987 . She was the Cabinet Minister for Education from 2002 to 2007 . She was the cabinet Minister of Road and Building , Revenue , Urban development and Urban Housing , Disaster Management and Capital Projects in the Government of Gujarat from 2007 to 2014 . On 19 January 2018 , she became the Governor of Madhya Pradesh replacing Om Prakash Kohli who was holding additional charge since September 2016 . Early life . Birth . Anandiben Patel was born on 21 November 1941 , in present-day Kharod village of Vijapur taluka of Mehsana district , Gujarat , where her father , Jethabhai , was a teacher . Education . School . She moved to N.M . High School for her high school studies which had only three girl students . As a student she was an athlete and remained a district level champion for three consecutive years . She joined college for studying BSc in 1960 . She has excelled throughout as a student in her studies . She was awarded Veer Bala award in Mehsana for her outstanding achievement in athletics . College . Patel joined M . G . Panchal Science College at Pilvai in 1960 . She completed a bachelors degree in science in Visnagar . She married Mafatlal in 1962 . She joined Mahila Vikas Gruh for the upliftment of women as her first job , where she taught vocational courses to more than 50 widows . Post graduation . Patel moved to Ahmedabad in 1965 with her husband Mafatbhai Patel where she earned a master of science degree . In Ahmedabad , she took on the responsibility of educating all the children of her extended family ; at one time , more than 10 extended family members were staying in her home . She enrolled in a bachelor of education program to pursue her interest in teaching . While pursuing her bachelor of education program , her elder son , Sanjay was just 2 years old . She balanced her family life , her education and the job with utmost difficulty . Even though the financial condition was not so ripe , she left no stone unturned in getting educated and bringing up two children with utmost care . She received a gold medal in her master of education program . Teacher . Anandiben Patel was not keen on becoming a teacher . She took the job of a teacher to support the family financially , responding to an advertisement in the newspaper . In her interview as a teacher , she chose to teach the most difficult problem of Mathematics . Patel worked as the teacher at Mohiniba Kanya Vidyalaya , Ahmedabad in 1967 or 1970 , where she taught science and mathematics to higher secondary students . Later , she became the schools principal . Political career . Bravery . Patels entry into politics began with an accident during a school picnic in 1987 , when she jumped in the Sardar Sarovar reservoir to save two girls who were drowning during a school picnic , for which she received a presidents bravery award . Impressed by Patels heroism , BJP top cadre suggested Anandiben Patel to join the party . At first , she was hesitant in joining the party , but on persuasion by Keshubhai Patel and Narendra Modi , she joined BJP as the Gujarat Pradesh Mahila Morcha President in 1987 . Bird flu and service . Patels first notable work was during a spread of bird flu in the Viramgam district , where she spent weeks helping local citizens and appealing to government officials to take strong action . In 1992 , she participated in Ekta Yatra from Kanyakumari to Srinagar with BJP leader Murli Manohar Joshi . As a member of Parliament . Patel was elected to Rajya Sabha from Gujarat in 1994 . As an MP , she participated in the Fourth World Womens Conference at Beijing ( China ) in 1994–95 , representing India . She also visited Bulgaria with the BJP Leader , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , and speaker of the Lok Sabha , P . A . Sangma . 1998 – First election in MANDAL ( As an Education Minister ) . Patel resigned from Rajyasabha in 1998 and contested her first assembly election from MANDAL assembly constituency . She won and became the cabinet minister for education under the Chief Minister Keshubhai Patel . In her first term as Education Minister , Patel started Lokdarbar to address issues related to schools and education . It was under her leadership that the state Government first launched Shala Praveshotsav to increase enrollment in schools , which is still the flagship program of the Education department . Her efforts resulted in a 100% increase in enrollment . In her first two years as an Education Minister , Patel initiated a campaign to recruit 26,000 teachers to fill positions that had been vacant for six years . She is also credited for her work to reduce corruption in the transfer of teachers . She established a school for handicapped children . Second and third election from Patan ( 2002–2012 ) . Patel contested her second and third assembly elections in 2002 and 2007 from Patan assembly constituency and was elected . She continued as a cabinet minister for education in her second term and was assigned to Roads & Building and Revenue in her third term . A few of the high impact projects that took place during her time are : connecting Patan with the Narmada canal for the welfare of farmers ; creating 174 check dams in the region ; building one of the largest water filtration plants to provide citizens of Patan with pure drinking water ; the construction of a new medical and engineering college in the region ; and the creation of more than 700 km worth of road networks and underground drainage systems . 2012 – fourth term from Ghatlodiya . Patel contested and won from Ghatlodiya constituency in the 2012 elections . She won the election with a margin of more than 175,000 votes , the highest in the election . She continued as the cabinet minister of Road and Building , Revenue , Urban Development , and Urban Housing , Disaster Management and Capital Projects . 2014 – 2016 Chief Minister of Gujarat . On 22 May 2014 , Patel took oath as the 15th Chief Minister of Gujarat succeeding Narendra Modi , after the latter was elected as Prime Minister of India following the victory of BJP in the 2014 Indian general election . Patel was the first female Chief Minister of Gujarat . She expressed her desire to resign on 1 August 2016 as she was turning 75 years old in November 2016 . She submitted her resignation to the Governor O . P . Kohli on 4 August 2016 which was accepted . She continued to hold the office until her successor Vijay Rupani took over on 7 August 2016 . Governorships ( 2018– ) . In January 2018 , she became the Governor of Madhya Pradesh replacing Om Prakash Kohli , who was an additional charge governor . Later in August 2018 , she took additional charge as the Governor of Chhattisgarh due to sudden demise of then governor Balram Das Tandon . On 20 July 2019 , she became Governor of Uttar Pradesh on end of term of Ram Naik . Personal life . On 29 May 1962 , Anandiben and Mafatlal Patel married ; Mafatlal was 28 years old . After living in Mehsana district for four years , the couple moved to Ahmedabad . Mafatlal was a professor of Psychology at the Saraspur Art and Commerce College , and Anandiben taught mathematics and science , and later became principal , at Mohiniba Kanya Vidyalaya on Ashram Road , Ahmedabad . They did not legally separate , but they began living apart in 1985 . Patel voluntarily retired from teaching after 31 years . The couple have two children , Sanjay and Anar . Sanjay is married to Hina and they have one son , Dharm . Anar is married to Jayesh , and they have one daughter Sanskruti . Recognition . The Indian Express has listed her in top 100 most influential people of India for the year 2014 . - Felicitated with Governors Award for best teacher in Gujarat ( 1988 ) - Felicitated with the Presidents Award for the best teacher ( 1989 ) - Felicitated with Sardar Patel Award by Patel Jagruti Mandal , Mumbai ( 1999 ) - Felicitated with the Vidya Gaurav Award by Shri Tapodhan Brahman Vikas Mandal ( 2000 ) - Felicitated with Patidar Shiromani Award by the Patel community ( 2005 ) - Special honour bestowed by Dharati Vikas Mandal for Womens Upliftment Campaign . - Veerbala award for ranking first in Mahesana District school sports event . Gallantry awards . - Gallantry Award for rescuing two girls of Mohinaba Girls school from drowning at Navagam reservoir in Narmada . - Winner of Charumati Yoddha Award ( Jyotisangh ) , Ahmedabad . - Winner of Ambubhai Purani Vyayam Vidyalay Award ( Rajpipala ) .
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[
"Stenberg became chief of staff of the Third Air Group ( Tredje flygeskadern , E 3 ) on 1 May 1957"
] |
easy
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Which position did Dick Stenberg hold from May 1957 to Oct 1958?
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/wiki/Dick_Stenberg#P39#0
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Dick Stenberg Lieutenant General Dick Stenberg ( 21 January 1921 – 27 September 2004 ) was a Swedish Air Force officer . Stenberg was commissioned as an officer in 1942 and was later the commanding officer of Södertörn Air Force Wing and Chief of the Air Staff . Stenberg ended his military career with the position of Chief of the Air Force from 1973 to 1982 . Career . Stenberg was born on 21 January 1921 in Falun , Sweden , the son of Karl Edvard Stenberg , a foreman , and his wife Karin ( née Olofsson ) . He passed studentexamen at the Higher General Grammar School for Boys in Södermalm ( Södra Latin ) in Stockholm on 10 May 1939 . Stenberg became an officer aspirant in the Swedish Air Force on 16 June 1939 and he became an officer and fänrik there on 24 March 1942 . He was a flight instructor at the Swedish Air Force Flying School ( F 5 ) from 1942 to 1948 and he was promoted to löjtnant on 14 April 1944 . Stenberg underwent flight instructor courses at the Royal Air Force Flight Academy from 1944 to 1948 and was admitted to the Royal Swedish Air Force Staff College in Stockholm in 1948 and he was promoted to kapten on 1 April 1949 . He was then a fighter pilot and was squadron leader at Svea Air Force Wing ( F 8 ) from 1949 to 1954 and became major on 1 October 1954 and was head of the Aviation Department at Södertörn Air Force Wing ( F 18 ) in 1955 . Stenberg became chief of staff of the Third Air Group ( Tredje flygeskadern , E 3 ) on 1 May 1957 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 October 1958 and was appointed head of the Aviation and Air Defence Department at the Defence Staff on 1 April 1960 . He was aviation commander of the 22 U.N . Fighter Squadron ( F 22 ) in Congo during the Congo Crisis from November 1962 to April 1963 . The core of the Swedish squadron consisted of 11 Saab 29 Tunnan . Stenberg co-operated there with Sven Lampell , his former classmate from Södra Latin . Back in Sweden , he was promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Södertörn Air Force Wing on 1 April ( took office on 1 May ) 1963 . Stenberg was second vice chairman of the Swedish Officers Association from 1963 to 1965 , and was appointed aviation inspector and head of the aviation section at the Eastern Military Area Staff on 1 October 1966 . He became Vice Chief of the Defence Staff on 1 October 1968 , was promoted to major general on 1 November 1968 and was appointed Chief of the Air Staff on 1 April 1970 . Stenberg was promoted to lieutenant general and was appointed Chief of the Air Force on 1 October 1973 . During his time as Chief of the Air Force , he struggled with the problems surrounding Saab 37 Viggens successor . Aircraft projects such as B3LA , A 20 , Sk 2 and Flygplan 80 were discussed before a political decision of acquiring the Saab JAS 39 Gripen during Stenbergs last year as Chief of the Air Force . Stenberg retired on 30 September 1982 . Other work . Stenberg was the chairman of the Foundation for the Swedish Air Force Museum from 1976 to 1991 and a member of the Military Management Advisory Board between 1 January 1979 and 1982 as well as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1971 ( president 1977-1979 ) . In addition to his combat airplane training , Stenberg , during his time as the Chief of the Air Force , also took civilian air certificate . After his retirement in 1982 , the Swedish Accident Investigation Authority hired him frequently for several years as a pilot in connection with various assignments in Sweden . Personal life . On 12 June 1943 in Sundbyberg he married Maj Gunborg Larsson ( 1921–2007 ) , the daughter of tram driver Sven Erik Larsson and Ida Sofia Lindström . He was the father of Jan ( born 1944 ) and Eva ( born 1947 ) . Stenberg died on 27 September 2004 in Bromma Parish , Stockholm and was buried on 2 November 2004 at Bromma Cemetery . Dates of rank . - 1942 – Fänrik - 1944 – Lieutenant - 1949 – Captain - 1954 – Major - 1958 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1963 – Colonel - 1968 – Major General - 1973 – Lieutenant General Awards and decorations . - Commander of the Order of the Sword - Knights Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 1 April 1954 ) - United Nations Medal External links . - Entry at Svenskt biografiskt lexikon - Interview with Stenberg ( page 3-4 )
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[
"promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Södertörn Air Force Wing on 1 April ( took office on 1 May ) 1963 .",
"Stenberg was second vice chairman of the Swedish Officers Association from 1963 to 1965 , and was appointed aviation inspector and head of the aviation section at the Eastern Military Area Staff on 1 October 1966"
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easy
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What was the position of Dick Stenberg from Apr 1963 to Sep 1966?
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/wiki/Dick_Stenberg#P39#1
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Dick Stenberg Lieutenant General Dick Stenberg ( 21 January 1921 – 27 September 2004 ) was a Swedish Air Force officer . Stenberg was commissioned as an officer in 1942 and was later the commanding officer of Södertörn Air Force Wing and Chief of the Air Staff . Stenberg ended his military career with the position of Chief of the Air Force from 1973 to 1982 . Career . Stenberg was born on 21 January 1921 in Falun , Sweden , the son of Karl Edvard Stenberg , a foreman , and his wife Karin ( née Olofsson ) . He passed studentexamen at the Higher General Grammar School for Boys in Södermalm ( Södra Latin ) in Stockholm on 10 May 1939 . Stenberg became an officer aspirant in the Swedish Air Force on 16 June 1939 and he became an officer and fänrik there on 24 March 1942 . He was a flight instructor at the Swedish Air Force Flying School ( F 5 ) from 1942 to 1948 and he was promoted to löjtnant on 14 April 1944 . Stenberg underwent flight instructor courses at the Royal Air Force Flight Academy from 1944 to 1948 and was admitted to the Royal Swedish Air Force Staff College in Stockholm in 1948 and he was promoted to kapten on 1 April 1949 . He was then a fighter pilot and was squadron leader at Svea Air Force Wing ( F 8 ) from 1949 to 1954 and became major on 1 October 1954 and was head of the Aviation Department at Södertörn Air Force Wing ( F 18 ) in 1955 . Stenberg became chief of staff of the Third Air Group ( Tredje flygeskadern , E 3 ) on 1 May 1957 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 October 1958 and was appointed head of the Aviation and Air Defence Department at the Defence Staff on 1 April 1960 . He was aviation commander of the 22 U.N . Fighter Squadron ( F 22 ) in Congo during the Congo Crisis from November 1962 to April 1963 . The core of the Swedish squadron consisted of 11 Saab 29 Tunnan . Stenberg co-operated there with Sven Lampell , his former classmate from Södra Latin . Back in Sweden , he was promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Södertörn Air Force Wing on 1 April ( took office on 1 May ) 1963 . Stenberg was second vice chairman of the Swedish Officers Association from 1963 to 1965 , and was appointed aviation inspector and head of the aviation section at the Eastern Military Area Staff on 1 October 1966 . He became Vice Chief of the Defence Staff on 1 October 1968 , was promoted to major general on 1 November 1968 and was appointed Chief of the Air Staff on 1 April 1970 . Stenberg was promoted to lieutenant general and was appointed Chief of the Air Force on 1 October 1973 . During his time as Chief of the Air Force , he struggled with the problems surrounding Saab 37 Viggens successor . Aircraft projects such as B3LA , A 20 , Sk 2 and Flygplan 80 were discussed before a political decision of acquiring the Saab JAS 39 Gripen during Stenbergs last year as Chief of the Air Force . Stenberg retired on 30 September 1982 . Other work . Stenberg was the chairman of the Foundation for the Swedish Air Force Museum from 1976 to 1991 and a member of the Military Management Advisory Board between 1 January 1979 and 1982 as well as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1971 ( president 1977-1979 ) . In addition to his combat airplane training , Stenberg , during his time as the Chief of the Air Force , also took civilian air certificate . After his retirement in 1982 , the Swedish Accident Investigation Authority hired him frequently for several years as a pilot in connection with various assignments in Sweden . Personal life . On 12 June 1943 in Sundbyberg he married Maj Gunborg Larsson ( 1921–2007 ) , the daughter of tram driver Sven Erik Larsson and Ida Sofia Lindström . He was the father of Jan ( born 1944 ) and Eva ( born 1947 ) . Stenberg died on 27 September 2004 in Bromma Parish , Stockholm and was buried on 2 November 2004 at Bromma Cemetery . Dates of rank . - 1942 – Fänrik - 1944 – Lieutenant - 1949 – Captain - 1954 – Major - 1958 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1963 – Colonel - 1968 – Major General - 1973 – Lieutenant General Awards and decorations . - Commander of the Order of the Sword - Knights Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 1 April 1954 ) - United Nations Medal External links . - Entry at Svenskt biografiskt lexikon - Interview with Stenberg ( page 3-4 )
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"appointed Chief of the Air Staff on 1 April 1970"
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What position did Dick Stenberg take from Apr 1970 to Sep 1973?
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/wiki/Dick_Stenberg#P39#2
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Dick Stenberg Lieutenant General Dick Stenberg ( 21 January 1921 – 27 September 2004 ) was a Swedish Air Force officer . Stenberg was commissioned as an officer in 1942 and was later the commanding officer of Södertörn Air Force Wing and Chief of the Air Staff . Stenberg ended his military career with the position of Chief of the Air Force from 1973 to 1982 . Career . Stenberg was born on 21 January 1921 in Falun , Sweden , the son of Karl Edvard Stenberg , a foreman , and his wife Karin ( née Olofsson ) . He passed studentexamen at the Higher General Grammar School for Boys in Södermalm ( Södra Latin ) in Stockholm on 10 May 1939 . Stenberg became an officer aspirant in the Swedish Air Force on 16 June 1939 and he became an officer and fänrik there on 24 March 1942 . He was a flight instructor at the Swedish Air Force Flying School ( F 5 ) from 1942 to 1948 and he was promoted to löjtnant on 14 April 1944 . Stenberg underwent flight instructor courses at the Royal Air Force Flight Academy from 1944 to 1948 and was admitted to the Royal Swedish Air Force Staff College in Stockholm in 1948 and he was promoted to kapten on 1 April 1949 . He was then a fighter pilot and was squadron leader at Svea Air Force Wing ( F 8 ) from 1949 to 1954 and became major on 1 October 1954 and was head of the Aviation Department at Södertörn Air Force Wing ( F 18 ) in 1955 . Stenberg became chief of staff of the Third Air Group ( Tredje flygeskadern , E 3 ) on 1 May 1957 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 October 1958 and was appointed head of the Aviation and Air Defence Department at the Defence Staff on 1 April 1960 . He was aviation commander of the 22 U.N . Fighter Squadron ( F 22 ) in Congo during the Congo Crisis from November 1962 to April 1963 . The core of the Swedish squadron consisted of 11 Saab 29 Tunnan . Stenberg co-operated there with Sven Lampell , his former classmate from Södra Latin . Back in Sweden , he was promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Södertörn Air Force Wing on 1 April ( took office on 1 May ) 1963 . Stenberg was second vice chairman of the Swedish Officers Association from 1963 to 1965 , and was appointed aviation inspector and head of the aviation section at the Eastern Military Area Staff on 1 October 1966 . He became Vice Chief of the Defence Staff on 1 October 1968 , was promoted to major general on 1 November 1968 and was appointed Chief of the Air Staff on 1 April 1970 . Stenberg was promoted to lieutenant general and was appointed Chief of the Air Force on 1 October 1973 . During his time as Chief of the Air Force , he struggled with the problems surrounding Saab 37 Viggens successor . Aircraft projects such as B3LA , A 20 , Sk 2 and Flygplan 80 were discussed before a political decision of acquiring the Saab JAS 39 Gripen during Stenbergs last year as Chief of the Air Force . Stenberg retired on 30 September 1982 . Other work . Stenberg was the chairman of the Foundation for the Swedish Air Force Museum from 1976 to 1991 and a member of the Military Management Advisory Board between 1 January 1979 and 1982 as well as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1971 ( president 1977-1979 ) . In addition to his combat airplane training , Stenberg , during his time as the Chief of the Air Force , also took civilian air certificate . After his retirement in 1982 , the Swedish Accident Investigation Authority hired him frequently for several years as a pilot in connection with various assignments in Sweden . Personal life . On 12 June 1943 in Sundbyberg he married Maj Gunborg Larsson ( 1921–2007 ) , the daughter of tram driver Sven Erik Larsson and Ida Sofia Lindström . He was the father of Jan ( born 1944 ) and Eva ( born 1947 ) . Stenberg died on 27 September 2004 in Bromma Parish , Stockholm and was buried on 2 November 2004 at Bromma Cemetery . Dates of rank . - 1942 – Fänrik - 1944 – Lieutenant - 1949 – Captain - 1954 – Major - 1958 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1963 – Colonel - 1968 – Major General - 1973 – Lieutenant General Awards and decorations . - Commander of the Order of the Sword - Knights Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 1 April 1954 ) - United Nations Medal External links . - Entry at Svenskt biografiskt lexikon - Interview with Stenberg ( page 3-4 )
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"Chief of the Air Force on 1 October 1973"
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Dick Stenberg took which position from Oct 1973 to Sep 1982?
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/wiki/Dick_Stenberg#P39#3
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Dick Stenberg Lieutenant General Dick Stenberg ( 21 January 1921 – 27 September 2004 ) was a Swedish Air Force officer . Stenberg was commissioned as an officer in 1942 and was later the commanding officer of Södertörn Air Force Wing and Chief of the Air Staff . Stenberg ended his military career with the position of Chief of the Air Force from 1973 to 1982 . Career . Stenberg was born on 21 January 1921 in Falun , Sweden , the son of Karl Edvard Stenberg , a foreman , and his wife Karin ( née Olofsson ) . He passed studentexamen at the Higher General Grammar School for Boys in Södermalm ( Södra Latin ) in Stockholm on 10 May 1939 . Stenberg became an officer aspirant in the Swedish Air Force on 16 June 1939 and he became an officer and fänrik there on 24 March 1942 . He was a flight instructor at the Swedish Air Force Flying School ( F 5 ) from 1942 to 1948 and he was promoted to löjtnant on 14 April 1944 . Stenberg underwent flight instructor courses at the Royal Air Force Flight Academy from 1944 to 1948 and was admitted to the Royal Swedish Air Force Staff College in Stockholm in 1948 and he was promoted to kapten on 1 April 1949 . He was then a fighter pilot and was squadron leader at Svea Air Force Wing ( F 8 ) from 1949 to 1954 and became major on 1 October 1954 and was head of the Aviation Department at Södertörn Air Force Wing ( F 18 ) in 1955 . Stenberg became chief of staff of the Third Air Group ( Tredje flygeskadern , E 3 ) on 1 May 1957 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 October 1958 and was appointed head of the Aviation and Air Defence Department at the Defence Staff on 1 April 1960 . He was aviation commander of the 22 U.N . Fighter Squadron ( F 22 ) in Congo during the Congo Crisis from November 1962 to April 1963 . The core of the Swedish squadron consisted of 11 Saab 29 Tunnan . Stenberg co-operated there with Sven Lampell , his former classmate from Södra Latin . Back in Sweden , he was promoted to colonel and appointed commanding officer of Södertörn Air Force Wing on 1 April ( took office on 1 May ) 1963 . Stenberg was second vice chairman of the Swedish Officers Association from 1963 to 1965 , and was appointed aviation inspector and head of the aviation section at the Eastern Military Area Staff on 1 October 1966 . He became Vice Chief of the Defence Staff on 1 October 1968 , was promoted to major general on 1 November 1968 and was appointed Chief of the Air Staff on 1 April 1970 . Stenberg was promoted to lieutenant general and was appointed Chief of the Air Force on 1 October 1973 . During his time as Chief of the Air Force , he struggled with the problems surrounding Saab 37 Viggens successor . Aircraft projects such as B3LA , A 20 , Sk 2 and Flygplan 80 were discussed before a political decision of acquiring the Saab JAS 39 Gripen during Stenbergs last year as Chief of the Air Force . Stenberg retired on 30 September 1982 . Other work . Stenberg was the chairman of the Foundation for the Swedish Air Force Museum from 1976 to 1991 and a member of the Military Management Advisory Board between 1 January 1979 and 1982 as well as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1971 ( president 1977-1979 ) . In addition to his combat airplane training , Stenberg , during his time as the Chief of the Air Force , also took civilian air certificate . After his retirement in 1982 , the Swedish Accident Investigation Authority hired him frequently for several years as a pilot in connection with various assignments in Sweden . Personal life . On 12 June 1943 in Sundbyberg he married Maj Gunborg Larsson ( 1921–2007 ) , the daughter of tram driver Sven Erik Larsson and Ida Sofia Lindström . He was the father of Jan ( born 1944 ) and Eva ( born 1947 ) . Stenberg died on 27 September 2004 in Bromma Parish , Stockholm and was buried on 2 November 2004 at Bromma Cemetery . Dates of rank . - 1942 – Fänrik - 1944 – Lieutenant - 1949 – Captain - 1954 – Major - 1958 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1963 – Colonel - 1968 – Major General - 1973 – Lieutenant General Awards and decorations . - Commander of the Order of the Sword - Knights Cross of the Order of the Falcon ( 1 April 1954 ) - United Nations Medal External links . - Entry at Svenskt biografiskt lexikon - Interview with Stenberg ( page 3-4 )
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"University of Science and Technology of China"
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Where was He Jiankui educated from 2002 to 2006?
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/wiki/He_Jiankui#P69#0
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He Jiankui He Jiankui ( ; ; born 1984 ) is a Chinese biophysics researcher who was an associate professor in the Department of Biology of the Southern University of Science and Technology ( SUSTech ) in Shenzhen , China . Earning his Ph.D . from Rice University in Texas on protein evolution , including that of CRISPR , He learned gene-editing techniques ( CRISPR/Cas9 ) as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University in California . He Jiankui became widely known in November 2018 after he had claimed that he had created the first human genetically edited babies , twin girls known by their pseudonyms , Lulu and Nana . The announcement in November 2018 of Lulu and Nana , who were born by mid-October 2018 , was initially praised in the press as a major scientific advancement . But following scrutiny on how the experiment was executed , He received widespread condemnation , and on 29 November 2018 , Chinese authorities suspended his research activities . On January 21 , 2019 , He was fired by SUSTech . In May 2019 , lawyers in China reported , in light of the purported creation by He Jiankui of the first gene-edited humans , the drafting of regulations that anyone manipulating the human genome by gene-editing techniques would be held responsible for any related adverse consequences . In December 2019 , MIT Technology Review reported an overview of the controversy to date , including excerpts of the unpublished research manuscript . On 30 December 2019 , the Shenzhen Nanshan District Peoples Court sentenced He to three years imprisonment and a three-million-yuan fine . He was listed as one of Time 100 most influential people of 2019 . Education and career . Born in Xinhua County , Loudi , Hunan in 1984 , He Jiankui was educated at the University of Science and Technology of China as an undergraduate student from 2002 to 2006 . He entered Rice University in 2007 and received his Ph.D . degree from the Department of Physics and Astronomy under the supervision of Michael W . Deem in 2010 . After his Ph.D. , Deem arranged for He to work on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique as a postdoc fellow with Stephen Quake at Stanford University . He returned to China in 2012 under the Thousand Talents Program of the Government of China and opened a lab at the Southern University of Science and Technology . As part of the program , he was given 1 million yuan ( $144,000 ) in angel funding , which he used to start biotech and investment companies . He founded Direct Genomics in 2012 in Shenzhen , to develop single-molecule sequencing devices based on patents invented by Quake that had formerly been licensed by Helicos Biosciences . Direct Genomics received 40 million yuan ( $4.5 million ) in subsidies from Shenzhen , and raised hundreds of millions yuan more in private investment , but He sold his stake in 2019 . He also founded Vienomics Biotech , which offers genome sequencing services for people with cancer . He Jiankuis achievements were widely revered in Chinese media , including China Central Television which covered his research and described him as the founding father of third-generation genome editing during a program celebrating the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China . He took an unpaid leave from the university starting in February 2018 , and began conducting the genome-editing clinical experiment . On 26 November 2018 , he announced the birth of gene-edited human babies , Lulu and Nana . Three days later , on 29 November 2018 , Chinese authorities suspended all of his research activities , saying that his work was extremely abominable in nature and a violation of Chinese law . In December 2018 , following public outcry regarding his work , He appeared to have gone missing . Chinas Southern University of Science and Technology denied the widespread rumors that he had been detained . Research . In 2010 , at Rice University , He Jiankui and Michael W . Deem published a paper describing some details of the CRISPR protein ; this paper was part of the early work on the CRISPR/Cas9 system , before it had been adopted as a gene editing tool . In 2017 , He gave a presentation at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory describing work he did at Southern University of Science and Technology , in which he used CRISPR/Cas9 on mice , monkeys , and around 300 human embryos . In August 2018 , He met with Chinese-American doctor John Zhang to discuss plans to launch a company focused on genetic medical tourism . The business was to target elite customers , operating out of China or Thailand . The business plans were shelved with Hes detainment in November 2018 . In January 2019 , scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys , using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua – the first ever cloned monkeys - and Dolly the sheep , and the same gene-editing CRISPR/Cas9 technique allegedly used by He in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana . The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases . Human gene-editing experiment . On 25 November 2018 , He Jiankui first announced on YouTube that his team successfully created the worlds first genome-edited babies , Lulu and Nana . Formally presenting the story at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing at the University of Hong Kong three days later , he said that the twins were born from genetically modified embryos that were made resistant to HIV . His team recruited 8 couples consisting each of HIV-positive father and HIV-negative mother through Beijing-based HIV volunteer group called Baihualin China League . During in vitro fertilization , the sperms were cleansed of HIV . Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing , they mutated the gene called CCR5 , which would confer resistance to HIV infection . The Peoples Daily announced the result as a historical breakthrough in the application of gene editing technology for disease prevention . The experiment had recruited couples who wanted to have children ; in order to participate , the man had to be HIV-positive and the woman uninfected . At the time , it was not disclosed whether the clinical experiment had received appropriate ethical review from an institutional review board before it started , and it was unclear if the participants had given truly informed consent . He Jiankui said that he edited the genomes of the embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 , specifically targeting a gene , CCR5 , that codes for a protein that HIV-1 uses to enter cells . He was trying to create a specific mutation in the gene , ( CCR5 Δ32 ) , that few people naturally have and that possibly confers innate resistance to HIV-1 , as seen in the case of the Berlin Patient . He said that the girls still carried functional copies of CCR5 along with disabled CCR5 given mosaicism inherent in the present state of the art in germ-line editing . There are forms of HIV that use a different receptor instead of CCR5 , and the work that He did could not protect resulting children from those forms of HIV . He Jiankui said that he used a preimplantation genetic diagnosis process on the embryos that were edited , where three to five single cells were removed and the editing was checked . He said that parents were offered the choice of using edited or unedited embryos . The twin girls were born by mid-October 2018 , according to emails from He to an adviser . According to He , they appeared to be healthy in all respects . When they were born , it was unclear if there might be long-term effects from the gene-editing ; He was asked about his plans to monitor the children , and pay for their care should any problems arise , and how their confidentiality and that of their parents could remain protected . The names of the children used in reports , Lulu and Nana , along with the names of their parents , Mark and Grace , are pseudonyms . In February 2019 , Hes claims were reported to have been confirmed by Chinese investigators , according to NPR News . He Jiankui also said at the Hong Kong meeting that a second mother in his clinical experiment was in the early stages of pregnancy . Although there are no official reports , the baby was expected around August 2019 , and the birth was confirmed from the court verdict on 30 December which mentioned that there were three genetically-edited babies . Gene-editing controversy . He Jiankuis human gene-editing clinical experiment was conducted without public discussion in the scientific community . It was first made public on 25 November 2018 when Antonio Regalado published a story about the work in MIT Technology Review , based on documents that had been posted earlier that month on the Chinese clinical trials registry . He Jiankui refused to give any comment on whether the pregnancies were aborted or carried on . It was only after the story was posted that the experiment was revealed in a promotional video on YouTube by He Jiankui and the next day in the Associated Press report . He Jiankui had engaged a public relations firm as well . Once the existence of the clinical experiment was made public , He Jiankuis conduct was widely condemned . On 26 November , 122 Chinese scientists issued a joint statement that Hes works were unethical , crazy and a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science . Other Chinese scientists and institutions harshly criticized He ; an article in Nature stated that concerns about Hes conduct were particularly acute in China , where scientists are sensitive to the countrys reputation as the Wild West of biomedical research . An eminent bioethicist , Ren-zong Qiu , speaking at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing , commented on Hes research as a practice with the least degree of ethical justifiability and acceptability . Geneticist Eric Topol stated , This is far too premature .. . Were dealing with the operating instructions of a human being . Its a big deal . Nobel prize-winning biologist David Baltimore considered the work irresponsible . Developmental biologist Kathy Niakan of the Francis Crick Institute said , If true...this would be a highly irresponsible , unethical and dangerous use of genome editing technology . Medical ethicist Julian Savulescu of the University of Oxford noted , If true , this experiment is monstrous . Bioethicist Henry T . Greely of Stanford Law School declared , I unequivocally condemn the experiment , and later , He Jiankui’s experiment was , amazingly , even worse than I first thought . Nobel prize-winning biochemist Jennifer Doudna , of the University of California , Berkeley , a pioneer of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology , condemned the research . George Church , a geneticist at Harvard University , defended some aspects of the experiment and said gene editing for HIV resistance was justifiable since HIV is a major and growing public health threat , but questioned the decision of this project to allow one of the embryos to be used in a pregnancy attempt , since the use of that embryo suggests that the researchers’ main emphasis was on testing editing rather than avoiding this disease . Arthur Caplan , bioethicist at the New York University School of Medicine , said that engineering human genes is inevitable and , although there are concerns of creating designer babies , medical researchers are more interested in using the technology to prevent and treat diseases , much like the type of experiments performed by He . Carl Zimmer compared the reaction to Hes human gene editing experiment to the initial reactions and subsequent debate over mitochondrial replacement therapy ( MRT ) , and the eventual regulatory approval of MRT in the United Kingdom . The National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) of United States announced a statement on 28 November 2018 signed by its Director Francis S . Collins , condemning He and his team for intentionally flouting international ethical norms by doing such irresponsible work , and criticizing that Hes project was largely carried out in secret , the medical necessity for inactivation of CCR5 in these infants is utterly unconvincing , the informed consent process appears highly questionable , and the possibility of damaging off-target effects has not been satisfactorily explored . NIH claims no support for the use of gene-editing technologies in human embryos . The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences published an announcement in the journal Lancet , stating that they are opposed to any clinical operation of human embryo genome editing for reproductive purposes in violation of laws , regulations , and ethical norms in the absence of full scientific evaluation , and condemning He for violating relevant ethical regulations and guidelines that have been clearly documented by the Chinese government . They emphasized that the genome editing of germ cells or early embryos is still in the stage of basic research , .. . scientific research institutions and researchers should not undertake clinical operations of genome editing of human germ cells for reproductive purposes , nor should they fund such research , and they will develop and issue further operational technical and ethical guidelines as soon as possible to guide and standardise relevant research and applications according to the highest scientific and ethical standards . In February 2019 , scientists reported that the twin babies Lulu and Nana may have inadvertently ( or perhaps , intentionally ) had their brains enhanced . In 2019 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) has launched a global registry to track research on human genome editing , after a call to halt all work on genome editing . In April 2019 , genetics experts from the Chinese Academy of Science ( CAS ) noted , “ [ We ] believe there is no sound scientific reason to perform this type of gene editing on the human germline , and that the behavior of He [ Jiankui ] and his team represents a gross violation of both the Chinese regulations and the consensus reached by the international science community . We strongly condemn their actions as extremely irresponsible , both scientifically and ethically.” Investigations . The Southern University of Science and Technology stated that He Jiankui had been on unpaid leave since February 2018 , and his research was conducted outside of their campus ; the university and his department said they were unaware of the research project and said it was inviting international experts to form an independent committee to investigate the incident , and would release the results to the public . Local authorities and the Chinese government also opened investigations . Michael W . Deem , Hes doctoral advisor at Rice University , was involved in the clinical project , and was present when people involved in his study gave consent . Deem came under investigation by Rice after news of the work was made public . As of news reported on 28 December 2018 , He was sequestered in a university apartment and under guard . According to news reported on 7 January 2019 , he could face severe consequences . William Hurlbut , Stanford University neuroscientist and bioethicist , reported that he was in contact with He who was staying in a university apartment in Shenzhen “by mutual agreement” and was free to leave ; often visiting the gym and taking walks with his wife . Nonetheless , He may have been under some form of surveillance . On 25 February 2019 , news was reported that suggested the Chinese government may have helped fund the CRISPR babies experiment , at least in part , based on newly uncovered documents . Preliminary authoritative report . An investigating task force set up by the Health Commission of China in Guangdong Province released a preliminary report on January 21 , 2019 , stated that He Jiankui had defied government bans and conducted the research in the pursuit of personal fame and gain . The report confirmed that He had recruited eight couples to participate in his experiment , resulting in two pregnancies , one of which gave birth to the gene edited twin girls in November 2018 . The babies are now under medical supervision . The report further said He had made forged ethical review papers in order to enlist volunteers for the procedure , and had raised his own funds deliberately evading oversight , and organized a team that included some overseas members to carry out the illegal project . Officials from the investigation said that He , as well as other relevant personnel and organizations , will receive punishment per relevant laws and regulations , and those who are suspected of committing crimes will be charged . Outcome . The SUSTech announced a statement on its website on 21 January 2019 that He Jiankui had been fired . On 30 December 2019 , the Shenzhen Nanshan District Peoples Court sentenced He Jiankui to three years in prison and fined him 3 million RMB ( US$430,000 ) . His collaborators received less penalty – Zhang Renli of the Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital , a two-year prison sentence and a 1-million RMB fine , and Qin Jinzhou of the Southern University of Science and Technology , an 18-month prison sentence and a 500,000 RMB fine . The three were found guilty of having forged ethical review documents and misled doctors into unknowingly implanting gene-edited embryos into two women .
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"Rice University"
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Where was He Jiankui educated from 2007 to 2010?
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/wiki/He_Jiankui#P69#1
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He Jiankui He Jiankui ( ; ; born 1984 ) is a Chinese biophysics researcher who was an associate professor in the Department of Biology of the Southern University of Science and Technology ( SUSTech ) in Shenzhen , China . Earning his Ph.D . from Rice University in Texas on protein evolution , including that of CRISPR , He learned gene-editing techniques ( CRISPR/Cas9 ) as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University in California . He Jiankui became widely known in November 2018 after he had claimed that he had created the first human genetically edited babies , twin girls known by their pseudonyms , Lulu and Nana . The announcement in November 2018 of Lulu and Nana , who were born by mid-October 2018 , was initially praised in the press as a major scientific advancement . But following scrutiny on how the experiment was executed , He received widespread condemnation , and on 29 November 2018 , Chinese authorities suspended his research activities . On January 21 , 2019 , He was fired by SUSTech . In May 2019 , lawyers in China reported , in light of the purported creation by He Jiankui of the first gene-edited humans , the drafting of regulations that anyone manipulating the human genome by gene-editing techniques would be held responsible for any related adverse consequences . In December 2019 , MIT Technology Review reported an overview of the controversy to date , including excerpts of the unpublished research manuscript . On 30 December 2019 , the Shenzhen Nanshan District Peoples Court sentenced He to three years imprisonment and a three-million-yuan fine . He was listed as one of Time 100 most influential people of 2019 . Education and career . Born in Xinhua County , Loudi , Hunan in 1984 , He Jiankui was educated at the University of Science and Technology of China as an undergraduate student from 2002 to 2006 . He entered Rice University in 2007 and received his Ph.D . degree from the Department of Physics and Astronomy under the supervision of Michael W . Deem in 2010 . After his Ph.D. , Deem arranged for He to work on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique as a postdoc fellow with Stephen Quake at Stanford University . He returned to China in 2012 under the Thousand Talents Program of the Government of China and opened a lab at the Southern University of Science and Technology . As part of the program , he was given 1 million yuan ( $144,000 ) in angel funding , which he used to start biotech and investment companies . He founded Direct Genomics in 2012 in Shenzhen , to develop single-molecule sequencing devices based on patents invented by Quake that had formerly been licensed by Helicos Biosciences . Direct Genomics received 40 million yuan ( $4.5 million ) in subsidies from Shenzhen , and raised hundreds of millions yuan more in private investment , but He sold his stake in 2019 . He also founded Vienomics Biotech , which offers genome sequencing services for people with cancer . He Jiankuis achievements were widely revered in Chinese media , including China Central Television which covered his research and described him as the founding father of third-generation genome editing during a program celebrating the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China . He took an unpaid leave from the university starting in February 2018 , and began conducting the genome-editing clinical experiment . On 26 November 2018 , he announced the birth of gene-edited human babies , Lulu and Nana . Three days later , on 29 November 2018 , Chinese authorities suspended all of his research activities , saying that his work was extremely abominable in nature and a violation of Chinese law . In December 2018 , following public outcry regarding his work , He appeared to have gone missing . Chinas Southern University of Science and Technology denied the widespread rumors that he had been detained . Research . In 2010 , at Rice University , He Jiankui and Michael W . Deem published a paper describing some details of the CRISPR protein ; this paper was part of the early work on the CRISPR/Cas9 system , before it had been adopted as a gene editing tool . In 2017 , He gave a presentation at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory describing work he did at Southern University of Science and Technology , in which he used CRISPR/Cas9 on mice , monkeys , and around 300 human embryos . In August 2018 , He met with Chinese-American doctor John Zhang to discuss plans to launch a company focused on genetic medical tourism . The business was to target elite customers , operating out of China or Thailand . The business plans were shelved with Hes detainment in November 2018 . In January 2019 , scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys , using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua – the first ever cloned monkeys - and Dolly the sheep , and the same gene-editing CRISPR/Cas9 technique allegedly used by He in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana . The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases . Human gene-editing experiment . On 25 November 2018 , He Jiankui first announced on YouTube that his team successfully created the worlds first genome-edited babies , Lulu and Nana . Formally presenting the story at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing at the University of Hong Kong three days later , he said that the twins were born from genetically modified embryos that were made resistant to HIV . His team recruited 8 couples consisting each of HIV-positive father and HIV-negative mother through Beijing-based HIV volunteer group called Baihualin China League . During in vitro fertilization , the sperms were cleansed of HIV . Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing , they mutated the gene called CCR5 , which would confer resistance to HIV infection . The Peoples Daily announced the result as a historical breakthrough in the application of gene editing technology for disease prevention . The experiment had recruited couples who wanted to have children ; in order to participate , the man had to be HIV-positive and the woman uninfected . At the time , it was not disclosed whether the clinical experiment had received appropriate ethical review from an institutional review board before it started , and it was unclear if the participants had given truly informed consent . He Jiankui said that he edited the genomes of the embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 , specifically targeting a gene , CCR5 , that codes for a protein that HIV-1 uses to enter cells . He was trying to create a specific mutation in the gene , ( CCR5 Δ32 ) , that few people naturally have and that possibly confers innate resistance to HIV-1 , as seen in the case of the Berlin Patient . He said that the girls still carried functional copies of CCR5 along with disabled CCR5 given mosaicism inherent in the present state of the art in germ-line editing . There are forms of HIV that use a different receptor instead of CCR5 , and the work that He did could not protect resulting children from those forms of HIV . He Jiankui said that he used a preimplantation genetic diagnosis process on the embryos that were edited , where three to five single cells were removed and the editing was checked . He said that parents were offered the choice of using edited or unedited embryos . The twin girls were born by mid-October 2018 , according to emails from He to an adviser . According to He , they appeared to be healthy in all respects . When they were born , it was unclear if there might be long-term effects from the gene-editing ; He was asked about his plans to monitor the children , and pay for their care should any problems arise , and how their confidentiality and that of their parents could remain protected . The names of the children used in reports , Lulu and Nana , along with the names of their parents , Mark and Grace , are pseudonyms . In February 2019 , Hes claims were reported to have been confirmed by Chinese investigators , according to NPR News . He Jiankui also said at the Hong Kong meeting that a second mother in his clinical experiment was in the early stages of pregnancy . Although there are no official reports , the baby was expected around August 2019 , and the birth was confirmed from the court verdict on 30 December which mentioned that there were three genetically-edited babies . Gene-editing controversy . He Jiankuis human gene-editing clinical experiment was conducted without public discussion in the scientific community . It was first made public on 25 November 2018 when Antonio Regalado published a story about the work in MIT Technology Review , based on documents that had been posted earlier that month on the Chinese clinical trials registry . He Jiankui refused to give any comment on whether the pregnancies were aborted or carried on . It was only after the story was posted that the experiment was revealed in a promotional video on YouTube by He Jiankui and the next day in the Associated Press report . He Jiankui had engaged a public relations firm as well . Once the existence of the clinical experiment was made public , He Jiankuis conduct was widely condemned . On 26 November , 122 Chinese scientists issued a joint statement that Hes works were unethical , crazy and a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science . Other Chinese scientists and institutions harshly criticized He ; an article in Nature stated that concerns about Hes conduct were particularly acute in China , where scientists are sensitive to the countrys reputation as the Wild West of biomedical research . An eminent bioethicist , Ren-zong Qiu , speaking at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing , commented on Hes research as a practice with the least degree of ethical justifiability and acceptability . Geneticist Eric Topol stated , This is far too premature .. . Were dealing with the operating instructions of a human being . Its a big deal . Nobel prize-winning biologist David Baltimore considered the work irresponsible . Developmental biologist Kathy Niakan of the Francis Crick Institute said , If true...this would be a highly irresponsible , unethical and dangerous use of genome editing technology . Medical ethicist Julian Savulescu of the University of Oxford noted , If true , this experiment is monstrous . Bioethicist Henry T . Greely of Stanford Law School declared , I unequivocally condemn the experiment , and later , He Jiankui’s experiment was , amazingly , even worse than I first thought . Nobel prize-winning biochemist Jennifer Doudna , of the University of California , Berkeley , a pioneer of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology , condemned the research . George Church , a geneticist at Harvard University , defended some aspects of the experiment and said gene editing for HIV resistance was justifiable since HIV is a major and growing public health threat , but questioned the decision of this project to allow one of the embryos to be used in a pregnancy attempt , since the use of that embryo suggests that the researchers’ main emphasis was on testing editing rather than avoiding this disease . Arthur Caplan , bioethicist at the New York University School of Medicine , said that engineering human genes is inevitable and , although there are concerns of creating designer babies , medical researchers are more interested in using the technology to prevent and treat diseases , much like the type of experiments performed by He . Carl Zimmer compared the reaction to Hes human gene editing experiment to the initial reactions and subsequent debate over mitochondrial replacement therapy ( MRT ) , and the eventual regulatory approval of MRT in the United Kingdom . The National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) of United States announced a statement on 28 November 2018 signed by its Director Francis S . Collins , condemning He and his team for intentionally flouting international ethical norms by doing such irresponsible work , and criticizing that Hes project was largely carried out in secret , the medical necessity for inactivation of CCR5 in these infants is utterly unconvincing , the informed consent process appears highly questionable , and the possibility of damaging off-target effects has not been satisfactorily explored . NIH claims no support for the use of gene-editing technologies in human embryos . The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences published an announcement in the journal Lancet , stating that they are opposed to any clinical operation of human embryo genome editing for reproductive purposes in violation of laws , regulations , and ethical norms in the absence of full scientific evaluation , and condemning He for violating relevant ethical regulations and guidelines that have been clearly documented by the Chinese government . They emphasized that the genome editing of germ cells or early embryos is still in the stage of basic research , .. . scientific research institutions and researchers should not undertake clinical operations of genome editing of human germ cells for reproductive purposes , nor should they fund such research , and they will develop and issue further operational technical and ethical guidelines as soon as possible to guide and standardise relevant research and applications according to the highest scientific and ethical standards . In February 2019 , scientists reported that the twin babies Lulu and Nana may have inadvertently ( or perhaps , intentionally ) had their brains enhanced . In 2019 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) has launched a global registry to track research on human genome editing , after a call to halt all work on genome editing . In April 2019 , genetics experts from the Chinese Academy of Science ( CAS ) noted , “ [ We ] believe there is no sound scientific reason to perform this type of gene editing on the human germline , and that the behavior of He [ Jiankui ] and his team represents a gross violation of both the Chinese regulations and the consensus reached by the international science community . We strongly condemn their actions as extremely irresponsible , both scientifically and ethically.” Investigations . The Southern University of Science and Technology stated that He Jiankui had been on unpaid leave since February 2018 , and his research was conducted outside of their campus ; the university and his department said they were unaware of the research project and said it was inviting international experts to form an independent committee to investigate the incident , and would release the results to the public . Local authorities and the Chinese government also opened investigations . Michael W . Deem , Hes doctoral advisor at Rice University , was involved in the clinical project , and was present when people involved in his study gave consent . Deem came under investigation by Rice after news of the work was made public . As of news reported on 28 December 2018 , He was sequestered in a university apartment and under guard . According to news reported on 7 January 2019 , he could face severe consequences . William Hurlbut , Stanford University neuroscientist and bioethicist , reported that he was in contact with He who was staying in a university apartment in Shenzhen “by mutual agreement” and was free to leave ; often visiting the gym and taking walks with his wife . Nonetheless , He may have been under some form of surveillance . On 25 February 2019 , news was reported that suggested the Chinese government may have helped fund the CRISPR babies experiment , at least in part , based on newly uncovered documents . Preliminary authoritative report . An investigating task force set up by the Health Commission of China in Guangdong Province released a preliminary report on January 21 , 2019 , stated that He Jiankui had defied government bans and conducted the research in the pursuit of personal fame and gain . The report confirmed that He had recruited eight couples to participate in his experiment , resulting in two pregnancies , one of which gave birth to the gene edited twin girls in November 2018 . The babies are now under medical supervision . The report further said He had made forged ethical review papers in order to enlist volunteers for the procedure , and had raised his own funds deliberately evading oversight , and organized a team that included some overseas members to carry out the illegal project . Officials from the investigation said that He , as well as other relevant personnel and organizations , will receive punishment per relevant laws and regulations , and those who are suspected of committing crimes will be charged . Outcome . The SUSTech announced a statement on its website on 21 January 2019 that He Jiankui had been fired . On 30 December 2019 , the Shenzhen Nanshan District Peoples Court sentenced He Jiankui to three years in prison and fined him 3 million RMB ( US$430,000 ) . His collaborators received less penalty – Zhang Renli of the Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital , a two-year prison sentence and a 1-million RMB fine , and Qin Jinzhou of the Southern University of Science and Technology , an 18-month prison sentence and a 500,000 RMB fine . The three were found guilty of having forged ethical review documents and misled doctors into unknowingly implanting gene-edited embryos into two women .
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[
"Stanford University"
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easy
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Which school did He Jiankui go to from 2011 to 2012?
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/wiki/He_Jiankui#P69#2
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He Jiankui He Jiankui ( ; ; born 1984 ) is a Chinese biophysics researcher who was an associate professor in the Department of Biology of the Southern University of Science and Technology ( SUSTech ) in Shenzhen , China . Earning his Ph.D . from Rice University in Texas on protein evolution , including that of CRISPR , He learned gene-editing techniques ( CRISPR/Cas9 ) as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University in California . He Jiankui became widely known in November 2018 after he had claimed that he had created the first human genetically edited babies , twin girls known by their pseudonyms , Lulu and Nana . The announcement in November 2018 of Lulu and Nana , who were born by mid-October 2018 , was initially praised in the press as a major scientific advancement . But following scrutiny on how the experiment was executed , He received widespread condemnation , and on 29 November 2018 , Chinese authorities suspended his research activities . On January 21 , 2019 , He was fired by SUSTech . In May 2019 , lawyers in China reported , in light of the purported creation by He Jiankui of the first gene-edited humans , the drafting of regulations that anyone manipulating the human genome by gene-editing techniques would be held responsible for any related adverse consequences . In December 2019 , MIT Technology Review reported an overview of the controversy to date , including excerpts of the unpublished research manuscript . On 30 December 2019 , the Shenzhen Nanshan District Peoples Court sentenced He to three years imprisonment and a three-million-yuan fine . He was listed as one of Time 100 most influential people of 2019 . Education and career . Born in Xinhua County , Loudi , Hunan in 1984 , He Jiankui was educated at the University of Science and Technology of China as an undergraduate student from 2002 to 2006 . He entered Rice University in 2007 and received his Ph.D . degree from the Department of Physics and Astronomy under the supervision of Michael W . Deem in 2010 . After his Ph.D. , Deem arranged for He to work on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique as a postdoc fellow with Stephen Quake at Stanford University . He returned to China in 2012 under the Thousand Talents Program of the Government of China and opened a lab at the Southern University of Science and Technology . As part of the program , he was given 1 million yuan ( $144,000 ) in angel funding , which he used to start biotech and investment companies . He founded Direct Genomics in 2012 in Shenzhen , to develop single-molecule sequencing devices based on patents invented by Quake that had formerly been licensed by Helicos Biosciences . Direct Genomics received 40 million yuan ( $4.5 million ) in subsidies from Shenzhen , and raised hundreds of millions yuan more in private investment , but He sold his stake in 2019 . He also founded Vienomics Biotech , which offers genome sequencing services for people with cancer . He Jiankuis achievements were widely revered in Chinese media , including China Central Television which covered his research and described him as the founding father of third-generation genome editing during a program celebrating the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China . He took an unpaid leave from the university starting in February 2018 , and began conducting the genome-editing clinical experiment . On 26 November 2018 , he announced the birth of gene-edited human babies , Lulu and Nana . Three days later , on 29 November 2018 , Chinese authorities suspended all of his research activities , saying that his work was extremely abominable in nature and a violation of Chinese law . In December 2018 , following public outcry regarding his work , He appeared to have gone missing . Chinas Southern University of Science and Technology denied the widespread rumors that he had been detained . Research . In 2010 , at Rice University , He Jiankui and Michael W . Deem published a paper describing some details of the CRISPR protein ; this paper was part of the early work on the CRISPR/Cas9 system , before it had been adopted as a gene editing tool . In 2017 , He gave a presentation at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory describing work he did at Southern University of Science and Technology , in which he used CRISPR/Cas9 on mice , monkeys , and around 300 human embryos . In August 2018 , He met with Chinese-American doctor John Zhang to discuss plans to launch a company focused on genetic medical tourism . The business was to target elite customers , operating out of China or Thailand . The business plans were shelved with Hes detainment in November 2018 . In January 2019 , scientists in China reported the creation of five identical cloned gene-edited monkeys , using the same cloning technique that was used with Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua – the first ever cloned monkeys - and Dolly the sheep , and the same gene-editing CRISPR/Cas9 technique allegedly used by He in creating the first ever gene-modified human babies Lulu and Nana . The monkey clones were made in order to study several medical diseases . Human gene-editing experiment . On 25 November 2018 , He Jiankui first announced on YouTube that his team successfully created the worlds first genome-edited babies , Lulu and Nana . Formally presenting the story at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing at the University of Hong Kong three days later , he said that the twins were born from genetically modified embryos that were made resistant to HIV . His team recruited 8 couples consisting each of HIV-positive father and HIV-negative mother through Beijing-based HIV volunteer group called Baihualin China League . During in vitro fertilization , the sperms were cleansed of HIV . Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing , they mutated the gene called CCR5 , which would confer resistance to HIV infection . The Peoples Daily announced the result as a historical breakthrough in the application of gene editing technology for disease prevention . The experiment had recruited couples who wanted to have children ; in order to participate , the man had to be HIV-positive and the woman uninfected . At the time , it was not disclosed whether the clinical experiment had received appropriate ethical review from an institutional review board before it started , and it was unclear if the participants had given truly informed consent . He Jiankui said that he edited the genomes of the embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 , specifically targeting a gene , CCR5 , that codes for a protein that HIV-1 uses to enter cells . He was trying to create a specific mutation in the gene , ( CCR5 Δ32 ) , that few people naturally have and that possibly confers innate resistance to HIV-1 , as seen in the case of the Berlin Patient . He said that the girls still carried functional copies of CCR5 along with disabled CCR5 given mosaicism inherent in the present state of the art in germ-line editing . There are forms of HIV that use a different receptor instead of CCR5 , and the work that He did could not protect resulting children from those forms of HIV . He Jiankui said that he used a preimplantation genetic diagnosis process on the embryos that were edited , where three to five single cells were removed and the editing was checked . He said that parents were offered the choice of using edited or unedited embryos . The twin girls were born by mid-October 2018 , according to emails from He to an adviser . According to He , they appeared to be healthy in all respects . When they were born , it was unclear if there might be long-term effects from the gene-editing ; He was asked about his plans to monitor the children , and pay for their care should any problems arise , and how their confidentiality and that of their parents could remain protected . The names of the children used in reports , Lulu and Nana , along with the names of their parents , Mark and Grace , are pseudonyms . In February 2019 , Hes claims were reported to have been confirmed by Chinese investigators , according to NPR News . He Jiankui also said at the Hong Kong meeting that a second mother in his clinical experiment was in the early stages of pregnancy . Although there are no official reports , the baby was expected around August 2019 , and the birth was confirmed from the court verdict on 30 December which mentioned that there were three genetically-edited babies . Gene-editing controversy . He Jiankuis human gene-editing clinical experiment was conducted without public discussion in the scientific community . It was first made public on 25 November 2018 when Antonio Regalado published a story about the work in MIT Technology Review , based on documents that had been posted earlier that month on the Chinese clinical trials registry . He Jiankui refused to give any comment on whether the pregnancies were aborted or carried on . It was only after the story was posted that the experiment was revealed in a promotional video on YouTube by He Jiankui and the next day in the Associated Press report . He Jiankui had engaged a public relations firm as well . Once the existence of the clinical experiment was made public , He Jiankuis conduct was widely condemned . On 26 November , 122 Chinese scientists issued a joint statement that Hes works were unethical , crazy and a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science . Other Chinese scientists and institutions harshly criticized He ; an article in Nature stated that concerns about Hes conduct were particularly acute in China , where scientists are sensitive to the countrys reputation as the Wild West of biomedical research . An eminent bioethicist , Ren-zong Qiu , speaking at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing , commented on Hes research as a practice with the least degree of ethical justifiability and acceptability . Geneticist Eric Topol stated , This is far too premature .. . Were dealing with the operating instructions of a human being . Its a big deal . Nobel prize-winning biologist David Baltimore considered the work irresponsible . Developmental biologist Kathy Niakan of the Francis Crick Institute said , If true...this would be a highly irresponsible , unethical and dangerous use of genome editing technology . Medical ethicist Julian Savulescu of the University of Oxford noted , If true , this experiment is monstrous . Bioethicist Henry T . Greely of Stanford Law School declared , I unequivocally condemn the experiment , and later , He Jiankui’s experiment was , amazingly , even worse than I first thought . Nobel prize-winning biochemist Jennifer Doudna , of the University of California , Berkeley , a pioneer of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology , condemned the research . George Church , a geneticist at Harvard University , defended some aspects of the experiment and said gene editing for HIV resistance was justifiable since HIV is a major and growing public health threat , but questioned the decision of this project to allow one of the embryos to be used in a pregnancy attempt , since the use of that embryo suggests that the researchers’ main emphasis was on testing editing rather than avoiding this disease . Arthur Caplan , bioethicist at the New York University School of Medicine , said that engineering human genes is inevitable and , although there are concerns of creating designer babies , medical researchers are more interested in using the technology to prevent and treat diseases , much like the type of experiments performed by He . Carl Zimmer compared the reaction to Hes human gene editing experiment to the initial reactions and subsequent debate over mitochondrial replacement therapy ( MRT ) , and the eventual regulatory approval of MRT in the United Kingdom . The National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) of United States announced a statement on 28 November 2018 signed by its Director Francis S . Collins , condemning He and his team for intentionally flouting international ethical norms by doing such irresponsible work , and criticizing that Hes project was largely carried out in secret , the medical necessity for inactivation of CCR5 in these infants is utterly unconvincing , the informed consent process appears highly questionable , and the possibility of damaging off-target effects has not been satisfactorily explored . NIH claims no support for the use of gene-editing technologies in human embryos . The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences published an announcement in the journal Lancet , stating that they are opposed to any clinical operation of human embryo genome editing for reproductive purposes in violation of laws , regulations , and ethical norms in the absence of full scientific evaluation , and condemning He for violating relevant ethical regulations and guidelines that have been clearly documented by the Chinese government . They emphasized that the genome editing of germ cells or early embryos is still in the stage of basic research , .. . scientific research institutions and researchers should not undertake clinical operations of genome editing of human germ cells for reproductive purposes , nor should they fund such research , and they will develop and issue further operational technical and ethical guidelines as soon as possible to guide and standardise relevant research and applications according to the highest scientific and ethical standards . In February 2019 , scientists reported that the twin babies Lulu and Nana may have inadvertently ( or perhaps , intentionally ) had their brains enhanced . In 2019 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) has launched a global registry to track research on human genome editing , after a call to halt all work on genome editing . In April 2019 , genetics experts from the Chinese Academy of Science ( CAS ) noted , “ [ We ] believe there is no sound scientific reason to perform this type of gene editing on the human germline , and that the behavior of He [ Jiankui ] and his team represents a gross violation of both the Chinese regulations and the consensus reached by the international science community . We strongly condemn their actions as extremely irresponsible , both scientifically and ethically.” Investigations . The Southern University of Science and Technology stated that He Jiankui had been on unpaid leave since February 2018 , and his research was conducted outside of their campus ; the university and his department said they were unaware of the research project and said it was inviting international experts to form an independent committee to investigate the incident , and would release the results to the public . Local authorities and the Chinese government also opened investigations . Michael W . Deem , Hes doctoral advisor at Rice University , was involved in the clinical project , and was present when people involved in his study gave consent . Deem came under investigation by Rice after news of the work was made public . As of news reported on 28 December 2018 , He was sequestered in a university apartment and under guard . According to news reported on 7 January 2019 , he could face severe consequences . William Hurlbut , Stanford University neuroscientist and bioethicist , reported that he was in contact with He who was staying in a university apartment in Shenzhen “by mutual agreement” and was free to leave ; often visiting the gym and taking walks with his wife . Nonetheless , He may have been under some form of surveillance . On 25 February 2019 , news was reported that suggested the Chinese government may have helped fund the CRISPR babies experiment , at least in part , based on newly uncovered documents . Preliminary authoritative report . An investigating task force set up by the Health Commission of China in Guangdong Province released a preliminary report on January 21 , 2019 , stated that He Jiankui had defied government bans and conducted the research in the pursuit of personal fame and gain . The report confirmed that He had recruited eight couples to participate in his experiment , resulting in two pregnancies , one of which gave birth to the gene edited twin girls in November 2018 . The babies are now under medical supervision . The report further said He had made forged ethical review papers in order to enlist volunteers for the procedure , and had raised his own funds deliberately evading oversight , and organized a team that included some overseas members to carry out the illegal project . Officials from the investigation said that He , as well as other relevant personnel and organizations , will receive punishment per relevant laws and regulations , and those who are suspected of committing crimes will be charged . Outcome . The SUSTech announced a statement on its website on 21 January 2019 that He Jiankui had been fired . On 30 December 2019 , the Shenzhen Nanshan District Peoples Court sentenced He Jiankui to three years in prison and fined him 3 million RMB ( US$430,000 ) . His collaborators received less penalty – Zhang Renli of the Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Guangdong General Hospital , a two-year prison sentence and a 1-million RMB fine , and Qin Jinzhou of the Southern University of Science and Technology , an 18-month prison sentence and a 500,000 RMB fine . The three were found guilty of having forged ethical review documents and misled doctors into unknowingly implanting gene-edited embryos into two women .
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[
"Captaincy General of Catalonia"
] |
easy
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What position did José Olaguer Feliú take from 1921 to 1922?
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/wiki/José_Olaguer_Feliú#P39#0
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José Olaguer Feliú José Olaguer Feliú y Ramírez ( October 25 , 1857 – November 21 , 1929 ) was a Spanish lieutenant general , Minister of War and politician . Biography . Olaguer Feliú was born on October 25 , 1857 in Manila , but both parents were Spanish of Catalan origin . In 1876 he entered the Academy of the General Staff . In 1882 he was promoted to lieutenant and served in different places in Spain . In 1890 he went to the Philippines with the rank of commandant . He was director of the School of Arts and Crafts in Manila . Olaguer Feliú took an active part in numerous military operations during the Philippines Campaign . He participated in the Battle of Kakarong de Sili in the island of Luzon on January 1 , 1897 , where the Commandant Olaguer Feliu achieved victory with only 600 men against 6.000 indigenous fighters katipuneros . As a result he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the prestigious Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand . Feliú was then appointed as Chief of Staff to the Commanding Officer of Luzon . A year later he was promoted to the rank of colonel in recognition of his performance in operations in the province of Zambales . Following the outbreak of the war with the United States , Olaguer Feliú remained in Manila where he performed distinguished services during the siege and blockade during the Battle of Manila . As Deputy Chief of Staff of the Captaincy General of Manila , Olaguer Feliú was one of the senior officers who participated in the surrender of the city . In 1898 he returned to mainland Spain with the rank of Colonel and in 1902 was appointed as chief of staff of the Captaincy General of Galicia . In 1910 he was promoted to the rank of Brigade General and was appointed as Chief of Staff of the Second Region , a position he held until 1915 . Then he was promoted to divisional general and given command of the Second Division . In 1912 Brigadier-General Feliú was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit . In 1916 he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegildo . In 1917 he was appointed Military Governor of Cádiz , taking up command of the Ninth Division the same year . In 1918 Olaguer Feliú was received as an academic member of the Royal Hispanic-American Academy of Cadiz . In 1921 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and assumed the command of the Captaincy General of Catalonia until 1922 , where he was replaced by Lieutenant General Miguel Primo de Rivera , 2nd Marquis of Estella In March 1922 , Lieutenant-General Jose Olaguer Feliú was appointed as Minister of War by José Sánchez Guerra , Prime Minister of Spain . Olaguer Feliú occupied the position of Minister of War during one of the most difficult and turbulent periods in modern Spanish military and political history : firstly the Moroccan campaign exacerbated by the hesitation of the government , after the events of the Disaster of Annual in July 1921 ; and on the other hand the actions of the military defenses boards ( political juntas organised amongst the officer corps of the Spanish Army ) . All of these occurred in the middle of intense press and parliamentary debate about the report known as the Expediente Picasso ( concerning responsibility for the Annual disaster ) . He resigned in July 1922 . Then he was appointed Captain General of the Fifth Region of Aragon . In August 1923 Olaguer Feliú became Director General of Carabineros of Spain , where he improved the service conditions of the personnel of this frontier guard/customs force . Amongst other reforms he reduced the daily working hours to twelve hours . He organised the expansion and improvement of the Colleges of the Carabineros ( training academy ) . Feliú arranged for the repair of existing barracks asd well as the construction of new buildings ; as well as the creation of schools for the children of Carabineros . These improvements were undertaken at a time of budgetary constraints imposed by the Government , in spite of opposition from within both the Carabineros and Army hierarchy . Finally He increased the number of vacancies in the Alfonso XIII Orphans College of El Escorial and tripled the number of orphan students in the Pastoras Sisters College of Madrid . In 1924 he was awarded the Grand Cross of Christ by the Government of Portugal . On 14 December 1925 he was appointed as a member of the Army Review Board for Generals , Colonels ( Junta Classificadora de Ascensos de Generales , Coroneles y asimilados del Ejército in Spanish ) . In 1927 Olaguer Feliú was elected as State Representative and as Representative of National Life Activities , for the National Consultative Assembly , remaining in this position until 1928 . In 1927 by order of His Majesty the King , Lieutenant General José Olaguer Feliú retired as Director General of Carabineros and passed into the first reserve . On November 21 1929 Olaguer Feliú died in Madrid . External links . - Assemblyman Record as State Representative - Assemblyman Record as Representative of National Life Activities
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[
""
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easy
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José Olaguer Feliú took which position from Mar 1922 to Jul 1922?
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/wiki/José_Olaguer_Feliú#P39#1
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José Olaguer Feliú José Olaguer Feliú y Ramírez ( October 25 , 1857 – November 21 , 1929 ) was a Spanish lieutenant general , Minister of War and politician . Biography . Olaguer Feliú was born on October 25 , 1857 in Manila , but both parents were Spanish of Catalan origin . In 1876 he entered the Academy of the General Staff . In 1882 he was promoted to lieutenant and served in different places in Spain . In 1890 he went to the Philippines with the rank of commandant . He was director of the School of Arts and Crafts in Manila . Olaguer Feliú took an active part in numerous military operations during the Philippines Campaign . He participated in the Battle of Kakarong de Sili in the island of Luzon on January 1 , 1897 , where the Commandant Olaguer Feliu achieved victory with only 600 men against 6.000 indigenous fighters katipuneros . As a result he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the prestigious Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand . Feliú was then appointed as Chief of Staff to the Commanding Officer of Luzon . A year later he was promoted to the rank of colonel in recognition of his performance in operations in the province of Zambales . Following the outbreak of the war with the United States , Olaguer Feliú remained in Manila where he performed distinguished services during the siege and blockade during the Battle of Manila . As Deputy Chief of Staff of the Captaincy General of Manila , Olaguer Feliú was one of the senior officers who participated in the surrender of the city . In 1898 he returned to mainland Spain with the rank of Colonel and in 1902 was appointed as chief of staff of the Captaincy General of Galicia . In 1910 he was promoted to the rank of Brigade General and was appointed as Chief of Staff of the Second Region , a position he held until 1915 . Then he was promoted to divisional general and given command of the Second Division . In 1912 Brigadier-General Feliú was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit . In 1916 he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegildo . In 1917 he was appointed Military Governor of Cádiz , taking up command of the Ninth Division the same year . In 1918 Olaguer Feliú was received as an academic member of the Royal Hispanic-American Academy of Cadiz . In 1921 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and assumed the command of the Captaincy General of Catalonia until 1922 , where he was replaced by Lieutenant General Miguel Primo de Rivera , 2nd Marquis of Estella In March 1922 , Lieutenant-General Jose Olaguer Feliú was appointed as Minister of War by José Sánchez Guerra , Prime Minister of Spain . Olaguer Feliú occupied the position of Minister of War during one of the most difficult and turbulent periods in modern Spanish military and political history : firstly the Moroccan campaign exacerbated by the hesitation of the government , after the events of the Disaster of Annual in July 1921 ; and on the other hand the actions of the military defenses boards ( political juntas organised amongst the officer corps of the Spanish Army ) . All of these occurred in the middle of intense press and parliamentary debate about the report known as the Expediente Picasso ( concerning responsibility for the Annual disaster ) . He resigned in July 1922 . Then he was appointed Captain General of the Fifth Region of Aragon . In August 1923 Olaguer Feliú became Director General of Carabineros of Spain , where he improved the service conditions of the personnel of this frontier guard/customs force . Amongst other reforms he reduced the daily working hours to twelve hours . He organised the expansion and improvement of the Colleges of the Carabineros ( training academy ) . Feliú arranged for the repair of existing barracks asd well as the construction of new buildings ; as well as the creation of schools for the children of Carabineros . These improvements were undertaken at a time of budgetary constraints imposed by the Government , in spite of opposition from within both the Carabineros and Army hierarchy . Finally He increased the number of vacancies in the Alfonso XIII Orphans College of El Escorial and tripled the number of orphan students in the Pastoras Sisters College of Madrid . In 1924 he was awarded the Grand Cross of Christ by the Government of Portugal . On 14 December 1925 he was appointed as a member of the Army Review Board for Generals , Colonels ( Junta Classificadora de Ascensos de Generales , Coroneles y asimilados del Ejército in Spanish ) . In 1927 Olaguer Feliú was elected as State Representative and as Representative of National Life Activities , for the National Consultative Assembly , remaining in this position until 1928 . In 1927 by order of His Majesty the King , Lieutenant General José Olaguer Feliú retired as Director General of Carabineros and passed into the first reserve . On November 21 1929 Olaguer Feliú died in Madrid . External links . - Assemblyman Record as State Representative - Assemblyman Record as Representative of National Life Activities
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[
"State Representative",
"Representative of National Life Activities , for the National Consultative Assembly"
] |
easy
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What was the position of José Olaguer Feliú from Oct 1927 to May 1928?
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/wiki/José_Olaguer_Feliú#P39#2
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José Olaguer Feliú José Olaguer Feliú y Ramírez ( October 25 , 1857 – November 21 , 1929 ) was a Spanish lieutenant general , Minister of War and politician . Biography . Olaguer Feliú was born on October 25 , 1857 in Manila , but both parents were Spanish of Catalan origin . In 1876 he entered the Academy of the General Staff . In 1882 he was promoted to lieutenant and served in different places in Spain . In 1890 he went to the Philippines with the rank of commandant . He was director of the School of Arts and Crafts in Manila . Olaguer Feliú took an active part in numerous military operations during the Philippines Campaign . He participated in the Battle of Kakarong de Sili in the island of Luzon on January 1 , 1897 , where the Commandant Olaguer Feliu achieved victory with only 600 men against 6.000 indigenous fighters katipuneros . As a result he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and was awarded the prestigious Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand . Feliú was then appointed as Chief of Staff to the Commanding Officer of Luzon . A year later he was promoted to the rank of colonel in recognition of his performance in operations in the province of Zambales . Following the outbreak of the war with the United States , Olaguer Feliú remained in Manila where he performed distinguished services during the siege and blockade during the Battle of Manila . As Deputy Chief of Staff of the Captaincy General of Manila , Olaguer Feliú was one of the senior officers who participated in the surrender of the city . In 1898 he returned to mainland Spain with the rank of Colonel and in 1902 was appointed as chief of staff of the Captaincy General of Galicia . In 1910 he was promoted to the rank of Brigade General and was appointed as Chief of Staff of the Second Region , a position he held until 1915 . Then he was promoted to divisional general and given command of the Second Division . In 1912 Brigadier-General Feliú was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit . In 1916 he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegildo . In 1917 he was appointed Military Governor of Cádiz , taking up command of the Ninth Division the same year . In 1918 Olaguer Feliú was received as an academic member of the Royal Hispanic-American Academy of Cadiz . In 1921 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general and assumed the command of the Captaincy General of Catalonia until 1922 , where he was replaced by Lieutenant General Miguel Primo de Rivera , 2nd Marquis of Estella In March 1922 , Lieutenant-General Jose Olaguer Feliú was appointed as Minister of War by José Sánchez Guerra , Prime Minister of Spain . Olaguer Feliú occupied the position of Minister of War during one of the most difficult and turbulent periods in modern Spanish military and political history : firstly the Moroccan campaign exacerbated by the hesitation of the government , after the events of the Disaster of Annual in July 1921 ; and on the other hand the actions of the military defenses boards ( political juntas organised amongst the officer corps of the Spanish Army ) . All of these occurred in the middle of intense press and parliamentary debate about the report known as the Expediente Picasso ( concerning responsibility for the Annual disaster ) . He resigned in July 1922 . Then he was appointed Captain General of the Fifth Region of Aragon . In August 1923 Olaguer Feliú became Director General of Carabineros of Spain , where he improved the service conditions of the personnel of this frontier guard/customs force . Amongst other reforms he reduced the daily working hours to twelve hours . He organised the expansion and improvement of the Colleges of the Carabineros ( training academy ) . Feliú arranged for the repair of existing barracks asd well as the construction of new buildings ; as well as the creation of schools for the children of Carabineros . These improvements were undertaken at a time of budgetary constraints imposed by the Government , in spite of opposition from within both the Carabineros and Army hierarchy . Finally He increased the number of vacancies in the Alfonso XIII Orphans College of El Escorial and tripled the number of orphan students in the Pastoras Sisters College of Madrid . In 1924 he was awarded the Grand Cross of Christ by the Government of Portugal . On 14 December 1925 he was appointed as a member of the Army Review Board for Generals , Colonels ( Junta Classificadora de Ascensos de Generales , Coroneles y asimilados del Ejército in Spanish ) . In 1927 Olaguer Feliú was elected as State Representative and as Representative of National Life Activities , for the National Consultative Assembly , remaining in this position until 1928 . In 1927 by order of His Majesty the King , Lieutenant General José Olaguer Feliú retired as Director General of Carabineros and passed into the first reserve . On November 21 1929 Olaguer Feliú died in Madrid . External links . - Assemblyman Record as State Representative - Assemblyman Record as Representative of National Life Activities
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"Pécsi Mecsek"
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easy
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Which team did the player Zoltán Gera belong to from 1997 to 1999?
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/wiki/Zoltán_Gera#P54#0
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Zoltán Gera Zoltán Gera ( ; born 22 April 1979 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He played for Fulham , Pécsi Mecsek and Harkány SE , as well as enjoying two spells at Ferencváros and West Bromwich Albion . Gera is known for his overhead-kick goals and his cartwheel to back-flip celebration , which he demonstrated in Fulhams Europa League quarter-final win against Juventus in 2010 . He was named Hungarian Player of the Year in 2002 , 2004 and 2005 . For his efforts in the 2009–10 season and his goals in the Europa League , Gera was named Fulhams Player of the Season . Gera made his international debut for Hungary in 2002 against Switzerland , with his nation losing 2–1 . In 2009 , Gera briefly retired from the national team following a dispute with then-manager Erwin Koeman . When Koeman was replaced by Sándor Egervári in 2010 , Gera returned to Hungarys international squad which he later represented at the 2016 UEFA European Championship . He announced his final retirement from football on 28 June 2018 . Club career . Harkány SE . Gera started his professional career for Harkány SE in 1996 , remaining there for one year before signing for Pécsi Mecsek FC . Pécsi Mecsek . Gera was signed by Pécsi Mecsek in 1997 . During his three-year spell with the club , he made 87 appearances and scored 16 times . On 1 July 2000 , Gera moved to major Hungarian side Ferencváros on a free transfer . Ferencváros . During his four-year spell at Ferencváros , Gera played 115 league games and scored 32 goals . He won the Hungarian league title in 2001 and 2004 , the Magyar Kupa in 2003 and 2004 , and the Szuperkupa in 2004 . He also received his first international call up while with the club . West Bromwich Albion . On 30 July 2004 , Gera moved to English Premier League club West Bromwich Albion for a fee of . He signed a three-year contract with Albion , with a further one-year option in the clubs favour . He made his Premier League debut on 14 August 2004 , replacing Andy Johnson in the 87th minute against Blackburn Rovers . The match ended in a 1–1 draw . Geras first appearance in the starting lineup came on 25 August 2004 against Tottenham Hotspur . He scored his first league goal early in the third minute ; that match also ended in a 1–1 draw . The club struggled against relegation for most of the season , and Gera was portrayed by the media as an integral part of this struggle . Towards the end of the season , however , Geras influence grew . He produced stirring performances , including a match-winning header against Everton on 3 April 2005 . The clubs form quickly improved , securing its continued Premier League status on the last day of the season . Gera scored six league goals in this his first season and was the only player at the club to appear in all 38 league matches . He was nominated in the end-of-season dream team by soccernet.com . During the 2005–06 season , Gera struggled with injuries and underwent a hernia operation in November 2005 . At the end of the season , West Brom were relegated and Gera committed himself to the club . His performance in the clubs 4–2 win against Charlton Athletic on 15 December 2007 , scoring twice and setting up a third goal , earned him a place in the Championship Team of the Week . Gera helped Albion gain promotion in the 2007–08 season ; on 9 June 2008 , he decided to turn down a new contract offer from West Brom , choosing instead to join Fulham in the Premier League on a free transfer . The three-year contract was completed on 11 June 2008 . Fulham . Gera made his Fulham debut in a 2–1 defeat to Hull City on the opening day of the 2008–09 Premier League . Minutes after coming off the bench , he scored Fulhams second goal in a 2–0 win against league leaders Manchester United . During the 2009–10 Premier League season , Gera scored his first goal of the season against West Ham United in a 2–2 draw . On 28 December 2009 , Gera scored his second goal of the season at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea , when he hooked the ball over Petr Čech from 12 yards after four minutes . Despite this early goal , Fulham lost the game 2–1 . Gera went on to score two goals in a man of the match performance against Juventus , Fulham winning 4–1 . He scored the goal which sent Fulham to its first ever European final in a 2–1 victory against Hamburger SV ; while Fulham lost the final 2–1 , Gera did provide the sole goals assist . Having scored ten goals in all competitions , Gera was voted the fans player of the season for Fulhams 2009–10 season . Gera started the 2010–11 season by scoring a hat-trick after coming off the bench in the 66th minute against Werder Bremen in a 5–1 friendly win , and a brace against Port Vale in the second round of the League Cup . His first league goal of the new campaign , a 30-yard volley which deflected off the post and then off the goalkeeper , came at The Hawthorns against former club West Brom . Despite this , Fulham manager Mark Hughes did not regularly start Gera , despite him being a fan favourite , instead using him sparingly as a substitute . Gera was sent off in Fulhams final match of the 2010–11 Premier League season on 22 May 2011 , a 2–2 draw against Arsenal . This was the first red card Fulham had received all season and it nearly cost them a place in the Europa League through UEFAs Fair Play League , but Fulham finished ahead of closest challengers Blackpool by 0.01 points to win the qualifying berth . On 16 June 2011 , Fulham announced that Gera was available on a free transfer as one of three players that were being released by the club Subsequently , Gera looked to rejoin his former club West Brom . Return to West Bromwich Albion . On 2 August 2011 , West Brom boss Roy Hodgson announced that the club had signed Gera on a two-year deal . On 5 November 2011 , he made his second debut for West Brom as a starter in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal . After three first team appearances , Gera was injured in a 3–1 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur on 26 November 2011 ; he was unavailable for the remainder of the season . After nine months out due to his injury , Gera returned to the starting lineup against Liverpool on the first day of the 2012–13 Premier League season , opening the scoring with a volley from 25 yards , leading to a 3–0 win . On 8 January 2013 , it was confirmed Gera would be out injured for the rest of the season after he injured a knee in a game against Queens Park Rangers . On 1 July 2013 , Geras contract with West Brom expired , making him a free agent for a short period until he signed a new contract for another year with the club . Gera left West Brom in 2014 after his contract expired . Ferencváros . On 2 April 2016 , Gera became Hungarian League champion with Ferencváros after losing to Debreceni VSC 2–1 at the Nagyerdei Stadion in the 2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season . He scored the only and winning goal in the 2016 Magyar Kupa Final on 7 May 2016 against archrival Újpest FC at the Groupama Arena . International career . Gera earned his first international cap for the Hungary national team on 13 February 2002 in a 2–1 defeat to Switzerland . Up to 2009 , he had played 63 games for Hungary , scoring 18 goals . Before the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 14 October 2009 against Denmark , Gera was excluded from the match squad by coach Erwin Koeman after he arrived late at a team meeting . Following the incident , Gera announced his retirement from the national team . On 23 July 2010 , the newly appointed board of the Hungarian Football Federation terminated the contract of Koeman and appointed Sándor Egervári as the new national team coach . After a personal discussion with Egervári , Gera returned to the national team on 11 August 2010 against England . On 29 March 2011 , Gera scored twice against the Netherlands in the Amsterdam Arena in front of 51,700 spectators in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match . He scored the first goal in the 50th minute and his second goal in the 75th minute . Geras goals , however , were not enough as Hungary lost 5–3 . On 7 September 2012 , Hungary started their 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign with a 5–0 win in Andorra ; Gera scored the second goal . On 16 October 2012 , Hungary beat Turkey at home 3–1 . Gera scored the third Hungarian goal . On 31 May 2016 , Gera was selected as vice-captain for the Hungarian squad for Euro 2016 in France . On 14 June , Gera played in the first group match in a 2–0 victory over Austria at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux in Hungarys first match of the tournament . Four days later , on 18 June , he played in a 1–1 draw against Iceland at the Stade Vélodrome , Marseille . On 22 June , he played in the last group match in a 3–3 draw against Portugal at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Lyon , and scored the first goal with a terrific half-volley from 25 yards out with his weaker foot . In so doing , he became the second-oldest goalscorer and the oldest goalscorer from open play at a European Championship , aged 37 years and 62 days ; Austrias Ivica Vastić is the oldest scorer , at 38 years and 257 days , when he converted a penalty at Euro 2008 . Geras goal was later voted the Goal of the Tournament in a UEFA online fan poll . Personal life . Gera married on 19 June 2004 ; his wife gave birth to a boy named Szabolcs on 15 March 2008 . Following the birth , he was given leave by his national team manager Péter Várhidi to miss Hungarys friendly against Slovenia to spend time with his family . In 2005 , Gera featured in a television advertisement for Pepsi representing the 2006 World Cup , alongside Thierry Henry , David Beckham , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Nicklas Bendtner , Neil Ruddock and Raúl . Gera is a member of the Faith Church and was featured in billboard advertisements promoting the organization . He has often defended the Church from its critics and promoted it several times in the media . He credits the Church with saving his life , helping him change his destructive lifestyle which included crime and drug abuse . Honours . Club . Ferencváros - Nemzeti Bajnokság I : 2000–01 , 2003–04 , 2015–16 - Magyar Kupa : 2002–03 , 2003–04 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Szuperkupa : 2004 , 2015 , 2016 West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Fulham - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2009–10 Individual . - Tibor Simon Award : 2003 - Hungarian Footballer of the Year : 2004 & 2005 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UEFA Euro 2016 Fans Goal of the Tournament External links . - Zoltán Gera official website
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""
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easy
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Zoltán Gera played for which team from 1999 to 2000?
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/wiki/Zoltán_Gera#P54#1
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Zoltán Gera Zoltán Gera ( ; born 22 April 1979 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He played for Fulham , Pécsi Mecsek and Harkány SE , as well as enjoying two spells at Ferencváros and West Bromwich Albion . Gera is known for his overhead-kick goals and his cartwheel to back-flip celebration , which he demonstrated in Fulhams Europa League quarter-final win against Juventus in 2010 . He was named Hungarian Player of the Year in 2002 , 2004 and 2005 . For his efforts in the 2009–10 season and his goals in the Europa League , Gera was named Fulhams Player of the Season . Gera made his international debut for Hungary in 2002 against Switzerland , with his nation losing 2–1 . In 2009 , Gera briefly retired from the national team following a dispute with then-manager Erwin Koeman . When Koeman was replaced by Sándor Egervári in 2010 , Gera returned to Hungarys international squad which he later represented at the 2016 UEFA European Championship . He announced his final retirement from football on 28 June 2018 . Club career . Harkány SE . Gera started his professional career for Harkány SE in 1996 , remaining there for one year before signing for Pécsi Mecsek FC . Pécsi Mecsek . Gera was signed by Pécsi Mecsek in 1997 . During his three-year spell with the club , he made 87 appearances and scored 16 times . On 1 July 2000 , Gera moved to major Hungarian side Ferencváros on a free transfer . Ferencváros . During his four-year spell at Ferencváros , Gera played 115 league games and scored 32 goals . He won the Hungarian league title in 2001 and 2004 , the Magyar Kupa in 2003 and 2004 , and the Szuperkupa in 2004 . He also received his first international call up while with the club . West Bromwich Albion . On 30 July 2004 , Gera moved to English Premier League club West Bromwich Albion for a fee of . He signed a three-year contract with Albion , with a further one-year option in the clubs favour . He made his Premier League debut on 14 August 2004 , replacing Andy Johnson in the 87th minute against Blackburn Rovers . The match ended in a 1–1 draw . Geras first appearance in the starting lineup came on 25 August 2004 against Tottenham Hotspur . He scored his first league goal early in the third minute ; that match also ended in a 1–1 draw . The club struggled against relegation for most of the season , and Gera was portrayed by the media as an integral part of this struggle . Towards the end of the season , however , Geras influence grew . He produced stirring performances , including a match-winning header against Everton on 3 April 2005 . The clubs form quickly improved , securing its continued Premier League status on the last day of the season . Gera scored six league goals in this his first season and was the only player at the club to appear in all 38 league matches . He was nominated in the end-of-season dream team by soccernet.com . During the 2005–06 season , Gera struggled with injuries and underwent a hernia operation in November 2005 . At the end of the season , West Brom were relegated and Gera committed himself to the club . His performance in the clubs 4–2 win against Charlton Athletic on 15 December 2007 , scoring twice and setting up a third goal , earned him a place in the Championship Team of the Week . Gera helped Albion gain promotion in the 2007–08 season ; on 9 June 2008 , he decided to turn down a new contract offer from West Brom , choosing instead to join Fulham in the Premier League on a free transfer . The three-year contract was completed on 11 June 2008 . Fulham . Gera made his Fulham debut in a 2–1 defeat to Hull City on the opening day of the 2008–09 Premier League . Minutes after coming off the bench , he scored Fulhams second goal in a 2–0 win against league leaders Manchester United . During the 2009–10 Premier League season , Gera scored his first goal of the season against West Ham United in a 2–2 draw . On 28 December 2009 , Gera scored his second goal of the season at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea , when he hooked the ball over Petr Čech from 12 yards after four minutes . Despite this early goal , Fulham lost the game 2–1 . Gera went on to score two goals in a man of the match performance against Juventus , Fulham winning 4–1 . He scored the goal which sent Fulham to its first ever European final in a 2–1 victory against Hamburger SV ; while Fulham lost the final 2–1 , Gera did provide the sole goals assist . Having scored ten goals in all competitions , Gera was voted the fans player of the season for Fulhams 2009–10 season . Gera started the 2010–11 season by scoring a hat-trick after coming off the bench in the 66th minute against Werder Bremen in a 5–1 friendly win , and a brace against Port Vale in the second round of the League Cup . His first league goal of the new campaign , a 30-yard volley which deflected off the post and then off the goalkeeper , came at The Hawthorns against former club West Brom . Despite this , Fulham manager Mark Hughes did not regularly start Gera , despite him being a fan favourite , instead using him sparingly as a substitute . Gera was sent off in Fulhams final match of the 2010–11 Premier League season on 22 May 2011 , a 2–2 draw against Arsenal . This was the first red card Fulham had received all season and it nearly cost them a place in the Europa League through UEFAs Fair Play League , but Fulham finished ahead of closest challengers Blackpool by 0.01 points to win the qualifying berth . On 16 June 2011 , Fulham announced that Gera was available on a free transfer as one of three players that were being released by the club Subsequently , Gera looked to rejoin his former club West Brom . Return to West Bromwich Albion . On 2 August 2011 , West Brom boss Roy Hodgson announced that the club had signed Gera on a two-year deal . On 5 November 2011 , he made his second debut for West Brom as a starter in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal . After three first team appearances , Gera was injured in a 3–1 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur on 26 November 2011 ; he was unavailable for the remainder of the season . After nine months out due to his injury , Gera returned to the starting lineup against Liverpool on the first day of the 2012–13 Premier League season , opening the scoring with a volley from 25 yards , leading to a 3–0 win . On 8 January 2013 , it was confirmed Gera would be out injured for the rest of the season after he injured a knee in a game against Queens Park Rangers . On 1 July 2013 , Geras contract with West Brom expired , making him a free agent for a short period until he signed a new contract for another year with the club . Gera left West Brom in 2014 after his contract expired . Ferencváros . On 2 April 2016 , Gera became Hungarian League champion with Ferencváros after losing to Debreceni VSC 2–1 at the Nagyerdei Stadion in the 2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season . He scored the only and winning goal in the 2016 Magyar Kupa Final on 7 May 2016 against archrival Újpest FC at the Groupama Arena . International career . Gera earned his first international cap for the Hungary national team on 13 February 2002 in a 2–1 defeat to Switzerland . Up to 2009 , he had played 63 games for Hungary , scoring 18 goals . Before the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 14 October 2009 against Denmark , Gera was excluded from the match squad by coach Erwin Koeman after he arrived late at a team meeting . Following the incident , Gera announced his retirement from the national team . On 23 July 2010 , the newly appointed board of the Hungarian Football Federation terminated the contract of Koeman and appointed Sándor Egervári as the new national team coach . After a personal discussion with Egervári , Gera returned to the national team on 11 August 2010 against England . On 29 March 2011 , Gera scored twice against the Netherlands in the Amsterdam Arena in front of 51,700 spectators in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match . He scored the first goal in the 50th minute and his second goal in the 75th minute . Geras goals , however , were not enough as Hungary lost 5–3 . On 7 September 2012 , Hungary started their 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign with a 5–0 win in Andorra ; Gera scored the second goal . On 16 October 2012 , Hungary beat Turkey at home 3–1 . Gera scored the third Hungarian goal . On 31 May 2016 , Gera was selected as vice-captain for the Hungarian squad for Euro 2016 in France . On 14 June , Gera played in the first group match in a 2–0 victory over Austria at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux in Hungarys first match of the tournament . Four days later , on 18 June , he played in a 1–1 draw against Iceland at the Stade Vélodrome , Marseille . On 22 June , he played in the last group match in a 3–3 draw against Portugal at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Lyon , and scored the first goal with a terrific half-volley from 25 yards out with his weaker foot . In so doing , he became the second-oldest goalscorer and the oldest goalscorer from open play at a European Championship , aged 37 years and 62 days ; Austrias Ivica Vastić is the oldest scorer , at 38 years and 257 days , when he converted a penalty at Euro 2008 . Geras goal was later voted the Goal of the Tournament in a UEFA online fan poll . Personal life . Gera married on 19 June 2004 ; his wife gave birth to a boy named Szabolcs on 15 March 2008 . Following the birth , he was given leave by his national team manager Péter Várhidi to miss Hungarys friendly against Slovenia to spend time with his family . In 2005 , Gera featured in a television advertisement for Pepsi representing the 2006 World Cup , alongside Thierry Henry , David Beckham , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Nicklas Bendtner , Neil Ruddock and Raúl . Gera is a member of the Faith Church and was featured in billboard advertisements promoting the organization . He has often defended the Church from its critics and promoted it several times in the media . He credits the Church with saving his life , helping him change his destructive lifestyle which included crime and drug abuse . Honours . Club . Ferencváros - Nemzeti Bajnokság I : 2000–01 , 2003–04 , 2015–16 - Magyar Kupa : 2002–03 , 2003–04 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Szuperkupa : 2004 , 2015 , 2016 West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Fulham - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2009–10 Individual . - Tibor Simon Award : 2003 - Hungarian Footballer of the Year : 2004 & 2005 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UEFA Euro 2016 Fans Goal of the Tournament External links . - Zoltán Gera official website
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[
"Ferencváros"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Zoltán Gera belong to from 2000 to 2004?
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/wiki/Zoltán_Gera#P54#2
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Zoltán Gera Zoltán Gera ( ; born 22 April 1979 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He played for Fulham , Pécsi Mecsek and Harkány SE , as well as enjoying two spells at Ferencváros and West Bromwich Albion . Gera is known for his overhead-kick goals and his cartwheel to back-flip celebration , which he demonstrated in Fulhams Europa League quarter-final win against Juventus in 2010 . He was named Hungarian Player of the Year in 2002 , 2004 and 2005 . For his efforts in the 2009–10 season and his goals in the Europa League , Gera was named Fulhams Player of the Season . Gera made his international debut for Hungary in 2002 against Switzerland , with his nation losing 2–1 . In 2009 , Gera briefly retired from the national team following a dispute with then-manager Erwin Koeman . When Koeman was replaced by Sándor Egervári in 2010 , Gera returned to Hungarys international squad which he later represented at the 2016 UEFA European Championship . He announced his final retirement from football on 28 June 2018 . Club career . Harkány SE . Gera started his professional career for Harkány SE in 1996 , remaining there for one year before signing for Pécsi Mecsek FC . Pécsi Mecsek . Gera was signed by Pécsi Mecsek in 1997 . During his three-year spell with the club , he made 87 appearances and scored 16 times . On 1 July 2000 , Gera moved to major Hungarian side Ferencváros on a free transfer . Ferencváros . During his four-year spell at Ferencváros , Gera played 115 league games and scored 32 goals . He won the Hungarian league title in 2001 and 2004 , the Magyar Kupa in 2003 and 2004 , and the Szuperkupa in 2004 . He also received his first international call up while with the club . West Bromwich Albion . On 30 July 2004 , Gera moved to English Premier League club West Bromwich Albion for a fee of . He signed a three-year contract with Albion , with a further one-year option in the clubs favour . He made his Premier League debut on 14 August 2004 , replacing Andy Johnson in the 87th minute against Blackburn Rovers . The match ended in a 1–1 draw . Geras first appearance in the starting lineup came on 25 August 2004 against Tottenham Hotspur . He scored his first league goal early in the third minute ; that match also ended in a 1–1 draw . The club struggled against relegation for most of the season , and Gera was portrayed by the media as an integral part of this struggle . Towards the end of the season , however , Geras influence grew . He produced stirring performances , including a match-winning header against Everton on 3 April 2005 . The clubs form quickly improved , securing its continued Premier League status on the last day of the season . Gera scored six league goals in this his first season and was the only player at the club to appear in all 38 league matches . He was nominated in the end-of-season dream team by soccernet.com . During the 2005–06 season , Gera struggled with injuries and underwent a hernia operation in November 2005 . At the end of the season , West Brom were relegated and Gera committed himself to the club . His performance in the clubs 4–2 win against Charlton Athletic on 15 December 2007 , scoring twice and setting up a third goal , earned him a place in the Championship Team of the Week . Gera helped Albion gain promotion in the 2007–08 season ; on 9 June 2008 , he decided to turn down a new contract offer from West Brom , choosing instead to join Fulham in the Premier League on a free transfer . The three-year contract was completed on 11 June 2008 . Fulham . Gera made his Fulham debut in a 2–1 defeat to Hull City on the opening day of the 2008–09 Premier League . Minutes after coming off the bench , he scored Fulhams second goal in a 2–0 win against league leaders Manchester United . During the 2009–10 Premier League season , Gera scored his first goal of the season against West Ham United in a 2–2 draw . On 28 December 2009 , Gera scored his second goal of the season at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea , when he hooked the ball over Petr Čech from 12 yards after four minutes . Despite this early goal , Fulham lost the game 2–1 . Gera went on to score two goals in a man of the match performance against Juventus , Fulham winning 4–1 . He scored the goal which sent Fulham to its first ever European final in a 2–1 victory against Hamburger SV ; while Fulham lost the final 2–1 , Gera did provide the sole goals assist . Having scored ten goals in all competitions , Gera was voted the fans player of the season for Fulhams 2009–10 season . Gera started the 2010–11 season by scoring a hat-trick after coming off the bench in the 66th minute against Werder Bremen in a 5–1 friendly win , and a brace against Port Vale in the second round of the League Cup . His first league goal of the new campaign , a 30-yard volley which deflected off the post and then off the goalkeeper , came at The Hawthorns against former club West Brom . Despite this , Fulham manager Mark Hughes did not regularly start Gera , despite him being a fan favourite , instead using him sparingly as a substitute . Gera was sent off in Fulhams final match of the 2010–11 Premier League season on 22 May 2011 , a 2–2 draw against Arsenal . This was the first red card Fulham had received all season and it nearly cost them a place in the Europa League through UEFAs Fair Play League , but Fulham finished ahead of closest challengers Blackpool by 0.01 points to win the qualifying berth . On 16 June 2011 , Fulham announced that Gera was available on a free transfer as one of three players that were being released by the club Subsequently , Gera looked to rejoin his former club West Brom . Return to West Bromwich Albion . On 2 August 2011 , West Brom boss Roy Hodgson announced that the club had signed Gera on a two-year deal . On 5 November 2011 , he made his second debut for West Brom as a starter in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal . After three first team appearances , Gera was injured in a 3–1 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur on 26 November 2011 ; he was unavailable for the remainder of the season . After nine months out due to his injury , Gera returned to the starting lineup against Liverpool on the first day of the 2012–13 Premier League season , opening the scoring with a volley from 25 yards , leading to a 3–0 win . On 8 January 2013 , it was confirmed Gera would be out injured for the rest of the season after he injured a knee in a game against Queens Park Rangers . On 1 July 2013 , Geras contract with West Brom expired , making him a free agent for a short period until he signed a new contract for another year with the club . Gera left West Brom in 2014 after his contract expired . Ferencváros . On 2 April 2016 , Gera became Hungarian League champion with Ferencváros after losing to Debreceni VSC 2–1 at the Nagyerdei Stadion in the 2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season . He scored the only and winning goal in the 2016 Magyar Kupa Final on 7 May 2016 against archrival Újpest FC at the Groupama Arena . International career . Gera earned his first international cap for the Hungary national team on 13 February 2002 in a 2–1 defeat to Switzerland . Up to 2009 , he had played 63 games for Hungary , scoring 18 goals . Before the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 14 October 2009 against Denmark , Gera was excluded from the match squad by coach Erwin Koeman after he arrived late at a team meeting . Following the incident , Gera announced his retirement from the national team . On 23 July 2010 , the newly appointed board of the Hungarian Football Federation terminated the contract of Koeman and appointed Sándor Egervári as the new national team coach . After a personal discussion with Egervári , Gera returned to the national team on 11 August 2010 against England . On 29 March 2011 , Gera scored twice against the Netherlands in the Amsterdam Arena in front of 51,700 spectators in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match . He scored the first goal in the 50th minute and his second goal in the 75th minute . Geras goals , however , were not enough as Hungary lost 5–3 . On 7 September 2012 , Hungary started their 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign with a 5–0 win in Andorra ; Gera scored the second goal . On 16 October 2012 , Hungary beat Turkey at home 3–1 . Gera scored the third Hungarian goal . On 31 May 2016 , Gera was selected as vice-captain for the Hungarian squad for Euro 2016 in France . On 14 June , Gera played in the first group match in a 2–0 victory over Austria at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux in Hungarys first match of the tournament . Four days later , on 18 June , he played in a 1–1 draw against Iceland at the Stade Vélodrome , Marseille . On 22 June , he played in the last group match in a 3–3 draw against Portugal at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Lyon , and scored the first goal with a terrific half-volley from 25 yards out with his weaker foot . In so doing , he became the second-oldest goalscorer and the oldest goalscorer from open play at a European Championship , aged 37 years and 62 days ; Austrias Ivica Vastić is the oldest scorer , at 38 years and 257 days , when he converted a penalty at Euro 2008 . Geras goal was later voted the Goal of the Tournament in a UEFA online fan poll . Personal life . Gera married on 19 June 2004 ; his wife gave birth to a boy named Szabolcs on 15 March 2008 . Following the birth , he was given leave by his national team manager Péter Várhidi to miss Hungarys friendly against Slovenia to spend time with his family . In 2005 , Gera featured in a television advertisement for Pepsi representing the 2006 World Cup , alongside Thierry Henry , David Beckham , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Nicklas Bendtner , Neil Ruddock and Raúl . Gera is a member of the Faith Church and was featured in billboard advertisements promoting the organization . He has often defended the Church from its critics and promoted it several times in the media . He credits the Church with saving his life , helping him change his destructive lifestyle which included crime and drug abuse . Honours . Club . Ferencváros - Nemzeti Bajnokság I : 2000–01 , 2003–04 , 2015–16 - Magyar Kupa : 2002–03 , 2003–04 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Szuperkupa : 2004 , 2015 , 2016 West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Fulham - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2009–10 Individual . - Tibor Simon Award : 2003 - Hungarian Footballer of the Year : 2004 & 2005 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UEFA Euro 2016 Fans Goal of the Tournament External links . - Zoltán Gera official website
|
[
"West Bromwich Albion"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Zoltán Gera belong to from 2004 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Zoltán_Gera#P54#3
|
Zoltán Gera Zoltán Gera ( ; born 22 April 1979 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He played for Fulham , Pécsi Mecsek and Harkány SE , as well as enjoying two spells at Ferencváros and West Bromwich Albion . Gera is known for his overhead-kick goals and his cartwheel to back-flip celebration , which he demonstrated in Fulhams Europa League quarter-final win against Juventus in 2010 . He was named Hungarian Player of the Year in 2002 , 2004 and 2005 . For his efforts in the 2009–10 season and his goals in the Europa League , Gera was named Fulhams Player of the Season . Gera made his international debut for Hungary in 2002 against Switzerland , with his nation losing 2–1 . In 2009 , Gera briefly retired from the national team following a dispute with then-manager Erwin Koeman . When Koeman was replaced by Sándor Egervári in 2010 , Gera returned to Hungarys international squad which he later represented at the 2016 UEFA European Championship . He announced his final retirement from football on 28 June 2018 . Club career . Harkány SE . Gera started his professional career for Harkány SE in 1996 , remaining there for one year before signing for Pécsi Mecsek FC . Pécsi Mecsek . Gera was signed by Pécsi Mecsek in 1997 . During his three-year spell with the club , he made 87 appearances and scored 16 times . On 1 July 2000 , Gera moved to major Hungarian side Ferencváros on a free transfer . Ferencváros . During his four-year spell at Ferencváros , Gera played 115 league games and scored 32 goals . He won the Hungarian league title in 2001 and 2004 , the Magyar Kupa in 2003 and 2004 , and the Szuperkupa in 2004 . He also received his first international call up while with the club . West Bromwich Albion . On 30 July 2004 , Gera moved to English Premier League club West Bromwich Albion for a fee of . He signed a three-year contract with Albion , with a further one-year option in the clubs favour . He made his Premier League debut on 14 August 2004 , replacing Andy Johnson in the 87th minute against Blackburn Rovers . The match ended in a 1–1 draw . Geras first appearance in the starting lineup came on 25 August 2004 against Tottenham Hotspur . He scored his first league goal early in the third minute ; that match also ended in a 1–1 draw . The club struggled against relegation for most of the season , and Gera was portrayed by the media as an integral part of this struggle . Towards the end of the season , however , Geras influence grew . He produced stirring performances , including a match-winning header against Everton on 3 April 2005 . The clubs form quickly improved , securing its continued Premier League status on the last day of the season . Gera scored six league goals in this his first season and was the only player at the club to appear in all 38 league matches . He was nominated in the end-of-season dream team by soccernet.com . During the 2005–06 season , Gera struggled with injuries and underwent a hernia operation in November 2005 . At the end of the season , West Brom were relegated and Gera committed himself to the club . His performance in the clubs 4–2 win against Charlton Athletic on 15 December 2007 , scoring twice and setting up a third goal , earned him a place in the Championship Team of the Week . Gera helped Albion gain promotion in the 2007–08 season ; on 9 June 2008 , he decided to turn down a new contract offer from West Brom , choosing instead to join Fulham in the Premier League on a free transfer . The three-year contract was completed on 11 June 2008 . Fulham . Gera made his Fulham debut in a 2–1 defeat to Hull City on the opening day of the 2008–09 Premier League . Minutes after coming off the bench , he scored Fulhams second goal in a 2–0 win against league leaders Manchester United . During the 2009–10 Premier League season , Gera scored his first goal of the season against West Ham United in a 2–2 draw . On 28 December 2009 , Gera scored his second goal of the season at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea , when he hooked the ball over Petr Čech from 12 yards after four minutes . Despite this early goal , Fulham lost the game 2–1 . Gera went on to score two goals in a man of the match performance against Juventus , Fulham winning 4–1 . He scored the goal which sent Fulham to its first ever European final in a 2–1 victory against Hamburger SV ; while Fulham lost the final 2–1 , Gera did provide the sole goals assist . Having scored ten goals in all competitions , Gera was voted the fans player of the season for Fulhams 2009–10 season . Gera started the 2010–11 season by scoring a hat-trick after coming off the bench in the 66th minute against Werder Bremen in a 5–1 friendly win , and a brace against Port Vale in the second round of the League Cup . His first league goal of the new campaign , a 30-yard volley which deflected off the post and then off the goalkeeper , came at The Hawthorns against former club West Brom . Despite this , Fulham manager Mark Hughes did not regularly start Gera , despite him being a fan favourite , instead using him sparingly as a substitute . Gera was sent off in Fulhams final match of the 2010–11 Premier League season on 22 May 2011 , a 2–2 draw against Arsenal . This was the first red card Fulham had received all season and it nearly cost them a place in the Europa League through UEFAs Fair Play League , but Fulham finished ahead of closest challengers Blackpool by 0.01 points to win the qualifying berth . On 16 June 2011 , Fulham announced that Gera was available on a free transfer as one of three players that were being released by the club Subsequently , Gera looked to rejoin his former club West Brom . Return to West Bromwich Albion . On 2 August 2011 , West Brom boss Roy Hodgson announced that the club had signed Gera on a two-year deal . On 5 November 2011 , he made his second debut for West Brom as a starter in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal . After three first team appearances , Gera was injured in a 3–1 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur on 26 November 2011 ; he was unavailable for the remainder of the season . After nine months out due to his injury , Gera returned to the starting lineup against Liverpool on the first day of the 2012–13 Premier League season , opening the scoring with a volley from 25 yards , leading to a 3–0 win . On 8 January 2013 , it was confirmed Gera would be out injured for the rest of the season after he injured a knee in a game against Queens Park Rangers . On 1 July 2013 , Geras contract with West Brom expired , making him a free agent for a short period until he signed a new contract for another year with the club . Gera left West Brom in 2014 after his contract expired . Ferencváros . On 2 April 2016 , Gera became Hungarian League champion with Ferencváros after losing to Debreceni VSC 2–1 at the Nagyerdei Stadion in the 2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season . He scored the only and winning goal in the 2016 Magyar Kupa Final on 7 May 2016 against archrival Újpest FC at the Groupama Arena . International career . Gera earned his first international cap for the Hungary national team on 13 February 2002 in a 2–1 defeat to Switzerland . Up to 2009 , he had played 63 games for Hungary , scoring 18 goals . Before the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 14 October 2009 against Denmark , Gera was excluded from the match squad by coach Erwin Koeman after he arrived late at a team meeting . Following the incident , Gera announced his retirement from the national team . On 23 July 2010 , the newly appointed board of the Hungarian Football Federation terminated the contract of Koeman and appointed Sándor Egervári as the new national team coach . After a personal discussion with Egervári , Gera returned to the national team on 11 August 2010 against England . On 29 March 2011 , Gera scored twice against the Netherlands in the Amsterdam Arena in front of 51,700 spectators in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match . He scored the first goal in the 50th minute and his second goal in the 75th minute . Geras goals , however , were not enough as Hungary lost 5–3 . On 7 September 2012 , Hungary started their 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign with a 5–0 win in Andorra ; Gera scored the second goal . On 16 October 2012 , Hungary beat Turkey at home 3–1 . Gera scored the third Hungarian goal . On 31 May 2016 , Gera was selected as vice-captain for the Hungarian squad for Euro 2016 in France . On 14 June , Gera played in the first group match in a 2–0 victory over Austria at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux in Hungarys first match of the tournament . Four days later , on 18 June , he played in a 1–1 draw against Iceland at the Stade Vélodrome , Marseille . On 22 June , he played in the last group match in a 3–3 draw against Portugal at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Lyon , and scored the first goal with a terrific half-volley from 25 yards out with his weaker foot . In so doing , he became the second-oldest goalscorer and the oldest goalscorer from open play at a European Championship , aged 37 years and 62 days ; Austrias Ivica Vastić is the oldest scorer , at 38 years and 257 days , when he converted a penalty at Euro 2008 . Geras goal was later voted the Goal of the Tournament in a UEFA online fan poll . Personal life . Gera married on 19 June 2004 ; his wife gave birth to a boy named Szabolcs on 15 March 2008 . Following the birth , he was given leave by his national team manager Péter Várhidi to miss Hungarys friendly against Slovenia to spend time with his family . In 2005 , Gera featured in a television advertisement for Pepsi representing the 2006 World Cup , alongside Thierry Henry , David Beckham , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Nicklas Bendtner , Neil Ruddock and Raúl . Gera is a member of the Faith Church and was featured in billboard advertisements promoting the organization . He has often defended the Church from its critics and promoted it several times in the media . He credits the Church with saving his life , helping him change his destructive lifestyle which included crime and drug abuse . Honours . Club . Ferencváros - Nemzeti Bajnokság I : 2000–01 , 2003–04 , 2015–16 - Magyar Kupa : 2002–03 , 2003–04 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Szuperkupa : 2004 , 2015 , 2016 West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Fulham - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2009–10 Individual . - Tibor Simon Award : 2003 - Hungarian Footballer of the Year : 2004 & 2005 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UEFA Euro 2016 Fans Goal of the Tournament External links . - Zoltán Gera official website
|
[
"Fulham"
] |
easy
|
Zoltán Gera played for which team from 2008 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Zoltán_Gera#P54#4
|
Zoltán Gera Zoltán Gera ( ; born 22 April 1979 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He played for Fulham , Pécsi Mecsek and Harkány SE , as well as enjoying two spells at Ferencváros and West Bromwich Albion . Gera is known for his overhead-kick goals and his cartwheel to back-flip celebration , which he demonstrated in Fulhams Europa League quarter-final win against Juventus in 2010 . He was named Hungarian Player of the Year in 2002 , 2004 and 2005 . For his efforts in the 2009–10 season and his goals in the Europa League , Gera was named Fulhams Player of the Season . Gera made his international debut for Hungary in 2002 against Switzerland , with his nation losing 2–1 . In 2009 , Gera briefly retired from the national team following a dispute with then-manager Erwin Koeman . When Koeman was replaced by Sándor Egervári in 2010 , Gera returned to Hungarys international squad which he later represented at the 2016 UEFA European Championship . He announced his final retirement from football on 28 June 2018 . Club career . Harkány SE . Gera started his professional career for Harkány SE in 1996 , remaining there for one year before signing for Pécsi Mecsek FC . Pécsi Mecsek . Gera was signed by Pécsi Mecsek in 1997 . During his three-year spell with the club , he made 87 appearances and scored 16 times . On 1 July 2000 , Gera moved to major Hungarian side Ferencváros on a free transfer . Ferencváros . During his four-year spell at Ferencváros , Gera played 115 league games and scored 32 goals . He won the Hungarian league title in 2001 and 2004 , the Magyar Kupa in 2003 and 2004 , and the Szuperkupa in 2004 . He also received his first international call up while with the club . West Bromwich Albion . On 30 July 2004 , Gera moved to English Premier League club West Bromwich Albion for a fee of . He signed a three-year contract with Albion , with a further one-year option in the clubs favour . He made his Premier League debut on 14 August 2004 , replacing Andy Johnson in the 87th minute against Blackburn Rovers . The match ended in a 1–1 draw . Geras first appearance in the starting lineup came on 25 August 2004 against Tottenham Hotspur . He scored his first league goal early in the third minute ; that match also ended in a 1–1 draw . The club struggled against relegation for most of the season , and Gera was portrayed by the media as an integral part of this struggle . Towards the end of the season , however , Geras influence grew . He produced stirring performances , including a match-winning header against Everton on 3 April 2005 . The clubs form quickly improved , securing its continued Premier League status on the last day of the season . Gera scored six league goals in this his first season and was the only player at the club to appear in all 38 league matches . He was nominated in the end-of-season dream team by soccernet.com . During the 2005–06 season , Gera struggled with injuries and underwent a hernia operation in November 2005 . At the end of the season , West Brom were relegated and Gera committed himself to the club . His performance in the clubs 4–2 win against Charlton Athletic on 15 December 2007 , scoring twice and setting up a third goal , earned him a place in the Championship Team of the Week . Gera helped Albion gain promotion in the 2007–08 season ; on 9 June 2008 , he decided to turn down a new contract offer from West Brom , choosing instead to join Fulham in the Premier League on a free transfer . The three-year contract was completed on 11 June 2008 . Fulham . Gera made his Fulham debut in a 2–1 defeat to Hull City on the opening day of the 2008–09 Premier League . Minutes after coming off the bench , he scored Fulhams second goal in a 2–0 win against league leaders Manchester United . During the 2009–10 Premier League season , Gera scored his first goal of the season against West Ham United in a 2–2 draw . On 28 December 2009 , Gera scored his second goal of the season at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea , when he hooked the ball over Petr Čech from 12 yards after four minutes . Despite this early goal , Fulham lost the game 2–1 . Gera went on to score two goals in a man of the match performance against Juventus , Fulham winning 4–1 . He scored the goal which sent Fulham to its first ever European final in a 2–1 victory against Hamburger SV ; while Fulham lost the final 2–1 , Gera did provide the sole goals assist . Having scored ten goals in all competitions , Gera was voted the fans player of the season for Fulhams 2009–10 season . Gera started the 2010–11 season by scoring a hat-trick after coming off the bench in the 66th minute against Werder Bremen in a 5–1 friendly win , and a brace against Port Vale in the second round of the League Cup . His first league goal of the new campaign , a 30-yard volley which deflected off the post and then off the goalkeeper , came at The Hawthorns against former club West Brom . Despite this , Fulham manager Mark Hughes did not regularly start Gera , despite him being a fan favourite , instead using him sparingly as a substitute . Gera was sent off in Fulhams final match of the 2010–11 Premier League season on 22 May 2011 , a 2–2 draw against Arsenal . This was the first red card Fulham had received all season and it nearly cost them a place in the Europa League through UEFAs Fair Play League , but Fulham finished ahead of closest challengers Blackpool by 0.01 points to win the qualifying berth . On 16 June 2011 , Fulham announced that Gera was available on a free transfer as one of three players that were being released by the club Subsequently , Gera looked to rejoin his former club West Brom . Return to West Bromwich Albion . On 2 August 2011 , West Brom boss Roy Hodgson announced that the club had signed Gera on a two-year deal . On 5 November 2011 , he made his second debut for West Brom as a starter in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal . After three first team appearances , Gera was injured in a 3–1 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur on 26 November 2011 ; he was unavailable for the remainder of the season . After nine months out due to his injury , Gera returned to the starting lineup against Liverpool on the first day of the 2012–13 Premier League season , opening the scoring with a volley from 25 yards , leading to a 3–0 win . On 8 January 2013 , it was confirmed Gera would be out injured for the rest of the season after he injured a knee in a game against Queens Park Rangers . On 1 July 2013 , Geras contract with West Brom expired , making him a free agent for a short period until he signed a new contract for another year with the club . Gera left West Brom in 2014 after his contract expired . Ferencváros . On 2 April 2016 , Gera became Hungarian League champion with Ferencváros after losing to Debreceni VSC 2–1 at the Nagyerdei Stadion in the 2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season . He scored the only and winning goal in the 2016 Magyar Kupa Final on 7 May 2016 against archrival Újpest FC at the Groupama Arena . International career . Gera earned his first international cap for the Hungary national team on 13 February 2002 in a 2–1 defeat to Switzerland . Up to 2009 , he had played 63 games for Hungary , scoring 18 goals . Before the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 14 October 2009 against Denmark , Gera was excluded from the match squad by coach Erwin Koeman after he arrived late at a team meeting . Following the incident , Gera announced his retirement from the national team . On 23 July 2010 , the newly appointed board of the Hungarian Football Federation terminated the contract of Koeman and appointed Sándor Egervári as the new national team coach . After a personal discussion with Egervári , Gera returned to the national team on 11 August 2010 against England . On 29 March 2011 , Gera scored twice against the Netherlands in the Amsterdam Arena in front of 51,700 spectators in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match . He scored the first goal in the 50th minute and his second goal in the 75th minute . Geras goals , however , were not enough as Hungary lost 5–3 . On 7 September 2012 , Hungary started their 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign with a 5–0 win in Andorra ; Gera scored the second goal . On 16 October 2012 , Hungary beat Turkey at home 3–1 . Gera scored the third Hungarian goal . On 31 May 2016 , Gera was selected as vice-captain for the Hungarian squad for Euro 2016 in France . On 14 June , Gera played in the first group match in a 2–0 victory over Austria at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux in Hungarys first match of the tournament . Four days later , on 18 June , he played in a 1–1 draw against Iceland at the Stade Vélodrome , Marseille . On 22 June , he played in the last group match in a 3–3 draw against Portugal at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Lyon , and scored the first goal with a terrific half-volley from 25 yards out with his weaker foot . In so doing , he became the second-oldest goalscorer and the oldest goalscorer from open play at a European Championship , aged 37 years and 62 days ; Austrias Ivica Vastić is the oldest scorer , at 38 years and 257 days , when he converted a penalty at Euro 2008 . Geras goal was later voted the Goal of the Tournament in a UEFA online fan poll . Personal life . Gera married on 19 June 2004 ; his wife gave birth to a boy named Szabolcs on 15 March 2008 . Following the birth , he was given leave by his national team manager Péter Várhidi to miss Hungarys friendly against Slovenia to spend time with his family . In 2005 , Gera featured in a television advertisement for Pepsi representing the 2006 World Cup , alongside Thierry Henry , David Beckham , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Nicklas Bendtner , Neil Ruddock and Raúl . Gera is a member of the Faith Church and was featured in billboard advertisements promoting the organization . He has often defended the Church from its critics and promoted it several times in the media . He credits the Church with saving his life , helping him change his destructive lifestyle which included crime and drug abuse . Honours . Club . Ferencváros - Nemzeti Bajnokság I : 2000–01 , 2003–04 , 2015–16 - Magyar Kupa : 2002–03 , 2003–04 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Szuperkupa : 2004 , 2015 , 2016 West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Fulham - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2009–10 Individual . - Tibor Simon Award : 2003 - Hungarian Footballer of the Year : 2004 & 2005 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UEFA Euro 2016 Fans Goal of the Tournament External links . - Zoltán Gera official website
|
[
"West Brom"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Zoltán Gera play for from 2011 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Zoltán_Gera#P54#5
|
Zoltán Gera Zoltán Gera ( ; born 22 April 1979 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He played for Fulham , Pécsi Mecsek and Harkány SE , as well as enjoying two spells at Ferencváros and West Bromwich Albion . Gera is known for his overhead-kick goals and his cartwheel to back-flip celebration , which he demonstrated in Fulhams Europa League quarter-final win against Juventus in 2010 . He was named Hungarian Player of the Year in 2002 , 2004 and 2005 . For his efforts in the 2009–10 season and his goals in the Europa League , Gera was named Fulhams Player of the Season . Gera made his international debut for Hungary in 2002 against Switzerland , with his nation losing 2–1 . In 2009 , Gera briefly retired from the national team following a dispute with then-manager Erwin Koeman . When Koeman was replaced by Sándor Egervári in 2010 , Gera returned to Hungarys international squad which he later represented at the 2016 UEFA European Championship . He announced his final retirement from football on 28 June 2018 . Club career . Harkány SE . Gera started his professional career for Harkány SE in 1996 , remaining there for one year before signing for Pécsi Mecsek FC . Pécsi Mecsek . Gera was signed by Pécsi Mecsek in 1997 . During his three-year spell with the club , he made 87 appearances and scored 16 times . On 1 July 2000 , Gera moved to major Hungarian side Ferencváros on a free transfer . Ferencváros . During his four-year spell at Ferencváros , Gera played 115 league games and scored 32 goals . He won the Hungarian league title in 2001 and 2004 , the Magyar Kupa in 2003 and 2004 , and the Szuperkupa in 2004 . He also received his first international call up while with the club . West Bromwich Albion . On 30 July 2004 , Gera moved to English Premier League club West Bromwich Albion for a fee of . He signed a three-year contract with Albion , with a further one-year option in the clubs favour . He made his Premier League debut on 14 August 2004 , replacing Andy Johnson in the 87th minute against Blackburn Rovers . The match ended in a 1–1 draw . Geras first appearance in the starting lineup came on 25 August 2004 against Tottenham Hotspur . He scored his first league goal early in the third minute ; that match also ended in a 1–1 draw . The club struggled against relegation for most of the season , and Gera was portrayed by the media as an integral part of this struggle . Towards the end of the season , however , Geras influence grew . He produced stirring performances , including a match-winning header against Everton on 3 April 2005 . The clubs form quickly improved , securing its continued Premier League status on the last day of the season . Gera scored six league goals in this his first season and was the only player at the club to appear in all 38 league matches . He was nominated in the end-of-season dream team by soccernet.com . During the 2005–06 season , Gera struggled with injuries and underwent a hernia operation in November 2005 . At the end of the season , West Brom were relegated and Gera committed himself to the club . His performance in the clubs 4–2 win against Charlton Athletic on 15 December 2007 , scoring twice and setting up a third goal , earned him a place in the Championship Team of the Week . Gera helped Albion gain promotion in the 2007–08 season ; on 9 June 2008 , he decided to turn down a new contract offer from West Brom , choosing instead to join Fulham in the Premier League on a free transfer . The three-year contract was completed on 11 June 2008 . Fulham . Gera made his Fulham debut in a 2–1 defeat to Hull City on the opening day of the 2008–09 Premier League . Minutes after coming off the bench , he scored Fulhams second goal in a 2–0 win against league leaders Manchester United . During the 2009–10 Premier League season , Gera scored his first goal of the season against West Ham United in a 2–2 draw . On 28 December 2009 , Gera scored his second goal of the season at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea , when he hooked the ball over Petr Čech from 12 yards after four minutes . Despite this early goal , Fulham lost the game 2–1 . Gera went on to score two goals in a man of the match performance against Juventus , Fulham winning 4–1 . He scored the goal which sent Fulham to its first ever European final in a 2–1 victory against Hamburger SV ; while Fulham lost the final 2–1 , Gera did provide the sole goals assist . Having scored ten goals in all competitions , Gera was voted the fans player of the season for Fulhams 2009–10 season . Gera started the 2010–11 season by scoring a hat-trick after coming off the bench in the 66th minute against Werder Bremen in a 5–1 friendly win , and a brace against Port Vale in the second round of the League Cup . His first league goal of the new campaign , a 30-yard volley which deflected off the post and then off the goalkeeper , came at The Hawthorns against former club West Brom . Despite this , Fulham manager Mark Hughes did not regularly start Gera , despite him being a fan favourite , instead using him sparingly as a substitute . Gera was sent off in Fulhams final match of the 2010–11 Premier League season on 22 May 2011 , a 2–2 draw against Arsenal . This was the first red card Fulham had received all season and it nearly cost them a place in the Europa League through UEFAs Fair Play League , but Fulham finished ahead of closest challengers Blackpool by 0.01 points to win the qualifying berth . On 16 June 2011 , Fulham announced that Gera was available on a free transfer as one of three players that were being released by the club Subsequently , Gera looked to rejoin his former club West Brom . Return to West Bromwich Albion . On 2 August 2011 , West Brom boss Roy Hodgson announced that the club had signed Gera on a two-year deal . On 5 November 2011 , he made his second debut for West Brom as a starter in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal . After three first team appearances , Gera was injured in a 3–1 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur on 26 November 2011 ; he was unavailable for the remainder of the season . After nine months out due to his injury , Gera returned to the starting lineup against Liverpool on the first day of the 2012–13 Premier League season , opening the scoring with a volley from 25 yards , leading to a 3–0 win . On 8 January 2013 , it was confirmed Gera would be out injured for the rest of the season after he injured a knee in a game against Queens Park Rangers . On 1 July 2013 , Geras contract with West Brom expired , making him a free agent for a short period until he signed a new contract for another year with the club . Gera left West Brom in 2014 after his contract expired . Ferencváros . On 2 April 2016 , Gera became Hungarian League champion with Ferencváros after losing to Debreceni VSC 2–1 at the Nagyerdei Stadion in the 2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season . He scored the only and winning goal in the 2016 Magyar Kupa Final on 7 May 2016 against archrival Újpest FC at the Groupama Arena . International career . Gera earned his first international cap for the Hungary national team on 13 February 2002 in a 2–1 defeat to Switzerland . Up to 2009 , he had played 63 games for Hungary , scoring 18 goals . Before the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 14 October 2009 against Denmark , Gera was excluded from the match squad by coach Erwin Koeman after he arrived late at a team meeting . Following the incident , Gera announced his retirement from the national team . On 23 July 2010 , the newly appointed board of the Hungarian Football Federation terminated the contract of Koeman and appointed Sándor Egervári as the new national team coach . After a personal discussion with Egervári , Gera returned to the national team on 11 August 2010 against England . On 29 March 2011 , Gera scored twice against the Netherlands in the Amsterdam Arena in front of 51,700 spectators in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match . He scored the first goal in the 50th minute and his second goal in the 75th minute . Geras goals , however , were not enough as Hungary lost 5–3 . On 7 September 2012 , Hungary started their 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign with a 5–0 win in Andorra ; Gera scored the second goal . On 16 October 2012 , Hungary beat Turkey at home 3–1 . Gera scored the third Hungarian goal . On 31 May 2016 , Gera was selected as vice-captain for the Hungarian squad for Euro 2016 in France . On 14 June , Gera played in the first group match in a 2–0 victory over Austria at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux in Hungarys first match of the tournament . Four days later , on 18 June , he played in a 1–1 draw against Iceland at the Stade Vélodrome , Marseille . On 22 June , he played in the last group match in a 3–3 draw against Portugal at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Lyon , and scored the first goal with a terrific half-volley from 25 yards out with his weaker foot . In so doing , he became the second-oldest goalscorer and the oldest goalscorer from open play at a European Championship , aged 37 years and 62 days ; Austrias Ivica Vastić is the oldest scorer , at 38 years and 257 days , when he converted a penalty at Euro 2008 . Geras goal was later voted the Goal of the Tournament in a UEFA online fan poll . Personal life . Gera married on 19 June 2004 ; his wife gave birth to a boy named Szabolcs on 15 March 2008 . Following the birth , he was given leave by his national team manager Péter Várhidi to miss Hungarys friendly against Slovenia to spend time with his family . In 2005 , Gera featured in a television advertisement for Pepsi representing the 2006 World Cup , alongside Thierry Henry , David Beckham , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Nicklas Bendtner , Neil Ruddock and Raúl . Gera is a member of the Faith Church and was featured in billboard advertisements promoting the organization . He has often defended the Church from its critics and promoted it several times in the media . He credits the Church with saving his life , helping him change his destructive lifestyle which included crime and drug abuse . Honours . Club . Ferencváros - Nemzeti Bajnokság I : 2000–01 , 2003–04 , 2015–16 - Magyar Kupa : 2002–03 , 2003–04 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Szuperkupa : 2004 , 2015 , 2016 West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Fulham - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2009–10 Individual . - Tibor Simon Award : 2003 - Hungarian Footballer of the Year : 2004 & 2005 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UEFA Euro 2016 Fans Goal of the Tournament External links . - Zoltán Gera official website
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Zoltán Gera played for which team from 2014 to 2015?
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Zoltán Gera Zoltán Gera ( ; born 22 April 1979 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He played for Fulham , Pécsi Mecsek and Harkány SE , as well as enjoying two spells at Ferencváros and West Bromwich Albion . Gera is known for his overhead-kick goals and his cartwheel to back-flip celebration , which he demonstrated in Fulhams Europa League quarter-final win against Juventus in 2010 . He was named Hungarian Player of the Year in 2002 , 2004 and 2005 . For his efforts in the 2009–10 season and his goals in the Europa League , Gera was named Fulhams Player of the Season . Gera made his international debut for Hungary in 2002 against Switzerland , with his nation losing 2–1 . In 2009 , Gera briefly retired from the national team following a dispute with then-manager Erwin Koeman . When Koeman was replaced by Sándor Egervári in 2010 , Gera returned to Hungarys international squad which he later represented at the 2016 UEFA European Championship . He announced his final retirement from football on 28 June 2018 . Club career . Harkány SE . Gera started his professional career for Harkány SE in 1996 , remaining there for one year before signing for Pécsi Mecsek FC . Pécsi Mecsek . Gera was signed by Pécsi Mecsek in 1997 . During his three-year spell with the club , he made 87 appearances and scored 16 times . On 1 July 2000 , Gera moved to major Hungarian side Ferencváros on a free transfer . Ferencváros . During his four-year spell at Ferencváros , Gera played 115 league games and scored 32 goals . He won the Hungarian league title in 2001 and 2004 , the Magyar Kupa in 2003 and 2004 , and the Szuperkupa in 2004 . He also received his first international call up while with the club . West Bromwich Albion . On 30 July 2004 , Gera moved to English Premier League club West Bromwich Albion for a fee of . He signed a three-year contract with Albion , with a further one-year option in the clubs favour . He made his Premier League debut on 14 August 2004 , replacing Andy Johnson in the 87th minute against Blackburn Rovers . The match ended in a 1–1 draw . Geras first appearance in the starting lineup came on 25 August 2004 against Tottenham Hotspur . He scored his first league goal early in the third minute ; that match also ended in a 1–1 draw . The club struggled against relegation for most of the season , and Gera was portrayed by the media as an integral part of this struggle . Towards the end of the season , however , Geras influence grew . He produced stirring performances , including a match-winning header against Everton on 3 April 2005 . The clubs form quickly improved , securing its continued Premier League status on the last day of the season . Gera scored six league goals in this his first season and was the only player at the club to appear in all 38 league matches . He was nominated in the end-of-season dream team by soccernet.com . During the 2005–06 season , Gera struggled with injuries and underwent a hernia operation in November 2005 . At the end of the season , West Brom were relegated and Gera committed himself to the club . His performance in the clubs 4–2 win against Charlton Athletic on 15 December 2007 , scoring twice and setting up a third goal , earned him a place in the Championship Team of the Week . Gera helped Albion gain promotion in the 2007–08 season ; on 9 June 2008 , he decided to turn down a new contract offer from West Brom , choosing instead to join Fulham in the Premier League on a free transfer . The three-year contract was completed on 11 June 2008 . Fulham . Gera made his Fulham debut in a 2–1 defeat to Hull City on the opening day of the 2008–09 Premier League . Minutes after coming off the bench , he scored Fulhams second goal in a 2–0 win against league leaders Manchester United . During the 2009–10 Premier League season , Gera scored his first goal of the season against West Ham United in a 2–2 draw . On 28 December 2009 , Gera scored his second goal of the season at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea , when he hooked the ball over Petr Čech from 12 yards after four minutes . Despite this early goal , Fulham lost the game 2–1 . Gera went on to score two goals in a man of the match performance against Juventus , Fulham winning 4–1 . He scored the goal which sent Fulham to its first ever European final in a 2–1 victory against Hamburger SV ; while Fulham lost the final 2–1 , Gera did provide the sole goals assist . Having scored ten goals in all competitions , Gera was voted the fans player of the season for Fulhams 2009–10 season . Gera started the 2010–11 season by scoring a hat-trick after coming off the bench in the 66th minute against Werder Bremen in a 5–1 friendly win , and a brace against Port Vale in the second round of the League Cup . His first league goal of the new campaign , a 30-yard volley which deflected off the post and then off the goalkeeper , came at The Hawthorns against former club West Brom . Despite this , Fulham manager Mark Hughes did not regularly start Gera , despite him being a fan favourite , instead using him sparingly as a substitute . Gera was sent off in Fulhams final match of the 2010–11 Premier League season on 22 May 2011 , a 2–2 draw against Arsenal . This was the first red card Fulham had received all season and it nearly cost them a place in the Europa League through UEFAs Fair Play League , but Fulham finished ahead of closest challengers Blackpool by 0.01 points to win the qualifying berth . On 16 June 2011 , Fulham announced that Gera was available on a free transfer as one of three players that were being released by the club Subsequently , Gera looked to rejoin his former club West Brom . Return to West Bromwich Albion . On 2 August 2011 , West Brom boss Roy Hodgson announced that the club had signed Gera on a two-year deal . On 5 November 2011 , he made his second debut for West Brom as a starter in a 3–0 loss to Arsenal . After three first team appearances , Gera was injured in a 3–1 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur on 26 November 2011 ; he was unavailable for the remainder of the season . After nine months out due to his injury , Gera returned to the starting lineup against Liverpool on the first day of the 2012–13 Premier League season , opening the scoring with a volley from 25 yards , leading to a 3–0 win . On 8 January 2013 , it was confirmed Gera would be out injured for the rest of the season after he injured a knee in a game against Queens Park Rangers . On 1 July 2013 , Geras contract with West Brom expired , making him a free agent for a short period until he signed a new contract for another year with the club . Gera left West Brom in 2014 after his contract expired . Ferencváros . On 2 April 2016 , Gera became Hungarian League champion with Ferencváros after losing to Debreceni VSC 2–1 at the Nagyerdei Stadion in the 2015–16 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season . He scored the only and winning goal in the 2016 Magyar Kupa Final on 7 May 2016 against archrival Újpest FC at the Groupama Arena . International career . Gera earned his first international cap for the Hungary national team on 13 February 2002 in a 2–1 defeat to Switzerland . Up to 2009 , he had played 63 games for Hungary , scoring 18 goals . Before the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 14 October 2009 against Denmark , Gera was excluded from the match squad by coach Erwin Koeman after he arrived late at a team meeting . Following the incident , Gera announced his retirement from the national team . On 23 July 2010 , the newly appointed board of the Hungarian Football Federation terminated the contract of Koeman and appointed Sándor Egervári as the new national team coach . After a personal discussion with Egervári , Gera returned to the national team on 11 August 2010 against England . On 29 March 2011 , Gera scored twice against the Netherlands in the Amsterdam Arena in front of 51,700 spectators in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match . He scored the first goal in the 50th minute and his second goal in the 75th minute . Geras goals , however , were not enough as Hungary lost 5–3 . On 7 September 2012 , Hungary started their 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign with a 5–0 win in Andorra ; Gera scored the second goal . On 16 October 2012 , Hungary beat Turkey at home 3–1 . Gera scored the third Hungarian goal . On 31 May 2016 , Gera was selected as vice-captain for the Hungarian squad for Euro 2016 in France . On 14 June , Gera played in the first group match in a 2–0 victory over Austria at the Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux in Hungarys first match of the tournament . Four days later , on 18 June , he played in a 1–1 draw against Iceland at the Stade Vélodrome , Marseille . On 22 June , he played in the last group match in a 3–3 draw against Portugal at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais , Lyon , and scored the first goal with a terrific half-volley from 25 yards out with his weaker foot . In so doing , he became the second-oldest goalscorer and the oldest goalscorer from open play at a European Championship , aged 37 years and 62 days ; Austrias Ivica Vastić is the oldest scorer , at 38 years and 257 days , when he converted a penalty at Euro 2008 . Geras goal was later voted the Goal of the Tournament in a UEFA online fan poll . Personal life . Gera married on 19 June 2004 ; his wife gave birth to a boy named Szabolcs on 15 March 2008 . Following the birth , he was given leave by his national team manager Péter Várhidi to miss Hungarys friendly against Slovenia to spend time with his family . In 2005 , Gera featured in a television advertisement for Pepsi representing the 2006 World Cup , alongside Thierry Henry , David Beckham , Roberto Carlos , Ronaldinho , Nicklas Bendtner , Neil Ruddock and Raúl . Gera is a member of the Faith Church and was featured in billboard advertisements promoting the organization . He has often defended the Church from its critics and promoted it several times in the media . He credits the Church with saving his life , helping him change his destructive lifestyle which included crime and drug abuse . Honours . Club . Ferencváros - Nemzeti Bajnokság I : 2000–01 , 2003–04 , 2015–16 - Magyar Kupa : 2002–03 , 2003–04 , 2014–15 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 - Szuperkupa : 2004 , 2015 , 2016 West Bromwich Albion - Football League Championship : 2007–08 Fulham - UEFA Europa League runner-up : 2009–10 Individual . - Tibor Simon Award : 2003 - Hungarian Footballer of the Year : 2004 & 2005 - Fulham Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UEFA Euro 2016 Fans Goal of the Tournament External links . - Zoltán Gera official website
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Which team did the player Gordie Howe belong to from 1945 to 1946?
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Gordie Howe Gordon Howe ( March 31 , 1928 – June 10 , 2016 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player . From 1946 to 1980 , he played 26 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) ; his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings . Nicknamed Mr . Hockey , Howe is often considered the most complete player to ever play the game and one of the greatest of all time . At his retirement , his 801 goals , 1049 assists , and 1850 total points were all NHL records that stood until they were broken by Wayne Gretzky , who himself has been a major champion of Howes legacy . A 23-time NHL All-Star , he still holds the NHL record for seasons played , and his all-time NHL games played record of 1,767 was only surpassed in 2021 by Patrick Marleau . In 2017 , Howe was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players . Howe made his NHL debut with the Red Wings in 1946 . He won the Art Ross Trophy for leading the league in points each year from 1950–51 to 1953–54 , then again in 1956–57 and 1962–63 , for a total of six times , which is the second most in NHL history . He led the NHL in goal scoring four times . He ranked among the top ten in NHL scoring for 21 consecutive years and set an NHL record for points in a season ( 95 ) in 1953 , a record which was broken six years later . He won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings four times and won six Hart Trophies as the NHLs most valuable player . He also led the NHL in playoff points six times . Howe retired for the first time in 1971 and was immediately inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame that same year . He was then inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame the next year , but came back two years later to join his sons Mark and Marty on the Houston Aeros of the WHA . Although in his mid-40s , he scored over 100 points twice in six years , won two straight Avco World Trophies ( 1974 and 1975 ) and was named most valuable player in 1974 . He made a brief return to the NHL in 1979–80 , playing one season with the Hartford Whalers , then retired at age 52 . His involvement with the WHA was central to their brief pre-NHL merger success , forcing the NHL to recruit European talent and expand to new markets . Howe was most famous for his scoring prowess , physical strength and career longevity , and redefined the ideal qualities of a forward . He is the only player to have competed in the NHL in five different decades ( 1940s through 1980s ) ; he also played a shift in a 1997 game for the Detroit Vipers of the IHL , playing professional hockey for a sixth decade . He became the namesake of the Gordie Howe hat trick : a goal , an assist and a fight in the same game , though he only recorded two such games in his career . He was the inaugural recipient of the NHL Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 . Early life . Howe was born in a farmhouse in Floral , Saskatchewan , the son of Katherine ( Schultz ) and Albert Howe . He was one of nine siblings . When Gordie was nine days old , the Howes moved to Saskatoon , where his father worked as a labourer during the Depression . In the summers , Howe would work construction with his father . Howe was mildly dyslexic growing up , but was physically beyond his years at an early age . Already six feet tall in his mid-teens , doctors feared a calcium deficiency and encouraged him to strengthen his spine with chin-ups . He began playing organized hockey at age eight . Howe quit school during the Depression to work in construction , then left Saskatoon at 16 to pursue his hockey career . Playing careers . Howe was an ambidextrous player , one of just a few skaters able to use the straight sticks of his era to shoot either left- or right-handed . As a young teen , he played bantam hockey with the King George Athletic Club in Saskatoon , winning his first championship with them in the 1942 Saskatchewan Provincial Bantam Hockey Finals . He received his first taste of professional hockey at age 15 in 1943 when he was invited by the New York Rangers to their training camp held at The Amphitheatre in Winnipeg , Manitoba . He played well enough there that the Rangers wanted Howe to sign a C form which would have given that club his National Hockey League rights and to play that year at Notre Dame , a Catholic school in Wilcox , Saskatchewan , that was known for producing good hockey players . However , Howe did not feel that was a good fit for him and wanted to go back home to play hockey with his friends ; he declined the Rangers offer and returned to Saskatoon . In 1944 , Howe was noticed by Detroit Red Wings scout Fred Pinkney and was invited to their camp in Windsor , Ontario . He was signed by the Red Wings to a C form and assigned to their junior team , the Galt Red Wings . However , due to a maximum number of Western players allowed by the league and the Red Wings preference to develop older players , Howes playing time with the team was initially limited . However , in 1945 , he was promoted to the Omaha Knights of the minor professional United States Hockey League ( USHL ) , where he scored 48 points in 51 games as a 17-year-old . While playing in Omaha , Frank Selke of the Toronto Maple Leafs noticed Howes rights were not properly listed as Red Wings property . Having a good relationship with Detroit head coach Jack Adams , he notified Adams of the clerical error and Howe was quickly put on the teams protected list . In the midst of his playing career , Howe appeared as himself on the March 27 , 1967 episode of the CBS game show To Tell the Truth . He received two of four possible votes . Although hockey was not as popular as other sports in America in 1967 , panelist Peggy Cass was a hockey fan and recognized Howe . She disqualified herself from voting . Detroit Red Wings . Howe made his NHL debut on October 16 , 1946 , playing right wing for the Detroit Red Wings , scoring in his first game , at age 18 . He wore #17 as a rookie . However , when Roy Conacher joined the Chicago Black Hawks after the 1946–47 season , Howe was offered Conachers #9 , which he would wear for the rest of his career . Although he had not requested the change , Howe accepted it when he was informed 9 would entitle him to a lower Pullman berth on road trips . He quickly established himself as a great goalscorer and a gifted playmaker with a willingness to fight . Howe fought so often in his rookie season that head coach Jack Adams told him , I know you can fight . Now can you show me you can play hockey ? The term Gordie Howe hat trick ( consisting of a goal , an assist , and a fight ) was coined in reference to his penchant for fighting ; however , Howe himself only recorded two such hat tricks in his career , on October 10 , 1953 , and March 21 , 1954 . Using his great physical strength , he was able to dominate the opposition in a career that spanned six decades ( including one game with the Detroit Vipers of the IHL in 1997 ) . In a feat unsurpassed by any hockey player , he finished in the top five in scoring for 20-straight seasons . Howe also scored 20 or more goals in 22 consecutive seasons between 1949 and 1971 , an NHL record . Howe led Detroit to four Stanley Cup championships and to first place in regular-season play for seven consecutive years ( 1948–49 to 1954–55 ) , a feat never equalled in NHL history . During this time , Howe and his linemates—Sid Abel and Ted Lindsay—were known collectively as The Production Line , both for their scoring and as an allusion to Detroit auto factories . The trio dominated the NHL in such a fashion that in 1949–50 , they finished one-two-three in NHL scoring . This was despite the fact Howes career prime was during a defensive era , when scoring was difficult and checking was tight . However , as he was emerging as one of the top players in the league , Howe sustained the worst injury of his career - his skull was fractured and his cheekbone and nose were broken after his attempt to check the Toronto Maple Leafs captain Ted Kennedy into the boards went awry during the 1950 playoffs . The severity of the fracture was such that he was taken to the hospital for emergency surgery in order to relieve the pressure on his brain . He missed the rest of the playoffs , but his dominant teammates were still able to win the Stanley Cup . The next season , 1950–51 , Howe came back , responding to his severe injuries by playing in every game , by leading the NHL in goals , assists , and total points ( 86 ) , and by winning the scoring title by 20 points . This was the first year of a four-year period of dominance by Howe which the NHL had never seen before . He won four straight scoring titles and in two of the years ( 1950–51 and 1952–53 ) he led the NHL in both goals and assists , which has only been done by five other players in history ( a total of 10 times aside from Howe ) . In three of those years , he led the NHL in goals . In 1952–53 , Howe became the first NHL player to score 90 points , finishing the season with 95 points and a career-best 49 goals which just missed tying the league record of 50 goals held by Rocket Richard ( albeit in a 50-game season ) . Prior to Howe , no NHLer had led the NHL in points more than two times in a row . Only three other players have ever matched the feat of winning four straight scoring titles since—Phil Esposito , Jaromír Jágr and Wayne Gretzky ( who won seven in a row ) . As Howe emerged as one of the games superstars , he was frequently compared to the Montreal Canadiens Maurice Rocket Richard . Both were right wingers who wore #9 , were regular challengers for the league scoring title , and could also play roughly if needed . Their first NHL match-up was in 1946 , where Richard hit Howe with a hard check and an elbow to the chin , then Howe knocked Richard out cold with a single punch . Howe recalled They always thought there was bad blood because I hit [ Richard ] once coming across the line and he spun like a rocket and fell down . He wasn’t hurt that much and I started to laugh . But the laughter stopped when there were eight guys on me . Howe also had a rivalry with the Canadiens centre Jean Béliveau , who wrote in his autobiography that trying to strong-arm Gordie off the puck in a corner was akin to wrestling with a telephone pole . The Red Wings and Canadiens faced off in four Stanley Cup finals during the 1950s , and again in the 1966 final ; Detroit prevailed in 1952 , 1954 and 1955 , but Montreal triumphed in 1956 and 1966 . The Red Wings also had a fierce rivalry with the Chicago Black Hawks who defeated them in the 1961 Stanley Cup Finals . Chicagos Stan Mikita recalled one time as a rookie when he slashed Howe saying he was an old man who didn’t belong on the ice ; later in the season Howe exacted revenge with a check that gave Mikita a concussion . Bobby Hull recalled the times he and Howe played against each other saying I enjoyed every high-sticking minute of it , describing Howe as strong as a bull and tougher than a night in jail” . In the 1968 All-Star Game where Hull and Howe were teammates for the first time , Hull said it was nice finally having Gordie on my side . He was no fun playing against . Hull and Howe would also be rivals in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , as members of the Winnipeg Jets and Houston Aeros , respectively , and would be reunited as teammates on the Hartford Whalers where they finished off their playing careers . After being consistent contenders through the 1950s and early 1960s , the Red Wings began to slump in the late 1960s . When Howe turned 40 in 1967–68 , the NHL expanded from 6 to 12 teams and the number of scoring opportunities grew as the game schedule increased . Howe played the 1968–69 season on a line with Alex Delvecchio and Frank Mahovlich . Mahovlich was a scorer , and Delvecchio was a gifted playmaker . The three were dubbed The Production Line 3 , and at age 40 , Howe scored 103 points , surpassing 100 points for the only time in his NHL career by scoring 44 goals and a career-high 59 assists . However , following his personal best 103-point season , conflict arose with the Red Wings after Howe discovered he was just the third-highest paid player on the team with a $45,000 salary . While team owner Bruce Norris increased Howes salary to $100,000 , he blamed Howes wife , Colleen , for the demand . Howe remained with the club for two more seasons , but after 25 years , a chronic wrist problem forced him to retire after the 1970–71 season and he took a job in the Red Wings front office . At the beginning of 1972 , he was offered the job as first head coach of the New York Islanders , but declined it . By the end of his NHL career , Howe had won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHLs most valuable player six times : 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 and 1963 – at that time the most of any player , and as of 2019 second only to Gretzkys nine . He also finished second or third in the voting for the Hart a further six times . Howe was named to the NHLs First All-Star Team 12 times and to the Second All-Star Team eight times . Howe was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1971 . His number 9 jersey was retired by the Red Wings on March 12 , 1972 . World Hockey Association . One year later , Howe was offered a contract to play with the Houston Aeros of the newly formed World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , which had also signed his sons Mark and Marty to contracts . Dissatisfied with not having any meaningful influence in the Red Wings office , he underwent wrist surgery to make a return to hockey possible , and he led his new team to consecutive league championships in 1974 and 1975 . In 1974 , at age 46 , Howe won the Gary L . Davidson Trophy , awarded to the WHAs Most Valuable Player ( the trophy was renamed the Gordie Howe Trophy the following year ) . Howe played with the Aeros until 1977 , when he and his sons joined the New England Whalers . 1974 Summit Series . Gordie was named with sons Mark and Marty to the WHA version of Team Canada for an eight-game series against the Soviet Union . Playing on a line with son Mark and Ralph Backstrom , Gordie contributed seven points in seven games at age 46 . The Soviets won the series four wins to Canadas one , and with three ties . In the final season of the WHA , Gordie had the opportunity to play with Wayne Gretzky in the 1979 WHA All-Star Game . The format of the game was a three-game series between the WHA All-Stars against Dynamo Moscow . The WHA All-Stars were coached by Jacques Demers , and Demers asked Howe if it was okay to put him on a line with Gretzky and his son Mark . In game one , the line scored seven points , as the WHA All-Stars won by a score of 4–2 . In game two , Gretzky and Mark Howe each scored a goal and Gordie Howe picked up an assist as the WHA won 4–2 . WHA also won Game Three to ensure a clean sweep . Hartford Whalers . When the WHA folded in 1979 , the renamed Hartford Whalers joined the NHL . While the Red Wings still held Howes NHL rights even though he had retired eight years earlier , the Whalers and Red Wings reached a gentlemans agreement in which Detroit agreed not to reclaim him . Howe had experienced dizzy spells in the latter part of the 1978–79 WHA season , and underwent an extensive battery of tests before deciding to play the 1979–80 NHL season . Howe played one final season , appearing in all 80 games of the schedule and helping his team to make the playoffs by scoring 41 points ( 15 goals and 26 assists ) . At 52 years and 10 days , Howe became the oldest man to play an NHL game where his Whalers lost 4–3 to the Canadiens . Late in the season , the Whalers signed Bobby Hull and put Howe , Hull and Dave Keon on the same line . One particular honour came when Wales Conference head coach Scotty Bowman selected Howe , Phil Esposito and Jean Ratelle to the mid-season All-Star Game—which was to take place in Detroit—as a nod to their storied careers before they retired . Howe had played in five decades of All-Star Games and he would skate alongside the second-youngest to ever play in an All-Star Game , 19-year-old Wayne Gretzky . The Joe Louis Arena crowd gave him a standing ovation twice , lasting so long he had to skate to the bench to stop people from cheering . He had one assist in the Wales Conferences 6–3 win . Retirement . Howe was named to Canadas Sports Hall of Fame in 1975 . In 1998 , The Hockey News released their List of Top 100 NHL Players of All Time and listed Howe third overall , behind Wayne Gretzky and Bobby Orr . Of the list , Gretzky and Orr were quoted as regarding Howe as the greatest player . In 2000 , Howe was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame . On April 10 , 2007 , Howe was honoured with the unveiling of a new bronze statue in Joe Louis Arena , where the West Entrance is named the Gordie Howe Entrance in his honour . The statue is tall and weighs about . The statue contains all of Howes stats and history . Another statue of Howe was erected in downtown Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , on the corner of 20th Street and 1st Ave . He is depicted wearing a Detroit Red Wings sweater . The statue has since been relocated to the SaskTel Centre . In February 2011 , various groups proposed naming the New International Trade Crossing bridge , a proposed bridge that will connect Detroit and Windsor by linking Highway 401 in Ontario with Interstate 75 and Interstate 94 in Michigan , in honour of Howe . On May 14 , 2015 , during an event attended by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the Gordie Howe International Bridge . Canadian actor Michael Shanks portrayed Howe in the television film . The film aired April 28 , 2013 , on CBC Television in Canada , and on the Hallmark Channel in the US on May 5 . After the death of his wife Colleen Howe in 2009 , Howe turned his charitable activity towards degenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimers , and founded the Gordie and Colleen Howe Fund for Alzheimers , in partnership with the University of Torontos aging and brain health facility at Baycrest Health Sciences . Personal life and death . Howe met his wife , Colleen , at a bowling alley when she was 17 years old , and they were married four years later on April 15 , 1953 . A middle school in Abbotsford , British Columbia , is named after Gordie and Colleen Howe , and a traffic bridge , campground , and football stadium are named after Gordie Howe in his hometown of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . A hockey arena in Traverse City , Michigan is named after the onetime resident . Two of their sons , Marty and Mark , were his teammates on the WHA Houston Aeros and the New England ( WHA ) /Hartford ( NHL ) Whalers . Mark had a long NHL career , playing 16 seasons for the Hartford Whalers , the Philadelphia Flyers , and the Red Wings , and was one of the dominant two-way defencemen of the 1980s . He followed his father by being elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011 . Their third son , Murray , is a radiologist in Toledo , Ohio , and only daughter , Cathy , lives in Lubbock , Texas . Colleen Howe was one of the founders of the Detroit Junior Red Wings and represented both Gordie and Mark financially during their careers . She died in 2009 at age 76 after a long battle with Picks disease . Howes younger brother , Vic Howe , also played in the NHL appearing in 33 games with the New York Rangers between 1950 and 1955 . He died at age 85 in Moncton , New Brunswick on January 31 , 2015 . Due to dementia , Howe spent most of his time after his wifes death residing with all four of his children on a rotating basis . While staying at his daughters home , he suffered a major stroke on October 26 , 2014 . He died on June 10 , 2016 at his son Murrays house in the Toledo suburb of Sylvania , Ohio at the age of 88 . No cause was given . Howes casket was brought to Joe Louis Arena , the then-home of the Detroit Red Wings , for a public visitation on June 14 , 2016 that lasted from 9 a.m . to 9 p.m . in honour of the #9 that Howe wore on his jersey . Wayne Gretzky , Scotty Bowman , and Detroit Tigers great Al Kaline acted as pallbearers . Howes funeral , which was also opened to the public , was held on June 15 , 2016 at Detroits Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament . Howes cremated remains , along with those of his wife Colleen , were returned to Canada for the last time and interred in Saskatoon in September 2016 , at the base of his statue outside of SaskTel Centre . Legacy . Howes name and nickname , Mr . Hockey , as well as his late wifes nickname as Mrs . Hockey , are registered trademarks . Howe was also referred to during his career as Power , Mr . Everything , Mr . All-Star , The Most , The Great Gordie , The King of Hockey , The Legend , The Man , No . 9 , and Mr . Elbows ( for his tough physical play ) . Howe is widely considered the most complete player in all of hockey history . Once Howe began dominating the NHL , NHL scouts were given new directives to discover players that played the way he did . Howes strength , scoring ability , and speed exemplified the perfect example of the modern-day role of a power forward and someone who can play the 200-foot game . Howes brawn and physical play inspired the coining of the Gordie Howe hat-trick—a goal , an assist and a fight—which is now a standard part of hockeys vocabulary . Ironically , Howe himself only achieved his namesake hat-trick twice in his long career , both in the early 1950s , because few players dared to fight him after Howe soundly defeated New York Rangers enforcer Lou Fontinato at Madison Square Garden in 1959 . ( For comparison , the current leader in Gordie Howe hat-tricks , Rick Tocchet , achieved the feat 18 times in his career. ) Howe was known for being a well-mannered and trusting person off the ice who never questioned the salary the Detroit Red Wings owners paid him . When it became public knowledge Howe had scored more than 600 goals for the organization before it reluctantly offered to pay him over $40,000 , his linemate , Ted Lindsay , began a campaign to establish a players association to unite for fair wages against the NHL owners . This would be the nucleus of the movement that became the National Hockey League Players Association . Howes time playing with the WHA with his sons allowed the fledgling professional league to gain much-needed legitimacy and the ability to fill stadiums . The increased competition for hockey talent forced the insular NHL to seek players beyond its traditional North American sources and recruit professional European players and to expand into new cities to gain new fans . Wayne Gretzky was one of the players who elected to join the WHA instead of the NHL . Over the years , Howe became good friends with Gretzky , who had idolized him as a young player and who would later break many of Howes scoring records and milestones . While Gretzky surpassed Howe statistically , it was Howe who had first set the standard for consistent , high-level play . Howes number 9 has been worn as a tribute to him—Gretzky wore number 99 as a direct tribute to Howe since 9 was taken during the early parts of his career . Another milestone was reached in 1997 when Howe played professional hockey in a sixth decade . He was signed to a one-game contract by the Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League and at age 69 , made a return to the ice for one shift . In so doing , he became the only player in hockey history to compete in six different decades at the professional level , having played in the USHL , NHL , WHA and IHL from the 1940s to 1990s . Howes first 20 seasons came during an era when the schedule was only 70 games , scoring was difficult , and checking was tight ; he never scored 50 goals in a single season . Howe is currently fourth on the NHLs all-time points list with 1850 total points ( 801 goals and 1,049 assists ) after Wayne Gretzky , Mark Messier and Jaromír Jágr . Howe is still second on the all-time goals list , with only Gretzky ahead of him . When career regular season goals from both the NHL and the WHA are combined , he ranks first in goals with 975 , ahead of Gretzkys 940 . At the time of his retirement , Howes professional totals , including playoffs , for the NHL and WHA combined , were first . He finished with 2,421 games played , 1,071 goals , 1,518 assists , and 2,589 points . However , Gretzky would later pass him in goals ( 1,072 ) , assists ( 2,297 ) and points ( 3,369 ) , but not in games played or games played with one team . After Howes death , Gretzky called Howe the greatest hockey player ever , and said that if it were up to him Howes No . 9 would be retired for all NHL teams the same as his own No . 99 . Howes record of 1,767 NHL games played was only surpassed in April 2021 by Patrick Marleau.Howe played internationally on one occasion , at the 1974 Summit Series . In the 1986 film Ferris Buellers Day Off , the character Cameron Frye wears Howes Red Wings jersey throughout most of the film , even though it is set in Chicago . Howe had provided one to the filmmakers personally . Howe was featured in The Simpsons episode Bart the Lover . In it , a photograph of Howe is used by Bart Simpson to fool his teacher into thinking he is a grown man who has answered her personal ad . At the end of the episode , Howes career statistics are shown . In Season 3 of the NBC television crime drama series Good Girls , in an episode entitled The Eye in Survivor , the character of Ruby ( Retta ) steals an autographed Stanley Cup Final game-worn Gordie Howe jersey from a sports bar only to have it appraised and learn that it is counterfeit . In 1993 , a statue created by Michael Martin of Eston , Saskatchewan was installed across from Midtown Plaza and then moved to what is now SaskTel Centre in 2005 . Following his death , Howes ashes along with wife Colleen were interred below the statue . On June 27 , 2016 , it was announced that a bridge in his hometown of Saskatoon would be named after Howe . He was awarded the Order of Canada by the Governor General of Canada , Queen Elizabeth IIs representative in the country . Gordie Howe International Bridge . In May 2015 , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder announced that a new international bridge spanning the Detroit River would be named in honour of Howe . The Gordie Howe International Bridge is set to open in 2024 . Honours . - Howe was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada on June 25 , 1971 . This gave him the post-nominal letters OC for life . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 . - He was the recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1978 . - He was awarded the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992 . - The Howe family received the Wayne Gretzky International Award major contributions to the growth and advancement of hockey in the United States in 2000 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Regina in spring 1997 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan on June 3 , 2010 . - Gordie Howe was specifically honoured by then US President Barack Obama in his speech in the House of Commons Chamber in the Parliament of Canada on June 29 , 2016 when Obama stated that as Americans , we , too , celebrate the life of Mr . Hockey himself , the late , great Gordie Howe . Career statistics . Regular season and playoffs . Bolded indicates league leader Awards . - NHL - WHA Records . - Most NHL regular season games played with a single team : 1,687 - Most NHL and WHA regular season games played : 2,186 - Most NHL and WHA regular season and playoff games played : 2,421 - Most NHL and WHA goals regular season 975 - Most NHL seasons played : 26 ( tied with Chris Chelios ) - Most NHL and WHA seasons played : 32 - Most NHL regular season goals by a right winger : 801 - Most NHL regular season points by a father/son combo ( with son Mark ) : 2,592 - Most consecutive NHL 20-goal seasons : 22 ( 1949–1971 ) - First player to score over 1000 goals ( WHA and NHL , regular season and playoff combined ) - First player to reach 1,500 games played in NHL history . - Most times leading NHL playoffs in scoring ( six times ) - Oldest player to play in NHL : 52 years , 11 days ( no other player has played past the age of 48 ) - First in Red Wings history in points , goals and games played , second in assists - Most NHL All-Star Game appearances : 23 - From 1961 until being surpassed by Patrick Marleau in April 2021 , Howe held the record for most NHL regular season games played .
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Gordie Howe Gordon Howe ( March 31 , 1928 – June 10 , 2016 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player . From 1946 to 1980 , he played 26 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) ; his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings . Nicknamed Mr . Hockey , Howe is often considered the most complete player to ever play the game and one of the greatest of all time . At his retirement , his 801 goals , 1049 assists , and 1850 total points were all NHL records that stood until they were broken by Wayne Gretzky , who himself has been a major champion of Howes legacy . A 23-time NHL All-Star , he still holds the NHL record for seasons played , and his all-time NHL games played record of 1,767 was only surpassed in 2021 by Patrick Marleau . In 2017 , Howe was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players . Howe made his NHL debut with the Red Wings in 1946 . He won the Art Ross Trophy for leading the league in points each year from 1950–51 to 1953–54 , then again in 1956–57 and 1962–63 , for a total of six times , which is the second most in NHL history . He led the NHL in goal scoring four times . He ranked among the top ten in NHL scoring for 21 consecutive years and set an NHL record for points in a season ( 95 ) in 1953 , a record which was broken six years later . He won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings four times and won six Hart Trophies as the NHLs most valuable player . He also led the NHL in playoff points six times . Howe retired for the first time in 1971 and was immediately inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame that same year . He was then inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame the next year , but came back two years later to join his sons Mark and Marty on the Houston Aeros of the WHA . Although in his mid-40s , he scored over 100 points twice in six years , won two straight Avco World Trophies ( 1974 and 1975 ) and was named most valuable player in 1974 . He made a brief return to the NHL in 1979–80 , playing one season with the Hartford Whalers , then retired at age 52 . His involvement with the WHA was central to their brief pre-NHL merger success , forcing the NHL to recruit European talent and expand to new markets . Howe was most famous for his scoring prowess , physical strength and career longevity , and redefined the ideal qualities of a forward . He is the only player to have competed in the NHL in five different decades ( 1940s through 1980s ) ; he also played a shift in a 1997 game for the Detroit Vipers of the IHL , playing professional hockey for a sixth decade . He became the namesake of the Gordie Howe hat trick : a goal , an assist and a fight in the same game , though he only recorded two such games in his career . He was the inaugural recipient of the NHL Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 . Early life . Howe was born in a farmhouse in Floral , Saskatchewan , the son of Katherine ( Schultz ) and Albert Howe . He was one of nine siblings . When Gordie was nine days old , the Howes moved to Saskatoon , where his father worked as a labourer during the Depression . In the summers , Howe would work construction with his father . Howe was mildly dyslexic growing up , but was physically beyond his years at an early age . Already six feet tall in his mid-teens , doctors feared a calcium deficiency and encouraged him to strengthen his spine with chin-ups . He began playing organized hockey at age eight . Howe quit school during the Depression to work in construction , then left Saskatoon at 16 to pursue his hockey career . Playing careers . Howe was an ambidextrous player , one of just a few skaters able to use the straight sticks of his era to shoot either left- or right-handed . As a young teen , he played bantam hockey with the King George Athletic Club in Saskatoon , winning his first championship with them in the 1942 Saskatchewan Provincial Bantam Hockey Finals . He received his first taste of professional hockey at age 15 in 1943 when he was invited by the New York Rangers to their training camp held at The Amphitheatre in Winnipeg , Manitoba . He played well enough there that the Rangers wanted Howe to sign a C form which would have given that club his National Hockey League rights and to play that year at Notre Dame , a Catholic school in Wilcox , Saskatchewan , that was known for producing good hockey players . However , Howe did not feel that was a good fit for him and wanted to go back home to play hockey with his friends ; he declined the Rangers offer and returned to Saskatoon . In 1944 , Howe was noticed by Detroit Red Wings scout Fred Pinkney and was invited to their camp in Windsor , Ontario . He was signed by the Red Wings to a C form and assigned to their junior team , the Galt Red Wings . However , due to a maximum number of Western players allowed by the league and the Red Wings preference to develop older players , Howes playing time with the team was initially limited . However , in 1945 , he was promoted to the Omaha Knights of the minor professional United States Hockey League ( USHL ) , where he scored 48 points in 51 games as a 17-year-old . While playing in Omaha , Frank Selke of the Toronto Maple Leafs noticed Howes rights were not properly listed as Red Wings property . Having a good relationship with Detroit head coach Jack Adams , he notified Adams of the clerical error and Howe was quickly put on the teams protected list . In the midst of his playing career , Howe appeared as himself on the March 27 , 1967 episode of the CBS game show To Tell the Truth . He received two of four possible votes . Although hockey was not as popular as other sports in America in 1967 , panelist Peggy Cass was a hockey fan and recognized Howe . She disqualified herself from voting . Detroit Red Wings . Howe made his NHL debut on October 16 , 1946 , playing right wing for the Detroit Red Wings , scoring in his first game , at age 18 . He wore #17 as a rookie . However , when Roy Conacher joined the Chicago Black Hawks after the 1946–47 season , Howe was offered Conachers #9 , which he would wear for the rest of his career . Although he had not requested the change , Howe accepted it when he was informed 9 would entitle him to a lower Pullman berth on road trips . He quickly established himself as a great goalscorer and a gifted playmaker with a willingness to fight . Howe fought so often in his rookie season that head coach Jack Adams told him , I know you can fight . Now can you show me you can play hockey ? The term Gordie Howe hat trick ( consisting of a goal , an assist , and a fight ) was coined in reference to his penchant for fighting ; however , Howe himself only recorded two such hat tricks in his career , on October 10 , 1953 , and March 21 , 1954 . Using his great physical strength , he was able to dominate the opposition in a career that spanned six decades ( including one game with the Detroit Vipers of the IHL in 1997 ) . In a feat unsurpassed by any hockey player , he finished in the top five in scoring for 20-straight seasons . Howe also scored 20 or more goals in 22 consecutive seasons between 1949 and 1971 , an NHL record . Howe led Detroit to four Stanley Cup championships and to first place in regular-season play for seven consecutive years ( 1948–49 to 1954–55 ) , a feat never equalled in NHL history . During this time , Howe and his linemates—Sid Abel and Ted Lindsay—were known collectively as The Production Line , both for their scoring and as an allusion to Detroit auto factories . The trio dominated the NHL in such a fashion that in 1949–50 , they finished one-two-three in NHL scoring . This was despite the fact Howes career prime was during a defensive era , when scoring was difficult and checking was tight . However , as he was emerging as one of the top players in the league , Howe sustained the worst injury of his career - his skull was fractured and his cheekbone and nose were broken after his attempt to check the Toronto Maple Leafs captain Ted Kennedy into the boards went awry during the 1950 playoffs . The severity of the fracture was such that he was taken to the hospital for emergency surgery in order to relieve the pressure on his brain . He missed the rest of the playoffs , but his dominant teammates were still able to win the Stanley Cup . The next season , 1950–51 , Howe came back , responding to his severe injuries by playing in every game , by leading the NHL in goals , assists , and total points ( 86 ) , and by winning the scoring title by 20 points . This was the first year of a four-year period of dominance by Howe which the NHL had never seen before . He won four straight scoring titles and in two of the years ( 1950–51 and 1952–53 ) he led the NHL in both goals and assists , which has only been done by five other players in history ( a total of 10 times aside from Howe ) . In three of those years , he led the NHL in goals . In 1952–53 , Howe became the first NHL player to score 90 points , finishing the season with 95 points and a career-best 49 goals which just missed tying the league record of 50 goals held by Rocket Richard ( albeit in a 50-game season ) . Prior to Howe , no NHLer had led the NHL in points more than two times in a row . Only three other players have ever matched the feat of winning four straight scoring titles since—Phil Esposito , Jaromír Jágr and Wayne Gretzky ( who won seven in a row ) . As Howe emerged as one of the games superstars , he was frequently compared to the Montreal Canadiens Maurice Rocket Richard . Both were right wingers who wore #9 , were regular challengers for the league scoring title , and could also play roughly if needed . Their first NHL match-up was in 1946 , where Richard hit Howe with a hard check and an elbow to the chin , then Howe knocked Richard out cold with a single punch . Howe recalled They always thought there was bad blood because I hit [ Richard ] once coming across the line and he spun like a rocket and fell down . He wasn’t hurt that much and I started to laugh . But the laughter stopped when there were eight guys on me . Howe also had a rivalry with the Canadiens centre Jean Béliveau , who wrote in his autobiography that trying to strong-arm Gordie off the puck in a corner was akin to wrestling with a telephone pole . The Red Wings and Canadiens faced off in four Stanley Cup finals during the 1950s , and again in the 1966 final ; Detroit prevailed in 1952 , 1954 and 1955 , but Montreal triumphed in 1956 and 1966 . The Red Wings also had a fierce rivalry with the Chicago Black Hawks who defeated them in the 1961 Stanley Cup Finals . Chicagos Stan Mikita recalled one time as a rookie when he slashed Howe saying he was an old man who didn’t belong on the ice ; later in the season Howe exacted revenge with a check that gave Mikita a concussion . Bobby Hull recalled the times he and Howe played against each other saying I enjoyed every high-sticking minute of it , describing Howe as strong as a bull and tougher than a night in jail” . In the 1968 All-Star Game where Hull and Howe were teammates for the first time , Hull said it was nice finally having Gordie on my side . He was no fun playing against . Hull and Howe would also be rivals in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , as members of the Winnipeg Jets and Houston Aeros , respectively , and would be reunited as teammates on the Hartford Whalers where they finished off their playing careers . After being consistent contenders through the 1950s and early 1960s , the Red Wings began to slump in the late 1960s . When Howe turned 40 in 1967–68 , the NHL expanded from 6 to 12 teams and the number of scoring opportunities grew as the game schedule increased . Howe played the 1968–69 season on a line with Alex Delvecchio and Frank Mahovlich . Mahovlich was a scorer , and Delvecchio was a gifted playmaker . The three were dubbed The Production Line 3 , and at age 40 , Howe scored 103 points , surpassing 100 points for the only time in his NHL career by scoring 44 goals and a career-high 59 assists . However , following his personal best 103-point season , conflict arose with the Red Wings after Howe discovered he was just the third-highest paid player on the team with a $45,000 salary . While team owner Bruce Norris increased Howes salary to $100,000 , he blamed Howes wife , Colleen , for the demand . Howe remained with the club for two more seasons , but after 25 years , a chronic wrist problem forced him to retire after the 1970–71 season and he took a job in the Red Wings front office . At the beginning of 1972 , he was offered the job as first head coach of the New York Islanders , but declined it . By the end of his NHL career , Howe had won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHLs most valuable player six times : 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 and 1963 – at that time the most of any player , and as of 2019 second only to Gretzkys nine . He also finished second or third in the voting for the Hart a further six times . Howe was named to the NHLs First All-Star Team 12 times and to the Second All-Star Team eight times . Howe was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1971 . His number 9 jersey was retired by the Red Wings on March 12 , 1972 . World Hockey Association . One year later , Howe was offered a contract to play with the Houston Aeros of the newly formed World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , which had also signed his sons Mark and Marty to contracts . Dissatisfied with not having any meaningful influence in the Red Wings office , he underwent wrist surgery to make a return to hockey possible , and he led his new team to consecutive league championships in 1974 and 1975 . In 1974 , at age 46 , Howe won the Gary L . Davidson Trophy , awarded to the WHAs Most Valuable Player ( the trophy was renamed the Gordie Howe Trophy the following year ) . Howe played with the Aeros until 1977 , when he and his sons joined the New England Whalers . 1974 Summit Series . Gordie was named with sons Mark and Marty to the WHA version of Team Canada for an eight-game series against the Soviet Union . Playing on a line with son Mark and Ralph Backstrom , Gordie contributed seven points in seven games at age 46 . The Soviets won the series four wins to Canadas one , and with three ties . In the final season of the WHA , Gordie had the opportunity to play with Wayne Gretzky in the 1979 WHA All-Star Game . The format of the game was a three-game series between the WHA All-Stars against Dynamo Moscow . The WHA All-Stars were coached by Jacques Demers , and Demers asked Howe if it was okay to put him on a line with Gretzky and his son Mark . In game one , the line scored seven points , as the WHA All-Stars won by a score of 4–2 . In game two , Gretzky and Mark Howe each scored a goal and Gordie Howe picked up an assist as the WHA won 4–2 . WHA also won Game Three to ensure a clean sweep . Hartford Whalers . When the WHA folded in 1979 , the renamed Hartford Whalers joined the NHL . While the Red Wings still held Howes NHL rights even though he had retired eight years earlier , the Whalers and Red Wings reached a gentlemans agreement in which Detroit agreed not to reclaim him . Howe had experienced dizzy spells in the latter part of the 1978–79 WHA season , and underwent an extensive battery of tests before deciding to play the 1979–80 NHL season . Howe played one final season , appearing in all 80 games of the schedule and helping his team to make the playoffs by scoring 41 points ( 15 goals and 26 assists ) . At 52 years and 10 days , Howe became the oldest man to play an NHL game where his Whalers lost 4–3 to the Canadiens . Late in the season , the Whalers signed Bobby Hull and put Howe , Hull and Dave Keon on the same line . One particular honour came when Wales Conference head coach Scotty Bowman selected Howe , Phil Esposito and Jean Ratelle to the mid-season All-Star Game—which was to take place in Detroit—as a nod to their storied careers before they retired . Howe had played in five decades of All-Star Games and he would skate alongside the second-youngest to ever play in an All-Star Game , 19-year-old Wayne Gretzky . The Joe Louis Arena crowd gave him a standing ovation twice , lasting so long he had to skate to the bench to stop people from cheering . He had one assist in the Wales Conferences 6–3 win . Retirement . Howe was named to Canadas Sports Hall of Fame in 1975 . In 1998 , The Hockey News released their List of Top 100 NHL Players of All Time and listed Howe third overall , behind Wayne Gretzky and Bobby Orr . Of the list , Gretzky and Orr were quoted as regarding Howe as the greatest player . In 2000 , Howe was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame . On April 10 , 2007 , Howe was honoured with the unveiling of a new bronze statue in Joe Louis Arena , where the West Entrance is named the Gordie Howe Entrance in his honour . The statue is tall and weighs about . The statue contains all of Howes stats and history . Another statue of Howe was erected in downtown Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , on the corner of 20th Street and 1st Ave . He is depicted wearing a Detroit Red Wings sweater . The statue has since been relocated to the SaskTel Centre . In February 2011 , various groups proposed naming the New International Trade Crossing bridge , a proposed bridge that will connect Detroit and Windsor by linking Highway 401 in Ontario with Interstate 75 and Interstate 94 in Michigan , in honour of Howe . On May 14 , 2015 , during an event attended by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the Gordie Howe International Bridge . Canadian actor Michael Shanks portrayed Howe in the television film . The film aired April 28 , 2013 , on CBC Television in Canada , and on the Hallmark Channel in the US on May 5 . After the death of his wife Colleen Howe in 2009 , Howe turned his charitable activity towards degenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimers , and founded the Gordie and Colleen Howe Fund for Alzheimers , in partnership with the University of Torontos aging and brain health facility at Baycrest Health Sciences . Personal life and death . Howe met his wife , Colleen , at a bowling alley when she was 17 years old , and they were married four years later on April 15 , 1953 . A middle school in Abbotsford , British Columbia , is named after Gordie and Colleen Howe , and a traffic bridge , campground , and football stadium are named after Gordie Howe in his hometown of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . A hockey arena in Traverse City , Michigan is named after the onetime resident . Two of their sons , Marty and Mark , were his teammates on the WHA Houston Aeros and the New England ( WHA ) /Hartford ( NHL ) Whalers . Mark had a long NHL career , playing 16 seasons for the Hartford Whalers , the Philadelphia Flyers , and the Red Wings , and was one of the dominant two-way defencemen of the 1980s . He followed his father by being elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011 . Their third son , Murray , is a radiologist in Toledo , Ohio , and only daughter , Cathy , lives in Lubbock , Texas . Colleen Howe was one of the founders of the Detroit Junior Red Wings and represented both Gordie and Mark financially during their careers . She died in 2009 at age 76 after a long battle with Picks disease . Howes younger brother , Vic Howe , also played in the NHL appearing in 33 games with the New York Rangers between 1950 and 1955 . He died at age 85 in Moncton , New Brunswick on January 31 , 2015 . Due to dementia , Howe spent most of his time after his wifes death residing with all four of his children on a rotating basis . While staying at his daughters home , he suffered a major stroke on October 26 , 2014 . He died on June 10 , 2016 at his son Murrays house in the Toledo suburb of Sylvania , Ohio at the age of 88 . No cause was given . Howes casket was brought to Joe Louis Arena , the then-home of the Detroit Red Wings , for a public visitation on June 14 , 2016 that lasted from 9 a.m . to 9 p.m . in honour of the #9 that Howe wore on his jersey . Wayne Gretzky , Scotty Bowman , and Detroit Tigers great Al Kaline acted as pallbearers . Howes funeral , which was also opened to the public , was held on June 15 , 2016 at Detroits Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament . Howes cremated remains , along with those of his wife Colleen , were returned to Canada for the last time and interred in Saskatoon in September 2016 , at the base of his statue outside of SaskTel Centre . Legacy . Howes name and nickname , Mr . Hockey , as well as his late wifes nickname as Mrs . Hockey , are registered trademarks . Howe was also referred to during his career as Power , Mr . Everything , Mr . All-Star , The Most , The Great Gordie , The King of Hockey , The Legend , The Man , No . 9 , and Mr . Elbows ( for his tough physical play ) . Howe is widely considered the most complete player in all of hockey history . Once Howe began dominating the NHL , NHL scouts were given new directives to discover players that played the way he did . Howes strength , scoring ability , and speed exemplified the perfect example of the modern-day role of a power forward and someone who can play the 200-foot game . Howes brawn and physical play inspired the coining of the Gordie Howe hat-trick—a goal , an assist and a fight—which is now a standard part of hockeys vocabulary . Ironically , Howe himself only achieved his namesake hat-trick twice in his long career , both in the early 1950s , because few players dared to fight him after Howe soundly defeated New York Rangers enforcer Lou Fontinato at Madison Square Garden in 1959 . ( For comparison , the current leader in Gordie Howe hat-tricks , Rick Tocchet , achieved the feat 18 times in his career. ) Howe was known for being a well-mannered and trusting person off the ice who never questioned the salary the Detroit Red Wings owners paid him . When it became public knowledge Howe had scored more than 600 goals for the organization before it reluctantly offered to pay him over $40,000 , his linemate , Ted Lindsay , began a campaign to establish a players association to unite for fair wages against the NHL owners . This would be the nucleus of the movement that became the National Hockey League Players Association . Howes time playing with the WHA with his sons allowed the fledgling professional league to gain much-needed legitimacy and the ability to fill stadiums . The increased competition for hockey talent forced the insular NHL to seek players beyond its traditional North American sources and recruit professional European players and to expand into new cities to gain new fans . Wayne Gretzky was one of the players who elected to join the WHA instead of the NHL . Over the years , Howe became good friends with Gretzky , who had idolized him as a young player and who would later break many of Howes scoring records and milestones . While Gretzky surpassed Howe statistically , it was Howe who had first set the standard for consistent , high-level play . Howes number 9 has been worn as a tribute to him—Gretzky wore number 99 as a direct tribute to Howe since 9 was taken during the early parts of his career . Another milestone was reached in 1997 when Howe played professional hockey in a sixth decade . He was signed to a one-game contract by the Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League and at age 69 , made a return to the ice for one shift . In so doing , he became the only player in hockey history to compete in six different decades at the professional level , having played in the USHL , NHL , WHA and IHL from the 1940s to 1990s . Howes first 20 seasons came during an era when the schedule was only 70 games , scoring was difficult , and checking was tight ; he never scored 50 goals in a single season . Howe is currently fourth on the NHLs all-time points list with 1850 total points ( 801 goals and 1,049 assists ) after Wayne Gretzky , Mark Messier and Jaromír Jágr . Howe is still second on the all-time goals list , with only Gretzky ahead of him . When career regular season goals from both the NHL and the WHA are combined , he ranks first in goals with 975 , ahead of Gretzkys 940 . At the time of his retirement , Howes professional totals , including playoffs , for the NHL and WHA combined , were first . He finished with 2,421 games played , 1,071 goals , 1,518 assists , and 2,589 points . However , Gretzky would later pass him in goals ( 1,072 ) , assists ( 2,297 ) and points ( 3,369 ) , but not in games played or games played with one team . After Howes death , Gretzky called Howe the greatest hockey player ever , and said that if it were up to him Howes No . 9 would be retired for all NHL teams the same as his own No . 99 . Howes record of 1,767 NHL games played was only surpassed in April 2021 by Patrick Marleau.Howe played internationally on one occasion , at the 1974 Summit Series . In the 1986 film Ferris Buellers Day Off , the character Cameron Frye wears Howes Red Wings jersey throughout most of the film , even though it is set in Chicago . Howe had provided one to the filmmakers personally . Howe was featured in The Simpsons episode Bart the Lover . In it , a photograph of Howe is used by Bart Simpson to fool his teacher into thinking he is a grown man who has answered her personal ad . At the end of the episode , Howes career statistics are shown . In Season 3 of the NBC television crime drama series Good Girls , in an episode entitled The Eye in Survivor , the character of Ruby ( Retta ) steals an autographed Stanley Cup Final game-worn Gordie Howe jersey from a sports bar only to have it appraised and learn that it is counterfeit . In 1993 , a statue created by Michael Martin of Eston , Saskatchewan was installed across from Midtown Plaza and then moved to what is now SaskTel Centre in 2005 . Following his death , Howes ashes along with wife Colleen were interred below the statue . On June 27 , 2016 , it was announced that a bridge in his hometown of Saskatoon would be named after Howe . He was awarded the Order of Canada by the Governor General of Canada , Queen Elizabeth IIs representative in the country . Gordie Howe International Bridge . In May 2015 , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder announced that a new international bridge spanning the Detroit River would be named in honour of Howe . The Gordie Howe International Bridge is set to open in 2024 . Honours . - Howe was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada on June 25 , 1971 . This gave him the post-nominal letters OC for life . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 . - He was the recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1978 . - He was awarded the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992 . - The Howe family received the Wayne Gretzky International Award major contributions to the growth and advancement of hockey in the United States in 2000 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Regina in spring 1997 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan on June 3 , 2010 . - Gordie Howe was specifically honoured by then US President Barack Obama in his speech in the House of Commons Chamber in the Parliament of Canada on June 29 , 2016 when Obama stated that as Americans , we , too , celebrate the life of Mr . Hockey himself , the late , great Gordie Howe . Career statistics . Regular season and playoffs . Bolded indicates league leader Awards . - NHL - WHA Records . - Most NHL regular season games played with a single team : 1,687 - Most NHL and WHA regular season games played : 2,186 - Most NHL and WHA regular season and playoff games played : 2,421 - Most NHL and WHA goals regular season 975 - Most NHL seasons played : 26 ( tied with Chris Chelios ) - Most NHL and WHA seasons played : 32 - Most NHL regular season goals by a right winger : 801 - Most NHL regular season points by a father/son combo ( with son Mark ) : 2,592 - Most consecutive NHL 20-goal seasons : 22 ( 1949–1971 ) - First player to score over 1000 goals ( WHA and NHL , regular season and playoff combined ) - First player to reach 1,500 games played in NHL history . - Most times leading NHL playoffs in scoring ( six times ) - Oldest player to play in NHL : 52 years , 11 days ( no other player has played past the age of 48 ) - First in Red Wings history in points , goals and games played , second in assists - Most NHL All-Star Game appearances : 23 - From 1961 until being surpassed by Patrick Marleau in April 2021 , Howe held the record for most NHL regular season games played .
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Gordie Howe played for which team from 1973 to 1977?
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Gordie Howe Gordon Howe ( March 31 , 1928 – June 10 , 2016 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player . From 1946 to 1980 , he played 26 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) ; his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings . Nicknamed Mr . Hockey , Howe is often considered the most complete player to ever play the game and one of the greatest of all time . At his retirement , his 801 goals , 1049 assists , and 1850 total points were all NHL records that stood until they were broken by Wayne Gretzky , who himself has been a major champion of Howes legacy . A 23-time NHL All-Star , he still holds the NHL record for seasons played , and his all-time NHL games played record of 1,767 was only surpassed in 2021 by Patrick Marleau . In 2017 , Howe was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players . Howe made his NHL debut with the Red Wings in 1946 . He won the Art Ross Trophy for leading the league in points each year from 1950–51 to 1953–54 , then again in 1956–57 and 1962–63 , for a total of six times , which is the second most in NHL history . He led the NHL in goal scoring four times . He ranked among the top ten in NHL scoring for 21 consecutive years and set an NHL record for points in a season ( 95 ) in 1953 , a record which was broken six years later . He won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings four times and won six Hart Trophies as the NHLs most valuable player . He also led the NHL in playoff points six times . Howe retired for the first time in 1971 and was immediately inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame that same year . He was then inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame the next year , but came back two years later to join his sons Mark and Marty on the Houston Aeros of the WHA . Although in his mid-40s , he scored over 100 points twice in six years , won two straight Avco World Trophies ( 1974 and 1975 ) and was named most valuable player in 1974 . He made a brief return to the NHL in 1979–80 , playing one season with the Hartford Whalers , then retired at age 52 . His involvement with the WHA was central to their brief pre-NHL merger success , forcing the NHL to recruit European talent and expand to new markets . Howe was most famous for his scoring prowess , physical strength and career longevity , and redefined the ideal qualities of a forward . He is the only player to have competed in the NHL in five different decades ( 1940s through 1980s ) ; he also played a shift in a 1997 game for the Detroit Vipers of the IHL , playing professional hockey for a sixth decade . He became the namesake of the Gordie Howe hat trick : a goal , an assist and a fight in the same game , though he only recorded two such games in his career . He was the inaugural recipient of the NHL Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 . Early life . Howe was born in a farmhouse in Floral , Saskatchewan , the son of Katherine ( Schultz ) and Albert Howe . He was one of nine siblings . When Gordie was nine days old , the Howes moved to Saskatoon , where his father worked as a labourer during the Depression . In the summers , Howe would work construction with his father . Howe was mildly dyslexic growing up , but was physically beyond his years at an early age . Already six feet tall in his mid-teens , doctors feared a calcium deficiency and encouraged him to strengthen his spine with chin-ups . He began playing organized hockey at age eight . Howe quit school during the Depression to work in construction , then left Saskatoon at 16 to pursue his hockey career . Playing careers . Howe was an ambidextrous player , one of just a few skaters able to use the straight sticks of his era to shoot either left- or right-handed . As a young teen , he played bantam hockey with the King George Athletic Club in Saskatoon , winning his first championship with them in the 1942 Saskatchewan Provincial Bantam Hockey Finals . He received his first taste of professional hockey at age 15 in 1943 when he was invited by the New York Rangers to their training camp held at The Amphitheatre in Winnipeg , Manitoba . He played well enough there that the Rangers wanted Howe to sign a C form which would have given that club his National Hockey League rights and to play that year at Notre Dame , a Catholic school in Wilcox , Saskatchewan , that was known for producing good hockey players . However , Howe did not feel that was a good fit for him and wanted to go back home to play hockey with his friends ; he declined the Rangers offer and returned to Saskatoon . In 1944 , Howe was noticed by Detroit Red Wings scout Fred Pinkney and was invited to their camp in Windsor , Ontario . He was signed by the Red Wings to a C form and assigned to their junior team , the Galt Red Wings . However , due to a maximum number of Western players allowed by the league and the Red Wings preference to develop older players , Howes playing time with the team was initially limited . However , in 1945 , he was promoted to the Omaha Knights of the minor professional United States Hockey League ( USHL ) , where he scored 48 points in 51 games as a 17-year-old . While playing in Omaha , Frank Selke of the Toronto Maple Leafs noticed Howes rights were not properly listed as Red Wings property . Having a good relationship with Detroit head coach Jack Adams , he notified Adams of the clerical error and Howe was quickly put on the teams protected list . In the midst of his playing career , Howe appeared as himself on the March 27 , 1967 episode of the CBS game show To Tell the Truth . He received two of four possible votes . Although hockey was not as popular as other sports in America in 1967 , panelist Peggy Cass was a hockey fan and recognized Howe . She disqualified herself from voting . Detroit Red Wings . Howe made his NHL debut on October 16 , 1946 , playing right wing for the Detroit Red Wings , scoring in his first game , at age 18 . He wore #17 as a rookie . However , when Roy Conacher joined the Chicago Black Hawks after the 1946–47 season , Howe was offered Conachers #9 , which he would wear for the rest of his career . Although he had not requested the change , Howe accepted it when he was informed 9 would entitle him to a lower Pullman berth on road trips . He quickly established himself as a great goalscorer and a gifted playmaker with a willingness to fight . Howe fought so often in his rookie season that head coach Jack Adams told him , I know you can fight . Now can you show me you can play hockey ? The term Gordie Howe hat trick ( consisting of a goal , an assist , and a fight ) was coined in reference to his penchant for fighting ; however , Howe himself only recorded two such hat tricks in his career , on October 10 , 1953 , and March 21 , 1954 . Using his great physical strength , he was able to dominate the opposition in a career that spanned six decades ( including one game with the Detroit Vipers of the IHL in 1997 ) . In a feat unsurpassed by any hockey player , he finished in the top five in scoring for 20-straight seasons . Howe also scored 20 or more goals in 22 consecutive seasons between 1949 and 1971 , an NHL record . Howe led Detroit to four Stanley Cup championships and to first place in regular-season play for seven consecutive years ( 1948–49 to 1954–55 ) , a feat never equalled in NHL history . During this time , Howe and his linemates—Sid Abel and Ted Lindsay—were known collectively as The Production Line , both for their scoring and as an allusion to Detroit auto factories . The trio dominated the NHL in such a fashion that in 1949–50 , they finished one-two-three in NHL scoring . This was despite the fact Howes career prime was during a defensive era , when scoring was difficult and checking was tight . However , as he was emerging as one of the top players in the league , Howe sustained the worst injury of his career - his skull was fractured and his cheekbone and nose were broken after his attempt to check the Toronto Maple Leafs captain Ted Kennedy into the boards went awry during the 1950 playoffs . The severity of the fracture was such that he was taken to the hospital for emergency surgery in order to relieve the pressure on his brain . He missed the rest of the playoffs , but his dominant teammates were still able to win the Stanley Cup . The next season , 1950–51 , Howe came back , responding to his severe injuries by playing in every game , by leading the NHL in goals , assists , and total points ( 86 ) , and by winning the scoring title by 20 points . This was the first year of a four-year period of dominance by Howe which the NHL had never seen before . He won four straight scoring titles and in two of the years ( 1950–51 and 1952–53 ) he led the NHL in both goals and assists , which has only been done by five other players in history ( a total of 10 times aside from Howe ) . In three of those years , he led the NHL in goals . In 1952–53 , Howe became the first NHL player to score 90 points , finishing the season with 95 points and a career-best 49 goals which just missed tying the league record of 50 goals held by Rocket Richard ( albeit in a 50-game season ) . Prior to Howe , no NHLer had led the NHL in points more than two times in a row . Only three other players have ever matched the feat of winning four straight scoring titles since—Phil Esposito , Jaromír Jágr and Wayne Gretzky ( who won seven in a row ) . As Howe emerged as one of the games superstars , he was frequently compared to the Montreal Canadiens Maurice Rocket Richard . Both were right wingers who wore #9 , were regular challengers for the league scoring title , and could also play roughly if needed . Their first NHL match-up was in 1946 , where Richard hit Howe with a hard check and an elbow to the chin , then Howe knocked Richard out cold with a single punch . Howe recalled They always thought there was bad blood because I hit [ Richard ] once coming across the line and he spun like a rocket and fell down . He wasn’t hurt that much and I started to laugh . But the laughter stopped when there were eight guys on me . Howe also had a rivalry with the Canadiens centre Jean Béliveau , who wrote in his autobiography that trying to strong-arm Gordie off the puck in a corner was akin to wrestling with a telephone pole . The Red Wings and Canadiens faced off in four Stanley Cup finals during the 1950s , and again in the 1966 final ; Detroit prevailed in 1952 , 1954 and 1955 , but Montreal triumphed in 1956 and 1966 . The Red Wings also had a fierce rivalry with the Chicago Black Hawks who defeated them in the 1961 Stanley Cup Finals . Chicagos Stan Mikita recalled one time as a rookie when he slashed Howe saying he was an old man who didn’t belong on the ice ; later in the season Howe exacted revenge with a check that gave Mikita a concussion . Bobby Hull recalled the times he and Howe played against each other saying I enjoyed every high-sticking minute of it , describing Howe as strong as a bull and tougher than a night in jail” . In the 1968 All-Star Game where Hull and Howe were teammates for the first time , Hull said it was nice finally having Gordie on my side . He was no fun playing against . Hull and Howe would also be rivals in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , as members of the Winnipeg Jets and Houston Aeros , respectively , and would be reunited as teammates on the Hartford Whalers where they finished off their playing careers . After being consistent contenders through the 1950s and early 1960s , the Red Wings began to slump in the late 1960s . When Howe turned 40 in 1967–68 , the NHL expanded from 6 to 12 teams and the number of scoring opportunities grew as the game schedule increased . Howe played the 1968–69 season on a line with Alex Delvecchio and Frank Mahovlich . Mahovlich was a scorer , and Delvecchio was a gifted playmaker . The three were dubbed The Production Line 3 , and at age 40 , Howe scored 103 points , surpassing 100 points for the only time in his NHL career by scoring 44 goals and a career-high 59 assists . However , following his personal best 103-point season , conflict arose with the Red Wings after Howe discovered he was just the third-highest paid player on the team with a $45,000 salary . While team owner Bruce Norris increased Howes salary to $100,000 , he blamed Howes wife , Colleen , for the demand . Howe remained with the club for two more seasons , but after 25 years , a chronic wrist problem forced him to retire after the 1970–71 season and he took a job in the Red Wings front office . At the beginning of 1972 , he was offered the job as first head coach of the New York Islanders , but declined it . By the end of his NHL career , Howe had won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHLs most valuable player six times : 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 and 1963 – at that time the most of any player , and as of 2019 second only to Gretzkys nine . He also finished second or third in the voting for the Hart a further six times . Howe was named to the NHLs First All-Star Team 12 times and to the Second All-Star Team eight times . Howe was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1971 . His number 9 jersey was retired by the Red Wings on March 12 , 1972 . World Hockey Association . One year later , Howe was offered a contract to play with the Houston Aeros of the newly formed World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , which had also signed his sons Mark and Marty to contracts . Dissatisfied with not having any meaningful influence in the Red Wings office , he underwent wrist surgery to make a return to hockey possible , and he led his new team to consecutive league championships in 1974 and 1975 . In 1974 , at age 46 , Howe won the Gary L . Davidson Trophy , awarded to the WHAs Most Valuable Player ( the trophy was renamed the Gordie Howe Trophy the following year ) . Howe played with the Aeros until 1977 , when he and his sons joined the New England Whalers . 1974 Summit Series . Gordie was named with sons Mark and Marty to the WHA version of Team Canada for an eight-game series against the Soviet Union . Playing on a line with son Mark and Ralph Backstrom , Gordie contributed seven points in seven games at age 46 . The Soviets won the series four wins to Canadas one , and with three ties . In the final season of the WHA , Gordie had the opportunity to play with Wayne Gretzky in the 1979 WHA All-Star Game . The format of the game was a three-game series between the WHA All-Stars against Dynamo Moscow . The WHA All-Stars were coached by Jacques Demers , and Demers asked Howe if it was okay to put him on a line with Gretzky and his son Mark . In game one , the line scored seven points , as the WHA All-Stars won by a score of 4–2 . In game two , Gretzky and Mark Howe each scored a goal and Gordie Howe picked up an assist as the WHA won 4–2 . WHA also won Game Three to ensure a clean sweep . Hartford Whalers . When the WHA folded in 1979 , the renamed Hartford Whalers joined the NHL . While the Red Wings still held Howes NHL rights even though he had retired eight years earlier , the Whalers and Red Wings reached a gentlemans agreement in which Detroit agreed not to reclaim him . Howe had experienced dizzy spells in the latter part of the 1978–79 WHA season , and underwent an extensive battery of tests before deciding to play the 1979–80 NHL season . Howe played one final season , appearing in all 80 games of the schedule and helping his team to make the playoffs by scoring 41 points ( 15 goals and 26 assists ) . At 52 years and 10 days , Howe became the oldest man to play an NHL game where his Whalers lost 4–3 to the Canadiens . Late in the season , the Whalers signed Bobby Hull and put Howe , Hull and Dave Keon on the same line . One particular honour came when Wales Conference head coach Scotty Bowman selected Howe , Phil Esposito and Jean Ratelle to the mid-season All-Star Game—which was to take place in Detroit—as a nod to their storied careers before they retired . Howe had played in five decades of All-Star Games and he would skate alongside the second-youngest to ever play in an All-Star Game , 19-year-old Wayne Gretzky . The Joe Louis Arena crowd gave him a standing ovation twice , lasting so long he had to skate to the bench to stop people from cheering . He had one assist in the Wales Conferences 6–3 win . Retirement . Howe was named to Canadas Sports Hall of Fame in 1975 . In 1998 , The Hockey News released their List of Top 100 NHL Players of All Time and listed Howe third overall , behind Wayne Gretzky and Bobby Orr . Of the list , Gretzky and Orr were quoted as regarding Howe as the greatest player . In 2000 , Howe was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame . On April 10 , 2007 , Howe was honoured with the unveiling of a new bronze statue in Joe Louis Arena , where the West Entrance is named the Gordie Howe Entrance in his honour . The statue is tall and weighs about . The statue contains all of Howes stats and history . Another statue of Howe was erected in downtown Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , on the corner of 20th Street and 1st Ave . He is depicted wearing a Detroit Red Wings sweater . The statue has since been relocated to the SaskTel Centre . In February 2011 , various groups proposed naming the New International Trade Crossing bridge , a proposed bridge that will connect Detroit and Windsor by linking Highway 401 in Ontario with Interstate 75 and Interstate 94 in Michigan , in honour of Howe . On May 14 , 2015 , during an event attended by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the Gordie Howe International Bridge . Canadian actor Michael Shanks portrayed Howe in the television film . The film aired April 28 , 2013 , on CBC Television in Canada , and on the Hallmark Channel in the US on May 5 . After the death of his wife Colleen Howe in 2009 , Howe turned his charitable activity towards degenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimers , and founded the Gordie and Colleen Howe Fund for Alzheimers , in partnership with the University of Torontos aging and brain health facility at Baycrest Health Sciences . Personal life and death . Howe met his wife , Colleen , at a bowling alley when she was 17 years old , and they were married four years later on April 15 , 1953 . A middle school in Abbotsford , British Columbia , is named after Gordie and Colleen Howe , and a traffic bridge , campground , and football stadium are named after Gordie Howe in his hometown of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . A hockey arena in Traverse City , Michigan is named after the onetime resident . Two of their sons , Marty and Mark , were his teammates on the WHA Houston Aeros and the New England ( WHA ) /Hartford ( NHL ) Whalers . Mark had a long NHL career , playing 16 seasons for the Hartford Whalers , the Philadelphia Flyers , and the Red Wings , and was one of the dominant two-way defencemen of the 1980s . He followed his father by being elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011 . Their third son , Murray , is a radiologist in Toledo , Ohio , and only daughter , Cathy , lives in Lubbock , Texas . Colleen Howe was one of the founders of the Detroit Junior Red Wings and represented both Gordie and Mark financially during their careers . She died in 2009 at age 76 after a long battle with Picks disease . Howes younger brother , Vic Howe , also played in the NHL appearing in 33 games with the New York Rangers between 1950 and 1955 . He died at age 85 in Moncton , New Brunswick on January 31 , 2015 . Due to dementia , Howe spent most of his time after his wifes death residing with all four of his children on a rotating basis . While staying at his daughters home , he suffered a major stroke on October 26 , 2014 . He died on June 10 , 2016 at his son Murrays house in the Toledo suburb of Sylvania , Ohio at the age of 88 . No cause was given . Howes casket was brought to Joe Louis Arena , the then-home of the Detroit Red Wings , for a public visitation on June 14 , 2016 that lasted from 9 a.m . to 9 p.m . in honour of the #9 that Howe wore on his jersey . Wayne Gretzky , Scotty Bowman , and Detroit Tigers great Al Kaline acted as pallbearers . Howes funeral , which was also opened to the public , was held on June 15 , 2016 at Detroits Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament . Howes cremated remains , along with those of his wife Colleen , were returned to Canada for the last time and interred in Saskatoon in September 2016 , at the base of his statue outside of SaskTel Centre . Legacy . Howes name and nickname , Mr . Hockey , as well as his late wifes nickname as Mrs . Hockey , are registered trademarks . Howe was also referred to during his career as Power , Mr . Everything , Mr . All-Star , The Most , The Great Gordie , The King of Hockey , The Legend , The Man , No . 9 , and Mr . Elbows ( for his tough physical play ) . Howe is widely considered the most complete player in all of hockey history . Once Howe began dominating the NHL , NHL scouts were given new directives to discover players that played the way he did . Howes strength , scoring ability , and speed exemplified the perfect example of the modern-day role of a power forward and someone who can play the 200-foot game . Howes brawn and physical play inspired the coining of the Gordie Howe hat-trick—a goal , an assist and a fight—which is now a standard part of hockeys vocabulary . Ironically , Howe himself only achieved his namesake hat-trick twice in his long career , both in the early 1950s , because few players dared to fight him after Howe soundly defeated New York Rangers enforcer Lou Fontinato at Madison Square Garden in 1959 . ( For comparison , the current leader in Gordie Howe hat-tricks , Rick Tocchet , achieved the feat 18 times in his career. ) Howe was known for being a well-mannered and trusting person off the ice who never questioned the salary the Detroit Red Wings owners paid him . When it became public knowledge Howe had scored more than 600 goals for the organization before it reluctantly offered to pay him over $40,000 , his linemate , Ted Lindsay , began a campaign to establish a players association to unite for fair wages against the NHL owners . This would be the nucleus of the movement that became the National Hockey League Players Association . Howes time playing with the WHA with his sons allowed the fledgling professional league to gain much-needed legitimacy and the ability to fill stadiums . The increased competition for hockey talent forced the insular NHL to seek players beyond its traditional North American sources and recruit professional European players and to expand into new cities to gain new fans . Wayne Gretzky was one of the players who elected to join the WHA instead of the NHL . Over the years , Howe became good friends with Gretzky , who had idolized him as a young player and who would later break many of Howes scoring records and milestones . While Gretzky surpassed Howe statistically , it was Howe who had first set the standard for consistent , high-level play . Howes number 9 has been worn as a tribute to him—Gretzky wore number 99 as a direct tribute to Howe since 9 was taken during the early parts of his career . Another milestone was reached in 1997 when Howe played professional hockey in a sixth decade . He was signed to a one-game contract by the Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League and at age 69 , made a return to the ice for one shift . In so doing , he became the only player in hockey history to compete in six different decades at the professional level , having played in the USHL , NHL , WHA and IHL from the 1940s to 1990s . Howes first 20 seasons came during an era when the schedule was only 70 games , scoring was difficult , and checking was tight ; he never scored 50 goals in a single season . Howe is currently fourth on the NHLs all-time points list with 1850 total points ( 801 goals and 1,049 assists ) after Wayne Gretzky , Mark Messier and Jaromír Jágr . Howe is still second on the all-time goals list , with only Gretzky ahead of him . When career regular season goals from both the NHL and the WHA are combined , he ranks first in goals with 975 , ahead of Gretzkys 940 . At the time of his retirement , Howes professional totals , including playoffs , for the NHL and WHA combined , were first . He finished with 2,421 games played , 1,071 goals , 1,518 assists , and 2,589 points . However , Gretzky would later pass him in goals ( 1,072 ) , assists ( 2,297 ) and points ( 3,369 ) , but not in games played or games played with one team . After Howes death , Gretzky called Howe the greatest hockey player ever , and said that if it were up to him Howes No . 9 would be retired for all NHL teams the same as his own No . 99 . Howes record of 1,767 NHL games played was only surpassed in April 2021 by Patrick Marleau.Howe played internationally on one occasion , at the 1974 Summit Series . In the 1986 film Ferris Buellers Day Off , the character Cameron Frye wears Howes Red Wings jersey throughout most of the film , even though it is set in Chicago . Howe had provided one to the filmmakers personally . Howe was featured in The Simpsons episode Bart the Lover . In it , a photograph of Howe is used by Bart Simpson to fool his teacher into thinking he is a grown man who has answered her personal ad . At the end of the episode , Howes career statistics are shown . In Season 3 of the NBC television crime drama series Good Girls , in an episode entitled The Eye in Survivor , the character of Ruby ( Retta ) steals an autographed Stanley Cup Final game-worn Gordie Howe jersey from a sports bar only to have it appraised and learn that it is counterfeit . In 1993 , a statue created by Michael Martin of Eston , Saskatchewan was installed across from Midtown Plaza and then moved to what is now SaskTel Centre in 2005 . Following his death , Howes ashes along with wife Colleen were interred below the statue . On June 27 , 2016 , it was announced that a bridge in his hometown of Saskatoon would be named after Howe . He was awarded the Order of Canada by the Governor General of Canada , Queen Elizabeth IIs representative in the country . Gordie Howe International Bridge . In May 2015 , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder announced that a new international bridge spanning the Detroit River would be named in honour of Howe . The Gordie Howe International Bridge is set to open in 2024 . Honours . - Howe was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada on June 25 , 1971 . This gave him the post-nominal letters OC for life . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 . - He was the recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1978 . - He was awarded the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992 . - The Howe family received the Wayne Gretzky International Award major contributions to the growth and advancement of hockey in the United States in 2000 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Regina in spring 1997 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan on June 3 , 2010 . - Gordie Howe was specifically honoured by then US President Barack Obama in his speech in the House of Commons Chamber in the Parliament of Canada on June 29 , 2016 when Obama stated that as Americans , we , too , celebrate the life of Mr . Hockey himself , the late , great Gordie Howe . Career statistics . Regular season and playoffs . Bolded indicates league leader Awards . - NHL - WHA Records . - Most NHL regular season games played with a single team : 1,687 - Most NHL and WHA regular season games played : 2,186 - Most NHL and WHA regular season and playoff games played : 2,421 - Most NHL and WHA goals regular season 975 - Most NHL seasons played : 26 ( tied with Chris Chelios ) - Most NHL and WHA seasons played : 32 - Most NHL regular season goals by a right winger : 801 - Most NHL regular season points by a father/son combo ( with son Mark ) : 2,592 - Most consecutive NHL 20-goal seasons : 22 ( 1949–1971 ) - First player to score over 1000 goals ( WHA and NHL , regular season and playoff combined ) - First player to reach 1,500 games played in NHL history . - Most times leading NHL playoffs in scoring ( six times ) - Oldest player to play in NHL : 52 years , 11 days ( no other player has played past the age of 48 ) - First in Red Wings history in points , goals and games played , second in assists - Most NHL All-Star Game appearances : 23 - From 1961 until being surpassed by Patrick Marleau in April 2021 , Howe held the record for most NHL regular season games played .
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Which team did Gordie Howe play for from 1977 to 1980?
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Gordie Howe Gordon Howe ( March 31 , 1928 – June 10 , 2016 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player . From 1946 to 1980 , he played 26 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) ; his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings . Nicknamed Mr . Hockey , Howe is often considered the most complete player to ever play the game and one of the greatest of all time . At his retirement , his 801 goals , 1049 assists , and 1850 total points were all NHL records that stood until they were broken by Wayne Gretzky , who himself has been a major champion of Howes legacy . A 23-time NHL All-Star , he still holds the NHL record for seasons played , and his all-time NHL games played record of 1,767 was only surpassed in 2021 by Patrick Marleau . In 2017 , Howe was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players . Howe made his NHL debut with the Red Wings in 1946 . He won the Art Ross Trophy for leading the league in points each year from 1950–51 to 1953–54 , then again in 1956–57 and 1962–63 , for a total of six times , which is the second most in NHL history . He led the NHL in goal scoring four times . He ranked among the top ten in NHL scoring for 21 consecutive years and set an NHL record for points in a season ( 95 ) in 1953 , a record which was broken six years later . He won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings four times and won six Hart Trophies as the NHLs most valuable player . He also led the NHL in playoff points six times . Howe retired for the first time in 1971 and was immediately inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame that same year . He was then inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame the next year , but came back two years later to join his sons Mark and Marty on the Houston Aeros of the WHA . Although in his mid-40s , he scored over 100 points twice in six years , won two straight Avco World Trophies ( 1974 and 1975 ) and was named most valuable player in 1974 . He made a brief return to the NHL in 1979–80 , playing one season with the Hartford Whalers , then retired at age 52 . His involvement with the WHA was central to their brief pre-NHL merger success , forcing the NHL to recruit European talent and expand to new markets . Howe was most famous for his scoring prowess , physical strength and career longevity , and redefined the ideal qualities of a forward . He is the only player to have competed in the NHL in five different decades ( 1940s through 1980s ) ; he also played a shift in a 1997 game for the Detroit Vipers of the IHL , playing professional hockey for a sixth decade . He became the namesake of the Gordie Howe hat trick : a goal , an assist and a fight in the same game , though he only recorded two such games in his career . He was the inaugural recipient of the NHL Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 . Early life . Howe was born in a farmhouse in Floral , Saskatchewan , the son of Katherine ( Schultz ) and Albert Howe . He was one of nine siblings . When Gordie was nine days old , the Howes moved to Saskatoon , where his father worked as a labourer during the Depression . In the summers , Howe would work construction with his father . Howe was mildly dyslexic growing up , but was physically beyond his years at an early age . Already six feet tall in his mid-teens , doctors feared a calcium deficiency and encouraged him to strengthen his spine with chin-ups . He began playing organized hockey at age eight . Howe quit school during the Depression to work in construction , then left Saskatoon at 16 to pursue his hockey career . Playing careers . Howe was an ambidextrous player , one of just a few skaters able to use the straight sticks of his era to shoot either left- or right-handed . As a young teen , he played bantam hockey with the King George Athletic Club in Saskatoon , winning his first championship with them in the 1942 Saskatchewan Provincial Bantam Hockey Finals . He received his first taste of professional hockey at age 15 in 1943 when he was invited by the New York Rangers to their training camp held at The Amphitheatre in Winnipeg , Manitoba . He played well enough there that the Rangers wanted Howe to sign a C form which would have given that club his National Hockey League rights and to play that year at Notre Dame , a Catholic school in Wilcox , Saskatchewan , that was known for producing good hockey players . However , Howe did not feel that was a good fit for him and wanted to go back home to play hockey with his friends ; he declined the Rangers offer and returned to Saskatoon . In 1944 , Howe was noticed by Detroit Red Wings scout Fred Pinkney and was invited to their camp in Windsor , Ontario . He was signed by the Red Wings to a C form and assigned to their junior team , the Galt Red Wings . However , due to a maximum number of Western players allowed by the league and the Red Wings preference to develop older players , Howes playing time with the team was initially limited . However , in 1945 , he was promoted to the Omaha Knights of the minor professional United States Hockey League ( USHL ) , where he scored 48 points in 51 games as a 17-year-old . While playing in Omaha , Frank Selke of the Toronto Maple Leafs noticed Howes rights were not properly listed as Red Wings property . Having a good relationship with Detroit head coach Jack Adams , he notified Adams of the clerical error and Howe was quickly put on the teams protected list . In the midst of his playing career , Howe appeared as himself on the March 27 , 1967 episode of the CBS game show To Tell the Truth . He received two of four possible votes . Although hockey was not as popular as other sports in America in 1967 , panelist Peggy Cass was a hockey fan and recognized Howe . She disqualified herself from voting . Detroit Red Wings . Howe made his NHL debut on October 16 , 1946 , playing right wing for the Detroit Red Wings , scoring in his first game , at age 18 . He wore #17 as a rookie . However , when Roy Conacher joined the Chicago Black Hawks after the 1946–47 season , Howe was offered Conachers #9 , which he would wear for the rest of his career . Although he had not requested the change , Howe accepted it when he was informed 9 would entitle him to a lower Pullman berth on road trips . He quickly established himself as a great goalscorer and a gifted playmaker with a willingness to fight . Howe fought so often in his rookie season that head coach Jack Adams told him , I know you can fight . Now can you show me you can play hockey ? The term Gordie Howe hat trick ( consisting of a goal , an assist , and a fight ) was coined in reference to his penchant for fighting ; however , Howe himself only recorded two such hat tricks in his career , on October 10 , 1953 , and March 21 , 1954 . Using his great physical strength , he was able to dominate the opposition in a career that spanned six decades ( including one game with the Detroit Vipers of the IHL in 1997 ) . In a feat unsurpassed by any hockey player , he finished in the top five in scoring for 20-straight seasons . Howe also scored 20 or more goals in 22 consecutive seasons between 1949 and 1971 , an NHL record . Howe led Detroit to four Stanley Cup championships and to first place in regular-season play for seven consecutive years ( 1948–49 to 1954–55 ) , a feat never equalled in NHL history . During this time , Howe and his linemates—Sid Abel and Ted Lindsay—were known collectively as The Production Line , both for their scoring and as an allusion to Detroit auto factories . The trio dominated the NHL in such a fashion that in 1949–50 , they finished one-two-three in NHL scoring . This was despite the fact Howes career prime was during a defensive era , when scoring was difficult and checking was tight . However , as he was emerging as one of the top players in the league , Howe sustained the worst injury of his career - his skull was fractured and his cheekbone and nose were broken after his attempt to check the Toronto Maple Leafs captain Ted Kennedy into the boards went awry during the 1950 playoffs . The severity of the fracture was such that he was taken to the hospital for emergency surgery in order to relieve the pressure on his brain . He missed the rest of the playoffs , but his dominant teammates were still able to win the Stanley Cup . The next season , 1950–51 , Howe came back , responding to his severe injuries by playing in every game , by leading the NHL in goals , assists , and total points ( 86 ) , and by winning the scoring title by 20 points . This was the first year of a four-year period of dominance by Howe which the NHL had never seen before . He won four straight scoring titles and in two of the years ( 1950–51 and 1952–53 ) he led the NHL in both goals and assists , which has only been done by five other players in history ( a total of 10 times aside from Howe ) . In three of those years , he led the NHL in goals . In 1952–53 , Howe became the first NHL player to score 90 points , finishing the season with 95 points and a career-best 49 goals which just missed tying the league record of 50 goals held by Rocket Richard ( albeit in a 50-game season ) . Prior to Howe , no NHLer had led the NHL in points more than two times in a row . Only three other players have ever matched the feat of winning four straight scoring titles since—Phil Esposito , Jaromír Jágr and Wayne Gretzky ( who won seven in a row ) . As Howe emerged as one of the games superstars , he was frequently compared to the Montreal Canadiens Maurice Rocket Richard . Both were right wingers who wore #9 , were regular challengers for the league scoring title , and could also play roughly if needed . Their first NHL match-up was in 1946 , where Richard hit Howe with a hard check and an elbow to the chin , then Howe knocked Richard out cold with a single punch . Howe recalled They always thought there was bad blood because I hit [ Richard ] once coming across the line and he spun like a rocket and fell down . He wasn’t hurt that much and I started to laugh . But the laughter stopped when there were eight guys on me . Howe also had a rivalry with the Canadiens centre Jean Béliveau , who wrote in his autobiography that trying to strong-arm Gordie off the puck in a corner was akin to wrestling with a telephone pole . The Red Wings and Canadiens faced off in four Stanley Cup finals during the 1950s , and again in the 1966 final ; Detroit prevailed in 1952 , 1954 and 1955 , but Montreal triumphed in 1956 and 1966 . The Red Wings also had a fierce rivalry with the Chicago Black Hawks who defeated them in the 1961 Stanley Cup Finals . Chicagos Stan Mikita recalled one time as a rookie when he slashed Howe saying he was an old man who didn’t belong on the ice ; later in the season Howe exacted revenge with a check that gave Mikita a concussion . Bobby Hull recalled the times he and Howe played against each other saying I enjoyed every high-sticking minute of it , describing Howe as strong as a bull and tougher than a night in jail” . In the 1968 All-Star Game where Hull and Howe were teammates for the first time , Hull said it was nice finally having Gordie on my side . He was no fun playing against . Hull and Howe would also be rivals in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , as members of the Winnipeg Jets and Houston Aeros , respectively , and would be reunited as teammates on the Hartford Whalers where they finished off their playing careers . After being consistent contenders through the 1950s and early 1960s , the Red Wings began to slump in the late 1960s . When Howe turned 40 in 1967–68 , the NHL expanded from 6 to 12 teams and the number of scoring opportunities grew as the game schedule increased . Howe played the 1968–69 season on a line with Alex Delvecchio and Frank Mahovlich . Mahovlich was a scorer , and Delvecchio was a gifted playmaker . The three were dubbed The Production Line 3 , and at age 40 , Howe scored 103 points , surpassing 100 points for the only time in his NHL career by scoring 44 goals and a career-high 59 assists . However , following his personal best 103-point season , conflict arose with the Red Wings after Howe discovered he was just the third-highest paid player on the team with a $45,000 salary . While team owner Bruce Norris increased Howes salary to $100,000 , he blamed Howes wife , Colleen , for the demand . Howe remained with the club for two more seasons , but after 25 years , a chronic wrist problem forced him to retire after the 1970–71 season and he took a job in the Red Wings front office . At the beginning of 1972 , he was offered the job as first head coach of the New York Islanders , but declined it . By the end of his NHL career , Howe had won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHLs most valuable player six times : 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 and 1963 – at that time the most of any player , and as of 2019 second only to Gretzkys nine . He also finished second or third in the voting for the Hart a further six times . Howe was named to the NHLs First All-Star Team 12 times and to the Second All-Star Team eight times . Howe was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1971 . His number 9 jersey was retired by the Red Wings on March 12 , 1972 . World Hockey Association . One year later , Howe was offered a contract to play with the Houston Aeros of the newly formed World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , which had also signed his sons Mark and Marty to contracts . Dissatisfied with not having any meaningful influence in the Red Wings office , he underwent wrist surgery to make a return to hockey possible , and he led his new team to consecutive league championships in 1974 and 1975 . In 1974 , at age 46 , Howe won the Gary L . Davidson Trophy , awarded to the WHAs Most Valuable Player ( the trophy was renamed the Gordie Howe Trophy the following year ) . Howe played with the Aeros until 1977 , when he and his sons joined the New England Whalers . 1974 Summit Series . Gordie was named with sons Mark and Marty to the WHA version of Team Canada for an eight-game series against the Soviet Union . Playing on a line with son Mark and Ralph Backstrom , Gordie contributed seven points in seven games at age 46 . The Soviets won the series four wins to Canadas one , and with three ties . In the final season of the WHA , Gordie had the opportunity to play with Wayne Gretzky in the 1979 WHA All-Star Game . The format of the game was a three-game series between the WHA All-Stars against Dynamo Moscow . The WHA All-Stars were coached by Jacques Demers , and Demers asked Howe if it was okay to put him on a line with Gretzky and his son Mark . In game one , the line scored seven points , as the WHA All-Stars won by a score of 4–2 . In game two , Gretzky and Mark Howe each scored a goal and Gordie Howe picked up an assist as the WHA won 4–2 . WHA also won Game Three to ensure a clean sweep . Hartford Whalers . When the WHA folded in 1979 , the renamed Hartford Whalers joined the NHL . While the Red Wings still held Howes NHL rights even though he had retired eight years earlier , the Whalers and Red Wings reached a gentlemans agreement in which Detroit agreed not to reclaim him . Howe had experienced dizzy spells in the latter part of the 1978–79 WHA season , and underwent an extensive battery of tests before deciding to play the 1979–80 NHL season . Howe played one final season , appearing in all 80 games of the schedule and helping his team to make the playoffs by scoring 41 points ( 15 goals and 26 assists ) . At 52 years and 10 days , Howe became the oldest man to play an NHL game where his Whalers lost 4–3 to the Canadiens . Late in the season , the Whalers signed Bobby Hull and put Howe , Hull and Dave Keon on the same line . One particular honour came when Wales Conference head coach Scotty Bowman selected Howe , Phil Esposito and Jean Ratelle to the mid-season All-Star Game—which was to take place in Detroit—as a nod to their storied careers before they retired . Howe had played in five decades of All-Star Games and he would skate alongside the second-youngest to ever play in an All-Star Game , 19-year-old Wayne Gretzky . The Joe Louis Arena crowd gave him a standing ovation twice , lasting so long he had to skate to the bench to stop people from cheering . He had one assist in the Wales Conferences 6–3 win . Retirement . Howe was named to Canadas Sports Hall of Fame in 1975 . In 1998 , The Hockey News released their List of Top 100 NHL Players of All Time and listed Howe third overall , behind Wayne Gretzky and Bobby Orr . Of the list , Gretzky and Orr were quoted as regarding Howe as the greatest player . In 2000 , Howe was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame . On April 10 , 2007 , Howe was honoured with the unveiling of a new bronze statue in Joe Louis Arena , where the West Entrance is named the Gordie Howe Entrance in his honour . The statue is tall and weighs about . The statue contains all of Howes stats and history . Another statue of Howe was erected in downtown Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , on the corner of 20th Street and 1st Ave . He is depicted wearing a Detroit Red Wings sweater . The statue has since been relocated to the SaskTel Centre . In February 2011 , various groups proposed naming the New International Trade Crossing bridge , a proposed bridge that will connect Detroit and Windsor by linking Highway 401 in Ontario with Interstate 75 and Interstate 94 in Michigan , in honour of Howe . On May 14 , 2015 , during an event attended by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the Gordie Howe International Bridge . Canadian actor Michael Shanks portrayed Howe in the television film . The film aired April 28 , 2013 , on CBC Television in Canada , and on the Hallmark Channel in the US on May 5 . After the death of his wife Colleen Howe in 2009 , Howe turned his charitable activity towards degenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimers , and founded the Gordie and Colleen Howe Fund for Alzheimers , in partnership with the University of Torontos aging and brain health facility at Baycrest Health Sciences . Personal life and death . Howe met his wife , Colleen , at a bowling alley when she was 17 years old , and they were married four years later on April 15 , 1953 . A middle school in Abbotsford , British Columbia , is named after Gordie and Colleen Howe , and a traffic bridge , campground , and football stadium are named after Gordie Howe in his hometown of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . A hockey arena in Traverse City , Michigan is named after the onetime resident . Two of their sons , Marty and Mark , were his teammates on the WHA Houston Aeros and the New England ( WHA ) /Hartford ( NHL ) Whalers . Mark had a long NHL career , playing 16 seasons for the Hartford Whalers , the Philadelphia Flyers , and the Red Wings , and was one of the dominant two-way defencemen of the 1980s . He followed his father by being elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011 . Their third son , Murray , is a radiologist in Toledo , Ohio , and only daughter , Cathy , lives in Lubbock , Texas . Colleen Howe was one of the founders of the Detroit Junior Red Wings and represented both Gordie and Mark financially during their careers . She died in 2009 at age 76 after a long battle with Picks disease . Howes younger brother , Vic Howe , also played in the NHL appearing in 33 games with the New York Rangers between 1950 and 1955 . He died at age 85 in Moncton , New Brunswick on January 31 , 2015 . Due to dementia , Howe spent most of his time after his wifes death residing with all four of his children on a rotating basis . While staying at his daughters home , he suffered a major stroke on October 26 , 2014 . He died on June 10 , 2016 at his son Murrays house in the Toledo suburb of Sylvania , Ohio at the age of 88 . No cause was given . Howes casket was brought to Joe Louis Arena , the then-home of the Detroit Red Wings , for a public visitation on June 14 , 2016 that lasted from 9 a.m . to 9 p.m . in honour of the #9 that Howe wore on his jersey . Wayne Gretzky , Scotty Bowman , and Detroit Tigers great Al Kaline acted as pallbearers . Howes funeral , which was also opened to the public , was held on June 15 , 2016 at Detroits Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament . Howes cremated remains , along with those of his wife Colleen , were returned to Canada for the last time and interred in Saskatoon in September 2016 , at the base of his statue outside of SaskTel Centre . Legacy . Howes name and nickname , Mr . Hockey , as well as his late wifes nickname as Mrs . Hockey , are registered trademarks . Howe was also referred to during his career as Power , Mr . Everything , Mr . All-Star , The Most , The Great Gordie , The King of Hockey , The Legend , The Man , No . 9 , and Mr . Elbows ( for his tough physical play ) . Howe is widely considered the most complete player in all of hockey history . Once Howe began dominating the NHL , NHL scouts were given new directives to discover players that played the way he did . Howes strength , scoring ability , and speed exemplified the perfect example of the modern-day role of a power forward and someone who can play the 200-foot game . Howes brawn and physical play inspired the coining of the Gordie Howe hat-trick—a goal , an assist and a fight—which is now a standard part of hockeys vocabulary . Ironically , Howe himself only achieved his namesake hat-trick twice in his long career , both in the early 1950s , because few players dared to fight him after Howe soundly defeated New York Rangers enforcer Lou Fontinato at Madison Square Garden in 1959 . ( For comparison , the current leader in Gordie Howe hat-tricks , Rick Tocchet , achieved the feat 18 times in his career. ) Howe was known for being a well-mannered and trusting person off the ice who never questioned the salary the Detroit Red Wings owners paid him . When it became public knowledge Howe had scored more than 600 goals for the organization before it reluctantly offered to pay him over $40,000 , his linemate , Ted Lindsay , began a campaign to establish a players association to unite for fair wages against the NHL owners . This would be the nucleus of the movement that became the National Hockey League Players Association . Howes time playing with the WHA with his sons allowed the fledgling professional league to gain much-needed legitimacy and the ability to fill stadiums . The increased competition for hockey talent forced the insular NHL to seek players beyond its traditional North American sources and recruit professional European players and to expand into new cities to gain new fans . Wayne Gretzky was one of the players who elected to join the WHA instead of the NHL . Over the years , Howe became good friends with Gretzky , who had idolized him as a young player and who would later break many of Howes scoring records and milestones . While Gretzky surpassed Howe statistically , it was Howe who had first set the standard for consistent , high-level play . Howes number 9 has been worn as a tribute to him—Gretzky wore number 99 as a direct tribute to Howe since 9 was taken during the early parts of his career . Another milestone was reached in 1997 when Howe played professional hockey in a sixth decade . He was signed to a one-game contract by the Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League and at age 69 , made a return to the ice for one shift . In so doing , he became the only player in hockey history to compete in six different decades at the professional level , having played in the USHL , NHL , WHA and IHL from the 1940s to 1990s . Howes first 20 seasons came during an era when the schedule was only 70 games , scoring was difficult , and checking was tight ; he never scored 50 goals in a single season . Howe is currently fourth on the NHLs all-time points list with 1850 total points ( 801 goals and 1,049 assists ) after Wayne Gretzky , Mark Messier and Jaromír Jágr . Howe is still second on the all-time goals list , with only Gretzky ahead of him . When career regular season goals from both the NHL and the WHA are combined , he ranks first in goals with 975 , ahead of Gretzkys 940 . At the time of his retirement , Howes professional totals , including playoffs , for the NHL and WHA combined , were first . He finished with 2,421 games played , 1,071 goals , 1,518 assists , and 2,589 points . However , Gretzky would later pass him in goals ( 1,072 ) , assists ( 2,297 ) and points ( 3,369 ) , but not in games played or games played with one team . After Howes death , Gretzky called Howe the greatest hockey player ever , and said that if it were up to him Howes No . 9 would be retired for all NHL teams the same as his own No . 99 . Howes record of 1,767 NHL games played was only surpassed in April 2021 by Patrick Marleau.Howe played internationally on one occasion , at the 1974 Summit Series . In the 1986 film Ferris Buellers Day Off , the character Cameron Frye wears Howes Red Wings jersey throughout most of the film , even though it is set in Chicago . Howe had provided one to the filmmakers personally . Howe was featured in The Simpsons episode Bart the Lover . In it , a photograph of Howe is used by Bart Simpson to fool his teacher into thinking he is a grown man who has answered her personal ad . At the end of the episode , Howes career statistics are shown . In Season 3 of the NBC television crime drama series Good Girls , in an episode entitled The Eye in Survivor , the character of Ruby ( Retta ) steals an autographed Stanley Cup Final game-worn Gordie Howe jersey from a sports bar only to have it appraised and learn that it is counterfeit . In 1993 , a statue created by Michael Martin of Eston , Saskatchewan was installed across from Midtown Plaza and then moved to what is now SaskTel Centre in 2005 . Following his death , Howes ashes along with wife Colleen were interred below the statue . On June 27 , 2016 , it was announced that a bridge in his hometown of Saskatoon would be named after Howe . He was awarded the Order of Canada by the Governor General of Canada , Queen Elizabeth IIs representative in the country . Gordie Howe International Bridge . In May 2015 , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder announced that a new international bridge spanning the Detroit River would be named in honour of Howe . The Gordie Howe International Bridge is set to open in 2024 . Honours . - Howe was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada on June 25 , 1971 . This gave him the post-nominal letters OC for life . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 . - He was the recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1978 . - He was awarded the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992 . - The Howe family received the Wayne Gretzky International Award major contributions to the growth and advancement of hockey in the United States in 2000 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Regina in spring 1997 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan on June 3 , 2010 . - Gordie Howe was specifically honoured by then US President Barack Obama in his speech in the House of Commons Chamber in the Parliament of Canada on June 29 , 2016 when Obama stated that as Americans , we , too , celebrate the life of Mr . Hockey himself , the late , great Gordie Howe . Career statistics . Regular season and playoffs . Bolded indicates league leader Awards . - NHL - WHA Records . - Most NHL regular season games played with a single team : 1,687 - Most NHL and WHA regular season games played : 2,186 - Most NHL and WHA regular season and playoff games played : 2,421 - Most NHL and WHA goals regular season 975 - Most NHL seasons played : 26 ( tied with Chris Chelios ) - Most NHL and WHA seasons played : 32 - Most NHL regular season goals by a right winger : 801 - Most NHL regular season points by a father/son combo ( with son Mark ) : 2,592 - Most consecutive NHL 20-goal seasons : 22 ( 1949–1971 ) - First player to score over 1000 goals ( WHA and NHL , regular season and playoff combined ) - First player to reach 1,500 games played in NHL history . - Most times leading NHL playoffs in scoring ( six times ) - Oldest player to play in NHL : 52 years , 11 days ( no other player has played past the age of 48 ) - First in Red Wings history in points , goals and games played , second in assists - Most NHL All-Star Game appearances : 23 - From 1961 until being surpassed by Patrick Marleau in April 2021 , Howe held the record for most NHL regular season games played .
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Which team did the player Gordie Howe belong to from 1997 to 1998?
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Gordie Howe Gordon Howe ( March 31 , 1928 – June 10 , 2016 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player . From 1946 to 1980 , he played 26 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and six seasons in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) ; his first 25 seasons were spent with the Detroit Red Wings . Nicknamed Mr . Hockey , Howe is often considered the most complete player to ever play the game and one of the greatest of all time . At his retirement , his 801 goals , 1049 assists , and 1850 total points were all NHL records that stood until they were broken by Wayne Gretzky , who himself has been a major champion of Howes legacy . A 23-time NHL All-Star , he still holds the NHL record for seasons played , and his all-time NHL games played record of 1,767 was only surpassed in 2021 by Patrick Marleau . In 2017 , Howe was named one of the 100 Greatest NHL Players . Howe made his NHL debut with the Red Wings in 1946 . He won the Art Ross Trophy for leading the league in points each year from 1950–51 to 1953–54 , then again in 1956–57 and 1962–63 , for a total of six times , which is the second most in NHL history . He led the NHL in goal scoring four times . He ranked among the top ten in NHL scoring for 21 consecutive years and set an NHL record for points in a season ( 95 ) in 1953 , a record which was broken six years later . He won the Stanley Cup with the Red Wings four times and won six Hart Trophies as the NHLs most valuable player . He also led the NHL in playoff points six times . Howe retired for the first time in 1971 and was immediately inducted into the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame that same year . He was then inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame the next year , but came back two years later to join his sons Mark and Marty on the Houston Aeros of the WHA . Although in his mid-40s , he scored over 100 points twice in six years , won two straight Avco World Trophies ( 1974 and 1975 ) and was named most valuable player in 1974 . He made a brief return to the NHL in 1979–80 , playing one season with the Hartford Whalers , then retired at age 52 . His involvement with the WHA was central to their brief pre-NHL merger success , forcing the NHL to recruit European talent and expand to new markets . Howe was most famous for his scoring prowess , physical strength and career longevity , and redefined the ideal qualities of a forward . He is the only player to have competed in the NHL in five different decades ( 1940s through 1980s ) ; he also played a shift in a 1997 game for the Detroit Vipers of the IHL , playing professional hockey for a sixth decade . He became the namesake of the Gordie Howe hat trick : a goal , an assist and a fight in the same game , though he only recorded two such games in his career . He was the inaugural recipient of the NHL Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008 . Early life . Howe was born in a farmhouse in Floral , Saskatchewan , the son of Katherine ( Schultz ) and Albert Howe . He was one of nine siblings . When Gordie was nine days old , the Howes moved to Saskatoon , where his father worked as a labourer during the Depression . In the summers , Howe would work construction with his father . Howe was mildly dyslexic growing up , but was physically beyond his years at an early age . Already six feet tall in his mid-teens , doctors feared a calcium deficiency and encouraged him to strengthen his spine with chin-ups . He began playing organized hockey at age eight . Howe quit school during the Depression to work in construction , then left Saskatoon at 16 to pursue his hockey career . Playing careers . Howe was an ambidextrous player , one of just a few skaters able to use the straight sticks of his era to shoot either left- or right-handed . As a young teen , he played bantam hockey with the King George Athletic Club in Saskatoon , winning his first championship with them in the 1942 Saskatchewan Provincial Bantam Hockey Finals . He received his first taste of professional hockey at age 15 in 1943 when he was invited by the New York Rangers to their training camp held at The Amphitheatre in Winnipeg , Manitoba . He played well enough there that the Rangers wanted Howe to sign a C form which would have given that club his National Hockey League rights and to play that year at Notre Dame , a Catholic school in Wilcox , Saskatchewan , that was known for producing good hockey players . However , Howe did not feel that was a good fit for him and wanted to go back home to play hockey with his friends ; he declined the Rangers offer and returned to Saskatoon . In 1944 , Howe was noticed by Detroit Red Wings scout Fred Pinkney and was invited to their camp in Windsor , Ontario . He was signed by the Red Wings to a C form and assigned to their junior team , the Galt Red Wings . However , due to a maximum number of Western players allowed by the league and the Red Wings preference to develop older players , Howes playing time with the team was initially limited . However , in 1945 , he was promoted to the Omaha Knights of the minor professional United States Hockey League ( USHL ) , where he scored 48 points in 51 games as a 17-year-old . While playing in Omaha , Frank Selke of the Toronto Maple Leafs noticed Howes rights were not properly listed as Red Wings property . Having a good relationship with Detroit head coach Jack Adams , he notified Adams of the clerical error and Howe was quickly put on the teams protected list . In the midst of his playing career , Howe appeared as himself on the March 27 , 1967 episode of the CBS game show To Tell the Truth . He received two of four possible votes . Although hockey was not as popular as other sports in America in 1967 , panelist Peggy Cass was a hockey fan and recognized Howe . She disqualified herself from voting . Detroit Red Wings . Howe made his NHL debut on October 16 , 1946 , playing right wing for the Detroit Red Wings , scoring in his first game , at age 18 . He wore #17 as a rookie . However , when Roy Conacher joined the Chicago Black Hawks after the 1946–47 season , Howe was offered Conachers #9 , which he would wear for the rest of his career . Although he had not requested the change , Howe accepted it when he was informed 9 would entitle him to a lower Pullman berth on road trips . He quickly established himself as a great goalscorer and a gifted playmaker with a willingness to fight . Howe fought so often in his rookie season that head coach Jack Adams told him , I know you can fight . Now can you show me you can play hockey ? The term Gordie Howe hat trick ( consisting of a goal , an assist , and a fight ) was coined in reference to his penchant for fighting ; however , Howe himself only recorded two such hat tricks in his career , on October 10 , 1953 , and March 21 , 1954 . Using his great physical strength , he was able to dominate the opposition in a career that spanned six decades ( including one game with the Detroit Vipers of the IHL in 1997 ) . In a feat unsurpassed by any hockey player , he finished in the top five in scoring for 20-straight seasons . Howe also scored 20 or more goals in 22 consecutive seasons between 1949 and 1971 , an NHL record . Howe led Detroit to four Stanley Cup championships and to first place in regular-season play for seven consecutive years ( 1948–49 to 1954–55 ) , a feat never equalled in NHL history . During this time , Howe and his linemates—Sid Abel and Ted Lindsay—were known collectively as The Production Line , both for their scoring and as an allusion to Detroit auto factories . The trio dominated the NHL in such a fashion that in 1949–50 , they finished one-two-three in NHL scoring . This was despite the fact Howes career prime was during a defensive era , when scoring was difficult and checking was tight . However , as he was emerging as one of the top players in the league , Howe sustained the worst injury of his career - his skull was fractured and his cheekbone and nose were broken after his attempt to check the Toronto Maple Leafs captain Ted Kennedy into the boards went awry during the 1950 playoffs . The severity of the fracture was such that he was taken to the hospital for emergency surgery in order to relieve the pressure on his brain . He missed the rest of the playoffs , but his dominant teammates were still able to win the Stanley Cup . The next season , 1950–51 , Howe came back , responding to his severe injuries by playing in every game , by leading the NHL in goals , assists , and total points ( 86 ) , and by winning the scoring title by 20 points . This was the first year of a four-year period of dominance by Howe which the NHL had never seen before . He won four straight scoring titles and in two of the years ( 1950–51 and 1952–53 ) he led the NHL in both goals and assists , which has only been done by five other players in history ( a total of 10 times aside from Howe ) . In three of those years , he led the NHL in goals . In 1952–53 , Howe became the first NHL player to score 90 points , finishing the season with 95 points and a career-best 49 goals which just missed tying the league record of 50 goals held by Rocket Richard ( albeit in a 50-game season ) . Prior to Howe , no NHLer had led the NHL in points more than two times in a row . Only three other players have ever matched the feat of winning four straight scoring titles since—Phil Esposito , Jaromír Jágr and Wayne Gretzky ( who won seven in a row ) . As Howe emerged as one of the games superstars , he was frequently compared to the Montreal Canadiens Maurice Rocket Richard . Both were right wingers who wore #9 , were regular challengers for the league scoring title , and could also play roughly if needed . Their first NHL match-up was in 1946 , where Richard hit Howe with a hard check and an elbow to the chin , then Howe knocked Richard out cold with a single punch . Howe recalled They always thought there was bad blood because I hit [ Richard ] once coming across the line and he spun like a rocket and fell down . He wasn’t hurt that much and I started to laugh . But the laughter stopped when there were eight guys on me . Howe also had a rivalry with the Canadiens centre Jean Béliveau , who wrote in his autobiography that trying to strong-arm Gordie off the puck in a corner was akin to wrestling with a telephone pole . The Red Wings and Canadiens faced off in four Stanley Cup finals during the 1950s , and again in the 1966 final ; Detroit prevailed in 1952 , 1954 and 1955 , but Montreal triumphed in 1956 and 1966 . The Red Wings also had a fierce rivalry with the Chicago Black Hawks who defeated them in the 1961 Stanley Cup Finals . Chicagos Stan Mikita recalled one time as a rookie when he slashed Howe saying he was an old man who didn’t belong on the ice ; later in the season Howe exacted revenge with a check that gave Mikita a concussion . Bobby Hull recalled the times he and Howe played against each other saying I enjoyed every high-sticking minute of it , describing Howe as strong as a bull and tougher than a night in jail” . In the 1968 All-Star Game where Hull and Howe were teammates for the first time , Hull said it was nice finally having Gordie on my side . He was no fun playing against . Hull and Howe would also be rivals in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , as members of the Winnipeg Jets and Houston Aeros , respectively , and would be reunited as teammates on the Hartford Whalers where they finished off their playing careers . After being consistent contenders through the 1950s and early 1960s , the Red Wings began to slump in the late 1960s . When Howe turned 40 in 1967–68 , the NHL expanded from 6 to 12 teams and the number of scoring opportunities grew as the game schedule increased . Howe played the 1968–69 season on a line with Alex Delvecchio and Frank Mahovlich . Mahovlich was a scorer , and Delvecchio was a gifted playmaker . The three were dubbed The Production Line 3 , and at age 40 , Howe scored 103 points , surpassing 100 points for the only time in his NHL career by scoring 44 goals and a career-high 59 assists . However , following his personal best 103-point season , conflict arose with the Red Wings after Howe discovered he was just the third-highest paid player on the team with a $45,000 salary . While team owner Bruce Norris increased Howes salary to $100,000 , he blamed Howes wife , Colleen , for the demand . Howe remained with the club for two more seasons , but after 25 years , a chronic wrist problem forced him to retire after the 1970–71 season and he took a job in the Red Wings front office . At the beginning of 1972 , he was offered the job as first head coach of the New York Islanders , but declined it . By the end of his NHL career , Howe had won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHLs most valuable player six times : 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1960 and 1963 – at that time the most of any player , and as of 2019 second only to Gretzkys nine . He also finished second or third in the voting for the Hart a further six times . Howe was named to the NHLs First All-Star Team 12 times and to the Second All-Star Team eight times . Howe was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1971 . His number 9 jersey was retired by the Red Wings on March 12 , 1972 . World Hockey Association . One year later , Howe was offered a contract to play with the Houston Aeros of the newly formed World Hockey Association ( WHA ) , which had also signed his sons Mark and Marty to contracts . Dissatisfied with not having any meaningful influence in the Red Wings office , he underwent wrist surgery to make a return to hockey possible , and he led his new team to consecutive league championships in 1974 and 1975 . In 1974 , at age 46 , Howe won the Gary L . Davidson Trophy , awarded to the WHAs Most Valuable Player ( the trophy was renamed the Gordie Howe Trophy the following year ) . Howe played with the Aeros until 1977 , when he and his sons joined the New England Whalers . 1974 Summit Series . Gordie was named with sons Mark and Marty to the WHA version of Team Canada for an eight-game series against the Soviet Union . Playing on a line with son Mark and Ralph Backstrom , Gordie contributed seven points in seven games at age 46 . The Soviets won the series four wins to Canadas one , and with three ties . In the final season of the WHA , Gordie had the opportunity to play with Wayne Gretzky in the 1979 WHA All-Star Game . The format of the game was a three-game series between the WHA All-Stars against Dynamo Moscow . The WHA All-Stars were coached by Jacques Demers , and Demers asked Howe if it was okay to put him on a line with Gretzky and his son Mark . In game one , the line scored seven points , as the WHA All-Stars won by a score of 4–2 . In game two , Gretzky and Mark Howe each scored a goal and Gordie Howe picked up an assist as the WHA won 4–2 . WHA also won Game Three to ensure a clean sweep . Hartford Whalers . When the WHA folded in 1979 , the renamed Hartford Whalers joined the NHL . While the Red Wings still held Howes NHL rights even though he had retired eight years earlier , the Whalers and Red Wings reached a gentlemans agreement in which Detroit agreed not to reclaim him . Howe had experienced dizzy spells in the latter part of the 1978–79 WHA season , and underwent an extensive battery of tests before deciding to play the 1979–80 NHL season . Howe played one final season , appearing in all 80 games of the schedule and helping his team to make the playoffs by scoring 41 points ( 15 goals and 26 assists ) . At 52 years and 10 days , Howe became the oldest man to play an NHL game where his Whalers lost 4–3 to the Canadiens . Late in the season , the Whalers signed Bobby Hull and put Howe , Hull and Dave Keon on the same line . One particular honour came when Wales Conference head coach Scotty Bowman selected Howe , Phil Esposito and Jean Ratelle to the mid-season All-Star Game—which was to take place in Detroit—as a nod to their storied careers before they retired . Howe had played in five decades of All-Star Games and he would skate alongside the second-youngest to ever play in an All-Star Game , 19-year-old Wayne Gretzky . The Joe Louis Arena crowd gave him a standing ovation twice , lasting so long he had to skate to the bench to stop people from cheering . He had one assist in the Wales Conferences 6–3 win . Retirement . Howe was named to Canadas Sports Hall of Fame in 1975 . In 1998 , The Hockey News released their List of Top 100 NHL Players of All Time and listed Howe third overall , behind Wayne Gretzky and Bobby Orr . Of the list , Gretzky and Orr were quoted as regarding Howe as the greatest player . In 2000 , Howe was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame . On April 10 , 2007 , Howe was honoured with the unveiling of a new bronze statue in Joe Louis Arena , where the West Entrance is named the Gordie Howe Entrance in his honour . The statue is tall and weighs about . The statue contains all of Howes stats and history . Another statue of Howe was erected in downtown Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , on the corner of 20th Street and 1st Ave . He is depicted wearing a Detroit Red Wings sweater . The statue has since been relocated to the SaskTel Centre . In February 2011 , various groups proposed naming the New International Trade Crossing bridge , a proposed bridge that will connect Detroit and Windsor by linking Highway 401 in Ontario with Interstate 75 and Interstate 94 in Michigan , in honour of Howe . On May 14 , 2015 , during an event attended by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper , it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the Gordie Howe International Bridge . Canadian actor Michael Shanks portrayed Howe in the television film . The film aired April 28 , 2013 , on CBC Television in Canada , and on the Hallmark Channel in the US on May 5 . After the death of his wife Colleen Howe in 2009 , Howe turned his charitable activity towards degenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimers , and founded the Gordie and Colleen Howe Fund for Alzheimers , in partnership with the University of Torontos aging and brain health facility at Baycrest Health Sciences . Personal life and death . Howe met his wife , Colleen , at a bowling alley when she was 17 years old , and they were married four years later on April 15 , 1953 . A middle school in Abbotsford , British Columbia , is named after Gordie and Colleen Howe , and a traffic bridge , campground , and football stadium are named after Gordie Howe in his hometown of Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . A hockey arena in Traverse City , Michigan is named after the onetime resident . Two of their sons , Marty and Mark , were his teammates on the WHA Houston Aeros and the New England ( WHA ) /Hartford ( NHL ) Whalers . Mark had a long NHL career , playing 16 seasons for the Hartford Whalers , the Philadelphia Flyers , and the Red Wings , and was one of the dominant two-way defencemen of the 1980s . He followed his father by being elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011 . Their third son , Murray , is a radiologist in Toledo , Ohio , and only daughter , Cathy , lives in Lubbock , Texas . Colleen Howe was one of the founders of the Detroit Junior Red Wings and represented both Gordie and Mark financially during their careers . She died in 2009 at age 76 after a long battle with Picks disease . Howes younger brother , Vic Howe , also played in the NHL appearing in 33 games with the New York Rangers between 1950 and 1955 . He died at age 85 in Moncton , New Brunswick on January 31 , 2015 . Due to dementia , Howe spent most of his time after his wifes death residing with all four of his children on a rotating basis . While staying at his daughters home , he suffered a major stroke on October 26 , 2014 . He died on June 10 , 2016 at his son Murrays house in the Toledo suburb of Sylvania , Ohio at the age of 88 . No cause was given . Howes casket was brought to Joe Louis Arena , the then-home of the Detroit Red Wings , for a public visitation on June 14 , 2016 that lasted from 9 a.m . to 9 p.m . in honour of the #9 that Howe wore on his jersey . Wayne Gretzky , Scotty Bowman , and Detroit Tigers great Al Kaline acted as pallbearers . Howes funeral , which was also opened to the public , was held on June 15 , 2016 at Detroits Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament . Howes cremated remains , along with those of his wife Colleen , were returned to Canada for the last time and interred in Saskatoon in September 2016 , at the base of his statue outside of SaskTel Centre . Legacy . Howes name and nickname , Mr . Hockey , as well as his late wifes nickname as Mrs . Hockey , are registered trademarks . Howe was also referred to during his career as Power , Mr . Everything , Mr . All-Star , The Most , The Great Gordie , The King of Hockey , The Legend , The Man , No . 9 , and Mr . Elbows ( for his tough physical play ) . Howe is widely considered the most complete player in all of hockey history . Once Howe began dominating the NHL , NHL scouts were given new directives to discover players that played the way he did . Howes strength , scoring ability , and speed exemplified the perfect example of the modern-day role of a power forward and someone who can play the 200-foot game . Howes brawn and physical play inspired the coining of the Gordie Howe hat-trick—a goal , an assist and a fight—which is now a standard part of hockeys vocabulary . Ironically , Howe himself only achieved his namesake hat-trick twice in his long career , both in the early 1950s , because few players dared to fight him after Howe soundly defeated New York Rangers enforcer Lou Fontinato at Madison Square Garden in 1959 . ( For comparison , the current leader in Gordie Howe hat-tricks , Rick Tocchet , achieved the feat 18 times in his career. ) Howe was known for being a well-mannered and trusting person off the ice who never questioned the salary the Detroit Red Wings owners paid him . When it became public knowledge Howe had scored more than 600 goals for the organization before it reluctantly offered to pay him over $40,000 , his linemate , Ted Lindsay , began a campaign to establish a players association to unite for fair wages against the NHL owners . This would be the nucleus of the movement that became the National Hockey League Players Association . Howes time playing with the WHA with his sons allowed the fledgling professional league to gain much-needed legitimacy and the ability to fill stadiums . The increased competition for hockey talent forced the insular NHL to seek players beyond its traditional North American sources and recruit professional European players and to expand into new cities to gain new fans . Wayne Gretzky was one of the players who elected to join the WHA instead of the NHL . Over the years , Howe became good friends with Gretzky , who had idolized him as a young player and who would later break many of Howes scoring records and milestones . While Gretzky surpassed Howe statistically , it was Howe who had first set the standard for consistent , high-level play . Howes number 9 has been worn as a tribute to him—Gretzky wore number 99 as a direct tribute to Howe since 9 was taken during the early parts of his career . Another milestone was reached in 1997 when Howe played professional hockey in a sixth decade . He was signed to a one-game contract by the Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League and at age 69 , made a return to the ice for one shift . In so doing , he became the only player in hockey history to compete in six different decades at the professional level , having played in the USHL , NHL , WHA and IHL from the 1940s to 1990s . Howes first 20 seasons came during an era when the schedule was only 70 games , scoring was difficult , and checking was tight ; he never scored 50 goals in a single season . Howe is currently fourth on the NHLs all-time points list with 1850 total points ( 801 goals and 1,049 assists ) after Wayne Gretzky , Mark Messier and Jaromír Jágr . Howe is still second on the all-time goals list , with only Gretzky ahead of him . When career regular season goals from both the NHL and the WHA are combined , he ranks first in goals with 975 , ahead of Gretzkys 940 . At the time of his retirement , Howes professional totals , including playoffs , for the NHL and WHA combined , were first . He finished with 2,421 games played , 1,071 goals , 1,518 assists , and 2,589 points . However , Gretzky would later pass him in goals ( 1,072 ) , assists ( 2,297 ) and points ( 3,369 ) , but not in games played or games played with one team . After Howes death , Gretzky called Howe the greatest hockey player ever , and said that if it were up to him Howes No . 9 would be retired for all NHL teams the same as his own No . 99 . Howes record of 1,767 NHL games played was only surpassed in April 2021 by Patrick Marleau.Howe played internationally on one occasion , at the 1974 Summit Series . In the 1986 film Ferris Buellers Day Off , the character Cameron Frye wears Howes Red Wings jersey throughout most of the film , even though it is set in Chicago . Howe had provided one to the filmmakers personally . Howe was featured in The Simpsons episode Bart the Lover . In it , a photograph of Howe is used by Bart Simpson to fool his teacher into thinking he is a grown man who has answered her personal ad . At the end of the episode , Howes career statistics are shown . In Season 3 of the NBC television crime drama series Good Girls , in an episode entitled The Eye in Survivor , the character of Ruby ( Retta ) steals an autographed Stanley Cup Final game-worn Gordie Howe jersey from a sports bar only to have it appraised and learn that it is counterfeit . In 1993 , a statue created by Michael Martin of Eston , Saskatchewan was installed across from Midtown Plaza and then moved to what is now SaskTel Centre in 2005 . Following his death , Howes ashes along with wife Colleen were interred below the statue . On June 27 , 2016 , it was announced that a bridge in his hometown of Saskatoon would be named after Howe . He was awarded the Order of Canada by the Governor General of Canada , Queen Elizabeth IIs representative in the country . Gordie Howe International Bridge . In May 2015 , Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Michigan Governor Rick Snyder announced that a new international bridge spanning the Detroit River would be named in honour of Howe . The Gordie Howe International Bridge is set to open in 2024 . Honours . - Howe was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada on June 25 , 1971 . This gave him the post-nominal letters OC for life . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977 . - He was the recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1978 . - He was awarded the 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal in 1992 . - The Howe family received the Wayne Gretzky International Award major contributions to the growth and advancement of hockey in the United States in 2000 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002 . - He was awarded the Canadian version of the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Regina in spring 1997 . - He was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Saskatchewan on June 3 , 2010 . - Gordie Howe was specifically honoured by then US President Barack Obama in his speech in the House of Commons Chamber in the Parliament of Canada on June 29 , 2016 when Obama stated that as Americans , we , too , celebrate the life of Mr . Hockey himself , the late , great Gordie Howe . Career statistics . Regular season and playoffs . Bolded indicates league leader Awards . - NHL - WHA Records . - Most NHL regular season games played with a single team : 1,687 - Most NHL and WHA regular season games played : 2,186 - Most NHL and WHA regular season and playoff games played : 2,421 - Most NHL and WHA goals regular season 975 - Most NHL seasons played : 26 ( tied with Chris Chelios ) - Most NHL and WHA seasons played : 32 - Most NHL regular season goals by a right winger : 801 - Most NHL regular season points by a father/son combo ( with son Mark ) : 2,592 - Most consecutive NHL 20-goal seasons : 22 ( 1949–1971 ) - First player to score over 1000 goals ( WHA and NHL , regular season and playoff combined ) - First player to reach 1,500 games played in NHL history . - Most times leading NHL playoffs in scoring ( six times ) - Oldest player to play in NHL : 52 years , 11 days ( no other player has played past the age of 48 ) - First in Red Wings history in points , goals and games played , second in assists - Most NHL All-Star Game appearances : 23 - From 1961 until being surpassed by Patrick Marleau in April 2021 , Howe held the record for most NHL regular season games played .
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[
"ALP"
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easy
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Which party was Lionel Hill a member of from 1930 to 1931?
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/wiki/Lionel_Hill#P102#0
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Lionel Hill Lionel Laughton Hill ( 14 May 1881 – 19 March 1963 ) was the thirtieth Premier of South Australia , representing the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party . Early life . Born in Adelaide , South Australia but raised on a farm near Maitland , Hill left school aged 12 to work on the South Australian government railways , where he first became involved in the labour movement . This led to his appointment as the secretary-treasurer of the Boilermakers Assistants Union in 1901 , a position he held until 1914 . Hill was also able to combine his work with a distinguished Australian rules footballing career in the South Australian National Football League . He made his league debut for West Adelaide Football Club as a seventeen year old and played 52 games until the end of 1902 before joining North Adelaide Football Club in 1903 and then starring for Norwood Football Club from 1904 until 1913 . Hill won the Best and fairest in his only year at North Adelaide and won three best and fairests while at Norwood in 1904 , 1908 and 1909 . He also represented the State in interstate matches on numerous occasions . Parliament . After marrying in 1908 , Hill further increased his stature in the labour movement in 1910 by becoming secretary of the South Australian branch of the Australian Tramway Employes Association and its federal president in 1912 . Hill then gained Australian Labor Party pre-selection for the South Australian House of Assembly electorate of East Torrens , which he duly won at the 1915 election . In parliament Hill was considered a slow thinker and unimpressive orator but gained statewide recognition for his role as President of the Anti-Conscription Council , an issue so divisive during World War I that it caused the 1916 Labor split . In the wake of the split , Hill resigned his East Torrens seat in 1917 to unsuccessfully contest the Australian Senate elections as an anti-conscriptionist Labor candidate . Remaining in the political spotlight by becoming President of the South Australian branch of the Labor Party , Hill returned to South Australian politics at the 1918 election as the member for the rural electorate of Port Pirie . His time in parliament was undistinguished but when the John Gunn led ALP won government following the 1924 election Hill was appointed Minister of Education and industry and Commissioner of Public Works . And upon Gunns resignation in August 1926 , Hill became Premier and Treasurer of South Australia for eight months until the 1927 election when the Richard Layton Butler led Liberal Federation returned to power and Hill became opposition leader . The onset of the Great Depression in Australia , in combination with a serious drought gripping the state , cast shadows over the 1930 election as the Liberal Federation struggled to combat the resulting severe economic downturn . During the election campaign Butler cautioned voters to expect hardships ahead , while Hill promised a golden future under the slogan Work for the Workless ; Land for the Landless and Equitable Taxation for All and was elected in a landslide , winning 30 of the 46 seats in the House of Assembly , the largest percentage of seats won by South Australian Labor in any election . Hill returned as Premier and treasurer but faced problems like high unemployment , a formidable state debt , a shrinking economy and a strike prone workforce . His cabinet found themselves in the unenviable position of being quite incapable of finding a solution to these problems and led to Hill accepting the contentious Premiers Plan of 1931 which advocated reductions in spending ( including aid to the unemployed ) , public works and wages . Such was the public outcry against the Plan , particularly from traditional Labor supporters , that the executive of the South Australian ALP expelled all of the MPs who supported it from the party , including Hill and his entire cabinet . After an unsuccessful appeal to the federal ALP , Hill and his followers organised as the splinter Parliamentary Labor Party , with Hill as leader . He was only able to remain Premier with the support of the Liberal Federation . The Hill government continued to stagger from crisis to crisis as riots and protests rocked the state and unemployment reached 35% . In the lead up to the 1933 election Hill continued to quarrel with his cabinet colleagues , leading to his resignation from parliament and the Premiership on 13 February 1933 to controversially assume the position of South Australian Agent-General in London , leaving his successor Robert Richards with the unenviable task of leading the state until the election . At that election , the Liberal and Country League—formed a year earlier from the merger of the Liberal Federation and the Country Party—won a sweeping victory . The three competing Labor factions—the PLP , the official ALP and the Lang Labor Party—were reduced to only 13 seats between them . Controversy and Hill remained on close terms as complaints about his performance as Agent-General led to Hills resignation from that position in August 1934 and his return to South Australia , where he joined the LCL and sought preselection . This failed to materialise but Hill was appointed in 1936 by the federal government to chair the ACT Industrial Board . Hill returned to South Australia in 1958 and found the lure of politics too great , successfully standing for the Town of Kensington and Norwood council . Death . Any plans of further electoral success were stymied only by his death in 1963 . Thirty years after his departure from the ALP , he was still disliked by many Laborites with long memories . Ross McMullin , in his history of the Labor Party , The Light on the Hill , describes him as one of the worst Labor leaders federally or in any state .
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"Parliamentary Labor Party"
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Which political party did Lionel Hill belong to from 1931 to 1934?
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/wiki/Lionel_Hill#P102#1
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Lionel Hill Lionel Laughton Hill ( 14 May 1881 – 19 March 1963 ) was the thirtieth Premier of South Australia , representing the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party . Early life . Born in Adelaide , South Australia but raised on a farm near Maitland , Hill left school aged 12 to work on the South Australian government railways , where he first became involved in the labour movement . This led to his appointment as the secretary-treasurer of the Boilermakers Assistants Union in 1901 , a position he held until 1914 . Hill was also able to combine his work with a distinguished Australian rules footballing career in the South Australian National Football League . He made his league debut for West Adelaide Football Club as a seventeen year old and played 52 games until the end of 1902 before joining North Adelaide Football Club in 1903 and then starring for Norwood Football Club from 1904 until 1913 . Hill won the Best and fairest in his only year at North Adelaide and won three best and fairests while at Norwood in 1904 , 1908 and 1909 . He also represented the State in interstate matches on numerous occasions . Parliament . After marrying in 1908 , Hill further increased his stature in the labour movement in 1910 by becoming secretary of the South Australian branch of the Australian Tramway Employes Association and its federal president in 1912 . Hill then gained Australian Labor Party pre-selection for the South Australian House of Assembly electorate of East Torrens , which he duly won at the 1915 election . In parliament Hill was considered a slow thinker and unimpressive orator but gained statewide recognition for his role as President of the Anti-Conscription Council , an issue so divisive during World War I that it caused the 1916 Labor split . In the wake of the split , Hill resigned his East Torrens seat in 1917 to unsuccessfully contest the Australian Senate elections as an anti-conscriptionist Labor candidate . Remaining in the political spotlight by becoming President of the South Australian branch of the Labor Party , Hill returned to South Australian politics at the 1918 election as the member for the rural electorate of Port Pirie . His time in parliament was undistinguished but when the John Gunn led ALP won government following the 1924 election Hill was appointed Minister of Education and industry and Commissioner of Public Works . And upon Gunns resignation in August 1926 , Hill became Premier and Treasurer of South Australia for eight months until the 1927 election when the Richard Layton Butler led Liberal Federation returned to power and Hill became opposition leader . The onset of the Great Depression in Australia , in combination with a serious drought gripping the state , cast shadows over the 1930 election as the Liberal Federation struggled to combat the resulting severe economic downturn . During the election campaign Butler cautioned voters to expect hardships ahead , while Hill promised a golden future under the slogan Work for the Workless ; Land for the Landless and Equitable Taxation for All and was elected in a landslide , winning 30 of the 46 seats in the House of Assembly , the largest percentage of seats won by South Australian Labor in any election . Hill returned as Premier and treasurer but faced problems like high unemployment , a formidable state debt , a shrinking economy and a strike prone workforce . His cabinet found themselves in the unenviable position of being quite incapable of finding a solution to these problems and led to Hill accepting the contentious Premiers Plan of 1931 which advocated reductions in spending ( including aid to the unemployed ) , public works and wages . Such was the public outcry against the Plan , particularly from traditional Labor supporters , that the executive of the South Australian ALP expelled all of the MPs who supported it from the party , including Hill and his entire cabinet . After an unsuccessful appeal to the federal ALP , Hill and his followers organised as the splinter Parliamentary Labor Party , with Hill as leader . He was only able to remain Premier with the support of the Liberal Federation . The Hill government continued to stagger from crisis to crisis as riots and protests rocked the state and unemployment reached 35% . In the lead up to the 1933 election Hill continued to quarrel with his cabinet colleagues , leading to his resignation from parliament and the Premiership on 13 February 1933 to controversially assume the position of South Australian Agent-General in London , leaving his successor Robert Richards with the unenviable task of leading the state until the election . At that election , the Liberal and Country League—formed a year earlier from the merger of the Liberal Federation and the Country Party—won a sweeping victory . The three competing Labor factions—the PLP , the official ALP and the Lang Labor Party—were reduced to only 13 seats between them . Controversy and Hill remained on close terms as complaints about his performance as Agent-General led to Hills resignation from that position in August 1934 and his return to South Australia , where he joined the LCL and sought preselection . This failed to materialise but Hill was appointed in 1936 by the federal government to chair the ACT Industrial Board . Hill returned to South Australia in 1958 and found the lure of politics too great , successfully standing for the Town of Kensington and Norwood council . Death . Any plans of further electoral success were stymied only by his death in 1963 . Thirty years after his departure from the ALP , he was still disliked by many Laborites with long memories . Ross McMullin , in his history of the Labor Party , The Light on the Hill , describes him as one of the worst Labor leaders federally or in any state .
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[
"Liberal and Country League"
] |
easy
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Which party was Lionel Hill a member of from 1934 to 1935?
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/wiki/Lionel_Hill#P102#2
|
Lionel Hill Lionel Laughton Hill ( 14 May 1881 – 19 March 1963 ) was the thirtieth Premier of South Australia , representing the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party . Early life . Born in Adelaide , South Australia but raised on a farm near Maitland , Hill left school aged 12 to work on the South Australian government railways , where he first became involved in the labour movement . This led to his appointment as the secretary-treasurer of the Boilermakers Assistants Union in 1901 , a position he held until 1914 . Hill was also able to combine his work with a distinguished Australian rules footballing career in the South Australian National Football League . He made his league debut for West Adelaide Football Club as a seventeen year old and played 52 games until the end of 1902 before joining North Adelaide Football Club in 1903 and then starring for Norwood Football Club from 1904 until 1913 . Hill won the Best and fairest in his only year at North Adelaide and won three best and fairests while at Norwood in 1904 , 1908 and 1909 . He also represented the State in interstate matches on numerous occasions . Parliament . After marrying in 1908 , Hill further increased his stature in the labour movement in 1910 by becoming secretary of the South Australian branch of the Australian Tramway Employes Association and its federal president in 1912 . Hill then gained Australian Labor Party pre-selection for the South Australian House of Assembly electorate of East Torrens , which he duly won at the 1915 election . In parliament Hill was considered a slow thinker and unimpressive orator but gained statewide recognition for his role as President of the Anti-Conscription Council , an issue so divisive during World War I that it caused the 1916 Labor split . In the wake of the split , Hill resigned his East Torrens seat in 1917 to unsuccessfully contest the Australian Senate elections as an anti-conscriptionist Labor candidate . Remaining in the political spotlight by becoming President of the South Australian branch of the Labor Party , Hill returned to South Australian politics at the 1918 election as the member for the rural electorate of Port Pirie . His time in parliament was undistinguished but when the John Gunn led ALP won government following the 1924 election Hill was appointed Minister of Education and industry and Commissioner of Public Works . And upon Gunns resignation in August 1926 , Hill became Premier and Treasurer of South Australia for eight months until the 1927 election when the Richard Layton Butler led Liberal Federation returned to power and Hill became opposition leader . The onset of the Great Depression in Australia , in combination with a serious drought gripping the state , cast shadows over the 1930 election as the Liberal Federation struggled to combat the resulting severe economic downturn . During the election campaign Butler cautioned voters to expect hardships ahead , while Hill promised a golden future under the slogan Work for the Workless ; Land for the Landless and Equitable Taxation for All and was elected in a landslide , winning 30 of the 46 seats in the House of Assembly , the largest percentage of seats won by South Australian Labor in any election . Hill returned as Premier and treasurer but faced problems like high unemployment , a formidable state debt , a shrinking economy and a strike prone workforce . His cabinet found themselves in the unenviable position of being quite incapable of finding a solution to these problems and led to Hill accepting the contentious Premiers Plan of 1931 which advocated reductions in spending ( including aid to the unemployed ) , public works and wages . Such was the public outcry against the Plan , particularly from traditional Labor supporters , that the executive of the South Australian ALP expelled all of the MPs who supported it from the party , including Hill and his entire cabinet . After an unsuccessful appeal to the federal ALP , Hill and his followers organised as the splinter Parliamentary Labor Party , with Hill as leader . He was only able to remain Premier with the support of the Liberal Federation . The Hill government continued to stagger from crisis to crisis as riots and protests rocked the state and unemployment reached 35% . In the lead up to the 1933 election Hill continued to quarrel with his cabinet colleagues , leading to his resignation from parliament and the Premiership on 13 February 1933 to controversially assume the position of South Australian Agent-General in London , leaving his successor Robert Richards with the unenviable task of leading the state until the election . At that election , the Liberal and Country League—formed a year earlier from the merger of the Liberal Federation and the Country Party—won a sweeping victory . The three competing Labor factions—the PLP , the official ALP and the Lang Labor Party—were reduced to only 13 seats between them . Controversy and Hill remained on close terms as complaints about his performance as Agent-General led to Hills resignation from that position in August 1934 and his return to South Australia , where he joined the LCL and sought preselection . This failed to materialise but Hill was appointed in 1936 by the federal government to chair the ACT Industrial Board . Hill returned to South Australia in 1958 and found the lure of politics too great , successfully standing for the Town of Kensington and Norwood council . Death . Any plans of further electoral success were stymied only by his death in 1963 . Thirty years after his departure from the ALP , he was still disliked by many Laborites with long memories . Ross McMullin , in his history of the Labor Party , The Light on the Hill , describes him as one of the worst Labor leaders federally or in any state .
|
[
"Empoli"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Francesco Lodi belong to from 2000 to 2001?
|
/wiki/Francesco_Lodi#P54#0
|
Francesco Lodi Francesco Lodi ( born 23 March 1984 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Italian club FC Messina . Lodi usually plays as a deep lying playmaker , and is known for his passing qualities . Club career . Empoli . Lodi started his career as part of Empoli youth system , being later promoted to the first team in 2003 , despite his senior debut came during the 2000–01 season . During the winter transfer market , Empoli opted to loan the player out to Vicenza , in Serie B , for the player to gain regular playing time . He went on to make 11 appearances for the biancorossi before returning to Empoli for the 2004–05 season , following their relegation . In his first full season with the Tuscan side , Lodi made 27 league appearances , scoring six goals and helping them earn instant promotion back to Serie A . Lodi remained with Empoli , his first full season in Serie A . The midfielder made just 17 appearances , however , and failed to hold down first team football . He scored no goals . Loan to Frosinone . For the 2006–07 season , Empoli loaned Lodi to Serie B side Frosinone for €50,000 . Lodi instantly earned a starting role with the club , making 40 appearances out of a possible 42 , scoring 11 goals . Despite his form , Empoli opted to keep the player at the Latium-based club in co-ownership deal for €1.4 million , where Lodi would continue his form . He went on to make 41 appearances for the second division side and scored a very impressive 20 goals as a midfielder . In January 2008 , Empoli also bought back the 50% registration rights from Frosinone for €800,000 . Return to Empoli . Following Empolis relegation from Serie A , the loan was not re-newed and the player spent the 2008–09 season with Empoli . He again performed with high standards , making 41 appearances and scoring 13 goals in league play . His form over the span of three seasons led to interest from a host of Serie A clubs , including Udinese , Atalanta and Chievo . At the start of the 2009–10 season , Lodi scored three goals in the first three games of Empolis season , later joining Udinese on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season . Udinese . On 28 August 2009 , Lodi officially joined Udinese on loan from Empoli . During the season , Lodi found first team football hard to come by due to the presences of established midfielders Alexis Sánchez , Mauricio Isla , Gökhan Inler and Kwadwo Asamoah . Lodi went on to make 19 league appearances , scoring one goal . Udinese did not use the option to purchase the player outright , and he returned to Empoli on 30 June 2010 . Return to Frosinone . Following his Serie A top flight experience with Udinese , Lodi returned to Empoli but was instantly sold to Frosinone again on a co-ownership deal , for €300,000 . In his return to Frosinone , Lodi returned immediately to first-team football , making 23 appearances ( out of a possible 23 ) and scoring seven goals prior to the January transfer market , in which he again transferred clubs . Catania . On 31 January 2011 , Catania bought Lodi from Frosinone for €680,000 , with Empoli retained 50% registration rights . Lodi also immediately joined Catania for the remainder of the 2010–11 season , in a two-and-a-half-year contract . His first two appearances for the Sicilian side were very low key , but on 13 February 2011 , Lodi scored two fantastic free-kicks in a comeback 3–2 victory for Catania over Lecce . Lodi was also the scorer of a stunning free-kick against Juventus in the 96th minute of play , ending the game in a draw for Catania . In June 2011 , Catania purchased Lodi outright for another €300,000 . ( the discount expressed as proventi da compartecipazioni in Catanias account ) He has since made 83 league appearances for the club , scoring 18 goals . He also scored three goals in four appearances in the 2012–13 Coppa Italia . Genoa . On 3 July 2013 , Catania sent Lodi to Genoa in exchange Panagiotis Tachtsidis in a cashless player swap . Both clubs retained 50% registration rights ( co-ownership deal ) . The deal finalized in mid-July . Return to Catania . Lodi returned to Catania just six months after leaving the club , scoring a goal and providing an assist for Gonzalo Bergessio in his first match back , helping his club to defeat Bologna 2–0 at the Stadio Angelo Massimino . In June 2014 , the co-ownership deal also terminated . Parma . Lodi was then loaned to Parma on 25 August 2014 . Return to Udinese . On 23 September 2015 , Lodi rejoined former club Udinese as a free agent . He left the club on 17 February 2017 . Second return to Catania . After his contract at Udinese got terminated , the director of Catania confirmed on 2 March 2017 , that Lodi was the first signing for the 2017–18 season . Triestina . On 8 January 2020 he signed a 1.5-year contract with Serie C club Triestina . FC Messina . On 22 January 2021 , Lodi left Triestina to sign a one-and-a-half year contract with Serie D club FC Messina . International career . Lodi was a player of the Italian under-19 team . He took part in 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship , the last named as under-16 event . Due to UEFA U-21 Championship had changed from an even year event to odd year event , new coach Pierluigi Casiraghi called him up as senior member of the squad for 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship , eligible to players born 1984 or after . He made his Italy under-21 debut against Croatia in a friendly match on 15 August 2006 at the age of 22 . Lodi did not receive a call-up for 2004–06 season of U21 play due to the competitiveness of the squad , which was eligible to players born 1983 or after . Honours . International . - Italy U-19 - UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship : 2003 External links . - Official Player Profile at calciocatania.it - Profile at Football.it
|
[
"Empoli"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Francesco Lodi play for from 2006 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Francesco_Lodi#P54#1
|
Francesco Lodi Francesco Lodi ( born 23 March 1984 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Italian club FC Messina . Lodi usually plays as a deep lying playmaker , and is known for his passing qualities . Club career . Empoli . Lodi started his career as part of Empoli youth system , being later promoted to the first team in 2003 , despite his senior debut came during the 2000–01 season . During the winter transfer market , Empoli opted to loan the player out to Vicenza , in Serie B , for the player to gain regular playing time . He went on to make 11 appearances for the biancorossi before returning to Empoli for the 2004–05 season , following their relegation . In his first full season with the Tuscan side , Lodi made 27 league appearances , scoring six goals and helping them earn instant promotion back to Serie A . Lodi remained with Empoli , his first full season in Serie A . The midfielder made just 17 appearances , however , and failed to hold down first team football . He scored no goals . Loan to Frosinone . For the 2006–07 season , Empoli loaned Lodi to Serie B side Frosinone for €50,000 . Lodi instantly earned a starting role with the club , making 40 appearances out of a possible 42 , scoring 11 goals . Despite his form , Empoli opted to keep the player at the Latium-based club in co-ownership deal for €1.4 million , where Lodi would continue his form . He went on to make 41 appearances for the second division side and scored a very impressive 20 goals as a midfielder . In January 2008 , Empoli also bought back the 50% registration rights from Frosinone for €800,000 . Return to Empoli . Following Empolis relegation from Serie A , the loan was not re-newed and the player spent the 2008–09 season with Empoli . He again performed with high standards , making 41 appearances and scoring 13 goals in league play . His form over the span of three seasons led to interest from a host of Serie A clubs , including Udinese , Atalanta and Chievo . At the start of the 2009–10 season , Lodi scored three goals in the first three games of Empolis season , later joining Udinese on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season . Udinese . On 28 August 2009 , Lodi officially joined Udinese on loan from Empoli . During the season , Lodi found first team football hard to come by due to the presences of established midfielders Alexis Sánchez , Mauricio Isla , Gökhan Inler and Kwadwo Asamoah . Lodi went on to make 19 league appearances , scoring one goal . Udinese did not use the option to purchase the player outright , and he returned to Empoli on 30 June 2010 . Return to Frosinone . Following his Serie A top flight experience with Udinese , Lodi returned to Empoli but was instantly sold to Frosinone again on a co-ownership deal , for €300,000 . In his return to Frosinone , Lodi returned immediately to first-team football , making 23 appearances ( out of a possible 23 ) and scoring seven goals prior to the January transfer market , in which he again transferred clubs . Catania . On 31 January 2011 , Catania bought Lodi from Frosinone for €680,000 , with Empoli retained 50% registration rights . Lodi also immediately joined Catania for the remainder of the 2010–11 season , in a two-and-a-half-year contract . His first two appearances for the Sicilian side were very low key , but on 13 February 2011 , Lodi scored two fantastic free-kicks in a comeback 3–2 victory for Catania over Lecce . Lodi was also the scorer of a stunning free-kick against Juventus in the 96th minute of play , ending the game in a draw for Catania . In June 2011 , Catania purchased Lodi outright for another €300,000 . ( the discount expressed as proventi da compartecipazioni in Catanias account ) He has since made 83 league appearances for the club , scoring 18 goals . He also scored three goals in four appearances in the 2012–13 Coppa Italia . Genoa . On 3 July 2013 , Catania sent Lodi to Genoa in exchange Panagiotis Tachtsidis in a cashless player swap . Both clubs retained 50% registration rights ( co-ownership deal ) . The deal finalized in mid-July . Return to Catania . Lodi returned to Catania just six months after leaving the club , scoring a goal and providing an assist for Gonzalo Bergessio in his first match back , helping his club to defeat Bologna 2–0 at the Stadio Angelo Massimino . In June 2014 , the co-ownership deal also terminated . Parma . Lodi was then loaned to Parma on 25 August 2014 . Return to Udinese . On 23 September 2015 , Lodi rejoined former club Udinese as a free agent . He left the club on 17 February 2017 . Second return to Catania . After his contract at Udinese got terminated , the director of Catania confirmed on 2 March 2017 , that Lodi was the first signing for the 2017–18 season . Triestina . On 8 January 2020 he signed a 1.5-year contract with Serie C club Triestina . FC Messina . On 22 January 2021 , Lodi left Triestina to sign a one-and-a-half year contract with Serie D club FC Messina . International career . Lodi was a player of the Italian under-19 team . He took part in 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship , the last named as under-16 event . Due to UEFA U-21 Championship had changed from an even year event to odd year event , new coach Pierluigi Casiraghi called him up as senior member of the squad for 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship , eligible to players born 1984 or after . He made his Italy under-21 debut against Croatia in a friendly match on 15 August 2006 at the age of 22 . Lodi did not receive a call-up for 2004–06 season of U21 play due to the competitiveness of the squad , which was eligible to players born 1983 or after . Honours . International . - Italy U-19 - UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship : 2003 External links . - Official Player Profile at calciocatania.it - Profile at Football.it
|
[
"Udinese"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Francesco Lodi play for from 2009 to 2010?
|
/wiki/Francesco_Lodi#P54#2
|
Francesco Lodi Francesco Lodi ( born 23 March 1984 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Italian club FC Messina . Lodi usually plays as a deep lying playmaker , and is known for his passing qualities . Club career . Empoli . Lodi started his career as part of Empoli youth system , being later promoted to the first team in 2003 , despite his senior debut came during the 2000–01 season . During the winter transfer market , Empoli opted to loan the player out to Vicenza , in Serie B , for the player to gain regular playing time . He went on to make 11 appearances for the biancorossi before returning to Empoli for the 2004–05 season , following their relegation . In his first full season with the Tuscan side , Lodi made 27 league appearances , scoring six goals and helping them earn instant promotion back to Serie A . Lodi remained with Empoli , his first full season in Serie A . The midfielder made just 17 appearances , however , and failed to hold down first team football . He scored no goals . Loan to Frosinone . For the 2006–07 season , Empoli loaned Lodi to Serie B side Frosinone for €50,000 . Lodi instantly earned a starting role with the club , making 40 appearances out of a possible 42 , scoring 11 goals . Despite his form , Empoli opted to keep the player at the Latium-based club in co-ownership deal for €1.4 million , where Lodi would continue his form . He went on to make 41 appearances for the second division side and scored a very impressive 20 goals as a midfielder . In January 2008 , Empoli also bought back the 50% registration rights from Frosinone for €800,000 . Return to Empoli . Following Empolis relegation from Serie A , the loan was not re-newed and the player spent the 2008–09 season with Empoli . He again performed with high standards , making 41 appearances and scoring 13 goals in league play . His form over the span of three seasons led to interest from a host of Serie A clubs , including Udinese , Atalanta and Chievo . At the start of the 2009–10 season , Lodi scored three goals in the first three games of Empolis season , later joining Udinese on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season . Udinese . On 28 August 2009 , Lodi officially joined Udinese on loan from Empoli . During the season , Lodi found first team football hard to come by due to the presences of established midfielders Alexis Sánchez , Mauricio Isla , Gökhan Inler and Kwadwo Asamoah . Lodi went on to make 19 league appearances , scoring one goal . Udinese did not use the option to purchase the player outright , and he returned to Empoli on 30 June 2010 . Return to Frosinone . Following his Serie A top flight experience with Udinese , Lodi returned to Empoli but was instantly sold to Frosinone again on a co-ownership deal , for €300,000 . In his return to Frosinone , Lodi returned immediately to first-team football , making 23 appearances ( out of a possible 23 ) and scoring seven goals prior to the January transfer market , in which he again transferred clubs . Catania . On 31 January 2011 , Catania bought Lodi from Frosinone for €680,000 , with Empoli retained 50% registration rights . Lodi also immediately joined Catania for the remainder of the 2010–11 season , in a two-and-a-half-year contract . His first two appearances for the Sicilian side were very low key , but on 13 February 2011 , Lodi scored two fantastic free-kicks in a comeback 3–2 victory for Catania over Lecce . Lodi was also the scorer of a stunning free-kick against Juventus in the 96th minute of play , ending the game in a draw for Catania . In June 2011 , Catania purchased Lodi outright for another €300,000 . ( the discount expressed as proventi da compartecipazioni in Catanias account ) He has since made 83 league appearances for the club , scoring 18 goals . He also scored three goals in four appearances in the 2012–13 Coppa Italia . Genoa . On 3 July 2013 , Catania sent Lodi to Genoa in exchange Panagiotis Tachtsidis in a cashless player swap . Both clubs retained 50% registration rights ( co-ownership deal ) . The deal finalized in mid-July . Return to Catania . Lodi returned to Catania just six months after leaving the club , scoring a goal and providing an assist for Gonzalo Bergessio in his first match back , helping his club to defeat Bologna 2–0 at the Stadio Angelo Massimino . In June 2014 , the co-ownership deal also terminated . Parma . Lodi was then loaned to Parma on 25 August 2014 . Return to Udinese . On 23 September 2015 , Lodi rejoined former club Udinese as a free agent . He left the club on 17 February 2017 . Second return to Catania . After his contract at Udinese got terminated , the director of Catania confirmed on 2 March 2017 , that Lodi was the first signing for the 2017–18 season . Triestina . On 8 January 2020 he signed a 1.5-year contract with Serie C club Triestina . FC Messina . On 22 January 2021 , Lodi left Triestina to sign a one-and-a-half year contract with Serie D club FC Messina . International career . Lodi was a player of the Italian under-19 team . He took part in 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship , the last named as under-16 event . Due to UEFA U-21 Championship had changed from an even year event to odd year event , new coach Pierluigi Casiraghi called him up as senior member of the squad for 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship , eligible to players born 1984 or after . He made his Italy under-21 debut against Croatia in a friendly match on 15 August 2006 at the age of 22 . Lodi did not receive a call-up for 2004–06 season of U21 play due to the competitiveness of the squad , which was eligible to players born 1983 or after . Honours . International . - Italy U-19 - UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship : 2003 External links . - Official Player Profile at calciocatania.it - Profile at Football.it
|
[
"Frosinone"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Francesco Lodi belong to from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Francesco_Lodi#P54#3
|
Francesco Lodi Francesco Lodi ( born 23 March 1984 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Italian club FC Messina . Lodi usually plays as a deep lying playmaker , and is known for his passing qualities . Club career . Empoli . Lodi started his career as part of Empoli youth system , being later promoted to the first team in 2003 , despite his senior debut came during the 2000–01 season . During the winter transfer market , Empoli opted to loan the player out to Vicenza , in Serie B , for the player to gain regular playing time . He went on to make 11 appearances for the biancorossi before returning to Empoli for the 2004–05 season , following their relegation . In his first full season with the Tuscan side , Lodi made 27 league appearances , scoring six goals and helping them earn instant promotion back to Serie A . Lodi remained with Empoli , his first full season in Serie A . The midfielder made just 17 appearances , however , and failed to hold down first team football . He scored no goals . Loan to Frosinone . For the 2006–07 season , Empoli loaned Lodi to Serie B side Frosinone for €50,000 . Lodi instantly earned a starting role with the club , making 40 appearances out of a possible 42 , scoring 11 goals . Despite his form , Empoli opted to keep the player at the Latium-based club in co-ownership deal for €1.4 million , where Lodi would continue his form . He went on to make 41 appearances for the second division side and scored a very impressive 20 goals as a midfielder . In January 2008 , Empoli also bought back the 50% registration rights from Frosinone for €800,000 . Return to Empoli . Following Empolis relegation from Serie A , the loan was not re-newed and the player spent the 2008–09 season with Empoli . He again performed with high standards , making 41 appearances and scoring 13 goals in league play . His form over the span of three seasons led to interest from a host of Serie A clubs , including Udinese , Atalanta and Chievo . At the start of the 2009–10 season , Lodi scored three goals in the first three games of Empolis season , later joining Udinese on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season . Udinese . On 28 August 2009 , Lodi officially joined Udinese on loan from Empoli . During the season , Lodi found first team football hard to come by due to the presences of established midfielders Alexis Sánchez , Mauricio Isla , Gökhan Inler and Kwadwo Asamoah . Lodi went on to make 19 league appearances , scoring one goal . Udinese did not use the option to purchase the player outright , and he returned to Empoli on 30 June 2010 . Return to Frosinone . Following his Serie A top flight experience with Udinese , Lodi returned to Empoli but was instantly sold to Frosinone again on a co-ownership deal , for €300,000 . In his return to Frosinone , Lodi returned immediately to first-team football , making 23 appearances ( out of a possible 23 ) and scoring seven goals prior to the January transfer market , in which he again transferred clubs . Catania . On 31 January 2011 , Catania bought Lodi from Frosinone for €680,000 , with Empoli retained 50% registration rights . Lodi also immediately joined Catania for the remainder of the 2010–11 season , in a two-and-a-half-year contract . His first two appearances for the Sicilian side were very low key , but on 13 February 2011 , Lodi scored two fantastic free-kicks in a comeback 3–2 victory for Catania over Lecce . Lodi was also the scorer of a stunning free-kick against Juventus in the 96th minute of play , ending the game in a draw for Catania . In June 2011 , Catania purchased Lodi outright for another €300,000 . ( the discount expressed as proventi da compartecipazioni in Catanias account ) He has since made 83 league appearances for the club , scoring 18 goals . He also scored three goals in four appearances in the 2012–13 Coppa Italia . Genoa . On 3 July 2013 , Catania sent Lodi to Genoa in exchange Panagiotis Tachtsidis in a cashless player swap . Both clubs retained 50% registration rights ( co-ownership deal ) . The deal finalized in mid-July . Return to Catania . Lodi returned to Catania just six months after leaving the club , scoring a goal and providing an assist for Gonzalo Bergessio in his first match back , helping his club to defeat Bologna 2–0 at the Stadio Angelo Massimino . In June 2014 , the co-ownership deal also terminated . Parma . Lodi was then loaned to Parma on 25 August 2014 . Return to Udinese . On 23 September 2015 , Lodi rejoined former club Udinese as a free agent . He left the club on 17 February 2017 . Second return to Catania . After his contract at Udinese got terminated , the director of Catania confirmed on 2 March 2017 , that Lodi was the first signing for the 2017–18 season . Triestina . On 8 January 2020 he signed a 1.5-year contract with Serie C club Triestina . FC Messina . On 22 January 2021 , Lodi left Triestina to sign a one-and-a-half year contract with Serie D club FC Messina . International career . Lodi was a player of the Italian under-19 team . He took part in 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship , the last named as under-16 event . Due to UEFA U-21 Championship had changed from an even year event to odd year event , new coach Pierluigi Casiraghi called him up as senior member of the squad for 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship , eligible to players born 1984 or after . He made his Italy under-21 debut against Croatia in a friendly match on 15 August 2006 at the age of 22 . Lodi did not receive a call-up for 2004–06 season of U21 play due to the competitiveness of the squad , which was eligible to players born 1983 or after . Honours . International . - Italy U-19 - UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship : 2003 External links . - Official Player Profile at calciocatania.it - Profile at Football.it
|
[
"Catania"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Francesco Lodi play for from 2011 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Francesco_Lodi#P54#4
|
Francesco Lodi Francesco Lodi ( born 23 March 1984 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Italian club FC Messina . Lodi usually plays as a deep lying playmaker , and is known for his passing qualities . Club career . Empoli . Lodi started his career as part of Empoli youth system , being later promoted to the first team in 2003 , despite his senior debut came during the 2000–01 season . During the winter transfer market , Empoli opted to loan the player out to Vicenza , in Serie B , for the player to gain regular playing time . He went on to make 11 appearances for the biancorossi before returning to Empoli for the 2004–05 season , following their relegation . In his first full season with the Tuscan side , Lodi made 27 league appearances , scoring six goals and helping them earn instant promotion back to Serie A . Lodi remained with Empoli , his first full season in Serie A . The midfielder made just 17 appearances , however , and failed to hold down first team football . He scored no goals . Loan to Frosinone . For the 2006–07 season , Empoli loaned Lodi to Serie B side Frosinone for €50,000 . Lodi instantly earned a starting role with the club , making 40 appearances out of a possible 42 , scoring 11 goals . Despite his form , Empoli opted to keep the player at the Latium-based club in co-ownership deal for €1.4 million , where Lodi would continue his form . He went on to make 41 appearances for the second division side and scored a very impressive 20 goals as a midfielder . In January 2008 , Empoli also bought back the 50% registration rights from Frosinone for €800,000 . Return to Empoli . Following Empolis relegation from Serie A , the loan was not re-newed and the player spent the 2008–09 season with Empoli . He again performed with high standards , making 41 appearances and scoring 13 goals in league play . His form over the span of three seasons led to interest from a host of Serie A clubs , including Udinese , Atalanta and Chievo . At the start of the 2009–10 season , Lodi scored three goals in the first three games of Empolis season , later joining Udinese on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season . Udinese . On 28 August 2009 , Lodi officially joined Udinese on loan from Empoli . During the season , Lodi found first team football hard to come by due to the presences of established midfielders Alexis Sánchez , Mauricio Isla , Gökhan Inler and Kwadwo Asamoah . Lodi went on to make 19 league appearances , scoring one goal . Udinese did not use the option to purchase the player outright , and he returned to Empoli on 30 June 2010 . Return to Frosinone . Following his Serie A top flight experience with Udinese , Lodi returned to Empoli but was instantly sold to Frosinone again on a co-ownership deal , for €300,000 . In his return to Frosinone , Lodi returned immediately to first-team football , making 23 appearances ( out of a possible 23 ) and scoring seven goals prior to the January transfer market , in which he again transferred clubs . Catania . On 31 January 2011 , Catania bought Lodi from Frosinone for €680,000 , with Empoli retained 50% registration rights . Lodi also immediately joined Catania for the remainder of the 2010–11 season , in a two-and-a-half-year contract . His first two appearances for the Sicilian side were very low key , but on 13 February 2011 , Lodi scored two fantastic free-kicks in a comeback 3–2 victory for Catania over Lecce . Lodi was also the scorer of a stunning free-kick against Juventus in the 96th minute of play , ending the game in a draw for Catania . In June 2011 , Catania purchased Lodi outright for another €300,000 . ( the discount expressed as proventi da compartecipazioni in Catanias account ) He has since made 83 league appearances for the club , scoring 18 goals . He also scored three goals in four appearances in the 2012–13 Coppa Italia . Genoa . On 3 July 2013 , Catania sent Lodi to Genoa in exchange Panagiotis Tachtsidis in a cashless player swap . Both clubs retained 50% registration rights ( co-ownership deal ) . The deal finalized in mid-July . Return to Catania . Lodi returned to Catania just six months after leaving the club , scoring a goal and providing an assist for Gonzalo Bergessio in his first match back , helping his club to defeat Bologna 2–0 at the Stadio Angelo Massimino . In June 2014 , the co-ownership deal also terminated . Parma . Lodi was then loaned to Parma on 25 August 2014 . Return to Udinese . On 23 September 2015 , Lodi rejoined former club Udinese as a free agent . He left the club on 17 February 2017 . Second return to Catania . After his contract at Udinese got terminated , the director of Catania confirmed on 2 March 2017 , that Lodi was the first signing for the 2017–18 season . Triestina . On 8 January 2020 he signed a 1.5-year contract with Serie C club Triestina . FC Messina . On 22 January 2021 , Lodi left Triestina to sign a one-and-a-half year contract with Serie D club FC Messina . International career . Lodi was a player of the Italian under-19 team . He took part in 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship , the last named as under-16 event . Due to UEFA U-21 Championship had changed from an even year event to odd year event , new coach Pierluigi Casiraghi called him up as senior member of the squad for 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship , eligible to players born 1984 or after . He made his Italy under-21 debut against Croatia in a friendly match on 15 August 2006 at the age of 22 . Lodi did not receive a call-up for 2004–06 season of U21 play due to the competitiveness of the squad , which was eligible to players born 1983 or after . Honours . International . - Italy U-19 - UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship : 2003 External links . - Official Player Profile at calciocatania.it - Profile at Football.it
|
[
"Genoa"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Francesco Lodi belong to from 2013 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Francesco_Lodi#P54#5
|
Francesco Lodi Francesco Lodi ( born 23 March 1984 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Italian club FC Messina . Lodi usually plays as a deep lying playmaker , and is known for his passing qualities . Club career . Empoli . Lodi started his career as part of Empoli youth system , being later promoted to the first team in 2003 , despite his senior debut came during the 2000–01 season . During the winter transfer market , Empoli opted to loan the player out to Vicenza , in Serie B , for the player to gain regular playing time . He went on to make 11 appearances for the biancorossi before returning to Empoli for the 2004–05 season , following their relegation . In his first full season with the Tuscan side , Lodi made 27 league appearances , scoring six goals and helping them earn instant promotion back to Serie A . Lodi remained with Empoli , his first full season in Serie A . The midfielder made just 17 appearances , however , and failed to hold down first team football . He scored no goals . Loan to Frosinone . For the 2006–07 season , Empoli loaned Lodi to Serie B side Frosinone for €50,000 . Lodi instantly earned a starting role with the club , making 40 appearances out of a possible 42 , scoring 11 goals . Despite his form , Empoli opted to keep the player at the Latium-based club in co-ownership deal for €1.4 million , where Lodi would continue his form . He went on to make 41 appearances for the second division side and scored a very impressive 20 goals as a midfielder . In January 2008 , Empoli also bought back the 50% registration rights from Frosinone for €800,000 . Return to Empoli . Following Empolis relegation from Serie A , the loan was not re-newed and the player spent the 2008–09 season with Empoli . He again performed with high standards , making 41 appearances and scoring 13 goals in league play . His form over the span of three seasons led to interest from a host of Serie A clubs , including Udinese , Atalanta and Chievo . At the start of the 2009–10 season , Lodi scored three goals in the first three games of Empolis season , later joining Udinese on loan for the remainder of the 2009–10 season . Udinese . On 28 August 2009 , Lodi officially joined Udinese on loan from Empoli . During the season , Lodi found first team football hard to come by due to the presences of established midfielders Alexis Sánchez , Mauricio Isla , Gökhan Inler and Kwadwo Asamoah . Lodi went on to make 19 league appearances , scoring one goal . Udinese did not use the option to purchase the player outright , and he returned to Empoli on 30 June 2010 . Return to Frosinone . Following his Serie A top flight experience with Udinese , Lodi returned to Empoli but was instantly sold to Frosinone again on a co-ownership deal , for €300,000 . In his return to Frosinone , Lodi returned immediately to first-team football , making 23 appearances ( out of a possible 23 ) and scoring seven goals prior to the January transfer market , in which he again transferred clubs . Catania . On 31 January 2011 , Catania bought Lodi from Frosinone for €680,000 , with Empoli retained 50% registration rights . Lodi also immediately joined Catania for the remainder of the 2010–11 season , in a two-and-a-half-year contract . His first two appearances for the Sicilian side were very low key , but on 13 February 2011 , Lodi scored two fantastic free-kicks in a comeback 3–2 victory for Catania over Lecce . Lodi was also the scorer of a stunning free-kick against Juventus in the 96th minute of play , ending the game in a draw for Catania . In June 2011 , Catania purchased Lodi outright for another €300,000 . ( the discount expressed as proventi da compartecipazioni in Catanias account ) He has since made 83 league appearances for the club , scoring 18 goals . He also scored three goals in four appearances in the 2012–13 Coppa Italia . Genoa . On 3 July 2013 , Catania sent Lodi to Genoa in exchange Panagiotis Tachtsidis in a cashless player swap . Both clubs retained 50% registration rights ( co-ownership deal ) . The deal finalized in mid-July . Return to Catania . Lodi returned to Catania just six months after leaving the club , scoring a goal and providing an assist for Gonzalo Bergessio in his first match back , helping his club to defeat Bologna 2–0 at the Stadio Angelo Massimino . In June 2014 , the co-ownership deal also terminated . Parma . Lodi was then loaned to Parma on 25 August 2014 . Return to Udinese . On 23 September 2015 , Lodi rejoined former club Udinese as a free agent . He left the club on 17 February 2017 . Second return to Catania . After his contract at Udinese got terminated , the director of Catania confirmed on 2 March 2017 , that Lodi was the first signing for the 2017–18 season . Triestina . On 8 January 2020 he signed a 1.5-year contract with Serie C club Triestina . FC Messina . On 22 January 2021 , Lodi left Triestina to sign a one-and-a-half year contract with Serie D club FC Messina . International career . Lodi was a player of the Italian under-19 team . He took part in 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship , the last named as under-16 event . Due to UEFA U-21 Championship had changed from an even year event to odd year event , new coach Pierluigi Casiraghi called him up as senior member of the squad for 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship , eligible to players born 1984 or after . He made his Italy under-21 debut against Croatia in a friendly match on 15 August 2006 at the age of 22 . Lodi did not receive a call-up for 2004–06 season of U21 play due to the competitiveness of the squad , which was eligible to players born 1983 or after . Honours . International . - Italy U-19 - UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship : 2003 External links . - Official Player Profile at calciocatania.it - Profile at Football.it
|
[
"Arend Oetker"
] |
easy
|
Who was the chair of German Council on Foreign Relations from 2000 to 2001?
|
/wiki/German_Council_on_Foreign_Relations#P488#0
|
German Council on Foreign Relations The German Council on Foreign Relations ( ) is Germanys national foreign policy network . As an independent , private , non-partisan and non-profit organisation , the Council actively takes part in political decision-making and promotes the understanding of German foreign policy and international relations . It serves as forum for foreign policy and facilitates a comprehensive network of political , economic and academic decision makers . The institution aims at linking foreign politicians to the German public . History . The association was founded in 1955 in Bonn . The model for the foundation was in many respects the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and the Chatham House in London . The first president of the newly founded DGAP was the CDU politician , diplomat and entrepreneur Günther Henle . In Bonn , the DGAP was seated in the villa at Joachimstraße 7 between 1956 and 1959 and then in the Villa Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 6 between 1965-1966 . In 1965 it acquired the former House of Craftsmen at Adenauerallee 131a in Bonn , including the Villa Adenauerallee 131 , which in later years served as a logo of DGAP , for the first time its own building . It served as headquarters of the DGAP from April 1966 to 1999 . The current seat of the DGAP is the building of the Yugoslav embassy in the embassy district in Berlin-Tiergarten . Activities . Internationally known as the German Council on Foreign Relations , the DGAP sees itself as a practical think tank offering demand-driven policy advice on a scientific basis . It works to actively influence the foreign policy opinion-forming at all levels . Its work is aimed at decision-makers in German politics , business , public administration , in NGOs , in the military and to the general public . DGAP publishes the bimonthly journal Internationale Politik . Also , it is among other organisers of the EU-Russia Forum . The Council provides : - A platform for discussions at conferences and in study group meetings as well as at public events . - Policy oriented analyses from research institute fellows . - Authoritative publications on contemporary topics by its journal Internationale Politik , the Jahrbuch Internationale Politik as well as in the publications from the research institute . - Expert and extensive documentation by its library and documentation section . High-level guest speakers have in recent years included Angela Merkel ( 2006 ) , Christine Lagarde ( 2012 ) , Ali Akbar Salehi ( 2013 ) , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ( 2014 ) , Mohammad Javad Zarif ( 2015 ) , Paolo Gentiloni ( 2015 ) , Volodymyr Groysman ( 2018 ) , Nikos Kotzias ( 2018 ) and Nirmala Sitharaman ( 2019 ) . Network . The DGAP is a member of the European Movement Germany . Controversy . In 2019 , Microsoft announced that it had detected cyberattacks , which occurred between September and December 2018 , targeting employees of the DGAP ; they are believed to have originated from a group called Strontium . Governance . Leadership . - 1955-1973 – Günther Henle - 1973-1981 – Kurt Birrenbach - 1987-1993 – Christian Peter Henle - 1993-1999 – Werner Lamby - 1999-2001 – Ulrich Cartellieri - 2001-2003 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher - 2003-2005 – Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim - 2005-2019 – Arend Oetker - 2019-present – Tom Enders Funding . DGAP is financed through the contributions of its members , acquired project funds and contributions from sponsors and patrons , including among others , the Federal Foreign Office , Deutsche Bank , the Airbus and the Robert Bosch Foundation . Notable members . Prominent members are the former foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher , the former President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker , as well as some other famous German politicians and academics Volker Rühe , Günter Verheugen , Klaus von Dohnanyi , Eberhard Diepgen , Theodor Waigel , Michael Glos , Friedbert Pflüger , Rudolf Scharping , Dieter Schulte , Manfred Stolpe , Rita Süssmuth , and Antje Vollmer . External links . - Homepage - Homepage Internationale Politik
|
[
"Hans-Dietrich Genscher",
"Arend Oetker"
] |
easy
|
Who was the chair of German Council on Foreign Relations from 2001 to 2003?
|
/wiki/German_Council_on_Foreign_Relations#P488#1
|
German Council on Foreign Relations The German Council on Foreign Relations ( ) is Germanys national foreign policy network . As an independent , private , non-partisan and non-profit organisation , the Council actively takes part in political decision-making and promotes the understanding of German foreign policy and international relations . It serves as forum for foreign policy and facilitates a comprehensive network of political , economic and academic decision makers . The institution aims at linking foreign politicians to the German public . History . The association was founded in 1955 in Bonn . The model for the foundation was in many respects the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and the Chatham House in London . The first president of the newly founded DGAP was the CDU politician , diplomat and entrepreneur Günther Henle . In Bonn , the DGAP was seated in the villa at Joachimstraße 7 between 1956 and 1959 and then in the Villa Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 6 between 1965-1966 . In 1965 it acquired the former House of Craftsmen at Adenauerallee 131a in Bonn , including the Villa Adenauerallee 131 , which in later years served as a logo of DGAP , for the first time its own building . It served as headquarters of the DGAP from April 1966 to 1999 . The current seat of the DGAP is the building of the Yugoslav embassy in the embassy district in Berlin-Tiergarten . Activities . Internationally known as the German Council on Foreign Relations , the DGAP sees itself as a practical think tank offering demand-driven policy advice on a scientific basis . It works to actively influence the foreign policy opinion-forming at all levels . Its work is aimed at decision-makers in German politics , business , public administration , in NGOs , in the military and to the general public . DGAP publishes the bimonthly journal Internationale Politik . Also , it is among other organisers of the EU-Russia Forum . The Council provides : - A platform for discussions at conferences and in study group meetings as well as at public events . - Policy oriented analyses from research institute fellows . - Authoritative publications on contemporary topics by its journal Internationale Politik , the Jahrbuch Internationale Politik as well as in the publications from the research institute . - Expert and extensive documentation by its library and documentation section . High-level guest speakers have in recent years included Angela Merkel ( 2006 ) , Christine Lagarde ( 2012 ) , Ali Akbar Salehi ( 2013 ) , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ( 2014 ) , Mohammad Javad Zarif ( 2015 ) , Paolo Gentiloni ( 2015 ) , Volodymyr Groysman ( 2018 ) , Nikos Kotzias ( 2018 ) and Nirmala Sitharaman ( 2019 ) . Network . The DGAP is a member of the European Movement Germany . Controversy . In 2019 , Microsoft announced that it had detected cyberattacks , which occurred between September and December 2018 , targeting employees of the DGAP ; they are believed to have originated from a group called Strontium . Governance . Leadership . - 1955-1973 – Günther Henle - 1973-1981 – Kurt Birrenbach - 1987-1993 – Christian Peter Henle - 1993-1999 – Werner Lamby - 1999-2001 – Ulrich Cartellieri - 2001-2003 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher - 2003-2005 – Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim - 2005-2019 – Arend Oetker - 2019-present – Tom Enders Funding . DGAP is financed through the contributions of its members , acquired project funds and contributions from sponsors and patrons , including among others , the Federal Foreign Office , Deutsche Bank , the Airbus and the Robert Bosch Foundation . Notable members . Prominent members are the former foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher , the former President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker , as well as some other famous German politicians and academics Volker Rühe , Günter Verheugen , Klaus von Dohnanyi , Eberhard Diepgen , Theodor Waigel , Michael Glos , Friedbert Pflüger , Rudolf Scharping , Dieter Schulte , Manfred Stolpe , Rita Süssmuth , and Antje Vollmer . External links . - Homepage - Homepage Internationale Politik
|
[
"Arend Oetker"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of German Council on Foreign Relations from 2003 to 2010?
|
/wiki/German_Council_on_Foreign_Relations#P488#2
|
German Council on Foreign Relations The German Council on Foreign Relations ( ) is Germanys national foreign policy network . As an independent , private , non-partisan and non-profit organisation , the Council actively takes part in political decision-making and promotes the understanding of German foreign policy and international relations . It serves as forum for foreign policy and facilitates a comprehensive network of political , economic and academic decision makers . The institution aims at linking foreign politicians to the German public . History . The association was founded in 1955 in Bonn . The model for the foundation was in many respects the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and the Chatham House in London . The first president of the newly founded DGAP was the CDU politician , diplomat and entrepreneur Günther Henle . In Bonn , the DGAP was seated in the villa at Joachimstraße 7 between 1956 and 1959 and then in the Villa Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 6 between 1965-1966 . In 1965 it acquired the former House of Craftsmen at Adenauerallee 131a in Bonn , including the Villa Adenauerallee 131 , which in later years served as a logo of DGAP , for the first time its own building . It served as headquarters of the DGAP from April 1966 to 1999 . The current seat of the DGAP is the building of the Yugoslav embassy in the embassy district in Berlin-Tiergarten . Activities . Internationally known as the German Council on Foreign Relations , the DGAP sees itself as a practical think tank offering demand-driven policy advice on a scientific basis . It works to actively influence the foreign policy opinion-forming at all levels . Its work is aimed at decision-makers in German politics , business , public administration , in NGOs , in the military and to the general public . DGAP publishes the bimonthly journal Internationale Politik . Also , it is among other organisers of the EU-Russia Forum . The Council provides : - A platform for discussions at conferences and in study group meetings as well as at public events . - Policy oriented analyses from research institute fellows . - Authoritative publications on contemporary topics by its journal Internationale Politik , the Jahrbuch Internationale Politik as well as in the publications from the research institute . - Expert and extensive documentation by its library and documentation section . High-level guest speakers have in recent years included Angela Merkel ( 2006 ) , Christine Lagarde ( 2012 ) , Ali Akbar Salehi ( 2013 ) , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ( 2014 ) , Mohammad Javad Zarif ( 2015 ) , Paolo Gentiloni ( 2015 ) , Volodymyr Groysman ( 2018 ) , Nikos Kotzias ( 2018 ) and Nirmala Sitharaman ( 2019 ) . Network . The DGAP is a member of the European Movement Germany . Controversy . In 2019 , Microsoft announced that it had detected cyberattacks , which occurred between September and December 2018 , targeting employees of the DGAP ; they are believed to have originated from a group called Strontium . Governance . Leadership . - 1955-1973 – Günther Henle - 1973-1981 – Kurt Birrenbach - 1987-1993 – Christian Peter Henle - 1993-1999 – Werner Lamby - 1999-2001 – Ulrich Cartellieri - 2001-2003 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher - 2003-2005 – Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim - 2005-2019 – Arend Oetker - 2019-present – Tom Enders Funding . DGAP is financed through the contributions of its members , acquired project funds and contributions from sponsors and patrons , including among others , the Federal Foreign Office , Deutsche Bank , the Airbus and the Robert Bosch Foundation . Notable members . Prominent members are the former foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher , the former President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker , as well as some other famous German politicians and academics Volker Rühe , Günter Verheugen , Klaus von Dohnanyi , Eberhard Diepgen , Theodor Waigel , Michael Glos , Friedbert Pflüger , Rudolf Scharping , Dieter Schulte , Manfred Stolpe , Rita Süssmuth , and Antje Vollmer . External links . - Homepage - Homepage Internationale Politik
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Who was the chair of German Council on Foreign Relations from 2010 to 2014?
|
/wiki/German_Council_on_Foreign_Relations#P488#3
|
German Council on Foreign Relations The German Council on Foreign Relations ( ) is Germanys national foreign policy network . As an independent , private , non-partisan and non-profit organisation , the Council actively takes part in political decision-making and promotes the understanding of German foreign policy and international relations . It serves as forum for foreign policy and facilitates a comprehensive network of political , economic and academic decision makers . The institution aims at linking foreign politicians to the German public . History . The association was founded in 1955 in Bonn . The model for the foundation was in many respects the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and the Chatham House in London . The first president of the newly founded DGAP was the CDU politician , diplomat and entrepreneur Günther Henle . In Bonn , the DGAP was seated in the villa at Joachimstraße 7 between 1956 and 1959 and then in the Villa Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 6 between 1965-1966 . In 1965 it acquired the former House of Craftsmen at Adenauerallee 131a in Bonn , including the Villa Adenauerallee 131 , which in later years served as a logo of DGAP , for the first time its own building . It served as headquarters of the DGAP from April 1966 to 1999 . The current seat of the DGAP is the building of the Yugoslav embassy in the embassy district in Berlin-Tiergarten . Activities . Internationally known as the German Council on Foreign Relations , the DGAP sees itself as a practical think tank offering demand-driven policy advice on a scientific basis . It works to actively influence the foreign policy opinion-forming at all levels . Its work is aimed at decision-makers in German politics , business , public administration , in NGOs , in the military and to the general public . DGAP publishes the bimonthly journal Internationale Politik . Also , it is among other organisers of the EU-Russia Forum . The Council provides : - A platform for discussions at conferences and in study group meetings as well as at public events . - Policy oriented analyses from research institute fellows . - Authoritative publications on contemporary topics by its journal Internationale Politik , the Jahrbuch Internationale Politik as well as in the publications from the research institute . - Expert and extensive documentation by its library and documentation section . High-level guest speakers have in recent years included Angela Merkel ( 2006 ) , Christine Lagarde ( 2012 ) , Ali Akbar Salehi ( 2013 ) , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ( 2014 ) , Mohammad Javad Zarif ( 2015 ) , Paolo Gentiloni ( 2015 ) , Volodymyr Groysman ( 2018 ) , Nikos Kotzias ( 2018 ) and Nirmala Sitharaman ( 2019 ) . Network . The DGAP is a member of the European Movement Germany . Controversy . In 2019 , Microsoft announced that it had detected cyberattacks , which occurred between September and December 2018 , targeting employees of the DGAP ; they are believed to have originated from a group called Strontium . Governance . Leadership . - 1955-1973 – Günther Henle - 1973-1981 – Kurt Birrenbach - 1987-1993 – Christian Peter Henle - 1993-1999 – Werner Lamby - 1999-2001 – Ulrich Cartellieri - 2001-2003 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher - 2003-2005 – Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim - 2005-2019 – Arend Oetker - 2019-present – Tom Enders Funding . DGAP is financed through the contributions of its members , acquired project funds and contributions from sponsors and patrons , including among others , the Federal Foreign Office , Deutsche Bank , the Airbus and the Robert Bosch Foundation . Notable members . Prominent members are the former foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher , the former President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker , as well as some other famous German politicians and academics Volker Rühe , Günter Verheugen , Klaus von Dohnanyi , Eberhard Diepgen , Theodor Waigel , Michael Glos , Friedbert Pflüger , Rudolf Scharping , Dieter Schulte , Manfred Stolpe , Rita Süssmuth , and Antje Vollmer . External links . - Homepage - Homepage Internationale Politik
|
[
"Tom Enders"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of German Council on Foreign Relations from Jun 2019 to Jun 2020?
|
/wiki/German_Council_on_Foreign_Relations#P488#4
|
German Council on Foreign Relations The German Council on Foreign Relations ( ) is Germanys national foreign policy network . As an independent , private , non-partisan and non-profit organisation , the Council actively takes part in political decision-making and promotes the understanding of German foreign policy and international relations . It serves as forum for foreign policy and facilitates a comprehensive network of political , economic and academic decision makers . The institution aims at linking foreign politicians to the German public . History . The association was founded in 1955 in Bonn . The model for the foundation was in many respects the Council on Foreign Relations in New York and the Chatham House in London . The first president of the newly founded DGAP was the CDU politician , diplomat and entrepreneur Günther Henle . In Bonn , the DGAP was seated in the villa at Joachimstraße 7 between 1956 and 1959 and then in the Villa Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 6 between 1965-1966 . In 1965 it acquired the former House of Craftsmen at Adenauerallee 131a in Bonn , including the Villa Adenauerallee 131 , which in later years served as a logo of DGAP , for the first time its own building . It served as headquarters of the DGAP from April 1966 to 1999 . The current seat of the DGAP is the building of the Yugoslav embassy in the embassy district in Berlin-Tiergarten . Activities . Internationally known as the German Council on Foreign Relations , the DGAP sees itself as a practical think tank offering demand-driven policy advice on a scientific basis . It works to actively influence the foreign policy opinion-forming at all levels . Its work is aimed at decision-makers in German politics , business , public administration , in NGOs , in the military and to the general public . DGAP publishes the bimonthly journal Internationale Politik . Also , it is among other organisers of the EU-Russia Forum . The Council provides : - A platform for discussions at conferences and in study group meetings as well as at public events . - Policy oriented analyses from research institute fellows . - Authoritative publications on contemporary topics by its journal Internationale Politik , the Jahrbuch Internationale Politik as well as in the publications from the research institute . - Expert and extensive documentation by its library and documentation section . High-level guest speakers have in recent years included Angela Merkel ( 2006 ) , Christine Lagarde ( 2012 ) , Ali Akbar Salehi ( 2013 ) , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan ( 2014 ) , Mohammad Javad Zarif ( 2015 ) , Paolo Gentiloni ( 2015 ) , Volodymyr Groysman ( 2018 ) , Nikos Kotzias ( 2018 ) and Nirmala Sitharaman ( 2019 ) . Network . The DGAP is a member of the European Movement Germany . Controversy . In 2019 , Microsoft announced that it had detected cyberattacks , which occurred between September and December 2018 , targeting employees of the DGAP ; they are believed to have originated from a group called Strontium . Governance . Leadership . - 1955-1973 – Günther Henle - 1973-1981 – Kurt Birrenbach - 1987-1993 – Christian Peter Henle - 1993-1999 – Werner Lamby - 1999-2001 – Ulrich Cartellieri - 2001-2003 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher - 2003-2005 – Alfred Freiherr von Oppenheim - 2005-2019 – Arend Oetker - 2019-present – Tom Enders Funding . DGAP is financed through the contributions of its members , acquired project funds and contributions from sponsors and patrons , including among others , the Federal Foreign Office , Deutsche Bank , the Airbus and the Robert Bosch Foundation . Notable members . Prominent members are the former foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher , the former President of Germany Richard von Weizsäcker , as well as some other famous German politicians and academics Volker Rühe , Günter Verheugen , Klaus von Dohnanyi , Eberhard Diepgen , Theodor Waigel , Michael Glos , Friedbert Pflüger , Rudolf Scharping , Dieter Schulte , Manfred Stolpe , Rita Süssmuth , and Antje Vollmer . External links . - Homepage - Homepage Internationale Politik
|
[
"IPFW"
] |
easy
|
Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons became a member of what organization or association in Jul 2007?
|
/wiki/Purdue_Fort_Wayne_Mastodons#P463#0
|
Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons The Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons , formerly known as the IPFW Mastodons and Fort Wayne Mastodons , are the athletic teams of Purdue University Fort Wayne ( PFW ) . The schools athletic program includes 16 varsity sports teams . Their mascot is a Mastodon named Don , and the school colors are black and gold . The university participates in the NCAAs Division I as members of the Horizon League in all varsity sports except for mens volleyball , which competes in the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association . Purdue Fort Wayne offers 8 varsity sports for men and 8 for women . History . IPFW . At the start of athletics competition , the school was known as the abbreviation for Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne ( IPFW ) . In 1968 a large bone was discovered during the installation of a farm pond near Angola , Indiana , about 40 miles ( 65 km ) north of Fort Wayne . The farmer contacted professors in the IPFW geology department , who identified his discovery as the leg bone of a mastodon . Faculty and students from the geology department excavated the greater part of an adult mastodon , including the skull and tusks . The bones were cleaned , preserved , and placed on permanent display at IPFW . In 1970 members of the geology club , led by professors who oversaw the excavation , successfully lobbied the student government committee charged with choosing a name for the university mascot to select the mastodon . And thus , the IPFW Mastodons were born [ 9 ] . In addition to serving as a mascot , “Mastodon” is used as the athletic moniker for team members and school-spirited references to the student body . The selection of the mastodon as mascot—as well as a tongue-in-cheek borrowing of the term “Don” from its academic British English use—lends itself to be a suffix to refer to the athletics teams as well , such as Volleydons for the volleyball teams . In a related reference , the Mastodon STOMP pep band instills school spirit among the fans during home matches and games . By using the nickname Mastodons , Purdue Fort Wayne is one of the few schools to use an extinct organism as a nickname , along with the Amherst Mammoths and the Maranatha Baptist Sabercats . When the school first fielding athletics , they competed as an NCAA Division III Independent . In the summer of 1981 , the Mastodons made a jump to NCAA Division II where they remained independent . Prior to the 1984–85 school year , the Mastodons joined the Great Lakes Valley Conference , their first ever conference affiliation . At the start of the 2001–02 academic year , the Mastodons joined NCAA Division I as an independent . IPFW joined their first Division I conference in July , 2007 , joining The Summit League . Fort Wayne . On August 8 , 2016 , shortly before the start of the 2016–17 school year , IPFW athletic director Kelley Hartley Hutton announced that effective immediately , Fort Wayne would be the universitys exclusive athletic brand . The schools IPFW academic branding was not affected . The Summit League has called the athletic program Fort Wayne since 2012 , in line with a conference initiative to use geographic names to describe metropolitan campuses such as IPFW . When the school announced the athletic brand change , it noted,Some Mastodon teams have already been using Fort Wayne on uniforms since this recommendation , but the use has been limited and resulted in some confusion . Outside of northeast Indiana , there is also considerable confusion about the IPFW acronym , with misnomers being common—even among those involved in Division I athletics . Purdue Fort Wayne . Indiana University and Purdue University in Fort Wayne officially separated on July 1 , 2018 , with IU taking responsibility for IPFWs degree programs in health sciences and Purdue retaining all other academic programs . Thereafter , the Mastodons will represent Purdue University Fort Wayne . With the name change , the schools colors will change from Royal Blue and White to the Old Gold and Black used by the other three Purdue University campuses . On June 18 , 2018 , the school announced that beginning July 1 , 2018 all NCAA sports teams will be known as the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastadons . In addition , a new logo was revealed where the color blue has been incorporated as a secondary color to the universitys official school colors of gold and black . Because NCAA rules bar players from two different schools from competing on the same team , future IU Fort Wayne students will not be eligible for Mastodons athletics . At the time the separation was announced , five of the roughly 240 Fort Wayne varsity athletes were in academic majors that would become part of the new IU Fort Wayne campus , with three possibly requiring NCAA waivers to remain athletically eligible . It joined the Horizon League from the Summit League in July 2020 . The official announcement of this move noted that PFW would be near the geographic center of its new league , with an average distance of from the other members . At that time , media also noted that PFWs longest road trip in the Horizon League ( 344 miles to Green Bay ) would be shorter than its shortest Summit League trip ( 367 miles to Western Illinois ) . Sports sponsored . Purdue Fort Wayne has 16 NCAA Division I-A varsity teams : 8 varsity sports for men and 8 for women . The mens volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association . The newest Mastodons sports are mens indoor and outdoor track & field , reinstated in 2019–20 after having been dropped by IPFW in 2005 . Mens basketball . Before joining NCAA Division I athletics , Fort Wayne competed in the Great Lakes Valley Conference in some sports in the NCAA Division II , where in 1993 , the mens basketball team led , by brothers Sean and Shane Gibson , achieved the ranking of No . 4 in the country in NCAA Division II competition . Dane Fife was named the IPFW mens basketball head coach during summer 2005 . Fife , who left after the 2010–11 season , was the youngest NCAA Division I head coach at the time of his appointment , at the age of 26 . Tony Jasick replaced Fife as the head coach . Jon Coffman is the current head coach of the program , announced on April 10 , 2014 . Venues . Purdue Fort Wayne has no football team . During its existence as IPFW , it hosted the 2000 NCAA Mens Volleyball Championship matches at the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum , which is adjacent to the campus . Most athletic events are held in the Hilliard Gates Sports Center or the Athletics Center Fieldhouse on the PFW campus . Club sports . Mens ice hockey . The IPFW Club Mens Ice Hockey Team is in its sixth season as a program and competes in the ACHAs North Region . IPFW has had recent success finishing in the top 20 in the nation the last three seasons . This past season the Mastodons won the Big Ten Club Tournament championship hosted by Northwestern University . This was a huge win for the program with bigger schools such as Iowa , Nebraska , Northwestern , Northern Illinois and No . 3 ranked University of Michigan-Flint also in the tournament . The Dons play their home games at Lutheran Health SportCenter and have for the past 2 seasons . IPFW used to play their games at the old McMillan Ice Arena .
|
[
"IPFW"
] |
easy
|
What organization did Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons join in 1981?
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/wiki/Purdue_Fort_Wayne_Mastodons#P463#1
|
Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons The Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons , formerly known as the IPFW Mastodons and Fort Wayne Mastodons , are the athletic teams of Purdue University Fort Wayne ( PFW ) . The schools athletic program includes 16 varsity sports teams . Their mascot is a Mastodon named Don , and the school colors are black and gold . The university participates in the NCAAs Division I as members of the Horizon League in all varsity sports except for mens volleyball , which competes in the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association . Purdue Fort Wayne offers 8 varsity sports for men and 8 for women . History . IPFW . At the start of athletics competition , the school was known as the abbreviation for Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne ( IPFW ) . In 1968 a large bone was discovered during the installation of a farm pond near Angola , Indiana , about 40 miles ( 65 km ) north of Fort Wayne . The farmer contacted professors in the IPFW geology department , who identified his discovery as the leg bone of a mastodon . Faculty and students from the geology department excavated the greater part of an adult mastodon , including the skull and tusks . The bones were cleaned , preserved , and placed on permanent display at IPFW . In 1970 members of the geology club , led by professors who oversaw the excavation , successfully lobbied the student government committee charged with choosing a name for the university mascot to select the mastodon . And thus , the IPFW Mastodons were born [ 9 ] . In addition to serving as a mascot , “Mastodon” is used as the athletic moniker for team members and school-spirited references to the student body . The selection of the mastodon as mascot—as well as a tongue-in-cheek borrowing of the term “Don” from its academic British English use—lends itself to be a suffix to refer to the athletics teams as well , such as Volleydons for the volleyball teams . In a related reference , the Mastodon STOMP pep band instills school spirit among the fans during home matches and games . By using the nickname Mastodons , Purdue Fort Wayne is one of the few schools to use an extinct organism as a nickname , along with the Amherst Mammoths and the Maranatha Baptist Sabercats . When the school first fielding athletics , they competed as an NCAA Division III Independent . In the summer of 1981 , the Mastodons made a jump to NCAA Division II where they remained independent . Prior to the 1984–85 school year , the Mastodons joined the Great Lakes Valley Conference , their first ever conference affiliation . At the start of the 2001–02 academic year , the Mastodons joined NCAA Division I as an independent . IPFW joined their first Division I conference in July , 2007 , joining The Summit League . Fort Wayne . On August 8 , 2016 , shortly before the start of the 2016–17 school year , IPFW athletic director Kelley Hartley Hutton announced that effective immediately , Fort Wayne would be the universitys exclusive athletic brand . The schools IPFW academic branding was not affected . The Summit League has called the athletic program Fort Wayne since 2012 , in line with a conference initiative to use geographic names to describe metropolitan campuses such as IPFW . When the school announced the athletic brand change , it noted,Some Mastodon teams have already been using Fort Wayne on uniforms since this recommendation , but the use has been limited and resulted in some confusion . Outside of northeast Indiana , there is also considerable confusion about the IPFW acronym , with misnomers being common—even among those involved in Division I athletics . Purdue Fort Wayne . Indiana University and Purdue University in Fort Wayne officially separated on July 1 , 2018 , with IU taking responsibility for IPFWs degree programs in health sciences and Purdue retaining all other academic programs . Thereafter , the Mastodons will represent Purdue University Fort Wayne . With the name change , the schools colors will change from Royal Blue and White to the Old Gold and Black used by the other three Purdue University campuses . On June 18 , 2018 , the school announced that beginning July 1 , 2018 all NCAA sports teams will be known as the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastadons . In addition , a new logo was revealed where the color blue has been incorporated as a secondary color to the universitys official school colors of gold and black . Because NCAA rules bar players from two different schools from competing on the same team , future IU Fort Wayne students will not be eligible for Mastodons athletics . At the time the separation was announced , five of the roughly 240 Fort Wayne varsity athletes were in academic majors that would become part of the new IU Fort Wayne campus , with three possibly requiring NCAA waivers to remain athletically eligible . It joined the Horizon League from the Summit League in July 2020 . The official announcement of this move noted that PFW would be near the geographic center of its new league , with an average distance of from the other members . At that time , media also noted that PFWs longest road trip in the Horizon League ( 344 miles to Green Bay ) would be shorter than its shortest Summit League trip ( 367 miles to Western Illinois ) . Sports sponsored . Purdue Fort Wayne has 16 NCAA Division I-A varsity teams : 8 varsity sports for men and 8 for women . The mens volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association . The newest Mastodons sports are mens indoor and outdoor track & field , reinstated in 2019–20 after having been dropped by IPFW in 2005 . Mens basketball . Before joining NCAA Division I athletics , Fort Wayne competed in the Great Lakes Valley Conference in some sports in the NCAA Division II , where in 1993 , the mens basketball team led , by brothers Sean and Shane Gibson , achieved the ranking of No . 4 in the country in NCAA Division II competition . Dane Fife was named the IPFW mens basketball head coach during summer 2005 . Fife , who left after the 2010–11 season , was the youngest NCAA Division I head coach at the time of his appointment , at the age of 26 . Tony Jasick replaced Fife as the head coach . Jon Coffman is the current head coach of the program , announced on April 10 , 2014 . Venues . Purdue Fort Wayne has no football team . During its existence as IPFW , it hosted the 2000 NCAA Mens Volleyball Championship matches at the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum , which is adjacent to the campus . Most athletic events are held in the Hilliard Gates Sports Center or the Athletics Center Fieldhouse on the PFW campus . Club sports . Mens ice hockey . The IPFW Club Mens Ice Hockey Team is in its sixth season as a program and competes in the ACHAs North Region . IPFW has had recent success finishing in the top 20 in the nation the last three seasons . This past season the Mastodons won the Big Ten Club Tournament championship hosted by Northwestern University . This was a huge win for the program with bigger schools such as Iowa , Nebraska , Northwestern , Northern Illinois and No . 3 ranked University of Michigan-Flint also in the tournament . The Dons play their home games at Lutheran Health SportCenter and have for the past 2 seasons . IPFW used to play their games at the old McMillan Ice Arena .
|
[
"PFW"
] |
easy
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Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons became a member of what organization or association in Jul 2020?
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/wiki/Purdue_Fort_Wayne_Mastodons#P463#2
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Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons The Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons , formerly known as the IPFW Mastodons and Fort Wayne Mastodons , are the athletic teams of Purdue University Fort Wayne ( PFW ) . The schools athletic program includes 16 varsity sports teams . Their mascot is a Mastodon named Don , and the school colors are black and gold . The university participates in the NCAAs Division I as members of the Horizon League in all varsity sports except for mens volleyball , which competes in the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association . Purdue Fort Wayne offers 8 varsity sports for men and 8 for women . History . IPFW . At the start of athletics competition , the school was known as the abbreviation for Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne ( IPFW ) . In 1968 a large bone was discovered during the installation of a farm pond near Angola , Indiana , about 40 miles ( 65 km ) north of Fort Wayne . The farmer contacted professors in the IPFW geology department , who identified his discovery as the leg bone of a mastodon . Faculty and students from the geology department excavated the greater part of an adult mastodon , including the skull and tusks . The bones were cleaned , preserved , and placed on permanent display at IPFW . In 1970 members of the geology club , led by professors who oversaw the excavation , successfully lobbied the student government committee charged with choosing a name for the university mascot to select the mastodon . And thus , the IPFW Mastodons were born [ 9 ] . In addition to serving as a mascot , “Mastodon” is used as the athletic moniker for team members and school-spirited references to the student body . The selection of the mastodon as mascot—as well as a tongue-in-cheek borrowing of the term “Don” from its academic British English use—lends itself to be a suffix to refer to the athletics teams as well , such as Volleydons for the volleyball teams . In a related reference , the Mastodon STOMP pep band instills school spirit among the fans during home matches and games . By using the nickname Mastodons , Purdue Fort Wayne is one of the few schools to use an extinct organism as a nickname , along with the Amherst Mammoths and the Maranatha Baptist Sabercats . When the school first fielding athletics , they competed as an NCAA Division III Independent . In the summer of 1981 , the Mastodons made a jump to NCAA Division II where they remained independent . Prior to the 1984–85 school year , the Mastodons joined the Great Lakes Valley Conference , their first ever conference affiliation . At the start of the 2001–02 academic year , the Mastodons joined NCAA Division I as an independent . IPFW joined their first Division I conference in July , 2007 , joining The Summit League . Fort Wayne . On August 8 , 2016 , shortly before the start of the 2016–17 school year , IPFW athletic director Kelley Hartley Hutton announced that effective immediately , Fort Wayne would be the universitys exclusive athletic brand . The schools IPFW academic branding was not affected . The Summit League has called the athletic program Fort Wayne since 2012 , in line with a conference initiative to use geographic names to describe metropolitan campuses such as IPFW . When the school announced the athletic brand change , it noted,Some Mastodon teams have already been using Fort Wayne on uniforms since this recommendation , but the use has been limited and resulted in some confusion . Outside of northeast Indiana , there is also considerable confusion about the IPFW acronym , with misnomers being common—even among those involved in Division I athletics . Purdue Fort Wayne . Indiana University and Purdue University in Fort Wayne officially separated on July 1 , 2018 , with IU taking responsibility for IPFWs degree programs in health sciences and Purdue retaining all other academic programs . Thereafter , the Mastodons will represent Purdue University Fort Wayne . With the name change , the schools colors will change from Royal Blue and White to the Old Gold and Black used by the other three Purdue University campuses . On June 18 , 2018 , the school announced that beginning July 1 , 2018 all NCAA sports teams will be known as the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastadons . In addition , a new logo was revealed where the color blue has been incorporated as a secondary color to the universitys official school colors of gold and black . Because NCAA rules bar players from two different schools from competing on the same team , future IU Fort Wayne students will not be eligible for Mastodons athletics . At the time the separation was announced , five of the roughly 240 Fort Wayne varsity athletes were in academic majors that would become part of the new IU Fort Wayne campus , with three possibly requiring NCAA waivers to remain athletically eligible . It joined the Horizon League from the Summit League in July 2020 . The official announcement of this move noted that PFW would be near the geographic center of its new league , with an average distance of from the other members . At that time , media also noted that PFWs longest road trip in the Horizon League ( 344 miles to Green Bay ) would be shorter than its shortest Summit League trip ( 367 miles to Western Illinois ) . Sports sponsored . Purdue Fort Wayne has 16 NCAA Division I-A varsity teams : 8 varsity sports for men and 8 for women . The mens volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association . The newest Mastodons sports are mens indoor and outdoor track & field , reinstated in 2019–20 after having been dropped by IPFW in 2005 . Mens basketball . Before joining NCAA Division I athletics , Fort Wayne competed in the Great Lakes Valley Conference in some sports in the NCAA Division II , where in 1993 , the mens basketball team led , by brothers Sean and Shane Gibson , achieved the ranking of No . 4 in the country in NCAA Division II competition . Dane Fife was named the IPFW mens basketball head coach during summer 2005 . Fife , who left after the 2010–11 season , was the youngest NCAA Division I head coach at the time of his appointment , at the age of 26 . Tony Jasick replaced Fife as the head coach . Jon Coffman is the current head coach of the program , announced on April 10 , 2014 . Venues . Purdue Fort Wayne has no football team . During its existence as IPFW , it hosted the 2000 NCAA Mens Volleyball Championship matches at the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum , which is adjacent to the campus . Most athletic events are held in the Hilliard Gates Sports Center or the Athletics Center Fieldhouse on the PFW campus . Club sports . Mens ice hockey . The IPFW Club Mens Ice Hockey Team is in its sixth season as a program and competes in the ACHAs North Region . IPFW has had recent success finishing in the top 20 in the nation the last three seasons . This past season the Mastodons won the Big Ten Club Tournament championship hosted by Northwestern University . This was a huge win for the program with bigger schools such as Iowa , Nebraska , Northwestern , Northern Illinois and No . 3 ranked University of Michigan-Flint also in the tournament . The Dons play their home games at Lutheran Health SportCenter and have for the past 2 seasons . IPFW used to play their games at the old McMillan Ice Arena .
|
[
"Vigdis Hjulstad Belbo"
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Snåsa from 2003 to 2015?
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/wiki/Snåsa#P6#0
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Snåsa Snåsa ( ; ) is a municipality in Trøndelag county , Norway . It is part of the Innherred region . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Snåsa . Other villages include Agle and Jørstad . Snåsa is one of the last strongholds for the seriously endangered Southern Sami language . The municipality is the 23rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Snåsa is the 278th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,063 inhabitants . The municipalitys population density is and its population has decreased by 4.7% over the previous 10-year period . General information . The parish of Snåsa was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 . On 1 January 1874 , the eastern district of Snåsa ( population : 1,015 ) was separated to form a new , separate municipality of Lierne . This left Snåsa with 2,235 residents . Snåsas boundaries have not changed since then . On 1 January 2018 , the municipality switched from the old Nord-Trøndelag county to the new Trøndelag county . Name . The name of the municipality ( and the old prestegjeld ) comes from the Old Norse word Snǫs . The name is identical with the word snös which means prominent mountain or overhanging rock ( possibly referring to the mountain of Bergsåsen , at the inner end of the lake Snåsavatnet ) . The name was spelled Snaasen until the early 20th century . The Southern Sami language version of the name is Snåasen tjielte , which was officially accepted in 2010 as an alternate name for the . Coat of arms . The coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1994 . The arms show a yellow Lady Slipper orchid ( Cypripedium calceolus ) on a blue background . This particular flower is prevalent throughout the municipality , in fact at least 15 species of orchid have been found growing in Snåsa . Churches . The Church of Norway has one parish ( ) within the municipality of Snåsa . It is part of the Nord-Innherad prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nidaros . Geography . Snåsa is located about northeast of the city of Trondheim , and it borders Sweden to the southeast . Snåsa borders the municipalities of Overhalla , Grong , and Lierne in the north and east , and Steinkjer and Verdal in the west and south . The 6th largest lake in the country , Snåsavatnet , is partly located in the municipality . Other lakes include Andorsjøen , Bangsjøene , Grøningen , Holderen , and Store Øyingen . The Blåfjella–Skjækerfjella National Park covers a lot of the eastern part of the municipality . Government . All municipalities in Norway , including Snåsa , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Inntrøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal . Municipal council . The municipal council ( ) of Snåsa is made up of 21 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows : Mayor . The mayors of Snåsa ( incomplete list ) : - 2019-present : Arnt Einar Bardal ( Sp ) - 2015-2019 : Tone Våg ( Ap ) - 2003-2015 : Vigdis Hjulstad Belbo ( Sp ) Transportation . The European route E6 highway runs through the municipality on the north side of the Snåsavatnet lake and the Nordland Line runs along the south side of the lake . The train stops at Jørstad Station and Snåsa Station . Trivia . - Inge Altemberg , the leading character in the movie Sweet Land , played by Elizabeth Reaser comes to America just after WWI from Snåsa Notable people . - Jens Rynning ( 1778–1857 ) a Norwegian priest and public education advocate , spent his working life as a priest in Ringsaker and Snåsa - Bernt Julius Muus ( 1832 in Snåsa – 1900 ) a Norwegian-American Lutheran minister , helped found St . Olaf College in Northfield , Minnesota - Peder Falstad ( 1894 in Snåsa – 1965 ) an American ski jumper , competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Arne Sandnes ( 1924 in Snåsa – 2016 ) a politician and Mayor of Snåsa municipal council - Joralf Gjerstad ( born 1926 in Snåsa ) a self identified psychic and untested faith healer , known as the man with warm hands - Geir Høgsnes ( 1950 in Snåsa - 2009 ) a Norwegian sociologist and academic - Jon Åge Tyldum ( born 1968 in Snåsa ) a former Norwegian biathlete - Anders Eide ( born 1971 in Snåsa ) a Norwegian cross-country skier who competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics External links . - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
|
[
"Tone Våg"
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Snåsa from 2015 to 2019?
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/wiki/Snåsa#P6#1
|
Snåsa Snåsa ( ; ) is a municipality in Trøndelag county , Norway . It is part of the Innherred region . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Snåsa . Other villages include Agle and Jørstad . Snåsa is one of the last strongholds for the seriously endangered Southern Sami language . The municipality is the 23rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Snåsa is the 278th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,063 inhabitants . The municipalitys population density is and its population has decreased by 4.7% over the previous 10-year period . General information . The parish of Snåsa was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 . On 1 January 1874 , the eastern district of Snåsa ( population : 1,015 ) was separated to form a new , separate municipality of Lierne . This left Snåsa with 2,235 residents . Snåsas boundaries have not changed since then . On 1 January 2018 , the municipality switched from the old Nord-Trøndelag county to the new Trøndelag county . Name . The name of the municipality ( and the old prestegjeld ) comes from the Old Norse word Snǫs . The name is identical with the word snös which means prominent mountain or overhanging rock ( possibly referring to the mountain of Bergsåsen , at the inner end of the lake Snåsavatnet ) . The name was spelled Snaasen until the early 20th century . The Southern Sami language version of the name is Snåasen tjielte , which was officially accepted in 2010 as an alternate name for the . Coat of arms . The coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1994 . The arms show a yellow Lady Slipper orchid ( Cypripedium calceolus ) on a blue background . This particular flower is prevalent throughout the municipality , in fact at least 15 species of orchid have been found growing in Snåsa . Churches . The Church of Norway has one parish ( ) within the municipality of Snåsa . It is part of the Nord-Innherad prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nidaros . Geography . Snåsa is located about northeast of the city of Trondheim , and it borders Sweden to the southeast . Snåsa borders the municipalities of Overhalla , Grong , and Lierne in the north and east , and Steinkjer and Verdal in the west and south . The 6th largest lake in the country , Snåsavatnet , is partly located in the municipality . Other lakes include Andorsjøen , Bangsjøene , Grøningen , Holderen , and Store Øyingen . The Blåfjella–Skjækerfjella National Park covers a lot of the eastern part of the municipality . Government . All municipalities in Norway , including Snåsa , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Inntrøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal . Municipal council . The municipal council ( ) of Snåsa is made up of 21 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows : Mayor . The mayors of Snåsa ( incomplete list ) : - 2019-present : Arnt Einar Bardal ( Sp ) - 2015-2019 : Tone Våg ( Ap ) - 2003-2015 : Vigdis Hjulstad Belbo ( Sp ) Transportation . The European route E6 highway runs through the municipality on the north side of the Snåsavatnet lake and the Nordland Line runs along the south side of the lake . The train stops at Jørstad Station and Snåsa Station . Trivia . - Inge Altemberg , the leading character in the movie Sweet Land , played by Elizabeth Reaser comes to America just after WWI from Snåsa Notable people . - Jens Rynning ( 1778–1857 ) a Norwegian priest and public education advocate , spent his working life as a priest in Ringsaker and Snåsa - Bernt Julius Muus ( 1832 in Snåsa – 1900 ) a Norwegian-American Lutheran minister , helped found St . Olaf College in Northfield , Minnesota - Peder Falstad ( 1894 in Snåsa – 1965 ) an American ski jumper , competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Arne Sandnes ( 1924 in Snåsa – 2016 ) a politician and Mayor of Snåsa municipal council - Joralf Gjerstad ( born 1926 in Snåsa ) a self identified psychic and untested faith healer , known as the man with warm hands - Geir Høgsnes ( 1950 in Snåsa - 2009 ) a Norwegian sociologist and academic - Jon Åge Tyldum ( born 1968 in Snåsa ) a former Norwegian biathlete - Anders Eide ( born 1971 in Snåsa ) a Norwegian cross-country skier who competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics External links . - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
|
[
"Arnt Einar Bardal"
] |
easy
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Who was the head of Snåsa from 2019 to 2020?
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/wiki/Snåsa#P6#2
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Snåsa Snåsa ( ; ) is a municipality in Trøndelag county , Norway . It is part of the Innherred region . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Snåsa . Other villages include Agle and Jørstad . Snåsa is one of the last strongholds for the seriously endangered Southern Sami language . The municipality is the 23rd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Snåsa is the 278th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,063 inhabitants . The municipalitys population density is and its population has decreased by 4.7% over the previous 10-year period . General information . The parish of Snåsa was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 . On 1 January 1874 , the eastern district of Snåsa ( population : 1,015 ) was separated to form a new , separate municipality of Lierne . This left Snåsa with 2,235 residents . Snåsas boundaries have not changed since then . On 1 January 2018 , the municipality switched from the old Nord-Trøndelag county to the new Trøndelag county . Name . The name of the municipality ( and the old prestegjeld ) comes from the Old Norse word Snǫs . The name is identical with the word snös which means prominent mountain or overhanging rock ( possibly referring to the mountain of Bergsåsen , at the inner end of the lake Snåsavatnet ) . The name was spelled Snaasen until the early 20th century . The Southern Sami language version of the name is Snåasen tjielte , which was officially accepted in 2010 as an alternate name for the . Coat of arms . The coat of arms was granted on 17 March 1994 . The arms show a yellow Lady Slipper orchid ( Cypripedium calceolus ) on a blue background . This particular flower is prevalent throughout the municipality , in fact at least 15 species of orchid have been found growing in Snåsa . Churches . The Church of Norway has one parish ( ) within the municipality of Snåsa . It is part of the Nord-Innherad prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nidaros . Geography . Snåsa is located about northeast of the city of Trondheim , and it borders Sweden to the southeast . Snåsa borders the municipalities of Overhalla , Grong , and Lierne in the north and east , and Steinkjer and Verdal in the west and south . The 6th largest lake in the country , Snåsavatnet , is partly located in the municipality . Other lakes include Andorsjøen , Bangsjøene , Grøningen , Holderen , and Store Øyingen . The Blåfjella–Skjækerfjella National Park covers a lot of the eastern part of the municipality . Government . All municipalities in Norway , including Snåsa , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Inntrøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal . Municipal council . The municipal council ( ) of Snåsa is made up of 21 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows : Mayor . The mayors of Snåsa ( incomplete list ) : - 2019-present : Arnt Einar Bardal ( Sp ) - 2015-2019 : Tone Våg ( Ap ) - 2003-2015 : Vigdis Hjulstad Belbo ( Sp ) Transportation . The European route E6 highway runs through the municipality on the north side of the Snåsavatnet lake and the Nordland Line runs along the south side of the lake . The train stops at Jørstad Station and Snåsa Station . Trivia . - Inge Altemberg , the leading character in the movie Sweet Land , played by Elizabeth Reaser comes to America just after WWI from Snåsa Notable people . - Jens Rynning ( 1778–1857 ) a Norwegian priest and public education advocate , spent his working life as a priest in Ringsaker and Snåsa - Bernt Julius Muus ( 1832 in Snåsa – 1900 ) a Norwegian-American Lutheran minister , helped found St . Olaf College in Northfield , Minnesota - Peder Falstad ( 1894 in Snåsa – 1965 ) an American ski jumper , competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics - Arne Sandnes ( 1924 in Snåsa – 2016 ) a politician and Mayor of Snåsa municipal council - Joralf Gjerstad ( born 1926 in Snåsa ) a self identified psychic and untested faith healer , known as the man with warm hands - Geir Høgsnes ( 1950 in Snåsa - 2009 ) a Norwegian sociologist and academic - Jon Åge Tyldum ( born 1968 in Snåsa ) a former Norwegian biathlete - Anders Eide ( born 1971 in Snåsa ) a Norwegian cross-country skier who competed at the 1998 Winter Olympics External links . - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
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[
"Muslim League"
] |
easy
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Which political party did Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry belong to from 1942 to 1967?
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/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry#P102#0
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Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Fazal Elahi Chaudhry ( Punjabi , ; 1 January 1904 – 2 June 1982 ) , was a politician who served as the fifth President of Pakistan from 1973 until 1978 , prior to the martial law led by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq . ( see codename Fair Play ) . He also served as the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1965 to 1969 and the 8th Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1972 to 1973 . Early life . Fazal Elahi Chaudhry was born on 1 January 1904 into an influential Gujjar family in Marala village , near the city of Kharian , Gujrat District in Punjab Province . After receiving his education from there , Chaudhry joined the prestigious Aligarh Muslim University in 1920 , receiving his LLB in Civil law in 1924 . Thereafter , Chaudhry returned to Punjab and attended the Punjab Universitys post-graduate school in law and political science . In 1925 , Chaudhry obtained his MA in Political Science in 1925 , and the advanced LLM in Law and Justice , in 1927 . After completing his education , Chaudhry established his law firm in Lahore , advocating for the civil law and liberties , and went back to Gujrat and started practising the civil law . In 1930 , he started taking interest in politics and participated in the Indian general elections in 1930 for the Gujrat District Board and was elected unopposed . Political career . He joined the Muslim League in 1942 . In 1945 , he was elected from Gujrat as the President of Muslim League . He took part in the 1946 elections on Muslim Leagues ticket and played an important role in propagating the ideas of the Muslim League among the people of his area . Upon the independence of Pakistan , Chaudhry got involved in the new government , moving up to high ranking positions in the National Assembly . After the successful promulgation of countrys constitution in 1973 , Chaudhry was elected as the president , succeeded Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , and became the first president of country from the Punjabi class of the Punjab Province . Taking an active role in the Pakistan Movement through the platform of the Muslim League , Chaudhry was appointed minister in the in 1947 , and further joined the Pakistan permanent representatives delegation to the United Nations in 1951 . His presidency was a mere figurehead as per the constitution , since the heading of the governments operations remained the authority of prime minister . After the success of the Fair Play— a codename of the operation to remove Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from power – Chaudhry continued his presidency but had no influence in the government operations or the military and national affairs . After contentious relations with the military , Chaudhry was relinquished from the office after resigning from his presidency , despite the urging of the Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff . On 16 September 1978 , Chaudhry handed the charge of the presidency to ruling military general Zia-ul-Haq who succeeded him as the sixth president , in addition to being the Chief Martial Law Administrator and the Chief of Army Staff . Speaker of the West Pakistan Assembly . After Independence , he was given the post of Parliamentary Secretary . He was later appointed Minister for Education and Health . In 1951 , he contested the elections of the Punjab Legislative Assembly on the Muslim League ticket and was elected as a member of the Punjab Assembly . In 1952 , he represented Pakistan in the United Nations . In the 1956 elections , he was elected as member of the West Pakistan Assembly . Chaudhry was its Speaker from 20 May 1956 to 7 October 1958 . In 1962 , when Ayub Khan announced the elections , he was selected as the Deputy Opposition Leader of the House on the basis of his experience and knowledge about parliamentary proceedings . Chaudhry joined the Convention Muslim League , and after the 1956 elections , he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly . President of Pakistan . He was elected as member of the National Assembly in 1970 on the ticket of the Pakistan Peoples Party and was later elected as the Speaker of the National Assembly . He ended up joining the Pakistan Peoples Party . He contested the Presidential Elections of 1972 against s Khan Amirzadah Khan Of NAP & all opposition parties and was made President in 1973 , when the head of the PPP , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was made Prime Minister . Chaudhry was largely a figurehead , and was the first Pakistani President with less power than the Prime Minister . This was due to the new constitution of 1973 that gave power to the Prime Minister ; previously , the President had been the chief leader of Pakistan and had the power to appoint Prime Minister . Resignation . Fazal Elahi Chaudhry remained President until 1978 , when he resigned after the military took control of the government under General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq . Death . Chaudhry died on 2 June 1982 at the age of 78 . External links . - Chronicles Of Pakistan
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[
""
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easy
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Which political party did Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry belong to from 1967 to 1982?
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/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry#P102#1
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Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Fazal Elahi Chaudhry ( Punjabi , ; 1 January 1904 – 2 June 1982 ) , was a politician who served as the fifth President of Pakistan from 1973 until 1978 , prior to the martial law led by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq . ( see codename Fair Play ) . He also served as the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1965 to 1969 and the 8th Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1972 to 1973 . Early life . Fazal Elahi Chaudhry was born on 1 January 1904 into an influential Gujjar family in Marala village , near the city of Kharian , Gujrat District in Punjab Province . After receiving his education from there , Chaudhry joined the prestigious Aligarh Muslim University in 1920 , receiving his LLB in Civil law in 1924 . Thereafter , Chaudhry returned to Punjab and attended the Punjab Universitys post-graduate school in law and political science . In 1925 , Chaudhry obtained his MA in Political Science in 1925 , and the advanced LLM in Law and Justice , in 1927 . After completing his education , Chaudhry established his law firm in Lahore , advocating for the civil law and liberties , and went back to Gujrat and started practising the civil law . In 1930 , he started taking interest in politics and participated in the Indian general elections in 1930 for the Gujrat District Board and was elected unopposed . Political career . He joined the Muslim League in 1942 . In 1945 , he was elected from Gujrat as the President of Muslim League . He took part in the 1946 elections on Muslim Leagues ticket and played an important role in propagating the ideas of the Muslim League among the people of his area . Upon the independence of Pakistan , Chaudhry got involved in the new government , moving up to high ranking positions in the National Assembly . After the successful promulgation of countrys constitution in 1973 , Chaudhry was elected as the president , succeeded Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , and became the first president of country from the Punjabi class of the Punjab Province . Taking an active role in the Pakistan Movement through the platform of the Muslim League , Chaudhry was appointed minister in the in 1947 , and further joined the Pakistan permanent representatives delegation to the United Nations in 1951 . His presidency was a mere figurehead as per the constitution , since the heading of the governments operations remained the authority of prime minister . After the success of the Fair Play— a codename of the operation to remove Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from power – Chaudhry continued his presidency but had no influence in the government operations or the military and national affairs . After contentious relations with the military , Chaudhry was relinquished from the office after resigning from his presidency , despite the urging of the Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff . On 16 September 1978 , Chaudhry handed the charge of the presidency to ruling military general Zia-ul-Haq who succeeded him as the sixth president , in addition to being the Chief Martial Law Administrator and the Chief of Army Staff . Speaker of the West Pakistan Assembly . After Independence , he was given the post of Parliamentary Secretary . He was later appointed Minister for Education and Health . In 1951 , he contested the elections of the Punjab Legislative Assembly on the Muslim League ticket and was elected as a member of the Punjab Assembly . In 1952 , he represented Pakistan in the United Nations . In the 1956 elections , he was elected as member of the West Pakistan Assembly . Chaudhry was its Speaker from 20 May 1956 to 7 October 1958 . In 1962 , when Ayub Khan announced the elections , he was selected as the Deputy Opposition Leader of the House on the basis of his experience and knowledge about parliamentary proceedings . Chaudhry joined the Convention Muslim League , and after the 1956 elections , he was elected as the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly . President of Pakistan . He was elected as member of the National Assembly in 1970 on the ticket of the Pakistan Peoples Party and was later elected as the Speaker of the National Assembly . He ended up joining the Pakistan Peoples Party . He contested the Presidential Elections of 1972 against s Khan Amirzadah Khan Of NAP & all opposition parties and was made President in 1973 , when the head of the PPP , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was made Prime Minister . Chaudhry was largely a figurehead , and was the first Pakistani President with less power than the Prime Minister . This was due to the new constitution of 1973 that gave power to the Prime Minister ; previously , the President had been the chief leader of Pakistan and had the power to appoint Prime Minister . Resignation . Fazal Elahi Chaudhry remained President until 1978 , when he resigned after the military took control of the government under General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq . Death . Chaudhry died on 2 June 1982 at the age of 78 . External links . - Chronicles Of Pakistan
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[
"Deputy Chairman of the Social Democrats"
] |
easy
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Poul Nyrup Rasmussen took which position from May 1987 to 1993?
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/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen#P39#0
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Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen ( , informally Poul Nyrup , born 15 June 1943 ) , is a retired Danish politician . Rasmussen was Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) from 2004 to 2011 . He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002 . He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009 . Rasmussen is a member of the Club of Madrid . In 2007 he published the book I grådighedens tid ( In a Time of Greed ) , which contains harsh criticism of the role hedge and venture capital funds play in the global economy . Early life . Rasmussen was born to a working-class family in Esbjerg in 1943 . His parents were Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen and Vera Eline Nyrup Rasmussen . He was educated at the University of Copenhagen , earning a M.sc . degree in Economics in 1971 . While studying he was active in the social democratic student union Frit Forum , where he met some of his future political colleagues . He paid his way through university by doing several jobs , like counting traffic and being a part-time delivery boy . Political career . Member of the Folketing 1987-1993 . He was first elected to the Folketing from Western Jutland in 1987 , where he became Deputy Chairman of the Social Democrats , with Svend Auken as chairman . He had together with Mogens Lykketoft made proposals for Social Democratic reforms . From 1988 to 1992 he was chairman of the Committee on Business and Trade , as well as spokesperson of Business . After the 1990 election , he was seen as a much more realistic candidate for Prime Minister than Auken . In 1992 Rasmussen replaced Auken , the long serving leader of the Social Democrats , after his failure to form a government with the Radikale Venstre after the 1990 election , despite good results for both parties . Many in the party felt that Auken had stuck to a too left wing agenda , scuttling a possible deal with the more centrist Radikale Venstre . Prime Minister 1993-2001 . Rasmussen came to power in early 1993 when then-Prime Minister Poul Schlüter resigned after an inquiry found that he had misinformed the Folketing about the so-called Tamil Case . A coalition of Social Democrats , Social Liberals , Centre Democrats and Christian Democrats , Rasmussens first cabinet made use of limited classical Keynesianism in connection with the so-called kick-start of 1993–94 as its economic policy . Under Rasmussen , Denmark experienced the most comprehensive privatisation of publicly owned assets in the 20th century . The Christian Democrats left the coalition after their defeat in the 1994 Folketing election , as did the Centre Democrats in late 1996 . Key ministers were Economy and Deputy Prime Minister , Social Liberal leader Marianne Jelved , Finance Minister Mogens Lykketoft ( Social Democrats ) and Foreign Minister Niels Helveg Petersen ( Social Liberals ) . The centre-left coalition only narrowly held on to its parliamentary majority in the 1998 Folketing election . After the election Prime Minister Rasmussen stated that the governments first order of business was to secure a yes vote in the upcoming referendum on ratification of the Amsterdam Treaty between the member states of the European Union . Eventually there were 55% yes votes in the Danish Amsterdam Treaty referendum . Rasmussens government later presided over the 2000 referendum on Danish participation in the euro , in which participation was rejected by 53.2% of the vote . A 1998 initiative , dubbed the Whitsun Packet ( Danish : Pinsepakken ) from the season it was issued , increased taxes , limiting private consumption . It was not universally popular with the electorate , which may have been a factor in the Social Democrats defeat in the 2001 parliamentary election . Rasmussen called an early election in 2001 , saying this would give the next prime minister time to prepare for Denmarks upcoming presidency of the European Union in 2002 . The patriarchal role Rasmussen had built for himself since the 11 September attacks had gained him and the Social Liberals their highest poll ratings in years , a lead that would be eroded in the buildup to the election . He was up against Liberal leader Anders Fogh Rasmussen . The campaign focused mainly on immigration and refugees , which worked to the benefit of the anti-immigration Danish Peoples Party . Two in every three Danes now supported tighter immigration restrictions , compared to only one in two before 11 September . In the last few days of the campaign a number of predominantly left-leaning artists and intellectuals urged the Danish electorate not to vote for a rightwing government , warning that the Danish Peoples Party would then be likely to wield great influence on government policy . Other campaign focuses were on welfare and health care . Poul Nyrup Rasmussen stated the aim of creating a more robust economy to deal with the economic downturn . There was little debate about the European Union as the two leaders opinions on that subject were largely the same . The loss of power in the 2001 election to Anders Fogh Rasmussens Venstre meant that the Social Democrats lost their position as the largest party in the Folketing , a position they had held without interruption since the 1924 Folketing election . On election night Rasmussen vowed to stay on as party leader , famously declaring , I will not run away with my tail between my legs . He announced an effort of renewal within the Social Democrats , urging the promotion of centrist party members to leadership positions . Influential factions opposed Rasmussens efforts , calling his leadership into question , and in late 2002 he announced that he would be stepping down as chairman . European Parliament , 2004 . Rasmussen became an MEP for the Party of European Socialists after winning a record number of 407,966 votes for an individual ( from Denmark ) in the European Parliamentary elections in 2004 . He sat on both the Foreign Affairs Committee and the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee . A key issue tackled by Rasmussen in the European Parliament was the lack of regulation for private equity and hedge funds . He worked to secure greater regulation in this area . starting long before the onset of the financial crisis . His report , proposing binding rules for all players as well as greater transparency and accountability , was passed by the European Parliament in September 2008 . Rasmussen has since criticised the European Commission , and in particular Commission President José Manuel Durão Barroso and Commissioner Charlie McCreevy for failing to respond to the report with sufficient speed or dedication . Rasmussen has also slammed the commissions response to the economic crisis ; in March 2009 he wrote : A new , updated Recovery Plan is needed now , otherwise there will be 25 million unemployed in 2010 . There must be real coordination focused on real investments . Europe also needs to do more for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe . It is in our common economic and political interest to prevent financial meltdown in those countries . Europe talks a lot about solidarity , now is the time it is really needed . Party of European Socialists , 2004–11 . In 2004 Rasmussen defeated Giuliano Amato to be elected President of the PES , succeeding Robin Cook in the post . He was re-elected for a further 2.5 years at the PES Congress in Porto on 8 December 2006 . The position involves coordinating the political vision of the party , ensuring unity , chairing the party presidency and representing the party on a regular basis . As PES President he is also President of the Global Progressive Forum and sits on committee of Transatlantic Dialogue , which fosters cooperation between progressives from the US and Europe . Rasmussen has played a central role in making the party more inclusive and oversaw the launch of the network PES Activists , as well as a radically participative consultation process to construct the partys manifesto for the 2009 European election . Rasmussens influence in politicising the PES can be seen in the partys headline political initiative , New Social Europe . Based on a report written by Rasmussen and former President of the European Commission Jacques Delors , this aims at creating a fairer , more inclusive , and more dynamic society . Currently , he is on the advisory board of OMFIF where he is regularly involved in meetings regarding the financial and monetary system . Personal life . Rasmussen was married to Lone Dybkjær , a member of the Folketing ( and a former MEP ) for the centrist Radikale Venstre from 1994 until her death in 2020 . He enjoyed holidaying with his wife in their second house as well as swimming , walking , and reflecting with friends . He also likes listening to music . He is not related to his two immediate successors as Prime Minister , Anders Fogh Rasmussen or Lars Løkke Rasmussen . His daughter committed suicide in 1993 . External links . - Party of European Socialists manifesto for European elections 2009 - Presidents page on PES website - Europe and a New World Order – A Report for the Party of European Socialists by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
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[
"Prime Minister"
] |
easy
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Which position did Poul Nyrup Rasmussen hold from 1993 to Nov 2001?
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/wiki/Poul_Nyrup_Rasmussen#P39#1
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Poul Nyrup Rasmussen Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen ( , informally Poul Nyrup , born 15 June 1943 ) , is a retired Danish politician . Rasmussen was Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) from 2004 to 2011 . He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002 . He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009 . Rasmussen is a member of the Club of Madrid . In 2007 he published the book I grådighedens tid ( In a Time of Greed ) , which contains harsh criticism of the role hedge and venture capital funds play in the global economy . Early life . Rasmussen was born to a working-class family in Esbjerg in 1943 . His parents were Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen and Vera Eline Nyrup Rasmussen . He was educated at the University of Copenhagen , earning a M.sc . degree in Economics in 1971 . While studying he was active in the social democratic student union Frit Forum , where he met some of his future political colleagues . He paid his way through university by doing several jobs , like counting traffic and being a part-time delivery boy . Political career . Member of the Folketing 1987-1993 . He was first elected to the Folketing from Western Jutland in 1987 , where he became Deputy Chairman of the Social Democrats , with Svend Auken as chairman . He had together with Mogens Lykketoft made proposals for Social Democratic reforms . From 1988 to 1992 he was chairman of the Committee on Business and Trade , as well as spokesperson of Business . After the 1990 election , he was seen as a much more realistic candidate for Prime Minister than Auken . In 1992 Rasmussen replaced Auken , the long serving leader of the Social Democrats , after his failure to form a government with the Radikale Venstre after the 1990 election , despite good results for both parties . Many in the party felt that Auken had stuck to a too left wing agenda , scuttling a possible deal with the more centrist Radikale Venstre . Prime Minister 1993-2001 . Rasmussen came to power in early 1993 when then-Prime Minister Poul Schlüter resigned after an inquiry found that he had misinformed the Folketing about the so-called Tamil Case . A coalition of Social Democrats , Social Liberals , Centre Democrats and Christian Democrats , Rasmussens first cabinet made use of limited classical Keynesianism in connection with the so-called kick-start of 1993–94 as its economic policy . Under Rasmussen , Denmark experienced the most comprehensive privatisation of publicly owned assets in the 20th century . The Christian Democrats left the coalition after their defeat in the 1994 Folketing election , as did the Centre Democrats in late 1996 . Key ministers were Economy and Deputy Prime Minister , Social Liberal leader Marianne Jelved , Finance Minister Mogens Lykketoft ( Social Democrats ) and Foreign Minister Niels Helveg Petersen ( Social Liberals ) . The centre-left coalition only narrowly held on to its parliamentary majority in the 1998 Folketing election . After the election Prime Minister Rasmussen stated that the governments first order of business was to secure a yes vote in the upcoming referendum on ratification of the Amsterdam Treaty between the member states of the European Union . Eventually there were 55% yes votes in the Danish Amsterdam Treaty referendum . Rasmussens government later presided over the 2000 referendum on Danish participation in the euro , in which participation was rejected by 53.2% of the vote . A 1998 initiative , dubbed the Whitsun Packet ( Danish : Pinsepakken ) from the season it was issued , increased taxes , limiting private consumption . It was not universally popular with the electorate , which may have been a factor in the Social Democrats defeat in the 2001 parliamentary election . Rasmussen called an early election in 2001 , saying this would give the next prime minister time to prepare for Denmarks upcoming presidency of the European Union in 2002 . The patriarchal role Rasmussen had built for himself since the 11 September attacks had gained him and the Social Liberals their highest poll ratings in years , a lead that would be eroded in the buildup to the election . He was up against Liberal leader Anders Fogh Rasmussen . The campaign focused mainly on immigration and refugees , which worked to the benefit of the anti-immigration Danish Peoples Party . Two in every three Danes now supported tighter immigration restrictions , compared to only one in two before 11 September . In the last few days of the campaign a number of predominantly left-leaning artists and intellectuals urged the Danish electorate not to vote for a rightwing government , warning that the Danish Peoples Party would then be likely to wield great influence on government policy . Other campaign focuses were on welfare and health care . Poul Nyrup Rasmussen stated the aim of creating a more robust economy to deal with the economic downturn . There was little debate about the European Union as the two leaders opinions on that subject were largely the same . The loss of power in the 2001 election to Anders Fogh Rasmussens Venstre meant that the Social Democrats lost their position as the largest party in the Folketing , a position they had held without interruption since the 1924 Folketing election . On election night Rasmussen vowed to stay on as party leader , famously declaring , I will not run away with my tail between my legs . He announced an effort of renewal within the Social Democrats , urging the promotion of centrist party members to leadership positions . Influential factions opposed Rasmussens efforts , calling his leadership into question , and in late 2002 he announced that he would be stepping down as chairman . European Parliament , 2004 . Rasmussen became an MEP for the Party of European Socialists after winning a record number of 407,966 votes for an individual ( from Denmark ) in the European Parliamentary elections in 2004 . He sat on both the Foreign Affairs Committee and the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee . A key issue tackled by Rasmussen in the European Parliament was the lack of regulation for private equity and hedge funds . He worked to secure greater regulation in this area . starting long before the onset of the financial crisis . His report , proposing binding rules for all players as well as greater transparency and accountability , was passed by the European Parliament in September 2008 . Rasmussen has since criticised the European Commission , and in particular Commission President José Manuel Durão Barroso and Commissioner Charlie McCreevy for failing to respond to the report with sufficient speed or dedication . Rasmussen has also slammed the commissions response to the economic crisis ; in March 2009 he wrote : A new , updated Recovery Plan is needed now , otherwise there will be 25 million unemployed in 2010 . There must be real coordination focused on real investments . Europe also needs to do more for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe . It is in our common economic and political interest to prevent financial meltdown in those countries . Europe talks a lot about solidarity , now is the time it is really needed . Party of European Socialists , 2004–11 . In 2004 Rasmussen defeated Giuliano Amato to be elected President of the PES , succeeding Robin Cook in the post . He was re-elected for a further 2.5 years at the PES Congress in Porto on 8 December 2006 . The position involves coordinating the political vision of the party , ensuring unity , chairing the party presidency and representing the party on a regular basis . As PES President he is also President of the Global Progressive Forum and sits on committee of Transatlantic Dialogue , which fosters cooperation between progressives from the US and Europe . Rasmussen has played a central role in making the party more inclusive and oversaw the launch of the network PES Activists , as well as a radically participative consultation process to construct the partys manifesto for the 2009 European election . Rasmussens influence in politicising the PES can be seen in the partys headline political initiative , New Social Europe . Based on a report written by Rasmussen and former President of the European Commission Jacques Delors , this aims at creating a fairer , more inclusive , and more dynamic society . Currently , he is on the advisory board of OMFIF where he is regularly involved in meetings regarding the financial and monetary system . Personal life . Rasmussen was married to Lone Dybkjær , a member of the Folketing ( and a former MEP ) for the centrist Radikale Venstre from 1994 until her death in 2020 . He enjoyed holidaying with his wife in their second house as well as swimming , walking , and reflecting with friends . He also likes listening to music . He is not related to his two immediate successors as Prime Minister , Anders Fogh Rasmussen or Lars Løkke Rasmussen . His daughter committed suicide in 1993 . External links . - Party of European Socialists manifesto for European elections 2009 - Presidents page on PES website - Europe and a New World Order – A Report for the Party of European Socialists by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
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