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[
"Ateliers 63 in Haarlem"
] |
easy
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Which school did Marlene Dumas go to from 1976 to 1979?
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/wiki/Marlene_Dumas#P69#1
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Marlene Dumas Marlene Dumas ( born 3 September 1953 ) is a South African artist and painter currently based in the Netherlands . Life and work . Dumas was born in 1953 in Cape Town , South Africa and grew up in Kuils River in the Western Cape , where her father had a vineyard . Dumas began painting in 1973 and showed her political concerns and reflections on her identity as a white woman of Afrikaans descent in South Africa . She studied art at the University of Cape Town from 1972 to 1975 , and then at Ateliers 63 in Haarlem , which is now located in Amsterdam . She studied psychology at the University of Amsterdam in 1979 and 1980 . She currently lives and works in the Netherlands and is one of the countrys most prolific artists . She is also widely regarded as one of the most influential painters working today . Dumas has also featured in some films , ( 1997 ) , Alice Neel ( 2007 ) , Kentridge and Dumas in Conversation ( 2009 ) , ( 2011 ) , and ( 2017 ) . Several books included illustrations by Dumas,- Marlene Dumas : Myths and Mortals , Venus and Adonis , David Zwirner : 25 Years , Marlene Dumas : Against the Wall , Marlene Dumas : Sweet Nothings , Marlene Dumas : The Image as Burden , Marlene Dumas : Measuring Your Own Grave , Experiments with Truth : Gandhi and Images of Violence . Dumas often uses reference material of polaroid photographs of her friends and lovers , whilst she also references magazines and pornographic material . She also paints portraits of children and erotic scenes to impact the world of contemporary art . She has said that her works are better appreciated as originals since many of her smaller sexual works are very intimate . With many of her paintings she depicts her friends , models , and prominent political figures . Dumas paintings are seen as portraits but they do not represent people but an emotional state that one could be in . Her art focuses on more serious issues and themes such as sexuality and race , guilt and innocence , violence and tenderness . Dumas style is more older Romanticism tradition . She uses loose brushstrokes to add distortion but also great detail to her art . Dumas likes to use a wet-on-wet technique , that combines thin layers of paint with thick ones . Her media of choice is oil on canvas and ink on paper . Her subjects range from new born babies , models , strippers , and many figures from popular culture . The sale of Dumass Jule-die Vrou ( 1985 ) , positioned Dumas as one of three living female artists to trade for over $1 million . Dumas taught at the Academie voor Beeldende Vorming ( ABV ) in Tilburg , Academie voor Kunst en Industrie ( AKI ) in Enschede , Rijksakademie Van Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam , and De Ateliers in Amsterdam ( Tutorials and Coaching ) . Education . Dumas was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Antwerp . She also holds degrees from the University of Cape Town , from Ateliers 63 in Haarlem and the Institute of Psychology , University of Amsterdam . Selected Works . “Smoke” ( 2018 ) “Adonis” ( 2018 ) “Venus With Body of Adonis” ( 2015–16 ) “Losing ( Her Meaning ) ” ( 1988 ) Sold $1.5 million The Blindfolded ( 2002 ) Feather Stola ( 2000 ) Sold for $307,663 in 2003 . Velvet and Lace ( Schnabel Meets Baselitz ) , ( 1999 ) Rymans Brides ( 1997 ) Couples ( 1994 ) “The Image as Burden” ( 1993 ) Young Boys , ( 1993 ) Sold for $993,600 in 2005 . Black Drawings ( 1991–92 ) Baby ( 1990 ) Wet Dreams ( 1987 ) The Teacher ( 1987 ) Sold $3.34 million in 2005 . Jule-die Vrou ( 1985 ) Evil is Banal ( 1984 ) Awards . - Thérèse Van Duyl-Schwartze Prijs , Netherlands , 1989 - Sandbergprijs voor beeldende Kunst , Amsterdams Fonds voor de Kunst , 1989 - Gunther Fruhtrunk Preis , Akademieverein München , 1995 - David Roëll Prijs Voor Beeldende Kunst , Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds , Amsterdam , 1998 - Coutts Contemporary Art Award 1998 , Coutts Bank , Monte Carlo , 1998 - Kunstpreis Der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf ( Düsseldorf Art Prize ) , 2007 - Honorary Doctorate Faculty of Humanities , Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa , Rhodes University Grahamstown , 2010 - Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy Honoris Causa , University of Stellenbosch , 2011 - Rolf Schock Prize in the Visual Arts , Stockholm , 2011 - Honorary Degree , Doctor of Fine Arts , University of Cape Town , 2012 - Johannes Vermeer Award 2012 , Delft , 2012 - Honorary Doctorate , University of Antwerp , 2015 - Hans Theo-Richter Preis Für Zeichnung und Grafik 2017 , Sächsischen Akademie der Künste , Dresden , 2017 Selected exhibitions . 2020 Marlene Dumas : 25 years of collaboration , Zeno X Gallery , Antwerp 2018 Myths and Mortals . David Zwirner Gallery , New York ( cite : ) 2014-2015 The Image as Burden . Stedelijk Museum , Amsterdam . Exhibition was named after her small 1993 painting depicting one figure carrying another . 2008-2009 First American retrospective exhibition . Measuring Your Own Grave . Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles ; Museum of Modern Art in New York , New York ; Menil Collection , Houston 2008 First South African exhibition . Intimate Relations , Standard Bank Gallery , Johannesburg 2003 Venice Biennale . 2001 Marlene Dumas : One Hundred Models and Endless Rejects , Institute of Contemporary Art , Boston 1997 First Asian exhibition Young Boys - Part II , Gallery Koyanagi , Tokyo 1993 First United States museum exhibition Marlene Dumas , Institute of Contemporary Art , Philadelphia 1992 First North American exhibition Insight , Axe-Néo-7 , Hull Québec 1979 First Solo exhibition . Marlene Dumas , Galerie Annemarie de Kruyff , Paris Further reading . - Selma Klein Essink , Marcel Vos and Jan Debbaut , Miss Interpreted , exhibition catalogue , Van Abbemuseum , Eindhoven 1992 - Jonathan Hutchinson , Chlorosis , exhibition catalogue , The Dougles Hyde Gallery , Dublin 1994 - Catherine Kinley , Marlene Dumas , exhibition broadsheet , Tate Gallery , London 1996 - Gianni Romano , Suspect , Skira , Milan , 2003 - Cornelia Butler , Marlene Dumas : painter as witness , Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles , 2008 - Ilaria Bonacossa , Dominic van den Boogerd , Barbara Bloom and Mariuccia Casadio , Marlene Dumas , Phaidon Press , London , 2009 - Neal Benezra and Olga M . Viso , Distemper : Dissonant Themes in the Art of the 1990s . Hirshhorn Museum , Washington , D.C . 1996 External links . - Marlene Dumas : Measuring Your Own Grave Exhibition at MoMA
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[
"University of Amsterdam"
] |
easy
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Which school did Marlene Dumas go to from 1979 to 1980?
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/wiki/Marlene_Dumas#P69#2
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Marlene Dumas Marlene Dumas ( born 3 September 1953 ) is a South African artist and painter currently based in the Netherlands . Life and work . Dumas was born in 1953 in Cape Town , South Africa and grew up in Kuils River in the Western Cape , where her father had a vineyard . Dumas began painting in 1973 and showed her political concerns and reflections on her identity as a white woman of Afrikaans descent in South Africa . She studied art at the University of Cape Town from 1972 to 1975 , and then at Ateliers 63 in Haarlem , which is now located in Amsterdam . She studied psychology at the University of Amsterdam in 1979 and 1980 . She currently lives and works in the Netherlands and is one of the countrys most prolific artists . She is also widely regarded as one of the most influential painters working today . Dumas has also featured in some films , ( 1997 ) , Alice Neel ( 2007 ) , Kentridge and Dumas in Conversation ( 2009 ) , ( 2011 ) , and ( 2017 ) . Several books included illustrations by Dumas,- Marlene Dumas : Myths and Mortals , Venus and Adonis , David Zwirner : 25 Years , Marlene Dumas : Against the Wall , Marlene Dumas : Sweet Nothings , Marlene Dumas : The Image as Burden , Marlene Dumas : Measuring Your Own Grave , Experiments with Truth : Gandhi and Images of Violence . Dumas often uses reference material of polaroid photographs of her friends and lovers , whilst she also references magazines and pornographic material . She also paints portraits of children and erotic scenes to impact the world of contemporary art . She has said that her works are better appreciated as originals since many of her smaller sexual works are very intimate . With many of her paintings she depicts her friends , models , and prominent political figures . Dumas paintings are seen as portraits but they do not represent people but an emotional state that one could be in . Her art focuses on more serious issues and themes such as sexuality and race , guilt and innocence , violence and tenderness . Dumas style is more older Romanticism tradition . She uses loose brushstrokes to add distortion but also great detail to her art . Dumas likes to use a wet-on-wet technique , that combines thin layers of paint with thick ones . Her media of choice is oil on canvas and ink on paper . Her subjects range from new born babies , models , strippers , and many figures from popular culture . The sale of Dumass Jule-die Vrou ( 1985 ) , positioned Dumas as one of three living female artists to trade for over $1 million . Dumas taught at the Academie voor Beeldende Vorming ( ABV ) in Tilburg , Academie voor Kunst en Industrie ( AKI ) in Enschede , Rijksakademie Van Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam , and De Ateliers in Amsterdam ( Tutorials and Coaching ) . Education . Dumas was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Antwerp . She also holds degrees from the University of Cape Town , from Ateliers 63 in Haarlem and the Institute of Psychology , University of Amsterdam . Selected Works . “Smoke” ( 2018 ) “Adonis” ( 2018 ) “Venus With Body of Adonis” ( 2015–16 ) “Losing ( Her Meaning ) ” ( 1988 ) Sold $1.5 million The Blindfolded ( 2002 ) Feather Stola ( 2000 ) Sold for $307,663 in 2003 . Velvet and Lace ( Schnabel Meets Baselitz ) , ( 1999 ) Rymans Brides ( 1997 ) Couples ( 1994 ) “The Image as Burden” ( 1993 ) Young Boys , ( 1993 ) Sold for $993,600 in 2005 . Black Drawings ( 1991–92 ) Baby ( 1990 ) Wet Dreams ( 1987 ) The Teacher ( 1987 ) Sold $3.34 million in 2005 . Jule-die Vrou ( 1985 ) Evil is Banal ( 1984 ) Awards . - Thérèse Van Duyl-Schwartze Prijs , Netherlands , 1989 - Sandbergprijs voor beeldende Kunst , Amsterdams Fonds voor de Kunst , 1989 - Gunther Fruhtrunk Preis , Akademieverein München , 1995 - David Roëll Prijs Voor Beeldende Kunst , Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds , Amsterdam , 1998 - Coutts Contemporary Art Award 1998 , Coutts Bank , Monte Carlo , 1998 - Kunstpreis Der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf ( Düsseldorf Art Prize ) , 2007 - Honorary Doctorate Faculty of Humanities , Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa , Rhodes University Grahamstown , 2010 - Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy Honoris Causa , University of Stellenbosch , 2011 - Rolf Schock Prize in the Visual Arts , Stockholm , 2011 - Honorary Degree , Doctor of Fine Arts , University of Cape Town , 2012 - Johannes Vermeer Award 2012 , Delft , 2012 - Honorary Doctorate , University of Antwerp , 2015 - Hans Theo-Richter Preis Für Zeichnung und Grafik 2017 , Sächsischen Akademie der Künste , Dresden , 2017 Selected exhibitions . 2020 Marlene Dumas : 25 years of collaboration , Zeno X Gallery , Antwerp 2018 Myths and Mortals . David Zwirner Gallery , New York ( cite : ) 2014-2015 The Image as Burden . Stedelijk Museum , Amsterdam . Exhibition was named after her small 1993 painting depicting one figure carrying another . 2008-2009 First American retrospective exhibition . Measuring Your Own Grave . Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles ; Museum of Modern Art in New York , New York ; Menil Collection , Houston 2008 First South African exhibition . Intimate Relations , Standard Bank Gallery , Johannesburg 2003 Venice Biennale . 2001 Marlene Dumas : One Hundred Models and Endless Rejects , Institute of Contemporary Art , Boston 1997 First Asian exhibition Young Boys - Part II , Gallery Koyanagi , Tokyo 1993 First United States museum exhibition Marlene Dumas , Institute of Contemporary Art , Philadelphia 1992 First North American exhibition Insight , Axe-Néo-7 , Hull Québec 1979 First Solo exhibition . Marlene Dumas , Galerie Annemarie de Kruyff , Paris Further reading . - Selma Klein Essink , Marcel Vos and Jan Debbaut , Miss Interpreted , exhibition catalogue , Van Abbemuseum , Eindhoven 1992 - Jonathan Hutchinson , Chlorosis , exhibition catalogue , The Dougles Hyde Gallery , Dublin 1994 - Catherine Kinley , Marlene Dumas , exhibition broadsheet , Tate Gallery , London 1996 - Gianni Romano , Suspect , Skira , Milan , 2003 - Cornelia Butler , Marlene Dumas : painter as witness , Museum of Contemporary Art , Los Angeles , 2008 - Ilaria Bonacossa , Dominic van den Boogerd , Barbara Bloom and Mariuccia Casadio , Marlene Dumas , Phaidon Press , London , 2009 - Neal Benezra and Olga M . Viso , Distemper : Dissonant Themes in the Art of the 1990s . Hirshhorn Museum , Washington , D.C . 1996 External links . - Marlene Dumas : Measuring Your Own Grave Exhibition at MoMA
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[
"David Rose"
] |
easy
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Who was Judy Garland 's spouse from Jul 1941 to 1944?
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/wiki/Judy_Garland#P26#0
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Judy Garland Judy Garland ( born Frances Ethel Gumm ; June 10 , 1922 – June 22 , 1969 ) was an American actress , singer , vaudevillian , and dancer . With a career spanning 45 years , she attained international stardom as an actress in both musical and dramatic roles , as a recording artist , and on the concert stage . Renowned for her versatility , she received an Academy Juvenile Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Special Tony Award . Garland was the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , which she won for her 1961 live recording titled Judy at Carnegie Hall . Garland began performing in vaudeville as a child with her two older sisters and was later signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager . She appeared in more than two dozen films for MGM and is remembered for portraying Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Garland was a frequent on-screen partner of both Mickey Rooney and Gene Kelly and regularly collaborated with director and second husband Vincente Minnelli . Other starring roles during this period included Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , and Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . In 1950 , after 15 years with MGM , the studio released her amid a series of personal struggles that prevented her from fulfilling the terms of her contract . Although her film career became intermittent thereafter , two of Garlands most critically acclaimed roles came later in her career : she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) . She also made record-breaking concert appearances , released eight studio albums , and hosted her own Emmy-nominated television series , The Judy Garland Show ( 1963–1964 ) . At age 39 , Garland became the youngest and first female recipient of the Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry . In 1997 , Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and in 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked her as the eighth-greatest female screen legend of classic Hollywood cinema . Garland struggled in her personal life from an early age . The pressures of early stardom affected her physical and mental health from the time she was a teenager ; her self-image was influenced by constant criticism from film executives who believed that she was physically unattractive and who manipulated her onscreen physical appearance . Throughout her adulthood she was plagued by alcohol and substance use disorders , as well as financial instability , often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes . Her lifelong struggle with substance use disorder ultimately led to her death in London from an accidental barbiturate overdose at age 47 . Early life . Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on 10 June 1922 , in Grand Rapids , Minnesota . She was the youngest child of Ethel Marion ( Milne ; 1893–1953 ) and Francis Avent Frank Gumm ( 1886–1935 ) . Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie theater that featured vaudeville acts . She was of Irish , English , Scottish , and French Huguenot ancestry , named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church . Baby ( as she was called by her parents and sisters ) shared her familys flair for song and dance . Her first appearance came at the age of two , when she joined her elder sisters Mary Jane Suzy/Suzanne Gumm ( 1915–64 ) and Dorothy Virginia Jimmie Gumm ( 1917–77 ) on the stage of her fathers movie theater during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of Jingle Bells . The Gumm Sisters performed there for the next few years , accompanied by their mother on piano . The family relocated to Lancaster , California , in June 1926 , following rumors that her father had homosexual inclinations . Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster , and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures . Early career . The Gumm/Garland Sisters . In 1928 , the Gumm Sisters enrolled in a dance school run by Ethel Meglin , proprietress of the Meglin Kiddies dance troupe . They appeared with the troupe at its annual Christmas show . Through the Meglin Kiddies , they made their film debut in a short subject called The Big Revue ( 1929 ) , where they performed a song-and-dance number called Thats the Good Old Sunny South . This was followed by appearances in two Vitaphone shorts the following year : A Holiday in Storyland ( featuring Garlands first on-screen solo ) and The Wedding of Jack and Jill . They next appeared together in Bubbles . Their final on-screen appearance was in an MGM Technicolor short entitled La Fiesta de Santa Barbara ( 1935 ) . The trio had toured the vaudeville circuit as The Gumm Sisters for many years when they performed in Chicago at the Oriental Theater with George Jessel in 1934 . He encouraged the group to choose a more appealing name after Gumm was met with laughter from the audience . According to theater legend , their act was once erroneously billed at a Chicago theater as The Glum Sisters . Several stories persist regarding the origin of their use of the name Garland . One is that it was originated by Jessel after Carole Lombards character Lily Garland in the film Twentieth Century ( 1934 ) , which was then playing at the Oriental in Chicago ; another is that the girls chose the surname after drama critic Robert Garland . Garlands daughter Lorna Luft stated that her mother selected the name when Jessel announced that the trio looked prettier than a garland of flowers . A TV special was filmed in Hollywood at the Pantages Theatre premiere of A Star Is Born on 29 September 1954 , in which Jessel stated : A later explanation surfaced when Jessel was a guest on Garlands television show in 1963 . He said that he had sent actress Judith Anderson a telegram containing the word garland and it stuck in his mind . However , Garland asked Jessel just moments later if this story was true , and he blithely replied No . By late 1934 , the Gumm Sisters had changed their name to the Garland Sisters . Frances changed her name to Judy soon after , inspired by a popular Hoagy Carmichael song . The group broke up by August 1935 , when Suzanne Garland flew to Reno , Nevada , and married musician Lee Kahn , a member of the Jimmy Davis orchestra playing at Cal-Neva Lodge , Lake Tahoe . Signed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . In September 1935 , Louis B . Mayer asked songwriter Burton Lane to go to the Orpheum Theater in downtown Los Angeles to watch the Garland Sisters vaudeville act and to report to him . A few days later , Judy and her father were brought for an impromptu audition at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios in Culver City . Garland performed Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart and Eli , Eli , a Yiddish song written in 1896 and regularly performed in vaudeville . The studio immediately signed Garland to a contract with MGM , presumably without a screen test , though she had made a test for the studio several months earlier . The studio did not know what to do with her ; aged thirteen , she was older than the traditional child star , but too young for adult roles . Her physical appearance was a dilemma for MGM . She was only , and her cute or girl-next-door looks did not exemplify the most glamorous persona then required of leading female performers . She was self-conscious and anxious about her appearance . Judy went to school at Metro with Ava Gardner , Lana Turner , Elizabeth Taylor , real beauties , said Charles Walters , who directed her in a number of films . Judy was the big money-maker at the time , a big success , but she was the ugly duckling .. . I think it had a very damaging effect on her emotionally for a long time . I think it lasted forever , really . Her insecurity was exacerbated by the attitude of studio chief Louis B . Mayer , who referred to her as his little hunchback . During her early years at the studio , she was photographed and dressed in plain garments or frilly juvenile gowns and costumes to match the girl-next-door image created for her . They had her wear removable caps on her teeth and rubberized discs to reshape her nose . Eventually , on the set of Meet Me in St . Louis when she was 21 years old , Garland met Dotty Ponedel , a makeup artist who worked at MGM . After reviewing the additions to her look , Garland was surprised when Ponedel said that the caps and discs that Garland had been using were not needed , as she was “a pretty girl.” Ponedel became Garlands makeup artist . The work that Ponedel did on Garland for Meet Me in St . Louis made Garland so happy that Ponedel became Garlands advisor every time she worked on a film under MGM . On 16 November 1935 , 13-year-old Garland was in the midst of preparing for a radio performance on the Shell Chateau Hour when she learned that her father had been hospitalized with meningitis and had taken a turn for the worse . Frank Gumm died the following morning at age 49 , leaving her devastated . Her song for the Shell Chateau Hour was her first professional rendition of Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart , a song which became a standard in many of her concerts . Garland performed at various studio functions and was eventually cast opposite Deanna Durbin in the musical-short Every Sunday ( 1936 ) . The film contrasted her vocal range and swing style with Durbins operatic soprano and served as an extended screen test for them , as studio executives were questioning the wisdom of having two girl singers on the roster . Garland came to the attention of studio executives when she sang a special arrangement of You Made Me Love You ( I Didnt Want to Do It ) to Clark Gable at a birthday party that the studio arranged for the actor . Her rendition was so well regarded that she performed the song in the all-star extravaganza Broadway Melody of 1938 ( 1937 ) , when she sang to a photograph of him . MGM hit on a winning formula when it paired Garland with Mickey Rooney in a string of what were known as backyard musicals . The duo first appeared together as supporting characters in the B movie Thoroughbreds Dont Cry ( 1937 ) . Garland was then put in the cast of the fourth of the Hardy Family movies as a literal girl-next-door to Rooneys character Andy Hardy , in Love Finds Andy Hardy ( 1938 ) , although Hardys love interest was played by Lana Turner . They teamed as lead characters for the first time in Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) , ultimately appearing in five additional films , including Hardy films Andy Hardy Meets Debutante ( 1940 ) and Life Begins for Andy Hardy ( 1941 ) . Garland stated that she , Rooney , and other young performers were constantly prescribed amphetamines in order to stay awake and keep up with the frantic pace of making one film after another . They were also given barbiturates to take before going to bed so they could sleep . This regular use of drugs , she said , led to addiction and a life-long struggle . She later resented the hectic schedule and believed MGM stole her youth . Rooney , however , denied their studio was responsible for her addiction : Judy Garland was never given any drugs by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Mr . Mayer didnt sanction anything for Judy . No one on that lot was responsible for Judy Garlands death . Unfortunately , Judy chose that path . Garlands weight was within a healthy range , but the studio demanded she constantly diet . They even went so far as to serve her only a bowl of soup and a plate of lettuce when she ordered a regular meal . She was plagued with self-doubt throughout her life , despite successful film and recording careers , awards , critical praise , and her ability to fill concert halls worldwide . She required constant reassurance she was talented and attractive . The Wizard of Oz . In 1938 when she was sixteen , Garland was cast as the young Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , a film based on the 1900 childrens book by L . Frank Baum . In the film , she sang the song with which she would be constantly identified afterward , Over the Rainbow . Although producers Arthur Freed and Mervyn LeRoy had wanted to cast her in the role from the beginning , studio chief Mayer first tried to borrow Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox , but they declined . Deanna Durbin was then asked , but was unavailable ; this resulted in Garland being cast . Garland was initially outfitted in a blonde wig for the part , but Freed and LeRoy decided against it shortly into filming . Her blue gingham dress was chosen for its blurring effect on her figure , which made her look younger . Shooting commenced on October 13 , 1938 , and it was completed on March 16 , 1939 , with a final cost of more than US$2 million . With the conclusion of filming , MGM kept Garland busy with promotional tours and the shooting of Babes in Arms ( also 1939 ) , directed by Busby Berkeley . She and Rooney were sent on a cross-country promotional tour , culminating in the August 17 New York City premiere at the Capitol Theater , which included a five-show-a-day appearance schedule for the two stars . Reports of Garland being put on a diet consisting of cigarettes , chicken soup , and coffee are erroneous ; as clarified in the book The Road to Oz : The Evolution , Creation , and Legacy of a Motion Picture Masterpiece by Oz historians Jay Scarfone and William Stillman , at that time in her life Garland was an anti-smoker , and she was allowed solid food , just not as much as a growing teen would prefer to eat . In a further attempt to minimize her curves , her diet was accompanied by swimming and hiking outings , plus games of tennis and badminton , with her stunt double Bobbie Koshay . The Wizard of Oz was a tremendous critical success , though its high budget and promotions costs of an estimated $4 million ( equivalent to $ million in ) , coupled with the lower revenue that was generated by discounted childrens tickets , meant that the film did not return a profit until it was re-released in the 1940s and on subsequent occasions . At the 1939 Academy Awards ceremony , Garland received her only Academy Award , an Academy Juvenile Award for her performances in 1939 , including The Wizard of Oz and Babes in Arms . She was the fourth person to receive the award as well as only one of twelve in history to ever be presented with one . Adult stardom . Garland starred in three films released in 1940 : Andy Hardy Meets Debutante , Strike Up the Band , and Little Nellie Kelly . In the last , she played her first adult role , a dual role of both mother and daughter . Little Nellie Kelly was purchased from George M . Cohan as a vehicle for her to display both her audience appeal and her physical appearance . The role was a challenge for her , requiring the use of an accent , her first adult kiss , and the only death scene of her career . Her co-star George Murphy regarded the kiss as embarrassing . He said it felt like a hillbilly with a child bride . During this time , Garland was still in her teens when she experienced her first serious adult romance with bandleader Artie Shaw . She was deeply devoted to him and was devastated in early 1940 when he eloped with Lana Turner . Garland began a relationship with musician David Rose , and on her 18th birthday , he gave her an engagement ring . The studio intervened because , at the time , he was still married to actress and singer Martha Raye . They agreed to wait a year to allow for his divorce to become final . During that time , Garland had a brief affair with songwriter Johnny Mercer . After her break-up with Mercer , Garland and Rose were wed on 27 July 1941 . A true rarity is what media called it . The couple agreed to a trial separation in January 1943 , and divorced in 1944 . In 1941 , Garland had an abortion while pregnant with Roses child at the insistence of her mother and the studio since the pregnancy wasnt approved . She had a second one in 1943 when she became pregnant from her affair with Tyrone Power . In her next film , For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) , Garland performed with Gene Kelly in his first screen appearance . She was given the glamor treatment in Presenting Lily Mars ( 1943 ) , in which she was dressed in grown-up gowns . Her lightened hair was also pulled up in a stylish fashion . However , no matter how glamorous or beautiful she appeared on screen or in photographs , she was never confident in her appearance and never escaped the girl-next-door image that the studio had created for her . One of Garlands most successful films for MGM was Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , in which she introduced three standards : The Trolley Song , The Boy Next Door , and Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas . This was one of the first films in her career that gave her the opportunity to be the attractive leading lady . Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct , and he requested that make-up artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to Garland . Ponedel refined her appearance in several ways , including extending and reshaping her eyebrows , changing her hairline , modifying her lip line and removing her nose discs and dental caps . She appreciated the results so much that Ponedel was written into her contract for all her remaining pictures at MGM . At this time , Garland had a brief affair with film director Orson Welles , who at that time was married to Rita Hayworth . The affair ended in early 1945 , and they remained on good terms afterwards . During the filming of Meet Me in St . Louis , Garland and Minnelli had some initial conflict between them , but they entered into a relationship and married on 15 June 1945 . On 12 March 1946 , daughter Liza was born . The couple divorced by 1951 . The Clock ( 1945 ) was Garlands first straight dramatic film ; Robert Walker was cast in the main male role . Though the film was critically praised and earned a profit , most movie fans expected her to sing . She did not act again in a non-singing dramatic role for many years . Garlands other films of the 1940s include The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , in which she introduced the Academy Award-winning song On the Atchison , Topeka , and the Santa Fe , and Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) . Last MGM motion pictures . During filming for The Pirate in April 1948 , Garland suffered a nervous breakdown and was placed in a private sanatorium . She was able to complete filming , but in July she made her first suicide attempt , making minor cuts to her wrist with a broken glass . During this period , she spent two weeks in treatment at the Austen Riggs Center , a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . The Pirate was released in May 1948 and was the first film in which Garland had starred since The Wizard of Oz not to make a profit . The main reasons for its failure were not only its cost , but also the increasing expense of the shooting delays while Garland was ill , as well as because the general public was not yet willing to accept her in a sophisticated film . Following her work on The Pirate , she co-starred for the first and only time with Fred Astaire ( who replaced Gene Kelly after Kelly had broken his ankle ) in Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , which became her top-grossing film at MGM . Thrilled by the huge box-office receipts of Easter Parade , MGM immediately teamed Garland and Astaire in The Barkleys of Broadway . During the initial filming , Garland was taking prescription barbiturate sleeping pills along with illicitly obtained pills containing morphine . Around this time , she also developed a serious problem with alcohol . These , in combination with migraine headaches , led her to miss several shooting days in a row . After being advised by her doctor that she would only be able to work in four- to five-day increments with extended rest periods between , MGM executive Arthur Freed made the decision to suspend her on 18 July 1948 . She was replaced in the film by Ginger Rogers . When her suspension was over , she was summoned back to work and ultimately performed two songs as a guest in the Rodgers and Hart biopic Words and Music ( 1948 ) , which was her last appearance with Mickey Rooney . Despite the all-star cast , Words and Music barely broke even at the box office . Having regained her strength , as well as some needed weight during her suspension , Garland felt much better and in the fall of 1948 , she returned to MGM to replace a pregnant June Allyson for the musical film In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) co-starring Van Johnson . Although she was sometimes late arriving at the studio during the making of this picture , she managed to complete it five days ahead of schedule . Her daughter Liza made her film debut at the age of two and a half at the end of the film . In The Good Old Summertime was enormously successful at the box office . Garland was then cast in the film adaptation of Annie Get Your Gun in the title role of Annie Oakley . She was nervous at the prospect of taking on a role strongly identified with Ethel Merman , anxious about appearing in an unglamorous part after breaking from juvenile parts for several years , and disturbed by her treatment at the hands of director Busby Berkeley . Berkeley was staging all the musical numbers , and was severe with Garlands lack of effort , attitude , and enthusiasm . She complained to Mayer , trying to have Berkeley fired from the feature . She began arriving late to the set and sometimes failed to appear . At this time , she was also undergoing electroshock therapy for depression . She was fired from the picture on 10 May 1949 , and was replaced by Betty Hutton , who stepped in to perform all the musical routines as staged by Berkeley . Garland underwent an extensive hospital stay at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston , Massachusetts , in which she was weaned off her medication , and after a while , was able to eat and sleep normally . During her stay , she found solace in meeting with disabled children ; in a 1964 interview regarding issues raised in A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) and her recovery at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital , Garland had this to say : Well it helped me by just getting my mind off myself and .. . they were so delightful , they were so loving and good and I forgot about myself for a change . Garland returned to Los Angeles heavier , and in the fall of 1949 , was cast opposite Gene Kelly in Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . The film took six months to complete . To lose weight , Garland went back on the pills and the familiar pattern resurfaced . She began showing up late or not at all . When principal photography on Summer Stock was completed in the spring of 1950 , it was decided that Garland needed an additional musical number . She agreed to do it provided the song should be Get Happy . In addition , she insisted that director Charles Walters choreograph and stage the number . By that time , Garland had lost 15 pounds and looked more slender . Get Happy was the last segment of Summer Stock to be filmed . It was her final picture for MGM . When it was released in the fall of 1950 , Summer Stock drew big crowds and racked up very respectable box-office receipts , but because of the costly shooting delays caused by Garland , the film posted a loss of $80,000 to the studio . Garland was cast in the film Royal Wedding with Fred Astaire after June Allyson became pregnant in 1950 . She failed to report to the set on multiple occasions , and the studio suspended her contract on 17 June 1950 . She was replaced by Jane Powell . Reputable biographies following her death stated that after this latest dismissal , she slightly grazed her neck with a broken glass , requiring only a Band-Aid , but at the time , the public was informed that a despondent Garland had slashed her throat . All I could see ahead was more confusion , Garland later said of this suicide attempt . I wanted to black out the future as well as the past . I wanted to hurt myself and everyone who had hurt me . In September 1950 , after 15 years with the studio , Garland and MGM parted company . Later career . Appearances on Bing Crosbys radio show . Garland was a frequent guest on Kraft Music Hall , hosted by her friend Bing Crosby . Following Garlands second suicide attempt , Crosby , knowing that she was depressed and running out of money , invited her on to his radio showthe first of the new seasonon 11 October 1950 . Garland made eight appearances during the 1950–51 season of The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show , which immediately reinvigorated her career . Soon after , she toured for four months to sellout crowds in Europe . Renewed stardom on the stage . In 1951 , Garland began a four-month concert tour of Britain and Ireland , where she played to sold-out audiences throughout England , Scotland , and Ireland . The successful concert tour was the first of her many comebacks , with performances centered on songs by Al Jolson and revival of vaudevillian tradition . Garland performed complete shows as tributes to Jolson in her concerts at the London Palladium in April and at New Yorks Palace Theater later that year . Garland said after the Palladium show : I suddenly knew that this was the beginning of a new life .. . Hollywood thought I was through ; then came the wonderful opportunity to appear at the London Palladium , where I can truthfully say Judy Garland was reborn . Her appearances at the Palladium lasted for four weeks , where she received rave reviews and an ovation described by the Palladium manager as the loudest he had ever heard . Garlands engagement at the Palace Theatre in Manhattan in October 1951 exceeded all previous records for the theater and for Garland , and was called one of the greatest personal triumphs in show business history . Garland was honored with a Special Tony Award for her contribution to the revival of vaudeville . Garland divorced Minnelli that same year . On 8 June 1952 , she married Sidney Luft , her tour manager and producer , in Hollister , California . Garland gave birth to Lorna Luft , who herself became an actress and singer , on 21 November 1952 , and to Joey Luft on 29 March 1955 . Hollywood comeback . Garland appeared with James Mason in the Warner Bros . film A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) , the first remake of the 1937 film . She and Sidney Luft , her then-husband , produced the film through their production company , Transcona Enterprises , while Warner Bros . supplied finance , production facilities , and crew . Directed by George Cukor , it was a large undertaking to which she initially fully dedicated herself . As shooting progressed , however , she began making the same pleas of illness that she had so often made during her final films at MGM . Production delays led to cost overruns and angry confrontations with Warner Bros . head Jack L . Warner . Principal photography wrapped on 17 March 1954 . At Lufts suggestion , the Born in a Trunk medley was filmed as a showcase for her and inserted over director Cukors objections , who feared the additional length would lead to cuts in other areas . It was completed on 29 July . Upon its world premiere on 29 September 1954 , the film was met with critical and popular acclaim . Before its release , it was edited at the instruction of Jack Warner ; theater operators , concerned that they were losing money because they were only able to run the film for three or four shows per day instead of five or six , pressured the studio to make additional reductions . After its first-run engagements , about 30 minutes of footage were cut , sparking outrage among critics and filmgoers . Although it was still popular , drawing huge crowds and grossing over $6,000,000 in its first release , A Star is Born did not make back its cost and ended up losing money . As a result , the secure financial position Garland had expected from the profits did not materialize . Transcona made no more films with Warner . Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , and , in the run-up to the 27th Academy Awards , was generally expected to win for A Star Is Born . She could not attend the ceremony because she had just given birth to her son , Joseph Luft , so a television crew was in her hospital room with cameras and wires to broadcast her anticipated acceptance speech . The Oscar was won , however , by Grace Kelly for The Country Girl ( 1954 ) . The camera crew was packing up before Kelly could even reach the stage . Groucho Marx sent Garland a telegram after the awards ceremony , declaring her loss the biggest robbery since Brinks . Time labeled her performance as just about the greatest one-woman show in modern movie history . Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the role . Garlands films after A Star Is Born included Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) ( for which she was Oscar- and Golden Globe-nominated for Best Supporting Actress ) , the animated feature Gay Purr-ee ( 1962 ) , and A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) with Burt Lancaster . Her final film was I Could Go On Singing ( 1963 ) , co-starring Dirk Bogarde . Television , concerts , and Carnegie Hall . Garland appeared in a number of television specials beginning in 1955 . The first was the 1955 debut episode of Ford Star Jubilee ; this was the first full-scale color broadcast ever on CBS and was a ratings triumph , scoring a 34.8 Nielsen rating . She signed a three-year , $300,000 contract with the network . Only one additional special was broadcast in 1956 , a live concert-edition of General Electric Theater , before the relationship between the Lufts and CBS broke down in a dispute over the planned format of upcoming specials . In 1956 , Garland performed for four weeks at the New Frontier Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip for a salary of $55,000 per week , making her the highest-paid entertainer to work in Las Vegas . Despite a brief bout of laryngitis , where for one performance Jerry Lewis filled in for her watching from a wheelchair , her performances there were so successful that her run was extended an extra week . Later that year , she returned to the Palace Theatre , site of her two-a-day triumph . She opened in September , once again to rave reviews and popular acclaim . In November 1959 , Garland was hospitalized after she was diagnosed with acute hepatitis . Over the next few weeks , several quarts of fluid were drained from her body until she was released from the hospital in January 1960 , still in a weak condition . She was told by doctors that she likely had five years , or less , to live , and that , even if she did survive , she would be a semi-invalid and would never sing again . She initially felt greatly relieved at the diagnosis . The pressure was off me for the first time in my life . However , she recovered over the next several months , and in August of that year , returned to the stage of the Palladium . She felt so warmly embraced by the British that she announced her intention to move permanently to England . At the beginning of 1960 , Garland signed a contract with Random House to write her autobiography . The book was to be called The Judy Garland Story , and would be a collaboration with Fred F . Finklehoffe . Garland was paid an advance of $35,000 , and she and Finklehoffe recorded conversations about her life to be used in producing a manuscript . Garland would work on her autobiography on and off throughout the 1960s , but never completed it . Portions of her unfinished autobiography were included in the 2014 biography , Judy Garland on Judy Garland : Interviews and Encounters by Randy L . Schmidt . Her concert appearance at Carnegie Hall on 23 April 1961 , was a considerable highlight , called by many the greatest night in show business history . The two-record album Judy at Carnegie Hall was certified gold , charting for 95 weeks on Billboard , including 13 weeks at number one . It won four Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Best Female Vocal of the Year . The Judy Garland Show . In 1961 , Garland and CBS settled their contract disputes with the help of her new agent , Freddie Fields , and negotiated a new round of specials . The first , titled The Judy Garland Show , aired on 25 February 1962 and featured guests Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin . Following this success , CBS made a $24 million offer to her for a weekly television series of her own , also to be called The Judy Garland Show , which was deemed at the time in the press to be the biggest talent deal in TV history . Although she had said as early as 1955 that she would never do a weekly television series , in the early 1960s , she was in a financially precarious situation . She was several hundred thousand dollars in debt to the Internal Revenue Service , having failed to pay taxes in 1951 and 1952 , and the failure of A Star is Born meant that she received nothing from that investment . Following a third special , Judy Garland and Her Guests Phil Silvers and Robert Goulet , Garlands weekly series debuted 29 September 1963 . The Judy Garland Show was critically praised , but for a variety of reasons ( including being placed in the time slot opposite Bonanza on NBC ) , the show lasted only one season and was cancelled in 1964 after 26 episodes . Despite its short run , the series was nominated for four Emmy Awards , including Best Variety Series . During this time Garland had a six-month affair with actor Glenn Ford . Garlands biographer Gerald Clarke , Fords son Peter , singer Mel Tormé and her husband Sid Luft wrote about the affair in their respective biographies . The relationship began in 1963 while Garland was doing her television show . Ford would attend tapings of the show sitting in the front row while Garland sang . Ford is credited with giving Garland one of the more stable relationships of her later life . The affair was ended by Ford ( a notorious womanizer according to his son Peter ) when he realized Garland wanted to marry him . Political views . Garland was a life-long and relatively active Democrat . During her lifetime , she was a member of the Hollywood Democratic committee , and a financial and moral supporter of various causes , including the Civil Rights Movement . She donated money to the campaigns of Democratic presidential candidates Franklin D . Roosevelt , Adlai Stevenson II , John F . Kennedy , and Robert F . Kennedy , and Progressive candidate Henry A . Wallace . In September 1947 , Garland joined the Committee for the First Amendment , a group formed by Hollywood celebrities in support of the Hollywood Ten during the hearings of the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) , an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives led by J . Parnell Thomas , which was formed to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and organizations suspected of having communist ties . The Committee for the First Amendment sought to protect the civil liberties of those accused . Other members included Humphrey Bogart , Lauren Bacall , Dorothy Dandridge , John Garfield , Katharine Hepburn , Lena Horne , John Huston , Gene Kelly , and Billy Wilder . Garland took part in recording an all-star October 26 , 1947 radio broadcast , Hollywood Fights Back , during which she exhorted listeners to action : Before every free conscience in America is subpoenaed , please speak up ! Say your piece ! Write your congressman a letterair mail special . Let the Congress know what you think of its Un-American Committee . Garland was a friend of President John F . Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline Kennedy , and she often vacationed in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . The house she stayed in during her vacations in Hyannis Port is known today as The Judy Garland House because of her association with the property . Garland would call the President weekly , often ending her phone calls by singing the first few bars of Over the Rainbow . On 28 August 1963 , Garland and other prominent celebrities such as Josephine Baker , Sidney Poitier , Lena Horne , Paul Newman , Rita Moreno , and Sammy Davis , Jr . took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , a demonstration organized to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans . She had been photographed by the press in Los Angeles earlier in the month alongside Eartha Kitt , Marlon Brando , and Charlton Heston as they planned their participation in the march on the nations capital . On 16 September 1963 , Garlandalong with daughter Liza , Carolyn Jones , June Allyson , and Allysons daughter Pam Powellheld a press conference to highlight and protest the recent bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , Alabama , that resulted in the death of four young African American girls . They expressed their shock at the events and requested funds for the families of the victims . Pam Powell and Liza Minnelli both announced their intention to attend the funeral of the victims during the press conference . Final years . In 1963 , Garland sued Sidney Luft for divorce on the grounds of mental cruelty . She also asserted that he had repeatedly struck her while he was drinking and that he had even attempted to take their children from her by force . She had filed for divorce from Luft on several previous occasions , even as early as 1956 , but they had reconciled each time . After her television series was canceled , Garland returned to work on the stage . She returned to the London Palladium performing with her 18-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli in November 1964 . The concert was also shown on the British television network ITV and it was one of her final appearances at the venue . She made guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Tonight Show . Garland guest-hosted an episode of The Hollywood Palace with Vic Damone . She was invited back for a second episode in 1966 with Van Johnson as her guest . Problems with Garlands behavior ended her Hollywood Palace guest appearances . A 1964 tour of Australia ended badly . Garlands first two concerts in Sydney were held in the Sydney Stadium because no concert hall could accommodate the overflow crowds who wanted to see her . Both went well and received positive reviews . Her third performance , in Melbourne , started an hour late . The crowd of 7,000 was angered by her tardiness and believed that she was drunk ; they booed and heckled her , and she fled the stage after 45 minutes . She later characterized the Melbourne crowd as brutish . Garlands Melbourne appearance gained a negative press response . Garlands tour promoter Mark Herron announced that they had married aboard a freighter off the coast of Hong Kong . However , she was not officially divorced from Luft at the time the ceremony was performed . The divorce became final on 19 May 1965 , and she and Herron did not legally marry until 14 November 1965 ; they separated five months later . During their divorce , Garland testified that Herron had beaten her . Herron claimed that he only hit her in self defense . For much of her career throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , her husband Sidney Luft had been her manager . However , Garland eventually parted ways with Luft professionally , signing with agents Freddie Fields and David Begelman . By the fall of 1966 , Garland had also parted ways with Fields and Begelman . Fieldss and Begelmans mismanagement of Garlands money , as well as their embezzlement of much of her earnings resulted in her owing around $500,000 in total in personal debts and in debts to the IRS . The IRS placed tax liens on her home in Brentwood , Los Angeles , her recording contract with Capitol Records , and any other business dealings in which she could derive an income . Garland was left in a desperate situation that saw her sell her Brentwood home at a price far below its value . She was then cast in February 1967 in the role of Helen Lawson in Valley of the Dolls by 20th Century Fox . According to co-star Patty Duke , Garland was treated poorly by director Mark Robson on the set of Valley of the Dolls and was primarily hired so as to augment publicity for the film . After Garlands dismissal from the film , author Jacqueline Susann said in the 1967 television documentary Jacqueline Susann and the Valley of the Dolls , I think Judy will always come back . She kids about making a lot of comebacks , but I think Judy has a kind of a thing where she has to get to the bottom of the rope and things have to get very , very rough for her . Then with an amazing inner strength that only comes of a certain genius , she comes back bigger than ever . Returning to the stage , Garland made one of her last U.S . appearances at New Yorks Palace Theatre in July 1967 , a 27-show stand , performing with her children Lorna and Joey Luft . She wore a sequined pantsuit on stage for this tour , which was part of the original wardrobe for her character in Valley of the Dolls . Garland earned more than $200,000 from her final run at New Yorks Palace Theatre from her 75% share of the profits generated by her engagement there . On closing night at the Palace , federal tax agents seized the majority of her earnings . By early 1969 , Garlands health had deteriorated . She performed in London at the Talk of the Town nightclub for a five-week run in which she was paid £2,500 per week , and made her last concert appearance in Copenhagen during March 1969 . After her divorce from Herron had been finalized on February 11 , she married her fifth and final husband , nightclub manager Mickey Deans , at Chelsea Register Office , London , on March 15 . Death . On 22 June 1969 , 12 days after her 47th birthday , Deans found Garland dead in the bathroom of their rented house in Cadogan Lane , Belgravia , London . At the inquest , Coroner Gavin Thurston stated that the cause of death was an incautious self-overdosage of barbiturates ; her blood contained the equivalent of ten Seconal capsules . Thurston stressed that the overdose had been unintentional and no evidence suggested that she had died by suicide . Garlands autopsy showed no inflammation of her stomach lining and no drug residue in her stomach , which indicated that the drug had been ingested over a long period of time , rather than in a single dose . Her death certificate stated that her death was accidental . Supporting the accidental cause , Garlands physician noted that a prescription of 25 barbiturate pills was found by her bedside half-empty and another bottle of 100 barbiturate pills was still unopened . A British specialist who had attended Garlands autopsy stated that she had nevertheless been living on borrowed time owing to cirrhosis , although a second autopsy conducted later reported no evidence of alcoholism or cirrhosis . Her Wizard of Oz co-star Ray Bolger commented at her funeral , She just plain wore out . Forensic pathologist Jason Payne-James believed that Garland had an eating disorder ( psychologist Linda Papadopoulos asserted that it was likely bulimia ) , which contributed to her death . After Garlands body had been embalmed , Deans traveled with her remains to New York City on 26 June , where an estimated 20,000 people lined up to pay their respects at the Frank E . Campbell Funeral Chapel in Manhattan , which remained open all night long to accommodate the overflowing crowd . On 27 June , James Mason gave a eulogy at the funeral , an Episcopal service led by the Rev . Peter Delaney of St Marylebone Parish Church , London , who had officiated at her marriage to Deans , three months earlier . Judys great gift , Mason said in his eulogy , was that she could wring tears out of hearts of rock.. . She gave so richly and so generously , that there was no currency in which to repay her . The public and press were barred . She was interred in a crypt in the community mausoleum at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale , New York , a small town north of midtown Manhattan . Upon Garlands death , despite having earned millions during her career , her estate came to ( ) . Years of mismanagement of her financial affairs by her representatives and staff along with her generosity toward her family and various causes resulted in her poor financial situation at the end of her life . In her last will , signed and sealed in early 1961 , Garland made many generous bequests that could not be fulfilled because her estate had been in debt for many years . Her daughter , Liza Minnelli , worked to pay off her mothers debts with the help of family friend Frank Sinatra . In 1978 , a selection of Garlands personal items were auctioned off by her ex-husband Sidney Luft with the support of their daughter Lorna and their son Joe . Almost 500 items , ranging from copper cookware to musical arrangements , were offered for sale . The auction raised ( ) for her heirs . At the request of her children , Garlands remains were disinterred from Ferncliff Cemetery in January 2017 and re-interred across the country at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles . Artistry . Garland possessed a contralto vocal range . Her singing voice has been described as brassy , powerful , effortless and resonant , often demonstrating a tremulous , powerful vibrato . Although her range was comparatively limited , Garland was capable of alternating between female and male-sounding timbres with little effort . The Richmond Times-Dispatch correspondent Tony Farrell wrote she possessed a deep , velvety contralto voice that could turn on a dime to belt out the high notes , while Ron OBrien , producer of tribute album The Definitive Collection – Judy Garland ( 2006 ) , wrote the singers combination of natural phrasing , elegant delivery , mature pathos and powerful dramatic dynamics she brings to .. . songs make her [ renditions ] the definitive interpretations . The Huffington Post writer Joan E . Dowlin called the period of Garlands music career between 1937 and 1945 the innocent years , during which the critic believes the singers voice was vibrant and her musical expression exuberant , taking note of its resonance and distinct , rich yet sweet quality that grabs you and pulls you in . Garlands voice would often vary to suit the song she was interpreting , ranging from soft , engaging and tender during ballads to humorous on some of her duets with other artists . Her more joyful , belted performances have been compared to entertainers Sophie Tucker , Ethel Merman , and Al Jolson . Although her musical repertoire consisted largely of cast recordings , show tunes and traditional pop standards , Garland was also capable of singing soul , blues , and jazz music , which Dowlin compared to singer Elvis Presley . Garland always claimed that her talent as a performer was inherited , saying : Nobody ever taught me what to do onstage . Critics agree that , even when she debuted as a child , Garland had always sounded mature for her age , particularly on her earlier recordings . From an early age , Garland had been billed as the little girl with the leather lungs , a designation the singer later admitted to having felt humiliated by because she would have much preferred to have been known to audiences as a pretty or nice little girl . Jessel recalled that , even at only 12 years old , Garlands singing voice resembled that of a woman with a heart that had been hurt . The Kansas City Star contributor Robert Trussel cited Garlands singing voice among the reasons why her role in The Wizard of Oz remains memorable , writing that although She might have been made up and costumed to look like a little girl .. . she didnt sing like one due to her powerful contralto command [ ing ] attention . Camille Paglia , writing for The New York Times , joked that even in Garlands adult life , her petite frame literally throbbed with her huge voice , making it appear as though she were at war with her own body . Theater actress and director Donna Thomason stated that Garland was an effective performer because she was capable of using her singing voice [ as ] a natural extension of [ her ] speaking voice , a skill that Thomason believes all musical theater actors should at least strive to achieve . Trussel agreed that Garlands singing voice sounded utterly natural . It never seemed forced or overly trained . Writing for Turner Classic Movies , biographer Jonathan Riggs observed that Garland had a tendency to imbue her vocals with a paradoxical combination of fragility and resilience that eventually became a signature trademark of hers . Louis Bayard of The Washington Post described Garlands voice as throbbing , believing it to be capable of connect [ ing ] with [ audiences ] in a way no other voice does . Bayard also believes that listeners find it hard to disentwine the sorrow in her voice from the sorrow that dogged her life , while Dowlin argued that , Listening to Judy sing .. . makes me forget all of the angst and suffering she must have endured . The New York Times obituarist in 1969 observed that Garland , whether intentionally or not , brought with her .. . all the well-publicized phantoms of her emotional breakdown , her career collapses and comebacks on stage during later performances . The same writer said that Garlands voice changed and lost some of its quality as she aged , although she retained much of her personality . Contributing to the Irish Independent , Julia Molony observed Garlands voice , although still rich with emotion , had finally begun to creak with the weight of years of disappointment and hard-living by the time she performed at Carnegie Hall in 1961 . Similarly , the live records entry in the Library of Congress wrote that while her voice was still strong , it had also gained a bit of heft and a bit of wear ; author Cary ODell believes Garlands rasp and occasional quiver only upped the emotional quotient of many of her numbers , particularly on her signature songs Over the Rainbow and The Man That Got Away . Garland stated that she always felt most safe and at home while performing onstage , regardless of the condition of her voice . Her musical talent has been commended by her peers ; opera singer Maria Callas once said that Garland possessed the most superb voice she had ever heard , while singer and actor Bing Crosby said that no other singer could be compared to her when Garland was rested . Garland was known for interacting with her audiences during live performances ; The New York Times obituarist wrote that Garland possessed a seemingly unquenchable need for her audiences to respond with acclaim and affection . And often , they did , screaming , We love you , Judy – we love you . Garland herself explained in 1961 : A really great reception makes me feel like I have a great big warm heating pad all over me .. . I truly have a great love for an audience , and I used to want to prove it to them by giving them blood . But I have a funny new thing now , a real determination to make people enjoy the show . The New York Times writer described her as both an instinctive actress and comedienne . The anonymous contributor commented that Garlands performance style resembled that of a music hall performer in an era when music halls were obsolete . Close friends of Garlands insisted that she never truly wanted to be a movie star and would have much rather devoted her career entirely to singing and recording records . AllMusic biographer William Ruhlmann believes that Garlands ability to maintain a successful career as a recording artist even after her film appearances became less frequent was unusual for an artist at the time . Garland has been identified as a triple threat due to her ability to sing , act , and dance , arguably equally well . Doug Strassler , a critic for the New York Press , described Garland as a triple threat who bounced between family musicals and adult dramas with a precision and a talent that remains largely unmatched . In terms of acting , Peter Lennon , writing for The Guardian in 1999 , identified Garland as a chameleon due to her ability to alternate between comedic , musical and dramatic roles , citing The Wizard of Oz , The Clock , A Star is Born and I Could Go On Singing – her final film role – as prominent examples . Michael Musto , a journalist for W magazine , wrote that in her film roles Garland could project decency , vulnerability , and spunk like no other star , and she wrapped it up with a tremulously beautiful vocal delivery that could melt even the most hardened troll . Discography . Studio albums - The Judy Garland Souvenir Album ( 1940 ) - Second Souvenir Album ( 1943 ) - Miss Show Business ( 1955 ) - Judy ( 1956 ) - Alone ( 1957 ) - Judy in Love ( 1958 ) - The Letter ( 1959 ) - Thats Entertainment ! ( 1960 ) - The Garland Touch ( 1962 ) Public image and reputation . Garland was nearly as famous for her personal struggles in everyday life as she was for her entertainment career . She has been closely associated with her carefully cultivated girl next door image . Early in her career during the 1930s , Garlands public image had earned her the title Americas favorite kid sister , as well as the title Little Miss Showbusiness . In a review for the Star Tribune , Graydon Royce wrote that Garlands public image remained that of a Midwestern girl who couldnt believe where she was , despite having been a well-established celebrity for over 20 years . Royce believes that fans and audiences insisted on preserving their memory of Garland as Dorothy no matter how much she matured , calling her a captive not of her own desire to stay young , but a captive of the publics desire to preserve her that way . Thus , the studio continued to cast Garland in roles that were significantly younger than her actual age . According to Malony , Garland was one of Hollywoods hardest-working performers during the 1940s , which Malony claims she used as a coping mechanism after her first marriage imploded . However , studio employees recall that Garland had a tendency to be quite intense , headstrong and volatile ; Judy Garland : The Secret Life of an American Legend author David Shipman claims that several individuals were frustrated by Garlands narcissism and growing instability , while millions of fans found her public demeanor and psychological state to be fragile , appearing neurotic in interviews . MGM reports that Garland was consistently tardy and demonstrated erratic behavior , which resulted in several delays and disruptions to filming schedules until she was finally dismissed from the studio , which had deemed her unreliable and difficult to manage . Farrell called Garland A grab bag of contradictions which has always been a feast for the American imagination , describing her public persona as awkward yet direct , bashful yet brash . Describing the singer as Tender and endearing yet savage and turbulent , Paglia wrote that Garland cut a path of destruction through many lives . And out of that chaos , she made art of still-searing intensity . Calling her a creature of extremes , greedy , sensual , and demanding , gluttonous for pleasure and pain , Paglia also compared Garland to entertainer Frank Sinatra due to their shared emblematic personality .. . into whom the mass audience projected its hopes and disappointments , while observing that she lacked Sinatras survival skills . Despite her success as a performer , Garland suffered from low self-esteem , particularly with regard to her weight , which she constantly dieted to maintain at the behest of the studio and Mayer ; critics and historians believe this was a result of having been told that she was an ugly duckling by studio executives . Entertainment Weekly columnist Gene Lyons observed that both audiences and fellow members of the entertainment industry tended either to love her or to hate her . At one point , Stevie Phillips , who had worked as an agent for Garland for four years , described her client as a demented , demanding , supremely talented drug-addict . Royce argues that Garland maintained astonishing strength and courage , even during difficult times . English actor Dirk Bogarde once called Garland the funniest woman I have ever met . Ruhlmann wrote that the singers personal life contrasted so starkly with the exuberance and innocence of her film roles . Despite her personal struggles , Garland disagreed with the publics opinion that she was a tragic figure . Her younger daughter Lorna agreed that Garland hated being referred to as a tragic figure , explaining , We all have tragedies in our lives , but that does not make us tragic . She was funny and she was warm and she was wonderfully gifted . She had great highs and great moments in her career . She also had great moments in her personal life . Yes , we lost her at 47 years old . That was tragic . But she was not a tragic figure . Ruhlmann argues that Garland actually used the publics opinion of her tragic image to her advantage towards the end of her career . Legacy . By the time of her death in 1969 , Garland had appeared in more than 35 films . She has been called one of the greats of entertainment , and her reputation has endured . In 1992 , Gerald Clarke of Architectural Digest dubbed Garland probably the greatest American entertainer of the twentieth century . OBrien believes that No one in the history of Hollywood ever packed the musical wallop that Garland did , explaining , She had the biggest , most versatile voice in movies . Her Technicolor musicals.. . defined the genre . The songs she introduced were Oscar gold . Her film career frames the Golden Age of Hollywood musicals . Turner Classic Movies dubbed Garland historys most poignant voice . Entertainment Weeklys Gene Lyons dubbed Garland the Madonna of her generation . The American Film Institute named her eighth among the Greatest female stars of Golden Age Hollywood cinema . In June 1998 , in The New York Times , Camille Paglia wrote that , Garland was a personality on the grand scale who makes our current crop of pop stars look lightweight and evanescent . In recent years , Garlands legacy has maintained fans of all different ages , both younger and older . In 2010 , The Huffington Post contributor Joan E . Dowlin concluded that Garland possessed a distinct it quality by exemplif [ ying ] the star quality of charisma , musical talent , natural acting ability , and , despite what the studio honchos said , good looks ( even if they were the girl next door looks ) . AllMusics biographer William Ruhlmann said that the core of her significance as an artist remains her amazing voice and emotional commitment to her songs , and believes that her career is sometimes viewed more as an object lesson in Hollywood excess than as the remarkable string of multimedia accomplishments it was . In 2012 , Strassler described Garland as more than an icon.. . Like Charlie Chaplin and Lucille Ball , she created a template that the powers that be have forever been trying , with varied levels of success , to replicate . Garlands live performances towards the end of her career are still remembered by fans who attended them as peak moments in 20th-century music . She has been the subject of over thirty biographies since her death , including the well-received by her daughter , Lorna Luft , whose memoir was later adapted into the television miniseries , which won Emmy Awards for the two actresses who portrayed her ( Tammy Blanchard and Judy Davis ) . Strassler observed that Garland created one of the most storied cautionary tales in the industry , thanks to her the many excesses and insecurities that led to her early death by overdose . Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997 . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . These include Over the Rainbow , which was ranked as the number one movie song of all time in the American Film Institutes 100 Years...100 Songs list . Four more Garland songs are featured on the list : Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ( No . 76 ) , Get Happy ( No . 61 ) , The Trolley Song ( No . 26 ) , and The Man That Got Away ( No . 11 ) . She has twice been honored on U.S . postage stamps , in 1989 ( as Dorothy ) and again in 2006 ( as Vicki Lester from A Star Is Born ) . While on tour in 1964 , Garland identified Over the Rainbow as her favorite of all the songs she had ever recorded , to which Trussel observed that Her career would remain inextricably linked . Garland would frequently use an overture from Over the Rainbow as her entrance music during concerts and television appearances . According to Paglia , the more Garland performed Over the Rainbow , the more it became her tragic anthem .. . a dirge for artistic opportunities squandered , and for personal happiness permanently deferred . In 1998 , Carnegie Hall hosted a two-concert tribute to Garland , which they promoted as a tribute to the worlds greatest entertainer . Garlands work has influenced several entertainers including LeAnn Rimes , Kim Petras , Ariana Grande , Sam Smith , Ben Platt , Rufus Wainwright , Richard Glazier , Megan Fox , Janelle Monáe , Marlee Matlin , Claire Danes , Renée Zellweger and Anne Hathaway . Subsequent celebrities who have suffered from personal struggles with drug addiction and substance use disorder have been compared to Garland , particularly Michael Jackson . Garlands elder daughter Liza Minnelli had a personal life that was almost parallel to that of her mothers , having struggled with substance use disorder and several unsuccessful marriages . Paglia observed that actress Marilyn Monroe would exhibit behavior which was similar to that which Garland had exhibited a decade earlier in Meet Me in St . Louis , particularly tardiness . Judy Garland was among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Gay icon . Garland had a large fan base in the gay community and became a gay icon . Reasons given for her standing among gay men are the admiration of her ability as a performer , the way her personal struggles mirrored those of gay men in the United States during the height of her fame , and her value as a camp figure . In the 1960s , a reporter asked how she felt about having a large gay following . She replied , I couldnt care less . I sing to people ! Portrayals in fiction . Garland has been portrayed on television by Andrea McArdle in Rainbow ( 1978 ) , Tammy Blanchard ( young Judy ) and Judy Davis ( older Judy ) in ( 2001 ) , and Sigrid Thornton in ( 2015 ) . Harvey Weinstein optioned , and a stage show and film based on it were slated to star Anne Hathaway . Renée Zellweger portrayed Garland in the biopic Judy ( 2019 ) , and won the Academy Award for Best Actress . On stage , Garland is a character in the musical The Boy from Oz ( 1998 ) , portrayed by Chrissy Amphlett in the original Australian production and by Isabel Keating on Broadway in 2003 . End of the Rainbow ( 2005 ) featured Caroline OConnor as Garland and Paul Goddard as Garlands pianist . Adrienne Barbeau played Garland in The Property Known as Garland ( 2006 ) and The Judy Monologues ( 2010 ) initially featured male actors reciting Garlands words before it was revamped as a one-woman show . In music , Garland is referenced in the 1992 Tori Amos song Happy Phantom , in which Garland is imagined to be taking Buddha by the hand . Amos also refers to Garland as Judy G in her 1996 song Not the Red Baron .
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Judy Garland Judy Garland ( born Frances Ethel Gumm ; June 10 , 1922 – June 22 , 1969 ) was an American actress , singer , vaudevillian , and dancer . With a career spanning 45 years , she attained international stardom as an actress in both musical and dramatic roles , as a recording artist , and on the concert stage . Renowned for her versatility , she received an Academy Juvenile Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Special Tony Award . Garland was the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , which she won for her 1961 live recording titled Judy at Carnegie Hall . Garland began performing in vaudeville as a child with her two older sisters and was later signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager . She appeared in more than two dozen films for MGM and is remembered for portraying Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Garland was a frequent on-screen partner of both Mickey Rooney and Gene Kelly and regularly collaborated with director and second husband Vincente Minnelli . Other starring roles during this period included Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , and Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . In 1950 , after 15 years with MGM , the studio released her amid a series of personal struggles that prevented her from fulfilling the terms of her contract . Although her film career became intermittent thereafter , two of Garlands most critically acclaimed roles came later in her career : she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) . She also made record-breaking concert appearances , released eight studio albums , and hosted her own Emmy-nominated television series , The Judy Garland Show ( 1963–1964 ) . At age 39 , Garland became the youngest and first female recipient of the Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry . In 1997 , Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and in 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked her as the eighth-greatest female screen legend of classic Hollywood cinema . Garland struggled in her personal life from an early age . The pressures of early stardom affected her physical and mental health from the time she was a teenager ; her self-image was influenced by constant criticism from film executives who believed that she was physically unattractive and who manipulated her onscreen physical appearance . Throughout her adulthood she was plagued by alcohol and substance use disorders , as well as financial instability , often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes . Her lifelong struggle with substance use disorder ultimately led to her death in London from an accidental barbiturate overdose at age 47 . Early life . Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on 10 June 1922 , in Grand Rapids , Minnesota . She was the youngest child of Ethel Marion ( Milne ; 1893–1953 ) and Francis Avent Frank Gumm ( 1886–1935 ) . Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie theater that featured vaudeville acts . She was of Irish , English , Scottish , and French Huguenot ancestry , named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church . Baby ( as she was called by her parents and sisters ) shared her familys flair for song and dance . Her first appearance came at the age of two , when she joined her elder sisters Mary Jane Suzy/Suzanne Gumm ( 1915–64 ) and Dorothy Virginia Jimmie Gumm ( 1917–77 ) on the stage of her fathers movie theater during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of Jingle Bells . The Gumm Sisters performed there for the next few years , accompanied by their mother on piano . The family relocated to Lancaster , California , in June 1926 , following rumors that her father had homosexual inclinations . Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster , and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures . Early career . The Gumm/Garland Sisters . In 1928 , the Gumm Sisters enrolled in a dance school run by Ethel Meglin , proprietress of the Meglin Kiddies dance troupe . They appeared with the troupe at its annual Christmas show . Through the Meglin Kiddies , they made their film debut in a short subject called The Big Revue ( 1929 ) , where they performed a song-and-dance number called Thats the Good Old Sunny South . This was followed by appearances in two Vitaphone shorts the following year : A Holiday in Storyland ( featuring Garlands first on-screen solo ) and The Wedding of Jack and Jill . They next appeared together in Bubbles . Their final on-screen appearance was in an MGM Technicolor short entitled La Fiesta de Santa Barbara ( 1935 ) . The trio had toured the vaudeville circuit as The Gumm Sisters for many years when they performed in Chicago at the Oriental Theater with George Jessel in 1934 . He encouraged the group to choose a more appealing name after Gumm was met with laughter from the audience . According to theater legend , their act was once erroneously billed at a Chicago theater as The Glum Sisters . Several stories persist regarding the origin of their use of the name Garland . One is that it was originated by Jessel after Carole Lombards character Lily Garland in the film Twentieth Century ( 1934 ) , which was then playing at the Oriental in Chicago ; another is that the girls chose the surname after drama critic Robert Garland . Garlands daughter Lorna Luft stated that her mother selected the name when Jessel announced that the trio looked prettier than a garland of flowers . A TV special was filmed in Hollywood at the Pantages Theatre premiere of A Star Is Born on 29 September 1954 , in which Jessel stated : A later explanation surfaced when Jessel was a guest on Garlands television show in 1963 . He said that he had sent actress Judith Anderson a telegram containing the word garland and it stuck in his mind . However , Garland asked Jessel just moments later if this story was true , and he blithely replied No . By late 1934 , the Gumm Sisters had changed their name to the Garland Sisters . Frances changed her name to Judy soon after , inspired by a popular Hoagy Carmichael song . The group broke up by August 1935 , when Suzanne Garland flew to Reno , Nevada , and married musician Lee Kahn , a member of the Jimmy Davis orchestra playing at Cal-Neva Lodge , Lake Tahoe . Signed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . In September 1935 , Louis B . Mayer asked songwriter Burton Lane to go to the Orpheum Theater in downtown Los Angeles to watch the Garland Sisters vaudeville act and to report to him . A few days later , Judy and her father were brought for an impromptu audition at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios in Culver City . Garland performed Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart and Eli , Eli , a Yiddish song written in 1896 and regularly performed in vaudeville . The studio immediately signed Garland to a contract with MGM , presumably without a screen test , though she had made a test for the studio several months earlier . The studio did not know what to do with her ; aged thirteen , she was older than the traditional child star , but too young for adult roles . Her physical appearance was a dilemma for MGM . She was only , and her cute or girl-next-door looks did not exemplify the most glamorous persona then required of leading female performers . She was self-conscious and anxious about her appearance . Judy went to school at Metro with Ava Gardner , Lana Turner , Elizabeth Taylor , real beauties , said Charles Walters , who directed her in a number of films . Judy was the big money-maker at the time , a big success , but she was the ugly duckling .. . I think it had a very damaging effect on her emotionally for a long time . I think it lasted forever , really . Her insecurity was exacerbated by the attitude of studio chief Louis B . Mayer , who referred to her as his little hunchback . During her early years at the studio , she was photographed and dressed in plain garments or frilly juvenile gowns and costumes to match the girl-next-door image created for her . They had her wear removable caps on her teeth and rubberized discs to reshape her nose . Eventually , on the set of Meet Me in St . Louis when she was 21 years old , Garland met Dotty Ponedel , a makeup artist who worked at MGM . After reviewing the additions to her look , Garland was surprised when Ponedel said that the caps and discs that Garland had been using were not needed , as she was “a pretty girl.” Ponedel became Garlands makeup artist . The work that Ponedel did on Garland for Meet Me in St . Louis made Garland so happy that Ponedel became Garlands advisor every time she worked on a film under MGM . On 16 November 1935 , 13-year-old Garland was in the midst of preparing for a radio performance on the Shell Chateau Hour when she learned that her father had been hospitalized with meningitis and had taken a turn for the worse . Frank Gumm died the following morning at age 49 , leaving her devastated . Her song for the Shell Chateau Hour was her first professional rendition of Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart , a song which became a standard in many of her concerts . Garland performed at various studio functions and was eventually cast opposite Deanna Durbin in the musical-short Every Sunday ( 1936 ) . The film contrasted her vocal range and swing style with Durbins operatic soprano and served as an extended screen test for them , as studio executives were questioning the wisdom of having two girl singers on the roster . Garland came to the attention of studio executives when she sang a special arrangement of You Made Me Love You ( I Didnt Want to Do It ) to Clark Gable at a birthday party that the studio arranged for the actor . Her rendition was so well regarded that she performed the song in the all-star extravaganza Broadway Melody of 1938 ( 1937 ) , when she sang to a photograph of him . MGM hit on a winning formula when it paired Garland with Mickey Rooney in a string of what were known as backyard musicals . The duo first appeared together as supporting characters in the B movie Thoroughbreds Dont Cry ( 1937 ) . Garland was then put in the cast of the fourth of the Hardy Family movies as a literal girl-next-door to Rooneys character Andy Hardy , in Love Finds Andy Hardy ( 1938 ) , although Hardys love interest was played by Lana Turner . They teamed as lead characters for the first time in Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) , ultimately appearing in five additional films , including Hardy films Andy Hardy Meets Debutante ( 1940 ) and Life Begins for Andy Hardy ( 1941 ) . Garland stated that she , Rooney , and other young performers were constantly prescribed amphetamines in order to stay awake and keep up with the frantic pace of making one film after another . They were also given barbiturates to take before going to bed so they could sleep . This regular use of drugs , she said , led to addiction and a life-long struggle . She later resented the hectic schedule and believed MGM stole her youth . Rooney , however , denied their studio was responsible for her addiction : Judy Garland was never given any drugs by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Mr . Mayer didnt sanction anything for Judy . No one on that lot was responsible for Judy Garlands death . Unfortunately , Judy chose that path . Garlands weight was within a healthy range , but the studio demanded she constantly diet . They even went so far as to serve her only a bowl of soup and a plate of lettuce when she ordered a regular meal . She was plagued with self-doubt throughout her life , despite successful film and recording careers , awards , critical praise , and her ability to fill concert halls worldwide . She required constant reassurance she was talented and attractive . The Wizard of Oz . In 1938 when she was sixteen , Garland was cast as the young Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , a film based on the 1900 childrens book by L . Frank Baum . In the film , she sang the song with which she would be constantly identified afterward , Over the Rainbow . Although producers Arthur Freed and Mervyn LeRoy had wanted to cast her in the role from the beginning , studio chief Mayer first tried to borrow Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox , but they declined . Deanna Durbin was then asked , but was unavailable ; this resulted in Garland being cast . Garland was initially outfitted in a blonde wig for the part , but Freed and LeRoy decided against it shortly into filming . Her blue gingham dress was chosen for its blurring effect on her figure , which made her look younger . Shooting commenced on October 13 , 1938 , and it was completed on March 16 , 1939 , with a final cost of more than US$2 million . With the conclusion of filming , MGM kept Garland busy with promotional tours and the shooting of Babes in Arms ( also 1939 ) , directed by Busby Berkeley . She and Rooney were sent on a cross-country promotional tour , culminating in the August 17 New York City premiere at the Capitol Theater , which included a five-show-a-day appearance schedule for the two stars . Reports of Garland being put on a diet consisting of cigarettes , chicken soup , and coffee are erroneous ; as clarified in the book The Road to Oz : The Evolution , Creation , and Legacy of a Motion Picture Masterpiece by Oz historians Jay Scarfone and William Stillman , at that time in her life Garland was an anti-smoker , and she was allowed solid food , just not as much as a growing teen would prefer to eat . In a further attempt to minimize her curves , her diet was accompanied by swimming and hiking outings , plus games of tennis and badminton , with her stunt double Bobbie Koshay . The Wizard of Oz was a tremendous critical success , though its high budget and promotions costs of an estimated $4 million ( equivalent to $ million in ) , coupled with the lower revenue that was generated by discounted childrens tickets , meant that the film did not return a profit until it was re-released in the 1940s and on subsequent occasions . At the 1939 Academy Awards ceremony , Garland received her only Academy Award , an Academy Juvenile Award for her performances in 1939 , including The Wizard of Oz and Babes in Arms . She was the fourth person to receive the award as well as only one of twelve in history to ever be presented with one . Adult stardom . Garland starred in three films released in 1940 : Andy Hardy Meets Debutante , Strike Up the Band , and Little Nellie Kelly . In the last , she played her first adult role , a dual role of both mother and daughter . Little Nellie Kelly was purchased from George M . Cohan as a vehicle for her to display both her audience appeal and her physical appearance . The role was a challenge for her , requiring the use of an accent , her first adult kiss , and the only death scene of her career . Her co-star George Murphy regarded the kiss as embarrassing . He said it felt like a hillbilly with a child bride . During this time , Garland was still in her teens when she experienced her first serious adult romance with bandleader Artie Shaw . She was deeply devoted to him and was devastated in early 1940 when he eloped with Lana Turner . Garland began a relationship with musician David Rose , and on her 18th birthday , he gave her an engagement ring . The studio intervened because , at the time , he was still married to actress and singer Martha Raye . They agreed to wait a year to allow for his divorce to become final . During that time , Garland had a brief affair with songwriter Johnny Mercer . After her break-up with Mercer , Garland and Rose were wed on 27 July 1941 . A true rarity is what media called it . The couple agreed to a trial separation in January 1943 , and divorced in 1944 . In 1941 , Garland had an abortion while pregnant with Roses child at the insistence of her mother and the studio since the pregnancy wasnt approved . She had a second one in 1943 when she became pregnant from her affair with Tyrone Power . In her next film , For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) , Garland performed with Gene Kelly in his first screen appearance . She was given the glamor treatment in Presenting Lily Mars ( 1943 ) , in which she was dressed in grown-up gowns . Her lightened hair was also pulled up in a stylish fashion . However , no matter how glamorous or beautiful she appeared on screen or in photographs , she was never confident in her appearance and never escaped the girl-next-door image that the studio had created for her . One of Garlands most successful films for MGM was Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , in which she introduced three standards : The Trolley Song , The Boy Next Door , and Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas . This was one of the first films in her career that gave her the opportunity to be the attractive leading lady . Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct , and he requested that make-up artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to Garland . Ponedel refined her appearance in several ways , including extending and reshaping her eyebrows , changing her hairline , modifying her lip line and removing her nose discs and dental caps . She appreciated the results so much that Ponedel was written into her contract for all her remaining pictures at MGM . At this time , Garland had a brief affair with film director Orson Welles , who at that time was married to Rita Hayworth . The affair ended in early 1945 , and they remained on good terms afterwards . During the filming of Meet Me in St . Louis , Garland and Minnelli had some initial conflict between them , but they entered into a relationship and married on 15 June 1945 . On 12 March 1946 , daughter Liza was born . The couple divorced by 1951 . The Clock ( 1945 ) was Garlands first straight dramatic film ; Robert Walker was cast in the main male role . Though the film was critically praised and earned a profit , most movie fans expected her to sing . She did not act again in a non-singing dramatic role for many years . Garlands other films of the 1940s include The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , in which she introduced the Academy Award-winning song On the Atchison , Topeka , and the Santa Fe , and Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) . Last MGM motion pictures . During filming for The Pirate in April 1948 , Garland suffered a nervous breakdown and was placed in a private sanatorium . She was able to complete filming , but in July she made her first suicide attempt , making minor cuts to her wrist with a broken glass . During this period , she spent two weeks in treatment at the Austen Riggs Center , a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . The Pirate was released in May 1948 and was the first film in which Garland had starred since The Wizard of Oz not to make a profit . The main reasons for its failure were not only its cost , but also the increasing expense of the shooting delays while Garland was ill , as well as because the general public was not yet willing to accept her in a sophisticated film . Following her work on The Pirate , she co-starred for the first and only time with Fred Astaire ( who replaced Gene Kelly after Kelly had broken his ankle ) in Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , which became her top-grossing film at MGM . Thrilled by the huge box-office receipts of Easter Parade , MGM immediately teamed Garland and Astaire in The Barkleys of Broadway . During the initial filming , Garland was taking prescription barbiturate sleeping pills along with illicitly obtained pills containing morphine . Around this time , she also developed a serious problem with alcohol . These , in combination with migraine headaches , led her to miss several shooting days in a row . After being advised by her doctor that she would only be able to work in four- to five-day increments with extended rest periods between , MGM executive Arthur Freed made the decision to suspend her on 18 July 1948 . She was replaced in the film by Ginger Rogers . When her suspension was over , she was summoned back to work and ultimately performed two songs as a guest in the Rodgers and Hart biopic Words and Music ( 1948 ) , which was her last appearance with Mickey Rooney . Despite the all-star cast , Words and Music barely broke even at the box office . Having regained her strength , as well as some needed weight during her suspension , Garland felt much better and in the fall of 1948 , she returned to MGM to replace a pregnant June Allyson for the musical film In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) co-starring Van Johnson . Although she was sometimes late arriving at the studio during the making of this picture , she managed to complete it five days ahead of schedule . Her daughter Liza made her film debut at the age of two and a half at the end of the film . In The Good Old Summertime was enormously successful at the box office . Garland was then cast in the film adaptation of Annie Get Your Gun in the title role of Annie Oakley . She was nervous at the prospect of taking on a role strongly identified with Ethel Merman , anxious about appearing in an unglamorous part after breaking from juvenile parts for several years , and disturbed by her treatment at the hands of director Busby Berkeley . Berkeley was staging all the musical numbers , and was severe with Garlands lack of effort , attitude , and enthusiasm . She complained to Mayer , trying to have Berkeley fired from the feature . She began arriving late to the set and sometimes failed to appear . At this time , she was also undergoing electroshock therapy for depression . She was fired from the picture on 10 May 1949 , and was replaced by Betty Hutton , who stepped in to perform all the musical routines as staged by Berkeley . Garland underwent an extensive hospital stay at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston , Massachusetts , in which she was weaned off her medication , and after a while , was able to eat and sleep normally . During her stay , she found solace in meeting with disabled children ; in a 1964 interview regarding issues raised in A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) and her recovery at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital , Garland had this to say : Well it helped me by just getting my mind off myself and .. . they were so delightful , they were so loving and good and I forgot about myself for a change . Garland returned to Los Angeles heavier , and in the fall of 1949 , was cast opposite Gene Kelly in Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . The film took six months to complete . To lose weight , Garland went back on the pills and the familiar pattern resurfaced . She began showing up late or not at all . When principal photography on Summer Stock was completed in the spring of 1950 , it was decided that Garland needed an additional musical number . She agreed to do it provided the song should be Get Happy . In addition , she insisted that director Charles Walters choreograph and stage the number . By that time , Garland had lost 15 pounds and looked more slender . Get Happy was the last segment of Summer Stock to be filmed . It was her final picture for MGM . When it was released in the fall of 1950 , Summer Stock drew big crowds and racked up very respectable box-office receipts , but because of the costly shooting delays caused by Garland , the film posted a loss of $80,000 to the studio . Garland was cast in the film Royal Wedding with Fred Astaire after June Allyson became pregnant in 1950 . She failed to report to the set on multiple occasions , and the studio suspended her contract on 17 June 1950 . She was replaced by Jane Powell . Reputable biographies following her death stated that after this latest dismissal , she slightly grazed her neck with a broken glass , requiring only a Band-Aid , but at the time , the public was informed that a despondent Garland had slashed her throat . All I could see ahead was more confusion , Garland later said of this suicide attempt . I wanted to black out the future as well as the past . I wanted to hurt myself and everyone who had hurt me . In September 1950 , after 15 years with the studio , Garland and MGM parted company . Later career . Appearances on Bing Crosbys radio show . Garland was a frequent guest on Kraft Music Hall , hosted by her friend Bing Crosby . Following Garlands second suicide attempt , Crosby , knowing that she was depressed and running out of money , invited her on to his radio showthe first of the new seasonon 11 October 1950 . Garland made eight appearances during the 1950–51 season of The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show , which immediately reinvigorated her career . Soon after , she toured for four months to sellout crowds in Europe . Renewed stardom on the stage . In 1951 , Garland began a four-month concert tour of Britain and Ireland , where she played to sold-out audiences throughout England , Scotland , and Ireland . The successful concert tour was the first of her many comebacks , with performances centered on songs by Al Jolson and revival of vaudevillian tradition . Garland performed complete shows as tributes to Jolson in her concerts at the London Palladium in April and at New Yorks Palace Theater later that year . Garland said after the Palladium show : I suddenly knew that this was the beginning of a new life .. . Hollywood thought I was through ; then came the wonderful opportunity to appear at the London Palladium , where I can truthfully say Judy Garland was reborn . Her appearances at the Palladium lasted for four weeks , where she received rave reviews and an ovation described by the Palladium manager as the loudest he had ever heard . Garlands engagement at the Palace Theatre in Manhattan in October 1951 exceeded all previous records for the theater and for Garland , and was called one of the greatest personal triumphs in show business history . Garland was honored with a Special Tony Award for her contribution to the revival of vaudeville . Garland divorced Minnelli that same year . On 8 June 1952 , she married Sidney Luft , her tour manager and producer , in Hollister , California . Garland gave birth to Lorna Luft , who herself became an actress and singer , on 21 November 1952 , and to Joey Luft on 29 March 1955 . Hollywood comeback . Garland appeared with James Mason in the Warner Bros . film A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) , the first remake of the 1937 film . She and Sidney Luft , her then-husband , produced the film through their production company , Transcona Enterprises , while Warner Bros . supplied finance , production facilities , and crew . Directed by George Cukor , it was a large undertaking to which she initially fully dedicated herself . As shooting progressed , however , she began making the same pleas of illness that she had so often made during her final films at MGM . Production delays led to cost overruns and angry confrontations with Warner Bros . head Jack L . Warner . Principal photography wrapped on 17 March 1954 . At Lufts suggestion , the Born in a Trunk medley was filmed as a showcase for her and inserted over director Cukors objections , who feared the additional length would lead to cuts in other areas . It was completed on 29 July . Upon its world premiere on 29 September 1954 , the film was met with critical and popular acclaim . Before its release , it was edited at the instruction of Jack Warner ; theater operators , concerned that they were losing money because they were only able to run the film for three or four shows per day instead of five or six , pressured the studio to make additional reductions . After its first-run engagements , about 30 minutes of footage were cut , sparking outrage among critics and filmgoers . Although it was still popular , drawing huge crowds and grossing over $6,000,000 in its first release , A Star is Born did not make back its cost and ended up losing money . As a result , the secure financial position Garland had expected from the profits did not materialize . Transcona made no more films with Warner . Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , and , in the run-up to the 27th Academy Awards , was generally expected to win for A Star Is Born . She could not attend the ceremony because she had just given birth to her son , Joseph Luft , so a television crew was in her hospital room with cameras and wires to broadcast her anticipated acceptance speech . The Oscar was won , however , by Grace Kelly for The Country Girl ( 1954 ) . The camera crew was packing up before Kelly could even reach the stage . Groucho Marx sent Garland a telegram after the awards ceremony , declaring her loss the biggest robbery since Brinks . Time labeled her performance as just about the greatest one-woman show in modern movie history . Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the role . Garlands films after A Star Is Born included Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) ( for which she was Oscar- and Golden Globe-nominated for Best Supporting Actress ) , the animated feature Gay Purr-ee ( 1962 ) , and A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) with Burt Lancaster . Her final film was I Could Go On Singing ( 1963 ) , co-starring Dirk Bogarde . Television , concerts , and Carnegie Hall . Garland appeared in a number of television specials beginning in 1955 . The first was the 1955 debut episode of Ford Star Jubilee ; this was the first full-scale color broadcast ever on CBS and was a ratings triumph , scoring a 34.8 Nielsen rating . She signed a three-year , $300,000 contract with the network . Only one additional special was broadcast in 1956 , a live concert-edition of General Electric Theater , before the relationship between the Lufts and CBS broke down in a dispute over the planned format of upcoming specials . In 1956 , Garland performed for four weeks at the New Frontier Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip for a salary of $55,000 per week , making her the highest-paid entertainer to work in Las Vegas . Despite a brief bout of laryngitis , where for one performance Jerry Lewis filled in for her watching from a wheelchair , her performances there were so successful that her run was extended an extra week . Later that year , she returned to the Palace Theatre , site of her two-a-day triumph . She opened in September , once again to rave reviews and popular acclaim . In November 1959 , Garland was hospitalized after she was diagnosed with acute hepatitis . Over the next few weeks , several quarts of fluid were drained from her body until she was released from the hospital in January 1960 , still in a weak condition . She was told by doctors that she likely had five years , or less , to live , and that , even if she did survive , she would be a semi-invalid and would never sing again . She initially felt greatly relieved at the diagnosis . The pressure was off me for the first time in my life . However , she recovered over the next several months , and in August of that year , returned to the stage of the Palladium . She felt so warmly embraced by the British that she announced her intention to move permanently to England . At the beginning of 1960 , Garland signed a contract with Random House to write her autobiography . The book was to be called The Judy Garland Story , and would be a collaboration with Fred F . Finklehoffe . Garland was paid an advance of $35,000 , and she and Finklehoffe recorded conversations about her life to be used in producing a manuscript . Garland would work on her autobiography on and off throughout the 1960s , but never completed it . Portions of her unfinished autobiography were included in the 2014 biography , Judy Garland on Judy Garland : Interviews and Encounters by Randy L . Schmidt . Her concert appearance at Carnegie Hall on 23 April 1961 , was a considerable highlight , called by many the greatest night in show business history . The two-record album Judy at Carnegie Hall was certified gold , charting for 95 weeks on Billboard , including 13 weeks at number one . It won four Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Best Female Vocal of the Year . The Judy Garland Show . In 1961 , Garland and CBS settled their contract disputes with the help of her new agent , Freddie Fields , and negotiated a new round of specials . The first , titled The Judy Garland Show , aired on 25 February 1962 and featured guests Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin . Following this success , CBS made a $24 million offer to her for a weekly television series of her own , also to be called The Judy Garland Show , which was deemed at the time in the press to be the biggest talent deal in TV history . Although she had said as early as 1955 that she would never do a weekly television series , in the early 1960s , she was in a financially precarious situation . She was several hundred thousand dollars in debt to the Internal Revenue Service , having failed to pay taxes in 1951 and 1952 , and the failure of A Star is Born meant that she received nothing from that investment . Following a third special , Judy Garland and Her Guests Phil Silvers and Robert Goulet , Garlands weekly series debuted 29 September 1963 . The Judy Garland Show was critically praised , but for a variety of reasons ( including being placed in the time slot opposite Bonanza on NBC ) , the show lasted only one season and was cancelled in 1964 after 26 episodes . Despite its short run , the series was nominated for four Emmy Awards , including Best Variety Series . During this time Garland had a six-month affair with actor Glenn Ford . Garlands biographer Gerald Clarke , Fords son Peter , singer Mel Tormé and her husband Sid Luft wrote about the affair in their respective biographies . The relationship began in 1963 while Garland was doing her television show . Ford would attend tapings of the show sitting in the front row while Garland sang . Ford is credited with giving Garland one of the more stable relationships of her later life . The affair was ended by Ford ( a notorious womanizer according to his son Peter ) when he realized Garland wanted to marry him . Political views . Garland was a life-long and relatively active Democrat . During her lifetime , she was a member of the Hollywood Democratic committee , and a financial and moral supporter of various causes , including the Civil Rights Movement . She donated money to the campaigns of Democratic presidential candidates Franklin D . Roosevelt , Adlai Stevenson II , John F . Kennedy , and Robert F . Kennedy , and Progressive candidate Henry A . Wallace . In September 1947 , Garland joined the Committee for the First Amendment , a group formed by Hollywood celebrities in support of the Hollywood Ten during the hearings of the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) , an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives led by J . Parnell Thomas , which was formed to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and organizations suspected of having communist ties . The Committee for the First Amendment sought to protect the civil liberties of those accused . Other members included Humphrey Bogart , Lauren Bacall , Dorothy Dandridge , John Garfield , Katharine Hepburn , Lena Horne , John Huston , Gene Kelly , and Billy Wilder . Garland took part in recording an all-star October 26 , 1947 radio broadcast , Hollywood Fights Back , during which she exhorted listeners to action : Before every free conscience in America is subpoenaed , please speak up ! Say your piece ! Write your congressman a letterair mail special . Let the Congress know what you think of its Un-American Committee . Garland was a friend of President John F . Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline Kennedy , and she often vacationed in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . The house she stayed in during her vacations in Hyannis Port is known today as The Judy Garland House because of her association with the property . Garland would call the President weekly , often ending her phone calls by singing the first few bars of Over the Rainbow . On 28 August 1963 , Garland and other prominent celebrities such as Josephine Baker , Sidney Poitier , Lena Horne , Paul Newman , Rita Moreno , and Sammy Davis , Jr . took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , a demonstration organized to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans . She had been photographed by the press in Los Angeles earlier in the month alongside Eartha Kitt , Marlon Brando , and Charlton Heston as they planned their participation in the march on the nations capital . On 16 September 1963 , Garlandalong with daughter Liza , Carolyn Jones , June Allyson , and Allysons daughter Pam Powellheld a press conference to highlight and protest the recent bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , Alabama , that resulted in the death of four young African American girls . They expressed their shock at the events and requested funds for the families of the victims . Pam Powell and Liza Minnelli both announced their intention to attend the funeral of the victims during the press conference . Final years . In 1963 , Garland sued Sidney Luft for divorce on the grounds of mental cruelty . She also asserted that he had repeatedly struck her while he was drinking and that he had even attempted to take their children from her by force . She had filed for divorce from Luft on several previous occasions , even as early as 1956 , but they had reconciled each time . After her television series was canceled , Garland returned to work on the stage . She returned to the London Palladium performing with her 18-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli in November 1964 . The concert was also shown on the British television network ITV and it was one of her final appearances at the venue . She made guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Tonight Show . Garland guest-hosted an episode of The Hollywood Palace with Vic Damone . She was invited back for a second episode in 1966 with Van Johnson as her guest . Problems with Garlands behavior ended her Hollywood Palace guest appearances . A 1964 tour of Australia ended badly . Garlands first two concerts in Sydney were held in the Sydney Stadium because no concert hall could accommodate the overflow crowds who wanted to see her . Both went well and received positive reviews . Her third performance , in Melbourne , started an hour late . The crowd of 7,000 was angered by her tardiness and believed that she was drunk ; they booed and heckled her , and she fled the stage after 45 minutes . She later characterized the Melbourne crowd as brutish . Garlands Melbourne appearance gained a negative press response . Garlands tour promoter Mark Herron announced that they had married aboard a freighter off the coast of Hong Kong . However , she was not officially divorced from Luft at the time the ceremony was performed . The divorce became final on 19 May 1965 , and she and Herron did not legally marry until 14 November 1965 ; they separated five months later . During their divorce , Garland testified that Herron had beaten her . Herron claimed that he only hit her in self defense . For much of her career throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , her husband Sidney Luft had been her manager . However , Garland eventually parted ways with Luft professionally , signing with agents Freddie Fields and David Begelman . By the fall of 1966 , Garland had also parted ways with Fields and Begelman . Fieldss and Begelmans mismanagement of Garlands money , as well as their embezzlement of much of her earnings resulted in her owing around $500,000 in total in personal debts and in debts to the IRS . The IRS placed tax liens on her home in Brentwood , Los Angeles , her recording contract with Capitol Records , and any other business dealings in which she could derive an income . Garland was left in a desperate situation that saw her sell her Brentwood home at a price far below its value . She was then cast in February 1967 in the role of Helen Lawson in Valley of the Dolls by 20th Century Fox . According to co-star Patty Duke , Garland was treated poorly by director Mark Robson on the set of Valley of the Dolls and was primarily hired so as to augment publicity for the film . After Garlands dismissal from the film , author Jacqueline Susann said in the 1967 television documentary Jacqueline Susann and the Valley of the Dolls , I think Judy will always come back . She kids about making a lot of comebacks , but I think Judy has a kind of a thing where she has to get to the bottom of the rope and things have to get very , very rough for her . Then with an amazing inner strength that only comes of a certain genius , she comes back bigger than ever . Returning to the stage , Garland made one of her last U.S . appearances at New Yorks Palace Theatre in July 1967 , a 27-show stand , performing with her children Lorna and Joey Luft . She wore a sequined pantsuit on stage for this tour , which was part of the original wardrobe for her character in Valley of the Dolls . Garland earned more than $200,000 from her final run at New Yorks Palace Theatre from her 75% share of the profits generated by her engagement there . On closing night at the Palace , federal tax agents seized the majority of her earnings . By early 1969 , Garlands health had deteriorated . She performed in London at the Talk of the Town nightclub for a five-week run in which she was paid £2,500 per week , and made her last concert appearance in Copenhagen during March 1969 . After her divorce from Herron had been finalized on February 11 , she married her fifth and final husband , nightclub manager Mickey Deans , at Chelsea Register Office , London , on March 15 . Death . On 22 June 1969 , 12 days after her 47th birthday , Deans found Garland dead in the bathroom of their rented house in Cadogan Lane , Belgravia , London . At the inquest , Coroner Gavin Thurston stated that the cause of death was an incautious self-overdosage of barbiturates ; her blood contained the equivalent of ten Seconal capsules . Thurston stressed that the overdose had been unintentional and no evidence suggested that she had died by suicide . Garlands autopsy showed no inflammation of her stomach lining and no drug residue in her stomach , which indicated that the drug had been ingested over a long period of time , rather than in a single dose . Her death certificate stated that her death was accidental . Supporting the accidental cause , Garlands physician noted that a prescription of 25 barbiturate pills was found by her bedside half-empty and another bottle of 100 barbiturate pills was still unopened . A British specialist who had attended Garlands autopsy stated that she had nevertheless been living on borrowed time owing to cirrhosis , although a second autopsy conducted later reported no evidence of alcoholism or cirrhosis . Her Wizard of Oz co-star Ray Bolger commented at her funeral , She just plain wore out . Forensic pathologist Jason Payne-James believed that Garland had an eating disorder ( psychologist Linda Papadopoulos asserted that it was likely bulimia ) , which contributed to her death . After Garlands body had been embalmed , Deans traveled with her remains to New York City on 26 June , where an estimated 20,000 people lined up to pay their respects at the Frank E . Campbell Funeral Chapel in Manhattan , which remained open all night long to accommodate the overflowing crowd . On 27 June , James Mason gave a eulogy at the funeral , an Episcopal service led by the Rev . Peter Delaney of St Marylebone Parish Church , London , who had officiated at her marriage to Deans , three months earlier . Judys great gift , Mason said in his eulogy , was that she could wring tears out of hearts of rock.. . She gave so richly and so generously , that there was no currency in which to repay her . The public and press were barred . She was interred in a crypt in the community mausoleum at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale , New York , a small town north of midtown Manhattan . Upon Garlands death , despite having earned millions during her career , her estate came to ( ) . Years of mismanagement of her financial affairs by her representatives and staff along with her generosity toward her family and various causes resulted in her poor financial situation at the end of her life . In her last will , signed and sealed in early 1961 , Garland made many generous bequests that could not be fulfilled because her estate had been in debt for many years . Her daughter , Liza Minnelli , worked to pay off her mothers debts with the help of family friend Frank Sinatra . In 1978 , a selection of Garlands personal items were auctioned off by her ex-husband Sidney Luft with the support of their daughter Lorna and their son Joe . Almost 500 items , ranging from copper cookware to musical arrangements , were offered for sale . The auction raised ( ) for her heirs . At the request of her children , Garlands remains were disinterred from Ferncliff Cemetery in January 2017 and re-interred across the country at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles . Artistry . Garland possessed a contralto vocal range . Her singing voice has been described as brassy , powerful , effortless and resonant , often demonstrating a tremulous , powerful vibrato . Although her range was comparatively limited , Garland was capable of alternating between female and male-sounding timbres with little effort . The Richmond Times-Dispatch correspondent Tony Farrell wrote she possessed a deep , velvety contralto voice that could turn on a dime to belt out the high notes , while Ron OBrien , producer of tribute album The Definitive Collection – Judy Garland ( 2006 ) , wrote the singers combination of natural phrasing , elegant delivery , mature pathos and powerful dramatic dynamics she brings to .. . songs make her [ renditions ] the definitive interpretations . The Huffington Post writer Joan E . Dowlin called the period of Garlands music career between 1937 and 1945 the innocent years , during which the critic believes the singers voice was vibrant and her musical expression exuberant , taking note of its resonance and distinct , rich yet sweet quality that grabs you and pulls you in . Garlands voice would often vary to suit the song she was interpreting , ranging from soft , engaging and tender during ballads to humorous on some of her duets with other artists . Her more joyful , belted performances have been compared to entertainers Sophie Tucker , Ethel Merman , and Al Jolson . Although her musical repertoire consisted largely of cast recordings , show tunes and traditional pop standards , Garland was also capable of singing soul , blues , and jazz music , which Dowlin compared to singer Elvis Presley . Garland always claimed that her talent as a performer was inherited , saying : Nobody ever taught me what to do onstage . Critics agree that , even when she debuted as a child , Garland had always sounded mature for her age , particularly on her earlier recordings . From an early age , Garland had been billed as the little girl with the leather lungs , a designation the singer later admitted to having felt humiliated by because she would have much preferred to have been known to audiences as a pretty or nice little girl . Jessel recalled that , even at only 12 years old , Garlands singing voice resembled that of a woman with a heart that had been hurt . The Kansas City Star contributor Robert Trussel cited Garlands singing voice among the reasons why her role in The Wizard of Oz remains memorable , writing that although She might have been made up and costumed to look like a little girl .. . she didnt sing like one due to her powerful contralto command [ ing ] attention . Camille Paglia , writing for The New York Times , joked that even in Garlands adult life , her petite frame literally throbbed with her huge voice , making it appear as though she were at war with her own body . Theater actress and director Donna Thomason stated that Garland was an effective performer because she was capable of using her singing voice [ as ] a natural extension of [ her ] speaking voice , a skill that Thomason believes all musical theater actors should at least strive to achieve . Trussel agreed that Garlands singing voice sounded utterly natural . It never seemed forced or overly trained . Writing for Turner Classic Movies , biographer Jonathan Riggs observed that Garland had a tendency to imbue her vocals with a paradoxical combination of fragility and resilience that eventually became a signature trademark of hers . Louis Bayard of The Washington Post described Garlands voice as throbbing , believing it to be capable of connect [ ing ] with [ audiences ] in a way no other voice does . Bayard also believes that listeners find it hard to disentwine the sorrow in her voice from the sorrow that dogged her life , while Dowlin argued that , Listening to Judy sing .. . makes me forget all of the angst and suffering she must have endured . The New York Times obituarist in 1969 observed that Garland , whether intentionally or not , brought with her .. . all the well-publicized phantoms of her emotional breakdown , her career collapses and comebacks on stage during later performances . The same writer said that Garlands voice changed and lost some of its quality as she aged , although she retained much of her personality . Contributing to the Irish Independent , Julia Molony observed Garlands voice , although still rich with emotion , had finally begun to creak with the weight of years of disappointment and hard-living by the time she performed at Carnegie Hall in 1961 . Similarly , the live records entry in the Library of Congress wrote that while her voice was still strong , it had also gained a bit of heft and a bit of wear ; author Cary ODell believes Garlands rasp and occasional quiver only upped the emotional quotient of many of her numbers , particularly on her signature songs Over the Rainbow and The Man That Got Away . Garland stated that she always felt most safe and at home while performing onstage , regardless of the condition of her voice . Her musical talent has been commended by her peers ; opera singer Maria Callas once said that Garland possessed the most superb voice she had ever heard , while singer and actor Bing Crosby said that no other singer could be compared to her when Garland was rested . Garland was known for interacting with her audiences during live performances ; The New York Times obituarist wrote that Garland possessed a seemingly unquenchable need for her audiences to respond with acclaim and affection . And often , they did , screaming , We love you , Judy – we love you . Garland herself explained in 1961 : A really great reception makes me feel like I have a great big warm heating pad all over me .. . I truly have a great love for an audience , and I used to want to prove it to them by giving them blood . But I have a funny new thing now , a real determination to make people enjoy the show . The New York Times writer described her as both an instinctive actress and comedienne . The anonymous contributor commented that Garlands performance style resembled that of a music hall performer in an era when music halls were obsolete . Close friends of Garlands insisted that she never truly wanted to be a movie star and would have much rather devoted her career entirely to singing and recording records . AllMusic biographer William Ruhlmann believes that Garlands ability to maintain a successful career as a recording artist even after her film appearances became less frequent was unusual for an artist at the time . Garland has been identified as a triple threat due to her ability to sing , act , and dance , arguably equally well . Doug Strassler , a critic for the New York Press , described Garland as a triple threat who bounced between family musicals and adult dramas with a precision and a talent that remains largely unmatched . In terms of acting , Peter Lennon , writing for The Guardian in 1999 , identified Garland as a chameleon due to her ability to alternate between comedic , musical and dramatic roles , citing The Wizard of Oz , The Clock , A Star is Born and I Could Go On Singing – her final film role – as prominent examples . Michael Musto , a journalist for W magazine , wrote that in her film roles Garland could project decency , vulnerability , and spunk like no other star , and she wrapped it up with a tremulously beautiful vocal delivery that could melt even the most hardened troll . Discography . Studio albums - The Judy Garland Souvenir Album ( 1940 ) - Second Souvenir Album ( 1943 ) - Miss Show Business ( 1955 ) - Judy ( 1956 ) - Alone ( 1957 ) - Judy in Love ( 1958 ) - The Letter ( 1959 ) - Thats Entertainment ! ( 1960 ) - The Garland Touch ( 1962 ) Public image and reputation . Garland was nearly as famous for her personal struggles in everyday life as she was for her entertainment career . She has been closely associated with her carefully cultivated girl next door image . Early in her career during the 1930s , Garlands public image had earned her the title Americas favorite kid sister , as well as the title Little Miss Showbusiness . In a review for the Star Tribune , Graydon Royce wrote that Garlands public image remained that of a Midwestern girl who couldnt believe where she was , despite having been a well-established celebrity for over 20 years . Royce believes that fans and audiences insisted on preserving their memory of Garland as Dorothy no matter how much she matured , calling her a captive not of her own desire to stay young , but a captive of the publics desire to preserve her that way . Thus , the studio continued to cast Garland in roles that were significantly younger than her actual age . According to Malony , Garland was one of Hollywoods hardest-working performers during the 1940s , which Malony claims she used as a coping mechanism after her first marriage imploded . However , studio employees recall that Garland had a tendency to be quite intense , headstrong and volatile ; Judy Garland : The Secret Life of an American Legend author David Shipman claims that several individuals were frustrated by Garlands narcissism and growing instability , while millions of fans found her public demeanor and psychological state to be fragile , appearing neurotic in interviews . MGM reports that Garland was consistently tardy and demonstrated erratic behavior , which resulted in several delays and disruptions to filming schedules until she was finally dismissed from the studio , which had deemed her unreliable and difficult to manage . Farrell called Garland A grab bag of contradictions which has always been a feast for the American imagination , describing her public persona as awkward yet direct , bashful yet brash . Describing the singer as Tender and endearing yet savage and turbulent , Paglia wrote that Garland cut a path of destruction through many lives . And out of that chaos , she made art of still-searing intensity . Calling her a creature of extremes , greedy , sensual , and demanding , gluttonous for pleasure and pain , Paglia also compared Garland to entertainer Frank Sinatra due to their shared emblematic personality .. . into whom the mass audience projected its hopes and disappointments , while observing that she lacked Sinatras survival skills . Despite her success as a performer , Garland suffered from low self-esteem , particularly with regard to her weight , which she constantly dieted to maintain at the behest of the studio and Mayer ; critics and historians believe this was a result of having been told that she was an ugly duckling by studio executives . Entertainment Weekly columnist Gene Lyons observed that both audiences and fellow members of the entertainment industry tended either to love her or to hate her . At one point , Stevie Phillips , who had worked as an agent for Garland for four years , described her client as a demented , demanding , supremely talented drug-addict . Royce argues that Garland maintained astonishing strength and courage , even during difficult times . English actor Dirk Bogarde once called Garland the funniest woman I have ever met . Ruhlmann wrote that the singers personal life contrasted so starkly with the exuberance and innocence of her film roles . Despite her personal struggles , Garland disagreed with the publics opinion that she was a tragic figure . Her younger daughter Lorna agreed that Garland hated being referred to as a tragic figure , explaining , We all have tragedies in our lives , but that does not make us tragic . She was funny and she was warm and she was wonderfully gifted . She had great highs and great moments in her career . She also had great moments in her personal life . Yes , we lost her at 47 years old . That was tragic . But she was not a tragic figure . Ruhlmann argues that Garland actually used the publics opinion of her tragic image to her advantage towards the end of her career . Legacy . By the time of her death in 1969 , Garland had appeared in more than 35 films . She has been called one of the greats of entertainment , and her reputation has endured . In 1992 , Gerald Clarke of Architectural Digest dubbed Garland probably the greatest American entertainer of the twentieth century . OBrien believes that No one in the history of Hollywood ever packed the musical wallop that Garland did , explaining , She had the biggest , most versatile voice in movies . Her Technicolor musicals.. . defined the genre . The songs she introduced were Oscar gold . Her film career frames the Golden Age of Hollywood musicals . Turner Classic Movies dubbed Garland historys most poignant voice . Entertainment Weeklys Gene Lyons dubbed Garland the Madonna of her generation . The American Film Institute named her eighth among the Greatest female stars of Golden Age Hollywood cinema . In June 1998 , in The New York Times , Camille Paglia wrote that , Garland was a personality on the grand scale who makes our current crop of pop stars look lightweight and evanescent . In recent years , Garlands legacy has maintained fans of all different ages , both younger and older . In 2010 , The Huffington Post contributor Joan E . Dowlin concluded that Garland possessed a distinct it quality by exemplif [ ying ] the star quality of charisma , musical talent , natural acting ability , and , despite what the studio honchos said , good looks ( even if they were the girl next door looks ) . AllMusics biographer William Ruhlmann said that the core of her significance as an artist remains her amazing voice and emotional commitment to her songs , and believes that her career is sometimes viewed more as an object lesson in Hollywood excess than as the remarkable string of multimedia accomplishments it was . In 2012 , Strassler described Garland as more than an icon.. . Like Charlie Chaplin and Lucille Ball , she created a template that the powers that be have forever been trying , with varied levels of success , to replicate . Garlands live performances towards the end of her career are still remembered by fans who attended them as peak moments in 20th-century music . She has been the subject of over thirty biographies since her death , including the well-received by her daughter , Lorna Luft , whose memoir was later adapted into the television miniseries , which won Emmy Awards for the two actresses who portrayed her ( Tammy Blanchard and Judy Davis ) . Strassler observed that Garland created one of the most storied cautionary tales in the industry , thanks to her the many excesses and insecurities that led to her early death by overdose . Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997 . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . These include Over the Rainbow , which was ranked as the number one movie song of all time in the American Film Institutes 100 Years...100 Songs list . Four more Garland songs are featured on the list : Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ( No . 76 ) , Get Happy ( No . 61 ) , The Trolley Song ( No . 26 ) , and The Man That Got Away ( No . 11 ) . She has twice been honored on U.S . postage stamps , in 1989 ( as Dorothy ) and again in 2006 ( as Vicki Lester from A Star Is Born ) . While on tour in 1964 , Garland identified Over the Rainbow as her favorite of all the songs she had ever recorded , to which Trussel observed that Her career would remain inextricably linked . Garland would frequently use an overture from Over the Rainbow as her entrance music during concerts and television appearances . According to Paglia , the more Garland performed Over the Rainbow , the more it became her tragic anthem .. . a dirge for artistic opportunities squandered , and for personal happiness permanently deferred . In 1998 , Carnegie Hall hosted a two-concert tribute to Garland , which they promoted as a tribute to the worlds greatest entertainer . Garlands work has influenced several entertainers including LeAnn Rimes , Kim Petras , Ariana Grande , Sam Smith , Ben Platt , Rufus Wainwright , Richard Glazier , Megan Fox , Janelle Monáe , Marlee Matlin , Claire Danes , Renée Zellweger and Anne Hathaway . Subsequent celebrities who have suffered from personal struggles with drug addiction and substance use disorder have been compared to Garland , particularly Michael Jackson . Garlands elder daughter Liza Minnelli had a personal life that was almost parallel to that of her mothers , having struggled with substance use disorder and several unsuccessful marriages . Paglia observed that actress Marilyn Monroe would exhibit behavior which was similar to that which Garland had exhibited a decade earlier in Meet Me in St . Louis , particularly tardiness . Judy Garland was among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Gay icon . Garland had a large fan base in the gay community and became a gay icon . Reasons given for her standing among gay men are the admiration of her ability as a performer , the way her personal struggles mirrored those of gay men in the United States during the height of her fame , and her value as a camp figure . In the 1960s , a reporter asked how she felt about having a large gay following . She replied , I couldnt care less . I sing to people ! Portrayals in fiction . Garland has been portrayed on television by Andrea McArdle in Rainbow ( 1978 ) , Tammy Blanchard ( young Judy ) and Judy Davis ( older Judy ) in ( 2001 ) , and Sigrid Thornton in ( 2015 ) . Harvey Weinstein optioned , and a stage show and film based on it were slated to star Anne Hathaway . Renée Zellweger portrayed Garland in the biopic Judy ( 2019 ) , and won the Academy Award for Best Actress . On stage , Garland is a character in the musical The Boy from Oz ( 1998 ) , portrayed by Chrissy Amphlett in the original Australian production and by Isabel Keating on Broadway in 2003 . End of the Rainbow ( 2005 ) featured Caroline OConnor as Garland and Paul Goddard as Garlands pianist . Adrienne Barbeau played Garland in The Property Known as Garland ( 2006 ) and The Judy Monologues ( 2010 ) initially featured male actors reciting Garlands words before it was revamped as a one-woman show . In music , Garland is referenced in the 1992 Tori Amos song Happy Phantom , in which Garland is imagined to be taking Buddha by the hand . Amos also refers to Garland as Judy G in her 1996 song Not the Red Baron .
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Judy Garland Judy Garland ( born Frances Ethel Gumm ; June 10 , 1922 – June 22 , 1969 ) was an American actress , singer , vaudevillian , and dancer . With a career spanning 45 years , she attained international stardom as an actress in both musical and dramatic roles , as a recording artist , and on the concert stage . Renowned for her versatility , she received an Academy Juvenile Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Special Tony Award . Garland was the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , which she won for her 1961 live recording titled Judy at Carnegie Hall . Garland began performing in vaudeville as a child with her two older sisters and was later signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager . She appeared in more than two dozen films for MGM and is remembered for portraying Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Garland was a frequent on-screen partner of both Mickey Rooney and Gene Kelly and regularly collaborated with director and second husband Vincente Minnelli . Other starring roles during this period included Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , and Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . In 1950 , after 15 years with MGM , the studio released her amid a series of personal struggles that prevented her from fulfilling the terms of her contract . Although her film career became intermittent thereafter , two of Garlands most critically acclaimed roles came later in her career : she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) . She also made record-breaking concert appearances , released eight studio albums , and hosted her own Emmy-nominated television series , The Judy Garland Show ( 1963–1964 ) . At age 39 , Garland became the youngest and first female recipient of the Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry . In 1997 , Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and in 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked her as the eighth-greatest female screen legend of classic Hollywood cinema . Garland struggled in her personal life from an early age . The pressures of early stardom affected her physical and mental health from the time she was a teenager ; her self-image was influenced by constant criticism from film executives who believed that she was physically unattractive and who manipulated her onscreen physical appearance . Throughout her adulthood she was plagued by alcohol and substance use disorders , as well as financial instability , often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes . Her lifelong struggle with substance use disorder ultimately led to her death in London from an accidental barbiturate overdose at age 47 . Early life . Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on 10 June 1922 , in Grand Rapids , Minnesota . She was the youngest child of Ethel Marion ( Milne ; 1893–1953 ) and Francis Avent Frank Gumm ( 1886–1935 ) . Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie theater that featured vaudeville acts . She was of Irish , English , Scottish , and French Huguenot ancestry , named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church . Baby ( as she was called by her parents and sisters ) shared her familys flair for song and dance . Her first appearance came at the age of two , when she joined her elder sisters Mary Jane Suzy/Suzanne Gumm ( 1915–64 ) and Dorothy Virginia Jimmie Gumm ( 1917–77 ) on the stage of her fathers movie theater during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of Jingle Bells . The Gumm Sisters performed there for the next few years , accompanied by their mother on piano . The family relocated to Lancaster , California , in June 1926 , following rumors that her father had homosexual inclinations . Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster , and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures . Early career . The Gumm/Garland Sisters . In 1928 , the Gumm Sisters enrolled in a dance school run by Ethel Meglin , proprietress of the Meglin Kiddies dance troupe . They appeared with the troupe at its annual Christmas show . Through the Meglin Kiddies , they made their film debut in a short subject called The Big Revue ( 1929 ) , where they performed a song-and-dance number called Thats the Good Old Sunny South . This was followed by appearances in two Vitaphone shorts the following year : A Holiday in Storyland ( featuring Garlands first on-screen solo ) and The Wedding of Jack and Jill . They next appeared together in Bubbles . Their final on-screen appearance was in an MGM Technicolor short entitled La Fiesta de Santa Barbara ( 1935 ) . The trio had toured the vaudeville circuit as The Gumm Sisters for many years when they performed in Chicago at the Oriental Theater with George Jessel in 1934 . He encouraged the group to choose a more appealing name after Gumm was met with laughter from the audience . According to theater legend , their act was once erroneously billed at a Chicago theater as The Glum Sisters . Several stories persist regarding the origin of their use of the name Garland . One is that it was originated by Jessel after Carole Lombards character Lily Garland in the film Twentieth Century ( 1934 ) , which was then playing at the Oriental in Chicago ; another is that the girls chose the surname after drama critic Robert Garland . Garlands daughter Lorna Luft stated that her mother selected the name when Jessel announced that the trio looked prettier than a garland of flowers . A TV special was filmed in Hollywood at the Pantages Theatre premiere of A Star Is Born on 29 September 1954 , in which Jessel stated : A later explanation surfaced when Jessel was a guest on Garlands television show in 1963 . He said that he had sent actress Judith Anderson a telegram containing the word garland and it stuck in his mind . However , Garland asked Jessel just moments later if this story was true , and he blithely replied No . By late 1934 , the Gumm Sisters had changed their name to the Garland Sisters . Frances changed her name to Judy soon after , inspired by a popular Hoagy Carmichael song . The group broke up by August 1935 , when Suzanne Garland flew to Reno , Nevada , and married musician Lee Kahn , a member of the Jimmy Davis orchestra playing at Cal-Neva Lodge , Lake Tahoe . Signed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . In September 1935 , Louis B . Mayer asked songwriter Burton Lane to go to the Orpheum Theater in downtown Los Angeles to watch the Garland Sisters vaudeville act and to report to him . A few days later , Judy and her father were brought for an impromptu audition at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios in Culver City . Garland performed Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart and Eli , Eli , a Yiddish song written in 1896 and regularly performed in vaudeville . The studio immediately signed Garland to a contract with MGM , presumably without a screen test , though she had made a test for the studio several months earlier . The studio did not know what to do with her ; aged thirteen , she was older than the traditional child star , but too young for adult roles . Her physical appearance was a dilemma for MGM . She was only , and her cute or girl-next-door looks did not exemplify the most glamorous persona then required of leading female performers . She was self-conscious and anxious about her appearance . Judy went to school at Metro with Ava Gardner , Lana Turner , Elizabeth Taylor , real beauties , said Charles Walters , who directed her in a number of films . Judy was the big money-maker at the time , a big success , but she was the ugly duckling .. . I think it had a very damaging effect on her emotionally for a long time . I think it lasted forever , really . Her insecurity was exacerbated by the attitude of studio chief Louis B . Mayer , who referred to her as his little hunchback . During her early years at the studio , she was photographed and dressed in plain garments or frilly juvenile gowns and costumes to match the girl-next-door image created for her . They had her wear removable caps on her teeth and rubberized discs to reshape her nose . Eventually , on the set of Meet Me in St . Louis when she was 21 years old , Garland met Dotty Ponedel , a makeup artist who worked at MGM . After reviewing the additions to her look , Garland was surprised when Ponedel said that the caps and discs that Garland had been using were not needed , as she was “a pretty girl.” Ponedel became Garlands makeup artist . The work that Ponedel did on Garland for Meet Me in St . Louis made Garland so happy that Ponedel became Garlands advisor every time she worked on a film under MGM . On 16 November 1935 , 13-year-old Garland was in the midst of preparing for a radio performance on the Shell Chateau Hour when she learned that her father had been hospitalized with meningitis and had taken a turn for the worse . Frank Gumm died the following morning at age 49 , leaving her devastated . Her song for the Shell Chateau Hour was her first professional rendition of Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart , a song which became a standard in many of her concerts . Garland performed at various studio functions and was eventually cast opposite Deanna Durbin in the musical-short Every Sunday ( 1936 ) . The film contrasted her vocal range and swing style with Durbins operatic soprano and served as an extended screen test for them , as studio executives were questioning the wisdom of having two girl singers on the roster . Garland came to the attention of studio executives when she sang a special arrangement of You Made Me Love You ( I Didnt Want to Do It ) to Clark Gable at a birthday party that the studio arranged for the actor . Her rendition was so well regarded that she performed the song in the all-star extravaganza Broadway Melody of 1938 ( 1937 ) , when she sang to a photograph of him . MGM hit on a winning formula when it paired Garland with Mickey Rooney in a string of what were known as backyard musicals . The duo first appeared together as supporting characters in the B movie Thoroughbreds Dont Cry ( 1937 ) . Garland was then put in the cast of the fourth of the Hardy Family movies as a literal girl-next-door to Rooneys character Andy Hardy , in Love Finds Andy Hardy ( 1938 ) , although Hardys love interest was played by Lana Turner . They teamed as lead characters for the first time in Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) , ultimately appearing in five additional films , including Hardy films Andy Hardy Meets Debutante ( 1940 ) and Life Begins for Andy Hardy ( 1941 ) . Garland stated that she , Rooney , and other young performers were constantly prescribed amphetamines in order to stay awake and keep up with the frantic pace of making one film after another . They were also given barbiturates to take before going to bed so they could sleep . This regular use of drugs , she said , led to addiction and a life-long struggle . She later resented the hectic schedule and believed MGM stole her youth . Rooney , however , denied their studio was responsible for her addiction : Judy Garland was never given any drugs by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Mr . Mayer didnt sanction anything for Judy . No one on that lot was responsible for Judy Garlands death . Unfortunately , Judy chose that path . Garlands weight was within a healthy range , but the studio demanded she constantly diet . They even went so far as to serve her only a bowl of soup and a plate of lettuce when she ordered a regular meal . She was plagued with self-doubt throughout her life , despite successful film and recording careers , awards , critical praise , and her ability to fill concert halls worldwide . She required constant reassurance she was talented and attractive . The Wizard of Oz . In 1938 when she was sixteen , Garland was cast as the young Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , a film based on the 1900 childrens book by L . Frank Baum . In the film , she sang the song with which she would be constantly identified afterward , Over the Rainbow . Although producers Arthur Freed and Mervyn LeRoy had wanted to cast her in the role from the beginning , studio chief Mayer first tried to borrow Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox , but they declined . Deanna Durbin was then asked , but was unavailable ; this resulted in Garland being cast . Garland was initially outfitted in a blonde wig for the part , but Freed and LeRoy decided against it shortly into filming . Her blue gingham dress was chosen for its blurring effect on her figure , which made her look younger . Shooting commenced on October 13 , 1938 , and it was completed on March 16 , 1939 , with a final cost of more than US$2 million . With the conclusion of filming , MGM kept Garland busy with promotional tours and the shooting of Babes in Arms ( also 1939 ) , directed by Busby Berkeley . She and Rooney were sent on a cross-country promotional tour , culminating in the August 17 New York City premiere at the Capitol Theater , which included a five-show-a-day appearance schedule for the two stars . Reports of Garland being put on a diet consisting of cigarettes , chicken soup , and coffee are erroneous ; as clarified in the book The Road to Oz : The Evolution , Creation , and Legacy of a Motion Picture Masterpiece by Oz historians Jay Scarfone and William Stillman , at that time in her life Garland was an anti-smoker , and she was allowed solid food , just not as much as a growing teen would prefer to eat . In a further attempt to minimize her curves , her diet was accompanied by swimming and hiking outings , plus games of tennis and badminton , with her stunt double Bobbie Koshay . The Wizard of Oz was a tremendous critical success , though its high budget and promotions costs of an estimated $4 million ( equivalent to $ million in ) , coupled with the lower revenue that was generated by discounted childrens tickets , meant that the film did not return a profit until it was re-released in the 1940s and on subsequent occasions . At the 1939 Academy Awards ceremony , Garland received her only Academy Award , an Academy Juvenile Award for her performances in 1939 , including The Wizard of Oz and Babes in Arms . She was the fourth person to receive the award as well as only one of twelve in history to ever be presented with one . Adult stardom . Garland starred in three films released in 1940 : Andy Hardy Meets Debutante , Strike Up the Band , and Little Nellie Kelly . In the last , she played her first adult role , a dual role of both mother and daughter . Little Nellie Kelly was purchased from George M . Cohan as a vehicle for her to display both her audience appeal and her physical appearance . The role was a challenge for her , requiring the use of an accent , her first adult kiss , and the only death scene of her career . Her co-star George Murphy regarded the kiss as embarrassing . He said it felt like a hillbilly with a child bride . During this time , Garland was still in her teens when she experienced her first serious adult romance with bandleader Artie Shaw . She was deeply devoted to him and was devastated in early 1940 when he eloped with Lana Turner . Garland began a relationship with musician David Rose , and on her 18th birthday , he gave her an engagement ring . The studio intervened because , at the time , he was still married to actress and singer Martha Raye . They agreed to wait a year to allow for his divorce to become final . During that time , Garland had a brief affair with songwriter Johnny Mercer . After her break-up with Mercer , Garland and Rose were wed on 27 July 1941 . A true rarity is what media called it . The couple agreed to a trial separation in January 1943 , and divorced in 1944 . In 1941 , Garland had an abortion while pregnant with Roses child at the insistence of her mother and the studio since the pregnancy wasnt approved . She had a second one in 1943 when she became pregnant from her affair with Tyrone Power . In her next film , For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) , Garland performed with Gene Kelly in his first screen appearance . She was given the glamor treatment in Presenting Lily Mars ( 1943 ) , in which she was dressed in grown-up gowns . Her lightened hair was also pulled up in a stylish fashion . However , no matter how glamorous or beautiful she appeared on screen or in photographs , she was never confident in her appearance and never escaped the girl-next-door image that the studio had created for her . One of Garlands most successful films for MGM was Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , in which she introduced three standards : The Trolley Song , The Boy Next Door , and Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas . This was one of the first films in her career that gave her the opportunity to be the attractive leading lady . Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct , and he requested that make-up artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to Garland . Ponedel refined her appearance in several ways , including extending and reshaping her eyebrows , changing her hairline , modifying her lip line and removing her nose discs and dental caps . She appreciated the results so much that Ponedel was written into her contract for all her remaining pictures at MGM . At this time , Garland had a brief affair with film director Orson Welles , who at that time was married to Rita Hayworth . The affair ended in early 1945 , and they remained on good terms afterwards . During the filming of Meet Me in St . Louis , Garland and Minnelli had some initial conflict between them , but they entered into a relationship and married on 15 June 1945 . On 12 March 1946 , daughter Liza was born . The couple divorced by 1951 . The Clock ( 1945 ) was Garlands first straight dramatic film ; Robert Walker was cast in the main male role . Though the film was critically praised and earned a profit , most movie fans expected her to sing . She did not act again in a non-singing dramatic role for many years . Garlands other films of the 1940s include The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , in which she introduced the Academy Award-winning song On the Atchison , Topeka , and the Santa Fe , and Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) . Last MGM motion pictures . During filming for The Pirate in April 1948 , Garland suffered a nervous breakdown and was placed in a private sanatorium . She was able to complete filming , but in July she made her first suicide attempt , making minor cuts to her wrist with a broken glass . During this period , she spent two weeks in treatment at the Austen Riggs Center , a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . The Pirate was released in May 1948 and was the first film in which Garland had starred since The Wizard of Oz not to make a profit . The main reasons for its failure were not only its cost , but also the increasing expense of the shooting delays while Garland was ill , as well as because the general public was not yet willing to accept her in a sophisticated film . Following her work on The Pirate , she co-starred for the first and only time with Fred Astaire ( who replaced Gene Kelly after Kelly had broken his ankle ) in Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , which became her top-grossing film at MGM . Thrilled by the huge box-office receipts of Easter Parade , MGM immediately teamed Garland and Astaire in The Barkleys of Broadway . During the initial filming , Garland was taking prescription barbiturate sleeping pills along with illicitly obtained pills containing morphine . Around this time , she also developed a serious problem with alcohol . These , in combination with migraine headaches , led her to miss several shooting days in a row . After being advised by her doctor that she would only be able to work in four- to five-day increments with extended rest periods between , MGM executive Arthur Freed made the decision to suspend her on 18 July 1948 . She was replaced in the film by Ginger Rogers . When her suspension was over , she was summoned back to work and ultimately performed two songs as a guest in the Rodgers and Hart biopic Words and Music ( 1948 ) , which was her last appearance with Mickey Rooney . Despite the all-star cast , Words and Music barely broke even at the box office . Having regained her strength , as well as some needed weight during her suspension , Garland felt much better and in the fall of 1948 , she returned to MGM to replace a pregnant June Allyson for the musical film In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) co-starring Van Johnson . Although she was sometimes late arriving at the studio during the making of this picture , she managed to complete it five days ahead of schedule . Her daughter Liza made her film debut at the age of two and a half at the end of the film . In The Good Old Summertime was enormously successful at the box office . Garland was then cast in the film adaptation of Annie Get Your Gun in the title role of Annie Oakley . She was nervous at the prospect of taking on a role strongly identified with Ethel Merman , anxious about appearing in an unglamorous part after breaking from juvenile parts for several years , and disturbed by her treatment at the hands of director Busby Berkeley . Berkeley was staging all the musical numbers , and was severe with Garlands lack of effort , attitude , and enthusiasm . She complained to Mayer , trying to have Berkeley fired from the feature . She began arriving late to the set and sometimes failed to appear . At this time , she was also undergoing electroshock therapy for depression . She was fired from the picture on 10 May 1949 , and was replaced by Betty Hutton , who stepped in to perform all the musical routines as staged by Berkeley . Garland underwent an extensive hospital stay at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston , Massachusetts , in which she was weaned off her medication , and after a while , was able to eat and sleep normally . During her stay , she found solace in meeting with disabled children ; in a 1964 interview regarding issues raised in A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) and her recovery at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital , Garland had this to say : Well it helped me by just getting my mind off myself and .. . they were so delightful , they were so loving and good and I forgot about myself for a change . Garland returned to Los Angeles heavier , and in the fall of 1949 , was cast opposite Gene Kelly in Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . The film took six months to complete . To lose weight , Garland went back on the pills and the familiar pattern resurfaced . She began showing up late or not at all . When principal photography on Summer Stock was completed in the spring of 1950 , it was decided that Garland needed an additional musical number . She agreed to do it provided the song should be Get Happy . In addition , she insisted that director Charles Walters choreograph and stage the number . By that time , Garland had lost 15 pounds and looked more slender . Get Happy was the last segment of Summer Stock to be filmed . It was her final picture for MGM . When it was released in the fall of 1950 , Summer Stock drew big crowds and racked up very respectable box-office receipts , but because of the costly shooting delays caused by Garland , the film posted a loss of $80,000 to the studio . Garland was cast in the film Royal Wedding with Fred Astaire after June Allyson became pregnant in 1950 . She failed to report to the set on multiple occasions , and the studio suspended her contract on 17 June 1950 . She was replaced by Jane Powell . Reputable biographies following her death stated that after this latest dismissal , she slightly grazed her neck with a broken glass , requiring only a Band-Aid , but at the time , the public was informed that a despondent Garland had slashed her throat . All I could see ahead was more confusion , Garland later said of this suicide attempt . I wanted to black out the future as well as the past . I wanted to hurt myself and everyone who had hurt me . In September 1950 , after 15 years with the studio , Garland and MGM parted company . Later career . Appearances on Bing Crosbys radio show . Garland was a frequent guest on Kraft Music Hall , hosted by her friend Bing Crosby . Following Garlands second suicide attempt , Crosby , knowing that she was depressed and running out of money , invited her on to his radio showthe first of the new seasonon 11 October 1950 . Garland made eight appearances during the 1950–51 season of The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show , which immediately reinvigorated her career . Soon after , she toured for four months to sellout crowds in Europe . Renewed stardom on the stage . In 1951 , Garland began a four-month concert tour of Britain and Ireland , where she played to sold-out audiences throughout England , Scotland , and Ireland . The successful concert tour was the first of her many comebacks , with performances centered on songs by Al Jolson and revival of vaudevillian tradition . Garland performed complete shows as tributes to Jolson in her concerts at the London Palladium in April and at New Yorks Palace Theater later that year . Garland said after the Palladium show : I suddenly knew that this was the beginning of a new life .. . Hollywood thought I was through ; then came the wonderful opportunity to appear at the London Palladium , where I can truthfully say Judy Garland was reborn . Her appearances at the Palladium lasted for four weeks , where she received rave reviews and an ovation described by the Palladium manager as the loudest he had ever heard . Garlands engagement at the Palace Theatre in Manhattan in October 1951 exceeded all previous records for the theater and for Garland , and was called one of the greatest personal triumphs in show business history . Garland was honored with a Special Tony Award for her contribution to the revival of vaudeville . Garland divorced Minnelli that same year . On 8 June 1952 , she married Sidney Luft , her tour manager and producer , in Hollister , California . Garland gave birth to Lorna Luft , who herself became an actress and singer , on 21 November 1952 , and to Joey Luft on 29 March 1955 . Hollywood comeback . Garland appeared with James Mason in the Warner Bros . film A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) , the first remake of the 1937 film . She and Sidney Luft , her then-husband , produced the film through their production company , Transcona Enterprises , while Warner Bros . supplied finance , production facilities , and crew . Directed by George Cukor , it was a large undertaking to which she initially fully dedicated herself . As shooting progressed , however , she began making the same pleas of illness that she had so often made during her final films at MGM . Production delays led to cost overruns and angry confrontations with Warner Bros . head Jack L . Warner . Principal photography wrapped on 17 March 1954 . At Lufts suggestion , the Born in a Trunk medley was filmed as a showcase for her and inserted over director Cukors objections , who feared the additional length would lead to cuts in other areas . It was completed on 29 July . Upon its world premiere on 29 September 1954 , the film was met with critical and popular acclaim . Before its release , it was edited at the instruction of Jack Warner ; theater operators , concerned that they were losing money because they were only able to run the film for three or four shows per day instead of five or six , pressured the studio to make additional reductions . After its first-run engagements , about 30 minutes of footage were cut , sparking outrage among critics and filmgoers . Although it was still popular , drawing huge crowds and grossing over $6,000,000 in its first release , A Star is Born did not make back its cost and ended up losing money . As a result , the secure financial position Garland had expected from the profits did not materialize . Transcona made no more films with Warner . Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , and , in the run-up to the 27th Academy Awards , was generally expected to win for A Star Is Born . She could not attend the ceremony because she had just given birth to her son , Joseph Luft , so a television crew was in her hospital room with cameras and wires to broadcast her anticipated acceptance speech . The Oscar was won , however , by Grace Kelly for The Country Girl ( 1954 ) . The camera crew was packing up before Kelly could even reach the stage . Groucho Marx sent Garland a telegram after the awards ceremony , declaring her loss the biggest robbery since Brinks . Time labeled her performance as just about the greatest one-woman show in modern movie history . Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the role . Garlands films after A Star Is Born included Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) ( for which she was Oscar- and Golden Globe-nominated for Best Supporting Actress ) , the animated feature Gay Purr-ee ( 1962 ) , and A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) with Burt Lancaster . Her final film was I Could Go On Singing ( 1963 ) , co-starring Dirk Bogarde . Television , concerts , and Carnegie Hall . Garland appeared in a number of television specials beginning in 1955 . The first was the 1955 debut episode of Ford Star Jubilee ; this was the first full-scale color broadcast ever on CBS and was a ratings triumph , scoring a 34.8 Nielsen rating . She signed a three-year , $300,000 contract with the network . Only one additional special was broadcast in 1956 , a live concert-edition of General Electric Theater , before the relationship between the Lufts and CBS broke down in a dispute over the planned format of upcoming specials . In 1956 , Garland performed for four weeks at the New Frontier Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip for a salary of $55,000 per week , making her the highest-paid entertainer to work in Las Vegas . Despite a brief bout of laryngitis , where for one performance Jerry Lewis filled in for her watching from a wheelchair , her performances there were so successful that her run was extended an extra week . Later that year , she returned to the Palace Theatre , site of her two-a-day triumph . She opened in September , once again to rave reviews and popular acclaim . In November 1959 , Garland was hospitalized after she was diagnosed with acute hepatitis . Over the next few weeks , several quarts of fluid were drained from her body until she was released from the hospital in January 1960 , still in a weak condition . She was told by doctors that she likely had five years , or less , to live , and that , even if she did survive , she would be a semi-invalid and would never sing again . She initially felt greatly relieved at the diagnosis . The pressure was off me for the first time in my life . However , she recovered over the next several months , and in August of that year , returned to the stage of the Palladium . She felt so warmly embraced by the British that she announced her intention to move permanently to England . At the beginning of 1960 , Garland signed a contract with Random House to write her autobiography . The book was to be called The Judy Garland Story , and would be a collaboration with Fred F . Finklehoffe . Garland was paid an advance of $35,000 , and she and Finklehoffe recorded conversations about her life to be used in producing a manuscript . Garland would work on her autobiography on and off throughout the 1960s , but never completed it . Portions of her unfinished autobiography were included in the 2014 biography , Judy Garland on Judy Garland : Interviews and Encounters by Randy L . Schmidt . Her concert appearance at Carnegie Hall on 23 April 1961 , was a considerable highlight , called by many the greatest night in show business history . The two-record album Judy at Carnegie Hall was certified gold , charting for 95 weeks on Billboard , including 13 weeks at number one . It won four Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Best Female Vocal of the Year . The Judy Garland Show . In 1961 , Garland and CBS settled their contract disputes with the help of her new agent , Freddie Fields , and negotiated a new round of specials . The first , titled The Judy Garland Show , aired on 25 February 1962 and featured guests Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin . Following this success , CBS made a $24 million offer to her for a weekly television series of her own , also to be called The Judy Garland Show , which was deemed at the time in the press to be the biggest talent deal in TV history . Although she had said as early as 1955 that she would never do a weekly television series , in the early 1960s , she was in a financially precarious situation . She was several hundred thousand dollars in debt to the Internal Revenue Service , having failed to pay taxes in 1951 and 1952 , and the failure of A Star is Born meant that she received nothing from that investment . Following a third special , Judy Garland and Her Guests Phil Silvers and Robert Goulet , Garlands weekly series debuted 29 September 1963 . The Judy Garland Show was critically praised , but for a variety of reasons ( including being placed in the time slot opposite Bonanza on NBC ) , the show lasted only one season and was cancelled in 1964 after 26 episodes . Despite its short run , the series was nominated for four Emmy Awards , including Best Variety Series . During this time Garland had a six-month affair with actor Glenn Ford . Garlands biographer Gerald Clarke , Fords son Peter , singer Mel Tormé and her husband Sid Luft wrote about the affair in their respective biographies . The relationship began in 1963 while Garland was doing her television show . Ford would attend tapings of the show sitting in the front row while Garland sang . Ford is credited with giving Garland one of the more stable relationships of her later life . The affair was ended by Ford ( a notorious womanizer according to his son Peter ) when he realized Garland wanted to marry him . Political views . Garland was a life-long and relatively active Democrat . During her lifetime , she was a member of the Hollywood Democratic committee , and a financial and moral supporter of various causes , including the Civil Rights Movement . She donated money to the campaigns of Democratic presidential candidates Franklin D . Roosevelt , Adlai Stevenson II , John F . Kennedy , and Robert F . Kennedy , and Progressive candidate Henry A . Wallace . In September 1947 , Garland joined the Committee for the First Amendment , a group formed by Hollywood celebrities in support of the Hollywood Ten during the hearings of the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) , an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives led by J . Parnell Thomas , which was formed to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and organizations suspected of having communist ties . The Committee for the First Amendment sought to protect the civil liberties of those accused . Other members included Humphrey Bogart , Lauren Bacall , Dorothy Dandridge , John Garfield , Katharine Hepburn , Lena Horne , John Huston , Gene Kelly , and Billy Wilder . Garland took part in recording an all-star October 26 , 1947 radio broadcast , Hollywood Fights Back , during which she exhorted listeners to action : Before every free conscience in America is subpoenaed , please speak up ! Say your piece ! Write your congressman a letterair mail special . Let the Congress know what you think of its Un-American Committee . Garland was a friend of President John F . Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline Kennedy , and she often vacationed in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . The house she stayed in during her vacations in Hyannis Port is known today as The Judy Garland House because of her association with the property . Garland would call the President weekly , often ending her phone calls by singing the first few bars of Over the Rainbow . On 28 August 1963 , Garland and other prominent celebrities such as Josephine Baker , Sidney Poitier , Lena Horne , Paul Newman , Rita Moreno , and Sammy Davis , Jr . took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , a demonstration organized to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans . She had been photographed by the press in Los Angeles earlier in the month alongside Eartha Kitt , Marlon Brando , and Charlton Heston as they planned their participation in the march on the nations capital . On 16 September 1963 , Garlandalong with daughter Liza , Carolyn Jones , June Allyson , and Allysons daughter Pam Powellheld a press conference to highlight and protest the recent bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , Alabama , that resulted in the death of four young African American girls . They expressed their shock at the events and requested funds for the families of the victims . Pam Powell and Liza Minnelli both announced their intention to attend the funeral of the victims during the press conference . Final years . In 1963 , Garland sued Sidney Luft for divorce on the grounds of mental cruelty . She also asserted that he had repeatedly struck her while he was drinking and that he had even attempted to take their children from her by force . She had filed for divorce from Luft on several previous occasions , even as early as 1956 , but they had reconciled each time . After her television series was canceled , Garland returned to work on the stage . She returned to the London Palladium performing with her 18-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli in November 1964 . The concert was also shown on the British television network ITV and it was one of her final appearances at the venue . She made guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Tonight Show . Garland guest-hosted an episode of The Hollywood Palace with Vic Damone . She was invited back for a second episode in 1966 with Van Johnson as her guest . Problems with Garlands behavior ended her Hollywood Palace guest appearances . A 1964 tour of Australia ended badly . Garlands first two concerts in Sydney were held in the Sydney Stadium because no concert hall could accommodate the overflow crowds who wanted to see her . Both went well and received positive reviews . Her third performance , in Melbourne , started an hour late . The crowd of 7,000 was angered by her tardiness and believed that she was drunk ; they booed and heckled her , and she fled the stage after 45 minutes . She later characterized the Melbourne crowd as brutish . Garlands Melbourne appearance gained a negative press response . Garlands tour promoter Mark Herron announced that they had married aboard a freighter off the coast of Hong Kong . However , she was not officially divorced from Luft at the time the ceremony was performed . The divorce became final on 19 May 1965 , and she and Herron did not legally marry until 14 November 1965 ; they separated five months later . During their divorce , Garland testified that Herron had beaten her . Herron claimed that he only hit her in self defense . For much of her career throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , her husband Sidney Luft had been her manager . However , Garland eventually parted ways with Luft professionally , signing with agents Freddie Fields and David Begelman . By the fall of 1966 , Garland had also parted ways with Fields and Begelman . Fieldss and Begelmans mismanagement of Garlands money , as well as their embezzlement of much of her earnings resulted in her owing around $500,000 in total in personal debts and in debts to the IRS . The IRS placed tax liens on her home in Brentwood , Los Angeles , her recording contract with Capitol Records , and any other business dealings in which she could derive an income . Garland was left in a desperate situation that saw her sell her Brentwood home at a price far below its value . She was then cast in February 1967 in the role of Helen Lawson in Valley of the Dolls by 20th Century Fox . According to co-star Patty Duke , Garland was treated poorly by director Mark Robson on the set of Valley of the Dolls and was primarily hired so as to augment publicity for the film . After Garlands dismissal from the film , author Jacqueline Susann said in the 1967 television documentary Jacqueline Susann and the Valley of the Dolls , I think Judy will always come back . She kids about making a lot of comebacks , but I think Judy has a kind of a thing where she has to get to the bottom of the rope and things have to get very , very rough for her . Then with an amazing inner strength that only comes of a certain genius , she comes back bigger than ever . Returning to the stage , Garland made one of her last U.S . appearances at New Yorks Palace Theatre in July 1967 , a 27-show stand , performing with her children Lorna and Joey Luft . She wore a sequined pantsuit on stage for this tour , which was part of the original wardrobe for her character in Valley of the Dolls . Garland earned more than $200,000 from her final run at New Yorks Palace Theatre from her 75% share of the profits generated by her engagement there . On closing night at the Palace , federal tax agents seized the majority of her earnings . By early 1969 , Garlands health had deteriorated . She performed in London at the Talk of the Town nightclub for a five-week run in which she was paid £2,500 per week , and made her last concert appearance in Copenhagen during March 1969 . After her divorce from Herron had been finalized on February 11 , she married her fifth and final husband , nightclub manager Mickey Deans , at Chelsea Register Office , London , on March 15 . Death . On 22 June 1969 , 12 days after her 47th birthday , Deans found Garland dead in the bathroom of their rented house in Cadogan Lane , Belgravia , London . At the inquest , Coroner Gavin Thurston stated that the cause of death was an incautious self-overdosage of barbiturates ; her blood contained the equivalent of ten Seconal capsules . Thurston stressed that the overdose had been unintentional and no evidence suggested that she had died by suicide . Garlands autopsy showed no inflammation of her stomach lining and no drug residue in her stomach , which indicated that the drug had been ingested over a long period of time , rather than in a single dose . Her death certificate stated that her death was accidental . Supporting the accidental cause , Garlands physician noted that a prescription of 25 barbiturate pills was found by her bedside half-empty and another bottle of 100 barbiturate pills was still unopened . A British specialist who had attended Garlands autopsy stated that she had nevertheless been living on borrowed time owing to cirrhosis , although a second autopsy conducted later reported no evidence of alcoholism or cirrhosis . Her Wizard of Oz co-star Ray Bolger commented at her funeral , She just plain wore out . Forensic pathologist Jason Payne-James believed that Garland had an eating disorder ( psychologist Linda Papadopoulos asserted that it was likely bulimia ) , which contributed to her death . After Garlands body had been embalmed , Deans traveled with her remains to New York City on 26 June , where an estimated 20,000 people lined up to pay their respects at the Frank E . Campbell Funeral Chapel in Manhattan , which remained open all night long to accommodate the overflowing crowd . On 27 June , James Mason gave a eulogy at the funeral , an Episcopal service led by the Rev . Peter Delaney of St Marylebone Parish Church , London , who had officiated at her marriage to Deans , three months earlier . Judys great gift , Mason said in his eulogy , was that she could wring tears out of hearts of rock.. . She gave so richly and so generously , that there was no currency in which to repay her . The public and press were barred . She was interred in a crypt in the community mausoleum at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale , New York , a small town north of midtown Manhattan . Upon Garlands death , despite having earned millions during her career , her estate came to ( ) . Years of mismanagement of her financial affairs by her representatives and staff along with her generosity toward her family and various causes resulted in her poor financial situation at the end of her life . In her last will , signed and sealed in early 1961 , Garland made many generous bequests that could not be fulfilled because her estate had been in debt for many years . Her daughter , Liza Minnelli , worked to pay off her mothers debts with the help of family friend Frank Sinatra . In 1978 , a selection of Garlands personal items were auctioned off by her ex-husband Sidney Luft with the support of their daughter Lorna and their son Joe . Almost 500 items , ranging from copper cookware to musical arrangements , were offered for sale . The auction raised ( ) for her heirs . At the request of her children , Garlands remains were disinterred from Ferncliff Cemetery in January 2017 and re-interred across the country at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles . Artistry . Garland possessed a contralto vocal range . Her singing voice has been described as brassy , powerful , effortless and resonant , often demonstrating a tremulous , powerful vibrato . Although her range was comparatively limited , Garland was capable of alternating between female and male-sounding timbres with little effort . The Richmond Times-Dispatch correspondent Tony Farrell wrote she possessed a deep , velvety contralto voice that could turn on a dime to belt out the high notes , while Ron OBrien , producer of tribute album The Definitive Collection – Judy Garland ( 2006 ) , wrote the singers combination of natural phrasing , elegant delivery , mature pathos and powerful dramatic dynamics she brings to .. . songs make her [ renditions ] the definitive interpretations . The Huffington Post writer Joan E . Dowlin called the period of Garlands music career between 1937 and 1945 the innocent years , during which the critic believes the singers voice was vibrant and her musical expression exuberant , taking note of its resonance and distinct , rich yet sweet quality that grabs you and pulls you in . Garlands voice would often vary to suit the song she was interpreting , ranging from soft , engaging and tender during ballads to humorous on some of her duets with other artists . Her more joyful , belted performances have been compared to entertainers Sophie Tucker , Ethel Merman , and Al Jolson . Although her musical repertoire consisted largely of cast recordings , show tunes and traditional pop standards , Garland was also capable of singing soul , blues , and jazz music , which Dowlin compared to singer Elvis Presley . Garland always claimed that her talent as a performer was inherited , saying : Nobody ever taught me what to do onstage . Critics agree that , even when she debuted as a child , Garland had always sounded mature for her age , particularly on her earlier recordings . From an early age , Garland had been billed as the little girl with the leather lungs , a designation the singer later admitted to having felt humiliated by because she would have much preferred to have been known to audiences as a pretty or nice little girl . Jessel recalled that , even at only 12 years old , Garlands singing voice resembled that of a woman with a heart that had been hurt . The Kansas City Star contributor Robert Trussel cited Garlands singing voice among the reasons why her role in The Wizard of Oz remains memorable , writing that although She might have been made up and costumed to look like a little girl .. . she didnt sing like one due to her powerful contralto command [ ing ] attention . Camille Paglia , writing for The New York Times , joked that even in Garlands adult life , her petite frame literally throbbed with her huge voice , making it appear as though she were at war with her own body . Theater actress and director Donna Thomason stated that Garland was an effective performer because she was capable of using her singing voice [ as ] a natural extension of [ her ] speaking voice , a skill that Thomason believes all musical theater actors should at least strive to achieve . Trussel agreed that Garlands singing voice sounded utterly natural . It never seemed forced or overly trained . Writing for Turner Classic Movies , biographer Jonathan Riggs observed that Garland had a tendency to imbue her vocals with a paradoxical combination of fragility and resilience that eventually became a signature trademark of hers . Louis Bayard of The Washington Post described Garlands voice as throbbing , believing it to be capable of connect [ ing ] with [ audiences ] in a way no other voice does . Bayard also believes that listeners find it hard to disentwine the sorrow in her voice from the sorrow that dogged her life , while Dowlin argued that , Listening to Judy sing .. . makes me forget all of the angst and suffering she must have endured . The New York Times obituarist in 1969 observed that Garland , whether intentionally or not , brought with her .. . all the well-publicized phantoms of her emotional breakdown , her career collapses and comebacks on stage during later performances . The same writer said that Garlands voice changed and lost some of its quality as she aged , although she retained much of her personality . Contributing to the Irish Independent , Julia Molony observed Garlands voice , although still rich with emotion , had finally begun to creak with the weight of years of disappointment and hard-living by the time she performed at Carnegie Hall in 1961 . Similarly , the live records entry in the Library of Congress wrote that while her voice was still strong , it had also gained a bit of heft and a bit of wear ; author Cary ODell believes Garlands rasp and occasional quiver only upped the emotional quotient of many of her numbers , particularly on her signature songs Over the Rainbow and The Man That Got Away . Garland stated that she always felt most safe and at home while performing onstage , regardless of the condition of her voice . Her musical talent has been commended by her peers ; opera singer Maria Callas once said that Garland possessed the most superb voice she had ever heard , while singer and actor Bing Crosby said that no other singer could be compared to her when Garland was rested . Garland was known for interacting with her audiences during live performances ; The New York Times obituarist wrote that Garland possessed a seemingly unquenchable need for her audiences to respond with acclaim and affection . And often , they did , screaming , We love you , Judy – we love you . Garland herself explained in 1961 : A really great reception makes me feel like I have a great big warm heating pad all over me .. . I truly have a great love for an audience , and I used to want to prove it to them by giving them blood . But I have a funny new thing now , a real determination to make people enjoy the show . The New York Times writer described her as both an instinctive actress and comedienne . The anonymous contributor commented that Garlands performance style resembled that of a music hall performer in an era when music halls were obsolete . Close friends of Garlands insisted that she never truly wanted to be a movie star and would have much rather devoted her career entirely to singing and recording records . AllMusic biographer William Ruhlmann believes that Garlands ability to maintain a successful career as a recording artist even after her film appearances became less frequent was unusual for an artist at the time . Garland has been identified as a triple threat due to her ability to sing , act , and dance , arguably equally well . Doug Strassler , a critic for the New York Press , described Garland as a triple threat who bounced between family musicals and adult dramas with a precision and a talent that remains largely unmatched . In terms of acting , Peter Lennon , writing for The Guardian in 1999 , identified Garland as a chameleon due to her ability to alternate between comedic , musical and dramatic roles , citing The Wizard of Oz , The Clock , A Star is Born and I Could Go On Singing – her final film role – as prominent examples . Michael Musto , a journalist for W magazine , wrote that in her film roles Garland could project decency , vulnerability , and spunk like no other star , and she wrapped it up with a tremulously beautiful vocal delivery that could melt even the most hardened troll . Discography . Studio albums - The Judy Garland Souvenir Album ( 1940 ) - Second Souvenir Album ( 1943 ) - Miss Show Business ( 1955 ) - Judy ( 1956 ) - Alone ( 1957 ) - Judy in Love ( 1958 ) - The Letter ( 1959 ) - Thats Entertainment ! ( 1960 ) - The Garland Touch ( 1962 ) Public image and reputation . Garland was nearly as famous for her personal struggles in everyday life as she was for her entertainment career . She has been closely associated with her carefully cultivated girl next door image . Early in her career during the 1930s , Garlands public image had earned her the title Americas favorite kid sister , as well as the title Little Miss Showbusiness . In a review for the Star Tribune , Graydon Royce wrote that Garlands public image remained that of a Midwestern girl who couldnt believe where she was , despite having been a well-established celebrity for over 20 years . Royce believes that fans and audiences insisted on preserving their memory of Garland as Dorothy no matter how much she matured , calling her a captive not of her own desire to stay young , but a captive of the publics desire to preserve her that way . Thus , the studio continued to cast Garland in roles that were significantly younger than her actual age . According to Malony , Garland was one of Hollywoods hardest-working performers during the 1940s , which Malony claims she used as a coping mechanism after her first marriage imploded . However , studio employees recall that Garland had a tendency to be quite intense , headstrong and volatile ; Judy Garland : The Secret Life of an American Legend author David Shipman claims that several individuals were frustrated by Garlands narcissism and growing instability , while millions of fans found her public demeanor and psychological state to be fragile , appearing neurotic in interviews . MGM reports that Garland was consistently tardy and demonstrated erratic behavior , which resulted in several delays and disruptions to filming schedules until she was finally dismissed from the studio , which had deemed her unreliable and difficult to manage . Farrell called Garland A grab bag of contradictions which has always been a feast for the American imagination , describing her public persona as awkward yet direct , bashful yet brash . Describing the singer as Tender and endearing yet savage and turbulent , Paglia wrote that Garland cut a path of destruction through many lives . And out of that chaos , she made art of still-searing intensity . Calling her a creature of extremes , greedy , sensual , and demanding , gluttonous for pleasure and pain , Paglia also compared Garland to entertainer Frank Sinatra due to their shared emblematic personality .. . into whom the mass audience projected its hopes and disappointments , while observing that she lacked Sinatras survival skills . Despite her success as a performer , Garland suffered from low self-esteem , particularly with regard to her weight , which she constantly dieted to maintain at the behest of the studio and Mayer ; critics and historians believe this was a result of having been told that she was an ugly duckling by studio executives . Entertainment Weekly columnist Gene Lyons observed that both audiences and fellow members of the entertainment industry tended either to love her or to hate her . At one point , Stevie Phillips , who had worked as an agent for Garland for four years , described her client as a demented , demanding , supremely talented drug-addict . Royce argues that Garland maintained astonishing strength and courage , even during difficult times . English actor Dirk Bogarde once called Garland the funniest woman I have ever met . Ruhlmann wrote that the singers personal life contrasted so starkly with the exuberance and innocence of her film roles . Despite her personal struggles , Garland disagreed with the publics opinion that she was a tragic figure . Her younger daughter Lorna agreed that Garland hated being referred to as a tragic figure , explaining , We all have tragedies in our lives , but that does not make us tragic . She was funny and she was warm and she was wonderfully gifted . She had great highs and great moments in her career . She also had great moments in her personal life . Yes , we lost her at 47 years old . That was tragic . But she was not a tragic figure . Ruhlmann argues that Garland actually used the publics opinion of her tragic image to her advantage towards the end of her career . Legacy . By the time of her death in 1969 , Garland had appeared in more than 35 films . She has been called one of the greats of entertainment , and her reputation has endured . In 1992 , Gerald Clarke of Architectural Digest dubbed Garland probably the greatest American entertainer of the twentieth century . OBrien believes that No one in the history of Hollywood ever packed the musical wallop that Garland did , explaining , She had the biggest , most versatile voice in movies . Her Technicolor musicals.. . defined the genre . The songs she introduced were Oscar gold . Her film career frames the Golden Age of Hollywood musicals . Turner Classic Movies dubbed Garland historys most poignant voice . Entertainment Weeklys Gene Lyons dubbed Garland the Madonna of her generation . The American Film Institute named her eighth among the Greatest female stars of Golden Age Hollywood cinema . In June 1998 , in The New York Times , Camille Paglia wrote that , Garland was a personality on the grand scale who makes our current crop of pop stars look lightweight and evanescent . In recent years , Garlands legacy has maintained fans of all different ages , both younger and older . In 2010 , The Huffington Post contributor Joan E . Dowlin concluded that Garland possessed a distinct it quality by exemplif [ ying ] the star quality of charisma , musical talent , natural acting ability , and , despite what the studio honchos said , good looks ( even if they were the girl next door looks ) . AllMusics biographer William Ruhlmann said that the core of her significance as an artist remains her amazing voice and emotional commitment to her songs , and believes that her career is sometimes viewed more as an object lesson in Hollywood excess than as the remarkable string of multimedia accomplishments it was . In 2012 , Strassler described Garland as more than an icon.. . Like Charlie Chaplin and Lucille Ball , she created a template that the powers that be have forever been trying , with varied levels of success , to replicate . Garlands live performances towards the end of her career are still remembered by fans who attended them as peak moments in 20th-century music . She has been the subject of over thirty biographies since her death , including the well-received by her daughter , Lorna Luft , whose memoir was later adapted into the television miniseries , which won Emmy Awards for the two actresses who portrayed her ( Tammy Blanchard and Judy Davis ) . Strassler observed that Garland created one of the most storied cautionary tales in the industry , thanks to her the many excesses and insecurities that led to her early death by overdose . Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997 . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . These include Over the Rainbow , which was ranked as the number one movie song of all time in the American Film Institutes 100 Years...100 Songs list . Four more Garland songs are featured on the list : Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ( No . 76 ) , Get Happy ( No . 61 ) , The Trolley Song ( No . 26 ) , and The Man That Got Away ( No . 11 ) . She has twice been honored on U.S . postage stamps , in 1989 ( as Dorothy ) and again in 2006 ( as Vicki Lester from A Star Is Born ) . While on tour in 1964 , Garland identified Over the Rainbow as her favorite of all the songs she had ever recorded , to which Trussel observed that Her career would remain inextricably linked . Garland would frequently use an overture from Over the Rainbow as her entrance music during concerts and television appearances . According to Paglia , the more Garland performed Over the Rainbow , the more it became her tragic anthem .. . a dirge for artistic opportunities squandered , and for personal happiness permanently deferred . In 1998 , Carnegie Hall hosted a two-concert tribute to Garland , which they promoted as a tribute to the worlds greatest entertainer . Garlands work has influenced several entertainers including LeAnn Rimes , Kim Petras , Ariana Grande , Sam Smith , Ben Platt , Rufus Wainwright , Richard Glazier , Megan Fox , Janelle Monáe , Marlee Matlin , Claire Danes , Renée Zellweger and Anne Hathaway . Subsequent celebrities who have suffered from personal struggles with drug addiction and substance use disorder have been compared to Garland , particularly Michael Jackson . Garlands elder daughter Liza Minnelli had a personal life that was almost parallel to that of her mothers , having struggled with substance use disorder and several unsuccessful marriages . Paglia observed that actress Marilyn Monroe would exhibit behavior which was similar to that which Garland had exhibited a decade earlier in Meet Me in St . Louis , particularly tardiness . Judy Garland was among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Gay icon . Garland had a large fan base in the gay community and became a gay icon . Reasons given for her standing among gay men are the admiration of her ability as a performer , the way her personal struggles mirrored those of gay men in the United States during the height of her fame , and her value as a camp figure . In the 1960s , a reporter asked how she felt about having a large gay following . She replied , I couldnt care less . I sing to people ! Portrayals in fiction . Garland has been portrayed on television by Andrea McArdle in Rainbow ( 1978 ) , Tammy Blanchard ( young Judy ) and Judy Davis ( older Judy ) in ( 2001 ) , and Sigrid Thornton in ( 2015 ) . Harvey Weinstein optioned , and a stage show and film based on it were slated to star Anne Hathaway . Renée Zellweger portrayed Garland in the biopic Judy ( 2019 ) , and won the Academy Award for Best Actress . On stage , Garland is a character in the musical The Boy from Oz ( 1998 ) , portrayed by Chrissy Amphlett in the original Australian production and by Isabel Keating on Broadway in 2003 . End of the Rainbow ( 2005 ) featured Caroline OConnor as Garland and Paul Goddard as Garlands pianist . Adrienne Barbeau played Garland in The Property Known as Garland ( 2006 ) and The Judy Monologues ( 2010 ) initially featured male actors reciting Garlands words before it was revamped as a one-woman show . In music , Garland is referenced in the 1992 Tori Amos song Happy Phantom , in which Garland is imagined to be taking Buddha by the hand . Amos also refers to Garland as Judy G in her 1996 song Not the Red Baron .
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Judy Garland Judy Garland ( born Frances Ethel Gumm ; June 10 , 1922 – June 22 , 1969 ) was an American actress , singer , vaudevillian , and dancer . With a career spanning 45 years , she attained international stardom as an actress in both musical and dramatic roles , as a recording artist , and on the concert stage . Renowned for her versatility , she received an Academy Juvenile Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Special Tony Award . Garland was the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , which she won for her 1961 live recording titled Judy at Carnegie Hall . Garland began performing in vaudeville as a child with her two older sisters and was later signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager . She appeared in more than two dozen films for MGM and is remembered for portraying Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Garland was a frequent on-screen partner of both Mickey Rooney and Gene Kelly and regularly collaborated with director and second husband Vincente Minnelli . Other starring roles during this period included Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , and Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . In 1950 , after 15 years with MGM , the studio released her amid a series of personal struggles that prevented her from fulfilling the terms of her contract . Although her film career became intermittent thereafter , two of Garlands most critically acclaimed roles came later in her career : she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) . She also made record-breaking concert appearances , released eight studio albums , and hosted her own Emmy-nominated television series , The Judy Garland Show ( 1963–1964 ) . At age 39 , Garland became the youngest and first female recipient of the Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry . In 1997 , Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and in 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked her as the eighth-greatest female screen legend of classic Hollywood cinema . Garland struggled in her personal life from an early age . The pressures of early stardom affected her physical and mental health from the time she was a teenager ; her self-image was influenced by constant criticism from film executives who believed that she was physically unattractive and who manipulated her onscreen physical appearance . Throughout her adulthood she was plagued by alcohol and substance use disorders , as well as financial instability , often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes . Her lifelong struggle with substance use disorder ultimately led to her death in London from an accidental barbiturate overdose at age 47 . Early life . Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on 10 June 1922 , in Grand Rapids , Minnesota . She was the youngest child of Ethel Marion ( Milne ; 1893–1953 ) and Francis Avent Frank Gumm ( 1886–1935 ) . Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie theater that featured vaudeville acts . She was of Irish , English , Scottish , and French Huguenot ancestry , named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church . Baby ( as she was called by her parents and sisters ) shared her familys flair for song and dance . Her first appearance came at the age of two , when she joined her elder sisters Mary Jane Suzy/Suzanne Gumm ( 1915–64 ) and Dorothy Virginia Jimmie Gumm ( 1917–77 ) on the stage of her fathers movie theater during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of Jingle Bells . The Gumm Sisters performed there for the next few years , accompanied by their mother on piano . The family relocated to Lancaster , California , in June 1926 , following rumors that her father had homosexual inclinations . Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster , and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures . Early career . The Gumm/Garland Sisters . In 1928 , the Gumm Sisters enrolled in a dance school run by Ethel Meglin , proprietress of the Meglin Kiddies dance troupe . They appeared with the troupe at its annual Christmas show . Through the Meglin Kiddies , they made their film debut in a short subject called The Big Revue ( 1929 ) , where they performed a song-and-dance number called Thats the Good Old Sunny South . This was followed by appearances in two Vitaphone shorts the following year : A Holiday in Storyland ( featuring Garlands first on-screen solo ) and The Wedding of Jack and Jill . They next appeared together in Bubbles . Their final on-screen appearance was in an MGM Technicolor short entitled La Fiesta de Santa Barbara ( 1935 ) . The trio had toured the vaudeville circuit as The Gumm Sisters for many years when they performed in Chicago at the Oriental Theater with George Jessel in 1934 . He encouraged the group to choose a more appealing name after Gumm was met with laughter from the audience . According to theater legend , their act was once erroneously billed at a Chicago theater as The Glum Sisters . Several stories persist regarding the origin of their use of the name Garland . One is that it was originated by Jessel after Carole Lombards character Lily Garland in the film Twentieth Century ( 1934 ) , which was then playing at the Oriental in Chicago ; another is that the girls chose the surname after drama critic Robert Garland . Garlands daughter Lorna Luft stated that her mother selected the name when Jessel announced that the trio looked prettier than a garland of flowers . A TV special was filmed in Hollywood at the Pantages Theatre premiere of A Star Is Born on 29 September 1954 , in which Jessel stated : A later explanation surfaced when Jessel was a guest on Garlands television show in 1963 . He said that he had sent actress Judith Anderson a telegram containing the word garland and it stuck in his mind . However , Garland asked Jessel just moments later if this story was true , and he blithely replied No . By late 1934 , the Gumm Sisters had changed their name to the Garland Sisters . Frances changed her name to Judy soon after , inspired by a popular Hoagy Carmichael song . The group broke up by August 1935 , when Suzanne Garland flew to Reno , Nevada , and married musician Lee Kahn , a member of the Jimmy Davis orchestra playing at Cal-Neva Lodge , Lake Tahoe . Signed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . In September 1935 , Louis B . Mayer asked songwriter Burton Lane to go to the Orpheum Theater in downtown Los Angeles to watch the Garland Sisters vaudeville act and to report to him . A few days later , Judy and her father were brought for an impromptu audition at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios in Culver City . Garland performed Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart and Eli , Eli , a Yiddish song written in 1896 and regularly performed in vaudeville . The studio immediately signed Garland to a contract with MGM , presumably without a screen test , though she had made a test for the studio several months earlier . The studio did not know what to do with her ; aged thirteen , she was older than the traditional child star , but too young for adult roles . Her physical appearance was a dilemma for MGM . She was only , and her cute or girl-next-door looks did not exemplify the most glamorous persona then required of leading female performers . She was self-conscious and anxious about her appearance . Judy went to school at Metro with Ava Gardner , Lana Turner , Elizabeth Taylor , real beauties , said Charles Walters , who directed her in a number of films . Judy was the big money-maker at the time , a big success , but she was the ugly duckling .. . I think it had a very damaging effect on her emotionally for a long time . I think it lasted forever , really . Her insecurity was exacerbated by the attitude of studio chief Louis B . Mayer , who referred to her as his little hunchback . During her early years at the studio , she was photographed and dressed in plain garments or frilly juvenile gowns and costumes to match the girl-next-door image created for her . They had her wear removable caps on her teeth and rubberized discs to reshape her nose . Eventually , on the set of Meet Me in St . Louis when she was 21 years old , Garland met Dotty Ponedel , a makeup artist who worked at MGM . After reviewing the additions to her look , Garland was surprised when Ponedel said that the caps and discs that Garland had been using were not needed , as she was “a pretty girl.” Ponedel became Garlands makeup artist . The work that Ponedel did on Garland for Meet Me in St . Louis made Garland so happy that Ponedel became Garlands advisor every time she worked on a film under MGM . On 16 November 1935 , 13-year-old Garland was in the midst of preparing for a radio performance on the Shell Chateau Hour when she learned that her father had been hospitalized with meningitis and had taken a turn for the worse . Frank Gumm died the following morning at age 49 , leaving her devastated . Her song for the Shell Chateau Hour was her first professional rendition of Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart , a song which became a standard in many of her concerts . Garland performed at various studio functions and was eventually cast opposite Deanna Durbin in the musical-short Every Sunday ( 1936 ) . The film contrasted her vocal range and swing style with Durbins operatic soprano and served as an extended screen test for them , as studio executives were questioning the wisdom of having two girl singers on the roster . Garland came to the attention of studio executives when she sang a special arrangement of You Made Me Love You ( I Didnt Want to Do It ) to Clark Gable at a birthday party that the studio arranged for the actor . Her rendition was so well regarded that she performed the song in the all-star extravaganza Broadway Melody of 1938 ( 1937 ) , when she sang to a photograph of him . MGM hit on a winning formula when it paired Garland with Mickey Rooney in a string of what were known as backyard musicals . The duo first appeared together as supporting characters in the B movie Thoroughbreds Dont Cry ( 1937 ) . Garland was then put in the cast of the fourth of the Hardy Family movies as a literal girl-next-door to Rooneys character Andy Hardy , in Love Finds Andy Hardy ( 1938 ) , although Hardys love interest was played by Lana Turner . They teamed as lead characters for the first time in Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) , ultimately appearing in five additional films , including Hardy films Andy Hardy Meets Debutante ( 1940 ) and Life Begins for Andy Hardy ( 1941 ) . Garland stated that she , Rooney , and other young performers were constantly prescribed amphetamines in order to stay awake and keep up with the frantic pace of making one film after another . They were also given barbiturates to take before going to bed so they could sleep . This regular use of drugs , she said , led to addiction and a life-long struggle . She later resented the hectic schedule and believed MGM stole her youth . Rooney , however , denied their studio was responsible for her addiction : Judy Garland was never given any drugs by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Mr . Mayer didnt sanction anything for Judy . No one on that lot was responsible for Judy Garlands death . Unfortunately , Judy chose that path . Garlands weight was within a healthy range , but the studio demanded she constantly diet . They even went so far as to serve her only a bowl of soup and a plate of lettuce when she ordered a regular meal . She was plagued with self-doubt throughout her life , despite successful film and recording careers , awards , critical praise , and her ability to fill concert halls worldwide . She required constant reassurance she was talented and attractive . The Wizard of Oz . In 1938 when she was sixteen , Garland was cast as the young Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , a film based on the 1900 childrens book by L . Frank Baum . In the film , she sang the song with which she would be constantly identified afterward , Over the Rainbow . Although producers Arthur Freed and Mervyn LeRoy had wanted to cast her in the role from the beginning , studio chief Mayer first tried to borrow Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox , but they declined . Deanna Durbin was then asked , but was unavailable ; this resulted in Garland being cast . Garland was initially outfitted in a blonde wig for the part , but Freed and LeRoy decided against it shortly into filming . Her blue gingham dress was chosen for its blurring effect on her figure , which made her look younger . Shooting commenced on October 13 , 1938 , and it was completed on March 16 , 1939 , with a final cost of more than US$2 million . With the conclusion of filming , MGM kept Garland busy with promotional tours and the shooting of Babes in Arms ( also 1939 ) , directed by Busby Berkeley . She and Rooney were sent on a cross-country promotional tour , culminating in the August 17 New York City premiere at the Capitol Theater , which included a five-show-a-day appearance schedule for the two stars . Reports of Garland being put on a diet consisting of cigarettes , chicken soup , and coffee are erroneous ; as clarified in the book The Road to Oz : The Evolution , Creation , and Legacy of a Motion Picture Masterpiece by Oz historians Jay Scarfone and William Stillman , at that time in her life Garland was an anti-smoker , and she was allowed solid food , just not as much as a growing teen would prefer to eat . In a further attempt to minimize her curves , her diet was accompanied by swimming and hiking outings , plus games of tennis and badminton , with her stunt double Bobbie Koshay . The Wizard of Oz was a tremendous critical success , though its high budget and promotions costs of an estimated $4 million ( equivalent to $ million in ) , coupled with the lower revenue that was generated by discounted childrens tickets , meant that the film did not return a profit until it was re-released in the 1940s and on subsequent occasions . At the 1939 Academy Awards ceremony , Garland received her only Academy Award , an Academy Juvenile Award for her performances in 1939 , including The Wizard of Oz and Babes in Arms . She was the fourth person to receive the award as well as only one of twelve in history to ever be presented with one . Adult stardom . Garland starred in three films released in 1940 : Andy Hardy Meets Debutante , Strike Up the Band , and Little Nellie Kelly . In the last , she played her first adult role , a dual role of both mother and daughter . Little Nellie Kelly was purchased from George M . Cohan as a vehicle for her to display both her audience appeal and her physical appearance . The role was a challenge for her , requiring the use of an accent , her first adult kiss , and the only death scene of her career . Her co-star George Murphy regarded the kiss as embarrassing . He said it felt like a hillbilly with a child bride . During this time , Garland was still in her teens when she experienced her first serious adult romance with bandleader Artie Shaw . She was deeply devoted to him and was devastated in early 1940 when he eloped with Lana Turner . Garland began a relationship with musician David Rose , and on her 18th birthday , he gave her an engagement ring . The studio intervened because , at the time , he was still married to actress and singer Martha Raye . They agreed to wait a year to allow for his divorce to become final . During that time , Garland had a brief affair with songwriter Johnny Mercer . After her break-up with Mercer , Garland and Rose were wed on 27 July 1941 . A true rarity is what media called it . The couple agreed to a trial separation in January 1943 , and divorced in 1944 . In 1941 , Garland had an abortion while pregnant with Roses child at the insistence of her mother and the studio since the pregnancy wasnt approved . She had a second one in 1943 when she became pregnant from her affair with Tyrone Power . In her next film , For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) , Garland performed with Gene Kelly in his first screen appearance . She was given the glamor treatment in Presenting Lily Mars ( 1943 ) , in which she was dressed in grown-up gowns . Her lightened hair was also pulled up in a stylish fashion . However , no matter how glamorous or beautiful she appeared on screen or in photographs , she was never confident in her appearance and never escaped the girl-next-door image that the studio had created for her . One of Garlands most successful films for MGM was Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , in which she introduced three standards : The Trolley Song , The Boy Next Door , and Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas . This was one of the first films in her career that gave her the opportunity to be the attractive leading lady . Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct , and he requested that make-up artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to Garland . Ponedel refined her appearance in several ways , including extending and reshaping her eyebrows , changing her hairline , modifying her lip line and removing her nose discs and dental caps . She appreciated the results so much that Ponedel was written into her contract for all her remaining pictures at MGM . At this time , Garland had a brief affair with film director Orson Welles , who at that time was married to Rita Hayworth . The affair ended in early 1945 , and they remained on good terms afterwards . During the filming of Meet Me in St . Louis , Garland and Minnelli had some initial conflict between them , but they entered into a relationship and married on 15 June 1945 . On 12 March 1946 , daughter Liza was born . The couple divorced by 1951 . The Clock ( 1945 ) was Garlands first straight dramatic film ; Robert Walker was cast in the main male role . Though the film was critically praised and earned a profit , most movie fans expected her to sing . She did not act again in a non-singing dramatic role for many years . Garlands other films of the 1940s include The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , in which she introduced the Academy Award-winning song On the Atchison , Topeka , and the Santa Fe , and Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) . Last MGM motion pictures . During filming for The Pirate in April 1948 , Garland suffered a nervous breakdown and was placed in a private sanatorium . She was able to complete filming , but in July she made her first suicide attempt , making minor cuts to her wrist with a broken glass . During this period , she spent two weeks in treatment at the Austen Riggs Center , a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . The Pirate was released in May 1948 and was the first film in which Garland had starred since The Wizard of Oz not to make a profit . The main reasons for its failure were not only its cost , but also the increasing expense of the shooting delays while Garland was ill , as well as because the general public was not yet willing to accept her in a sophisticated film . Following her work on The Pirate , she co-starred for the first and only time with Fred Astaire ( who replaced Gene Kelly after Kelly had broken his ankle ) in Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , which became her top-grossing film at MGM . Thrilled by the huge box-office receipts of Easter Parade , MGM immediately teamed Garland and Astaire in The Barkleys of Broadway . During the initial filming , Garland was taking prescription barbiturate sleeping pills along with illicitly obtained pills containing morphine . Around this time , she also developed a serious problem with alcohol . These , in combination with migraine headaches , led her to miss several shooting days in a row . After being advised by her doctor that she would only be able to work in four- to five-day increments with extended rest periods between , MGM executive Arthur Freed made the decision to suspend her on 18 July 1948 . She was replaced in the film by Ginger Rogers . When her suspension was over , she was summoned back to work and ultimately performed two songs as a guest in the Rodgers and Hart biopic Words and Music ( 1948 ) , which was her last appearance with Mickey Rooney . Despite the all-star cast , Words and Music barely broke even at the box office . Having regained her strength , as well as some needed weight during her suspension , Garland felt much better and in the fall of 1948 , she returned to MGM to replace a pregnant June Allyson for the musical film In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) co-starring Van Johnson . Although she was sometimes late arriving at the studio during the making of this picture , she managed to complete it five days ahead of schedule . Her daughter Liza made her film debut at the age of two and a half at the end of the film . In The Good Old Summertime was enormously successful at the box office . Garland was then cast in the film adaptation of Annie Get Your Gun in the title role of Annie Oakley . She was nervous at the prospect of taking on a role strongly identified with Ethel Merman , anxious about appearing in an unglamorous part after breaking from juvenile parts for several years , and disturbed by her treatment at the hands of director Busby Berkeley . Berkeley was staging all the musical numbers , and was severe with Garlands lack of effort , attitude , and enthusiasm . She complained to Mayer , trying to have Berkeley fired from the feature . She began arriving late to the set and sometimes failed to appear . At this time , she was also undergoing electroshock therapy for depression . She was fired from the picture on 10 May 1949 , and was replaced by Betty Hutton , who stepped in to perform all the musical routines as staged by Berkeley . Garland underwent an extensive hospital stay at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston , Massachusetts , in which she was weaned off her medication , and after a while , was able to eat and sleep normally . During her stay , she found solace in meeting with disabled children ; in a 1964 interview regarding issues raised in A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) and her recovery at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital , Garland had this to say : Well it helped me by just getting my mind off myself and .. . they were so delightful , they were so loving and good and I forgot about myself for a change . Garland returned to Los Angeles heavier , and in the fall of 1949 , was cast opposite Gene Kelly in Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . The film took six months to complete . To lose weight , Garland went back on the pills and the familiar pattern resurfaced . She began showing up late or not at all . When principal photography on Summer Stock was completed in the spring of 1950 , it was decided that Garland needed an additional musical number . She agreed to do it provided the song should be Get Happy . In addition , she insisted that director Charles Walters choreograph and stage the number . By that time , Garland had lost 15 pounds and looked more slender . Get Happy was the last segment of Summer Stock to be filmed . It was her final picture for MGM . When it was released in the fall of 1950 , Summer Stock drew big crowds and racked up very respectable box-office receipts , but because of the costly shooting delays caused by Garland , the film posted a loss of $80,000 to the studio . Garland was cast in the film Royal Wedding with Fred Astaire after June Allyson became pregnant in 1950 . She failed to report to the set on multiple occasions , and the studio suspended her contract on 17 June 1950 . She was replaced by Jane Powell . Reputable biographies following her death stated that after this latest dismissal , she slightly grazed her neck with a broken glass , requiring only a Band-Aid , but at the time , the public was informed that a despondent Garland had slashed her throat . All I could see ahead was more confusion , Garland later said of this suicide attempt . I wanted to black out the future as well as the past . I wanted to hurt myself and everyone who had hurt me . In September 1950 , after 15 years with the studio , Garland and MGM parted company . Later career . Appearances on Bing Crosbys radio show . Garland was a frequent guest on Kraft Music Hall , hosted by her friend Bing Crosby . Following Garlands second suicide attempt , Crosby , knowing that she was depressed and running out of money , invited her on to his radio showthe first of the new seasonon 11 October 1950 . Garland made eight appearances during the 1950–51 season of The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show , which immediately reinvigorated her career . Soon after , she toured for four months to sellout crowds in Europe . Renewed stardom on the stage . In 1951 , Garland began a four-month concert tour of Britain and Ireland , where she played to sold-out audiences throughout England , Scotland , and Ireland . The successful concert tour was the first of her many comebacks , with performances centered on songs by Al Jolson and revival of vaudevillian tradition . Garland performed complete shows as tributes to Jolson in her concerts at the London Palladium in April and at New Yorks Palace Theater later that year . Garland said after the Palladium show : I suddenly knew that this was the beginning of a new life .. . Hollywood thought I was through ; then came the wonderful opportunity to appear at the London Palladium , where I can truthfully say Judy Garland was reborn . Her appearances at the Palladium lasted for four weeks , where she received rave reviews and an ovation described by the Palladium manager as the loudest he had ever heard . Garlands engagement at the Palace Theatre in Manhattan in October 1951 exceeded all previous records for the theater and for Garland , and was called one of the greatest personal triumphs in show business history . Garland was honored with a Special Tony Award for her contribution to the revival of vaudeville . Garland divorced Minnelli that same year . On 8 June 1952 , she married Sidney Luft , her tour manager and producer , in Hollister , California . Garland gave birth to Lorna Luft , who herself became an actress and singer , on 21 November 1952 , and to Joey Luft on 29 March 1955 . Hollywood comeback . Garland appeared with James Mason in the Warner Bros . film A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) , the first remake of the 1937 film . She and Sidney Luft , her then-husband , produced the film through their production company , Transcona Enterprises , while Warner Bros . supplied finance , production facilities , and crew . Directed by George Cukor , it was a large undertaking to which she initially fully dedicated herself . As shooting progressed , however , she began making the same pleas of illness that she had so often made during her final films at MGM . Production delays led to cost overruns and angry confrontations with Warner Bros . head Jack L . Warner . Principal photography wrapped on 17 March 1954 . At Lufts suggestion , the Born in a Trunk medley was filmed as a showcase for her and inserted over director Cukors objections , who feared the additional length would lead to cuts in other areas . It was completed on 29 July . Upon its world premiere on 29 September 1954 , the film was met with critical and popular acclaim . Before its release , it was edited at the instruction of Jack Warner ; theater operators , concerned that they were losing money because they were only able to run the film for three or four shows per day instead of five or six , pressured the studio to make additional reductions . After its first-run engagements , about 30 minutes of footage were cut , sparking outrage among critics and filmgoers . Although it was still popular , drawing huge crowds and grossing over $6,000,000 in its first release , A Star is Born did not make back its cost and ended up losing money . As a result , the secure financial position Garland had expected from the profits did not materialize . Transcona made no more films with Warner . Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , and , in the run-up to the 27th Academy Awards , was generally expected to win for A Star Is Born . She could not attend the ceremony because she had just given birth to her son , Joseph Luft , so a television crew was in her hospital room with cameras and wires to broadcast her anticipated acceptance speech . The Oscar was won , however , by Grace Kelly for The Country Girl ( 1954 ) . The camera crew was packing up before Kelly could even reach the stage . Groucho Marx sent Garland a telegram after the awards ceremony , declaring her loss the biggest robbery since Brinks . Time labeled her performance as just about the greatest one-woman show in modern movie history . Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the role . Garlands films after A Star Is Born included Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) ( for which she was Oscar- and Golden Globe-nominated for Best Supporting Actress ) , the animated feature Gay Purr-ee ( 1962 ) , and A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) with Burt Lancaster . Her final film was I Could Go On Singing ( 1963 ) , co-starring Dirk Bogarde . Television , concerts , and Carnegie Hall . Garland appeared in a number of television specials beginning in 1955 . The first was the 1955 debut episode of Ford Star Jubilee ; this was the first full-scale color broadcast ever on CBS and was a ratings triumph , scoring a 34.8 Nielsen rating . She signed a three-year , $300,000 contract with the network . Only one additional special was broadcast in 1956 , a live concert-edition of General Electric Theater , before the relationship between the Lufts and CBS broke down in a dispute over the planned format of upcoming specials . In 1956 , Garland performed for four weeks at the New Frontier Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip for a salary of $55,000 per week , making her the highest-paid entertainer to work in Las Vegas . Despite a brief bout of laryngitis , where for one performance Jerry Lewis filled in for her watching from a wheelchair , her performances there were so successful that her run was extended an extra week . Later that year , she returned to the Palace Theatre , site of her two-a-day triumph . She opened in September , once again to rave reviews and popular acclaim . In November 1959 , Garland was hospitalized after she was diagnosed with acute hepatitis . Over the next few weeks , several quarts of fluid were drained from her body until she was released from the hospital in January 1960 , still in a weak condition . She was told by doctors that she likely had five years , or less , to live , and that , even if she did survive , she would be a semi-invalid and would never sing again . She initially felt greatly relieved at the diagnosis . The pressure was off me for the first time in my life . However , she recovered over the next several months , and in August of that year , returned to the stage of the Palladium . She felt so warmly embraced by the British that she announced her intention to move permanently to England . At the beginning of 1960 , Garland signed a contract with Random House to write her autobiography . The book was to be called The Judy Garland Story , and would be a collaboration with Fred F . Finklehoffe . Garland was paid an advance of $35,000 , and she and Finklehoffe recorded conversations about her life to be used in producing a manuscript . Garland would work on her autobiography on and off throughout the 1960s , but never completed it . Portions of her unfinished autobiography were included in the 2014 biography , Judy Garland on Judy Garland : Interviews and Encounters by Randy L . Schmidt . Her concert appearance at Carnegie Hall on 23 April 1961 , was a considerable highlight , called by many the greatest night in show business history . The two-record album Judy at Carnegie Hall was certified gold , charting for 95 weeks on Billboard , including 13 weeks at number one . It won four Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Best Female Vocal of the Year . The Judy Garland Show . In 1961 , Garland and CBS settled their contract disputes with the help of her new agent , Freddie Fields , and negotiated a new round of specials . The first , titled The Judy Garland Show , aired on 25 February 1962 and featured guests Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin . Following this success , CBS made a $24 million offer to her for a weekly television series of her own , also to be called The Judy Garland Show , which was deemed at the time in the press to be the biggest talent deal in TV history . Although she had said as early as 1955 that she would never do a weekly television series , in the early 1960s , she was in a financially precarious situation . She was several hundred thousand dollars in debt to the Internal Revenue Service , having failed to pay taxes in 1951 and 1952 , and the failure of A Star is Born meant that she received nothing from that investment . Following a third special , Judy Garland and Her Guests Phil Silvers and Robert Goulet , Garlands weekly series debuted 29 September 1963 . The Judy Garland Show was critically praised , but for a variety of reasons ( including being placed in the time slot opposite Bonanza on NBC ) , the show lasted only one season and was cancelled in 1964 after 26 episodes . Despite its short run , the series was nominated for four Emmy Awards , including Best Variety Series . During this time Garland had a six-month affair with actor Glenn Ford . Garlands biographer Gerald Clarke , Fords son Peter , singer Mel Tormé and her husband Sid Luft wrote about the affair in their respective biographies . The relationship began in 1963 while Garland was doing her television show . Ford would attend tapings of the show sitting in the front row while Garland sang . Ford is credited with giving Garland one of the more stable relationships of her later life . The affair was ended by Ford ( a notorious womanizer according to his son Peter ) when he realized Garland wanted to marry him . Political views . Garland was a life-long and relatively active Democrat . During her lifetime , she was a member of the Hollywood Democratic committee , and a financial and moral supporter of various causes , including the Civil Rights Movement . She donated money to the campaigns of Democratic presidential candidates Franklin D . Roosevelt , Adlai Stevenson II , John F . Kennedy , and Robert F . Kennedy , and Progressive candidate Henry A . Wallace . In September 1947 , Garland joined the Committee for the First Amendment , a group formed by Hollywood celebrities in support of the Hollywood Ten during the hearings of the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) , an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives led by J . Parnell Thomas , which was formed to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and organizations suspected of having communist ties . The Committee for the First Amendment sought to protect the civil liberties of those accused . Other members included Humphrey Bogart , Lauren Bacall , Dorothy Dandridge , John Garfield , Katharine Hepburn , Lena Horne , John Huston , Gene Kelly , and Billy Wilder . Garland took part in recording an all-star October 26 , 1947 radio broadcast , Hollywood Fights Back , during which she exhorted listeners to action : Before every free conscience in America is subpoenaed , please speak up ! Say your piece ! Write your congressman a letterair mail special . Let the Congress know what you think of its Un-American Committee . Garland was a friend of President John F . Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline Kennedy , and she often vacationed in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . The house she stayed in during her vacations in Hyannis Port is known today as The Judy Garland House because of her association with the property . Garland would call the President weekly , often ending her phone calls by singing the first few bars of Over the Rainbow . On 28 August 1963 , Garland and other prominent celebrities such as Josephine Baker , Sidney Poitier , Lena Horne , Paul Newman , Rita Moreno , and Sammy Davis , Jr . took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , a demonstration organized to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans . She had been photographed by the press in Los Angeles earlier in the month alongside Eartha Kitt , Marlon Brando , and Charlton Heston as they planned their participation in the march on the nations capital . On 16 September 1963 , Garlandalong with daughter Liza , Carolyn Jones , June Allyson , and Allysons daughter Pam Powellheld a press conference to highlight and protest the recent bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , Alabama , that resulted in the death of four young African American girls . They expressed their shock at the events and requested funds for the families of the victims . Pam Powell and Liza Minnelli both announced their intention to attend the funeral of the victims during the press conference . Final years . In 1963 , Garland sued Sidney Luft for divorce on the grounds of mental cruelty . She also asserted that he had repeatedly struck her while he was drinking and that he had even attempted to take their children from her by force . She had filed for divorce from Luft on several previous occasions , even as early as 1956 , but they had reconciled each time . After her television series was canceled , Garland returned to work on the stage . She returned to the London Palladium performing with her 18-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli in November 1964 . The concert was also shown on the British television network ITV and it was one of her final appearances at the venue . She made guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Tonight Show . Garland guest-hosted an episode of The Hollywood Palace with Vic Damone . She was invited back for a second episode in 1966 with Van Johnson as her guest . Problems with Garlands behavior ended her Hollywood Palace guest appearances . A 1964 tour of Australia ended badly . Garlands first two concerts in Sydney were held in the Sydney Stadium because no concert hall could accommodate the overflow crowds who wanted to see her . Both went well and received positive reviews . Her third performance , in Melbourne , started an hour late . The crowd of 7,000 was angered by her tardiness and believed that she was drunk ; they booed and heckled her , and she fled the stage after 45 minutes . She later characterized the Melbourne crowd as brutish . Garlands Melbourne appearance gained a negative press response . Garlands tour promoter Mark Herron announced that they had married aboard a freighter off the coast of Hong Kong . However , she was not officially divorced from Luft at the time the ceremony was performed . The divorce became final on 19 May 1965 , and she and Herron did not legally marry until 14 November 1965 ; they separated five months later . During their divorce , Garland testified that Herron had beaten her . Herron claimed that he only hit her in self defense . For much of her career throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , her husband Sidney Luft had been her manager . However , Garland eventually parted ways with Luft professionally , signing with agents Freddie Fields and David Begelman . By the fall of 1966 , Garland had also parted ways with Fields and Begelman . Fieldss and Begelmans mismanagement of Garlands money , as well as their embezzlement of much of her earnings resulted in her owing around $500,000 in total in personal debts and in debts to the IRS . The IRS placed tax liens on her home in Brentwood , Los Angeles , her recording contract with Capitol Records , and any other business dealings in which she could derive an income . Garland was left in a desperate situation that saw her sell her Brentwood home at a price far below its value . She was then cast in February 1967 in the role of Helen Lawson in Valley of the Dolls by 20th Century Fox . According to co-star Patty Duke , Garland was treated poorly by director Mark Robson on the set of Valley of the Dolls and was primarily hired so as to augment publicity for the film . After Garlands dismissal from the film , author Jacqueline Susann said in the 1967 television documentary Jacqueline Susann and the Valley of the Dolls , I think Judy will always come back . She kids about making a lot of comebacks , but I think Judy has a kind of a thing where she has to get to the bottom of the rope and things have to get very , very rough for her . Then with an amazing inner strength that only comes of a certain genius , she comes back bigger than ever . Returning to the stage , Garland made one of her last U.S . appearances at New Yorks Palace Theatre in July 1967 , a 27-show stand , performing with her children Lorna and Joey Luft . She wore a sequined pantsuit on stage for this tour , which was part of the original wardrobe for her character in Valley of the Dolls . Garland earned more than $200,000 from her final run at New Yorks Palace Theatre from her 75% share of the profits generated by her engagement there . On closing night at the Palace , federal tax agents seized the majority of her earnings . By early 1969 , Garlands health had deteriorated . She performed in London at the Talk of the Town nightclub for a five-week run in which she was paid £2,500 per week , and made her last concert appearance in Copenhagen during March 1969 . After her divorce from Herron had been finalized on February 11 , she married her fifth and final husband , nightclub manager Mickey Deans , at Chelsea Register Office , London , on March 15 . Death . On 22 June 1969 , 12 days after her 47th birthday , Deans found Garland dead in the bathroom of their rented house in Cadogan Lane , Belgravia , London . At the inquest , Coroner Gavin Thurston stated that the cause of death was an incautious self-overdosage of barbiturates ; her blood contained the equivalent of ten Seconal capsules . Thurston stressed that the overdose had been unintentional and no evidence suggested that she had died by suicide . Garlands autopsy showed no inflammation of her stomach lining and no drug residue in her stomach , which indicated that the drug had been ingested over a long period of time , rather than in a single dose . Her death certificate stated that her death was accidental . Supporting the accidental cause , Garlands physician noted that a prescription of 25 barbiturate pills was found by her bedside half-empty and another bottle of 100 barbiturate pills was still unopened . A British specialist who had attended Garlands autopsy stated that she had nevertheless been living on borrowed time owing to cirrhosis , although a second autopsy conducted later reported no evidence of alcoholism or cirrhosis . Her Wizard of Oz co-star Ray Bolger commented at her funeral , She just plain wore out . Forensic pathologist Jason Payne-James believed that Garland had an eating disorder ( psychologist Linda Papadopoulos asserted that it was likely bulimia ) , which contributed to her death . After Garlands body had been embalmed , Deans traveled with her remains to New York City on 26 June , where an estimated 20,000 people lined up to pay their respects at the Frank E . Campbell Funeral Chapel in Manhattan , which remained open all night long to accommodate the overflowing crowd . On 27 June , James Mason gave a eulogy at the funeral , an Episcopal service led by the Rev . Peter Delaney of St Marylebone Parish Church , London , who had officiated at her marriage to Deans , three months earlier . Judys great gift , Mason said in his eulogy , was that she could wring tears out of hearts of rock.. . She gave so richly and so generously , that there was no currency in which to repay her . The public and press were barred . She was interred in a crypt in the community mausoleum at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale , New York , a small town north of midtown Manhattan . Upon Garlands death , despite having earned millions during her career , her estate came to ( ) . Years of mismanagement of her financial affairs by her representatives and staff along with her generosity toward her family and various causes resulted in her poor financial situation at the end of her life . In her last will , signed and sealed in early 1961 , Garland made many generous bequests that could not be fulfilled because her estate had been in debt for many years . Her daughter , Liza Minnelli , worked to pay off her mothers debts with the help of family friend Frank Sinatra . In 1978 , a selection of Garlands personal items were auctioned off by her ex-husband Sidney Luft with the support of their daughter Lorna and their son Joe . Almost 500 items , ranging from copper cookware to musical arrangements , were offered for sale . The auction raised ( ) for her heirs . At the request of her children , Garlands remains were disinterred from Ferncliff Cemetery in January 2017 and re-interred across the country at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles . Artistry . Garland possessed a contralto vocal range . Her singing voice has been described as brassy , powerful , effortless and resonant , often demonstrating a tremulous , powerful vibrato . Although her range was comparatively limited , Garland was capable of alternating between female and male-sounding timbres with little effort . The Richmond Times-Dispatch correspondent Tony Farrell wrote she possessed a deep , velvety contralto voice that could turn on a dime to belt out the high notes , while Ron OBrien , producer of tribute album The Definitive Collection – Judy Garland ( 2006 ) , wrote the singers combination of natural phrasing , elegant delivery , mature pathos and powerful dramatic dynamics she brings to .. . songs make her [ renditions ] the definitive interpretations . The Huffington Post writer Joan E . Dowlin called the period of Garlands music career between 1937 and 1945 the innocent years , during which the critic believes the singers voice was vibrant and her musical expression exuberant , taking note of its resonance and distinct , rich yet sweet quality that grabs you and pulls you in . Garlands voice would often vary to suit the song she was interpreting , ranging from soft , engaging and tender during ballads to humorous on some of her duets with other artists . Her more joyful , belted performances have been compared to entertainers Sophie Tucker , Ethel Merman , and Al Jolson . Although her musical repertoire consisted largely of cast recordings , show tunes and traditional pop standards , Garland was also capable of singing soul , blues , and jazz music , which Dowlin compared to singer Elvis Presley . Garland always claimed that her talent as a performer was inherited , saying : Nobody ever taught me what to do onstage . Critics agree that , even when she debuted as a child , Garland had always sounded mature for her age , particularly on her earlier recordings . From an early age , Garland had been billed as the little girl with the leather lungs , a designation the singer later admitted to having felt humiliated by because she would have much preferred to have been known to audiences as a pretty or nice little girl . Jessel recalled that , even at only 12 years old , Garlands singing voice resembled that of a woman with a heart that had been hurt . The Kansas City Star contributor Robert Trussel cited Garlands singing voice among the reasons why her role in The Wizard of Oz remains memorable , writing that although She might have been made up and costumed to look like a little girl .. . she didnt sing like one due to her powerful contralto command [ ing ] attention . Camille Paglia , writing for The New York Times , joked that even in Garlands adult life , her petite frame literally throbbed with her huge voice , making it appear as though she were at war with her own body . Theater actress and director Donna Thomason stated that Garland was an effective performer because she was capable of using her singing voice [ as ] a natural extension of [ her ] speaking voice , a skill that Thomason believes all musical theater actors should at least strive to achieve . Trussel agreed that Garlands singing voice sounded utterly natural . It never seemed forced or overly trained . Writing for Turner Classic Movies , biographer Jonathan Riggs observed that Garland had a tendency to imbue her vocals with a paradoxical combination of fragility and resilience that eventually became a signature trademark of hers . Louis Bayard of The Washington Post described Garlands voice as throbbing , believing it to be capable of connect [ ing ] with [ audiences ] in a way no other voice does . Bayard also believes that listeners find it hard to disentwine the sorrow in her voice from the sorrow that dogged her life , while Dowlin argued that , Listening to Judy sing .. . makes me forget all of the angst and suffering she must have endured . The New York Times obituarist in 1969 observed that Garland , whether intentionally or not , brought with her .. . all the well-publicized phantoms of her emotional breakdown , her career collapses and comebacks on stage during later performances . The same writer said that Garlands voice changed and lost some of its quality as she aged , although she retained much of her personality . Contributing to the Irish Independent , Julia Molony observed Garlands voice , although still rich with emotion , had finally begun to creak with the weight of years of disappointment and hard-living by the time she performed at Carnegie Hall in 1961 . Similarly , the live records entry in the Library of Congress wrote that while her voice was still strong , it had also gained a bit of heft and a bit of wear ; author Cary ODell believes Garlands rasp and occasional quiver only upped the emotional quotient of many of her numbers , particularly on her signature songs Over the Rainbow and The Man That Got Away . Garland stated that she always felt most safe and at home while performing onstage , regardless of the condition of her voice . Her musical talent has been commended by her peers ; opera singer Maria Callas once said that Garland possessed the most superb voice she had ever heard , while singer and actor Bing Crosby said that no other singer could be compared to her when Garland was rested . Garland was known for interacting with her audiences during live performances ; The New York Times obituarist wrote that Garland possessed a seemingly unquenchable need for her audiences to respond with acclaim and affection . And often , they did , screaming , We love you , Judy – we love you . Garland herself explained in 1961 : A really great reception makes me feel like I have a great big warm heating pad all over me .. . I truly have a great love for an audience , and I used to want to prove it to them by giving them blood . But I have a funny new thing now , a real determination to make people enjoy the show . The New York Times writer described her as both an instinctive actress and comedienne . The anonymous contributor commented that Garlands performance style resembled that of a music hall performer in an era when music halls were obsolete . Close friends of Garlands insisted that she never truly wanted to be a movie star and would have much rather devoted her career entirely to singing and recording records . AllMusic biographer William Ruhlmann believes that Garlands ability to maintain a successful career as a recording artist even after her film appearances became less frequent was unusual for an artist at the time . Garland has been identified as a triple threat due to her ability to sing , act , and dance , arguably equally well . Doug Strassler , a critic for the New York Press , described Garland as a triple threat who bounced between family musicals and adult dramas with a precision and a talent that remains largely unmatched . In terms of acting , Peter Lennon , writing for The Guardian in 1999 , identified Garland as a chameleon due to her ability to alternate between comedic , musical and dramatic roles , citing The Wizard of Oz , The Clock , A Star is Born and I Could Go On Singing – her final film role – as prominent examples . Michael Musto , a journalist for W magazine , wrote that in her film roles Garland could project decency , vulnerability , and spunk like no other star , and she wrapped it up with a tremulously beautiful vocal delivery that could melt even the most hardened troll . Discography . Studio albums - The Judy Garland Souvenir Album ( 1940 ) - Second Souvenir Album ( 1943 ) - Miss Show Business ( 1955 ) - Judy ( 1956 ) - Alone ( 1957 ) - Judy in Love ( 1958 ) - The Letter ( 1959 ) - Thats Entertainment ! ( 1960 ) - The Garland Touch ( 1962 ) Public image and reputation . Garland was nearly as famous for her personal struggles in everyday life as she was for her entertainment career . She has been closely associated with her carefully cultivated girl next door image . Early in her career during the 1930s , Garlands public image had earned her the title Americas favorite kid sister , as well as the title Little Miss Showbusiness . In a review for the Star Tribune , Graydon Royce wrote that Garlands public image remained that of a Midwestern girl who couldnt believe where she was , despite having been a well-established celebrity for over 20 years . Royce believes that fans and audiences insisted on preserving their memory of Garland as Dorothy no matter how much she matured , calling her a captive not of her own desire to stay young , but a captive of the publics desire to preserve her that way . Thus , the studio continued to cast Garland in roles that were significantly younger than her actual age . According to Malony , Garland was one of Hollywoods hardest-working performers during the 1940s , which Malony claims she used as a coping mechanism after her first marriage imploded . However , studio employees recall that Garland had a tendency to be quite intense , headstrong and volatile ; Judy Garland : The Secret Life of an American Legend author David Shipman claims that several individuals were frustrated by Garlands narcissism and growing instability , while millions of fans found her public demeanor and psychological state to be fragile , appearing neurotic in interviews . MGM reports that Garland was consistently tardy and demonstrated erratic behavior , which resulted in several delays and disruptions to filming schedules until she was finally dismissed from the studio , which had deemed her unreliable and difficult to manage . Farrell called Garland A grab bag of contradictions which has always been a feast for the American imagination , describing her public persona as awkward yet direct , bashful yet brash . Describing the singer as Tender and endearing yet savage and turbulent , Paglia wrote that Garland cut a path of destruction through many lives . And out of that chaos , she made art of still-searing intensity . Calling her a creature of extremes , greedy , sensual , and demanding , gluttonous for pleasure and pain , Paglia also compared Garland to entertainer Frank Sinatra due to their shared emblematic personality .. . into whom the mass audience projected its hopes and disappointments , while observing that she lacked Sinatras survival skills . Despite her success as a performer , Garland suffered from low self-esteem , particularly with regard to her weight , which she constantly dieted to maintain at the behest of the studio and Mayer ; critics and historians believe this was a result of having been told that she was an ugly duckling by studio executives . Entertainment Weekly columnist Gene Lyons observed that both audiences and fellow members of the entertainment industry tended either to love her or to hate her . At one point , Stevie Phillips , who had worked as an agent for Garland for four years , described her client as a demented , demanding , supremely talented drug-addict . Royce argues that Garland maintained astonishing strength and courage , even during difficult times . English actor Dirk Bogarde once called Garland the funniest woman I have ever met . Ruhlmann wrote that the singers personal life contrasted so starkly with the exuberance and innocence of her film roles . Despite her personal struggles , Garland disagreed with the publics opinion that she was a tragic figure . Her younger daughter Lorna agreed that Garland hated being referred to as a tragic figure , explaining , We all have tragedies in our lives , but that does not make us tragic . She was funny and she was warm and she was wonderfully gifted . She had great highs and great moments in her career . She also had great moments in her personal life . Yes , we lost her at 47 years old . That was tragic . But she was not a tragic figure . Ruhlmann argues that Garland actually used the publics opinion of her tragic image to her advantage towards the end of her career . Legacy . By the time of her death in 1969 , Garland had appeared in more than 35 films . She has been called one of the greats of entertainment , and her reputation has endured . In 1992 , Gerald Clarke of Architectural Digest dubbed Garland probably the greatest American entertainer of the twentieth century . OBrien believes that No one in the history of Hollywood ever packed the musical wallop that Garland did , explaining , She had the biggest , most versatile voice in movies . Her Technicolor musicals.. . defined the genre . The songs she introduced were Oscar gold . Her film career frames the Golden Age of Hollywood musicals . Turner Classic Movies dubbed Garland historys most poignant voice . Entertainment Weeklys Gene Lyons dubbed Garland the Madonna of her generation . The American Film Institute named her eighth among the Greatest female stars of Golden Age Hollywood cinema . In June 1998 , in The New York Times , Camille Paglia wrote that , Garland was a personality on the grand scale who makes our current crop of pop stars look lightweight and evanescent . In recent years , Garlands legacy has maintained fans of all different ages , both younger and older . In 2010 , The Huffington Post contributor Joan E . Dowlin concluded that Garland possessed a distinct it quality by exemplif [ ying ] the star quality of charisma , musical talent , natural acting ability , and , despite what the studio honchos said , good looks ( even if they were the girl next door looks ) . AllMusics biographer William Ruhlmann said that the core of her significance as an artist remains her amazing voice and emotional commitment to her songs , and believes that her career is sometimes viewed more as an object lesson in Hollywood excess than as the remarkable string of multimedia accomplishments it was . In 2012 , Strassler described Garland as more than an icon.. . Like Charlie Chaplin and Lucille Ball , she created a template that the powers that be have forever been trying , with varied levels of success , to replicate . Garlands live performances towards the end of her career are still remembered by fans who attended them as peak moments in 20th-century music . She has been the subject of over thirty biographies since her death , including the well-received by her daughter , Lorna Luft , whose memoir was later adapted into the television miniseries , which won Emmy Awards for the two actresses who portrayed her ( Tammy Blanchard and Judy Davis ) . Strassler observed that Garland created one of the most storied cautionary tales in the industry , thanks to her the many excesses and insecurities that led to her early death by overdose . Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997 . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . These include Over the Rainbow , which was ranked as the number one movie song of all time in the American Film Institutes 100 Years...100 Songs list . Four more Garland songs are featured on the list : Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ( No . 76 ) , Get Happy ( No . 61 ) , The Trolley Song ( No . 26 ) , and The Man That Got Away ( No . 11 ) . She has twice been honored on U.S . postage stamps , in 1989 ( as Dorothy ) and again in 2006 ( as Vicki Lester from A Star Is Born ) . While on tour in 1964 , Garland identified Over the Rainbow as her favorite of all the songs she had ever recorded , to which Trussel observed that Her career would remain inextricably linked . Garland would frequently use an overture from Over the Rainbow as her entrance music during concerts and television appearances . According to Paglia , the more Garland performed Over the Rainbow , the more it became her tragic anthem .. . a dirge for artistic opportunities squandered , and for personal happiness permanently deferred . In 1998 , Carnegie Hall hosted a two-concert tribute to Garland , which they promoted as a tribute to the worlds greatest entertainer . Garlands work has influenced several entertainers including LeAnn Rimes , Kim Petras , Ariana Grande , Sam Smith , Ben Platt , Rufus Wainwright , Richard Glazier , Megan Fox , Janelle Monáe , Marlee Matlin , Claire Danes , Renée Zellweger and Anne Hathaway . Subsequent celebrities who have suffered from personal struggles with drug addiction and substance use disorder have been compared to Garland , particularly Michael Jackson . Garlands elder daughter Liza Minnelli had a personal life that was almost parallel to that of her mothers , having struggled with substance use disorder and several unsuccessful marriages . Paglia observed that actress Marilyn Monroe would exhibit behavior which was similar to that which Garland had exhibited a decade earlier in Meet Me in St . Louis , particularly tardiness . Judy Garland was among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Gay icon . Garland had a large fan base in the gay community and became a gay icon . Reasons given for her standing among gay men are the admiration of her ability as a performer , the way her personal struggles mirrored those of gay men in the United States during the height of her fame , and her value as a camp figure . In the 1960s , a reporter asked how she felt about having a large gay following . She replied , I couldnt care less . I sing to people ! Portrayals in fiction . Garland has been portrayed on television by Andrea McArdle in Rainbow ( 1978 ) , Tammy Blanchard ( young Judy ) and Judy Davis ( older Judy ) in ( 2001 ) , and Sigrid Thornton in ( 2015 ) . Harvey Weinstein optioned , and a stage show and film based on it were slated to star Anne Hathaway . Renée Zellweger portrayed Garland in the biopic Judy ( 2019 ) , and won the Academy Award for Best Actress . On stage , Garland is a character in the musical The Boy from Oz ( 1998 ) , portrayed by Chrissy Amphlett in the original Australian production and by Isabel Keating on Broadway in 2003 . End of the Rainbow ( 2005 ) featured Caroline OConnor as Garland and Paul Goddard as Garlands pianist . Adrienne Barbeau played Garland in The Property Known as Garland ( 2006 ) and The Judy Monologues ( 2010 ) initially featured male actors reciting Garlands words before it was revamped as a one-woman show . In music , Garland is referenced in the 1992 Tori Amos song Happy Phantom , in which Garland is imagined to be taking Buddha by the hand . Amos also refers to Garland as Judy G in her 1996 song Not the Red Baron .
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Judy Garland Judy Garland ( born Frances Ethel Gumm ; June 10 , 1922 – June 22 , 1969 ) was an American actress , singer , vaudevillian , and dancer . With a career spanning 45 years , she attained international stardom as an actress in both musical and dramatic roles , as a recording artist , and on the concert stage . Renowned for her versatility , she received an Academy Juvenile Award , a Golden Globe Award , and a Special Tony Award . Garland was the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year , which she won for her 1961 live recording titled Judy at Carnegie Hall . Garland began performing in vaudeville as a child with her two older sisters and was later signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager . She appeared in more than two dozen films for MGM and is remembered for portraying Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Garland was a frequent on-screen partner of both Mickey Rooney and Gene Kelly and regularly collaborated with director and second husband Vincente Minnelli . Other starring roles during this period included Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , and Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . In 1950 , after 15 years with MGM , the studio released her amid a series of personal struggles that prevented her from fulfilling the terms of her contract . Although her film career became intermittent thereafter , two of Garlands most critically acclaimed roles came later in her career : she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) and a nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) . She also made record-breaking concert appearances , released eight studio albums , and hosted her own Emmy-nominated television series , The Judy Garland Show ( 1963–1964 ) . At age 39 , Garland became the youngest and first female recipient of the Cecil B . DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the film industry . In 1997 , Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and in 1999 , the American Film Institute ranked her as the eighth-greatest female screen legend of classic Hollywood cinema . Garland struggled in her personal life from an early age . The pressures of early stardom affected her physical and mental health from the time she was a teenager ; her self-image was influenced by constant criticism from film executives who believed that she was physically unattractive and who manipulated her onscreen physical appearance . Throughout her adulthood she was plagued by alcohol and substance use disorders , as well as financial instability , often owing hundreds of thousands of dollars in back taxes . Her lifelong struggle with substance use disorder ultimately led to her death in London from an accidental barbiturate overdose at age 47 . Early life . Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm on 10 June 1922 , in Grand Rapids , Minnesota . She was the youngest child of Ethel Marion ( Milne ; 1893–1953 ) and Francis Avent Frank Gumm ( 1886–1935 ) . Her parents were vaudevillians who settled in Grand Rapids to run a movie theater that featured vaudeville acts . She was of Irish , English , Scottish , and French Huguenot ancestry , named after both of her parents and baptized at a local Episcopal church . Baby ( as she was called by her parents and sisters ) shared her familys flair for song and dance . Her first appearance came at the age of two , when she joined her elder sisters Mary Jane Suzy/Suzanne Gumm ( 1915–64 ) and Dorothy Virginia Jimmie Gumm ( 1917–77 ) on the stage of her fathers movie theater during a Christmas show and sang a chorus of Jingle Bells . The Gumm Sisters performed there for the next few years , accompanied by their mother on piano . The family relocated to Lancaster , California , in June 1926 , following rumors that her father had homosexual inclinations . Frank purchased and operated another theater in Lancaster , and Ethel began managing her daughters and working to get them into motion pictures . Early career . The Gumm/Garland Sisters . In 1928 , the Gumm Sisters enrolled in a dance school run by Ethel Meglin , proprietress of the Meglin Kiddies dance troupe . They appeared with the troupe at its annual Christmas show . Through the Meglin Kiddies , they made their film debut in a short subject called The Big Revue ( 1929 ) , where they performed a song-and-dance number called Thats the Good Old Sunny South . This was followed by appearances in two Vitaphone shorts the following year : A Holiday in Storyland ( featuring Garlands first on-screen solo ) and The Wedding of Jack and Jill . They next appeared together in Bubbles . Their final on-screen appearance was in an MGM Technicolor short entitled La Fiesta de Santa Barbara ( 1935 ) . The trio had toured the vaudeville circuit as The Gumm Sisters for many years when they performed in Chicago at the Oriental Theater with George Jessel in 1934 . He encouraged the group to choose a more appealing name after Gumm was met with laughter from the audience . According to theater legend , their act was once erroneously billed at a Chicago theater as The Glum Sisters . Several stories persist regarding the origin of their use of the name Garland . One is that it was originated by Jessel after Carole Lombards character Lily Garland in the film Twentieth Century ( 1934 ) , which was then playing at the Oriental in Chicago ; another is that the girls chose the surname after drama critic Robert Garland . Garlands daughter Lorna Luft stated that her mother selected the name when Jessel announced that the trio looked prettier than a garland of flowers . A TV special was filmed in Hollywood at the Pantages Theatre premiere of A Star Is Born on 29 September 1954 , in which Jessel stated : A later explanation surfaced when Jessel was a guest on Garlands television show in 1963 . He said that he had sent actress Judith Anderson a telegram containing the word garland and it stuck in his mind . However , Garland asked Jessel just moments later if this story was true , and he blithely replied No . By late 1934 , the Gumm Sisters had changed their name to the Garland Sisters . Frances changed her name to Judy soon after , inspired by a popular Hoagy Carmichael song . The group broke up by August 1935 , when Suzanne Garland flew to Reno , Nevada , and married musician Lee Kahn , a member of the Jimmy Davis orchestra playing at Cal-Neva Lodge , Lake Tahoe . Signed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . In September 1935 , Louis B . Mayer asked songwriter Burton Lane to go to the Orpheum Theater in downtown Los Angeles to watch the Garland Sisters vaudeville act and to report to him . A few days later , Judy and her father were brought for an impromptu audition at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios in Culver City . Garland performed Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart and Eli , Eli , a Yiddish song written in 1896 and regularly performed in vaudeville . The studio immediately signed Garland to a contract with MGM , presumably without a screen test , though she had made a test for the studio several months earlier . The studio did not know what to do with her ; aged thirteen , she was older than the traditional child star , but too young for adult roles . Her physical appearance was a dilemma for MGM . She was only , and her cute or girl-next-door looks did not exemplify the most glamorous persona then required of leading female performers . She was self-conscious and anxious about her appearance . Judy went to school at Metro with Ava Gardner , Lana Turner , Elizabeth Taylor , real beauties , said Charles Walters , who directed her in a number of films . Judy was the big money-maker at the time , a big success , but she was the ugly duckling .. . I think it had a very damaging effect on her emotionally for a long time . I think it lasted forever , really . Her insecurity was exacerbated by the attitude of studio chief Louis B . Mayer , who referred to her as his little hunchback . During her early years at the studio , she was photographed and dressed in plain garments or frilly juvenile gowns and costumes to match the girl-next-door image created for her . They had her wear removable caps on her teeth and rubberized discs to reshape her nose . Eventually , on the set of Meet Me in St . Louis when she was 21 years old , Garland met Dotty Ponedel , a makeup artist who worked at MGM . After reviewing the additions to her look , Garland was surprised when Ponedel said that the caps and discs that Garland had been using were not needed , as she was “a pretty girl.” Ponedel became Garlands makeup artist . The work that Ponedel did on Garland for Meet Me in St . Louis made Garland so happy that Ponedel became Garlands advisor every time she worked on a film under MGM . On 16 November 1935 , 13-year-old Garland was in the midst of preparing for a radio performance on the Shell Chateau Hour when she learned that her father had been hospitalized with meningitis and had taken a turn for the worse . Frank Gumm died the following morning at age 49 , leaving her devastated . Her song for the Shell Chateau Hour was her first professional rendition of Zing ! Went the Strings of My Heart , a song which became a standard in many of her concerts . Garland performed at various studio functions and was eventually cast opposite Deanna Durbin in the musical-short Every Sunday ( 1936 ) . The film contrasted her vocal range and swing style with Durbins operatic soprano and served as an extended screen test for them , as studio executives were questioning the wisdom of having two girl singers on the roster . Garland came to the attention of studio executives when she sang a special arrangement of You Made Me Love You ( I Didnt Want to Do It ) to Clark Gable at a birthday party that the studio arranged for the actor . Her rendition was so well regarded that she performed the song in the all-star extravaganza Broadway Melody of 1938 ( 1937 ) , when she sang to a photograph of him . MGM hit on a winning formula when it paired Garland with Mickey Rooney in a string of what were known as backyard musicals . The duo first appeared together as supporting characters in the B movie Thoroughbreds Dont Cry ( 1937 ) . Garland was then put in the cast of the fourth of the Hardy Family movies as a literal girl-next-door to Rooneys character Andy Hardy , in Love Finds Andy Hardy ( 1938 ) , although Hardys love interest was played by Lana Turner . They teamed as lead characters for the first time in Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) , ultimately appearing in five additional films , including Hardy films Andy Hardy Meets Debutante ( 1940 ) and Life Begins for Andy Hardy ( 1941 ) . Garland stated that she , Rooney , and other young performers were constantly prescribed amphetamines in order to stay awake and keep up with the frantic pace of making one film after another . They were also given barbiturates to take before going to bed so they could sleep . This regular use of drugs , she said , led to addiction and a life-long struggle . She later resented the hectic schedule and believed MGM stole her youth . Rooney , however , denied their studio was responsible for her addiction : Judy Garland was never given any drugs by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . Mr . Mayer didnt sanction anything for Judy . No one on that lot was responsible for Judy Garlands death . Unfortunately , Judy chose that path . Garlands weight was within a healthy range , but the studio demanded she constantly diet . They even went so far as to serve her only a bowl of soup and a plate of lettuce when she ordered a regular meal . She was plagued with self-doubt throughout her life , despite successful film and recording careers , awards , critical praise , and her ability to fill concert halls worldwide . She required constant reassurance she was talented and attractive . The Wizard of Oz . In 1938 when she was sixteen , Garland was cast as the young Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , a film based on the 1900 childrens book by L . Frank Baum . In the film , she sang the song with which she would be constantly identified afterward , Over the Rainbow . Although producers Arthur Freed and Mervyn LeRoy had wanted to cast her in the role from the beginning , studio chief Mayer first tried to borrow Shirley Temple from 20th Century Fox , but they declined . Deanna Durbin was then asked , but was unavailable ; this resulted in Garland being cast . Garland was initially outfitted in a blonde wig for the part , but Freed and LeRoy decided against it shortly into filming . Her blue gingham dress was chosen for its blurring effect on her figure , which made her look younger . Shooting commenced on October 13 , 1938 , and it was completed on March 16 , 1939 , with a final cost of more than US$2 million . With the conclusion of filming , MGM kept Garland busy with promotional tours and the shooting of Babes in Arms ( also 1939 ) , directed by Busby Berkeley . She and Rooney were sent on a cross-country promotional tour , culminating in the August 17 New York City premiere at the Capitol Theater , which included a five-show-a-day appearance schedule for the two stars . Reports of Garland being put on a diet consisting of cigarettes , chicken soup , and coffee are erroneous ; as clarified in the book The Road to Oz : The Evolution , Creation , and Legacy of a Motion Picture Masterpiece by Oz historians Jay Scarfone and William Stillman , at that time in her life Garland was an anti-smoker , and she was allowed solid food , just not as much as a growing teen would prefer to eat . In a further attempt to minimize her curves , her diet was accompanied by swimming and hiking outings , plus games of tennis and badminton , with her stunt double Bobbie Koshay . The Wizard of Oz was a tremendous critical success , though its high budget and promotions costs of an estimated $4 million ( equivalent to $ million in ) , coupled with the lower revenue that was generated by discounted childrens tickets , meant that the film did not return a profit until it was re-released in the 1940s and on subsequent occasions . At the 1939 Academy Awards ceremony , Garland received her only Academy Award , an Academy Juvenile Award for her performances in 1939 , including The Wizard of Oz and Babes in Arms . She was the fourth person to receive the award as well as only one of twelve in history to ever be presented with one . Adult stardom . Garland starred in three films released in 1940 : Andy Hardy Meets Debutante , Strike Up the Band , and Little Nellie Kelly . In the last , she played her first adult role , a dual role of both mother and daughter . Little Nellie Kelly was purchased from George M . Cohan as a vehicle for her to display both her audience appeal and her physical appearance . The role was a challenge for her , requiring the use of an accent , her first adult kiss , and the only death scene of her career . Her co-star George Murphy regarded the kiss as embarrassing . He said it felt like a hillbilly with a child bride . During this time , Garland was still in her teens when she experienced her first serious adult romance with bandleader Artie Shaw . She was deeply devoted to him and was devastated in early 1940 when he eloped with Lana Turner . Garland began a relationship with musician David Rose , and on her 18th birthday , he gave her an engagement ring . The studio intervened because , at the time , he was still married to actress and singer Martha Raye . They agreed to wait a year to allow for his divorce to become final . During that time , Garland had a brief affair with songwriter Johnny Mercer . After her break-up with Mercer , Garland and Rose were wed on 27 July 1941 . A true rarity is what media called it . The couple agreed to a trial separation in January 1943 , and divorced in 1944 . In 1941 , Garland had an abortion while pregnant with Roses child at the insistence of her mother and the studio since the pregnancy wasnt approved . She had a second one in 1943 when she became pregnant from her affair with Tyrone Power . In her next film , For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) , Garland performed with Gene Kelly in his first screen appearance . She was given the glamor treatment in Presenting Lily Mars ( 1943 ) , in which she was dressed in grown-up gowns . Her lightened hair was also pulled up in a stylish fashion . However , no matter how glamorous or beautiful she appeared on screen or in photographs , she was never confident in her appearance and never escaped the girl-next-door image that the studio had created for her . One of Garlands most successful films for MGM was Meet Me in St . Louis ( 1944 ) , in which she introduced three standards : The Trolley Song , The Boy Next Door , and Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas . This was one of the first films in her career that gave her the opportunity to be the attractive leading lady . Vincente Minnelli was assigned to direct , and he requested that make-up artist Dorothy Ponedel be assigned to Garland . Ponedel refined her appearance in several ways , including extending and reshaping her eyebrows , changing her hairline , modifying her lip line and removing her nose discs and dental caps . She appreciated the results so much that Ponedel was written into her contract for all her remaining pictures at MGM . At this time , Garland had a brief affair with film director Orson Welles , who at that time was married to Rita Hayworth . The affair ended in early 1945 , and they remained on good terms afterwards . During the filming of Meet Me in St . Louis , Garland and Minnelli had some initial conflict between them , but they entered into a relationship and married on 15 June 1945 . On 12 March 1946 , daughter Liza was born . The couple divorced by 1951 . The Clock ( 1945 ) was Garlands first straight dramatic film ; Robert Walker was cast in the main male role . Though the film was critically praised and earned a profit , most movie fans expected her to sing . She did not act again in a non-singing dramatic role for many years . Garlands other films of the 1940s include The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) , in which she introduced the Academy Award-winning song On the Atchison , Topeka , and the Santa Fe , and Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) . Last MGM motion pictures . During filming for The Pirate in April 1948 , Garland suffered a nervous breakdown and was placed in a private sanatorium . She was able to complete filming , but in July she made her first suicide attempt , making minor cuts to her wrist with a broken glass . During this period , she spent two weeks in treatment at the Austen Riggs Center , a psychiatric hospital in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . The Pirate was released in May 1948 and was the first film in which Garland had starred since The Wizard of Oz not to make a profit . The main reasons for its failure were not only its cost , but also the increasing expense of the shooting delays while Garland was ill , as well as because the general public was not yet willing to accept her in a sophisticated film . Following her work on The Pirate , she co-starred for the first and only time with Fred Astaire ( who replaced Gene Kelly after Kelly had broken his ankle ) in Easter Parade ( 1948 ) , which became her top-grossing film at MGM . Thrilled by the huge box-office receipts of Easter Parade , MGM immediately teamed Garland and Astaire in The Barkleys of Broadway . During the initial filming , Garland was taking prescription barbiturate sleeping pills along with illicitly obtained pills containing morphine . Around this time , she also developed a serious problem with alcohol . These , in combination with migraine headaches , led her to miss several shooting days in a row . After being advised by her doctor that she would only be able to work in four- to five-day increments with extended rest periods between , MGM executive Arthur Freed made the decision to suspend her on 18 July 1948 . She was replaced in the film by Ginger Rogers . When her suspension was over , she was summoned back to work and ultimately performed two songs as a guest in the Rodgers and Hart biopic Words and Music ( 1948 ) , which was her last appearance with Mickey Rooney . Despite the all-star cast , Words and Music barely broke even at the box office . Having regained her strength , as well as some needed weight during her suspension , Garland felt much better and in the fall of 1948 , she returned to MGM to replace a pregnant June Allyson for the musical film In the Good Old Summertime ( 1949 ) co-starring Van Johnson . Although she was sometimes late arriving at the studio during the making of this picture , she managed to complete it five days ahead of schedule . Her daughter Liza made her film debut at the age of two and a half at the end of the film . In The Good Old Summertime was enormously successful at the box office . Garland was then cast in the film adaptation of Annie Get Your Gun in the title role of Annie Oakley . She was nervous at the prospect of taking on a role strongly identified with Ethel Merman , anxious about appearing in an unglamorous part after breaking from juvenile parts for several years , and disturbed by her treatment at the hands of director Busby Berkeley . Berkeley was staging all the musical numbers , and was severe with Garlands lack of effort , attitude , and enthusiasm . She complained to Mayer , trying to have Berkeley fired from the feature . She began arriving late to the set and sometimes failed to appear . At this time , she was also undergoing electroshock therapy for depression . She was fired from the picture on 10 May 1949 , and was replaced by Betty Hutton , who stepped in to perform all the musical routines as staged by Berkeley . Garland underwent an extensive hospital stay at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston , Massachusetts , in which she was weaned off her medication , and after a while , was able to eat and sleep normally . During her stay , she found solace in meeting with disabled children ; in a 1964 interview regarding issues raised in A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) and her recovery at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital , Garland had this to say : Well it helped me by just getting my mind off myself and .. . they were so delightful , they were so loving and good and I forgot about myself for a change . Garland returned to Los Angeles heavier , and in the fall of 1949 , was cast opposite Gene Kelly in Summer Stock ( 1950 ) . The film took six months to complete . To lose weight , Garland went back on the pills and the familiar pattern resurfaced . She began showing up late or not at all . When principal photography on Summer Stock was completed in the spring of 1950 , it was decided that Garland needed an additional musical number . She agreed to do it provided the song should be Get Happy . In addition , she insisted that director Charles Walters choreograph and stage the number . By that time , Garland had lost 15 pounds and looked more slender . Get Happy was the last segment of Summer Stock to be filmed . It was her final picture for MGM . When it was released in the fall of 1950 , Summer Stock drew big crowds and racked up very respectable box-office receipts , but because of the costly shooting delays caused by Garland , the film posted a loss of $80,000 to the studio . Garland was cast in the film Royal Wedding with Fred Astaire after June Allyson became pregnant in 1950 . She failed to report to the set on multiple occasions , and the studio suspended her contract on 17 June 1950 . She was replaced by Jane Powell . Reputable biographies following her death stated that after this latest dismissal , she slightly grazed her neck with a broken glass , requiring only a Band-Aid , but at the time , the public was informed that a despondent Garland had slashed her throat . All I could see ahead was more confusion , Garland later said of this suicide attempt . I wanted to black out the future as well as the past . I wanted to hurt myself and everyone who had hurt me . In September 1950 , after 15 years with the studio , Garland and MGM parted company . Later career . Appearances on Bing Crosbys radio show . Garland was a frequent guest on Kraft Music Hall , hosted by her friend Bing Crosby . Following Garlands second suicide attempt , Crosby , knowing that she was depressed and running out of money , invited her on to his radio showthe first of the new seasonon 11 October 1950 . Garland made eight appearances during the 1950–51 season of The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show , which immediately reinvigorated her career . Soon after , she toured for four months to sellout crowds in Europe . Renewed stardom on the stage . In 1951 , Garland began a four-month concert tour of Britain and Ireland , where she played to sold-out audiences throughout England , Scotland , and Ireland . The successful concert tour was the first of her many comebacks , with performances centered on songs by Al Jolson and revival of vaudevillian tradition . Garland performed complete shows as tributes to Jolson in her concerts at the London Palladium in April and at New Yorks Palace Theater later that year . Garland said after the Palladium show : I suddenly knew that this was the beginning of a new life .. . Hollywood thought I was through ; then came the wonderful opportunity to appear at the London Palladium , where I can truthfully say Judy Garland was reborn . Her appearances at the Palladium lasted for four weeks , where she received rave reviews and an ovation described by the Palladium manager as the loudest he had ever heard . Garlands engagement at the Palace Theatre in Manhattan in October 1951 exceeded all previous records for the theater and for Garland , and was called one of the greatest personal triumphs in show business history . Garland was honored with a Special Tony Award for her contribution to the revival of vaudeville . Garland divorced Minnelli that same year . On 8 June 1952 , she married Sidney Luft , her tour manager and producer , in Hollister , California . Garland gave birth to Lorna Luft , who herself became an actress and singer , on 21 November 1952 , and to Joey Luft on 29 March 1955 . Hollywood comeback . Garland appeared with James Mason in the Warner Bros . film A Star Is Born ( 1954 ) , the first remake of the 1937 film . She and Sidney Luft , her then-husband , produced the film through their production company , Transcona Enterprises , while Warner Bros . supplied finance , production facilities , and crew . Directed by George Cukor , it was a large undertaking to which she initially fully dedicated herself . As shooting progressed , however , she began making the same pleas of illness that she had so often made during her final films at MGM . Production delays led to cost overruns and angry confrontations with Warner Bros . head Jack L . Warner . Principal photography wrapped on 17 March 1954 . At Lufts suggestion , the Born in a Trunk medley was filmed as a showcase for her and inserted over director Cukors objections , who feared the additional length would lead to cuts in other areas . It was completed on 29 July . Upon its world premiere on 29 September 1954 , the film was met with critical and popular acclaim . Before its release , it was edited at the instruction of Jack Warner ; theater operators , concerned that they were losing money because they were only able to run the film for three or four shows per day instead of five or six , pressured the studio to make additional reductions . After its first-run engagements , about 30 minutes of footage were cut , sparking outrage among critics and filmgoers . Although it was still popular , drawing huge crowds and grossing over $6,000,000 in its first release , A Star is Born did not make back its cost and ended up losing money . As a result , the secure financial position Garland had expected from the profits did not materialize . Transcona made no more films with Warner . Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , and , in the run-up to the 27th Academy Awards , was generally expected to win for A Star Is Born . She could not attend the ceremony because she had just given birth to her son , Joseph Luft , so a television crew was in her hospital room with cameras and wires to broadcast her anticipated acceptance speech . The Oscar was won , however , by Grace Kelly for The Country Girl ( 1954 ) . The camera crew was packing up before Kelly could even reach the stage . Groucho Marx sent Garland a telegram after the awards ceremony , declaring her loss the biggest robbery since Brinks . Time labeled her performance as just about the greatest one-woman show in modern movie history . Garland won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the role . Garlands films after A Star Is Born included Judgment at Nuremberg ( 1961 ) ( for which she was Oscar- and Golden Globe-nominated for Best Supporting Actress ) , the animated feature Gay Purr-ee ( 1962 ) , and A Child Is Waiting ( 1963 ) with Burt Lancaster . Her final film was I Could Go On Singing ( 1963 ) , co-starring Dirk Bogarde . Television , concerts , and Carnegie Hall . Garland appeared in a number of television specials beginning in 1955 . The first was the 1955 debut episode of Ford Star Jubilee ; this was the first full-scale color broadcast ever on CBS and was a ratings triumph , scoring a 34.8 Nielsen rating . She signed a three-year , $300,000 contract with the network . Only one additional special was broadcast in 1956 , a live concert-edition of General Electric Theater , before the relationship between the Lufts and CBS broke down in a dispute over the planned format of upcoming specials . In 1956 , Garland performed for four weeks at the New Frontier Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip for a salary of $55,000 per week , making her the highest-paid entertainer to work in Las Vegas . Despite a brief bout of laryngitis , where for one performance Jerry Lewis filled in for her watching from a wheelchair , her performances there were so successful that her run was extended an extra week . Later that year , she returned to the Palace Theatre , site of her two-a-day triumph . She opened in September , once again to rave reviews and popular acclaim . In November 1959 , Garland was hospitalized after she was diagnosed with acute hepatitis . Over the next few weeks , several quarts of fluid were drained from her body until she was released from the hospital in January 1960 , still in a weak condition . She was told by doctors that she likely had five years , or less , to live , and that , even if she did survive , she would be a semi-invalid and would never sing again . She initially felt greatly relieved at the diagnosis . The pressure was off me for the first time in my life . However , she recovered over the next several months , and in August of that year , returned to the stage of the Palladium . She felt so warmly embraced by the British that she announced her intention to move permanently to England . At the beginning of 1960 , Garland signed a contract with Random House to write her autobiography . The book was to be called The Judy Garland Story , and would be a collaboration with Fred F . Finklehoffe . Garland was paid an advance of $35,000 , and she and Finklehoffe recorded conversations about her life to be used in producing a manuscript . Garland would work on her autobiography on and off throughout the 1960s , but never completed it . Portions of her unfinished autobiography were included in the 2014 biography , Judy Garland on Judy Garland : Interviews and Encounters by Randy L . Schmidt . Her concert appearance at Carnegie Hall on 23 April 1961 , was a considerable highlight , called by many the greatest night in show business history . The two-record album Judy at Carnegie Hall was certified gold , charting for 95 weeks on Billboard , including 13 weeks at number one . It won four Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Best Female Vocal of the Year . The Judy Garland Show . In 1961 , Garland and CBS settled their contract disputes with the help of her new agent , Freddie Fields , and negotiated a new round of specials . The first , titled The Judy Garland Show , aired on 25 February 1962 and featured guests Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin . Following this success , CBS made a $24 million offer to her for a weekly television series of her own , also to be called The Judy Garland Show , which was deemed at the time in the press to be the biggest talent deal in TV history . Although she had said as early as 1955 that she would never do a weekly television series , in the early 1960s , she was in a financially precarious situation . She was several hundred thousand dollars in debt to the Internal Revenue Service , having failed to pay taxes in 1951 and 1952 , and the failure of A Star is Born meant that she received nothing from that investment . Following a third special , Judy Garland and Her Guests Phil Silvers and Robert Goulet , Garlands weekly series debuted 29 September 1963 . The Judy Garland Show was critically praised , but for a variety of reasons ( including being placed in the time slot opposite Bonanza on NBC ) , the show lasted only one season and was cancelled in 1964 after 26 episodes . Despite its short run , the series was nominated for four Emmy Awards , including Best Variety Series . During this time Garland had a six-month affair with actor Glenn Ford . Garlands biographer Gerald Clarke , Fords son Peter , singer Mel Tormé and her husband Sid Luft wrote about the affair in their respective biographies . The relationship began in 1963 while Garland was doing her television show . Ford would attend tapings of the show sitting in the front row while Garland sang . Ford is credited with giving Garland one of the more stable relationships of her later life . The affair was ended by Ford ( a notorious womanizer according to his son Peter ) when he realized Garland wanted to marry him . Political views . Garland was a life-long and relatively active Democrat . During her lifetime , she was a member of the Hollywood Democratic committee , and a financial and moral supporter of various causes , including the Civil Rights Movement . She donated money to the campaigns of Democratic presidential candidates Franklin D . Roosevelt , Adlai Stevenson II , John F . Kennedy , and Robert F . Kennedy , and Progressive candidate Henry A . Wallace . In September 1947 , Garland joined the Committee for the First Amendment , a group formed by Hollywood celebrities in support of the Hollywood Ten during the hearings of the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) , an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives led by J . Parnell Thomas , which was formed to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens , public employees , and organizations suspected of having communist ties . The Committee for the First Amendment sought to protect the civil liberties of those accused . Other members included Humphrey Bogart , Lauren Bacall , Dorothy Dandridge , John Garfield , Katharine Hepburn , Lena Horne , John Huston , Gene Kelly , and Billy Wilder . Garland took part in recording an all-star October 26 , 1947 radio broadcast , Hollywood Fights Back , during which she exhorted listeners to action : Before every free conscience in America is subpoenaed , please speak up ! Say your piece ! Write your congressman a letterair mail special . Let the Congress know what you think of its Un-American Committee . Garland was a friend of President John F . Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline Kennedy , and she often vacationed in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . The house she stayed in during her vacations in Hyannis Port is known today as The Judy Garland House because of her association with the property . Garland would call the President weekly , often ending her phone calls by singing the first few bars of Over the Rainbow . On 28 August 1963 , Garland and other prominent celebrities such as Josephine Baker , Sidney Poitier , Lena Horne , Paul Newman , Rita Moreno , and Sammy Davis , Jr . took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom , a demonstration organized to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans . She had been photographed by the press in Los Angeles earlier in the month alongside Eartha Kitt , Marlon Brando , and Charlton Heston as they planned their participation in the march on the nations capital . On 16 September 1963 , Garlandalong with daughter Liza , Carolyn Jones , June Allyson , and Allysons daughter Pam Powellheld a press conference to highlight and protest the recent bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham , Alabama , that resulted in the death of four young African American girls . They expressed their shock at the events and requested funds for the families of the victims . Pam Powell and Liza Minnelli both announced their intention to attend the funeral of the victims during the press conference . Final years . In 1963 , Garland sued Sidney Luft for divorce on the grounds of mental cruelty . She also asserted that he had repeatedly struck her while he was drinking and that he had even attempted to take their children from her by force . She had filed for divorce from Luft on several previous occasions , even as early as 1956 , but they had reconciled each time . After her television series was canceled , Garland returned to work on the stage . She returned to the London Palladium performing with her 18-year-old daughter Liza Minnelli in November 1964 . The concert was also shown on the British television network ITV and it was one of her final appearances at the venue . She made guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Tonight Show . Garland guest-hosted an episode of The Hollywood Palace with Vic Damone . She was invited back for a second episode in 1966 with Van Johnson as her guest . Problems with Garlands behavior ended her Hollywood Palace guest appearances . A 1964 tour of Australia ended badly . Garlands first two concerts in Sydney were held in the Sydney Stadium because no concert hall could accommodate the overflow crowds who wanted to see her . Both went well and received positive reviews . Her third performance , in Melbourne , started an hour late . The crowd of 7,000 was angered by her tardiness and believed that she was drunk ; they booed and heckled her , and she fled the stage after 45 minutes . She later characterized the Melbourne crowd as brutish . Garlands Melbourne appearance gained a negative press response . Garlands tour promoter Mark Herron announced that they had married aboard a freighter off the coast of Hong Kong . However , she was not officially divorced from Luft at the time the ceremony was performed . The divorce became final on 19 May 1965 , and she and Herron did not legally marry until 14 November 1965 ; they separated five months later . During their divorce , Garland testified that Herron had beaten her . Herron claimed that he only hit her in self defense . For much of her career throughout the 1950s and early 1960s , her husband Sidney Luft had been her manager . However , Garland eventually parted ways with Luft professionally , signing with agents Freddie Fields and David Begelman . By the fall of 1966 , Garland had also parted ways with Fields and Begelman . Fieldss and Begelmans mismanagement of Garlands money , as well as their embezzlement of much of her earnings resulted in her owing around $500,000 in total in personal debts and in debts to the IRS . The IRS placed tax liens on her home in Brentwood , Los Angeles , her recording contract with Capitol Records , and any other business dealings in which she could derive an income . Garland was left in a desperate situation that saw her sell her Brentwood home at a price far below its value . She was then cast in February 1967 in the role of Helen Lawson in Valley of the Dolls by 20th Century Fox . According to co-star Patty Duke , Garland was treated poorly by director Mark Robson on the set of Valley of the Dolls and was primarily hired so as to augment publicity for the film . After Garlands dismissal from the film , author Jacqueline Susann said in the 1967 television documentary Jacqueline Susann and the Valley of the Dolls , I think Judy will always come back . She kids about making a lot of comebacks , but I think Judy has a kind of a thing where she has to get to the bottom of the rope and things have to get very , very rough for her . Then with an amazing inner strength that only comes of a certain genius , she comes back bigger than ever . Returning to the stage , Garland made one of her last U.S . appearances at New Yorks Palace Theatre in July 1967 , a 27-show stand , performing with her children Lorna and Joey Luft . She wore a sequined pantsuit on stage for this tour , which was part of the original wardrobe for her character in Valley of the Dolls . Garland earned more than $200,000 from her final run at New Yorks Palace Theatre from her 75% share of the profits generated by her engagement there . On closing night at the Palace , federal tax agents seized the majority of her earnings . By early 1969 , Garlands health had deteriorated . She performed in London at the Talk of the Town nightclub for a five-week run in which she was paid £2,500 per week , and made her last concert appearance in Copenhagen during March 1969 . After her divorce from Herron had been finalized on February 11 , she married her fifth and final husband , nightclub manager Mickey Deans , at Chelsea Register Office , London , on March 15 . Death . On 22 June 1969 , 12 days after her 47th birthday , Deans found Garland dead in the bathroom of their rented house in Cadogan Lane , Belgravia , London . At the inquest , Coroner Gavin Thurston stated that the cause of death was an incautious self-overdosage of barbiturates ; her blood contained the equivalent of ten Seconal capsules . Thurston stressed that the overdose had been unintentional and no evidence suggested that she had died by suicide . Garlands autopsy showed no inflammation of her stomach lining and no drug residue in her stomach , which indicated that the drug had been ingested over a long period of time , rather than in a single dose . Her death certificate stated that her death was accidental . Supporting the accidental cause , Garlands physician noted that a prescription of 25 barbiturate pills was found by her bedside half-empty and another bottle of 100 barbiturate pills was still unopened . A British specialist who had attended Garlands autopsy stated that she had nevertheless been living on borrowed time owing to cirrhosis , although a second autopsy conducted later reported no evidence of alcoholism or cirrhosis . Her Wizard of Oz co-star Ray Bolger commented at her funeral , She just plain wore out . Forensic pathologist Jason Payne-James believed that Garland had an eating disorder ( psychologist Linda Papadopoulos asserted that it was likely bulimia ) , which contributed to her death . After Garlands body had been embalmed , Deans traveled with her remains to New York City on 26 June , where an estimated 20,000 people lined up to pay their respects at the Frank E . Campbell Funeral Chapel in Manhattan , which remained open all night long to accommodate the overflowing crowd . On 27 June , James Mason gave a eulogy at the funeral , an Episcopal service led by the Rev . Peter Delaney of St Marylebone Parish Church , London , who had officiated at her marriage to Deans , three months earlier . Judys great gift , Mason said in his eulogy , was that she could wring tears out of hearts of rock.. . She gave so richly and so generously , that there was no currency in which to repay her . The public and press were barred . She was interred in a crypt in the community mausoleum at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale , New York , a small town north of midtown Manhattan . Upon Garlands death , despite having earned millions during her career , her estate came to ( ) . Years of mismanagement of her financial affairs by her representatives and staff along with her generosity toward her family and various causes resulted in her poor financial situation at the end of her life . In her last will , signed and sealed in early 1961 , Garland made many generous bequests that could not be fulfilled because her estate had been in debt for many years . Her daughter , Liza Minnelli , worked to pay off her mothers debts with the help of family friend Frank Sinatra . In 1978 , a selection of Garlands personal items were auctioned off by her ex-husband Sidney Luft with the support of their daughter Lorna and their son Joe . Almost 500 items , ranging from copper cookware to musical arrangements , were offered for sale . The auction raised ( ) for her heirs . At the request of her children , Garlands remains were disinterred from Ferncliff Cemetery in January 2017 and re-interred across the country at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles . Artistry . Garland possessed a contralto vocal range . Her singing voice has been described as brassy , powerful , effortless and resonant , often demonstrating a tremulous , powerful vibrato . Although her range was comparatively limited , Garland was capable of alternating between female and male-sounding timbres with little effort . The Richmond Times-Dispatch correspondent Tony Farrell wrote she possessed a deep , velvety contralto voice that could turn on a dime to belt out the high notes , while Ron OBrien , producer of tribute album The Definitive Collection – Judy Garland ( 2006 ) , wrote the singers combination of natural phrasing , elegant delivery , mature pathos and powerful dramatic dynamics she brings to .. . songs make her [ renditions ] the definitive interpretations . The Huffington Post writer Joan E . Dowlin called the period of Garlands music career between 1937 and 1945 the innocent years , during which the critic believes the singers voice was vibrant and her musical expression exuberant , taking note of its resonance and distinct , rich yet sweet quality that grabs you and pulls you in . Garlands voice would often vary to suit the song she was interpreting , ranging from soft , engaging and tender during ballads to humorous on some of her duets with other artists . Her more joyful , belted performances have been compared to entertainers Sophie Tucker , Ethel Merman , and Al Jolson . Although her musical repertoire consisted largely of cast recordings , show tunes and traditional pop standards , Garland was also capable of singing soul , blues , and jazz music , which Dowlin compared to singer Elvis Presley . Garland always claimed that her talent as a performer was inherited , saying : Nobody ever taught me what to do onstage . Critics agree that , even when she debuted as a child , Garland had always sounded mature for her age , particularly on her earlier recordings . From an early age , Garland had been billed as the little girl with the leather lungs , a designation the singer later admitted to having felt humiliated by because she would have much preferred to have been known to audiences as a pretty or nice little girl . Jessel recalled that , even at only 12 years old , Garlands singing voice resembled that of a woman with a heart that had been hurt . The Kansas City Star contributor Robert Trussel cited Garlands singing voice among the reasons why her role in The Wizard of Oz remains memorable , writing that although She might have been made up and costumed to look like a little girl .. . she didnt sing like one due to her powerful contralto command [ ing ] attention . Camille Paglia , writing for The New York Times , joked that even in Garlands adult life , her petite frame literally throbbed with her huge voice , making it appear as though she were at war with her own body . Theater actress and director Donna Thomason stated that Garland was an effective performer because she was capable of using her singing voice [ as ] a natural extension of [ her ] speaking voice , a skill that Thomason believes all musical theater actors should at least strive to achieve . Trussel agreed that Garlands singing voice sounded utterly natural . It never seemed forced or overly trained . Writing for Turner Classic Movies , biographer Jonathan Riggs observed that Garland had a tendency to imbue her vocals with a paradoxical combination of fragility and resilience that eventually became a signature trademark of hers . Louis Bayard of The Washington Post described Garlands voice as throbbing , believing it to be capable of connect [ ing ] with [ audiences ] in a way no other voice does . Bayard also believes that listeners find it hard to disentwine the sorrow in her voice from the sorrow that dogged her life , while Dowlin argued that , Listening to Judy sing .. . makes me forget all of the angst and suffering she must have endured . The New York Times obituarist in 1969 observed that Garland , whether intentionally or not , brought with her .. . all the well-publicized phantoms of her emotional breakdown , her career collapses and comebacks on stage during later performances . The same writer said that Garlands voice changed and lost some of its quality as she aged , although she retained much of her personality . Contributing to the Irish Independent , Julia Molony observed Garlands voice , although still rich with emotion , had finally begun to creak with the weight of years of disappointment and hard-living by the time she performed at Carnegie Hall in 1961 . Similarly , the live records entry in the Library of Congress wrote that while her voice was still strong , it had also gained a bit of heft and a bit of wear ; author Cary ODell believes Garlands rasp and occasional quiver only upped the emotional quotient of many of her numbers , particularly on her signature songs Over the Rainbow and The Man That Got Away . Garland stated that she always felt most safe and at home while performing onstage , regardless of the condition of her voice . Her musical talent has been commended by her peers ; opera singer Maria Callas once said that Garland possessed the most superb voice she had ever heard , while singer and actor Bing Crosby said that no other singer could be compared to her when Garland was rested . Garland was known for interacting with her audiences during live performances ; The New York Times obituarist wrote that Garland possessed a seemingly unquenchable need for her audiences to respond with acclaim and affection . And often , they did , screaming , We love you , Judy – we love you . Garland herself explained in 1961 : A really great reception makes me feel like I have a great big warm heating pad all over me .. . I truly have a great love for an audience , and I used to want to prove it to them by giving them blood . But I have a funny new thing now , a real determination to make people enjoy the show . The New York Times writer described her as both an instinctive actress and comedienne . The anonymous contributor commented that Garlands performance style resembled that of a music hall performer in an era when music halls were obsolete . Close friends of Garlands insisted that she never truly wanted to be a movie star and would have much rather devoted her career entirely to singing and recording records . AllMusic biographer William Ruhlmann believes that Garlands ability to maintain a successful career as a recording artist even after her film appearances became less frequent was unusual for an artist at the time . Garland has been identified as a triple threat due to her ability to sing , act , and dance , arguably equally well . Doug Strassler , a critic for the New York Press , described Garland as a triple threat who bounced between family musicals and adult dramas with a precision and a talent that remains largely unmatched . In terms of acting , Peter Lennon , writing for The Guardian in 1999 , identified Garland as a chameleon due to her ability to alternate between comedic , musical and dramatic roles , citing The Wizard of Oz , The Clock , A Star is Born and I Could Go On Singing – her final film role – as prominent examples . Michael Musto , a journalist for W magazine , wrote that in her film roles Garland could project decency , vulnerability , and spunk like no other star , and she wrapped it up with a tremulously beautiful vocal delivery that could melt even the most hardened troll . Discography . Studio albums - The Judy Garland Souvenir Album ( 1940 ) - Second Souvenir Album ( 1943 ) - Miss Show Business ( 1955 ) - Judy ( 1956 ) - Alone ( 1957 ) - Judy in Love ( 1958 ) - The Letter ( 1959 ) - Thats Entertainment ! ( 1960 ) - The Garland Touch ( 1962 ) Public image and reputation . Garland was nearly as famous for her personal struggles in everyday life as she was for her entertainment career . She has been closely associated with her carefully cultivated girl next door image . Early in her career during the 1930s , Garlands public image had earned her the title Americas favorite kid sister , as well as the title Little Miss Showbusiness . In a review for the Star Tribune , Graydon Royce wrote that Garlands public image remained that of a Midwestern girl who couldnt believe where she was , despite having been a well-established celebrity for over 20 years . Royce believes that fans and audiences insisted on preserving their memory of Garland as Dorothy no matter how much she matured , calling her a captive not of her own desire to stay young , but a captive of the publics desire to preserve her that way . Thus , the studio continued to cast Garland in roles that were significantly younger than her actual age . According to Malony , Garland was one of Hollywoods hardest-working performers during the 1940s , which Malony claims she used as a coping mechanism after her first marriage imploded . However , studio employees recall that Garland had a tendency to be quite intense , headstrong and volatile ; Judy Garland : The Secret Life of an American Legend author David Shipman claims that several individuals were frustrated by Garlands narcissism and growing instability , while millions of fans found her public demeanor and psychological state to be fragile , appearing neurotic in interviews . MGM reports that Garland was consistently tardy and demonstrated erratic behavior , which resulted in several delays and disruptions to filming schedules until she was finally dismissed from the studio , which had deemed her unreliable and difficult to manage . Farrell called Garland A grab bag of contradictions which has always been a feast for the American imagination , describing her public persona as awkward yet direct , bashful yet brash . Describing the singer as Tender and endearing yet savage and turbulent , Paglia wrote that Garland cut a path of destruction through many lives . And out of that chaos , she made art of still-searing intensity . Calling her a creature of extremes , greedy , sensual , and demanding , gluttonous for pleasure and pain , Paglia also compared Garland to entertainer Frank Sinatra due to their shared emblematic personality .. . into whom the mass audience projected its hopes and disappointments , while observing that she lacked Sinatras survival skills . Despite her success as a performer , Garland suffered from low self-esteem , particularly with regard to her weight , which she constantly dieted to maintain at the behest of the studio and Mayer ; critics and historians believe this was a result of having been told that she was an ugly duckling by studio executives . Entertainment Weekly columnist Gene Lyons observed that both audiences and fellow members of the entertainment industry tended either to love her or to hate her . At one point , Stevie Phillips , who had worked as an agent for Garland for four years , described her client as a demented , demanding , supremely talented drug-addict . Royce argues that Garland maintained astonishing strength and courage , even during difficult times . English actor Dirk Bogarde once called Garland the funniest woman I have ever met . Ruhlmann wrote that the singers personal life contrasted so starkly with the exuberance and innocence of her film roles . Despite her personal struggles , Garland disagreed with the publics opinion that she was a tragic figure . Her younger daughter Lorna agreed that Garland hated being referred to as a tragic figure , explaining , We all have tragedies in our lives , but that does not make us tragic . She was funny and she was warm and she was wonderfully gifted . She had great highs and great moments in her career . She also had great moments in her personal life . Yes , we lost her at 47 years old . That was tragic . But she was not a tragic figure . Ruhlmann argues that Garland actually used the publics opinion of her tragic image to her advantage towards the end of her career . Legacy . By the time of her death in 1969 , Garland had appeared in more than 35 films . She has been called one of the greats of entertainment , and her reputation has endured . In 1992 , Gerald Clarke of Architectural Digest dubbed Garland probably the greatest American entertainer of the twentieth century . OBrien believes that No one in the history of Hollywood ever packed the musical wallop that Garland did , explaining , She had the biggest , most versatile voice in movies . Her Technicolor musicals.. . defined the genre . The songs she introduced were Oscar gold . Her film career frames the Golden Age of Hollywood musicals . Turner Classic Movies dubbed Garland historys most poignant voice . Entertainment Weeklys Gene Lyons dubbed Garland the Madonna of her generation . The American Film Institute named her eighth among the Greatest female stars of Golden Age Hollywood cinema . In June 1998 , in The New York Times , Camille Paglia wrote that , Garland was a personality on the grand scale who makes our current crop of pop stars look lightweight and evanescent . In recent years , Garlands legacy has maintained fans of all different ages , both younger and older . In 2010 , The Huffington Post contributor Joan E . Dowlin concluded that Garland possessed a distinct it quality by exemplif [ ying ] the star quality of charisma , musical talent , natural acting ability , and , despite what the studio honchos said , good looks ( even if they were the girl next door looks ) . AllMusics biographer William Ruhlmann said that the core of her significance as an artist remains her amazing voice and emotional commitment to her songs , and believes that her career is sometimes viewed more as an object lesson in Hollywood excess than as the remarkable string of multimedia accomplishments it was . In 2012 , Strassler described Garland as more than an icon.. . Like Charlie Chaplin and Lucille Ball , she created a template that the powers that be have forever been trying , with varied levels of success , to replicate . Garlands live performances towards the end of her career are still remembered by fans who attended them as peak moments in 20th-century music . She has been the subject of over thirty biographies since her death , including the well-received by her daughter , Lorna Luft , whose memoir was later adapted into the television miniseries , which won Emmy Awards for the two actresses who portrayed her ( Tammy Blanchard and Judy Davis ) . Strassler observed that Garland created one of the most storied cautionary tales in the industry , thanks to her the many excesses and insecurities that led to her early death by overdose . Garland was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997 . Several of her recordings have been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . These include Over the Rainbow , which was ranked as the number one movie song of all time in the American Film Institutes 100 Years...100 Songs list . Four more Garland songs are featured on the list : Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ( No . 76 ) , Get Happy ( No . 61 ) , The Trolley Song ( No . 26 ) , and The Man That Got Away ( No . 11 ) . She has twice been honored on U.S . postage stamps , in 1989 ( as Dorothy ) and again in 2006 ( as Vicki Lester from A Star Is Born ) . While on tour in 1964 , Garland identified Over the Rainbow as her favorite of all the songs she had ever recorded , to which Trussel observed that Her career would remain inextricably linked . Garland would frequently use an overture from Over the Rainbow as her entrance music during concerts and television appearances . According to Paglia , the more Garland performed Over the Rainbow , the more it became her tragic anthem .. . a dirge for artistic opportunities squandered , and for personal happiness permanently deferred . In 1998 , Carnegie Hall hosted a two-concert tribute to Garland , which they promoted as a tribute to the worlds greatest entertainer . Garlands work has influenced several entertainers including LeAnn Rimes , Kim Petras , Ariana Grande , Sam Smith , Ben Platt , Rufus Wainwright , Richard Glazier , Megan Fox , Janelle Monáe , Marlee Matlin , Claire Danes , Renée Zellweger and Anne Hathaway . Subsequent celebrities who have suffered from personal struggles with drug addiction and substance use disorder have been compared to Garland , particularly Michael Jackson . Garlands elder daughter Liza Minnelli had a personal life that was almost parallel to that of her mothers , having struggled with substance use disorder and several unsuccessful marriages . Paglia observed that actress Marilyn Monroe would exhibit behavior which was similar to that which Garland had exhibited a decade earlier in Meet Me in St . Louis , particularly tardiness . Judy Garland was among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Gay icon . Garland had a large fan base in the gay community and became a gay icon . Reasons given for her standing among gay men are the admiration of her ability as a performer , the way her personal struggles mirrored those of gay men in the United States during the height of her fame , and her value as a camp figure . In the 1960s , a reporter asked how she felt about having a large gay following . She replied , I couldnt care less . I sing to people ! Portrayals in fiction . Garland has been portrayed on television by Andrea McArdle in Rainbow ( 1978 ) , Tammy Blanchard ( young Judy ) and Judy Davis ( older Judy ) in ( 2001 ) , and Sigrid Thornton in ( 2015 ) . Harvey Weinstein optioned , and a stage show and film based on it were slated to star Anne Hathaway . Renée Zellweger portrayed Garland in the biopic Judy ( 2019 ) , and won the Academy Award for Best Actress . On stage , Garland is a character in the musical The Boy from Oz ( 1998 ) , portrayed by Chrissy Amphlett in the original Australian production and by Isabel Keating on Broadway in 2003 . End of the Rainbow ( 2005 ) featured Caroline OConnor as Garland and Paul Goddard as Garlands pianist . Adrienne Barbeau played Garland in The Property Known as Garland ( 2006 ) and The Judy Monologues ( 2010 ) initially featured male actors reciting Garlands words before it was revamped as a one-woman show . In music , Garland is referenced in the 1992 Tori Amos song Happy Phantom , in which Garland is imagined to be taking Buddha by the hand . Amos also refers to Garland as Judy G in her 1996 song Not the Red Baron .
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"vice chancellor and state secretary of education"
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easy
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Which position did Walter Breisky hold from Nov 1920 to 1922?
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/wiki/Walter_Breisky#P39#0
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Walter Breisky Walter Breisky ( 8 July 1871 in Bern – 25 September 1944 in Klosterneuburg ) was an Austrian jurist , civil servant , and politician . Nominated by the Christian Social Party , Breisky served as minister of education and the interior from July to November 1920 , as the vice chancellor and state secretary of education from November 1920 to May 1922 . Together with his Social Democratic deputy , Otto Glöckel , Breisky initiated sweeping reforms of Austrias education system . In January 1922 , Breisky became the caretaker chancellor of Austria for a single day . Early life . Walter Breisky was born on 8 July 1871 in Bern , Switzerland . He was the second son of August Breisky and Pauline Breisky , née von Less . Both parents were of Bohemian descent . The family was living in Switzerland at the time of Breiskys birth because his father , a noted physician , had accepted a professorship of gynecology at the University of Bern in 1867 . When August Breisky was invited to assume a chair at the University of Prague in 1874 , the family moved back home . In Prague , Breisky attended elementary school and received the first four years of his gymnasium education . In 1886 , his father was offered a position with the Second Gynecological Clinic of the University of Vienna . Breisky thus completed his secondary education in the imperial capital , graduating from the prestigious Gymnasium Wasagasse in 1890 . Shortly before Breisky could finish school , his father died , a loss that appears to have hit the young man hard . Since Breisky was not yet of age , his fathers older brother , Rudolf Baron Breisky , became his legal guardian , eventually also adopting him . Baron Breisky was a senior official in the Ministry of the Interior ; he had served as the chair of the ministrys executive committee ( ) for 25 years and was one of the closest collaborators of Eduard Taaffe . It is likely that Baron Breisky encouraged his ward to pursue a career in the imperial bureaucracy . Austrian diplomat Michael Breisky is his grandnephew . Breiskys grades appeared to suggest that his talents lay more in the humanities than in any technical fields . Breisky enrolled at the University of Vienna to study law and political science ( ) . He graduated , with distinction , in 1895 . Career . Civil servant . Within ten days of graduating from university , Breisky secured employment as an apprentice clerk ( ) in the governors office ( ) of the Archduchy of Lower Austria . It is unlikely that Breisky owed his swift admission into the civil service to his uncles patronage : Walter Breisky was chosen for the position by Erich Graf von Kielmannsegg , who intensely disliked Rudolf Baron Breisky for the latters personality ; in Kielmannseggs autobiography , Baron Breisky would be described as a supercilious fossil . In spite of the enmity between guardian and superior , Breisky rose through the ranks with apparent easy and remarkable speed . In 1895 , he was assigned to the Korneuburg district administration . Three years later , he was promoted from apprentice clerk to regular clerk ( ) and appointed to the executive committee of the provincial bureaucracy . His performance reviews were consistently glowing . On 1 January 1900 Breisky was moved to the Ministry of Education . Employment in the ministerial bureaucracy was significantly more prestigious than employment in a provincial administration , and Breisky was still only 28 years old , unusually young for advancement to the ministry . The step up in rank was all the more remarkable as Breisky was a Protestant , a serious handicap in the Habsburg bureaucracy in general and in the Ministry of Education in particular . In 1905 , the Ministry tried to get rid of the religious outsider by offering him to fill a vacancy on the Evangelical Church Council . The move would have advanced Breisky by an additional two steps in rank . Breisky declined . Breiskys refusal to accept the sinecure did no permanent damage to his career . In April 1907 , Breisky was appointed to the ministrys executive office . In February 1908 , he was promoted to ministerial secretary ( ) ; he subsequently became a noted collaborator of Minister-President Baron Max Wladimir von Beck , the Cisleithanian head of government . The two men grew very close , to the point of spending extended holidays together . In 1909 , Breisky received the job title of departmental advisor ( ) . In 1913 , he was made a ministerial advisor ( ) . The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I was a serious personal blow to Breisky , who was 47 years old now and had spent his entire working life as a loyal servant of the Habsburgs . In spite of his despondency , Breisky remained at his post . The emerging Republic of German-Austria knew to appreciate his experience . In May 1919 , Breisky was made a department director ( ) in the State Chancellery ( ) , personal bureau of Chancellor Karl Renner and heart of the rump states executive apparatus . Once again , Breisky became a close confidant and trusted lieutenant of the chief executive . Renner instructed his staff that document addressed to Renner should also be made available to Breisky , preferably Renner himself had seen it . Minister of education . Breisky was no ideologue and felt no instinctive allegiance to any of the republics three dominant political camps . A scion of the upper class and socially conservative by temperament , Breisky was certainly no Social Democrat , his harmonious working relationship with Renner nonwithstanding . The Christian Social camp shared his traditionalism but was also explicitly Catholic . His Evangelical faith would have pointed him to the German Nationalists , also socially conservative . A descendant of a family of Habsburg civil servants and a lifelong Habsburg civil servant himself , however , would not have felt drawn to a camp that defined itself as pan-German and as Antisemitic besides . Even so , Breisky eventually entered formal politics . In July 1920 , the Social Democratic Party , Christian Social Party , and Greater German Peoples Party agreed to form a national unity government to manage the transition from provisional to permanent constitution that was in progress at the time . The Christian Socials offered to make Breisky head of the Ministry of Education . Breisky accepted . On 7 July Breisky was sworn in as a state secretary – the term for minister in the provisional constitution – of education in the first Mayr government . The deputy state secretary of education under both Renner and Mayr was Otto Glöckel , a Social Democrat and committed progressive . Glöckel was driving an ambitious program of education reform that included both structural reorganization and a drastic changes to the systems pedagogical approach . Traditionally , children were sorted into different educational tracks after graduating from elementary school at age ten . In theory , the sorting criteria were scholastic aptitude and talent profile ; in practice , students were sorted by socioeconomic background . Glöckel meant to help break down class barriers through merging the different types of middle schools , thus delaying the sorting for another four years . In terms of style , education was to focus on inspiring self-reliance and independent thought as opposed to rote learning . Glöckels new superior , no revolutionary but open to new ideas , halted some of Glöckels reforms but happily embraced others , then added reform ideas of his own . He promoted access to education for girls , worked to improve teacher training , professionalized the textbook approbation process , overhauled the school physicians service , and modernized curricula . He also worked to improve access to education , and to the arts and humanities in particular , for children in rural regions . While Vienna was a vibrant metropolis and one of the world capitals of music and theater , large parts of the rest of Austria were a backwater . Breisky took the initiative in organizing concerts and theatrical performances for the sons and daughters of the hinterland . When the Social Democrats left the unity government on 22 October , the post of minister of the army – now actually called minister because the new constitution had entered into force – became vacant . Breisky was appointed acting minister . When the second Mayr government took office on 20 November , Breisky became vice chancellor . The Ministry of Education had been merged into the Ministry of the Interior , and the combined ministry was lead not by Breisky but by Egon Glanz . Breisky , however , was made the state secretary – the term now meant deputy minister – in charge of education affairs , retaining his previous portfolio and continuing his reform work . When Glanz resigned on 7 April 1921 Breisky was promoted to acting minister . On 21 June the first Schober government was inaugurated ; this cabinet too included Breisky as both vice chancellor and state secretary of education . Chancellor for a day . On 16 December 1921 Chancellor Schober and President Hainisch signed the Treaty of Lana , an agreement of mutual understanding and friendship between Austria and Czechoslovakia . In particular , Austria reconfirmed to its neighbor to the north that it would faithfully abide by the Treaty of Saint-Germain and would neither seek unification with Germany nor attempt to restore the Habsburgs to power . In return , Czechoslovakia promised a substantial loan to the struggling , cash-strapped rump state . The treaty would also generally improve Austrias international standing and make it easier for Austria to secure additional loans from other countries . The Christian Socials were in favor of the treaty , but their remaining coalition partner , the Greater German Peoples Party , was vehemently opposed . Ardently pan-German , the Peoples Party had been hoping that Austria would , sooner or later , defy the Treaty of Saint-Germain and would seek accession to the German Reich . The party had also been hoping that the unification of all Germans would extend to the Sudeten Germans , the German-speaking former Habsburg subjects living in what used to be Bohemia . Schober , whom the party had considered an ally , was renouncing both these goals . In the final days of December 1921 , the Peoples Party staged protest rallies against the treaty all over the country . On 16 January 1922 it also withdrew its representative from Schobers cabinet . As long as Schober himself remained office , however , the Peoples Party was still bound by the original coalition agreement . The agreement required the party to vote in support of government bills in the National Council , and one of the government bills on the table in January 1922 was the ratification of the Treaty of Lana . On 26 January , hoping to appease the Peoples Party by releasing it from its contractual obligation , Schober stepped down . Schobers resignation did not elevate Breisky to the chancellorship automatically , but Hainisch instantly appointed him the caretaker head of government . The Treaty of Lana was ratified with the votes of Christian Socials and Social Democrats , the Peoples Party voting against . Behind the scenes , Christian Social representatives , and possibly politicians of other parties as well , were lobbying Schober to return ; it was widely felt that there simply was no alternative . Schober let himself be persuaded . On 27 January he was elected chancellor a second time . The Peoples Party did not return its representative to Schobers cabinet but was ready to recommence support for Schober in the National Council . The Breisky government had been in office for just about twenty-four hours . Breisky resumed his roles as vice chancellor and state secretary of education . Chief statistician . In May 1922 , just four months later , Schober was forced to resign again . Ignaz Seipel , Schobers successor , had no use for Breisky in his cabinet . Breisky returned to his old position as the executive department director ( ) in the Chancellery , where he seems to have served Seipel as diligently as he used to serve Renner . Seipel showed himself grateful . On 21 February 1923 Breisky was made the president of the Austrian Statistics Office ( ) . Austrias economic situation was still troubled and , in fact , worsening . The administrators in charge of economic policy were hampered by lack of reliable information . It was unclear how many inhabitants the country had , how many of them were employed , how many businesses there were , and how much they produced . The agency Breisky took over was massively understaffed and poorly organized . Breisky , whose appointment was originally ridiculed for his complete lack of any relevant training or experience , proved himself capable and energetic . Breisky turned the Statistics Office around , then took the initiative in creating the Austrian Institute of Economic Research ( at the time ) , thus making sure that the agency would be kept on its toes by competition from a think tank of independent scholars . Later years . Throughout his life , Breisky had been suffering from poor eyesight . His far-sightedness and astigmatism had already been bad enough to get him declared permanently unfit for military service in 1894 , and they had been worsening since . On 18 February 1931 Breisky asked to be allowed to retire . His request was granted on 1 October . Breisky spent his final years in Klosterneuburg , where he lived with his wife ; he had married Rosa Kowarik , his long-time housekeeper , in 1927 . Breisky does not appear to have kept in touch with former colleagues or political collaborators , but he was active in the Pan-Europe Movement and held honorary positions in a number of charities and hobbyists clubs . He was the honorary president of the Viennese Animal Welfare Association ( ) and an honorary member of the local numismatic society . Breisky spent most of his time in his sprawling library , reading with a magnifying glass . He tried to prevent his eye problem from getting worse by self-medicating with immense amounts of carrots and lemon juice . There is evidence that Breisky felt disheartened by the political developments he witnessed during his sunset days . He expressed no support either for the Austrofascist takeover in 1934 or for the Nazi takeover in 1938 . He withdrew further from public life after the Nazi Party came to power in Austria , resigning even his nominal membership in the International Statistical Institute . After the death of his wife on 17 November 1943 Breisky hired a nurse to take care of him . In September 1944 , apparently reported to the authorities by his nurse , he was arrested by the Gestapo for listening to the BBC , a so-called . On 25 September , shortly after his release from Nazi custody , Breisky committed suicide .
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"caretaker chancellor of Austria for a single day"
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easy
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What position did Walter Breisky take in 1922?
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/wiki/Walter_Breisky#P39#1
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Walter Breisky Walter Breisky ( 8 July 1871 in Bern – 25 September 1944 in Klosterneuburg ) was an Austrian jurist , civil servant , and politician . Nominated by the Christian Social Party , Breisky served as minister of education and the interior from July to November 1920 , as the vice chancellor and state secretary of education from November 1920 to May 1922 . Together with his Social Democratic deputy , Otto Glöckel , Breisky initiated sweeping reforms of Austrias education system . In January 1922 , Breisky became the caretaker chancellor of Austria for a single day . Early life . Walter Breisky was born on 8 July 1871 in Bern , Switzerland . He was the second son of August Breisky and Pauline Breisky , née von Less . Both parents were of Bohemian descent . The family was living in Switzerland at the time of Breiskys birth because his father , a noted physician , had accepted a professorship of gynecology at the University of Bern in 1867 . When August Breisky was invited to assume a chair at the University of Prague in 1874 , the family moved back home . In Prague , Breisky attended elementary school and received the first four years of his gymnasium education . In 1886 , his father was offered a position with the Second Gynecological Clinic of the University of Vienna . Breisky thus completed his secondary education in the imperial capital , graduating from the prestigious Gymnasium Wasagasse in 1890 . Shortly before Breisky could finish school , his father died , a loss that appears to have hit the young man hard . Since Breisky was not yet of age , his fathers older brother , Rudolf Baron Breisky , became his legal guardian , eventually also adopting him . Baron Breisky was a senior official in the Ministry of the Interior ; he had served as the chair of the ministrys executive committee ( ) for 25 years and was one of the closest collaborators of Eduard Taaffe . It is likely that Baron Breisky encouraged his ward to pursue a career in the imperial bureaucracy . Austrian diplomat Michael Breisky is his grandnephew . Breiskys grades appeared to suggest that his talents lay more in the humanities than in any technical fields . Breisky enrolled at the University of Vienna to study law and political science ( ) . He graduated , with distinction , in 1895 . Career . Civil servant . Within ten days of graduating from university , Breisky secured employment as an apprentice clerk ( ) in the governors office ( ) of the Archduchy of Lower Austria . It is unlikely that Breisky owed his swift admission into the civil service to his uncles patronage : Walter Breisky was chosen for the position by Erich Graf von Kielmannsegg , who intensely disliked Rudolf Baron Breisky for the latters personality ; in Kielmannseggs autobiography , Baron Breisky would be described as a supercilious fossil . In spite of the enmity between guardian and superior , Breisky rose through the ranks with apparent easy and remarkable speed . In 1895 , he was assigned to the Korneuburg district administration . Three years later , he was promoted from apprentice clerk to regular clerk ( ) and appointed to the executive committee of the provincial bureaucracy . His performance reviews were consistently glowing . On 1 January 1900 Breisky was moved to the Ministry of Education . Employment in the ministerial bureaucracy was significantly more prestigious than employment in a provincial administration , and Breisky was still only 28 years old , unusually young for advancement to the ministry . The step up in rank was all the more remarkable as Breisky was a Protestant , a serious handicap in the Habsburg bureaucracy in general and in the Ministry of Education in particular . In 1905 , the Ministry tried to get rid of the religious outsider by offering him to fill a vacancy on the Evangelical Church Council . The move would have advanced Breisky by an additional two steps in rank . Breisky declined . Breiskys refusal to accept the sinecure did no permanent damage to his career . In April 1907 , Breisky was appointed to the ministrys executive office . In February 1908 , he was promoted to ministerial secretary ( ) ; he subsequently became a noted collaborator of Minister-President Baron Max Wladimir von Beck , the Cisleithanian head of government . The two men grew very close , to the point of spending extended holidays together . In 1909 , Breisky received the job title of departmental advisor ( ) . In 1913 , he was made a ministerial advisor ( ) . The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I was a serious personal blow to Breisky , who was 47 years old now and had spent his entire working life as a loyal servant of the Habsburgs . In spite of his despondency , Breisky remained at his post . The emerging Republic of German-Austria knew to appreciate his experience . In May 1919 , Breisky was made a department director ( ) in the State Chancellery ( ) , personal bureau of Chancellor Karl Renner and heart of the rump states executive apparatus . Once again , Breisky became a close confidant and trusted lieutenant of the chief executive . Renner instructed his staff that document addressed to Renner should also be made available to Breisky , preferably Renner himself had seen it . Minister of education . Breisky was no ideologue and felt no instinctive allegiance to any of the republics three dominant political camps . A scion of the upper class and socially conservative by temperament , Breisky was certainly no Social Democrat , his harmonious working relationship with Renner nonwithstanding . The Christian Social camp shared his traditionalism but was also explicitly Catholic . His Evangelical faith would have pointed him to the German Nationalists , also socially conservative . A descendant of a family of Habsburg civil servants and a lifelong Habsburg civil servant himself , however , would not have felt drawn to a camp that defined itself as pan-German and as Antisemitic besides . Even so , Breisky eventually entered formal politics . In July 1920 , the Social Democratic Party , Christian Social Party , and Greater German Peoples Party agreed to form a national unity government to manage the transition from provisional to permanent constitution that was in progress at the time . The Christian Socials offered to make Breisky head of the Ministry of Education . Breisky accepted . On 7 July Breisky was sworn in as a state secretary – the term for minister in the provisional constitution – of education in the first Mayr government . The deputy state secretary of education under both Renner and Mayr was Otto Glöckel , a Social Democrat and committed progressive . Glöckel was driving an ambitious program of education reform that included both structural reorganization and a drastic changes to the systems pedagogical approach . Traditionally , children were sorted into different educational tracks after graduating from elementary school at age ten . In theory , the sorting criteria were scholastic aptitude and talent profile ; in practice , students were sorted by socioeconomic background . Glöckel meant to help break down class barriers through merging the different types of middle schools , thus delaying the sorting for another four years . In terms of style , education was to focus on inspiring self-reliance and independent thought as opposed to rote learning . Glöckels new superior , no revolutionary but open to new ideas , halted some of Glöckels reforms but happily embraced others , then added reform ideas of his own . He promoted access to education for girls , worked to improve teacher training , professionalized the textbook approbation process , overhauled the school physicians service , and modernized curricula . He also worked to improve access to education , and to the arts and humanities in particular , for children in rural regions . While Vienna was a vibrant metropolis and one of the world capitals of music and theater , large parts of the rest of Austria were a backwater . Breisky took the initiative in organizing concerts and theatrical performances for the sons and daughters of the hinterland . When the Social Democrats left the unity government on 22 October , the post of minister of the army – now actually called minister because the new constitution had entered into force – became vacant . Breisky was appointed acting minister . When the second Mayr government took office on 20 November , Breisky became vice chancellor . The Ministry of Education had been merged into the Ministry of the Interior , and the combined ministry was lead not by Breisky but by Egon Glanz . Breisky , however , was made the state secretary – the term now meant deputy minister – in charge of education affairs , retaining his previous portfolio and continuing his reform work . When Glanz resigned on 7 April 1921 Breisky was promoted to acting minister . On 21 June the first Schober government was inaugurated ; this cabinet too included Breisky as both vice chancellor and state secretary of education . Chancellor for a day . On 16 December 1921 Chancellor Schober and President Hainisch signed the Treaty of Lana , an agreement of mutual understanding and friendship between Austria and Czechoslovakia . In particular , Austria reconfirmed to its neighbor to the north that it would faithfully abide by the Treaty of Saint-Germain and would neither seek unification with Germany nor attempt to restore the Habsburgs to power . In return , Czechoslovakia promised a substantial loan to the struggling , cash-strapped rump state . The treaty would also generally improve Austrias international standing and make it easier for Austria to secure additional loans from other countries . The Christian Socials were in favor of the treaty , but their remaining coalition partner , the Greater German Peoples Party , was vehemently opposed . Ardently pan-German , the Peoples Party had been hoping that Austria would , sooner or later , defy the Treaty of Saint-Germain and would seek accession to the German Reich . The party had also been hoping that the unification of all Germans would extend to the Sudeten Germans , the German-speaking former Habsburg subjects living in what used to be Bohemia . Schober , whom the party had considered an ally , was renouncing both these goals . In the final days of December 1921 , the Peoples Party staged protest rallies against the treaty all over the country . On 16 January 1922 it also withdrew its representative from Schobers cabinet . As long as Schober himself remained office , however , the Peoples Party was still bound by the original coalition agreement . The agreement required the party to vote in support of government bills in the National Council , and one of the government bills on the table in January 1922 was the ratification of the Treaty of Lana . On 26 January , hoping to appease the Peoples Party by releasing it from its contractual obligation , Schober stepped down . Schobers resignation did not elevate Breisky to the chancellorship automatically , but Hainisch instantly appointed him the caretaker head of government . The Treaty of Lana was ratified with the votes of Christian Socials and Social Democrats , the Peoples Party voting against . Behind the scenes , Christian Social representatives , and possibly politicians of other parties as well , were lobbying Schober to return ; it was widely felt that there simply was no alternative . Schober let himself be persuaded . On 27 January he was elected chancellor a second time . The Peoples Party did not return its representative to Schobers cabinet but was ready to recommence support for Schober in the National Council . The Breisky government had been in office for just about twenty-four hours . Breisky resumed his roles as vice chancellor and state secretary of education . Chief statistician . In May 1922 , just four months later , Schober was forced to resign again . Ignaz Seipel , Schobers successor , had no use for Breisky in his cabinet . Breisky returned to his old position as the executive department director ( ) in the Chancellery , where he seems to have served Seipel as diligently as he used to serve Renner . Seipel showed himself grateful . On 21 February 1923 Breisky was made the president of the Austrian Statistics Office ( ) . Austrias economic situation was still troubled and , in fact , worsening . The administrators in charge of economic policy were hampered by lack of reliable information . It was unclear how many inhabitants the country had , how many of them were employed , how many businesses there were , and how much they produced . The agency Breisky took over was massively understaffed and poorly organized . Breisky , whose appointment was originally ridiculed for his complete lack of any relevant training or experience , proved himself capable and energetic . Breisky turned the Statistics Office around , then took the initiative in creating the Austrian Institute of Economic Research ( at the time ) , thus making sure that the agency would be kept on its toes by competition from a think tank of independent scholars . Later years . Throughout his life , Breisky had been suffering from poor eyesight . His far-sightedness and astigmatism had already been bad enough to get him declared permanently unfit for military service in 1894 , and they had been worsening since . On 18 February 1931 Breisky asked to be allowed to retire . His request was granted on 1 October . Breisky spent his final years in Klosterneuburg , where he lived with his wife ; he had married Rosa Kowarik , his long-time housekeeper , in 1927 . Breisky does not appear to have kept in touch with former colleagues or political collaborators , but he was active in the Pan-Europe Movement and held honorary positions in a number of charities and hobbyists clubs . He was the honorary president of the Viennese Animal Welfare Association ( ) and an honorary member of the local numismatic society . Breisky spent most of his time in his sprawling library , reading with a magnifying glass . He tried to prevent his eye problem from getting worse by self-medicating with immense amounts of carrots and lemon juice . There is evidence that Breisky felt disheartened by the political developments he witnessed during his sunset days . He expressed no support either for the Austrofascist takeover in 1934 or for the Nazi takeover in 1938 . He withdrew further from public life after the Nazi Party came to power in Austria , resigning even his nominal membership in the International Statistical Institute . After the death of his wife on 17 November 1943 Breisky hired a nurse to take care of him . In September 1944 , apparently reported to the authorities by his nurse , he was arrested by the Gestapo for listening to the BBC , a so-called . On 25 September , shortly after his release from Nazi custody , Breisky committed suicide .
|
[
"chancellor"
] |
easy
|
Walter Breisky took which position from 1922 to May 1922?
|
/wiki/Walter_Breisky#P39#2
|
Walter Breisky Walter Breisky ( 8 July 1871 in Bern – 25 September 1944 in Klosterneuburg ) was an Austrian jurist , civil servant , and politician . Nominated by the Christian Social Party , Breisky served as minister of education and the interior from July to November 1920 , as the vice chancellor and state secretary of education from November 1920 to May 1922 . Together with his Social Democratic deputy , Otto Glöckel , Breisky initiated sweeping reforms of Austrias education system . In January 1922 , Breisky became the caretaker chancellor of Austria for a single day . Early life . Walter Breisky was born on 8 July 1871 in Bern , Switzerland . He was the second son of August Breisky and Pauline Breisky , née von Less . Both parents were of Bohemian descent . The family was living in Switzerland at the time of Breiskys birth because his father , a noted physician , had accepted a professorship of gynecology at the University of Bern in 1867 . When August Breisky was invited to assume a chair at the University of Prague in 1874 , the family moved back home . In Prague , Breisky attended elementary school and received the first four years of his gymnasium education . In 1886 , his father was offered a position with the Second Gynecological Clinic of the University of Vienna . Breisky thus completed his secondary education in the imperial capital , graduating from the prestigious Gymnasium Wasagasse in 1890 . Shortly before Breisky could finish school , his father died , a loss that appears to have hit the young man hard . Since Breisky was not yet of age , his fathers older brother , Rudolf Baron Breisky , became his legal guardian , eventually also adopting him . Baron Breisky was a senior official in the Ministry of the Interior ; he had served as the chair of the ministrys executive committee ( ) for 25 years and was one of the closest collaborators of Eduard Taaffe . It is likely that Baron Breisky encouraged his ward to pursue a career in the imperial bureaucracy . Austrian diplomat Michael Breisky is his grandnephew . Breiskys grades appeared to suggest that his talents lay more in the humanities than in any technical fields . Breisky enrolled at the University of Vienna to study law and political science ( ) . He graduated , with distinction , in 1895 . Career . Civil servant . Within ten days of graduating from university , Breisky secured employment as an apprentice clerk ( ) in the governors office ( ) of the Archduchy of Lower Austria . It is unlikely that Breisky owed his swift admission into the civil service to his uncles patronage : Walter Breisky was chosen for the position by Erich Graf von Kielmannsegg , who intensely disliked Rudolf Baron Breisky for the latters personality ; in Kielmannseggs autobiography , Baron Breisky would be described as a supercilious fossil . In spite of the enmity between guardian and superior , Breisky rose through the ranks with apparent easy and remarkable speed . In 1895 , he was assigned to the Korneuburg district administration . Three years later , he was promoted from apprentice clerk to regular clerk ( ) and appointed to the executive committee of the provincial bureaucracy . His performance reviews were consistently glowing . On 1 January 1900 Breisky was moved to the Ministry of Education . Employment in the ministerial bureaucracy was significantly more prestigious than employment in a provincial administration , and Breisky was still only 28 years old , unusually young for advancement to the ministry . The step up in rank was all the more remarkable as Breisky was a Protestant , a serious handicap in the Habsburg bureaucracy in general and in the Ministry of Education in particular . In 1905 , the Ministry tried to get rid of the religious outsider by offering him to fill a vacancy on the Evangelical Church Council . The move would have advanced Breisky by an additional two steps in rank . Breisky declined . Breiskys refusal to accept the sinecure did no permanent damage to his career . In April 1907 , Breisky was appointed to the ministrys executive office . In February 1908 , he was promoted to ministerial secretary ( ) ; he subsequently became a noted collaborator of Minister-President Baron Max Wladimir von Beck , the Cisleithanian head of government . The two men grew very close , to the point of spending extended holidays together . In 1909 , Breisky received the job title of departmental advisor ( ) . In 1913 , he was made a ministerial advisor ( ) . The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I was a serious personal blow to Breisky , who was 47 years old now and had spent his entire working life as a loyal servant of the Habsburgs . In spite of his despondency , Breisky remained at his post . The emerging Republic of German-Austria knew to appreciate his experience . In May 1919 , Breisky was made a department director ( ) in the State Chancellery ( ) , personal bureau of Chancellor Karl Renner and heart of the rump states executive apparatus . Once again , Breisky became a close confidant and trusted lieutenant of the chief executive . Renner instructed his staff that document addressed to Renner should also be made available to Breisky , preferably Renner himself had seen it . Minister of education . Breisky was no ideologue and felt no instinctive allegiance to any of the republics three dominant political camps . A scion of the upper class and socially conservative by temperament , Breisky was certainly no Social Democrat , his harmonious working relationship with Renner nonwithstanding . The Christian Social camp shared his traditionalism but was also explicitly Catholic . His Evangelical faith would have pointed him to the German Nationalists , also socially conservative . A descendant of a family of Habsburg civil servants and a lifelong Habsburg civil servant himself , however , would not have felt drawn to a camp that defined itself as pan-German and as Antisemitic besides . Even so , Breisky eventually entered formal politics . In July 1920 , the Social Democratic Party , Christian Social Party , and Greater German Peoples Party agreed to form a national unity government to manage the transition from provisional to permanent constitution that was in progress at the time . The Christian Socials offered to make Breisky head of the Ministry of Education . Breisky accepted . On 7 July Breisky was sworn in as a state secretary – the term for minister in the provisional constitution – of education in the first Mayr government . The deputy state secretary of education under both Renner and Mayr was Otto Glöckel , a Social Democrat and committed progressive . Glöckel was driving an ambitious program of education reform that included both structural reorganization and a drastic changes to the systems pedagogical approach . Traditionally , children were sorted into different educational tracks after graduating from elementary school at age ten . In theory , the sorting criteria were scholastic aptitude and talent profile ; in practice , students were sorted by socioeconomic background . Glöckel meant to help break down class barriers through merging the different types of middle schools , thus delaying the sorting for another four years . In terms of style , education was to focus on inspiring self-reliance and independent thought as opposed to rote learning . Glöckels new superior , no revolutionary but open to new ideas , halted some of Glöckels reforms but happily embraced others , then added reform ideas of his own . He promoted access to education for girls , worked to improve teacher training , professionalized the textbook approbation process , overhauled the school physicians service , and modernized curricula . He also worked to improve access to education , and to the arts and humanities in particular , for children in rural regions . While Vienna was a vibrant metropolis and one of the world capitals of music and theater , large parts of the rest of Austria were a backwater . Breisky took the initiative in organizing concerts and theatrical performances for the sons and daughters of the hinterland . When the Social Democrats left the unity government on 22 October , the post of minister of the army – now actually called minister because the new constitution had entered into force – became vacant . Breisky was appointed acting minister . When the second Mayr government took office on 20 November , Breisky became vice chancellor . The Ministry of Education had been merged into the Ministry of the Interior , and the combined ministry was lead not by Breisky but by Egon Glanz . Breisky , however , was made the state secretary – the term now meant deputy minister – in charge of education affairs , retaining his previous portfolio and continuing his reform work . When Glanz resigned on 7 April 1921 Breisky was promoted to acting minister . On 21 June the first Schober government was inaugurated ; this cabinet too included Breisky as both vice chancellor and state secretary of education . Chancellor for a day . On 16 December 1921 Chancellor Schober and President Hainisch signed the Treaty of Lana , an agreement of mutual understanding and friendship between Austria and Czechoslovakia . In particular , Austria reconfirmed to its neighbor to the north that it would faithfully abide by the Treaty of Saint-Germain and would neither seek unification with Germany nor attempt to restore the Habsburgs to power . In return , Czechoslovakia promised a substantial loan to the struggling , cash-strapped rump state . The treaty would also generally improve Austrias international standing and make it easier for Austria to secure additional loans from other countries . The Christian Socials were in favor of the treaty , but their remaining coalition partner , the Greater German Peoples Party , was vehemently opposed . Ardently pan-German , the Peoples Party had been hoping that Austria would , sooner or later , defy the Treaty of Saint-Germain and would seek accession to the German Reich . The party had also been hoping that the unification of all Germans would extend to the Sudeten Germans , the German-speaking former Habsburg subjects living in what used to be Bohemia . Schober , whom the party had considered an ally , was renouncing both these goals . In the final days of December 1921 , the Peoples Party staged protest rallies against the treaty all over the country . On 16 January 1922 it also withdrew its representative from Schobers cabinet . As long as Schober himself remained office , however , the Peoples Party was still bound by the original coalition agreement . The agreement required the party to vote in support of government bills in the National Council , and one of the government bills on the table in January 1922 was the ratification of the Treaty of Lana . On 26 January , hoping to appease the Peoples Party by releasing it from its contractual obligation , Schober stepped down . Schobers resignation did not elevate Breisky to the chancellorship automatically , but Hainisch instantly appointed him the caretaker head of government . The Treaty of Lana was ratified with the votes of Christian Socials and Social Democrats , the Peoples Party voting against . Behind the scenes , Christian Social representatives , and possibly politicians of other parties as well , were lobbying Schober to return ; it was widely felt that there simply was no alternative . Schober let himself be persuaded . On 27 January he was elected chancellor a second time . The Peoples Party did not return its representative to Schobers cabinet but was ready to recommence support for Schober in the National Council . The Breisky government had been in office for just about twenty-four hours . Breisky resumed his roles as vice chancellor and state secretary of education . Chief statistician . In May 1922 , just four months later , Schober was forced to resign again . Ignaz Seipel , Schobers successor , had no use for Breisky in his cabinet . Breisky returned to his old position as the executive department director ( ) in the Chancellery , where he seems to have served Seipel as diligently as he used to serve Renner . Seipel showed himself grateful . On 21 February 1923 Breisky was made the president of the Austrian Statistics Office ( ) . Austrias economic situation was still troubled and , in fact , worsening . The administrators in charge of economic policy were hampered by lack of reliable information . It was unclear how many inhabitants the country had , how many of them were employed , how many businesses there were , and how much they produced . The agency Breisky took over was massively understaffed and poorly organized . Breisky , whose appointment was originally ridiculed for his complete lack of any relevant training or experience , proved himself capable and energetic . Breisky turned the Statistics Office around , then took the initiative in creating the Austrian Institute of Economic Research ( at the time ) , thus making sure that the agency would be kept on its toes by competition from a think tank of independent scholars . Later years . Throughout his life , Breisky had been suffering from poor eyesight . His far-sightedness and astigmatism had already been bad enough to get him declared permanently unfit for military service in 1894 , and they had been worsening since . On 18 February 1931 Breisky asked to be allowed to retire . His request was granted on 1 October . Breisky spent his final years in Klosterneuburg , where he lived with his wife ; he had married Rosa Kowarik , his long-time housekeeper , in 1927 . Breisky does not appear to have kept in touch with former colleagues or political collaborators , but he was active in the Pan-Europe Movement and held honorary positions in a number of charities and hobbyists clubs . He was the honorary president of the Viennese Animal Welfare Association ( ) and an honorary member of the local numismatic society . Breisky spent most of his time in his sprawling library , reading with a magnifying glass . He tried to prevent his eye problem from getting worse by self-medicating with immense amounts of carrots and lemon juice . There is evidence that Breisky felt disheartened by the political developments he witnessed during his sunset days . He expressed no support either for the Austrofascist takeover in 1934 or for the Nazi takeover in 1938 . He withdrew further from public life after the Nazi Party came to power in Austria , resigning even his nominal membership in the International Statistical Institute . After the death of his wife on 17 November 1943 Breisky hired a nurse to take care of him . In September 1944 , apparently reported to the authorities by his nurse , he was arrested by the Gestapo for listening to the BBC , a so-called . On 25 September , shortly after his release from Nazi custody , Breisky committed suicide .
|
[
"Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Wiltshire",
"the Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Committee"
] |
easy
|
James Gray (British politician) took which position from May 1997 to May 2001?
|
/wiki/James_Gray_(British_politician)#P39#0
|
James Gray ( British politician ) James Whiteside Gray , ( born 7 November 1954 ) is a British politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Wiltshire since 1997 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , Scotland , Gray is the son of Very Rev DrJohn Rodger Gray , Minister at Dunblane Cathedral and the 1977 Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , and Dr Sheila Mary Gray who was a GP . Gray was educated at the Hillhead Primary School , Glasgow , and the High School of Glasgow , before studying history at the University of Glasgow where he graduated MA in 1975 . He continued his education at Christ Church , Oxford , where he completed a history thesis in 1977 . Early career . From 1977 , Gray worked as a graduate management trainee with P&O for a year . In 1977 he also joined the Honourable Artillery Company , a unit of the Territorial Army based in Islington , serving for seven years and is a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies and Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme . In 1978 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and was appointed a ship broker with Anderson Hughes . He was a member of the Baltic Exchange from 1978 . He became a managing director of GNI Freight Futures in 1984 , in which capacity he served until 1992 . At the same time , he was a director of the Baltic Futures Exchange from 1989 to 1991 . In 1987 he was awarded the Lloyds of London Book Prize . Entering politics . At the 1992 general election , Gray was the Conservative candidate for Charles Kennedys seat of Ross , Cromarty and Skye . Before winning North Wiltshire constituency in 1997 , he was a special advisor to the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Howard , and to his successor John Gummer . His particular responsibility was to the Ministers of State for Housing , Local Government and the Environment from 1992 until 1995 , when he became a Director of the public affairs consultancy Westminster Strategy . Gray also served as governor of two schools in Balham and in the London Borough of Wandsworth . In 1994 , he was elected as the Vice- Chairman of Tooting Conservative Association for two years . Member of Parliament . At the next election , 1997 general election , Gray was elected to the House of Commons as Member for the North Wiltshire constituency , following the retirement of the former Conservative Member Richard Needham . Gray won the seat with a majority of 3,475 and has represented the constituency since . Gray made his maiden speech on 11 June 1997 , in which he spoke of his constituencys largest town of Chippenham , and of his sadness at the massacre in his childhood home town of Dunblane . In the 2010 general election , Gray once again stood for election in the constituency of North Wiltshire . He won by a majority of 7,483 votes , winning 25,114 votes and securing 51.6% of the 48699 who voted . The number of votes he received had risen by 1.9% since the last election , whilst support for the Labour party had fallen by 5.3% in his constituency . His shadow ministerial career began with his appointment as a Conservative Whip in October 2000 and then as a Shadow Minister for Defence in 2001 . He served as Shadow Minister for the Countryside from 2002 to 2005 . After the 2005 general election , he served for just one week as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland . Gray resigned after stating that the Scottish Parliament should be abolished and replaced with Scottish MPs travelling to Edinburgh to conduct devolved business . Gray has served on a variety of Parliamentary select committees He sat on the Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Committee from 1997 to 2001 . He served from 2001 to 2003 on the Broadcasting Committee . He was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Committee for the 2005 Parliament , and Chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group ( 2002–2005 ) . In the 2010 Parliament he sat on the Procedure Committee , Panel of Chairs and until 2013 the Finance and Services Committee . From 2013 onwards he sat on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls . In May 2014 he was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . Gray founded the All Party Group for the Army in 2004 and was the sitting MP on David Camerons policy group for National and International Security , chaired by Dame Pauline Neville-Jones ( 2006–07 ) . The Group published their report , An Unquiet World in July 2007 . In the previous Parliament he served as the chairman of the All-Party Group for Multiple Sclerosis . He was Treasurer of the APPG for Suicide Prevention , a vice-chairman of the APPG on Agriculture and Food for Development and a founder and member of the APPGs for Historic Churches and Dairy Farmers . He was also a member of the all-party groups for Financial Markets and Services , Middle Way ( hunting and animal welfare ) , Minerals , Racing and Bloodstock Industries and Solvent Abuse . Grays stated countries of interest are America , China , Mongolia , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Russia . Gray has signed several early day motions , sponsored by Conservative MP David Tredinnick , in support of the continued funding of homeopathy on the NHS . In March 2009 , Gray was a member of a cross-party parliamentary delegation to Afghanistan to learn about British Army operations there . During the visit , British service personnel demonstrated the process by which wounded soldiers are flown into Kandahar on a Hercules and transferred across the runway to a C-17 equipped with the latest medical equipment , and were photographed with medical staff on board . Gray denied allegations that he had taken photographs of a dying soldier posted on the blog of Iain Dale , stating that after a reminder to delete any images including injured servicemen , he had checked his camera and found none . According to Gray it was night time and the delegation was kept 500 yards away from the injured soldiers Following the publication of two articles in The Sun and Daily Mail , the incident was investigated by the Press Complaints Commission and Grays complaints were upheld . In a House of Commons debate on 9 December 2010 , Thomas Docherty , the Labour Member of Parliament for Dunfermline and West Fife accused Gray of directing a racist remark towards Willie Bain . Gray was alleged to have told McBain to get back to Jockland . Gray responded : I cannot imagine what sedentary remark the hon . Gentleman may have heard , but I am certain that had it been out of order in any shape , size or form , Mr Speaker , who was then in the Chair , would have picked me up on it . Further to that , as a Scot born , bred and educated , who never left the borders of Scotland until the age of 21 , I think that unlike [ Thomas Docherty ] , I have the highest respect and love for my native heath . I would never say a single word against it . In March 2019 , Gray was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools . He is a keen Brexit supporter , and an advocate of pro-Brexit lobby group Leave Means Leave . Personal life . Gray married Sarah Ann Beale in 1980 , and they have two sons and a daughter . The marriage ended in 2006 , after it emerged that Gray was having an affair with a married woman , Phillipa Mayo , while his wife was fighting breast cancer . Gray had met Phillipa Mayo , then Director of the Countryside Alliances pro-hunting campaign , while organising Conservative opposition to the anti-hunting bill . The affair attracted national press attention when Mayos husband , the barrister Rupert Mayo , wrote to a local newspaper , the Wiltshire Gazette and Herald , The irony is that I will not reap the benefits of Mr Camerons excellent family-based policy proposals because one of his own MPs has ripped my own family apart . The local Conservative Association subsequently considered deselecting Gray as their parliamentary candidate , but in January 2007 , after a secret ballot of all local party members , decided to confirm him as the Conservative candidate for North Wiltshire . Honours and awards . In August 2020 , Gray was one of 11 appointments as Commander of the Order of St John for England . Gray said he looked forward to supporting the Order , in particular St John Ambulance . Expenses . In May 2009 , Grays expenses were highlighted in the media when he was accused of claiming for Remembrance Day wreaths . It was claimed that his action had angered Forces charity groups . It was reported that Gray then complained to the Leader of the House of Commons when he was told that Remembrance Day wreaths were not a legitimate expense . These claims were denied by Gray who argued that Military and Council representatives do not pay for wreaths out of their own pockets . Details of Grays expenses , published by House of Commons Authorities , show that he was never reimbursed for the cost of Remembrance Sunday wreaths . Gray was later criticised for claiming £2,000 decorating fees for a second home on the day he moved out . Gray organised three special surgeries in Corsham , Wootton Bassett and Malmesbury to answer any questions from his constituents regarding his expenses . Local campaigns . Gray campaigned against the closure of RAF Lyneham . In January , he hosted a special 1½ hour Westminster Hall debate on the subject of The RAF Air Transport Fleet and RAF Lyneham . Following the debate , Gray published a dossier on a number of significant changes in the Air Transport Fleet which should , according to Gray , result in the decision to close RAF Lyneham being reversed . Publications . - Financial Risk Management in the Shipping Industry by James Gray , 1986 Fairplay Publications - Futures and Options for Shipping by James Gray , 1987 , LLP Professional Publishing - Shipping Futures by James Gray , 1990 , LLP Professional Publishing - Who Takes Britain to War ? by James Gray MP and Mark Lomas QC , The history Group publishing - Poles Apart by James Gray MP
|
[
"Shadow Minister",
"Broadcasting Committee",
"Chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group"
] |
easy
|
Which position did James Gray (British politician) hold from Jun 2001 to Apr 2005?
|
/wiki/James_Gray_(British_politician)#P39#1
|
James Gray ( British politician ) James Whiteside Gray , ( born 7 November 1954 ) is a British politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Wiltshire since 1997 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , Scotland , Gray is the son of Very Rev DrJohn Rodger Gray , Minister at Dunblane Cathedral and the 1977 Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , and Dr Sheila Mary Gray who was a GP . Gray was educated at the Hillhead Primary School , Glasgow , and the High School of Glasgow , before studying history at the University of Glasgow where he graduated MA in 1975 . He continued his education at Christ Church , Oxford , where he completed a history thesis in 1977 . Early career . From 1977 , Gray worked as a graduate management trainee with P&O for a year . In 1977 he also joined the Honourable Artillery Company , a unit of the Territorial Army based in Islington , serving for seven years and is a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies and Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme . In 1978 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and was appointed a ship broker with Anderson Hughes . He was a member of the Baltic Exchange from 1978 . He became a managing director of GNI Freight Futures in 1984 , in which capacity he served until 1992 . At the same time , he was a director of the Baltic Futures Exchange from 1989 to 1991 . In 1987 he was awarded the Lloyds of London Book Prize . Entering politics . At the 1992 general election , Gray was the Conservative candidate for Charles Kennedys seat of Ross , Cromarty and Skye . Before winning North Wiltshire constituency in 1997 , he was a special advisor to the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Howard , and to his successor John Gummer . His particular responsibility was to the Ministers of State for Housing , Local Government and the Environment from 1992 until 1995 , when he became a Director of the public affairs consultancy Westminster Strategy . Gray also served as governor of two schools in Balham and in the London Borough of Wandsworth . In 1994 , he was elected as the Vice- Chairman of Tooting Conservative Association for two years . Member of Parliament . At the next election , 1997 general election , Gray was elected to the House of Commons as Member for the North Wiltshire constituency , following the retirement of the former Conservative Member Richard Needham . Gray won the seat with a majority of 3,475 and has represented the constituency since . Gray made his maiden speech on 11 June 1997 , in which he spoke of his constituencys largest town of Chippenham , and of his sadness at the massacre in his childhood home town of Dunblane . In the 2010 general election , Gray once again stood for election in the constituency of North Wiltshire . He won by a majority of 7,483 votes , winning 25,114 votes and securing 51.6% of the 48699 who voted . The number of votes he received had risen by 1.9% since the last election , whilst support for the Labour party had fallen by 5.3% in his constituency . His shadow ministerial career began with his appointment as a Conservative Whip in October 2000 and then as a Shadow Minister for Defence in 2001 . He served as Shadow Minister for the Countryside from 2002 to 2005 . After the 2005 general election , he served for just one week as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland . Gray resigned after stating that the Scottish Parliament should be abolished and replaced with Scottish MPs travelling to Edinburgh to conduct devolved business . Gray has served on a variety of Parliamentary select committees He sat on the Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Committee from 1997 to 2001 . He served from 2001 to 2003 on the Broadcasting Committee . He was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Committee for the 2005 Parliament , and Chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group ( 2002–2005 ) . In the 2010 Parliament he sat on the Procedure Committee , Panel of Chairs and until 2013 the Finance and Services Committee . From 2013 onwards he sat on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls . In May 2014 he was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . Gray founded the All Party Group for the Army in 2004 and was the sitting MP on David Camerons policy group for National and International Security , chaired by Dame Pauline Neville-Jones ( 2006–07 ) . The Group published their report , An Unquiet World in July 2007 . In the previous Parliament he served as the chairman of the All-Party Group for Multiple Sclerosis . He was Treasurer of the APPG for Suicide Prevention , a vice-chairman of the APPG on Agriculture and Food for Development and a founder and member of the APPGs for Historic Churches and Dairy Farmers . He was also a member of the all-party groups for Financial Markets and Services , Middle Way ( hunting and animal welfare ) , Minerals , Racing and Bloodstock Industries and Solvent Abuse . Grays stated countries of interest are America , China , Mongolia , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Russia . Gray has signed several early day motions , sponsored by Conservative MP David Tredinnick , in support of the continued funding of homeopathy on the NHS . In March 2009 , Gray was a member of a cross-party parliamentary delegation to Afghanistan to learn about British Army operations there . During the visit , British service personnel demonstrated the process by which wounded soldiers are flown into Kandahar on a Hercules and transferred across the runway to a C-17 equipped with the latest medical equipment , and were photographed with medical staff on board . Gray denied allegations that he had taken photographs of a dying soldier posted on the blog of Iain Dale , stating that after a reminder to delete any images including injured servicemen , he had checked his camera and found none . According to Gray it was night time and the delegation was kept 500 yards away from the injured soldiers Following the publication of two articles in The Sun and Daily Mail , the incident was investigated by the Press Complaints Commission and Grays complaints were upheld . In a House of Commons debate on 9 December 2010 , Thomas Docherty , the Labour Member of Parliament for Dunfermline and West Fife accused Gray of directing a racist remark towards Willie Bain . Gray was alleged to have told McBain to get back to Jockland . Gray responded : I cannot imagine what sedentary remark the hon . Gentleman may have heard , but I am certain that had it been out of order in any shape , size or form , Mr Speaker , who was then in the Chair , would have picked me up on it . Further to that , as a Scot born , bred and educated , who never left the borders of Scotland until the age of 21 , I think that unlike [ Thomas Docherty ] , I have the highest respect and love for my native heath . I would never say a single word against it . In March 2019 , Gray was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools . He is a keen Brexit supporter , and an advocate of pro-Brexit lobby group Leave Means Leave . Personal life . Gray married Sarah Ann Beale in 1980 , and they have two sons and a daughter . The marriage ended in 2006 , after it emerged that Gray was having an affair with a married woman , Phillipa Mayo , while his wife was fighting breast cancer . Gray had met Phillipa Mayo , then Director of the Countryside Alliances pro-hunting campaign , while organising Conservative opposition to the anti-hunting bill . The affair attracted national press attention when Mayos husband , the barrister Rupert Mayo , wrote to a local newspaper , the Wiltshire Gazette and Herald , The irony is that I will not reap the benefits of Mr Camerons excellent family-based policy proposals because one of his own MPs has ripped my own family apart . The local Conservative Association subsequently considered deselecting Gray as their parliamentary candidate , but in January 2007 , after a secret ballot of all local party members , decided to confirm him as the Conservative candidate for North Wiltshire . Honours and awards . In August 2020 , Gray was one of 11 appointments as Commander of the Order of St John for England . Gray said he looked forward to supporting the Order , in particular St John Ambulance . Expenses . In May 2009 , Grays expenses were highlighted in the media when he was accused of claiming for Remembrance Day wreaths . It was claimed that his action had angered Forces charity groups . It was reported that Gray then complained to the Leader of the House of Commons when he was told that Remembrance Day wreaths were not a legitimate expense . These claims were denied by Gray who argued that Military and Council representatives do not pay for wreaths out of their own pockets . Details of Grays expenses , published by House of Commons Authorities , show that he was never reimbursed for the cost of Remembrance Sunday wreaths . Gray was later criticised for claiming £2,000 decorating fees for a second home on the day he moved out . Gray organised three special surgeries in Corsham , Wootton Bassett and Malmesbury to answer any questions from his constituents regarding his expenses . Local campaigns . Gray campaigned against the closure of RAF Lyneham . In January , he hosted a special 1½ hour Westminster Hall debate on the subject of The RAF Air Transport Fleet and RAF Lyneham . Following the debate , Gray published a dossier on a number of significant changes in the Air Transport Fleet which should , according to Gray , result in the decision to close RAF Lyneham being reversed . Publications . - Financial Risk Management in the Shipping Industry by James Gray , 1986 Fairplay Publications - Futures and Options for Shipping by James Gray , 1987 , LLP Professional Publishing - Shipping Futures by James Gray , 1990 , LLP Professional Publishing - Who Takes Britain to War ? by James Gray MP and Mark Lomas QC , The history Group publishing - Poles Apart by James Gray MP
|
[
"Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Committee"
] |
easy
|
Which position did James Gray (British politician) hold in May 2005?
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/wiki/James_Gray_(British_politician)#P39#2
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James Gray ( British politician ) James Whiteside Gray , ( born 7 November 1954 ) is a British politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Wiltshire since 1997 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , Scotland , Gray is the son of Very Rev DrJohn Rodger Gray , Minister at Dunblane Cathedral and the 1977 Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , and Dr Sheila Mary Gray who was a GP . Gray was educated at the Hillhead Primary School , Glasgow , and the High School of Glasgow , before studying history at the University of Glasgow where he graduated MA in 1975 . He continued his education at Christ Church , Oxford , where he completed a history thesis in 1977 . Early career . From 1977 , Gray worked as a graduate management trainee with P&O for a year . In 1977 he also joined the Honourable Artillery Company , a unit of the Territorial Army based in Islington , serving for seven years and is a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies and Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme . In 1978 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and was appointed a ship broker with Anderson Hughes . He was a member of the Baltic Exchange from 1978 . He became a managing director of GNI Freight Futures in 1984 , in which capacity he served until 1992 . At the same time , he was a director of the Baltic Futures Exchange from 1989 to 1991 . In 1987 he was awarded the Lloyds of London Book Prize . Entering politics . At the 1992 general election , Gray was the Conservative candidate for Charles Kennedys seat of Ross , Cromarty and Skye . Before winning North Wiltshire constituency in 1997 , he was a special advisor to the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Howard , and to his successor John Gummer . His particular responsibility was to the Ministers of State for Housing , Local Government and the Environment from 1992 until 1995 , when he became a Director of the public affairs consultancy Westminster Strategy . Gray also served as governor of two schools in Balham and in the London Borough of Wandsworth . In 1994 , he was elected as the Vice- Chairman of Tooting Conservative Association for two years . Member of Parliament . At the next election , 1997 general election , Gray was elected to the House of Commons as Member for the North Wiltshire constituency , following the retirement of the former Conservative Member Richard Needham . Gray won the seat with a majority of 3,475 and has represented the constituency since . Gray made his maiden speech on 11 June 1997 , in which he spoke of his constituencys largest town of Chippenham , and of his sadness at the massacre in his childhood home town of Dunblane . In the 2010 general election , Gray once again stood for election in the constituency of North Wiltshire . He won by a majority of 7,483 votes , winning 25,114 votes and securing 51.6% of the 48699 who voted . The number of votes he received had risen by 1.9% since the last election , whilst support for the Labour party had fallen by 5.3% in his constituency . His shadow ministerial career began with his appointment as a Conservative Whip in October 2000 and then as a Shadow Minister for Defence in 2001 . He served as Shadow Minister for the Countryside from 2002 to 2005 . After the 2005 general election , he served for just one week as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland . Gray resigned after stating that the Scottish Parliament should be abolished and replaced with Scottish MPs travelling to Edinburgh to conduct devolved business . Gray has served on a variety of Parliamentary select committees He sat on the Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Committee from 1997 to 2001 . He served from 2001 to 2003 on the Broadcasting Committee . He was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Committee for the 2005 Parliament , and Chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group ( 2002–2005 ) . In the 2010 Parliament he sat on the Procedure Committee , Panel of Chairs and until 2013 the Finance and Services Committee . From 2013 onwards he sat on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls . In May 2014 he was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . Gray founded the All Party Group for the Army in 2004 and was the sitting MP on David Camerons policy group for National and International Security , chaired by Dame Pauline Neville-Jones ( 2006–07 ) . The Group published their report , An Unquiet World in July 2007 . In the previous Parliament he served as the chairman of the All-Party Group for Multiple Sclerosis . He was Treasurer of the APPG for Suicide Prevention , a vice-chairman of the APPG on Agriculture and Food for Development and a founder and member of the APPGs for Historic Churches and Dairy Farmers . He was also a member of the all-party groups for Financial Markets and Services , Middle Way ( hunting and animal welfare ) , Minerals , Racing and Bloodstock Industries and Solvent Abuse . Grays stated countries of interest are America , China , Mongolia , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Russia . Gray has signed several early day motions , sponsored by Conservative MP David Tredinnick , in support of the continued funding of homeopathy on the NHS . In March 2009 , Gray was a member of a cross-party parliamentary delegation to Afghanistan to learn about British Army operations there . During the visit , British service personnel demonstrated the process by which wounded soldiers are flown into Kandahar on a Hercules and transferred across the runway to a C-17 equipped with the latest medical equipment , and were photographed with medical staff on board . Gray denied allegations that he had taken photographs of a dying soldier posted on the blog of Iain Dale , stating that after a reminder to delete any images including injured servicemen , he had checked his camera and found none . According to Gray it was night time and the delegation was kept 500 yards away from the injured soldiers Following the publication of two articles in The Sun and Daily Mail , the incident was investigated by the Press Complaints Commission and Grays complaints were upheld . In a House of Commons debate on 9 December 2010 , Thomas Docherty , the Labour Member of Parliament for Dunfermline and West Fife accused Gray of directing a racist remark towards Willie Bain . Gray was alleged to have told McBain to get back to Jockland . Gray responded : I cannot imagine what sedentary remark the hon . Gentleman may have heard , but I am certain that had it been out of order in any shape , size or form , Mr Speaker , who was then in the Chair , would have picked me up on it . Further to that , as a Scot born , bred and educated , who never left the borders of Scotland until the age of 21 , I think that unlike [ Thomas Docherty ] , I have the highest respect and love for my native heath . I would never say a single word against it . In March 2019 , Gray was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools . He is a keen Brexit supporter , and an advocate of pro-Brexit lobby group Leave Means Leave . Personal life . Gray married Sarah Ann Beale in 1980 , and they have two sons and a daughter . The marriage ended in 2006 , after it emerged that Gray was having an affair with a married woman , Phillipa Mayo , while his wife was fighting breast cancer . Gray had met Phillipa Mayo , then Director of the Countryside Alliances pro-hunting campaign , while organising Conservative opposition to the anti-hunting bill . The affair attracted national press attention when Mayos husband , the barrister Rupert Mayo , wrote to a local newspaper , the Wiltshire Gazette and Herald , The irony is that I will not reap the benefits of Mr Camerons excellent family-based policy proposals because one of his own MPs has ripped my own family apart . The local Conservative Association subsequently considered deselecting Gray as their parliamentary candidate , but in January 2007 , after a secret ballot of all local party members , decided to confirm him as the Conservative candidate for North Wiltshire . Honours and awards . In August 2020 , Gray was one of 11 appointments as Commander of the Order of St John for England . Gray said he looked forward to supporting the Order , in particular St John Ambulance . Expenses . In May 2009 , Grays expenses were highlighted in the media when he was accused of claiming for Remembrance Day wreaths . It was claimed that his action had angered Forces charity groups . It was reported that Gray then complained to the Leader of the House of Commons when he was told that Remembrance Day wreaths were not a legitimate expense . These claims were denied by Gray who argued that Military and Council representatives do not pay for wreaths out of their own pockets . Details of Grays expenses , published by House of Commons Authorities , show that he was never reimbursed for the cost of Remembrance Sunday wreaths . Gray was later criticised for claiming £2,000 decorating fees for a second home on the day he moved out . Gray organised three special surgeries in Corsham , Wootton Bassett and Malmesbury to answer any questions from his constituents regarding his expenses . Local campaigns . Gray campaigned against the closure of RAF Lyneham . In January , he hosted a special 1½ hour Westminster Hall debate on the subject of The RAF Air Transport Fleet and RAF Lyneham . Following the debate , Gray published a dossier on a number of significant changes in the Air Transport Fleet which should , according to Gray , result in the decision to close RAF Lyneham being reversed . Publications . - Financial Risk Management in the Shipping Industry by James Gray , 1986 Fairplay Publications - Futures and Options for Shipping by James Gray , 1987 , LLP Professional Publishing - Shipping Futures by James Gray , 1990 , LLP Professional Publishing - Who Takes Britain to War ? by James Gray MP and Mark Lomas QC , The history Group publishing - Poles Apart by James Gray MP
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Which position did James Gray (British politician) hold in May 2005?
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/wiki/James_Gray_(British_politician)#P39#3
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James Gray ( British politician ) James Whiteside Gray , ( born 7 November 1954 ) is a British politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Wiltshire since 1997 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , Scotland , Gray is the son of Very Rev DrJohn Rodger Gray , Minister at Dunblane Cathedral and the 1977 Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , and Dr Sheila Mary Gray who was a GP . Gray was educated at the Hillhead Primary School , Glasgow , and the High School of Glasgow , before studying history at the University of Glasgow where he graduated MA in 1975 . He continued his education at Christ Church , Oxford , where he completed a history thesis in 1977 . Early career . From 1977 , Gray worked as a graduate management trainee with P&O for a year . In 1977 he also joined the Honourable Artillery Company , a unit of the Territorial Army based in Islington , serving for seven years and is a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies and Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme . In 1978 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and was appointed a ship broker with Anderson Hughes . He was a member of the Baltic Exchange from 1978 . He became a managing director of GNI Freight Futures in 1984 , in which capacity he served until 1992 . At the same time , he was a director of the Baltic Futures Exchange from 1989 to 1991 . In 1987 he was awarded the Lloyds of London Book Prize . Entering politics . At the 1992 general election , Gray was the Conservative candidate for Charles Kennedys seat of Ross , Cromarty and Skye . Before winning North Wiltshire constituency in 1997 , he was a special advisor to the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Howard , and to his successor John Gummer . His particular responsibility was to the Ministers of State for Housing , Local Government and the Environment from 1992 until 1995 , when he became a Director of the public affairs consultancy Westminster Strategy . Gray also served as governor of two schools in Balham and in the London Borough of Wandsworth . In 1994 , he was elected as the Vice- Chairman of Tooting Conservative Association for two years . Member of Parliament . At the next election , 1997 general election , Gray was elected to the House of Commons as Member for the North Wiltshire constituency , following the retirement of the former Conservative Member Richard Needham . Gray won the seat with a majority of 3,475 and has represented the constituency since . Gray made his maiden speech on 11 June 1997 , in which he spoke of his constituencys largest town of Chippenham , and of his sadness at the massacre in his childhood home town of Dunblane . In the 2010 general election , Gray once again stood for election in the constituency of North Wiltshire . He won by a majority of 7,483 votes , winning 25,114 votes and securing 51.6% of the 48699 who voted . The number of votes he received had risen by 1.9% since the last election , whilst support for the Labour party had fallen by 5.3% in his constituency . His shadow ministerial career began with his appointment as a Conservative Whip in October 2000 and then as a Shadow Minister for Defence in 2001 . He served as Shadow Minister for the Countryside from 2002 to 2005 . After the 2005 general election , he served for just one week as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland . Gray resigned after stating that the Scottish Parliament should be abolished and replaced with Scottish MPs travelling to Edinburgh to conduct devolved business . Gray has served on a variety of Parliamentary select committees He sat on the Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Committee from 1997 to 2001 . He served from 2001 to 2003 on the Broadcasting Committee . He was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Committee for the 2005 Parliament , and Chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group ( 2002–2005 ) . In the 2010 Parliament he sat on the Procedure Committee , Panel of Chairs and until 2013 the Finance and Services Committee . From 2013 onwards he sat on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls . In May 2014 he was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . Gray founded the All Party Group for the Army in 2004 and was the sitting MP on David Camerons policy group for National and International Security , chaired by Dame Pauline Neville-Jones ( 2006–07 ) . The Group published their report , An Unquiet World in July 2007 . In the previous Parliament he served as the chairman of the All-Party Group for Multiple Sclerosis . He was Treasurer of the APPG for Suicide Prevention , a vice-chairman of the APPG on Agriculture and Food for Development and a founder and member of the APPGs for Historic Churches and Dairy Farmers . He was also a member of the all-party groups for Financial Markets and Services , Middle Way ( hunting and animal welfare ) , Minerals , Racing and Bloodstock Industries and Solvent Abuse . Grays stated countries of interest are America , China , Mongolia , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Russia . Gray has signed several early day motions , sponsored by Conservative MP David Tredinnick , in support of the continued funding of homeopathy on the NHS . In March 2009 , Gray was a member of a cross-party parliamentary delegation to Afghanistan to learn about British Army operations there . During the visit , British service personnel demonstrated the process by which wounded soldiers are flown into Kandahar on a Hercules and transferred across the runway to a C-17 equipped with the latest medical equipment , and were photographed with medical staff on board . Gray denied allegations that he had taken photographs of a dying soldier posted on the blog of Iain Dale , stating that after a reminder to delete any images including injured servicemen , he had checked his camera and found none . According to Gray it was night time and the delegation was kept 500 yards away from the injured soldiers Following the publication of two articles in The Sun and Daily Mail , the incident was investigated by the Press Complaints Commission and Grays complaints were upheld . In a House of Commons debate on 9 December 2010 , Thomas Docherty , the Labour Member of Parliament for Dunfermline and West Fife accused Gray of directing a racist remark towards Willie Bain . Gray was alleged to have told McBain to get back to Jockland . Gray responded : I cannot imagine what sedentary remark the hon . Gentleman may have heard , but I am certain that had it been out of order in any shape , size or form , Mr Speaker , who was then in the Chair , would have picked me up on it . Further to that , as a Scot born , bred and educated , who never left the borders of Scotland until the age of 21 , I think that unlike [ Thomas Docherty ] , I have the highest respect and love for my native heath . I would never say a single word against it . In March 2019 , Gray was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools . He is a keen Brexit supporter , and an advocate of pro-Brexit lobby group Leave Means Leave . Personal life . Gray married Sarah Ann Beale in 1980 , and they have two sons and a daughter . The marriage ended in 2006 , after it emerged that Gray was having an affair with a married woman , Phillipa Mayo , while his wife was fighting breast cancer . Gray had met Phillipa Mayo , then Director of the Countryside Alliances pro-hunting campaign , while organising Conservative opposition to the anti-hunting bill . The affair attracted national press attention when Mayos husband , the barrister Rupert Mayo , wrote to a local newspaper , the Wiltshire Gazette and Herald , The irony is that I will not reap the benefits of Mr Camerons excellent family-based policy proposals because one of his own MPs has ripped my own family apart . The local Conservative Association subsequently considered deselecting Gray as their parliamentary candidate , but in January 2007 , after a secret ballot of all local party members , decided to confirm him as the Conservative candidate for North Wiltshire . Honours and awards . In August 2020 , Gray was one of 11 appointments as Commander of the Order of St John for England . Gray said he looked forward to supporting the Order , in particular St John Ambulance . Expenses . In May 2009 , Grays expenses were highlighted in the media when he was accused of claiming for Remembrance Day wreaths . It was claimed that his action had angered Forces charity groups . It was reported that Gray then complained to the Leader of the House of Commons when he was told that Remembrance Day wreaths were not a legitimate expense . These claims were denied by Gray who argued that Military and Council representatives do not pay for wreaths out of their own pockets . Details of Grays expenses , published by House of Commons Authorities , show that he was never reimbursed for the cost of Remembrance Sunday wreaths . Gray was later criticised for claiming £2,000 decorating fees for a second home on the day he moved out . Gray organised three special surgeries in Corsham , Wootton Bassett and Malmesbury to answer any questions from his constituents regarding his expenses . Local campaigns . Gray campaigned against the closure of RAF Lyneham . In January , he hosted a special 1½ hour Westminster Hall debate on the subject of The RAF Air Transport Fleet and RAF Lyneham . Following the debate , Gray published a dossier on a number of significant changes in the Air Transport Fleet which should , according to Gray , result in the decision to close RAF Lyneham being reversed . Publications . - Financial Risk Management in the Shipping Industry by James Gray , 1986 Fairplay Publications - Futures and Options for Shipping by James Gray , 1987 , LLP Professional Publishing - Shipping Futures by James Gray , 1990 , LLP Professional Publishing - Who Takes Britain to War ? by James Gray MP and Mark Lomas QC , The history Group publishing - Poles Apart by James Gray MP
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What was the position of James Gray (British politician) from 2007 to Sep 2008?
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/wiki/James_Gray_(British_politician)#P39#4
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James Gray ( British politician ) James Whiteside Gray , ( born 7 November 1954 ) is a British politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Wiltshire since 1997 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , Scotland , Gray is the son of Very Rev DrJohn Rodger Gray , Minister at Dunblane Cathedral and the 1977 Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , and Dr Sheila Mary Gray who was a GP . Gray was educated at the Hillhead Primary School , Glasgow , and the High School of Glasgow , before studying history at the University of Glasgow where he graduated MA in 1975 . He continued his education at Christ Church , Oxford , where he completed a history thesis in 1977 . Early career . From 1977 , Gray worked as a graduate management trainee with P&O for a year . In 1977 he also joined the Honourable Artillery Company , a unit of the Territorial Army based in Islington , serving for seven years and is a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies and Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme . In 1978 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and was appointed a ship broker with Anderson Hughes . He was a member of the Baltic Exchange from 1978 . He became a managing director of GNI Freight Futures in 1984 , in which capacity he served until 1992 . At the same time , he was a director of the Baltic Futures Exchange from 1989 to 1991 . In 1987 he was awarded the Lloyds of London Book Prize . Entering politics . At the 1992 general election , Gray was the Conservative candidate for Charles Kennedys seat of Ross , Cromarty and Skye . Before winning North Wiltshire constituency in 1997 , he was a special advisor to the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Howard , and to his successor John Gummer . His particular responsibility was to the Ministers of State for Housing , Local Government and the Environment from 1992 until 1995 , when he became a Director of the public affairs consultancy Westminster Strategy . Gray also served as governor of two schools in Balham and in the London Borough of Wandsworth . In 1994 , he was elected as the Vice- Chairman of Tooting Conservative Association for two years . Member of Parliament . At the next election , 1997 general election , Gray was elected to the House of Commons as Member for the North Wiltshire constituency , following the retirement of the former Conservative Member Richard Needham . Gray won the seat with a majority of 3,475 and has represented the constituency since . Gray made his maiden speech on 11 June 1997 , in which he spoke of his constituencys largest town of Chippenham , and of his sadness at the massacre in his childhood home town of Dunblane . In the 2010 general election , Gray once again stood for election in the constituency of North Wiltshire . He won by a majority of 7,483 votes , winning 25,114 votes and securing 51.6% of the 48699 who voted . The number of votes he received had risen by 1.9% since the last election , whilst support for the Labour party had fallen by 5.3% in his constituency . His shadow ministerial career began with his appointment as a Conservative Whip in October 2000 and then as a Shadow Minister for Defence in 2001 . He served as Shadow Minister for the Countryside from 2002 to 2005 . After the 2005 general election , he served for just one week as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland . Gray resigned after stating that the Scottish Parliament should be abolished and replaced with Scottish MPs travelling to Edinburgh to conduct devolved business . Gray has served on a variety of Parliamentary select committees He sat on the Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Committee from 1997 to 2001 . He served from 2001 to 2003 on the Broadcasting Committee . He was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Committee for the 2005 Parliament , and Chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group ( 2002–2005 ) . In the 2010 Parliament he sat on the Procedure Committee , Panel of Chairs and until 2013 the Finance and Services Committee . From 2013 onwards he sat on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls . In May 2014 he was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . Gray founded the All Party Group for the Army in 2004 and was the sitting MP on David Camerons policy group for National and International Security , chaired by Dame Pauline Neville-Jones ( 2006–07 ) . The Group published their report , An Unquiet World in July 2007 . In the previous Parliament he served as the chairman of the All-Party Group for Multiple Sclerosis . He was Treasurer of the APPG for Suicide Prevention , a vice-chairman of the APPG on Agriculture and Food for Development and a founder and member of the APPGs for Historic Churches and Dairy Farmers . He was also a member of the all-party groups for Financial Markets and Services , Middle Way ( hunting and animal welfare ) , Minerals , Racing and Bloodstock Industries and Solvent Abuse . Grays stated countries of interest are America , China , Mongolia , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Russia . Gray has signed several early day motions , sponsored by Conservative MP David Tredinnick , in support of the continued funding of homeopathy on the NHS . In March 2009 , Gray was a member of a cross-party parliamentary delegation to Afghanistan to learn about British Army operations there . During the visit , British service personnel demonstrated the process by which wounded soldiers are flown into Kandahar on a Hercules and transferred across the runway to a C-17 equipped with the latest medical equipment , and were photographed with medical staff on board . Gray denied allegations that he had taken photographs of a dying soldier posted on the blog of Iain Dale , stating that after a reminder to delete any images including injured servicemen , he had checked his camera and found none . According to Gray it was night time and the delegation was kept 500 yards away from the injured soldiers Following the publication of two articles in The Sun and Daily Mail , the incident was investigated by the Press Complaints Commission and Grays complaints were upheld . In a House of Commons debate on 9 December 2010 , Thomas Docherty , the Labour Member of Parliament for Dunfermline and West Fife accused Gray of directing a racist remark towards Willie Bain . Gray was alleged to have told McBain to get back to Jockland . Gray responded : I cannot imagine what sedentary remark the hon . Gentleman may have heard , but I am certain that had it been out of order in any shape , size or form , Mr Speaker , who was then in the Chair , would have picked me up on it . Further to that , as a Scot born , bred and educated , who never left the borders of Scotland until the age of 21 , I think that unlike [ Thomas Docherty ] , I have the highest respect and love for my native heath . I would never say a single word against it . In March 2019 , Gray was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools . He is a keen Brexit supporter , and an advocate of pro-Brexit lobby group Leave Means Leave . Personal life . Gray married Sarah Ann Beale in 1980 , and they have two sons and a daughter . The marriage ended in 2006 , after it emerged that Gray was having an affair with a married woman , Phillipa Mayo , while his wife was fighting breast cancer . Gray had met Phillipa Mayo , then Director of the Countryside Alliances pro-hunting campaign , while organising Conservative opposition to the anti-hunting bill . The affair attracted national press attention when Mayos husband , the barrister Rupert Mayo , wrote to a local newspaper , the Wiltshire Gazette and Herald , The irony is that I will not reap the benefits of Mr Camerons excellent family-based policy proposals because one of his own MPs has ripped my own family apart . The local Conservative Association subsequently considered deselecting Gray as their parliamentary candidate , but in January 2007 , after a secret ballot of all local party members , decided to confirm him as the Conservative candidate for North Wiltshire . Honours and awards . In August 2020 , Gray was one of 11 appointments as Commander of the Order of St John for England . Gray said he looked forward to supporting the Order , in particular St John Ambulance . Expenses . In May 2009 , Grays expenses were highlighted in the media when he was accused of claiming for Remembrance Day wreaths . It was claimed that his action had angered Forces charity groups . It was reported that Gray then complained to the Leader of the House of Commons when he was told that Remembrance Day wreaths were not a legitimate expense . These claims were denied by Gray who argued that Military and Council representatives do not pay for wreaths out of their own pockets . Details of Grays expenses , published by House of Commons Authorities , show that he was never reimbursed for the cost of Remembrance Sunday wreaths . Gray was later criticised for claiming £2,000 decorating fees for a second home on the day he moved out . Gray organised three special surgeries in Corsham , Wootton Bassett and Malmesbury to answer any questions from his constituents regarding his expenses . Local campaigns . Gray campaigned against the closure of RAF Lyneham . In January , he hosted a special 1½ hour Westminster Hall debate on the subject of The RAF Air Transport Fleet and RAF Lyneham . Following the debate , Gray published a dossier on a number of significant changes in the Air Transport Fleet which should , according to Gray , result in the decision to close RAF Lyneham being reversed . Publications . - Financial Risk Management in the Shipping Industry by James Gray , 1986 Fairplay Publications - Futures and Options for Shipping by James Gray , 1987 , LLP Professional Publishing - Shipping Futures by James Gray , 1990 , LLP Professional Publishing - Who Takes Britain to War ? by James Gray MP and Mark Lomas QC , The history Group publishing - Poles Apart by James Gray MP
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"Procedure Committee",
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James Gray (British politician) took which position from May 2010 to Mar 2015?
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/wiki/James_Gray_(British_politician)#P39#5
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James Gray ( British politician ) James Whiteside Gray , ( born 7 November 1954 ) is a British politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Wiltshire since 1997 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , Scotland , Gray is the son of Very Rev DrJohn Rodger Gray , Minister at Dunblane Cathedral and the 1977 Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , and Dr Sheila Mary Gray who was a GP . Gray was educated at the Hillhead Primary School , Glasgow , and the High School of Glasgow , before studying history at the University of Glasgow where he graduated MA in 1975 . He continued his education at Christ Church , Oxford , where he completed a history thesis in 1977 . Early career . From 1977 , Gray worked as a graduate management trainee with P&O for a year . In 1977 he also joined the Honourable Artillery Company , a unit of the Territorial Army based in Islington , serving for seven years and is a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies and Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme . In 1978 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and was appointed a ship broker with Anderson Hughes . He was a member of the Baltic Exchange from 1978 . He became a managing director of GNI Freight Futures in 1984 , in which capacity he served until 1992 . At the same time , he was a director of the Baltic Futures Exchange from 1989 to 1991 . In 1987 he was awarded the Lloyds of London Book Prize . Entering politics . At the 1992 general election , Gray was the Conservative candidate for Charles Kennedys seat of Ross , Cromarty and Skye . Before winning North Wiltshire constituency in 1997 , he was a special advisor to the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Howard , and to his successor John Gummer . His particular responsibility was to the Ministers of State for Housing , Local Government and the Environment from 1992 until 1995 , when he became a Director of the public affairs consultancy Westminster Strategy . Gray also served as governor of two schools in Balham and in the London Borough of Wandsworth . In 1994 , he was elected as the Vice- Chairman of Tooting Conservative Association for two years . Member of Parliament . At the next election , 1997 general election , Gray was elected to the House of Commons as Member for the North Wiltshire constituency , following the retirement of the former Conservative Member Richard Needham . Gray won the seat with a majority of 3,475 and has represented the constituency since . Gray made his maiden speech on 11 June 1997 , in which he spoke of his constituencys largest town of Chippenham , and of his sadness at the massacre in his childhood home town of Dunblane . In the 2010 general election , Gray once again stood for election in the constituency of North Wiltshire . He won by a majority of 7,483 votes , winning 25,114 votes and securing 51.6% of the 48699 who voted . The number of votes he received had risen by 1.9% since the last election , whilst support for the Labour party had fallen by 5.3% in his constituency . His shadow ministerial career began with his appointment as a Conservative Whip in October 2000 and then as a Shadow Minister for Defence in 2001 . He served as Shadow Minister for the Countryside from 2002 to 2005 . After the 2005 general election , he served for just one week as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland . Gray resigned after stating that the Scottish Parliament should be abolished and replaced with Scottish MPs travelling to Edinburgh to conduct devolved business . Gray has served on a variety of Parliamentary select committees He sat on the Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Committee from 1997 to 2001 . He served from 2001 to 2003 on the Broadcasting Committee . He was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Committee for the 2005 Parliament , and Chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group ( 2002–2005 ) . In the 2010 Parliament he sat on the Procedure Committee , Panel of Chairs and until 2013 the Finance and Services Committee . From 2013 onwards he sat on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls . In May 2014 he was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . Gray founded the All Party Group for the Army in 2004 and was the sitting MP on David Camerons policy group for National and International Security , chaired by Dame Pauline Neville-Jones ( 2006–07 ) . The Group published their report , An Unquiet World in July 2007 . In the previous Parliament he served as the chairman of the All-Party Group for Multiple Sclerosis . He was Treasurer of the APPG for Suicide Prevention , a vice-chairman of the APPG on Agriculture and Food for Development and a founder and member of the APPGs for Historic Churches and Dairy Farmers . He was also a member of the all-party groups for Financial Markets and Services , Middle Way ( hunting and animal welfare ) , Minerals , Racing and Bloodstock Industries and Solvent Abuse . Grays stated countries of interest are America , China , Mongolia , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Russia . Gray has signed several early day motions , sponsored by Conservative MP David Tredinnick , in support of the continued funding of homeopathy on the NHS . In March 2009 , Gray was a member of a cross-party parliamentary delegation to Afghanistan to learn about British Army operations there . During the visit , British service personnel demonstrated the process by which wounded soldiers are flown into Kandahar on a Hercules and transferred across the runway to a C-17 equipped with the latest medical equipment , and were photographed with medical staff on board . Gray denied allegations that he had taken photographs of a dying soldier posted on the blog of Iain Dale , stating that after a reminder to delete any images including injured servicemen , he had checked his camera and found none . According to Gray it was night time and the delegation was kept 500 yards away from the injured soldiers Following the publication of two articles in The Sun and Daily Mail , the incident was investigated by the Press Complaints Commission and Grays complaints were upheld . In a House of Commons debate on 9 December 2010 , Thomas Docherty , the Labour Member of Parliament for Dunfermline and West Fife accused Gray of directing a racist remark towards Willie Bain . Gray was alleged to have told McBain to get back to Jockland . Gray responded : I cannot imagine what sedentary remark the hon . Gentleman may have heard , but I am certain that had it been out of order in any shape , size or form , Mr Speaker , who was then in the Chair , would have picked me up on it . Further to that , as a Scot born , bred and educated , who never left the borders of Scotland until the age of 21 , I think that unlike [ Thomas Docherty ] , I have the highest respect and love for my native heath . I would never say a single word against it . In March 2019 , Gray was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools . He is a keen Brexit supporter , and an advocate of pro-Brexit lobby group Leave Means Leave . Personal life . Gray married Sarah Ann Beale in 1980 , and they have two sons and a daughter . The marriage ended in 2006 , after it emerged that Gray was having an affair with a married woman , Phillipa Mayo , while his wife was fighting breast cancer . Gray had met Phillipa Mayo , then Director of the Countryside Alliances pro-hunting campaign , while organising Conservative opposition to the anti-hunting bill . The affair attracted national press attention when Mayos husband , the barrister Rupert Mayo , wrote to a local newspaper , the Wiltshire Gazette and Herald , The irony is that I will not reap the benefits of Mr Camerons excellent family-based policy proposals because one of his own MPs has ripped my own family apart . The local Conservative Association subsequently considered deselecting Gray as their parliamentary candidate , but in January 2007 , after a secret ballot of all local party members , decided to confirm him as the Conservative candidate for North Wiltshire . Honours and awards . In August 2020 , Gray was one of 11 appointments as Commander of the Order of St John for England . Gray said he looked forward to supporting the Order , in particular St John Ambulance . Expenses . In May 2009 , Grays expenses were highlighted in the media when he was accused of claiming for Remembrance Day wreaths . It was claimed that his action had angered Forces charity groups . It was reported that Gray then complained to the Leader of the House of Commons when he was told that Remembrance Day wreaths were not a legitimate expense . These claims were denied by Gray who argued that Military and Council representatives do not pay for wreaths out of their own pockets . Details of Grays expenses , published by House of Commons Authorities , show that he was never reimbursed for the cost of Remembrance Sunday wreaths . Gray was later criticised for claiming £2,000 decorating fees for a second home on the day he moved out . Gray organised three special surgeries in Corsham , Wootton Bassett and Malmesbury to answer any questions from his constituents regarding his expenses . Local campaigns . Gray campaigned against the closure of RAF Lyneham . In January , he hosted a special 1½ hour Westminster Hall debate on the subject of The RAF Air Transport Fleet and RAF Lyneham . Following the debate , Gray published a dossier on a number of significant changes in the Air Transport Fleet which should , according to Gray , result in the decision to close RAF Lyneham being reversed . Publications . - Financial Risk Management in the Shipping Industry by James Gray , 1986 Fairplay Publications - Futures and Options for Shipping by James Gray , 1987 , LLP Professional Publishing - Shipping Futures by James Gray , 1990 , LLP Professional Publishing - Who Takes Britain to War ? by James Gray MP and Mark Lomas QC , The history Group publishing - Poles Apart by James Gray MP
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easy
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James Gray (British politician) took which position from May 2015 to May 2017?
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/wiki/James_Gray_(British_politician)#P39#6
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James Gray ( British politician ) James Whiteside Gray , ( born 7 November 1954 ) is a British politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Wiltshire since 1997 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , Scotland , Gray is the son of Very Rev DrJohn Rodger Gray , Minister at Dunblane Cathedral and the 1977 Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , and Dr Sheila Mary Gray who was a GP . Gray was educated at the Hillhead Primary School , Glasgow , and the High School of Glasgow , before studying history at the University of Glasgow where he graduated MA in 1975 . He continued his education at Christ Church , Oxford , where he completed a history thesis in 1977 . Early career . From 1977 , Gray worked as a graduate management trainee with P&O for a year . In 1977 he also joined the Honourable Artillery Company , a unit of the Territorial Army based in Islington , serving for seven years and is a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies and Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme . In 1978 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and was appointed a ship broker with Anderson Hughes . He was a member of the Baltic Exchange from 1978 . He became a managing director of GNI Freight Futures in 1984 , in which capacity he served until 1992 . At the same time , he was a director of the Baltic Futures Exchange from 1989 to 1991 . In 1987 he was awarded the Lloyds of London Book Prize . Entering politics . At the 1992 general election , Gray was the Conservative candidate for Charles Kennedys seat of Ross , Cromarty and Skye . Before winning North Wiltshire constituency in 1997 , he was a special advisor to the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Howard , and to his successor John Gummer . His particular responsibility was to the Ministers of State for Housing , Local Government and the Environment from 1992 until 1995 , when he became a Director of the public affairs consultancy Westminster Strategy . Gray also served as governor of two schools in Balham and in the London Borough of Wandsworth . In 1994 , he was elected as the Vice- Chairman of Tooting Conservative Association for two years . Member of Parliament . At the next election , 1997 general election , Gray was elected to the House of Commons as Member for the North Wiltshire constituency , following the retirement of the former Conservative Member Richard Needham . Gray won the seat with a majority of 3,475 and has represented the constituency since . Gray made his maiden speech on 11 June 1997 , in which he spoke of his constituencys largest town of Chippenham , and of his sadness at the massacre in his childhood home town of Dunblane . In the 2010 general election , Gray once again stood for election in the constituency of North Wiltshire . He won by a majority of 7,483 votes , winning 25,114 votes and securing 51.6% of the 48699 who voted . The number of votes he received had risen by 1.9% since the last election , whilst support for the Labour party had fallen by 5.3% in his constituency . His shadow ministerial career began with his appointment as a Conservative Whip in October 2000 and then as a Shadow Minister for Defence in 2001 . He served as Shadow Minister for the Countryside from 2002 to 2005 . After the 2005 general election , he served for just one week as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland . Gray resigned after stating that the Scottish Parliament should be abolished and replaced with Scottish MPs travelling to Edinburgh to conduct devolved business . Gray has served on a variety of Parliamentary select committees He sat on the Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Committee from 1997 to 2001 . He served from 2001 to 2003 on the Broadcasting Committee . He was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Committee for the 2005 Parliament , and Chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group ( 2002–2005 ) . In the 2010 Parliament he sat on the Procedure Committee , Panel of Chairs and until 2013 the Finance and Services Committee . From 2013 onwards he sat on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls . In May 2014 he was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . Gray founded the All Party Group for the Army in 2004 and was the sitting MP on David Camerons policy group for National and International Security , chaired by Dame Pauline Neville-Jones ( 2006–07 ) . The Group published their report , An Unquiet World in July 2007 . In the previous Parliament he served as the chairman of the All-Party Group for Multiple Sclerosis . He was Treasurer of the APPG for Suicide Prevention , a vice-chairman of the APPG on Agriculture and Food for Development and a founder and member of the APPGs for Historic Churches and Dairy Farmers . He was also a member of the all-party groups for Financial Markets and Services , Middle Way ( hunting and animal welfare ) , Minerals , Racing and Bloodstock Industries and Solvent Abuse . Grays stated countries of interest are America , China , Mongolia , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Russia . Gray has signed several early day motions , sponsored by Conservative MP David Tredinnick , in support of the continued funding of homeopathy on the NHS . In March 2009 , Gray was a member of a cross-party parliamentary delegation to Afghanistan to learn about British Army operations there . During the visit , British service personnel demonstrated the process by which wounded soldiers are flown into Kandahar on a Hercules and transferred across the runway to a C-17 equipped with the latest medical equipment , and were photographed with medical staff on board . Gray denied allegations that he had taken photographs of a dying soldier posted on the blog of Iain Dale , stating that after a reminder to delete any images including injured servicemen , he had checked his camera and found none . According to Gray it was night time and the delegation was kept 500 yards away from the injured soldiers Following the publication of two articles in The Sun and Daily Mail , the incident was investigated by the Press Complaints Commission and Grays complaints were upheld . In a House of Commons debate on 9 December 2010 , Thomas Docherty , the Labour Member of Parliament for Dunfermline and West Fife accused Gray of directing a racist remark towards Willie Bain . Gray was alleged to have told McBain to get back to Jockland . Gray responded : I cannot imagine what sedentary remark the hon . Gentleman may have heard , but I am certain that had it been out of order in any shape , size or form , Mr Speaker , who was then in the Chair , would have picked me up on it . Further to that , as a Scot born , bred and educated , who never left the borders of Scotland until the age of 21 , I think that unlike [ Thomas Docherty ] , I have the highest respect and love for my native heath . I would never say a single word against it . In March 2019 , Gray was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools . He is a keen Brexit supporter , and an advocate of pro-Brexit lobby group Leave Means Leave . Personal life . Gray married Sarah Ann Beale in 1980 , and they have two sons and a daughter . The marriage ended in 2006 , after it emerged that Gray was having an affair with a married woman , Phillipa Mayo , while his wife was fighting breast cancer . Gray had met Phillipa Mayo , then Director of the Countryside Alliances pro-hunting campaign , while organising Conservative opposition to the anti-hunting bill . The affair attracted national press attention when Mayos husband , the barrister Rupert Mayo , wrote to a local newspaper , the Wiltshire Gazette and Herald , The irony is that I will not reap the benefits of Mr Camerons excellent family-based policy proposals because one of his own MPs has ripped my own family apart . The local Conservative Association subsequently considered deselecting Gray as their parliamentary candidate , but in January 2007 , after a secret ballot of all local party members , decided to confirm him as the Conservative candidate for North Wiltshire . Honours and awards . In August 2020 , Gray was one of 11 appointments as Commander of the Order of St John for England . Gray said he looked forward to supporting the Order , in particular St John Ambulance . Expenses . In May 2009 , Grays expenses were highlighted in the media when he was accused of claiming for Remembrance Day wreaths . It was claimed that his action had angered Forces charity groups . It was reported that Gray then complained to the Leader of the House of Commons when he was told that Remembrance Day wreaths were not a legitimate expense . These claims were denied by Gray who argued that Military and Council representatives do not pay for wreaths out of their own pockets . Details of Grays expenses , published by House of Commons Authorities , show that he was never reimbursed for the cost of Remembrance Sunday wreaths . Gray was later criticised for claiming £2,000 decorating fees for a second home on the day he moved out . Gray organised three special surgeries in Corsham , Wootton Bassett and Malmesbury to answer any questions from his constituents regarding his expenses . Local campaigns . Gray campaigned against the closure of RAF Lyneham . In January , he hosted a special 1½ hour Westminster Hall debate on the subject of The RAF Air Transport Fleet and RAF Lyneham . Following the debate , Gray published a dossier on a number of significant changes in the Air Transport Fleet which should , according to Gray , result in the decision to close RAF Lyneham being reversed . Publications . - Financial Risk Management in the Shipping Industry by James Gray , 1986 Fairplay Publications - Futures and Options for Shipping by James Gray , 1987 , LLP Professional Publishing - Shipping Futures by James Gray , 1990 , LLP Professional Publishing - Who Takes Britain to War ? by James Gray MP and Mark Lomas QC , The history Group publishing - Poles Apart by James Gray MP
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easy
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What position did James Gray (British politician) take from Jun 2017 to Nov 2019?
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/wiki/James_Gray_(British_politician)#P39#7
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James Gray ( British politician ) James Whiteside Gray , ( born 7 November 1954 ) is a British politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Wiltshire since 1997 . Early life . Born in Glasgow , Scotland , Gray is the son of Very Rev DrJohn Rodger Gray , Minister at Dunblane Cathedral and the 1977 Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland , and Dr Sheila Mary Gray who was a GP . Gray was educated at the Hillhead Primary School , Glasgow , and the High School of Glasgow , before studying history at the University of Glasgow where he graduated MA in 1975 . He continued his education at Christ Church , Oxford , where he completed a history thesis in 1977 . Early career . From 1977 , Gray worked as a graduate management trainee with P&O for a year . In 1977 he also joined the Honourable Artillery Company , a unit of the Territorial Army based in Islington , serving for seven years and is a graduate of the Royal College of Defence Studies and Armed Forces Parliamentary Scheme . In 1978 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London and was appointed a ship broker with Anderson Hughes . He was a member of the Baltic Exchange from 1978 . He became a managing director of GNI Freight Futures in 1984 , in which capacity he served until 1992 . At the same time , he was a director of the Baltic Futures Exchange from 1989 to 1991 . In 1987 he was awarded the Lloyds of London Book Prize . Entering politics . At the 1992 general election , Gray was the Conservative candidate for Charles Kennedys seat of Ross , Cromarty and Skye . Before winning North Wiltshire constituency in 1997 , he was a special advisor to the Secretary of State for the Environment , Michael Howard , and to his successor John Gummer . His particular responsibility was to the Ministers of State for Housing , Local Government and the Environment from 1992 until 1995 , when he became a Director of the public affairs consultancy Westminster Strategy . Gray also served as governor of two schools in Balham and in the London Borough of Wandsworth . In 1994 , he was elected as the Vice- Chairman of Tooting Conservative Association for two years . Member of Parliament . At the next election , 1997 general election , Gray was elected to the House of Commons as Member for the North Wiltshire constituency , following the retirement of the former Conservative Member Richard Needham . Gray won the seat with a majority of 3,475 and has represented the constituency since . Gray made his maiden speech on 11 June 1997 , in which he spoke of his constituencys largest town of Chippenham , and of his sadness at the massacre in his childhood home town of Dunblane . In the 2010 general election , Gray once again stood for election in the constituency of North Wiltshire . He won by a majority of 7,483 votes , winning 25,114 votes and securing 51.6% of the 48699 who voted . The number of votes he received had risen by 1.9% since the last election , whilst support for the Labour party had fallen by 5.3% in his constituency . His shadow ministerial career began with his appointment as a Conservative Whip in October 2000 and then as a Shadow Minister for Defence in 2001 . He served as Shadow Minister for the Countryside from 2002 to 2005 . After the 2005 general election , he served for just one week as Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland . Gray resigned after stating that the Scottish Parliament should be abolished and replaced with Scottish MPs travelling to Edinburgh to conduct devolved business . Gray has served on a variety of Parliamentary select committees He sat on the Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Committee from 1997 to 2001 . He served from 2001 to 2003 on the Broadcasting Committee . He was a member of the Environment , Food and Rural Affairs Committee for the 2005 Parliament , and Chairman of the Conservative Rural Action Group ( 2002–2005 ) . In the 2010 Parliament he sat on the Procedure Committee , Panel of Chairs and until 2013 the Finance and Services Committee . From 2013 onwards he sat on the Defence Committee and Committees on Arms Export Controls . In May 2014 he was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . Gray founded the All Party Group for the Army in 2004 and was the sitting MP on David Camerons policy group for National and International Security , chaired by Dame Pauline Neville-Jones ( 2006–07 ) . The Group published their report , An Unquiet World in July 2007 . In the previous Parliament he served as the chairman of the All-Party Group for Multiple Sclerosis . He was Treasurer of the APPG for Suicide Prevention , a vice-chairman of the APPG on Agriculture and Food for Development and a founder and member of the APPGs for Historic Churches and Dairy Farmers . He was also a member of the all-party groups for Financial Markets and Services , Middle Way ( hunting and animal welfare ) , Minerals , Racing and Bloodstock Industries and Solvent Abuse . Grays stated countries of interest are America , China , Mongolia , Nepal , Sri Lanka and Russia . Gray has signed several early day motions , sponsored by Conservative MP David Tredinnick , in support of the continued funding of homeopathy on the NHS . In March 2009 , Gray was a member of a cross-party parliamentary delegation to Afghanistan to learn about British Army operations there . During the visit , British service personnel demonstrated the process by which wounded soldiers are flown into Kandahar on a Hercules and transferred across the runway to a C-17 equipped with the latest medical equipment , and were photographed with medical staff on board . Gray denied allegations that he had taken photographs of a dying soldier posted on the blog of Iain Dale , stating that after a reminder to delete any images including injured servicemen , he had checked his camera and found none . According to Gray it was night time and the delegation was kept 500 yards away from the injured soldiers Following the publication of two articles in The Sun and Daily Mail , the incident was investigated by the Press Complaints Commission and Grays complaints were upheld . In a House of Commons debate on 9 December 2010 , Thomas Docherty , the Labour Member of Parliament for Dunfermline and West Fife accused Gray of directing a racist remark towards Willie Bain . Gray was alleged to have told McBain to get back to Jockland . Gray responded : I cannot imagine what sedentary remark the hon . Gentleman may have heard , but I am certain that had it been out of order in any shape , size or form , Mr Speaker , who was then in the Chair , would have picked me up on it . Further to that , as a Scot born , bred and educated , who never left the borders of Scotland until the age of 21 , I think that unlike [ Thomas Docherty ] , I have the highest respect and love for my native heath . I would never say a single word against it . In March 2019 , Gray was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools . He is a keen Brexit supporter , and an advocate of pro-Brexit lobby group Leave Means Leave . Personal life . Gray married Sarah Ann Beale in 1980 , and they have two sons and a daughter . The marriage ended in 2006 , after it emerged that Gray was having an affair with a married woman , Phillipa Mayo , while his wife was fighting breast cancer . Gray had met Phillipa Mayo , then Director of the Countryside Alliances pro-hunting campaign , while organising Conservative opposition to the anti-hunting bill . The affair attracted national press attention when Mayos husband , the barrister Rupert Mayo , wrote to a local newspaper , the Wiltshire Gazette and Herald , The irony is that I will not reap the benefits of Mr Camerons excellent family-based policy proposals because one of his own MPs has ripped my own family apart . The local Conservative Association subsequently considered deselecting Gray as their parliamentary candidate , but in January 2007 , after a secret ballot of all local party members , decided to confirm him as the Conservative candidate for North Wiltshire . Honours and awards . In August 2020 , Gray was one of 11 appointments as Commander of the Order of St John for England . Gray said he looked forward to supporting the Order , in particular St John Ambulance . Expenses . In May 2009 , Grays expenses were highlighted in the media when he was accused of claiming for Remembrance Day wreaths . It was claimed that his action had angered Forces charity groups . It was reported that Gray then complained to the Leader of the House of Commons when he was told that Remembrance Day wreaths were not a legitimate expense . These claims were denied by Gray who argued that Military and Council representatives do not pay for wreaths out of their own pockets . Details of Grays expenses , published by House of Commons Authorities , show that he was never reimbursed for the cost of Remembrance Sunday wreaths . Gray was later criticised for claiming £2,000 decorating fees for a second home on the day he moved out . Gray organised three special surgeries in Corsham , Wootton Bassett and Malmesbury to answer any questions from his constituents regarding his expenses . Local campaigns . Gray campaigned against the closure of RAF Lyneham . In January , he hosted a special 1½ hour Westminster Hall debate on the subject of The RAF Air Transport Fleet and RAF Lyneham . Following the debate , Gray published a dossier on a number of significant changes in the Air Transport Fleet which should , according to Gray , result in the decision to close RAF Lyneham being reversed . Publications . - Financial Risk Management in the Shipping Industry by James Gray , 1986 Fairplay Publications - Futures and Options for Shipping by James Gray , 1987 , LLP Professional Publishing - Shipping Futures by James Gray , 1990 , LLP Professional Publishing - Who Takes Britain to War ? by James Gray MP and Mark Lomas QC , The history Group publishing - Poles Apart by James Gray MP
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"1st Battalion Governor Generals Foot Guards"
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What was the official name of Governor General's Foot Guards from Jun 1872 to Sep 1887?
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/wiki/Governor_General's_Foot_Guards#P1448#0
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Governor Generals Foot Guards The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( GGFG ) is one of three royal household regiments in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army ( along with The Governor Generals Horse Guards and the Canadian Grenadier Guards ) and the most senior militia infantry regiment in Canada . ( our country and ruler are our concern ) is the regiments motto . The regiment has an operational role that encompasses both the territorial defence of Canada and supporting regular Canadian forces overseas . The GGFG are formally allied with the Coldstream Guards of the United Kingdom after being informally allied with them since the formation of the regiment . The regimental dress uniform has buttons in pairs , similar to the Coldstream Guards , with a red plume ( of different material and lengths , dependent on the rank of the soldier ) worn on the left side of the bearskin . The GGFG perpetuate the 2nd Canadian Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF , and 77th ( Ottawa ) Battalion , CEF from the First World War . Regimental structure . The regiment is composed of about 250 officers and non-commissioned officers who make up of the following companies : - Regimental Headquarters - No . 1 Company ( Rifle Company ) - No . 2 Company ( Training Company ) - No . 3 Company ( Combat Service Support ) - GGFG Band - Ceremonial Guard Detachment The regiment also supports the 2784 GGFG Army Cadets of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets . Lineage . The GGFG originated in Ottawa , Ontario , on 7 June 1872 as the 1st Battalion Governor Generals Foot Guards . It was redesignated as the Governor Generals Foot Guards on 16 September 1887 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 April 1896 ; as the 2nd ( Reserve ) Battalion , The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 7 November 1941 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 31 January 1946 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 1 September 1954 ; as the Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 25 April 1958 ; and finally returned to the name Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 September 1976 . Operational history . The 1st Battalion GGFG mobilized a single company for active service on 10 April 1885 . It served in the Battleford Column of the North West Field Force . The company was removed from active service on 24 July 1885 . The regiment contributed volunteers for the various Canadian contingents , mainly the 2nd ( Special Service ) Battalion , Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry . The Great War . Details of the GGFG were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties . The 2nd Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 26 September 1914 . It disembarked in France on 11 February 1915 , where it fought as part of the 1st Infantry Brigade , 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war . The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920 . The 77th Battalion ( Ottawa ) , CEF was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 19 June 1916 . It provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 22 September 1916 , when its personnel were absorbed by the 47th Battalion ( British Columbia ) , CEF and 73rd Battalion ( Royal Highlanders of Canada ) , CEF and the battalion was disbanded . The Second World War . Details from the regiment were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and then placed on active service on 1 September 1939 for local protection duties . The details were disbanded on 31 December 1940 . The regiment mobilized The Governor Generals Foot Guards , CASF , for active service on 24 May 1940 . On 26 January 1942 , it was converted to armour . It embarked for Great Britain on 23 September 1942 . On 24 July 1944 , it landed in France as part of the 4th Armoured Brigade , 4th Canadian Armoured Division , and it continued to fight in North-West Europe until the end of the war . The overseas regiment was disbanded on 31 January 1946 . Modern day . In the 1990s the regiment was well-represented in several international operations . The Foot Guards took part in rescue operations in the National Capital Region during the 1998 Ice Storm . Members of the Foot Guards have served in Cyprus , Somalia , the Former Yugoslavia , Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Eritrea , Sierra Leone , Haiti , Sudan and combat operations in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014 . Legacy . Monuments . The No 1 Company Governor Generals Foot Guards and the Ladies Soldiers Aid Association of Ottawa erected a memorial tablet which was unveiled on May 2 , 1887 ; The memorial is dedicated to the memory of Privates J . Rogers and Wm . B . Osgood who died in action at Cut Knife Hill on May 2 , 1885 , during the Northwest Rebellion . A memorial plaque in the GGFG Regimental Museum is dedicated to the memory of the 5326 Officers and Men who served in the 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion Canadian Expeditionary force during the Great War 1914-1918 . A Second World War–era Sherman tank nicknamed Forceful III in the Canadian War Museum , is dedicated to the memory of the members of the GGFG killed during the Second World War while operating as an armoured regiment . Battle honours . - North West Canada , 1885 - South Africa 1899–1900 - World War I : Ypres 1915 , 1917 , Flers-Courcelette , Passchendaele , Gravenstafel , Ancre Heights , Amiens , St . Julien , Arras 1917 , 1918 , Drocourt-Queant , Festubert , 1915 , Vimy 1917 , Hindenburg Line , Mount Sorrel , Arleux , Canal du Nord , Somme , 1916 , Scarpe , 1917–18 , Pursuit to Mons , Pozières , Hill 70 , France and Flanders 1915–18 - World War II : The Hochwald , The Rhineland , Chambois , Falaise , Veen , The Scheldt , Falaise Road , Bad Zwichenahn , The Lower Maas , The Laison , North West Europe 1944-1945 - Afghanistan Victoria Cross recipients . - ( Acting ) Corporal Leo Clarke - ( Acting ) Major Okill Massey Learmonth † Rank names . - Ensign : Second Lieutenants ( OF-1 ) in Guard regiments are referred by their former title of ensign ( Esgn ) . The name derives from the task the newest joined officers were entrusted with , carrying the ensign or colours . - Colour sergeant : Personnel carrying the rank of Warrant Officer ( OR-7 ) in Guard regiments are called by their former title of colour sergeant ( CSgt ) . This rank originated from the appointment of specific sergeants to escort and defend the colours . - Guardsman : Upon successful completion of recruit training soldiers are to be addressed as Guardsman ( Gdsm/OR-3 ) . King George V awarded this honour in 1918 to mark the service of regiments of Foot Guards during the First World War . General Order 138 of 1928 promulgates this honour . - Musician : Upon successful completion of recruit training members of the band are addressed as Musician ( Muscn/OR-3 ) . Governor Generals Foot Guards Regimental Museum . The museum collects , preserves , studies and exhibits those objects that serve to illustrate the history and traditions of the regiment . The museum will collect materials that depict the regiment’s past in terms of war , ceremonial , training , sport and other affairs that have influenced the regiment over the years . The museum will provide for the preservation of such material and for its availability to all those who wish to see and study it . The museum will be a non-profit educational establishment , operated for the regiment and open to the public , regardless of race , creed , or occupation . The museum will disseminate knowledge and stimulate interest through materials , information services by holding meetings and arranging special programs for the regiment , the association and the public for the furtherance of the purpose of the museum . The museum co-operates with the regiment , association , the National War Museum and other museums as well as the Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton , to collect and preserve materials of significance so that these materials may be preserved and aid in the advancement of knowledge of the regiment . The Guards museum holds many artifacts from throughout the history of the regiment . Some of the artifacts displayed are a captured German trench periscope , various firearms from past wars including a Second World War–era German MG42 , and a copy of Mein Kampf signed by Adolf Hitler . Also on display are several books containing photographs from World War II . The museum is located in the south end of the Cartier Square Drill Hall and is open on parade nights or by appointment . Alliances . - - Coldstream Guards
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[
"2nd ( Reserve ) Battalion",
"The Governor Generals Foot Guards"
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What was the official name of Governor General's Foot Guards from Nov 1941 to 1946?
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/wiki/Governor_General's_Foot_Guards#P1448#1
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Governor Generals Foot Guards The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( GGFG ) is one of three royal household regiments in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army ( along with The Governor Generals Horse Guards and the Canadian Grenadier Guards ) and the most senior militia infantry regiment in Canada . ( our country and ruler are our concern ) is the regiments motto . The regiment has an operational role that encompasses both the territorial defence of Canada and supporting regular Canadian forces overseas . The GGFG are formally allied with the Coldstream Guards of the United Kingdom after being informally allied with them since the formation of the regiment . The regimental dress uniform has buttons in pairs , similar to the Coldstream Guards , with a red plume ( of different material and lengths , dependent on the rank of the soldier ) worn on the left side of the bearskin . The GGFG perpetuate the 2nd Canadian Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF , and 77th ( Ottawa ) Battalion , CEF from the First World War . Regimental structure . The regiment is composed of about 250 officers and non-commissioned officers who make up of the following companies : - Regimental Headquarters - No . 1 Company ( Rifle Company ) - No . 2 Company ( Training Company ) - No . 3 Company ( Combat Service Support ) - GGFG Band - Ceremonial Guard Detachment The regiment also supports the 2784 GGFG Army Cadets of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets . Lineage . The GGFG originated in Ottawa , Ontario , on 7 June 1872 as the 1st Battalion Governor Generals Foot Guards . It was redesignated as the Governor Generals Foot Guards on 16 September 1887 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 April 1896 ; as the 2nd ( Reserve ) Battalion , The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 7 November 1941 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 31 January 1946 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 1 September 1954 ; as the Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 25 April 1958 ; and finally returned to the name Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 September 1976 . Operational history . The 1st Battalion GGFG mobilized a single company for active service on 10 April 1885 . It served in the Battleford Column of the North West Field Force . The company was removed from active service on 24 July 1885 . The regiment contributed volunteers for the various Canadian contingents , mainly the 2nd ( Special Service ) Battalion , Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry . The Great War . Details of the GGFG were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties . The 2nd Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 26 September 1914 . It disembarked in France on 11 February 1915 , where it fought as part of the 1st Infantry Brigade , 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war . The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920 . The 77th Battalion ( Ottawa ) , CEF was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 19 June 1916 . It provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 22 September 1916 , when its personnel were absorbed by the 47th Battalion ( British Columbia ) , CEF and 73rd Battalion ( Royal Highlanders of Canada ) , CEF and the battalion was disbanded . The Second World War . Details from the regiment were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and then placed on active service on 1 September 1939 for local protection duties . The details were disbanded on 31 December 1940 . The regiment mobilized The Governor Generals Foot Guards , CASF , for active service on 24 May 1940 . On 26 January 1942 , it was converted to armour . It embarked for Great Britain on 23 September 1942 . On 24 July 1944 , it landed in France as part of the 4th Armoured Brigade , 4th Canadian Armoured Division , and it continued to fight in North-West Europe until the end of the war . The overseas regiment was disbanded on 31 January 1946 . Modern day . In the 1990s the regiment was well-represented in several international operations . The Foot Guards took part in rescue operations in the National Capital Region during the 1998 Ice Storm . Members of the Foot Guards have served in Cyprus , Somalia , the Former Yugoslavia , Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Eritrea , Sierra Leone , Haiti , Sudan and combat operations in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014 . Legacy . Monuments . The No 1 Company Governor Generals Foot Guards and the Ladies Soldiers Aid Association of Ottawa erected a memorial tablet which was unveiled on May 2 , 1887 ; The memorial is dedicated to the memory of Privates J . Rogers and Wm . B . Osgood who died in action at Cut Knife Hill on May 2 , 1885 , during the Northwest Rebellion . A memorial plaque in the GGFG Regimental Museum is dedicated to the memory of the 5326 Officers and Men who served in the 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion Canadian Expeditionary force during the Great War 1914-1918 . A Second World War–era Sherman tank nicknamed Forceful III in the Canadian War Museum , is dedicated to the memory of the members of the GGFG killed during the Second World War while operating as an armoured regiment . Battle honours . - North West Canada , 1885 - South Africa 1899–1900 - World War I : Ypres 1915 , 1917 , Flers-Courcelette , Passchendaele , Gravenstafel , Ancre Heights , Amiens , St . Julien , Arras 1917 , 1918 , Drocourt-Queant , Festubert , 1915 , Vimy 1917 , Hindenburg Line , Mount Sorrel , Arleux , Canal du Nord , Somme , 1916 , Scarpe , 1917–18 , Pursuit to Mons , Pozières , Hill 70 , France and Flanders 1915–18 - World War II : The Hochwald , The Rhineland , Chambois , Falaise , Veen , The Scheldt , Falaise Road , Bad Zwichenahn , The Lower Maas , The Laison , North West Europe 1944-1945 - Afghanistan Victoria Cross recipients . - ( Acting ) Corporal Leo Clarke - ( Acting ) Major Okill Massey Learmonth † Rank names . - Ensign : Second Lieutenants ( OF-1 ) in Guard regiments are referred by their former title of ensign ( Esgn ) . The name derives from the task the newest joined officers were entrusted with , carrying the ensign or colours . - Colour sergeant : Personnel carrying the rank of Warrant Officer ( OR-7 ) in Guard regiments are called by their former title of colour sergeant ( CSgt ) . This rank originated from the appointment of specific sergeants to escort and defend the colours . - Guardsman : Upon successful completion of recruit training soldiers are to be addressed as Guardsman ( Gdsm/OR-3 ) . King George V awarded this honour in 1918 to mark the service of regiments of Foot Guards during the First World War . General Order 138 of 1928 promulgates this honour . - Musician : Upon successful completion of recruit training members of the band are addressed as Musician ( Muscn/OR-3 ) . Governor Generals Foot Guards Regimental Museum . The museum collects , preserves , studies and exhibits those objects that serve to illustrate the history and traditions of the regiment . The museum will collect materials that depict the regiment’s past in terms of war , ceremonial , training , sport and other affairs that have influenced the regiment over the years . The museum will provide for the preservation of such material and for its availability to all those who wish to see and study it . The museum will be a non-profit educational establishment , operated for the regiment and open to the public , regardless of race , creed , or occupation . The museum will disseminate knowledge and stimulate interest through materials , information services by holding meetings and arranging special programs for the regiment , the association and the public for the furtherance of the purpose of the museum . The museum co-operates with the regiment , association , the National War Museum and other museums as well as the Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton , to collect and preserve materials of significance so that these materials may be preserved and aid in the advancement of knowledge of the regiment . The Guards museum holds many artifacts from throughout the history of the regiment . Some of the artifacts displayed are a captured German trench periscope , various firearms from past wars including a Second World War–era German MG42 , and a copy of Mein Kampf signed by Adolf Hitler . Also on display are several books containing photographs from World War II . The museum is located in the south end of the Cartier Square Drill Hall and is open on parade nights or by appointment . Alliances . - - Coldstream Guards
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[
"The Governor Generals Foot Guards"
] |
easy
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What was the official name of Governor General's Foot Guards from 1946 to Sep 1954?
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/wiki/Governor_General's_Foot_Guards#P1448#2
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Governor Generals Foot Guards The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( GGFG ) is one of three royal household regiments in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army ( along with The Governor Generals Horse Guards and the Canadian Grenadier Guards ) and the most senior militia infantry regiment in Canada . ( our country and ruler are our concern ) is the regiments motto . The regiment has an operational role that encompasses both the territorial defence of Canada and supporting regular Canadian forces overseas . The GGFG are formally allied with the Coldstream Guards of the United Kingdom after being informally allied with them since the formation of the regiment . The regimental dress uniform has buttons in pairs , similar to the Coldstream Guards , with a red plume ( of different material and lengths , dependent on the rank of the soldier ) worn on the left side of the bearskin . The GGFG perpetuate the 2nd Canadian Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF , and 77th ( Ottawa ) Battalion , CEF from the First World War . Regimental structure . The regiment is composed of about 250 officers and non-commissioned officers who make up of the following companies : - Regimental Headquarters - No . 1 Company ( Rifle Company ) - No . 2 Company ( Training Company ) - No . 3 Company ( Combat Service Support ) - GGFG Band - Ceremonial Guard Detachment The regiment also supports the 2784 GGFG Army Cadets of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets . Lineage . The GGFG originated in Ottawa , Ontario , on 7 June 1872 as the 1st Battalion Governor Generals Foot Guards . It was redesignated as the Governor Generals Foot Guards on 16 September 1887 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 April 1896 ; as the 2nd ( Reserve ) Battalion , The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 7 November 1941 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 31 January 1946 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 1 September 1954 ; as the Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 25 April 1958 ; and finally returned to the name Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 September 1976 . Operational history . The 1st Battalion GGFG mobilized a single company for active service on 10 April 1885 . It served in the Battleford Column of the North West Field Force . The company was removed from active service on 24 July 1885 . The regiment contributed volunteers for the various Canadian contingents , mainly the 2nd ( Special Service ) Battalion , Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry . The Great War . Details of the GGFG were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties . The 2nd Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 26 September 1914 . It disembarked in France on 11 February 1915 , where it fought as part of the 1st Infantry Brigade , 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war . The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920 . The 77th Battalion ( Ottawa ) , CEF was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 19 June 1916 . It provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 22 September 1916 , when its personnel were absorbed by the 47th Battalion ( British Columbia ) , CEF and 73rd Battalion ( Royal Highlanders of Canada ) , CEF and the battalion was disbanded . The Second World War . Details from the regiment were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and then placed on active service on 1 September 1939 for local protection duties . The details were disbanded on 31 December 1940 . The regiment mobilized The Governor Generals Foot Guards , CASF , for active service on 24 May 1940 . On 26 January 1942 , it was converted to armour . It embarked for Great Britain on 23 September 1942 . On 24 July 1944 , it landed in France as part of the 4th Armoured Brigade , 4th Canadian Armoured Division , and it continued to fight in North-West Europe until the end of the war . The overseas regiment was disbanded on 31 January 1946 . Modern day . In the 1990s the regiment was well-represented in several international operations . The Foot Guards took part in rescue operations in the National Capital Region during the 1998 Ice Storm . Members of the Foot Guards have served in Cyprus , Somalia , the Former Yugoslavia , Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Eritrea , Sierra Leone , Haiti , Sudan and combat operations in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014 . Legacy . Monuments . The No 1 Company Governor Generals Foot Guards and the Ladies Soldiers Aid Association of Ottawa erected a memorial tablet which was unveiled on May 2 , 1887 ; The memorial is dedicated to the memory of Privates J . Rogers and Wm . B . Osgood who died in action at Cut Knife Hill on May 2 , 1885 , during the Northwest Rebellion . A memorial plaque in the GGFG Regimental Museum is dedicated to the memory of the 5326 Officers and Men who served in the 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion Canadian Expeditionary force during the Great War 1914-1918 . A Second World War–era Sherman tank nicknamed Forceful III in the Canadian War Museum , is dedicated to the memory of the members of the GGFG killed during the Second World War while operating as an armoured regiment . Battle honours . - North West Canada , 1885 - South Africa 1899–1900 - World War I : Ypres 1915 , 1917 , Flers-Courcelette , Passchendaele , Gravenstafel , Ancre Heights , Amiens , St . Julien , Arras 1917 , 1918 , Drocourt-Queant , Festubert , 1915 , Vimy 1917 , Hindenburg Line , Mount Sorrel , Arleux , Canal du Nord , Somme , 1916 , Scarpe , 1917–18 , Pursuit to Mons , Pozières , Hill 70 , France and Flanders 1915–18 - World War II : The Hochwald , The Rhineland , Chambois , Falaise , Veen , The Scheldt , Falaise Road , Bad Zwichenahn , The Lower Maas , The Laison , North West Europe 1944-1945 - Afghanistan Victoria Cross recipients . - ( Acting ) Corporal Leo Clarke - ( Acting ) Major Okill Massey Learmonth † Rank names . - Ensign : Second Lieutenants ( OF-1 ) in Guard regiments are referred by their former title of ensign ( Esgn ) . The name derives from the task the newest joined officers were entrusted with , carrying the ensign or colours . - Colour sergeant : Personnel carrying the rank of Warrant Officer ( OR-7 ) in Guard regiments are called by their former title of colour sergeant ( CSgt ) . This rank originated from the appointment of specific sergeants to escort and defend the colours . - Guardsman : Upon successful completion of recruit training soldiers are to be addressed as Guardsman ( Gdsm/OR-3 ) . King George V awarded this honour in 1918 to mark the service of regiments of Foot Guards during the First World War . General Order 138 of 1928 promulgates this honour . - Musician : Upon successful completion of recruit training members of the band are addressed as Musician ( Muscn/OR-3 ) . Governor Generals Foot Guards Regimental Museum . The museum collects , preserves , studies and exhibits those objects that serve to illustrate the history and traditions of the regiment . The museum will collect materials that depict the regiment’s past in terms of war , ceremonial , training , sport and other affairs that have influenced the regiment over the years . The museum will provide for the preservation of such material and for its availability to all those who wish to see and study it . The museum will be a non-profit educational establishment , operated for the regiment and open to the public , regardless of race , creed , or occupation . The museum will disseminate knowledge and stimulate interest through materials , information services by holding meetings and arranging special programs for the regiment , the association and the public for the furtherance of the purpose of the museum . The museum co-operates with the regiment , association , the National War Museum and other museums as well as the Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton , to collect and preserve materials of significance so that these materials may be preserved and aid in the advancement of knowledge of the regiment . The Guards museum holds many artifacts from throughout the history of the regiment . Some of the artifacts displayed are a captured German trench periscope , various firearms from past wars including a Second World War–era German MG42 , and a copy of Mein Kampf signed by Adolf Hitler . Also on display are several books containing photographs from World War II . The museum is located in the south end of the Cartier Square Drill Hall and is open on parade nights or by appointment . Alliances . - - Coldstream Guards
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[
"The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards )"
] |
easy
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Governor General's Foot Guards was officially named what from Sep 1954 to Apr 1958?
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/wiki/Governor_General's_Foot_Guards#P1448#3
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Governor Generals Foot Guards The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( GGFG ) is one of three royal household regiments in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army ( along with The Governor Generals Horse Guards and the Canadian Grenadier Guards ) and the most senior militia infantry regiment in Canada . ( our country and ruler are our concern ) is the regiments motto . The regiment has an operational role that encompasses both the territorial defence of Canada and supporting regular Canadian forces overseas . The GGFG are formally allied with the Coldstream Guards of the United Kingdom after being informally allied with them since the formation of the regiment . The regimental dress uniform has buttons in pairs , similar to the Coldstream Guards , with a red plume ( of different material and lengths , dependent on the rank of the soldier ) worn on the left side of the bearskin . The GGFG perpetuate the 2nd Canadian Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF , and 77th ( Ottawa ) Battalion , CEF from the First World War . Regimental structure . The regiment is composed of about 250 officers and non-commissioned officers who make up of the following companies : - Regimental Headquarters - No . 1 Company ( Rifle Company ) - No . 2 Company ( Training Company ) - No . 3 Company ( Combat Service Support ) - GGFG Band - Ceremonial Guard Detachment The regiment also supports the 2784 GGFG Army Cadets of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets . Lineage . The GGFG originated in Ottawa , Ontario , on 7 June 1872 as the 1st Battalion Governor Generals Foot Guards . It was redesignated as the Governor Generals Foot Guards on 16 September 1887 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 April 1896 ; as the 2nd ( Reserve ) Battalion , The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 7 November 1941 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 31 January 1946 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 1 September 1954 ; as the Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 25 April 1958 ; and finally returned to the name Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 September 1976 . Operational history . The 1st Battalion GGFG mobilized a single company for active service on 10 April 1885 . It served in the Battleford Column of the North West Field Force . The company was removed from active service on 24 July 1885 . The regiment contributed volunteers for the various Canadian contingents , mainly the 2nd ( Special Service ) Battalion , Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry . The Great War . Details of the GGFG were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties . The 2nd Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 26 September 1914 . It disembarked in France on 11 February 1915 , where it fought as part of the 1st Infantry Brigade , 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war . The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920 . The 77th Battalion ( Ottawa ) , CEF was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 19 June 1916 . It provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 22 September 1916 , when its personnel were absorbed by the 47th Battalion ( British Columbia ) , CEF and 73rd Battalion ( Royal Highlanders of Canada ) , CEF and the battalion was disbanded . The Second World War . Details from the regiment were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and then placed on active service on 1 September 1939 for local protection duties . The details were disbanded on 31 December 1940 . The regiment mobilized The Governor Generals Foot Guards , CASF , for active service on 24 May 1940 . On 26 January 1942 , it was converted to armour . It embarked for Great Britain on 23 September 1942 . On 24 July 1944 , it landed in France as part of the 4th Armoured Brigade , 4th Canadian Armoured Division , and it continued to fight in North-West Europe until the end of the war . The overseas regiment was disbanded on 31 January 1946 . Modern day . In the 1990s the regiment was well-represented in several international operations . The Foot Guards took part in rescue operations in the National Capital Region during the 1998 Ice Storm . Members of the Foot Guards have served in Cyprus , Somalia , the Former Yugoslavia , Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Eritrea , Sierra Leone , Haiti , Sudan and combat operations in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014 . Legacy . Monuments . The No 1 Company Governor Generals Foot Guards and the Ladies Soldiers Aid Association of Ottawa erected a memorial tablet which was unveiled on May 2 , 1887 ; The memorial is dedicated to the memory of Privates J . Rogers and Wm . B . Osgood who died in action at Cut Knife Hill on May 2 , 1885 , during the Northwest Rebellion . A memorial plaque in the GGFG Regimental Museum is dedicated to the memory of the 5326 Officers and Men who served in the 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion Canadian Expeditionary force during the Great War 1914-1918 . A Second World War–era Sherman tank nicknamed Forceful III in the Canadian War Museum , is dedicated to the memory of the members of the GGFG killed during the Second World War while operating as an armoured regiment . Battle honours . - North West Canada , 1885 - South Africa 1899–1900 - World War I : Ypres 1915 , 1917 , Flers-Courcelette , Passchendaele , Gravenstafel , Ancre Heights , Amiens , St . Julien , Arras 1917 , 1918 , Drocourt-Queant , Festubert , 1915 , Vimy 1917 , Hindenburg Line , Mount Sorrel , Arleux , Canal du Nord , Somme , 1916 , Scarpe , 1917–18 , Pursuit to Mons , Pozières , Hill 70 , France and Flanders 1915–18 - World War II : The Hochwald , The Rhineland , Chambois , Falaise , Veen , The Scheldt , Falaise Road , Bad Zwichenahn , The Lower Maas , The Laison , North West Europe 1944-1945 - Afghanistan Victoria Cross recipients . - ( Acting ) Corporal Leo Clarke - ( Acting ) Major Okill Massey Learmonth † Rank names . - Ensign : Second Lieutenants ( OF-1 ) in Guard regiments are referred by their former title of ensign ( Esgn ) . The name derives from the task the newest joined officers were entrusted with , carrying the ensign or colours . - Colour sergeant : Personnel carrying the rank of Warrant Officer ( OR-7 ) in Guard regiments are called by their former title of colour sergeant ( CSgt ) . This rank originated from the appointment of specific sergeants to escort and defend the colours . - Guardsman : Upon successful completion of recruit training soldiers are to be addressed as Guardsman ( Gdsm/OR-3 ) . King George V awarded this honour in 1918 to mark the service of regiments of Foot Guards during the First World War . General Order 138 of 1928 promulgates this honour . - Musician : Upon successful completion of recruit training members of the band are addressed as Musician ( Muscn/OR-3 ) . Governor Generals Foot Guards Regimental Museum . The museum collects , preserves , studies and exhibits those objects that serve to illustrate the history and traditions of the regiment . The museum will collect materials that depict the regiment’s past in terms of war , ceremonial , training , sport and other affairs that have influenced the regiment over the years . The museum will provide for the preservation of such material and for its availability to all those who wish to see and study it . The museum will be a non-profit educational establishment , operated for the regiment and open to the public , regardless of race , creed , or occupation . The museum will disseminate knowledge and stimulate interest through materials , information services by holding meetings and arranging special programs for the regiment , the association and the public for the furtherance of the purpose of the museum . The museum co-operates with the regiment , association , the National War Museum and other museums as well as the Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton , to collect and preserve materials of significance so that these materials may be preserved and aid in the advancement of knowledge of the regiment . The Guards museum holds many artifacts from throughout the history of the regiment . Some of the artifacts displayed are a captured German trench periscope , various firearms from past wars including a Second World War–era German MG42 , and a copy of Mein Kampf signed by Adolf Hitler . Also on display are several books containing photographs from World War II . The museum is located in the south end of the Cartier Square Drill Hall and is open on parade nights or by appointment . Alliances . - - Coldstream Guards
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[
"the Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards )"
] |
easy
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Governor General's Foot Guards was officially named what from Apr 1958 to Sep 1976?
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/wiki/Governor_General's_Foot_Guards#P1448#4
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Governor Generals Foot Guards The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( GGFG ) is one of three royal household regiments in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army ( along with The Governor Generals Horse Guards and the Canadian Grenadier Guards ) and the most senior militia infantry regiment in Canada . ( our country and ruler are our concern ) is the regiments motto . The regiment has an operational role that encompasses both the territorial defence of Canada and supporting regular Canadian forces overseas . The GGFG are formally allied with the Coldstream Guards of the United Kingdom after being informally allied with them since the formation of the regiment . The regimental dress uniform has buttons in pairs , similar to the Coldstream Guards , with a red plume ( of different material and lengths , dependent on the rank of the soldier ) worn on the left side of the bearskin . The GGFG perpetuate the 2nd Canadian Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF , and 77th ( Ottawa ) Battalion , CEF from the First World War . Regimental structure . The regiment is composed of about 250 officers and non-commissioned officers who make up of the following companies : - Regimental Headquarters - No . 1 Company ( Rifle Company ) - No . 2 Company ( Training Company ) - No . 3 Company ( Combat Service Support ) - GGFG Band - Ceremonial Guard Detachment The regiment also supports the 2784 GGFG Army Cadets of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets . Lineage . The GGFG originated in Ottawa , Ontario , on 7 June 1872 as the 1st Battalion Governor Generals Foot Guards . It was redesignated as the Governor Generals Foot Guards on 16 September 1887 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 April 1896 ; as the 2nd ( Reserve ) Battalion , The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 7 November 1941 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 31 January 1946 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 1 September 1954 ; as the Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 25 April 1958 ; and finally returned to the name Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 September 1976 . Operational history . The 1st Battalion GGFG mobilized a single company for active service on 10 April 1885 . It served in the Battleford Column of the North West Field Force . The company was removed from active service on 24 July 1885 . The regiment contributed volunteers for the various Canadian contingents , mainly the 2nd ( Special Service ) Battalion , Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry . The Great War . Details of the GGFG were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties . The 2nd Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 26 September 1914 . It disembarked in France on 11 February 1915 , where it fought as part of the 1st Infantry Brigade , 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war . The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920 . The 77th Battalion ( Ottawa ) , CEF was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 19 June 1916 . It provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 22 September 1916 , when its personnel were absorbed by the 47th Battalion ( British Columbia ) , CEF and 73rd Battalion ( Royal Highlanders of Canada ) , CEF and the battalion was disbanded . The Second World War . Details from the regiment were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and then placed on active service on 1 September 1939 for local protection duties . The details were disbanded on 31 December 1940 . The regiment mobilized The Governor Generals Foot Guards , CASF , for active service on 24 May 1940 . On 26 January 1942 , it was converted to armour . It embarked for Great Britain on 23 September 1942 . On 24 July 1944 , it landed in France as part of the 4th Armoured Brigade , 4th Canadian Armoured Division , and it continued to fight in North-West Europe until the end of the war . The overseas regiment was disbanded on 31 January 1946 . Modern day . In the 1990s the regiment was well-represented in several international operations . The Foot Guards took part in rescue operations in the National Capital Region during the 1998 Ice Storm . Members of the Foot Guards have served in Cyprus , Somalia , the Former Yugoslavia , Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Eritrea , Sierra Leone , Haiti , Sudan and combat operations in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014 . Legacy . Monuments . The No 1 Company Governor Generals Foot Guards and the Ladies Soldiers Aid Association of Ottawa erected a memorial tablet which was unveiled on May 2 , 1887 ; The memorial is dedicated to the memory of Privates J . Rogers and Wm . B . Osgood who died in action at Cut Knife Hill on May 2 , 1885 , during the Northwest Rebellion . A memorial plaque in the GGFG Regimental Museum is dedicated to the memory of the 5326 Officers and Men who served in the 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion Canadian Expeditionary force during the Great War 1914-1918 . A Second World War–era Sherman tank nicknamed Forceful III in the Canadian War Museum , is dedicated to the memory of the members of the GGFG killed during the Second World War while operating as an armoured regiment . Battle honours . - North West Canada , 1885 - South Africa 1899–1900 - World War I : Ypres 1915 , 1917 , Flers-Courcelette , Passchendaele , Gravenstafel , Ancre Heights , Amiens , St . Julien , Arras 1917 , 1918 , Drocourt-Queant , Festubert , 1915 , Vimy 1917 , Hindenburg Line , Mount Sorrel , Arleux , Canal du Nord , Somme , 1916 , Scarpe , 1917–18 , Pursuit to Mons , Pozières , Hill 70 , France and Flanders 1915–18 - World War II : The Hochwald , The Rhineland , Chambois , Falaise , Veen , The Scheldt , Falaise Road , Bad Zwichenahn , The Lower Maas , The Laison , North West Europe 1944-1945 - Afghanistan Victoria Cross recipients . - ( Acting ) Corporal Leo Clarke - ( Acting ) Major Okill Massey Learmonth † Rank names . - Ensign : Second Lieutenants ( OF-1 ) in Guard regiments are referred by their former title of ensign ( Esgn ) . The name derives from the task the newest joined officers were entrusted with , carrying the ensign or colours . - Colour sergeant : Personnel carrying the rank of Warrant Officer ( OR-7 ) in Guard regiments are called by their former title of colour sergeant ( CSgt ) . This rank originated from the appointment of specific sergeants to escort and defend the colours . - Guardsman : Upon successful completion of recruit training soldiers are to be addressed as Guardsman ( Gdsm/OR-3 ) . King George V awarded this honour in 1918 to mark the service of regiments of Foot Guards during the First World War . General Order 138 of 1928 promulgates this honour . - Musician : Upon successful completion of recruit training members of the band are addressed as Musician ( Muscn/OR-3 ) . Governor Generals Foot Guards Regimental Museum . The museum collects , preserves , studies and exhibits those objects that serve to illustrate the history and traditions of the regiment . The museum will collect materials that depict the regiment’s past in terms of war , ceremonial , training , sport and other affairs that have influenced the regiment over the years . The museum will provide for the preservation of such material and for its availability to all those who wish to see and study it . The museum will be a non-profit educational establishment , operated for the regiment and open to the public , regardless of race , creed , or occupation . The museum will disseminate knowledge and stimulate interest through materials , information services by holding meetings and arranging special programs for the regiment , the association and the public for the furtherance of the purpose of the museum . The museum co-operates with the regiment , association , the National War Museum and other museums as well as the Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton , to collect and preserve materials of significance so that these materials may be preserved and aid in the advancement of knowledge of the regiment . The Guards museum holds many artifacts from throughout the history of the regiment . Some of the artifacts displayed are a captured German trench periscope , various firearms from past wars including a Second World War–era German MG42 , and a copy of Mein Kampf signed by Adolf Hitler . Also on display are several books containing photographs from World War II . The museum is located in the south end of the Cartier Square Drill Hall and is open on parade nights or by appointment . Alliances . - - Coldstream Guards
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[
"Governor Generals Foot Guards"
] |
easy
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Governor General's Foot Guards was officially named what in Sep 1976?
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/wiki/Governor_General's_Foot_Guards#P1448#5
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Governor Generals Foot Guards The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( GGFG ) is one of three royal household regiments in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army ( along with The Governor Generals Horse Guards and the Canadian Grenadier Guards ) and the most senior militia infantry regiment in Canada . ( our country and ruler are our concern ) is the regiments motto . The regiment has an operational role that encompasses both the territorial defence of Canada and supporting regular Canadian forces overseas . The GGFG are formally allied with the Coldstream Guards of the United Kingdom after being informally allied with them since the formation of the regiment . The regimental dress uniform has buttons in pairs , similar to the Coldstream Guards , with a red plume ( of different material and lengths , dependent on the rank of the soldier ) worn on the left side of the bearskin . The GGFG perpetuate the 2nd Canadian Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF , and 77th ( Ottawa ) Battalion , CEF from the First World War . Regimental structure . The regiment is composed of about 250 officers and non-commissioned officers who make up of the following companies : - Regimental Headquarters - No . 1 Company ( Rifle Company ) - No . 2 Company ( Training Company ) - No . 3 Company ( Combat Service Support ) - GGFG Band - Ceremonial Guard Detachment The regiment also supports the 2784 GGFG Army Cadets of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets . Lineage . The GGFG originated in Ottawa , Ontario , on 7 June 1872 as the 1st Battalion Governor Generals Foot Guards . It was redesignated as the Governor Generals Foot Guards on 16 September 1887 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 April 1896 ; as the 2nd ( Reserve ) Battalion , The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 7 November 1941 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards on 31 January 1946 ; as The Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 1 September 1954 ; as the Governor Generals Foot Guards ( 5th Battalion , The Canadian Guards ) on 25 April 1958 ; and finally returned to the name Governor Generals Foot Guards on 1 September 1976 . Operational history . The 1st Battalion GGFG mobilized a single company for active service on 10 April 1885 . It served in the Battleford Column of the North West Field Force . The company was removed from active service on 24 July 1885 . The regiment contributed volunteers for the various Canadian contingents , mainly the 2nd ( Special Service ) Battalion , Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry . The Great War . Details of the GGFG were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties . The 2nd Battalion ( Eastern Ontario Regiment ) , CEF was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 26 September 1914 . It disembarked in France on 11 February 1915 , where it fought as part of the 1st Infantry Brigade , 1st Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war . The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920 . The 77th Battalion ( Ottawa ) , CEF was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 19 June 1916 . It provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 22 September 1916 , when its personnel were absorbed by the 47th Battalion ( British Columbia ) , CEF and 73rd Battalion ( Royal Highlanders of Canada ) , CEF and the battalion was disbanded . The Second World War . Details from the regiment were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and then placed on active service on 1 September 1939 for local protection duties . The details were disbanded on 31 December 1940 . The regiment mobilized The Governor Generals Foot Guards , CASF , for active service on 24 May 1940 . On 26 January 1942 , it was converted to armour . It embarked for Great Britain on 23 September 1942 . On 24 July 1944 , it landed in France as part of the 4th Armoured Brigade , 4th Canadian Armoured Division , and it continued to fight in North-West Europe until the end of the war . The overseas regiment was disbanded on 31 January 1946 . Modern day . In the 1990s the regiment was well-represented in several international operations . The Foot Guards took part in rescue operations in the National Capital Region during the 1998 Ice Storm . Members of the Foot Guards have served in Cyprus , Somalia , the Former Yugoslavia , Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Eritrea , Sierra Leone , Haiti , Sudan and combat operations in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014 . Legacy . Monuments . The No 1 Company Governor Generals Foot Guards and the Ladies Soldiers Aid Association of Ottawa erected a memorial tablet which was unveiled on May 2 , 1887 ; The memorial is dedicated to the memory of Privates J . Rogers and Wm . B . Osgood who died in action at Cut Knife Hill on May 2 , 1885 , during the Northwest Rebellion . A memorial plaque in the GGFG Regimental Museum is dedicated to the memory of the 5326 Officers and Men who served in the 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion Canadian Expeditionary force during the Great War 1914-1918 . A Second World War–era Sherman tank nicknamed Forceful III in the Canadian War Museum , is dedicated to the memory of the members of the GGFG killed during the Second World War while operating as an armoured regiment . Battle honours . - North West Canada , 1885 - South Africa 1899–1900 - World War I : Ypres 1915 , 1917 , Flers-Courcelette , Passchendaele , Gravenstafel , Ancre Heights , Amiens , St . Julien , Arras 1917 , 1918 , Drocourt-Queant , Festubert , 1915 , Vimy 1917 , Hindenburg Line , Mount Sorrel , Arleux , Canal du Nord , Somme , 1916 , Scarpe , 1917–18 , Pursuit to Mons , Pozières , Hill 70 , France and Flanders 1915–18 - World War II : The Hochwald , The Rhineland , Chambois , Falaise , Veen , The Scheldt , Falaise Road , Bad Zwichenahn , The Lower Maas , The Laison , North West Europe 1944-1945 - Afghanistan Victoria Cross recipients . - ( Acting ) Corporal Leo Clarke - ( Acting ) Major Okill Massey Learmonth † Rank names . - Ensign : Second Lieutenants ( OF-1 ) in Guard regiments are referred by their former title of ensign ( Esgn ) . The name derives from the task the newest joined officers were entrusted with , carrying the ensign or colours . - Colour sergeant : Personnel carrying the rank of Warrant Officer ( OR-7 ) in Guard regiments are called by their former title of colour sergeant ( CSgt ) . This rank originated from the appointment of specific sergeants to escort and defend the colours . - Guardsman : Upon successful completion of recruit training soldiers are to be addressed as Guardsman ( Gdsm/OR-3 ) . King George V awarded this honour in 1918 to mark the service of regiments of Foot Guards during the First World War . General Order 138 of 1928 promulgates this honour . - Musician : Upon successful completion of recruit training members of the band are addressed as Musician ( Muscn/OR-3 ) . Governor Generals Foot Guards Regimental Museum . The museum collects , preserves , studies and exhibits those objects that serve to illustrate the history and traditions of the regiment . The museum will collect materials that depict the regiment’s past in terms of war , ceremonial , training , sport and other affairs that have influenced the regiment over the years . The museum will provide for the preservation of such material and for its availability to all those who wish to see and study it . The museum will be a non-profit educational establishment , operated for the regiment and open to the public , regardless of race , creed , or occupation . The museum will disseminate knowledge and stimulate interest through materials , information services by holding meetings and arranging special programs for the regiment , the association and the public for the furtherance of the purpose of the museum . The museum co-operates with the regiment , association , the National War Museum and other museums as well as the Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton , to collect and preserve materials of significance so that these materials may be preserved and aid in the advancement of knowledge of the regiment . The Guards museum holds many artifacts from throughout the history of the regiment . Some of the artifacts displayed are a captured German trench periscope , various firearms from past wars including a Second World War–era German MG42 , and a copy of Mein Kampf signed by Adolf Hitler . Also on display are several books containing photographs from World War II . The museum is located in the south end of the Cartier Square Drill Hall and is open on parade nights or by appointment . Alliances . - - Coldstream Guards
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Which team did Frode Johnsen play for from 1993 to 2000?
|
/wiki/Frode_Johnsen#P54#0
|
Frode Johnsen Frode Johnsen ( born 17 March 1974 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played for Odd and Rosenborg in the Tippeligaen and for Nagoya Grampus and Shimizu S-Pulse in Japan . He played in several positions , but was preferred as a striker or midfielder . Johnsen is 188 cm tall , and was a good header of the ball . In his final season for Odds BK in 2015 , Johnsen won the Kniksens Honour Award for his long career as a footballer . He retired in the age of 41 . In 2013 , he became the topscorer in Tippeligaen , which also made him the oldest topscorer in a European league ever . Career . Early years . Johnsen began his career with minnows Skotfoss TIF , but did not make his Tippeligaen debut until a switch to Odd Grenland where he made his debut in the Norwegian Premier League in 1999 at the age of 25 . Rosenborg . 2000 . He was transferred to Rosenborg mid-season in 2000 , as a replacement for John Carew . Johnsen previously studied to be a police officer during his time in Odd Grenland , but quit school to play for Rosenborg . He played fifteen games for Rosenborg in his first season , scoring 9 goals – 12 in total , as he scored 3 goals for Odd before the switch . His new club and he won the championship . Rosenborg narrowly missed out on qualifying from the group stage of the Champions League . Johnsen did very well , scoring five goals in six games – including a hat-trick against Helsingborg . As they finished third , they advanced to the UEFA Cup where they crashed out in the first round to Alavés , Johnsen scored the goal in the 1–1 away leg , but could not prevent Rosenborg from losing 3–1 at home . 2001 . In his first full season he became joint top-scorer with 17 goals ( shared with Thorstein Helstad and Clayton Zane ) , playing in all games but one . Rosenborg won the league again by a single point ahead of Lillestrøm . In the Champions League Rosenborg finished fourth in their group . Johnsen played in all six games but one and did not score any goals , though he netted one in the qualifiers . 2002 . Johnsen won his third championship in a row in 2002 . He only played in 17 out of 26 games due to injury , scoring 7 goals . In the Champions League he scored twice in the qualification round , but did not score any in the group stages as Rosenborg only got four points and finished last , despite losing only two games . 2003 . He was involved in every game in the 2003 season as Rosenborg cruised through the championship , winning by 14 points . Johnsen scored 15 goals , only beaten with two by teammate Harald Brattbakk . He also won the cup with Rosenborg over Bodø/Glimt , scoring the equaliser as Rosenborg eventually won 3–1 . He was the top scorer of the cup , scoring 11 goals in 7 games . In the Champions League , Rosenborg and Johnsen failed to reach the group stage , losing narrowly to Deportivo in the qualifiers . They still got to play UEFA Cup , and had a good run before losing on away goals to Benfica . Johnsen played in all but one game in Europe this season , scoring 2 goals in 9 games . 2004 . The 2004 season was dramatic and very memorable season for Frode Johnsen . Rosenborg fought with Vålerenga for the championship , and before the last game of the season , Rosenborg was in the lead , but only on more scored goals . 7 minutes from time in Rosenborgs game against FC Lyn , Vålerenga made it 3–0 in their league game . Rosenborg was leading 3–1 at the time and needed one more to win the league , and in stoppage time Frode Johnsen scored his third of the game with a diving header , winning the championship . Johnsen played in all game and was named top scorer that year , notching up 19 goals in the process . He did not score as many in Europe , but nevertheless , Rosenborg was back in the Champions League . Only two points this time , and Johnsen scored 2 goals in total ( w/ Q-rounds ) . 2005 . After winning five championships in a row , the 2005 season was a devastating one as his team only finished 7th . Johnsen scored only 7 goals in his 23 games that season . In 2005 , both RCD Mallorca and AC Sparta Prague were interested in signing Johnsen , but nothing happened . He was involved in all Champions League games , but did not score . They finished third in a group which contained Real Madrid , Lyon and Olympiacos , but was eliminated in the first UEFA Cup round against FC Zenit St . Petersburg . 2006 . Frode Johnsen started the season well , and halfway through the season he had scored 6 goals in 13 games before Nagoya Grampus Eight came knocking . Johnsen could not resist the chance of going to play abroad and after serving Rosenborg faithfully for a number of years , they let him go and sold him in July 2006 . In all competitions , Johnsen played 234 games and scored 125 goals for Rosenborg . Nagoya Grampus . He signed an 18-month contract and started his Nagoya career by scoring twice in an away match against JEF United Chiba on 29 July 2006 . Nagoya won the match 3–2 . He scored eight more times finishing with 10 goals in 18 games as Nagoya Grampus finished in 7th place . In his first full season in 2007 , Nagoya only managed an 11th place . He scored 13 goals in 26 games . In 2008 , Johnsen and Nagoya fought for the J1 League championship until the final day , but ended up in third place , qualifying for an Asian Champions league spot . On 28 October 2008 , Frode Johnsen stated that he would stay in Japan for at least one more year , either for Nagoya or another Japanese club . Shimizu S-Pulse . On 18 November 2008 , Frode Johnsen announced that he would be leaving Nagoya after this season , and that he was only a medical away from securing a move to another Japanese club . He did not reveal which club it was until the 2008 season was over . It was eventually known that he would join Shimizu S-Pulse for the 2009 season . Shimizu S-Pulse finished in 7th place in his first season and five points from an AFC Champions League place , as Johnsen scored 9 league goals . On 1 August Johnsen scored his first hat-trick in the J-League in a 6–3 win against Shonan Bellmare . On 14 November 2010 , Johnsen scored one goal in a 5–0 win against Shonan Bellmare in what will be his last league game in Japan . He has announced that he will return to Norway after this season . International career . Frode Johnsen has 34 caps , and has scored 10 goals for the Norwegian national team . He made his debut against Finland on 16 August 2000 coming on for Steffen Iversen 20 minutes from time . His first international goal came against Wales in a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier . He remained a regular member of the Norway squad until 2007 , but lost his place after moving to Japan . The long flight distance between Europe and Japan was cited as one of the reasons why he did not play in more games after joining Nagoya Grampus . On 1 September 2013 , Johnsen was recalled to the national team squad , more than six years after his last cap , ahead of the 2014 World Cup qualifying matches against Cyprus and Switzerland . He did not play in either match , but kept his place in the squad for the matches against Slovenia and Iceland in October 2013 . In the match against Slovenia on 11 October 2013 , Johnsen came on as a late substitute , becoming the oldest player ever to play for the Norwegian national team . He repeated the feat in the home match against Iceland four days later , at the age of . Career statistics . Club . - All competitions ( Rosenborg ) : 234 matches – 125 goals - Norwegian PL : 145/80 - European Cups : 66/18 - Norwegian Cup : 23/27 Honours . Club . Rosenborg - Norwegian Premier League Championship ( 6 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 - Norwegian Football Cup Win : 2003 Individual . - Tippeligaen top scorer : 2001 , 2004 , 2013 - Norwegian Football Association Gold Watch External links . - Player profile from RBKweb - Player profile from RBKweb ( nor )
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[
"Rosenborg"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Frode Johnsen belong to from 2000 to 2006?
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/wiki/Frode_Johnsen#P54#1
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Frode Johnsen Frode Johnsen ( born 17 March 1974 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played for Odd and Rosenborg in the Tippeligaen and for Nagoya Grampus and Shimizu S-Pulse in Japan . He played in several positions , but was preferred as a striker or midfielder . Johnsen is 188 cm tall , and was a good header of the ball . In his final season for Odds BK in 2015 , Johnsen won the Kniksens Honour Award for his long career as a footballer . He retired in the age of 41 . In 2013 , he became the topscorer in Tippeligaen , which also made him the oldest topscorer in a European league ever . Career . Early years . Johnsen began his career with minnows Skotfoss TIF , but did not make his Tippeligaen debut until a switch to Odd Grenland where he made his debut in the Norwegian Premier League in 1999 at the age of 25 . Rosenborg . 2000 . He was transferred to Rosenborg mid-season in 2000 , as a replacement for John Carew . Johnsen previously studied to be a police officer during his time in Odd Grenland , but quit school to play for Rosenborg . He played fifteen games for Rosenborg in his first season , scoring 9 goals – 12 in total , as he scored 3 goals for Odd before the switch . His new club and he won the championship . Rosenborg narrowly missed out on qualifying from the group stage of the Champions League . Johnsen did very well , scoring five goals in six games – including a hat-trick against Helsingborg . As they finished third , they advanced to the UEFA Cup where they crashed out in the first round to Alavés , Johnsen scored the goal in the 1–1 away leg , but could not prevent Rosenborg from losing 3–1 at home . 2001 . In his first full season he became joint top-scorer with 17 goals ( shared with Thorstein Helstad and Clayton Zane ) , playing in all games but one . Rosenborg won the league again by a single point ahead of Lillestrøm . In the Champions League Rosenborg finished fourth in their group . Johnsen played in all six games but one and did not score any goals , though he netted one in the qualifiers . 2002 . Johnsen won his third championship in a row in 2002 . He only played in 17 out of 26 games due to injury , scoring 7 goals . In the Champions League he scored twice in the qualification round , but did not score any in the group stages as Rosenborg only got four points and finished last , despite losing only two games . 2003 . He was involved in every game in the 2003 season as Rosenborg cruised through the championship , winning by 14 points . Johnsen scored 15 goals , only beaten with two by teammate Harald Brattbakk . He also won the cup with Rosenborg over Bodø/Glimt , scoring the equaliser as Rosenborg eventually won 3–1 . He was the top scorer of the cup , scoring 11 goals in 7 games . In the Champions League , Rosenborg and Johnsen failed to reach the group stage , losing narrowly to Deportivo in the qualifiers . They still got to play UEFA Cup , and had a good run before losing on away goals to Benfica . Johnsen played in all but one game in Europe this season , scoring 2 goals in 9 games . 2004 . The 2004 season was dramatic and very memorable season for Frode Johnsen . Rosenborg fought with Vålerenga for the championship , and before the last game of the season , Rosenborg was in the lead , but only on more scored goals . 7 minutes from time in Rosenborgs game against FC Lyn , Vålerenga made it 3–0 in their league game . Rosenborg was leading 3–1 at the time and needed one more to win the league , and in stoppage time Frode Johnsen scored his third of the game with a diving header , winning the championship . Johnsen played in all game and was named top scorer that year , notching up 19 goals in the process . He did not score as many in Europe , but nevertheless , Rosenborg was back in the Champions League . Only two points this time , and Johnsen scored 2 goals in total ( w/ Q-rounds ) . 2005 . After winning five championships in a row , the 2005 season was a devastating one as his team only finished 7th . Johnsen scored only 7 goals in his 23 games that season . In 2005 , both RCD Mallorca and AC Sparta Prague were interested in signing Johnsen , but nothing happened . He was involved in all Champions League games , but did not score . They finished third in a group which contained Real Madrid , Lyon and Olympiacos , but was eliminated in the first UEFA Cup round against FC Zenit St . Petersburg . 2006 . Frode Johnsen started the season well , and halfway through the season he had scored 6 goals in 13 games before Nagoya Grampus Eight came knocking . Johnsen could not resist the chance of going to play abroad and after serving Rosenborg faithfully for a number of years , they let him go and sold him in July 2006 . In all competitions , Johnsen played 234 games and scored 125 goals for Rosenborg . Nagoya Grampus . He signed an 18-month contract and started his Nagoya career by scoring twice in an away match against JEF United Chiba on 29 July 2006 . Nagoya won the match 3–2 . He scored eight more times finishing with 10 goals in 18 games as Nagoya Grampus finished in 7th place . In his first full season in 2007 , Nagoya only managed an 11th place . He scored 13 goals in 26 games . In 2008 , Johnsen and Nagoya fought for the J1 League championship until the final day , but ended up in third place , qualifying for an Asian Champions league spot . On 28 October 2008 , Frode Johnsen stated that he would stay in Japan for at least one more year , either for Nagoya or another Japanese club . Shimizu S-Pulse . On 18 November 2008 , Frode Johnsen announced that he would be leaving Nagoya after this season , and that he was only a medical away from securing a move to another Japanese club . He did not reveal which club it was until the 2008 season was over . It was eventually known that he would join Shimizu S-Pulse for the 2009 season . Shimizu S-Pulse finished in 7th place in his first season and five points from an AFC Champions League place , as Johnsen scored 9 league goals . On 1 August Johnsen scored his first hat-trick in the J-League in a 6–3 win against Shonan Bellmare . On 14 November 2010 , Johnsen scored one goal in a 5–0 win against Shonan Bellmare in what will be his last league game in Japan . He has announced that he will return to Norway after this season . International career . Frode Johnsen has 34 caps , and has scored 10 goals for the Norwegian national team . He made his debut against Finland on 16 August 2000 coming on for Steffen Iversen 20 minutes from time . His first international goal came against Wales in a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier . He remained a regular member of the Norway squad until 2007 , but lost his place after moving to Japan . The long flight distance between Europe and Japan was cited as one of the reasons why he did not play in more games after joining Nagoya Grampus . On 1 September 2013 , Johnsen was recalled to the national team squad , more than six years after his last cap , ahead of the 2014 World Cup qualifying matches against Cyprus and Switzerland . He did not play in either match , but kept his place in the squad for the matches against Slovenia and Iceland in October 2013 . In the match against Slovenia on 11 October 2013 , Johnsen came on as a late substitute , becoming the oldest player ever to play for the Norwegian national team . He repeated the feat in the home match against Iceland four days later , at the age of . Career statistics . Club . - All competitions ( Rosenborg ) : 234 matches – 125 goals - Norwegian PL : 145/80 - European Cups : 66/18 - Norwegian Cup : 23/27 Honours . Club . Rosenborg - Norwegian Premier League Championship ( 6 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 - Norwegian Football Cup Win : 2003 Individual . - Tippeligaen top scorer : 2001 , 2004 , 2013 - Norwegian Football Association Gold Watch External links . - Player profile from RBKweb - Player profile from RBKweb ( nor )
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Frode Johnsen belong to from 2006 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Frode_Johnsen#P54#2
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Frode Johnsen Frode Johnsen ( born 17 March 1974 ) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played for Odd and Rosenborg in the Tippeligaen and for Nagoya Grampus and Shimizu S-Pulse in Japan . He played in several positions , but was preferred as a striker or midfielder . Johnsen is 188 cm tall , and was a good header of the ball . In his final season for Odds BK in 2015 , Johnsen won the Kniksens Honour Award for his long career as a footballer . He retired in the age of 41 . In 2013 , he became the topscorer in Tippeligaen , which also made him the oldest topscorer in a European league ever . Career . Early years . Johnsen began his career with minnows Skotfoss TIF , but did not make his Tippeligaen debut until a switch to Odd Grenland where he made his debut in the Norwegian Premier League in 1999 at the age of 25 . Rosenborg . 2000 . He was transferred to Rosenborg mid-season in 2000 , as a replacement for John Carew . Johnsen previously studied to be a police officer during his time in Odd Grenland , but quit school to play for Rosenborg . He played fifteen games for Rosenborg in his first season , scoring 9 goals – 12 in total , as he scored 3 goals for Odd before the switch . His new club and he won the championship . Rosenborg narrowly missed out on qualifying from the group stage of the Champions League . Johnsen did very well , scoring five goals in six games – including a hat-trick against Helsingborg . As they finished third , they advanced to the UEFA Cup where they crashed out in the first round to Alavés , Johnsen scored the goal in the 1–1 away leg , but could not prevent Rosenborg from losing 3–1 at home . 2001 . In his first full season he became joint top-scorer with 17 goals ( shared with Thorstein Helstad and Clayton Zane ) , playing in all games but one . Rosenborg won the league again by a single point ahead of Lillestrøm . In the Champions League Rosenborg finished fourth in their group . Johnsen played in all six games but one and did not score any goals , though he netted one in the qualifiers . 2002 . Johnsen won his third championship in a row in 2002 . He only played in 17 out of 26 games due to injury , scoring 7 goals . In the Champions League he scored twice in the qualification round , but did not score any in the group stages as Rosenborg only got four points and finished last , despite losing only two games . 2003 . He was involved in every game in the 2003 season as Rosenborg cruised through the championship , winning by 14 points . Johnsen scored 15 goals , only beaten with two by teammate Harald Brattbakk . He also won the cup with Rosenborg over Bodø/Glimt , scoring the equaliser as Rosenborg eventually won 3–1 . He was the top scorer of the cup , scoring 11 goals in 7 games . In the Champions League , Rosenborg and Johnsen failed to reach the group stage , losing narrowly to Deportivo in the qualifiers . They still got to play UEFA Cup , and had a good run before losing on away goals to Benfica . Johnsen played in all but one game in Europe this season , scoring 2 goals in 9 games . 2004 . The 2004 season was dramatic and very memorable season for Frode Johnsen . Rosenborg fought with Vålerenga for the championship , and before the last game of the season , Rosenborg was in the lead , but only on more scored goals . 7 minutes from time in Rosenborgs game against FC Lyn , Vålerenga made it 3–0 in their league game . Rosenborg was leading 3–1 at the time and needed one more to win the league , and in stoppage time Frode Johnsen scored his third of the game with a diving header , winning the championship . Johnsen played in all game and was named top scorer that year , notching up 19 goals in the process . He did not score as many in Europe , but nevertheless , Rosenborg was back in the Champions League . Only two points this time , and Johnsen scored 2 goals in total ( w/ Q-rounds ) . 2005 . After winning five championships in a row , the 2005 season was a devastating one as his team only finished 7th . Johnsen scored only 7 goals in his 23 games that season . In 2005 , both RCD Mallorca and AC Sparta Prague were interested in signing Johnsen , but nothing happened . He was involved in all Champions League games , but did not score . They finished third in a group which contained Real Madrid , Lyon and Olympiacos , but was eliminated in the first UEFA Cup round against FC Zenit St . Petersburg . 2006 . Frode Johnsen started the season well , and halfway through the season he had scored 6 goals in 13 games before Nagoya Grampus Eight came knocking . Johnsen could not resist the chance of going to play abroad and after serving Rosenborg faithfully for a number of years , they let him go and sold him in July 2006 . In all competitions , Johnsen played 234 games and scored 125 goals for Rosenborg . Nagoya Grampus . He signed an 18-month contract and started his Nagoya career by scoring twice in an away match against JEF United Chiba on 29 July 2006 . Nagoya won the match 3–2 . He scored eight more times finishing with 10 goals in 18 games as Nagoya Grampus finished in 7th place . In his first full season in 2007 , Nagoya only managed an 11th place . He scored 13 goals in 26 games . In 2008 , Johnsen and Nagoya fought for the J1 League championship until the final day , but ended up in third place , qualifying for an Asian Champions league spot . On 28 October 2008 , Frode Johnsen stated that he would stay in Japan for at least one more year , either for Nagoya or another Japanese club . Shimizu S-Pulse . On 18 November 2008 , Frode Johnsen announced that he would be leaving Nagoya after this season , and that he was only a medical away from securing a move to another Japanese club . He did not reveal which club it was until the 2008 season was over . It was eventually known that he would join Shimizu S-Pulse for the 2009 season . Shimizu S-Pulse finished in 7th place in his first season and five points from an AFC Champions League place , as Johnsen scored 9 league goals . On 1 August Johnsen scored his first hat-trick in the J-League in a 6–3 win against Shonan Bellmare . On 14 November 2010 , Johnsen scored one goal in a 5–0 win against Shonan Bellmare in what will be his last league game in Japan . He has announced that he will return to Norway after this season . International career . Frode Johnsen has 34 caps , and has scored 10 goals for the Norwegian national team . He made his debut against Finland on 16 August 2000 coming on for Steffen Iversen 20 minutes from time . His first international goal came against Wales in a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier . He remained a regular member of the Norway squad until 2007 , but lost his place after moving to Japan . The long flight distance between Europe and Japan was cited as one of the reasons why he did not play in more games after joining Nagoya Grampus . On 1 September 2013 , Johnsen was recalled to the national team squad , more than six years after his last cap , ahead of the 2014 World Cup qualifying matches against Cyprus and Switzerland . He did not play in either match , but kept his place in the squad for the matches against Slovenia and Iceland in October 2013 . In the match against Slovenia on 11 October 2013 , Johnsen came on as a late substitute , becoming the oldest player ever to play for the Norwegian national team . He repeated the feat in the home match against Iceland four days later , at the age of . Career statistics . Club . - All competitions ( Rosenborg ) : 234 matches – 125 goals - Norwegian PL : 145/80 - European Cups : 66/18 - Norwegian Cup : 23/27 Honours . Club . Rosenborg - Norwegian Premier League Championship ( 6 ) : 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 - Norwegian Football Cup Win : 2003 Individual . - Tippeligaen top scorer : 2001 , 2004 , 2013 - Norwegian Football Association Gold Watch External links . - Player profile from RBKweb - Player profile from RBKweb ( nor )
|
[
"Beiyang University",
"middle school in Shanghai"
] |
easy
|
Which school did Ma Yinchu go to from 1901 to 1906?
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/wiki/Ma_Yinchu#P69#0
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Ma Yinchu Ma Yinchu ( ; 1882–1982 ) was a prominent Chinese economist . He was the father of family planning . Biography . Early life . Ma Yinchu was born in Sheng County , Shaoxing , Zhejiang . He was the fifth child of the owner of a small distillery that specialized in fermented rice liquor . While his father wished for him to carry on this business , Ma showed an inclination toward scholarship . As a result , his father cut him off financially , and their relationship never recovered . At 16 , Ma attended middle school in Shanghai . Despite losing his fathers support , he studied mining and metallurgy at Beiyang University ( now called Tianjin University ) . In 1907 , Ma received government sponsorship to study economics at Yale University , after which he received a Ph.D . in economics and philosophy from Columbia University in 1914 . In 1920 he helped to found the Shanghai College of Commerce , and in 1923 he became the founding president of the Chinese Economics Society . During the 1930s , Ma began to criticize the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek , and was subsequently placed under house arrest from 1940 to 1942 . In 1949 , at the request of Zhou Enlai , he served as a nonpartisan delegate to the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference . From 1950 to 1951 , he served as the president of Zhejiang University , and then as the president of Peking University from 1951 to 1960 . In this position , Ma was well liked , and seen as warm and genuine by his students . However , he was removed due to his unorthodox economic views . New Population Theory . In June 1957 , at the fourth session of the First National Peoples Congress , Ma presented his New Population Theory . Having examined trends of the early 1950s , he concluded that further population growth at such high rates would be detrimental to Chinas development . Therefore , he advocated government control of fertility . During the following three years , Mas theory suffered two rounds of attacks , and he was dismissed from public life . The charges of the government were that the theory followed Malthusianism , attempted to discredit the superiority of socialism , and showed contempt for the people . Rehabilitation and later life . Mas New Population Theory did not receive mention in the Peoples Daily again until June 5 , 1979 . On July 26 of the same year , the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally apologized to him , stating that events had validated his theory . In September 1979 , all charges against him were retracted , and he was made honorary president of Peking University . Ma Yinchu died on May 10 , 1982 due to heart and lung disease and pneumonia . Legacy . Even before Mas death , scholars were realizing the enormity of the governments error in censoring his views for two decades . This view can be demonstrated by the title of a newspaper article published in 1979 : Erroneously criticized one person , population mistakenly increased 300,000,000 . Mas theory also became enshrined in public policy ; Chinas One Child Policy draws heavily on Mas reasoning that the State should have the power to intervene in reproduction and to control population , and follows his advice in heavily utilizing propaganda on the dangers of population growth . In Mas hometown , a middle school has been named in his honor . His birth home is being renovated as a museum , and the street on which it resides is now called Famous Man Street . Nationally , the scholar is featured prominently in primary and middle school textbooks as Uncle Ma , where he is praised for his contributions to population control and environmental protection . In 1997 , a nine-part series about his life was aired in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the publication of his population theory .
|
[
"Yale University"
] |
easy
|
Which school did Ma Yinchu go to from 1907 to 1910?
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/wiki/Ma_Yinchu#P69#1
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Ma Yinchu Ma Yinchu ( ; 1882–1982 ) was a prominent Chinese economist . He was the father of family planning . Biography . Early life . Ma Yinchu was born in Sheng County , Shaoxing , Zhejiang . He was the fifth child of the owner of a small distillery that specialized in fermented rice liquor . While his father wished for him to carry on this business , Ma showed an inclination toward scholarship . As a result , his father cut him off financially , and their relationship never recovered . At 16 , Ma attended middle school in Shanghai . Despite losing his fathers support , he studied mining and metallurgy at Beiyang University ( now called Tianjin University ) . In 1907 , Ma received government sponsorship to study economics at Yale University , after which he received a Ph.D . in economics and philosophy from Columbia University in 1914 . In 1920 he helped to found the Shanghai College of Commerce , and in 1923 he became the founding president of the Chinese Economics Society . During the 1930s , Ma began to criticize the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek , and was subsequently placed under house arrest from 1940 to 1942 . In 1949 , at the request of Zhou Enlai , he served as a nonpartisan delegate to the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference . From 1950 to 1951 , he served as the president of Zhejiang University , and then as the president of Peking University from 1951 to 1960 . In this position , Ma was well liked , and seen as warm and genuine by his students . However , he was removed due to his unorthodox economic views . New Population Theory . In June 1957 , at the fourth session of the First National Peoples Congress , Ma presented his New Population Theory . Having examined trends of the early 1950s , he concluded that further population growth at such high rates would be detrimental to Chinas development . Therefore , he advocated government control of fertility . During the following three years , Mas theory suffered two rounds of attacks , and he was dismissed from public life . The charges of the government were that the theory followed Malthusianism , attempted to discredit the superiority of socialism , and showed contempt for the people . Rehabilitation and later life . Mas New Population Theory did not receive mention in the Peoples Daily again until June 5 , 1979 . On July 26 of the same year , the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally apologized to him , stating that events had validated his theory . In September 1979 , all charges against him were retracted , and he was made honorary president of Peking University . Ma Yinchu died on May 10 , 1982 due to heart and lung disease and pneumonia . Legacy . Even before Mas death , scholars were realizing the enormity of the governments error in censoring his views for two decades . This view can be demonstrated by the title of a newspaper article published in 1979 : Erroneously criticized one person , population mistakenly increased 300,000,000 . Mas theory also became enshrined in public policy ; Chinas One Child Policy draws heavily on Mas reasoning that the State should have the power to intervene in reproduction and to control population , and follows his advice in heavily utilizing propaganda on the dangers of population growth . In Mas hometown , a middle school has been named in his honor . His birth home is being renovated as a museum , and the street on which it resides is now called Famous Man Street . Nationally , the scholar is featured prominently in primary and middle school textbooks as Uncle Ma , where he is praised for his contributions to population control and environmental protection . In 1997 , a nine-part series about his life was aired in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the publication of his population theory .
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[
"Columbia University"
] |
easy
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Ma Yinchu went to which school from 1910 to 1914?
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/wiki/Ma_Yinchu#P69#2
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Ma Yinchu Ma Yinchu ( ; 1882–1982 ) was a prominent Chinese economist . He was the father of family planning . Biography . Early life . Ma Yinchu was born in Sheng County , Shaoxing , Zhejiang . He was the fifth child of the owner of a small distillery that specialized in fermented rice liquor . While his father wished for him to carry on this business , Ma showed an inclination toward scholarship . As a result , his father cut him off financially , and their relationship never recovered . At 16 , Ma attended middle school in Shanghai . Despite losing his fathers support , he studied mining and metallurgy at Beiyang University ( now called Tianjin University ) . In 1907 , Ma received government sponsorship to study economics at Yale University , after which he received a Ph.D . in economics and philosophy from Columbia University in 1914 . In 1920 he helped to found the Shanghai College of Commerce , and in 1923 he became the founding president of the Chinese Economics Society . During the 1930s , Ma began to criticize the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek , and was subsequently placed under house arrest from 1940 to 1942 . In 1949 , at the request of Zhou Enlai , he served as a nonpartisan delegate to the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference . From 1950 to 1951 , he served as the president of Zhejiang University , and then as the president of Peking University from 1951 to 1960 . In this position , Ma was well liked , and seen as warm and genuine by his students . However , he was removed due to his unorthodox economic views . New Population Theory . In June 1957 , at the fourth session of the First National Peoples Congress , Ma presented his New Population Theory . Having examined trends of the early 1950s , he concluded that further population growth at such high rates would be detrimental to Chinas development . Therefore , he advocated government control of fertility . During the following three years , Mas theory suffered two rounds of attacks , and he was dismissed from public life . The charges of the government were that the theory followed Malthusianism , attempted to discredit the superiority of socialism , and showed contempt for the people . Rehabilitation and later life . Mas New Population Theory did not receive mention in the Peoples Daily again until June 5 , 1979 . On July 26 of the same year , the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally apologized to him , stating that events had validated his theory . In September 1979 , all charges against him were retracted , and he was made honorary president of Peking University . Ma Yinchu died on May 10 , 1982 due to heart and lung disease and pneumonia . Legacy . Even before Mas death , scholars were realizing the enormity of the governments error in censoring his views for two decades . This view can be demonstrated by the title of a newspaper article published in 1979 : Erroneously criticized one person , population mistakenly increased 300,000,000 . Mas theory also became enshrined in public policy ; Chinas One Child Policy draws heavily on Mas reasoning that the State should have the power to intervene in reproduction and to control population , and follows his advice in heavily utilizing propaganda on the dangers of population growth . In Mas hometown , a middle school has been named in his honor . His birth home is being renovated as a museum , and the street on which it resides is now called Famous Man Street . Nationally , the scholar is featured prominently in primary and middle school textbooks as Uncle Ma , where he is praised for his contributions to population control and environmental protection . In 1997 , a nine-part series about his life was aired in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the publication of his population theory .
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[
"Manchester City"
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easy
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Which team did Stephen Ireland play for from 2005 to 2007?
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/wiki/Stephen_Ireland#P54#0
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Stephen Ireland Stephen James Ireland ( born 22 August 1986 ) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . Ireland began his career with Cobh Ramblers before joining English club Manchester City in 2001 . He made his professional debut in September 2005 and soon established himself as a regular at the City of Manchester Stadium and his performances saw him earn international recognition with Republic of Ireland . However , a row with Steve Staunton saw his international career come to an abrupt end . In September 2010 Ireland was transferred to Aston Villa in a swap deal with James Milner . After a slow start to his Villa career he was loaned out to Newcastle United where he only played twice . In the 2011–12 season he improved and won the Fans Player of the Season award . However he fell out of the first team under Paul Lambert and in September 2013 he joined Stoke City on loan before making the move permanent in January 2014 . Club career . Early career . Born in Cork , County Cork , Ireland started his career in Cobh , playing junior football for Cobh Ramblers , a team his father Michael had previously played for . As a schoolboy , Ireland had trials with a number of British clubs , though several were discouraged by his Osgood-Schlatter disease , which he suffered from in his mid-teens . He eventually chose Manchester City , where he moved in August 2001 , as a fifteen-year-old . Manchester City . In 2005 , at the age of 18 , he joined English club Manchester City . He played for the first team in a number of pre-season friendlies and made his competitive debut on 18 September 2005 , against Bolton Wanderers , coming on as an 81st-minute substitute . He subsequently made his first competitive start against Doncaster Rovers on 21 September 2005 . He won the Man of the Match award on his first Premier League start against Everton on 2 October 2005 . He then started the next six matches for City , which won him a contract to keep him at the club until 2009 . In the remainder of the season he participated in around half of Manchester Citys matches , ending the season with a total of 16 starts and 12 substitute appearances . On 26 December , Ireland scored his first Premier League goal for City , a left footed volley from 20 yards . The goal proved to be the only goal in a vital 1–0 victory at Sheffield Uniteds Bramall Lane . On 18 February , Ireland rounded off the scoring for Manchester City in a 3–1 away win over Preston North End in the fifth round of the FA Cup with a stunning volley from outside the area . Having started the 2007–08 Premier League season well with City , Ireland scored the only goal , a volley , in a 1–0 home win over Sunderland . His celebration for the goal courted some controversy , Ireland dropped his shorts to reveal a pair of underpants sporting the Superman logo , however the FA decided a warning would be the fairest course of action . Then in November against Reading , he scored to keep Manchester Citys home record at 100% . Two weeks later , he was sent off in the 2–1 loss at Tottenham Hotspur , and received a three match ban . Ireland scored a goal in the reverse fixture , which led Manchester City to a 2–1 home victory over Spurs . He scored his final goal of the season with a sweet strike in the 2–3 loss to Fulham . He got the ball just outside the left side of the penalty box and curved it over Kasey Keller into the top right corner . He finished the 2007–08 season with four goals . He returned to the first team in a good individual and team performance in the 3–0 win against West Ham United . He finished the match with two assists , crossing for Elano to strike home . He opened his tally in the 3–0 away win at Sunderland . He scored again in the 2–2 draw at Newcastle United on 20 October . He scored both goals in the 2–2 draw at Hull City on 16 November , and opened the score in the successive league match against Arsenal . After netting in a 2–1 win over Everton , Ireland took his seasons tally to 13 in a memorable season for the Irishman . On 20 May 2009 , he was named Manchester Citys Senior Player of the Year for his blistering performances throughout the 2008–09 season and as a result , secured a new five-year contract , keeping him at the club until 2014 . He later became the Greater Manchester Player of the Year . He opened his account in the 2009–10 season with an opening day goal in the 2–0 win at Blackburn Rovers . In December 2009 , Mark Hughes was sacked as manager and was replaced by former Inter Milan manager Roberto Mancini . With the good form of Nigel de Jong , Vincent Kompany and new signing Patrick Vieira at the club , Ireland spent most of the second half of the season as a substitute . By the end of the 2009–10 season , he only scored three goals , which were all before Mancinis arrival . Mancini said Ireland must change his head in order to play . Aston Villa . At the start of the 2010–11 Premier League season , Ireland was targeted to be transferred with loan to Aston Villa in exchange for James Milner , but the deal was held up when he demanded £2 million from Manchester City to agree to the move . On 17 August 2010 it was reported the deal had been done , and he was at Aston Villas Bodymoor Heath Training Ground for a medical . The final price was £8million in a part exchange for Milner . Ireland signed a 4-year deal with the Midlands club . After completing the move , Ireland criticised his former club , saying that its young players were money-obsessed and that : I guess James Milner must think the grass is greener on the other side . Hes going to get a shock soon because its definitely not that way . Ireland made his debut for the club on his 24th birthday in an away fixture at Newcastle United . Ireland started and played for the full duration of the match as Villa were beaten 6–0 . However , by the end of October 2010 , Ireland had been dropped from the Villa team with manager Gérard Houllier publicly stating that he needed to work harder at his game . On the final day of the transfer window , 31 January 2011 , Ireland joined Newcastle United on loan until the end of the season , with a view to a permanent deal . Ireland was already injured when he joined Newcastle and suffered a number of setbacks , including a controversial nightclub incident with teammate Leon Best the night before a match . He finally made his debut on 19 April 2011 in a 0–0 draw with Manchester United , appearing as a 65th-minute substitute . However , after appearing only twice and playing just 49 minutes of football for the Tyneside club , Ireland was ruled out for the rest of the season with an ankle injury , and was returned to Aston Villa . At the start of the 2011–12 season , Ireland stated his intentions to remain at Aston Villa and fight for his place in the team under new manager Alex McLeish , despite having a disappointing first term at the club . It was also confirmed that he would take the number 7 jersey from Ashley Young who had recently joined Manchester United . Alex McLeish warned Ireland to create headlines on the pitch after being pictured posing with shisha pipe on Twitter . On 31 December 2011 , Ireland scored his first ever goal for Villa in a 3–1 away win at Chelsea , scoring the opener and assisting the third goal in a man of the match winning performance . At the end of the season , after some impressive displays , Ireland was voted Aston Villas Supporters player of the season . After a positive start to the 2012–13 season , Ireland broke a bone is his wrist during Villas 4–1 loss away at Southampton on 22 September in which he had assisted a Darren Bent goal . Manager Paul Lambert revealed it would rule him out for a few weeks . Paul Lambert left Ireland out of his squad for the second half of the 2012–13 season for footballing reasons . At the end of the season Ireland was heavily linked with a move away from the club and began training with the reserves . Stoke City . On 2 September 2013 , Ireland joined Stoke City on loan for the 2013–14 season , which would see him link up with Mark Hughes . Speaking after joining Stoke , Ireland expressed the hope that his loan spell would help him resurrect his career , stating : Its been really frustrating as I take my job seriously and its been difficult for me not being on the team bus playing games . Im just so grateful to the manager here at Stoke for giving me the opportunity to build up my career again . Ive absolutely got a point to prove and Im dying to get back into the swing of things . This is a massive opportunity and Im still only 27 . Its a vital year for me to be playing week in , week out . Ireland made his Stoke debut on 14 September 2013 in a 0–0 draw against his former club Manchester City . Ireland scored his first goal for Stoke on 25 September 2013 in a 2–0 League Cup win over Tranmere Rovers . On 9 November 2013 , he scored against Swansea City in a 3–3 draw . He made his move permanent on 14 January 2014 . On 15 April 2014 , Ireland signed a new three-year contract with Stoke keeping him contracted until the summer of 2017 . Ireland played 29 times in 2013–14 as Stoke finished in 9th position . Ireland scored twice in the FA Cup against Wrexham on 4 January 2015 . He also scored in the next round against Rochdale . On 28 February 2015 , Ireland suffered a deep cut on his calf which required 15 stitches following a challenge by Hull City defender Maynor Figueroa . Ireland was again overlooked by Hughes in 2015–16 as he made 16 appearances of which only three were starts and none were in the Premier League . On 10 May 2016 , he suffered a broken leg in training , keeping him sidelined for a lengthy period . Ireland missed the entire 2016–17 season due to injury . In July 2017 , he signed six-month contract extension to enable him to continue his rehabilitation . Another contract extension until the end of the season followed in December . Ireland made only five appearances in 2017–18 as Stoke suffered relegation to the EFL Championship . He was released by Stoke at the end of the season . Bolton Wanderers . Ireland joined EFL Championship side Bolton Wanderers on 9 October 2018 . On 20 December 2018 Ireland left Bolton without playing a game , though did play two matches for Boltons Development Squad , after having his contract cancelled by mutual consent . Ireland stated in June 2020 that he regretted joining Bolton as they were going through financial trouble and assumed he didnt play as he had playing bonuses in his contract . International career . Ireland represented Ireland at under-15 , under-16 and under-17 level , but when called up to under-18 level he had a dispute with coach Brian Kerr after he was left out of the side for a match in Irelands home town of Cobh and told to watch the match from the stands . The team lost the match 4–0 , and Kerr suggested Ireland would be involved in the next match , in nearby Cork City . When Ireland was again left out , he requested to return to his club , and Kerr informed him that he would never play for the Republic of Ireland while Kerr was manager . In January 2006 Kerr was replaced as Ireland manager by Steve Staunton . In Stauntons first squad , for a match against Sweden , Ireland received a senior call up for the first time . Ireland came on a substitute in the match , replacing John OShea . He scored his first international goal on 7 October 2006 in a 5–2 loss to Cyprus . On 7 February 2007 , Ireland saved the Republic of Ireland from a draw with San Marino with a last minute injury time goal . Final score was 2–1 . On 24 March 2007 , he scored the first ever goal in Croke Park against Wales . This was his third international goal in just four matches . He also scored against Slovakia in Bratislava on 8 September 2007 . Controversy . In September 2007 , Ireland was at the centre of controversy when , in the immediate aftermath of a Republic of Ireland international match and days before their crunch match against the Czech Republic , coach Steve Staunton informed him of a telephone call just received from his girlfriend reporting the death of his maternal grandmother . Staunton quickly consented to Irelands compassionate leave on these grounds , a private jet was chartered for his return . However the media quickly discovered that Irelands grandmother was not dead , at which point Ireland announced it was his paternal grandmother who died but yet again , reporters discovered that Irelands paternal grandmother was also still alive , and her relatives had threatened to sue one newspaper that reported her death . Ireland changed his story again , saying one of his grandfathers had divorced , and it was his second wife who had died . That was also quickly discovered to be untrue . Ireland eventually came out with the truth , admitting he had invented a reason to leave the Irish team in order to visit his girlfriend in Cork , who , he claimed , had a miscarriage . I decided at that stage that I must tell the truth and admit I had told lies , Ireland said . I realise now it was a massive mistake to say my grandmothers had died and I deeply regret it . Exile . Speculation abounded that Ireland might make himself available for a call-up to the national squad to face Georgia on 11 February 2009 . However , when the squad was announced on 19 January , the players name did not feature , and Liam Brady took the opportunity to explain to the press that he and Trapattoni had previously come to an agreement with the player whereby he would inform them when he felt like playing again , and that so far no contact had been made from the players end . On 19 February 2009 , it was reported that Ireland had intimated to Manchester City teammate Shay Given that he would like to represent Ireland at the World Cup in South Africa in 2010 and that a return to the international fold was imminent , but when the Irish squad to face Bulgaria on 28 March and Italy on 1 April was announced , his name was once again omitted . Trapattoni said at the accompanying press conference that he himself did not believe Ireland would return , stating that when he had met with the player months previously he had appeared withdrawn and reluctant to look the Ireland manager in the eye . In May 2009 , Ireland said that he would probably not return to the national team : I always say never say never because its hard not to , but I dont think Ill ever go back . In August 2010 , he restated that he would not return : I watch Ireland matches like anyone else might do at this stage , but I dont feel a part of it at all . It doesnt make me feel like I should go back play again . That question is gone for me and the answer wont change my mind . On 30 March 2012 , Ireland suggested that he would be willing to return to international football after Euro 2012 . In May 2014 , after unsuccessful attempts at trying to contact Ireland by Republic of Ireland manager Martin ONeill , Irelands agent got in touch with the FAI to say that he would not be available for the friendly matches against Turkey , Italy , Costa Rica and Portugal . Personal life . Ireland is married and has three children . He owned a home in Prestbury , Cheshire and a number of custom built vehicles . Following the conclusion of his contract with Bolton Wanderers , he listed the home for sale and sold it in 2019 for £3.75 million ( €4.3 million ) . Ireland has a number of tattoos including a large pair of angel wings on his back . Honours . Individual - FAI Young International Player of the Year : 2007 - Manchester City Player of the Season : 2009 - Aston Villa Supporters Player of the Season : 2012
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[
"Aston Villa"
] |
easy
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Stephen Ireland played for which team from 2010 to 2013?
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/wiki/Stephen_Ireland#P54#1
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Stephen Ireland Stephen James Ireland ( born 22 August 1986 ) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . Ireland began his career with Cobh Ramblers before joining English club Manchester City in 2001 . He made his professional debut in September 2005 and soon established himself as a regular at the City of Manchester Stadium and his performances saw him earn international recognition with Republic of Ireland . However , a row with Steve Staunton saw his international career come to an abrupt end . In September 2010 Ireland was transferred to Aston Villa in a swap deal with James Milner . After a slow start to his Villa career he was loaned out to Newcastle United where he only played twice . In the 2011–12 season he improved and won the Fans Player of the Season award . However he fell out of the first team under Paul Lambert and in September 2013 he joined Stoke City on loan before making the move permanent in January 2014 . Club career . Early career . Born in Cork , County Cork , Ireland started his career in Cobh , playing junior football for Cobh Ramblers , a team his father Michael had previously played for . As a schoolboy , Ireland had trials with a number of British clubs , though several were discouraged by his Osgood-Schlatter disease , which he suffered from in his mid-teens . He eventually chose Manchester City , where he moved in August 2001 , as a fifteen-year-old . Manchester City . In 2005 , at the age of 18 , he joined English club Manchester City . He played for the first team in a number of pre-season friendlies and made his competitive debut on 18 September 2005 , against Bolton Wanderers , coming on as an 81st-minute substitute . He subsequently made his first competitive start against Doncaster Rovers on 21 September 2005 . He won the Man of the Match award on his first Premier League start against Everton on 2 October 2005 . He then started the next six matches for City , which won him a contract to keep him at the club until 2009 . In the remainder of the season he participated in around half of Manchester Citys matches , ending the season with a total of 16 starts and 12 substitute appearances . On 26 December , Ireland scored his first Premier League goal for City , a left footed volley from 20 yards . The goal proved to be the only goal in a vital 1–0 victory at Sheffield Uniteds Bramall Lane . On 18 February , Ireland rounded off the scoring for Manchester City in a 3–1 away win over Preston North End in the fifth round of the FA Cup with a stunning volley from outside the area . Having started the 2007–08 Premier League season well with City , Ireland scored the only goal , a volley , in a 1–0 home win over Sunderland . His celebration for the goal courted some controversy , Ireland dropped his shorts to reveal a pair of underpants sporting the Superman logo , however the FA decided a warning would be the fairest course of action . Then in November against Reading , he scored to keep Manchester Citys home record at 100% . Two weeks later , he was sent off in the 2–1 loss at Tottenham Hotspur , and received a three match ban . Ireland scored a goal in the reverse fixture , which led Manchester City to a 2–1 home victory over Spurs . He scored his final goal of the season with a sweet strike in the 2–3 loss to Fulham . He got the ball just outside the left side of the penalty box and curved it over Kasey Keller into the top right corner . He finished the 2007–08 season with four goals . He returned to the first team in a good individual and team performance in the 3–0 win against West Ham United . He finished the match with two assists , crossing for Elano to strike home . He opened his tally in the 3–0 away win at Sunderland . He scored again in the 2–2 draw at Newcastle United on 20 October . He scored both goals in the 2–2 draw at Hull City on 16 November , and opened the score in the successive league match against Arsenal . After netting in a 2–1 win over Everton , Ireland took his seasons tally to 13 in a memorable season for the Irishman . On 20 May 2009 , he was named Manchester Citys Senior Player of the Year for his blistering performances throughout the 2008–09 season and as a result , secured a new five-year contract , keeping him at the club until 2014 . He later became the Greater Manchester Player of the Year . He opened his account in the 2009–10 season with an opening day goal in the 2–0 win at Blackburn Rovers . In December 2009 , Mark Hughes was sacked as manager and was replaced by former Inter Milan manager Roberto Mancini . With the good form of Nigel de Jong , Vincent Kompany and new signing Patrick Vieira at the club , Ireland spent most of the second half of the season as a substitute . By the end of the 2009–10 season , he only scored three goals , which were all before Mancinis arrival . Mancini said Ireland must change his head in order to play . Aston Villa . At the start of the 2010–11 Premier League season , Ireland was targeted to be transferred with loan to Aston Villa in exchange for James Milner , but the deal was held up when he demanded £2 million from Manchester City to agree to the move . On 17 August 2010 it was reported the deal had been done , and he was at Aston Villas Bodymoor Heath Training Ground for a medical . The final price was £8million in a part exchange for Milner . Ireland signed a 4-year deal with the Midlands club . After completing the move , Ireland criticised his former club , saying that its young players were money-obsessed and that : I guess James Milner must think the grass is greener on the other side . Hes going to get a shock soon because its definitely not that way . Ireland made his debut for the club on his 24th birthday in an away fixture at Newcastle United . Ireland started and played for the full duration of the match as Villa were beaten 6–0 . However , by the end of October 2010 , Ireland had been dropped from the Villa team with manager Gérard Houllier publicly stating that he needed to work harder at his game . On the final day of the transfer window , 31 January 2011 , Ireland joined Newcastle United on loan until the end of the season , with a view to a permanent deal . Ireland was already injured when he joined Newcastle and suffered a number of setbacks , including a controversial nightclub incident with teammate Leon Best the night before a match . He finally made his debut on 19 April 2011 in a 0–0 draw with Manchester United , appearing as a 65th-minute substitute . However , after appearing only twice and playing just 49 minutes of football for the Tyneside club , Ireland was ruled out for the rest of the season with an ankle injury , and was returned to Aston Villa . At the start of the 2011–12 season , Ireland stated his intentions to remain at Aston Villa and fight for his place in the team under new manager Alex McLeish , despite having a disappointing first term at the club . It was also confirmed that he would take the number 7 jersey from Ashley Young who had recently joined Manchester United . Alex McLeish warned Ireland to create headlines on the pitch after being pictured posing with shisha pipe on Twitter . On 31 December 2011 , Ireland scored his first ever goal for Villa in a 3–1 away win at Chelsea , scoring the opener and assisting the third goal in a man of the match winning performance . At the end of the season , after some impressive displays , Ireland was voted Aston Villas Supporters player of the season . After a positive start to the 2012–13 season , Ireland broke a bone is his wrist during Villas 4–1 loss away at Southampton on 22 September in which he had assisted a Darren Bent goal . Manager Paul Lambert revealed it would rule him out for a few weeks . Paul Lambert left Ireland out of his squad for the second half of the 2012–13 season for footballing reasons . At the end of the season Ireland was heavily linked with a move away from the club and began training with the reserves . Stoke City . On 2 September 2013 , Ireland joined Stoke City on loan for the 2013–14 season , which would see him link up with Mark Hughes . Speaking after joining Stoke , Ireland expressed the hope that his loan spell would help him resurrect his career , stating : Its been really frustrating as I take my job seriously and its been difficult for me not being on the team bus playing games . Im just so grateful to the manager here at Stoke for giving me the opportunity to build up my career again . Ive absolutely got a point to prove and Im dying to get back into the swing of things . This is a massive opportunity and Im still only 27 . Its a vital year for me to be playing week in , week out . Ireland made his Stoke debut on 14 September 2013 in a 0–0 draw against his former club Manchester City . Ireland scored his first goal for Stoke on 25 September 2013 in a 2–0 League Cup win over Tranmere Rovers . On 9 November 2013 , he scored against Swansea City in a 3–3 draw . He made his move permanent on 14 January 2014 . On 15 April 2014 , Ireland signed a new three-year contract with Stoke keeping him contracted until the summer of 2017 . Ireland played 29 times in 2013–14 as Stoke finished in 9th position . Ireland scored twice in the FA Cup against Wrexham on 4 January 2015 . He also scored in the next round against Rochdale . On 28 February 2015 , Ireland suffered a deep cut on his calf which required 15 stitches following a challenge by Hull City defender Maynor Figueroa . Ireland was again overlooked by Hughes in 2015–16 as he made 16 appearances of which only three were starts and none were in the Premier League . On 10 May 2016 , he suffered a broken leg in training , keeping him sidelined for a lengthy period . Ireland missed the entire 2016–17 season due to injury . In July 2017 , he signed six-month contract extension to enable him to continue his rehabilitation . Another contract extension until the end of the season followed in December . Ireland made only five appearances in 2017–18 as Stoke suffered relegation to the EFL Championship . He was released by Stoke at the end of the season . Bolton Wanderers . Ireland joined EFL Championship side Bolton Wanderers on 9 October 2018 . On 20 December 2018 Ireland left Bolton without playing a game , though did play two matches for Boltons Development Squad , after having his contract cancelled by mutual consent . Ireland stated in June 2020 that he regretted joining Bolton as they were going through financial trouble and assumed he didnt play as he had playing bonuses in his contract . International career . Ireland represented Ireland at under-15 , under-16 and under-17 level , but when called up to under-18 level he had a dispute with coach Brian Kerr after he was left out of the side for a match in Irelands home town of Cobh and told to watch the match from the stands . The team lost the match 4–0 , and Kerr suggested Ireland would be involved in the next match , in nearby Cork City . When Ireland was again left out , he requested to return to his club , and Kerr informed him that he would never play for the Republic of Ireland while Kerr was manager . In January 2006 Kerr was replaced as Ireland manager by Steve Staunton . In Stauntons first squad , for a match against Sweden , Ireland received a senior call up for the first time . Ireland came on a substitute in the match , replacing John OShea . He scored his first international goal on 7 October 2006 in a 5–2 loss to Cyprus . On 7 February 2007 , Ireland saved the Republic of Ireland from a draw with San Marino with a last minute injury time goal . Final score was 2–1 . On 24 March 2007 , he scored the first ever goal in Croke Park against Wales . This was his third international goal in just four matches . He also scored against Slovakia in Bratislava on 8 September 2007 . Controversy . In September 2007 , Ireland was at the centre of controversy when , in the immediate aftermath of a Republic of Ireland international match and days before their crunch match against the Czech Republic , coach Steve Staunton informed him of a telephone call just received from his girlfriend reporting the death of his maternal grandmother . Staunton quickly consented to Irelands compassionate leave on these grounds , a private jet was chartered for his return . However the media quickly discovered that Irelands grandmother was not dead , at which point Ireland announced it was his paternal grandmother who died but yet again , reporters discovered that Irelands paternal grandmother was also still alive , and her relatives had threatened to sue one newspaper that reported her death . Ireland changed his story again , saying one of his grandfathers had divorced , and it was his second wife who had died . That was also quickly discovered to be untrue . Ireland eventually came out with the truth , admitting he had invented a reason to leave the Irish team in order to visit his girlfriend in Cork , who , he claimed , had a miscarriage . I decided at that stage that I must tell the truth and admit I had told lies , Ireland said . I realise now it was a massive mistake to say my grandmothers had died and I deeply regret it . Exile . Speculation abounded that Ireland might make himself available for a call-up to the national squad to face Georgia on 11 February 2009 . However , when the squad was announced on 19 January , the players name did not feature , and Liam Brady took the opportunity to explain to the press that he and Trapattoni had previously come to an agreement with the player whereby he would inform them when he felt like playing again , and that so far no contact had been made from the players end . On 19 February 2009 , it was reported that Ireland had intimated to Manchester City teammate Shay Given that he would like to represent Ireland at the World Cup in South Africa in 2010 and that a return to the international fold was imminent , but when the Irish squad to face Bulgaria on 28 March and Italy on 1 April was announced , his name was once again omitted . Trapattoni said at the accompanying press conference that he himself did not believe Ireland would return , stating that when he had met with the player months previously he had appeared withdrawn and reluctant to look the Ireland manager in the eye . In May 2009 , Ireland said that he would probably not return to the national team : I always say never say never because its hard not to , but I dont think Ill ever go back . In August 2010 , he restated that he would not return : I watch Ireland matches like anyone else might do at this stage , but I dont feel a part of it at all . It doesnt make me feel like I should go back play again . That question is gone for me and the answer wont change my mind . On 30 March 2012 , Ireland suggested that he would be willing to return to international football after Euro 2012 . In May 2014 , after unsuccessful attempts at trying to contact Ireland by Republic of Ireland manager Martin ONeill , Irelands agent got in touch with the FAI to say that he would not be available for the friendly matches against Turkey , Italy , Costa Rica and Portugal . Personal life . Ireland is married and has three children . He owned a home in Prestbury , Cheshire and a number of custom built vehicles . Following the conclusion of his contract with Bolton Wanderers , he listed the home for sale and sold it in 2019 for £3.75 million ( €4.3 million ) . Ireland has a number of tattoos including a large pair of angel wings on his back . Honours . Individual - FAI Young International Player of the Year : 2007 - Manchester City Player of the Season : 2009 - Aston Villa Supporters Player of the Season : 2012
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[
"Stoke City"
] |
easy
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Which team did Stephen Ireland play for from 2013 to 2015?
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/wiki/Stephen_Ireland#P54#2
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Stephen Ireland Stephen James Ireland ( born 22 August 1986 ) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . Ireland began his career with Cobh Ramblers before joining English club Manchester City in 2001 . He made his professional debut in September 2005 and soon established himself as a regular at the City of Manchester Stadium and his performances saw him earn international recognition with Republic of Ireland . However , a row with Steve Staunton saw his international career come to an abrupt end . In September 2010 Ireland was transferred to Aston Villa in a swap deal with James Milner . After a slow start to his Villa career he was loaned out to Newcastle United where he only played twice . In the 2011–12 season he improved and won the Fans Player of the Season award . However he fell out of the first team under Paul Lambert and in September 2013 he joined Stoke City on loan before making the move permanent in January 2014 . Club career . Early career . Born in Cork , County Cork , Ireland started his career in Cobh , playing junior football for Cobh Ramblers , a team his father Michael had previously played for . As a schoolboy , Ireland had trials with a number of British clubs , though several were discouraged by his Osgood-Schlatter disease , which he suffered from in his mid-teens . He eventually chose Manchester City , where he moved in August 2001 , as a fifteen-year-old . Manchester City . In 2005 , at the age of 18 , he joined English club Manchester City . He played for the first team in a number of pre-season friendlies and made his competitive debut on 18 September 2005 , against Bolton Wanderers , coming on as an 81st-minute substitute . He subsequently made his first competitive start against Doncaster Rovers on 21 September 2005 . He won the Man of the Match award on his first Premier League start against Everton on 2 October 2005 . He then started the next six matches for City , which won him a contract to keep him at the club until 2009 . In the remainder of the season he participated in around half of Manchester Citys matches , ending the season with a total of 16 starts and 12 substitute appearances . On 26 December , Ireland scored his first Premier League goal for City , a left footed volley from 20 yards . The goal proved to be the only goal in a vital 1–0 victory at Sheffield Uniteds Bramall Lane . On 18 February , Ireland rounded off the scoring for Manchester City in a 3–1 away win over Preston North End in the fifth round of the FA Cup with a stunning volley from outside the area . Having started the 2007–08 Premier League season well with City , Ireland scored the only goal , a volley , in a 1–0 home win over Sunderland . His celebration for the goal courted some controversy , Ireland dropped his shorts to reveal a pair of underpants sporting the Superman logo , however the FA decided a warning would be the fairest course of action . Then in November against Reading , he scored to keep Manchester Citys home record at 100% . Two weeks later , he was sent off in the 2–1 loss at Tottenham Hotspur , and received a three match ban . Ireland scored a goal in the reverse fixture , which led Manchester City to a 2–1 home victory over Spurs . He scored his final goal of the season with a sweet strike in the 2–3 loss to Fulham . He got the ball just outside the left side of the penalty box and curved it over Kasey Keller into the top right corner . He finished the 2007–08 season with four goals . He returned to the first team in a good individual and team performance in the 3–0 win against West Ham United . He finished the match with two assists , crossing for Elano to strike home . He opened his tally in the 3–0 away win at Sunderland . He scored again in the 2–2 draw at Newcastle United on 20 October . He scored both goals in the 2–2 draw at Hull City on 16 November , and opened the score in the successive league match against Arsenal . After netting in a 2–1 win over Everton , Ireland took his seasons tally to 13 in a memorable season for the Irishman . On 20 May 2009 , he was named Manchester Citys Senior Player of the Year for his blistering performances throughout the 2008–09 season and as a result , secured a new five-year contract , keeping him at the club until 2014 . He later became the Greater Manchester Player of the Year . He opened his account in the 2009–10 season with an opening day goal in the 2–0 win at Blackburn Rovers . In December 2009 , Mark Hughes was sacked as manager and was replaced by former Inter Milan manager Roberto Mancini . With the good form of Nigel de Jong , Vincent Kompany and new signing Patrick Vieira at the club , Ireland spent most of the second half of the season as a substitute . By the end of the 2009–10 season , he only scored three goals , which were all before Mancinis arrival . Mancini said Ireland must change his head in order to play . Aston Villa . At the start of the 2010–11 Premier League season , Ireland was targeted to be transferred with loan to Aston Villa in exchange for James Milner , but the deal was held up when he demanded £2 million from Manchester City to agree to the move . On 17 August 2010 it was reported the deal had been done , and he was at Aston Villas Bodymoor Heath Training Ground for a medical . The final price was £8million in a part exchange for Milner . Ireland signed a 4-year deal with the Midlands club . After completing the move , Ireland criticised his former club , saying that its young players were money-obsessed and that : I guess James Milner must think the grass is greener on the other side . Hes going to get a shock soon because its definitely not that way . Ireland made his debut for the club on his 24th birthday in an away fixture at Newcastle United . Ireland started and played for the full duration of the match as Villa were beaten 6–0 . However , by the end of October 2010 , Ireland had been dropped from the Villa team with manager Gérard Houllier publicly stating that he needed to work harder at his game . On the final day of the transfer window , 31 January 2011 , Ireland joined Newcastle United on loan until the end of the season , with a view to a permanent deal . Ireland was already injured when he joined Newcastle and suffered a number of setbacks , including a controversial nightclub incident with teammate Leon Best the night before a match . He finally made his debut on 19 April 2011 in a 0–0 draw with Manchester United , appearing as a 65th-minute substitute . However , after appearing only twice and playing just 49 minutes of football for the Tyneside club , Ireland was ruled out for the rest of the season with an ankle injury , and was returned to Aston Villa . At the start of the 2011–12 season , Ireland stated his intentions to remain at Aston Villa and fight for his place in the team under new manager Alex McLeish , despite having a disappointing first term at the club . It was also confirmed that he would take the number 7 jersey from Ashley Young who had recently joined Manchester United . Alex McLeish warned Ireland to create headlines on the pitch after being pictured posing with shisha pipe on Twitter . On 31 December 2011 , Ireland scored his first ever goal for Villa in a 3–1 away win at Chelsea , scoring the opener and assisting the third goal in a man of the match winning performance . At the end of the season , after some impressive displays , Ireland was voted Aston Villas Supporters player of the season . After a positive start to the 2012–13 season , Ireland broke a bone is his wrist during Villas 4–1 loss away at Southampton on 22 September in which he had assisted a Darren Bent goal . Manager Paul Lambert revealed it would rule him out for a few weeks . Paul Lambert left Ireland out of his squad for the second half of the 2012–13 season for footballing reasons . At the end of the season Ireland was heavily linked with a move away from the club and began training with the reserves . Stoke City . On 2 September 2013 , Ireland joined Stoke City on loan for the 2013–14 season , which would see him link up with Mark Hughes . Speaking after joining Stoke , Ireland expressed the hope that his loan spell would help him resurrect his career , stating : Its been really frustrating as I take my job seriously and its been difficult for me not being on the team bus playing games . Im just so grateful to the manager here at Stoke for giving me the opportunity to build up my career again . Ive absolutely got a point to prove and Im dying to get back into the swing of things . This is a massive opportunity and Im still only 27 . Its a vital year for me to be playing week in , week out . Ireland made his Stoke debut on 14 September 2013 in a 0–0 draw against his former club Manchester City . Ireland scored his first goal for Stoke on 25 September 2013 in a 2–0 League Cup win over Tranmere Rovers . On 9 November 2013 , he scored against Swansea City in a 3–3 draw . He made his move permanent on 14 January 2014 . On 15 April 2014 , Ireland signed a new three-year contract with Stoke keeping him contracted until the summer of 2017 . Ireland played 29 times in 2013–14 as Stoke finished in 9th position . Ireland scored twice in the FA Cup against Wrexham on 4 January 2015 . He also scored in the next round against Rochdale . On 28 February 2015 , Ireland suffered a deep cut on his calf which required 15 stitches following a challenge by Hull City defender Maynor Figueroa . Ireland was again overlooked by Hughes in 2015–16 as he made 16 appearances of which only three were starts and none were in the Premier League . On 10 May 2016 , he suffered a broken leg in training , keeping him sidelined for a lengthy period . Ireland missed the entire 2016–17 season due to injury . In July 2017 , he signed six-month contract extension to enable him to continue his rehabilitation . Another contract extension until the end of the season followed in December . Ireland made only five appearances in 2017–18 as Stoke suffered relegation to the EFL Championship . He was released by Stoke at the end of the season . Bolton Wanderers . Ireland joined EFL Championship side Bolton Wanderers on 9 October 2018 . On 20 December 2018 Ireland left Bolton without playing a game , though did play two matches for Boltons Development Squad , after having his contract cancelled by mutual consent . Ireland stated in June 2020 that he regretted joining Bolton as they were going through financial trouble and assumed he didnt play as he had playing bonuses in his contract . International career . Ireland represented Ireland at under-15 , under-16 and under-17 level , but when called up to under-18 level he had a dispute with coach Brian Kerr after he was left out of the side for a match in Irelands home town of Cobh and told to watch the match from the stands . The team lost the match 4–0 , and Kerr suggested Ireland would be involved in the next match , in nearby Cork City . When Ireland was again left out , he requested to return to his club , and Kerr informed him that he would never play for the Republic of Ireland while Kerr was manager . In January 2006 Kerr was replaced as Ireland manager by Steve Staunton . In Stauntons first squad , for a match against Sweden , Ireland received a senior call up for the first time . Ireland came on a substitute in the match , replacing John OShea . He scored his first international goal on 7 October 2006 in a 5–2 loss to Cyprus . On 7 February 2007 , Ireland saved the Republic of Ireland from a draw with San Marino with a last minute injury time goal . Final score was 2–1 . On 24 March 2007 , he scored the first ever goal in Croke Park against Wales . This was his third international goal in just four matches . He also scored against Slovakia in Bratislava on 8 September 2007 . Controversy . In September 2007 , Ireland was at the centre of controversy when , in the immediate aftermath of a Republic of Ireland international match and days before their crunch match against the Czech Republic , coach Steve Staunton informed him of a telephone call just received from his girlfriend reporting the death of his maternal grandmother . Staunton quickly consented to Irelands compassionate leave on these grounds , a private jet was chartered for his return . However the media quickly discovered that Irelands grandmother was not dead , at which point Ireland announced it was his paternal grandmother who died but yet again , reporters discovered that Irelands paternal grandmother was also still alive , and her relatives had threatened to sue one newspaper that reported her death . Ireland changed his story again , saying one of his grandfathers had divorced , and it was his second wife who had died . That was also quickly discovered to be untrue . Ireland eventually came out with the truth , admitting he had invented a reason to leave the Irish team in order to visit his girlfriend in Cork , who , he claimed , had a miscarriage . I decided at that stage that I must tell the truth and admit I had told lies , Ireland said . I realise now it was a massive mistake to say my grandmothers had died and I deeply regret it . Exile . Speculation abounded that Ireland might make himself available for a call-up to the national squad to face Georgia on 11 February 2009 . However , when the squad was announced on 19 January , the players name did not feature , and Liam Brady took the opportunity to explain to the press that he and Trapattoni had previously come to an agreement with the player whereby he would inform them when he felt like playing again , and that so far no contact had been made from the players end . On 19 February 2009 , it was reported that Ireland had intimated to Manchester City teammate Shay Given that he would like to represent Ireland at the World Cup in South Africa in 2010 and that a return to the international fold was imminent , but when the Irish squad to face Bulgaria on 28 March and Italy on 1 April was announced , his name was once again omitted . Trapattoni said at the accompanying press conference that he himself did not believe Ireland would return , stating that when he had met with the player months previously he had appeared withdrawn and reluctant to look the Ireland manager in the eye . In May 2009 , Ireland said that he would probably not return to the national team : I always say never say never because its hard not to , but I dont think Ill ever go back . In August 2010 , he restated that he would not return : I watch Ireland matches like anyone else might do at this stage , but I dont feel a part of it at all . It doesnt make me feel like I should go back play again . That question is gone for me and the answer wont change my mind . On 30 March 2012 , Ireland suggested that he would be willing to return to international football after Euro 2012 . In May 2014 , after unsuccessful attempts at trying to contact Ireland by Republic of Ireland manager Martin ONeill , Irelands agent got in touch with the FAI to say that he would not be available for the friendly matches against Turkey , Italy , Costa Rica and Portugal . Personal life . Ireland is married and has three children . He owned a home in Prestbury , Cheshire and a number of custom built vehicles . Following the conclusion of his contract with Bolton Wanderers , he listed the home for sale and sold it in 2019 for £3.75 million ( €4.3 million ) . Ireland has a number of tattoos including a large pair of angel wings on his back . Honours . Individual - FAI Young International Player of the Year : 2007 - Manchester City Player of the Season : 2009 - Aston Villa Supporters Player of the Season : 2012
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[
""
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Ben Clark (footballer, born 1983) played for which team from 2000 to 2004?
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/wiki/Ben_Clark_(footballer,_born_1983)#P54#0
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Ben Clark ( footballer , born 1983 ) Benjamin Clark ( born 24 January 1983 in Consett , England ) is a former professional footballer who played as a centre-back . During his career , he played for Sunderland , Hartlepool United , Gateshead and latterly South Shields . He has also been first-team manager and community officer at Gateshead . Club career . Manchester United . Clark began his career as a trainee for Manchester United , but became homesick and signed for Sunderland in August 1999 . Sunderland . He made his Sunderland debut in a 2–1 League Cup win away to Luton Town in September 2000 . However , Clark saw his opportunities at Sunderland limited and he only made 11 appearances in his first three seasons and mainly found himself playing for the reserves . Despite the lack of appearances for his league side , Clark represented England as a defender up until under-20 level and he captained the under-19s . Mick McCarthy tipped Clark to play an important role in Sunderlands promotion campaign . However , he decided to let Clark look for new clubs to pursue his career . In the 2004–05 season , Clark was signed by Neale Cooper and moved to Hartlepool United . Hartlepool United . Clark made his Hartlepool debut against Peterborough but a series of injuries disrupted his first season at the club and Clark found it difficult to gain a regular starting place in the team . He was commonly used as a utility player to cover injuries in defence and midfield . Despite this Clark went on to make 25 league appearances and 6 in cup competitions . In the 06–07 season played a key role as Hartlepool won promotion from League Two alongside Michael Nelson . The pair played a major part in an 18-game unbeaten run . Clark made 35 appearances in the 08/09 season but the arrival of Sam Collins meant that Clark was moved back into midfield . After losing his place in the side Clark spent much of the 09/10 as a substitute and was released at the end of the season . Gateshead . On 14 June 2010 , Clark signed for Conference National side Gateshead and was named captain on 10 August 2010 , replacing Kris Gate . Clark made his debut for Gateshead on 14 August 2010 against Kettering Town . Clark scored his first goal for Gateshead on 22 February 2011 in a 4–1 win against Kettering Town at Rockingham Road . He made 53 appearances during his first season at the club , missing only 3 games , and won Gatesheads Player of the Year award . He agreed a new one-year contract with the club in May 2012 to cover the 2012–13 season . On 23 November 2015 , Clark was named co-caretaker manager of Gateshead alongside Micky Cummins following the departure of manager Malcolm Crosby . At the beginning of the 2016/17 season , Clark became a dual registered player for both Gateshead and Northern League South Shields . He played four times for the Mariners , and then retired after suffering a groin injury in September 2016 . External links . - Clarks Official Gateshead F.C . profile - Ben Clark profile at Vital Hartlepool - Profile at In The Mad Crowd
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[
"Hartlepool"
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Which team did the player Ben Clark (footballer, born 1983) belong to from 2004 to 2010?
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/wiki/Ben_Clark_(footballer,_born_1983)#P54#1
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Ben Clark ( footballer , born 1983 ) Benjamin Clark ( born 24 January 1983 in Consett , England ) is a former professional footballer who played as a centre-back . During his career , he played for Sunderland , Hartlepool United , Gateshead and latterly South Shields . He has also been first-team manager and community officer at Gateshead . Club career . Manchester United . Clark began his career as a trainee for Manchester United , but became homesick and signed for Sunderland in August 1999 . Sunderland . He made his Sunderland debut in a 2–1 League Cup win away to Luton Town in September 2000 . However , Clark saw his opportunities at Sunderland limited and he only made 11 appearances in his first three seasons and mainly found himself playing for the reserves . Despite the lack of appearances for his league side , Clark represented England as a defender up until under-20 level and he captained the under-19s . Mick McCarthy tipped Clark to play an important role in Sunderlands promotion campaign . However , he decided to let Clark look for new clubs to pursue his career . In the 2004–05 season , Clark was signed by Neale Cooper and moved to Hartlepool United . Hartlepool United . Clark made his Hartlepool debut against Peterborough but a series of injuries disrupted his first season at the club and Clark found it difficult to gain a regular starting place in the team . He was commonly used as a utility player to cover injuries in defence and midfield . Despite this Clark went on to make 25 league appearances and 6 in cup competitions . In the 06–07 season played a key role as Hartlepool won promotion from League Two alongside Michael Nelson . The pair played a major part in an 18-game unbeaten run . Clark made 35 appearances in the 08/09 season but the arrival of Sam Collins meant that Clark was moved back into midfield . After losing his place in the side Clark spent much of the 09/10 as a substitute and was released at the end of the season . Gateshead . On 14 June 2010 , Clark signed for Conference National side Gateshead and was named captain on 10 August 2010 , replacing Kris Gate . Clark made his debut for Gateshead on 14 August 2010 against Kettering Town . Clark scored his first goal for Gateshead on 22 February 2011 in a 4–1 win against Kettering Town at Rockingham Road . He made 53 appearances during his first season at the club , missing only 3 games , and won Gatesheads Player of the Year award . He agreed a new one-year contract with the club in May 2012 to cover the 2012–13 season . On 23 November 2015 , Clark was named co-caretaker manager of Gateshead alongside Micky Cummins following the departure of manager Malcolm Crosby . At the beginning of the 2016/17 season , Clark became a dual registered player for both Gateshead and Northern League South Shields . He played four times for the Mariners , and then retired after suffering a groin injury in September 2016 . External links . - Clarks Official Gateshead F.C . profile - Ben Clark profile at Vital Hartlepool - Profile at In The Mad Crowd
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"Gateshead"
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Ben Clark (footballer, born 1983) played for which team from 2010 to 2011?
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/wiki/Ben_Clark_(footballer,_born_1983)#P54#2
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Ben Clark ( footballer , born 1983 ) Benjamin Clark ( born 24 January 1983 in Consett , England ) is a former professional footballer who played as a centre-back . During his career , he played for Sunderland , Hartlepool United , Gateshead and latterly South Shields . He has also been first-team manager and community officer at Gateshead . Club career . Manchester United . Clark began his career as a trainee for Manchester United , but became homesick and signed for Sunderland in August 1999 . Sunderland . He made his Sunderland debut in a 2–1 League Cup win away to Luton Town in September 2000 . However , Clark saw his opportunities at Sunderland limited and he only made 11 appearances in his first three seasons and mainly found himself playing for the reserves . Despite the lack of appearances for his league side , Clark represented England as a defender up until under-20 level and he captained the under-19s . Mick McCarthy tipped Clark to play an important role in Sunderlands promotion campaign . However , he decided to let Clark look for new clubs to pursue his career . In the 2004–05 season , Clark was signed by Neale Cooper and moved to Hartlepool United . Hartlepool United . Clark made his Hartlepool debut against Peterborough but a series of injuries disrupted his first season at the club and Clark found it difficult to gain a regular starting place in the team . He was commonly used as a utility player to cover injuries in defence and midfield . Despite this Clark went on to make 25 league appearances and 6 in cup competitions . In the 06–07 season played a key role as Hartlepool won promotion from League Two alongside Michael Nelson . The pair played a major part in an 18-game unbeaten run . Clark made 35 appearances in the 08/09 season but the arrival of Sam Collins meant that Clark was moved back into midfield . After losing his place in the side Clark spent much of the 09/10 as a substitute and was released at the end of the season . Gateshead . On 14 June 2010 , Clark signed for Conference National side Gateshead and was named captain on 10 August 2010 , replacing Kris Gate . Clark made his debut for Gateshead on 14 August 2010 against Kettering Town . Clark scored his first goal for Gateshead on 22 February 2011 in a 4–1 win against Kettering Town at Rockingham Road . He made 53 appearances during his first season at the club , missing only 3 games , and won Gatesheads Player of the Year award . He agreed a new one-year contract with the club in May 2012 to cover the 2012–13 season . On 23 November 2015 , Clark was named co-caretaker manager of Gateshead alongside Micky Cummins following the departure of manager Malcolm Crosby . At the beginning of the 2016/17 season , Clark became a dual registered player for both Gateshead and Northern League South Shields . He played four times for the Mariners , and then retired after suffering a groin injury in September 2016 . External links . - Clarks Official Gateshead F.C . profile - Ben Clark profile at Vital Hartlepool - Profile at In The Mad Crowd
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"Member for Malvern in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria"
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What position did Robert Doyle take from Oct 1992 to Aug 2002?
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/wiki/Robert_Doyle#P39#0
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Robert Doyle Robert Keith Bennett Doyle ( born 20 May 1953 ) is an Australian politician who was the 103rd Lord Mayor of Melbourne , elected on 30 November 2008 until he resigned on 4 February 2018 amidst allegations of sexual harassment . He was previously Member for Malvern in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria from 1992 to 2006 and Leader of the Victorian Opposition from 2002 to 2006 , representing the Liberal Party . Background . Born in Melbourne , Doyle attended secondary school in Geelong . He graduated from Monash University in 1977 , and the following year began work as a teacher at Geelong College , his alma mater . In 1982 , he moved back to Melbourne , working as a departmental head at Lauriston Girls School . After three years , he again changed schools , becoming a senior administrator and English teacher at Scotch College . State politics . At the 1992 state election , Doyle succeeded in winning Liberal preselection for the electorate of Malvern by defeating Geoff Leigh . The Liberal Party , under Jeff Kennett , won government , defeating Joan Kirner . After the election , Doyle was immediately placed on the Crime Prevention Committee , and several other taskforces , particularly in the area of health . In April 1996 , Doyle was promoted to the position of Parliamentary Secretary for Human Services . The Kennett government suffered an unexpected defeat at the 1999 election , and Kennett himself retired from politics soon afterwards . Kennetts deputy and Health Minister , Denis Napthine , became leader , and Doyle became shadow Health Minister . Leader of the Victorian Opposition . By 2002 , the Liberal Party was flagging in the polls , and was expected to lose the election due later that year . Doyle successfully challenged Napthine for the leadership of the state Liberal Party , claiming that the party was facing political oblivion if it stayed under Napthines leadership . He lost the 2002 election by a large margin ; the result was in fact the worst showing for the main non-Labor party in Victoria since it adopted the Liberal banner in 1945 . The party lost control of the Legislative Council for only the second time in Victorian parliamentary history , while their lower house seat count was more than halved , to 17 seats–their smallest presence in the legislature in half a century . The Liberals were further crippled when the Shadow Treasurer , Robert Dean , was deemed ineligible to stand because he had failed to update his voter registration after moving to a new electorate ; under Victorian law , he was no longer on the electoral roll . For some time after the 2002 defeat , Doyle remained Opposition Leader , partly through the sheer shortage of potential alternative candidates for the job in the much-reduced Liberal party room . However , following the decisions of Shadow Minister Victor Perton and Deputy Leader Phil Honeywood to resign , and the further resignation of Doyles Chief of Staff Ron Wilson and his Director of Communications Rob Clancy , debate as to Doyles future was re-ignited . Even many of Doyles key supporters—including Upper House MPs Andrea Coote and Philip Davis , and Michael Kroger and Helen Kroger—eventually recognised that Doyles leadership was unlikely to attract sufficient electoral support . It was also reported that Doyles personal approval rating had dropped to 15 per cent . On 4 May 2006 , Doyle announced his resignation as Opposition Leader , stating that I have given my best—it was not enough and that the move would give the party the best chance of electoral success . Ted Baillieu succeeded Doyle in the post . He officially ended his term as a Member of Parliament for the District of Malvern on 25 November 2006 . On that day , the Liberals under Baillieu were again severely defeated ; and as a result , Doyle publicly criticised several prominent party figures . On 21 June 2007 the state government announced that it would appoint Doyle as the new chairman of Melbourne Health , the group that operates the Royal Melbourne Hospital . Lord Mayor of Melbourne . When Lord Mayor of Melbourne John So announced his decision not to contest for a third consecutive term in early October 2008 , Doyle emerged as a contender for the Lord Mayoralty in November 2008 . Doyle told the media that he was a better than 50-50 chance of running . On 27 October Doyle announced his candidacy , saying he could leave partisan politics aside to work with the State Government if he became Lord Mayor . Doyle selected John Sos deputy between 2001 and 2004 , Susan Riley , as his running mate . On 30 November 2008 , Doyle was elected Lord Mayor , defeating Councillor Catherine Ng in a tightly contested election . Doyle also defeated former Melbourne Deputy Lord Mayor and Spotless heir-apparent , Peter McMullin and Sos deputy between 2004 and 2008 , Gary Singer . Doyles great-great-grandfather , Robert Bennett , previously served as Lord Mayor ( then known as simply Mayor ) from 1861 to 1862 and Bennett Lane , of Bennetts Lane Jazz Bar fame in Melbourne is named after him . On 27 October 2012 , Doyle was re-elected as Lord Mayor , with an increased majority , defeating high-profile candidate , Gary Morgan and former Councillor and Lord Mayor Candidate , Catherine Ng . On 11 November 2015 , Doyle announced that he will run again for the office of Lord Mayor in the elections to be held in October 2016 . Stating that it was the best job in the world Policies . Many of Doyles policies have been around activating Melbourne as a night time city in conjunction with the Andrews Government introduction of 24-hour public transport on weekends , extending hours of hospitality operation and continued support of 24-hour arts festivals . In July 2016 Doyle announced that the homelessness problem in the Melbourne CBD had reached emergency levels . Citing a study conducted by the City of Melbourne that the number of homeless people had increased 74% in two years . Doyle has been a vocal supporter of marriage equality , and has appeared regularly on LBGTI radio station Joy 94.9 as a prominent conservative politician . Some of Doyles policies as Lord Mayor to make the CBD safer and more family friendly have caused mild controversy . Doyle made an election promise to return private vehicle traffic to Swanston Street , Melbourne , which had for several decades been open to limited but mostly pedestrian traffic . The move attracted opposition from the Public Transport Users Association , Greens and Bicycle Victoria . He also raised the idea of a theme park to attract children to the CBD . Doyle was also quick to vow to rid the Melbourne city centre of bogans and untalented buskers . Doyle has also openly criticized the state governments handling of Melbourne Docklands , claiming that it lacks social glue and character and wanting more control over the precincts planning expressing the desire to see more open space in the form of a large park and also Venice style canals . In September 2010 , when asked on radio about a move by suburban councils to ban smoking in some outdoor areas due to the risks of passive smoking , he said I dont know of a case of cancer that has been caused by passive smoking . Tensions with China over Uighur film . In August 2009 , Doyle came under pressure from the Chinese Government to intervene and stop the screening of The 10 Conditions of Love at the Melbourne International Film Festival . This Australian-made film is about a prominent Uighur woman Rebiya Kadeer , who China labels a terrorist and claims that she was the orchestrator of the July 2009 Ürümqi riots . Kadeer did attend the screening at the Melbourne Town Hall . The Chinese Consul-General in Melbourne requested a meeting with the Lord Mayor to discuss the matter . Despite the protests from the Chinese Government , Doyle refused to intervene to stop the screening . Subsequently , reports emerged that China would consider terminating the sister-city relationship between Melbourne and Tianjin , one of Chinas four municipal-level cities and the fifth most populous city in China . Defying the Chinese Governments threat , Doyle lodged a complaint to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , prompting the Department to warn the Chinese Embassy to conduct themselves appropriately . Occupy Melbourne Street protests inquiry . Doyle was criticised for sending in riot police to evict protesters who had gathered in Melbournes City Square and had failed to comply with an eviction notice he had ordered to be issued to them , stating on ABC radio they were a self-righteous , narcissistic , self-indulgent rabble ( that ) tried to capture the city . This action resulted in a range of injuries to protesters . Reports on the number of injuries vary , and while Occupy Melbourne reported 43 documented cases of police brutality in press releases , the official report from newspapers is just one protester who was sent to hospital after being trampled on by a police horse . Calls for a public enquiry were turned down by the Lord Mayor who was firm that neither he or Victoria Police acted inappropriately . This led to Occupy Melbourne protesters pressing legal charges against Melbourne City Council for breaching federal law which prohibits the interference of a political protest . Occupy Melbourne protesters then bombarded Robert Doyle with requests for an inquiry online during his 2012 election campaign , to which the Lord Mayor then closed his Facebook and Twitter accounts due to abuse and harassment . He later re-launched his online election campaign . Sexual harassment accusations . On 15 December , City of Melbourne councillor Tessa Sullivan , who was elected on the same ticket as Doyle , resigned from the council and lodged a complaint against Doyle with City of Melbourne chief executive , Ben Rimmer . In her complaint , Sullivan alleged that Doyle had sexually harassed and indecently assaulted her . On 17 December , Doyle released a statement on Twitter , which said he had not been informed of the details of the allegations . He announced he would take a months leave while an investigation was carried out , stressing that his standing aside must not be interpreted as any concession or admission . On 4 February 2018 , Doyle resigned as Lord Mayor of Melbourne . Electoral history . External links . - Parliamentary Handbook
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[
"Leader of the Victorian Opposition"
] |
easy
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Robert Doyle took which position from Aug 2002 to May 2006?
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/wiki/Robert_Doyle#P39#1
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Robert Doyle Robert Keith Bennett Doyle ( born 20 May 1953 ) is an Australian politician who was the 103rd Lord Mayor of Melbourne , elected on 30 November 2008 until he resigned on 4 February 2018 amidst allegations of sexual harassment . He was previously Member for Malvern in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria from 1992 to 2006 and Leader of the Victorian Opposition from 2002 to 2006 , representing the Liberal Party . Background . Born in Melbourne , Doyle attended secondary school in Geelong . He graduated from Monash University in 1977 , and the following year began work as a teacher at Geelong College , his alma mater . In 1982 , he moved back to Melbourne , working as a departmental head at Lauriston Girls School . After three years , he again changed schools , becoming a senior administrator and English teacher at Scotch College . State politics . At the 1992 state election , Doyle succeeded in winning Liberal preselection for the electorate of Malvern by defeating Geoff Leigh . The Liberal Party , under Jeff Kennett , won government , defeating Joan Kirner . After the election , Doyle was immediately placed on the Crime Prevention Committee , and several other taskforces , particularly in the area of health . In April 1996 , Doyle was promoted to the position of Parliamentary Secretary for Human Services . The Kennett government suffered an unexpected defeat at the 1999 election , and Kennett himself retired from politics soon afterwards . Kennetts deputy and Health Minister , Denis Napthine , became leader , and Doyle became shadow Health Minister . Leader of the Victorian Opposition . By 2002 , the Liberal Party was flagging in the polls , and was expected to lose the election due later that year . Doyle successfully challenged Napthine for the leadership of the state Liberal Party , claiming that the party was facing political oblivion if it stayed under Napthines leadership . He lost the 2002 election by a large margin ; the result was in fact the worst showing for the main non-Labor party in Victoria since it adopted the Liberal banner in 1945 . The party lost control of the Legislative Council for only the second time in Victorian parliamentary history , while their lower house seat count was more than halved , to 17 seats–their smallest presence in the legislature in half a century . The Liberals were further crippled when the Shadow Treasurer , Robert Dean , was deemed ineligible to stand because he had failed to update his voter registration after moving to a new electorate ; under Victorian law , he was no longer on the electoral roll . For some time after the 2002 defeat , Doyle remained Opposition Leader , partly through the sheer shortage of potential alternative candidates for the job in the much-reduced Liberal party room . However , following the decisions of Shadow Minister Victor Perton and Deputy Leader Phil Honeywood to resign , and the further resignation of Doyles Chief of Staff Ron Wilson and his Director of Communications Rob Clancy , debate as to Doyles future was re-ignited . Even many of Doyles key supporters—including Upper House MPs Andrea Coote and Philip Davis , and Michael Kroger and Helen Kroger—eventually recognised that Doyles leadership was unlikely to attract sufficient electoral support . It was also reported that Doyles personal approval rating had dropped to 15 per cent . On 4 May 2006 , Doyle announced his resignation as Opposition Leader , stating that I have given my best—it was not enough and that the move would give the party the best chance of electoral success . Ted Baillieu succeeded Doyle in the post . He officially ended his term as a Member of Parliament for the District of Malvern on 25 November 2006 . On that day , the Liberals under Baillieu were again severely defeated ; and as a result , Doyle publicly criticised several prominent party figures . On 21 June 2007 the state government announced that it would appoint Doyle as the new chairman of Melbourne Health , the group that operates the Royal Melbourne Hospital . Lord Mayor of Melbourne . When Lord Mayor of Melbourne John So announced his decision not to contest for a third consecutive term in early October 2008 , Doyle emerged as a contender for the Lord Mayoralty in November 2008 . Doyle told the media that he was a better than 50-50 chance of running . On 27 October Doyle announced his candidacy , saying he could leave partisan politics aside to work with the State Government if he became Lord Mayor . Doyle selected John Sos deputy between 2001 and 2004 , Susan Riley , as his running mate . On 30 November 2008 , Doyle was elected Lord Mayor , defeating Councillor Catherine Ng in a tightly contested election . Doyle also defeated former Melbourne Deputy Lord Mayor and Spotless heir-apparent , Peter McMullin and Sos deputy between 2004 and 2008 , Gary Singer . Doyles great-great-grandfather , Robert Bennett , previously served as Lord Mayor ( then known as simply Mayor ) from 1861 to 1862 and Bennett Lane , of Bennetts Lane Jazz Bar fame in Melbourne is named after him . On 27 October 2012 , Doyle was re-elected as Lord Mayor , with an increased majority , defeating high-profile candidate , Gary Morgan and former Councillor and Lord Mayor Candidate , Catherine Ng . On 11 November 2015 , Doyle announced that he will run again for the office of Lord Mayor in the elections to be held in October 2016 . Stating that it was the best job in the world Policies . Many of Doyles policies have been around activating Melbourne as a night time city in conjunction with the Andrews Government introduction of 24-hour public transport on weekends , extending hours of hospitality operation and continued support of 24-hour arts festivals . In July 2016 Doyle announced that the homelessness problem in the Melbourne CBD had reached emergency levels . Citing a study conducted by the City of Melbourne that the number of homeless people had increased 74% in two years . Doyle has been a vocal supporter of marriage equality , and has appeared regularly on LBGTI radio station Joy 94.9 as a prominent conservative politician . Some of Doyles policies as Lord Mayor to make the CBD safer and more family friendly have caused mild controversy . Doyle made an election promise to return private vehicle traffic to Swanston Street , Melbourne , which had for several decades been open to limited but mostly pedestrian traffic . The move attracted opposition from the Public Transport Users Association , Greens and Bicycle Victoria . He also raised the idea of a theme park to attract children to the CBD . Doyle was also quick to vow to rid the Melbourne city centre of bogans and untalented buskers . Doyle has also openly criticized the state governments handling of Melbourne Docklands , claiming that it lacks social glue and character and wanting more control over the precincts planning expressing the desire to see more open space in the form of a large park and also Venice style canals . In September 2010 , when asked on radio about a move by suburban councils to ban smoking in some outdoor areas due to the risks of passive smoking , he said I dont know of a case of cancer that has been caused by passive smoking . Tensions with China over Uighur film . In August 2009 , Doyle came under pressure from the Chinese Government to intervene and stop the screening of The 10 Conditions of Love at the Melbourne International Film Festival . This Australian-made film is about a prominent Uighur woman Rebiya Kadeer , who China labels a terrorist and claims that she was the orchestrator of the July 2009 Ürümqi riots . Kadeer did attend the screening at the Melbourne Town Hall . The Chinese Consul-General in Melbourne requested a meeting with the Lord Mayor to discuss the matter . Despite the protests from the Chinese Government , Doyle refused to intervene to stop the screening . Subsequently , reports emerged that China would consider terminating the sister-city relationship between Melbourne and Tianjin , one of Chinas four municipal-level cities and the fifth most populous city in China . Defying the Chinese Governments threat , Doyle lodged a complaint to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , prompting the Department to warn the Chinese Embassy to conduct themselves appropriately . Occupy Melbourne Street protests inquiry . Doyle was criticised for sending in riot police to evict protesters who had gathered in Melbournes City Square and had failed to comply with an eviction notice he had ordered to be issued to them , stating on ABC radio they were a self-righteous , narcissistic , self-indulgent rabble ( that ) tried to capture the city . This action resulted in a range of injuries to protesters . Reports on the number of injuries vary , and while Occupy Melbourne reported 43 documented cases of police brutality in press releases , the official report from newspapers is just one protester who was sent to hospital after being trampled on by a police horse . Calls for a public enquiry were turned down by the Lord Mayor who was firm that neither he or Victoria Police acted inappropriately . This led to Occupy Melbourne protesters pressing legal charges against Melbourne City Council for breaching federal law which prohibits the interference of a political protest . Occupy Melbourne protesters then bombarded Robert Doyle with requests for an inquiry online during his 2012 election campaign , to which the Lord Mayor then closed his Facebook and Twitter accounts due to abuse and harassment . He later re-launched his online election campaign . Sexual harassment accusations . On 15 December , City of Melbourne councillor Tessa Sullivan , who was elected on the same ticket as Doyle , resigned from the council and lodged a complaint against Doyle with City of Melbourne chief executive , Ben Rimmer . In her complaint , Sullivan alleged that Doyle had sexually harassed and indecently assaulted her . On 17 December , Doyle released a statement on Twitter , which said he had not been informed of the details of the allegations . He announced he would take a months leave while an investigation was carried out , stressing that his standing aside must not be interpreted as any concession or admission . On 4 February 2018 , Doyle resigned as Lord Mayor of Melbourne . Electoral history . External links . - Parliamentary Handbook
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[
"Lord Mayor of Melbourne"
] |
easy
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Which position did Robert Doyle hold from Dec 2008 to Feb 2018?
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/wiki/Robert_Doyle#P39#2
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Robert Doyle Robert Keith Bennett Doyle ( born 20 May 1953 ) is an Australian politician who was the 103rd Lord Mayor of Melbourne , elected on 30 November 2008 until he resigned on 4 February 2018 amidst allegations of sexual harassment . He was previously Member for Malvern in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria from 1992 to 2006 and Leader of the Victorian Opposition from 2002 to 2006 , representing the Liberal Party . Background . Born in Melbourne , Doyle attended secondary school in Geelong . He graduated from Monash University in 1977 , and the following year began work as a teacher at Geelong College , his alma mater . In 1982 , he moved back to Melbourne , working as a departmental head at Lauriston Girls School . After three years , he again changed schools , becoming a senior administrator and English teacher at Scotch College . State politics . At the 1992 state election , Doyle succeeded in winning Liberal preselection for the electorate of Malvern by defeating Geoff Leigh . The Liberal Party , under Jeff Kennett , won government , defeating Joan Kirner . After the election , Doyle was immediately placed on the Crime Prevention Committee , and several other taskforces , particularly in the area of health . In April 1996 , Doyle was promoted to the position of Parliamentary Secretary for Human Services . The Kennett government suffered an unexpected defeat at the 1999 election , and Kennett himself retired from politics soon afterwards . Kennetts deputy and Health Minister , Denis Napthine , became leader , and Doyle became shadow Health Minister . Leader of the Victorian Opposition . By 2002 , the Liberal Party was flagging in the polls , and was expected to lose the election due later that year . Doyle successfully challenged Napthine for the leadership of the state Liberal Party , claiming that the party was facing political oblivion if it stayed under Napthines leadership . He lost the 2002 election by a large margin ; the result was in fact the worst showing for the main non-Labor party in Victoria since it adopted the Liberal banner in 1945 . The party lost control of the Legislative Council for only the second time in Victorian parliamentary history , while their lower house seat count was more than halved , to 17 seats–their smallest presence in the legislature in half a century . The Liberals were further crippled when the Shadow Treasurer , Robert Dean , was deemed ineligible to stand because he had failed to update his voter registration after moving to a new electorate ; under Victorian law , he was no longer on the electoral roll . For some time after the 2002 defeat , Doyle remained Opposition Leader , partly through the sheer shortage of potential alternative candidates for the job in the much-reduced Liberal party room . However , following the decisions of Shadow Minister Victor Perton and Deputy Leader Phil Honeywood to resign , and the further resignation of Doyles Chief of Staff Ron Wilson and his Director of Communications Rob Clancy , debate as to Doyles future was re-ignited . Even many of Doyles key supporters—including Upper House MPs Andrea Coote and Philip Davis , and Michael Kroger and Helen Kroger—eventually recognised that Doyles leadership was unlikely to attract sufficient electoral support . It was also reported that Doyles personal approval rating had dropped to 15 per cent . On 4 May 2006 , Doyle announced his resignation as Opposition Leader , stating that I have given my best—it was not enough and that the move would give the party the best chance of electoral success . Ted Baillieu succeeded Doyle in the post . He officially ended his term as a Member of Parliament for the District of Malvern on 25 November 2006 . On that day , the Liberals under Baillieu were again severely defeated ; and as a result , Doyle publicly criticised several prominent party figures . On 21 June 2007 the state government announced that it would appoint Doyle as the new chairman of Melbourne Health , the group that operates the Royal Melbourne Hospital . Lord Mayor of Melbourne . When Lord Mayor of Melbourne John So announced his decision not to contest for a third consecutive term in early October 2008 , Doyle emerged as a contender for the Lord Mayoralty in November 2008 . Doyle told the media that he was a better than 50-50 chance of running . On 27 October Doyle announced his candidacy , saying he could leave partisan politics aside to work with the State Government if he became Lord Mayor . Doyle selected John Sos deputy between 2001 and 2004 , Susan Riley , as his running mate . On 30 November 2008 , Doyle was elected Lord Mayor , defeating Councillor Catherine Ng in a tightly contested election . Doyle also defeated former Melbourne Deputy Lord Mayor and Spotless heir-apparent , Peter McMullin and Sos deputy between 2004 and 2008 , Gary Singer . Doyles great-great-grandfather , Robert Bennett , previously served as Lord Mayor ( then known as simply Mayor ) from 1861 to 1862 and Bennett Lane , of Bennetts Lane Jazz Bar fame in Melbourne is named after him . On 27 October 2012 , Doyle was re-elected as Lord Mayor , with an increased majority , defeating high-profile candidate , Gary Morgan and former Councillor and Lord Mayor Candidate , Catherine Ng . On 11 November 2015 , Doyle announced that he will run again for the office of Lord Mayor in the elections to be held in October 2016 . Stating that it was the best job in the world Policies . Many of Doyles policies have been around activating Melbourne as a night time city in conjunction with the Andrews Government introduction of 24-hour public transport on weekends , extending hours of hospitality operation and continued support of 24-hour arts festivals . In July 2016 Doyle announced that the homelessness problem in the Melbourne CBD had reached emergency levels . Citing a study conducted by the City of Melbourne that the number of homeless people had increased 74% in two years . Doyle has been a vocal supporter of marriage equality , and has appeared regularly on LBGTI radio station Joy 94.9 as a prominent conservative politician . Some of Doyles policies as Lord Mayor to make the CBD safer and more family friendly have caused mild controversy . Doyle made an election promise to return private vehicle traffic to Swanston Street , Melbourne , which had for several decades been open to limited but mostly pedestrian traffic . The move attracted opposition from the Public Transport Users Association , Greens and Bicycle Victoria . He also raised the idea of a theme park to attract children to the CBD . Doyle was also quick to vow to rid the Melbourne city centre of bogans and untalented buskers . Doyle has also openly criticized the state governments handling of Melbourne Docklands , claiming that it lacks social glue and character and wanting more control over the precincts planning expressing the desire to see more open space in the form of a large park and also Venice style canals . In September 2010 , when asked on radio about a move by suburban councils to ban smoking in some outdoor areas due to the risks of passive smoking , he said I dont know of a case of cancer that has been caused by passive smoking . Tensions with China over Uighur film . In August 2009 , Doyle came under pressure from the Chinese Government to intervene and stop the screening of The 10 Conditions of Love at the Melbourne International Film Festival . This Australian-made film is about a prominent Uighur woman Rebiya Kadeer , who China labels a terrorist and claims that she was the orchestrator of the July 2009 Ürümqi riots . Kadeer did attend the screening at the Melbourne Town Hall . The Chinese Consul-General in Melbourne requested a meeting with the Lord Mayor to discuss the matter . Despite the protests from the Chinese Government , Doyle refused to intervene to stop the screening . Subsequently , reports emerged that China would consider terminating the sister-city relationship between Melbourne and Tianjin , one of Chinas four municipal-level cities and the fifth most populous city in China . Defying the Chinese Governments threat , Doyle lodged a complaint to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , prompting the Department to warn the Chinese Embassy to conduct themselves appropriately . Occupy Melbourne Street protests inquiry . Doyle was criticised for sending in riot police to evict protesters who had gathered in Melbournes City Square and had failed to comply with an eviction notice he had ordered to be issued to them , stating on ABC radio they were a self-righteous , narcissistic , self-indulgent rabble ( that ) tried to capture the city . This action resulted in a range of injuries to protesters . Reports on the number of injuries vary , and while Occupy Melbourne reported 43 documented cases of police brutality in press releases , the official report from newspapers is just one protester who was sent to hospital after being trampled on by a police horse . Calls for a public enquiry were turned down by the Lord Mayor who was firm that neither he or Victoria Police acted inappropriately . This led to Occupy Melbourne protesters pressing legal charges against Melbourne City Council for breaching federal law which prohibits the interference of a political protest . Occupy Melbourne protesters then bombarded Robert Doyle with requests for an inquiry online during his 2012 election campaign , to which the Lord Mayor then closed his Facebook and Twitter accounts due to abuse and harassment . He later re-launched his online election campaign . Sexual harassment accusations . On 15 December , City of Melbourne councillor Tessa Sullivan , who was elected on the same ticket as Doyle , resigned from the council and lodged a complaint against Doyle with City of Melbourne chief executive , Ben Rimmer . In her complaint , Sullivan alleged that Doyle had sexually harassed and indecently assaulted her . On 17 December , Doyle released a statement on Twitter , which said he had not been informed of the details of the allegations . He announced he would take a months leave while an investigation was carried out , stressing that his standing aside must not be interpreted as any concession or admission . On 4 February 2018 , Doyle resigned as Lord Mayor of Melbourne . Electoral history . External links . - Parliamentary Handbook
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[
"MLA for South Fremantle"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Elias Solomon from Oct 1892 to Nov 1896?
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/wiki/Elias_Solomon#P39#0
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Elias Solomon Elias Solomon ( 2 September 1839 – 23 May 1909 ) was an Australian politician based in Fremantle . He was Mayor of Fremantle , MLA for South Fremantle , and the first Member for Fremantle in the Australian House of Representatives . Early life . Solomon was born in London , England to Leah and Moss Solomon and migrated to Australia as a child , living at first in Sydney and then Adelaide . His uncle Emanuel Solomon owned the Queens Theatre in Adelaide , and Solomons father Moss was for a short while made manager . The family returned to Sydney until Moss death in 1849 when Leah again moved to Adelaide and Solomon was educated at Adelaide Educational Institution . Career . After finishing school , Solomon joined another of his uncles business concerns and in 1857 was sent to Mauritius to purchase goods . On his return , he worked for the firm of Solomon and Salom in Adelaide , and also Falk and Co . of Melbourne . At the age of 29 Solomon headed west to Fremantle in Western Australia , arriving on 20 January 1868 aboard Eliza Blanche and initially living in Henry Street . Soon the same year he was joined by two of his nephews and together then formed Solomon & Nephews , Auctioneers and Agents of which Solomon was clerk and auctioneer . This venture was part-financed by his half-brother Judah Moss Solomon ( of Melbourne ) and brother-in-law Isaac Solomon ( of Adelaide ) . The weight of conducting business in a depressed economic environment bore on Solomon , and this was not helped by his nephews being active members of Fremantles Amateur Dramatics Company , performing at the Oddfellows in William Street . He wrote to them in July 1869 : …that you may not be under any misunderstanding with regard to my present dissatisfaction , I will be more explicit . You have taken up time belonging to the firm in Amateur Theatrical matters which , I believe , is acting prejudiciously to the business… In 1881 he was elected to the Fremantle City Council . In 1892 , he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly as the member for South Fremantle , where he remained until 1901 . In that year , he transferred to federal politics , winning the Australian House of Representatives seat of Fremantle for the Free Trade Party . He was defeated by Labors William Carpenter in 1903 . Solomon died in 1909 . Solomon was at one time head of the Fremantle Cemetery board , which is where he is buried . Family . Solomon was married twice , firstly to Agnes Elizabeth Bickley ( – 22 April 1886 ) and after her death , to Elizabeth Stokes ( 16 September 1868 – 3 December 1898 ) on 1 May 1887 . They had five children . - Wallace Elias Bickley Solomon ( 1878–1950 ) was the first secretary , and honorary solicitor , of the Royal Western Australian Historical Society in 1926 . - Maurice Elias Solomon ( 1888–1977 ) , lawyer and councillor of the City of Fremantle . External links . - Prominent Australian Jews
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[
"Mayor of Fremantle"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Elias Solomon from Nov 1896 to Dec 1904?
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/wiki/Elias_Solomon#P39#1
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Elias Solomon Elias Solomon ( 2 September 1839 – 23 May 1909 ) was an Australian politician based in Fremantle . He was Mayor of Fremantle , MLA for South Fremantle , and the first Member for Fremantle in the Australian House of Representatives . Early life . Solomon was born in London , England to Leah and Moss Solomon and migrated to Australia as a child , living at first in Sydney and then Adelaide . His uncle Emanuel Solomon owned the Queens Theatre in Adelaide , and Solomons father Moss was for a short while made manager . The family returned to Sydney until Moss death in 1849 when Leah again moved to Adelaide and Solomon was educated at Adelaide Educational Institution . Career . After finishing school , Solomon joined another of his uncles business concerns and in 1857 was sent to Mauritius to purchase goods . On his return , he worked for the firm of Solomon and Salom in Adelaide , and also Falk and Co . of Melbourne . At the age of 29 Solomon headed west to Fremantle in Western Australia , arriving on 20 January 1868 aboard Eliza Blanche and initially living in Henry Street . Soon the same year he was joined by two of his nephews and together then formed Solomon & Nephews , Auctioneers and Agents of which Solomon was clerk and auctioneer . This venture was part-financed by his half-brother Judah Moss Solomon ( of Melbourne ) and brother-in-law Isaac Solomon ( of Adelaide ) . The weight of conducting business in a depressed economic environment bore on Solomon , and this was not helped by his nephews being active members of Fremantles Amateur Dramatics Company , performing at the Oddfellows in William Street . He wrote to them in July 1869 : …that you may not be under any misunderstanding with regard to my present dissatisfaction , I will be more explicit . You have taken up time belonging to the firm in Amateur Theatrical matters which , I believe , is acting prejudiciously to the business… In 1881 he was elected to the Fremantle City Council . In 1892 , he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly as the member for South Fremantle , where he remained until 1901 . In that year , he transferred to federal politics , winning the Australian House of Representatives seat of Fremantle for the Free Trade Party . He was defeated by Labors William Carpenter in 1903 . Solomon died in 1909 . Solomon was at one time head of the Fremantle Cemetery board , which is where he is buried . Family . Solomon was married twice , firstly to Agnes Elizabeth Bickley ( – 22 April 1886 ) and after her death , to Elizabeth Stokes ( 16 September 1868 – 3 December 1898 ) on 1 May 1887 . They had five children . - Wallace Elias Bickley Solomon ( 1878–1950 ) was the first secretary , and honorary solicitor , of the Royal Western Australian Historical Society in 1926 . - Maurice Elias Solomon ( 1888–1977 ) , lawyer and councillor of the City of Fremantle . External links . - Prominent Australian Jews
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[
"Prime Minister of Lithuania"
] |
easy
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Rolandas Paksas took which position from May 1999 to Oct 1999?
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/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas#P39#0
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Rolandas Paksas Rolandas Paksas ( ; born 10 June 1956 ) is a Lithuanian politician who was President of Lithuania from 2003 to 2004 . He was previously Prime Minister of Lithuania in 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 , and he also served as Mayor of Vilnius from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 . He led Order and Justice from 2004 to 2016 and was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019 . A national aerobatics champion in the 1980s , after the collapse of the Soviet Union , Paksas founded a construction company , Restako . In 1997 , he was elected to Vilnius City Council for the centre-right Homeland Union and became mayor . In May 1999 , Paksas was appointed Prime Minister , but resigned five months later after a disagreement over privatisation . Paksas joined the Liberal Union of Lithuania ( LLS ) in 2000 . The LLS won the 2000 election , and Paksas became PM again , but he left within seven months after another dispute over economic reforms . In 2002 , Paksas founded the Liberal Democratic Party , and ran for the presidency , winning the run-off against incumbent Valdas Adamkus in January 2003 . It emerged that he had granted citizenship to a major campaign donor , leading to his impeachment and removal from office in April 2004 . He was the first European head of state to have been impeached . Barred from the Seimas , Paksas was elected to the European Parliament in 2009 , while leading his party , now called Order and Justice ( TT ) . His lifetime ban from the parliament was ruled to be disproportionate measure by the European Court of Human Rights in 2011 . In 2018 the amendment which would allow for Paksas to run for parliamentary seat is to be submitted . But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament . He is considered to be the worst President of Lithuania in modern history . Early life , education and non-political career . Paksas was born in Telšiai to Feliksas and Elena . During the Soviet era , he was known by a Russified version of his name , Rolandas Feliksovich Paksas ( ) . In 1974 , he finished Zemaites High School and continued studies at the Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute ( now Vilnius Gediminas Technical University ) . Paksas received a degree in civil engineering in 1979 . In 1984 , he graduated Leningrad Civil Aviation Academy . During this period , he competed in aerobatics competitions , participating in both Soviet and Lithuanian teams and winning several championships . From 1992 to 1997 , Rolandas Paksas was the President of the construction company Restako . Political career . Mayor of Vilnius and Prime Minister . Paksas , a former member of Communist Party of Lithuania ( LKP ) and its successor leftist Democratic Labour Party ( LDDP ) in 1995 switched his political orientation in favour of conservative right Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In 1997 Paksas was elected to Vilnius City Council and became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality . Paksas also served as chairman of the Vilnius branch of the Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In May 1999 , Vagnorius stepped down and President Valdas Adamkus asked Paksas to become the Prime Minister . The Conservatives had 68 of the Seimas 138 seats and were part of an 81-member coalition with the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party . In June 1999 , he became Prime Minister , heading the ninth Government after independence . Five months later , he resigned because of a disagreement over the sale of Mažeikių Nafta , a major Lithuanian oil refining company , to a US oil company . He then served as Special Assignments envoy to Adamkus . After leaving Homeland Union Paksas joined Liberal Union of Lithuania and in April 2000 , he became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality again . In 2000 , he was elected as the Prime Minister in the eleventh Cabinet and served from November 2000 to June 2001 . In March 2002 , Paksas was elected as a chairman of his newly founded Liberal Democratic Party . President of Lithuania . On 5 January 2003 , he was elected President of Lithuania , after a surprise win over the incumbent Valdas Adamkus in a runoff . In the first round of elections , Paksas finished second with 19.7% of vote but , in the runoff , he gathered 54.9% . His platform included pledges to reduce poverty and income disparities , fight corruption , introduce the death penalty for drug traffickers , and move Lithuania towards a more market-based economy . On 26 February 2003 his term as a President began . During his term , concerns arose that he had ties to the Russian mafia . Yuri Borisov , president of the aviation company Avia Baltika , had donated $400,000 to his campaign , and was given Lithuanian citizenship by Paksas decree . This decree was later ruled to be unconstitutional by Constitutional Court of Lithuania . Paksas connections were investigated by the Department of Security . In early 2004 , the Seimas started impeachment proceedings against him . On 31 March 2004 the Constitutional Court of Lithuania found him guilty of violating the constitution and his oath of office . On 6 April 2004 , the Parliament ( Seimas ) voted on three charges : that he had leaked classified information about his investigation to Borisov ; that he had improperly restored Borisovs citizenship ; and that he had interfered in a privatization transaction . The vote passed , effectively removing Paksas from the presidency . Post-impeachment legal proceedings . Paksas expressed an intent to run in the June presidential election that was to replace him . In response , on 4 May the Seimas passed a constitutional amendment barring impeached persons from standing for the presidency for five years following impeachment . Following an appeal by Paksas supporters , the Constitutional Court of Lithuania ruled the amendment unconstitutional , holding instead that persons who had violated the constitution or failed to uphold their oaths of office could never again hold public offices that required an oath . The District Court of Vilnius found Paksas not guilty of disclosing classified information ( state secrets ) . This decision was reversed in 2005 by the Court of Appeals of the Republic of Lithuania , on the basis that the District Court had not linked all the supporting evidence . The Appeals Court , while finding Paksas guilty of a criminal act , did not impose a penalty , stating that Paksass departure from public service meant that he no longer posed a threat . In 2011 , the European Court of Human Rights found the lifetime prohibition for Paksas to be elected to the parliament to be disproportionate and thus in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights . In September 2018 Paksas suspended his membership in the Order and Justice party But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament citing that he does not want to be associated with party decisions anymore as his reason for leaving . Personal life . Rolandas Paksas is married to Laima Paksienė and has two children ; Inga and Mindaugas . He is also a former member of both Soviet and Lithuanian national aerobatic teams , and a skilled stunt pilot who currently performs around the world . External links . - Homepage of Order and Justice
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[
"Prime Minister of Lithuania"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Rolandas Paksas from Oct 2000 to Jun 2001?
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/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas#P39#1
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Rolandas Paksas Rolandas Paksas ( ; born 10 June 1956 ) is a Lithuanian politician who was President of Lithuania from 2003 to 2004 . He was previously Prime Minister of Lithuania in 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 , and he also served as Mayor of Vilnius from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 . He led Order and Justice from 2004 to 2016 and was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019 . A national aerobatics champion in the 1980s , after the collapse of the Soviet Union , Paksas founded a construction company , Restako . In 1997 , he was elected to Vilnius City Council for the centre-right Homeland Union and became mayor . In May 1999 , Paksas was appointed Prime Minister , but resigned five months later after a disagreement over privatisation . Paksas joined the Liberal Union of Lithuania ( LLS ) in 2000 . The LLS won the 2000 election , and Paksas became PM again , but he left within seven months after another dispute over economic reforms . In 2002 , Paksas founded the Liberal Democratic Party , and ran for the presidency , winning the run-off against incumbent Valdas Adamkus in January 2003 . It emerged that he had granted citizenship to a major campaign donor , leading to his impeachment and removal from office in April 2004 . He was the first European head of state to have been impeached . Barred from the Seimas , Paksas was elected to the European Parliament in 2009 , while leading his party , now called Order and Justice ( TT ) . His lifetime ban from the parliament was ruled to be disproportionate measure by the European Court of Human Rights in 2011 . In 2018 the amendment which would allow for Paksas to run for parliamentary seat is to be submitted . But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament . He is considered to be the worst President of Lithuania in modern history . Early life , education and non-political career . Paksas was born in Telšiai to Feliksas and Elena . During the Soviet era , he was known by a Russified version of his name , Rolandas Feliksovich Paksas ( ) . In 1974 , he finished Zemaites High School and continued studies at the Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute ( now Vilnius Gediminas Technical University ) . Paksas received a degree in civil engineering in 1979 . In 1984 , he graduated Leningrad Civil Aviation Academy . During this period , he competed in aerobatics competitions , participating in both Soviet and Lithuanian teams and winning several championships . From 1992 to 1997 , Rolandas Paksas was the President of the construction company Restako . Political career . Mayor of Vilnius and Prime Minister . Paksas , a former member of Communist Party of Lithuania ( LKP ) and its successor leftist Democratic Labour Party ( LDDP ) in 1995 switched his political orientation in favour of conservative right Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In 1997 Paksas was elected to Vilnius City Council and became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality . Paksas also served as chairman of the Vilnius branch of the Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In May 1999 , Vagnorius stepped down and President Valdas Adamkus asked Paksas to become the Prime Minister . The Conservatives had 68 of the Seimas 138 seats and were part of an 81-member coalition with the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party . In June 1999 , he became Prime Minister , heading the ninth Government after independence . Five months later , he resigned because of a disagreement over the sale of Mažeikių Nafta , a major Lithuanian oil refining company , to a US oil company . He then served as Special Assignments envoy to Adamkus . After leaving Homeland Union Paksas joined Liberal Union of Lithuania and in April 2000 , he became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality again . In 2000 , he was elected as the Prime Minister in the eleventh Cabinet and served from November 2000 to June 2001 . In March 2002 , Paksas was elected as a chairman of his newly founded Liberal Democratic Party . President of Lithuania . On 5 January 2003 , he was elected President of Lithuania , after a surprise win over the incumbent Valdas Adamkus in a runoff . In the first round of elections , Paksas finished second with 19.7% of vote but , in the runoff , he gathered 54.9% . His platform included pledges to reduce poverty and income disparities , fight corruption , introduce the death penalty for drug traffickers , and move Lithuania towards a more market-based economy . On 26 February 2003 his term as a President began . During his term , concerns arose that he had ties to the Russian mafia . Yuri Borisov , president of the aviation company Avia Baltika , had donated $400,000 to his campaign , and was given Lithuanian citizenship by Paksas decree . This decree was later ruled to be unconstitutional by Constitutional Court of Lithuania . Paksas connections were investigated by the Department of Security . In early 2004 , the Seimas started impeachment proceedings against him . On 31 March 2004 the Constitutional Court of Lithuania found him guilty of violating the constitution and his oath of office . On 6 April 2004 , the Parliament ( Seimas ) voted on three charges : that he had leaked classified information about his investigation to Borisov ; that he had improperly restored Borisovs citizenship ; and that he had interfered in a privatization transaction . The vote passed , effectively removing Paksas from the presidency . Post-impeachment legal proceedings . Paksas expressed an intent to run in the June presidential election that was to replace him . In response , on 4 May the Seimas passed a constitutional amendment barring impeached persons from standing for the presidency for five years following impeachment . Following an appeal by Paksas supporters , the Constitutional Court of Lithuania ruled the amendment unconstitutional , holding instead that persons who had violated the constitution or failed to uphold their oaths of office could never again hold public offices that required an oath . The District Court of Vilnius found Paksas not guilty of disclosing classified information ( state secrets ) . This decision was reversed in 2005 by the Court of Appeals of the Republic of Lithuania , on the basis that the District Court had not linked all the supporting evidence . The Appeals Court , while finding Paksas guilty of a criminal act , did not impose a penalty , stating that Paksass departure from public service meant that he no longer posed a threat . In 2011 , the European Court of Human Rights found the lifetime prohibition for Paksas to be elected to the parliament to be disproportionate and thus in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights . In September 2018 Paksas suspended his membership in the Order and Justice party But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament citing that he does not want to be associated with party decisions anymore as his reason for leaving . Personal life . Rolandas Paksas is married to Laima Paksienė and has two children ; Inga and Mindaugas . He is also a former member of both Soviet and Lithuanian national aerobatic teams , and a skilled stunt pilot who currently performs around the world . External links . - Homepage of Order and Justice
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[
"President of Lithuania"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Rolandas Paksas from Feb 2003 to Apr 2004?
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/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas#P39#2
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Rolandas Paksas Rolandas Paksas ( ; born 10 June 1956 ) is a Lithuanian politician who was President of Lithuania from 2003 to 2004 . He was previously Prime Minister of Lithuania in 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 , and he also served as Mayor of Vilnius from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 . He led Order and Justice from 2004 to 2016 and was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019 . A national aerobatics champion in the 1980s , after the collapse of the Soviet Union , Paksas founded a construction company , Restako . In 1997 , he was elected to Vilnius City Council for the centre-right Homeland Union and became mayor . In May 1999 , Paksas was appointed Prime Minister , but resigned five months later after a disagreement over privatisation . Paksas joined the Liberal Union of Lithuania ( LLS ) in 2000 . The LLS won the 2000 election , and Paksas became PM again , but he left within seven months after another dispute over economic reforms . In 2002 , Paksas founded the Liberal Democratic Party , and ran for the presidency , winning the run-off against incumbent Valdas Adamkus in January 2003 . It emerged that he had granted citizenship to a major campaign donor , leading to his impeachment and removal from office in April 2004 . He was the first European head of state to have been impeached . Barred from the Seimas , Paksas was elected to the European Parliament in 2009 , while leading his party , now called Order and Justice ( TT ) . His lifetime ban from the parliament was ruled to be disproportionate measure by the European Court of Human Rights in 2011 . In 2018 the amendment which would allow for Paksas to run for parliamentary seat is to be submitted . But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament . He is considered to be the worst President of Lithuania in modern history . Early life , education and non-political career . Paksas was born in Telšiai to Feliksas and Elena . During the Soviet era , he was known by a Russified version of his name , Rolandas Feliksovich Paksas ( ) . In 1974 , he finished Zemaites High School and continued studies at the Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute ( now Vilnius Gediminas Technical University ) . Paksas received a degree in civil engineering in 1979 . In 1984 , he graduated Leningrad Civil Aviation Academy . During this period , he competed in aerobatics competitions , participating in both Soviet and Lithuanian teams and winning several championships . From 1992 to 1997 , Rolandas Paksas was the President of the construction company Restako . Political career . Mayor of Vilnius and Prime Minister . Paksas , a former member of Communist Party of Lithuania ( LKP ) and its successor leftist Democratic Labour Party ( LDDP ) in 1995 switched his political orientation in favour of conservative right Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In 1997 Paksas was elected to Vilnius City Council and became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality . Paksas also served as chairman of the Vilnius branch of the Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In May 1999 , Vagnorius stepped down and President Valdas Adamkus asked Paksas to become the Prime Minister . The Conservatives had 68 of the Seimas 138 seats and were part of an 81-member coalition with the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party . In June 1999 , he became Prime Minister , heading the ninth Government after independence . Five months later , he resigned because of a disagreement over the sale of Mažeikių Nafta , a major Lithuanian oil refining company , to a US oil company . He then served as Special Assignments envoy to Adamkus . After leaving Homeland Union Paksas joined Liberal Union of Lithuania and in April 2000 , he became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality again . In 2000 , he was elected as the Prime Minister in the eleventh Cabinet and served from November 2000 to June 2001 . In March 2002 , Paksas was elected as a chairman of his newly founded Liberal Democratic Party . President of Lithuania . On 5 January 2003 , he was elected President of Lithuania , after a surprise win over the incumbent Valdas Adamkus in a runoff . In the first round of elections , Paksas finished second with 19.7% of vote but , in the runoff , he gathered 54.9% . His platform included pledges to reduce poverty and income disparities , fight corruption , introduce the death penalty for drug traffickers , and move Lithuania towards a more market-based economy . On 26 February 2003 his term as a President began . During his term , concerns arose that he had ties to the Russian mafia . Yuri Borisov , president of the aviation company Avia Baltika , had donated $400,000 to his campaign , and was given Lithuanian citizenship by Paksas decree . This decree was later ruled to be unconstitutional by Constitutional Court of Lithuania . Paksas connections were investigated by the Department of Security . In early 2004 , the Seimas started impeachment proceedings against him . On 31 March 2004 the Constitutional Court of Lithuania found him guilty of violating the constitution and his oath of office . On 6 April 2004 , the Parliament ( Seimas ) voted on three charges : that he had leaked classified information about his investigation to Borisov ; that he had improperly restored Borisovs citizenship ; and that he had interfered in a privatization transaction . The vote passed , effectively removing Paksas from the presidency . Post-impeachment legal proceedings . Paksas expressed an intent to run in the June presidential election that was to replace him . In response , on 4 May the Seimas passed a constitutional amendment barring impeached persons from standing for the presidency for five years following impeachment . Following an appeal by Paksas supporters , the Constitutional Court of Lithuania ruled the amendment unconstitutional , holding instead that persons who had violated the constitution or failed to uphold their oaths of office could never again hold public offices that required an oath . The District Court of Vilnius found Paksas not guilty of disclosing classified information ( state secrets ) . This decision was reversed in 2005 by the Court of Appeals of the Republic of Lithuania , on the basis that the District Court had not linked all the supporting evidence . The Appeals Court , while finding Paksas guilty of a criminal act , did not impose a penalty , stating that Paksass departure from public service meant that he no longer posed a threat . In 2011 , the European Court of Human Rights found the lifetime prohibition for Paksas to be elected to the parliament to be disproportionate and thus in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights . In September 2018 Paksas suspended his membership in the Order and Justice party But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament citing that he does not want to be associated with party decisions anymore as his reason for leaving . Personal life . Rolandas Paksas is married to Laima Paksienė and has two children ; Inga and Mindaugas . He is also a former member of both Soviet and Lithuanian national aerobatic teams , and a skilled stunt pilot who currently performs around the world . External links . - Homepage of Order and Justice
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[
"Member of the European Parliament"
] |
easy
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What position did Rolandas Paksas take from Jul 2009 to Jun 2014?
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/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas#P39#3
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Rolandas Paksas Rolandas Paksas ( ; born 10 June 1956 ) is a Lithuanian politician who was President of Lithuania from 2003 to 2004 . He was previously Prime Minister of Lithuania in 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 , and he also served as Mayor of Vilnius from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 . He led Order and Justice from 2004 to 2016 and was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019 . A national aerobatics champion in the 1980s , after the collapse of the Soviet Union , Paksas founded a construction company , Restako . In 1997 , he was elected to Vilnius City Council for the centre-right Homeland Union and became mayor . In May 1999 , Paksas was appointed Prime Minister , but resigned five months later after a disagreement over privatisation . Paksas joined the Liberal Union of Lithuania ( LLS ) in 2000 . The LLS won the 2000 election , and Paksas became PM again , but he left within seven months after another dispute over economic reforms . In 2002 , Paksas founded the Liberal Democratic Party , and ran for the presidency , winning the run-off against incumbent Valdas Adamkus in January 2003 . It emerged that he had granted citizenship to a major campaign donor , leading to his impeachment and removal from office in April 2004 . He was the first European head of state to have been impeached . Barred from the Seimas , Paksas was elected to the European Parliament in 2009 , while leading his party , now called Order and Justice ( TT ) . His lifetime ban from the parliament was ruled to be disproportionate measure by the European Court of Human Rights in 2011 . In 2018 the amendment which would allow for Paksas to run for parliamentary seat is to be submitted . But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament . He is considered to be the worst President of Lithuania in modern history . Early life , education and non-political career . Paksas was born in Telšiai to Feliksas and Elena . During the Soviet era , he was known by a Russified version of his name , Rolandas Feliksovich Paksas ( ) . In 1974 , he finished Zemaites High School and continued studies at the Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute ( now Vilnius Gediminas Technical University ) . Paksas received a degree in civil engineering in 1979 . In 1984 , he graduated Leningrad Civil Aviation Academy . During this period , he competed in aerobatics competitions , participating in both Soviet and Lithuanian teams and winning several championships . From 1992 to 1997 , Rolandas Paksas was the President of the construction company Restako . Political career . Mayor of Vilnius and Prime Minister . Paksas , a former member of Communist Party of Lithuania ( LKP ) and its successor leftist Democratic Labour Party ( LDDP ) in 1995 switched his political orientation in favour of conservative right Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In 1997 Paksas was elected to Vilnius City Council and became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality . Paksas also served as chairman of the Vilnius branch of the Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In May 1999 , Vagnorius stepped down and President Valdas Adamkus asked Paksas to become the Prime Minister . The Conservatives had 68 of the Seimas 138 seats and were part of an 81-member coalition with the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party . In June 1999 , he became Prime Minister , heading the ninth Government after independence . Five months later , he resigned because of a disagreement over the sale of Mažeikių Nafta , a major Lithuanian oil refining company , to a US oil company . He then served as Special Assignments envoy to Adamkus . After leaving Homeland Union Paksas joined Liberal Union of Lithuania and in April 2000 , he became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality again . In 2000 , he was elected as the Prime Minister in the eleventh Cabinet and served from November 2000 to June 2001 . In March 2002 , Paksas was elected as a chairman of his newly founded Liberal Democratic Party . President of Lithuania . On 5 January 2003 , he was elected President of Lithuania , after a surprise win over the incumbent Valdas Adamkus in a runoff . In the first round of elections , Paksas finished second with 19.7% of vote but , in the runoff , he gathered 54.9% . His platform included pledges to reduce poverty and income disparities , fight corruption , introduce the death penalty for drug traffickers , and move Lithuania towards a more market-based economy . On 26 February 2003 his term as a President began . During his term , concerns arose that he had ties to the Russian mafia . Yuri Borisov , president of the aviation company Avia Baltika , had donated $400,000 to his campaign , and was given Lithuanian citizenship by Paksas decree . This decree was later ruled to be unconstitutional by Constitutional Court of Lithuania . Paksas connections were investigated by the Department of Security . In early 2004 , the Seimas started impeachment proceedings against him . On 31 March 2004 the Constitutional Court of Lithuania found him guilty of violating the constitution and his oath of office . On 6 April 2004 , the Parliament ( Seimas ) voted on three charges : that he had leaked classified information about his investigation to Borisov ; that he had improperly restored Borisovs citizenship ; and that he had interfered in a privatization transaction . The vote passed , effectively removing Paksas from the presidency . Post-impeachment legal proceedings . Paksas expressed an intent to run in the June presidential election that was to replace him . In response , on 4 May the Seimas passed a constitutional amendment barring impeached persons from standing for the presidency for five years following impeachment . Following an appeal by Paksas supporters , the Constitutional Court of Lithuania ruled the amendment unconstitutional , holding instead that persons who had violated the constitution or failed to uphold their oaths of office could never again hold public offices that required an oath . The District Court of Vilnius found Paksas not guilty of disclosing classified information ( state secrets ) . This decision was reversed in 2005 by the Court of Appeals of the Republic of Lithuania , on the basis that the District Court had not linked all the supporting evidence . The Appeals Court , while finding Paksas guilty of a criminal act , did not impose a penalty , stating that Paksass departure from public service meant that he no longer posed a threat . In 2011 , the European Court of Human Rights found the lifetime prohibition for Paksas to be elected to the parliament to be disproportionate and thus in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights . In September 2018 Paksas suspended his membership in the Order and Justice party But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament citing that he does not want to be associated with party decisions anymore as his reason for leaving . Personal life . Rolandas Paksas is married to Laima Paksienė and has two children ; Inga and Mindaugas . He is also a former member of both Soviet and Lithuanian national aerobatic teams , and a skilled stunt pilot who currently performs around the world . External links . - Homepage of Order and Justice
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[
"Member of the European Parliament"
] |
easy
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What position did Rolandas Paksas take from Jul 2014 to Jul 2015?
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/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas#P39#4
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Rolandas Paksas Rolandas Paksas ( ; born 10 June 1956 ) is a Lithuanian politician who was President of Lithuania from 2003 to 2004 . He was previously Prime Minister of Lithuania in 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 , and he also served as Mayor of Vilnius from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001 . He led Order and Justice from 2004 to 2016 and was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019 . A national aerobatics champion in the 1980s , after the collapse of the Soviet Union , Paksas founded a construction company , Restako . In 1997 , he was elected to Vilnius City Council for the centre-right Homeland Union and became mayor . In May 1999 , Paksas was appointed Prime Minister , but resigned five months later after a disagreement over privatisation . Paksas joined the Liberal Union of Lithuania ( LLS ) in 2000 . The LLS won the 2000 election , and Paksas became PM again , but he left within seven months after another dispute over economic reforms . In 2002 , Paksas founded the Liberal Democratic Party , and ran for the presidency , winning the run-off against incumbent Valdas Adamkus in January 2003 . It emerged that he had granted citizenship to a major campaign donor , leading to his impeachment and removal from office in April 2004 . He was the first European head of state to have been impeached . Barred from the Seimas , Paksas was elected to the European Parliament in 2009 , while leading his party , now called Order and Justice ( TT ) . His lifetime ban from the parliament was ruled to be disproportionate measure by the European Court of Human Rights in 2011 . In 2018 the amendment which would allow for Paksas to run for parliamentary seat is to be submitted . But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament . He is considered to be the worst President of Lithuania in modern history . Early life , education and non-political career . Paksas was born in Telšiai to Feliksas and Elena . During the Soviet era , he was known by a Russified version of his name , Rolandas Feliksovich Paksas ( ) . In 1974 , he finished Zemaites High School and continued studies at the Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute ( now Vilnius Gediminas Technical University ) . Paksas received a degree in civil engineering in 1979 . In 1984 , he graduated Leningrad Civil Aviation Academy . During this period , he competed in aerobatics competitions , participating in both Soviet and Lithuanian teams and winning several championships . From 1992 to 1997 , Rolandas Paksas was the President of the construction company Restako . Political career . Mayor of Vilnius and Prime Minister . Paksas , a former member of Communist Party of Lithuania ( LKP ) and its successor leftist Democratic Labour Party ( LDDP ) in 1995 switched his political orientation in favour of conservative right Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In 1997 Paksas was elected to Vilnius City Council and became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality . Paksas also served as chairman of the Vilnius branch of the Homeland Union ( Lithuanian Conservatives ) . In May 1999 , Vagnorius stepped down and President Valdas Adamkus asked Paksas to become the Prime Minister . The Conservatives had 68 of the Seimas 138 seats and were part of an 81-member coalition with the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party . In June 1999 , he became Prime Minister , heading the ninth Government after independence . Five months later , he resigned because of a disagreement over the sale of Mažeikių Nafta , a major Lithuanian oil refining company , to a US oil company . He then served as Special Assignments envoy to Adamkus . After leaving Homeland Union Paksas joined Liberal Union of Lithuania and in April 2000 , he became the Mayor of the Vilnius city municipality again . In 2000 , he was elected as the Prime Minister in the eleventh Cabinet and served from November 2000 to June 2001 . In March 2002 , Paksas was elected as a chairman of his newly founded Liberal Democratic Party . President of Lithuania . On 5 January 2003 , he was elected President of Lithuania , after a surprise win over the incumbent Valdas Adamkus in a runoff . In the first round of elections , Paksas finished second with 19.7% of vote but , in the runoff , he gathered 54.9% . His platform included pledges to reduce poverty and income disparities , fight corruption , introduce the death penalty for drug traffickers , and move Lithuania towards a more market-based economy . On 26 February 2003 his term as a President began . During his term , concerns arose that he had ties to the Russian mafia . Yuri Borisov , president of the aviation company Avia Baltika , had donated $400,000 to his campaign , and was given Lithuanian citizenship by Paksas decree . This decree was later ruled to be unconstitutional by Constitutional Court of Lithuania . Paksas connections were investigated by the Department of Security . In early 2004 , the Seimas started impeachment proceedings against him . On 31 March 2004 the Constitutional Court of Lithuania found him guilty of violating the constitution and his oath of office . On 6 April 2004 , the Parliament ( Seimas ) voted on three charges : that he had leaked classified information about his investigation to Borisov ; that he had improperly restored Borisovs citizenship ; and that he had interfered in a privatization transaction . The vote passed , effectively removing Paksas from the presidency . Post-impeachment legal proceedings . Paksas expressed an intent to run in the June presidential election that was to replace him . In response , on 4 May the Seimas passed a constitutional amendment barring impeached persons from standing for the presidency for five years following impeachment . Following an appeal by Paksas supporters , the Constitutional Court of Lithuania ruled the amendment unconstitutional , holding instead that persons who had violated the constitution or failed to uphold their oaths of office could never again hold public offices that required an oath . The District Court of Vilnius found Paksas not guilty of disclosing classified information ( state secrets ) . This decision was reversed in 2005 by the Court of Appeals of the Republic of Lithuania , on the basis that the District Court had not linked all the supporting evidence . The Appeals Court , while finding Paksas guilty of a criminal act , did not impose a penalty , stating that Paksass departure from public service meant that he no longer posed a threat . In 2011 , the European Court of Human Rights found the lifetime prohibition for Paksas to be elected to the parliament to be disproportionate and thus in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights . In September 2018 Paksas suspended his membership in the Order and Justice party But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Parliament citing that he does not want to be associated with party decisions anymore as his reason for leaving . Personal life . Rolandas Paksas is married to Laima Paksienė and has two children ; Inga and Mindaugas . He is also a former member of both Soviet and Lithuanian national aerobatic teams , and a skilled stunt pilot who currently performs around the world . External links . - Homepage of Order and Justice
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[
"Fastav Zlín"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Ondřej Čelůstka belong to from 2007 to 2009?
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/wiki/Ondřej_Čelůstka#P54#0
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Ondřej Čelůstka Ondřej Čelůstka ( born 18 June 1989 ; ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a defender for Czech First League club Sparta Prague . He is a member of the Czech Republic national team and represented the under-21 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . Club career . Slavia Prague . Čelůstka began his career with Fastav Zlín , making his professional debut in the Czech First League during the 2007–08 season , and then playing more regularly in the following one . His good performances then ensured him a regular place with Czech leading club Slavia Prague , with whom he made fourteen appearances and a goal in the first half of the 2009–10 Czech First League . Loan to Palermo . On 1 February 2010 , Čelůstka signed with Serie A outfit U.S . Città di Palermo on loan , with an option for the Sicilians to sign the player permanently at the end of the season . He was awarded the number #89 jersey from the rosanero . He played his first game in a rosanero jersey , as well as his first Serie A game , as a second-half substitute for Marco Calderoni in a 3–1 home win versus Bologna . Trabzonspor . On 8 July 2011 , Čelůstka moved to Turkish club Trabzonspor for a transfer fee of €900,000 and signed a five-year contract . The club gave him the number 28 jersey . During a game against Inter Milan at the San Siro , Čelůstka scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 away win for Trabzonspor in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Loan to Sunderland . Čelůstka joined English Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan deal on 12 August 2013 . He made his Premier League debut for Sunderland at the Stadium of Light five days later . Čelůstka hit a half volley from 30 yards which was saved by Maarten Stekelenburg as the team began the season with a 1–0 defeat to Fulham . Čelůstka was an unused substitute as Sunderland lost 3–1 to Manchester City in the 2014 Football League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 2 March . 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 24 August 2014 , Čelůstka joined 1 . FC Nürnberg of the 2 . Bundesliga on a free transfer after being released from Trabzonspor . Antalyaspor . In July 2015 , Čelůstka agreed a move to Turkish club Antalyaspor . Sparta Prague . On 31 July 2020 , Čelůstka joined Sparta Prague of the Czech First League on a free transfer after being released from Antalyaspor . International career . Čelůstka represented the Czech Republic at under 19 and under 20 level , before being capped 18 times for the under 21s . His performances at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship saw him named in the Team of the Tournament . He made his debut for the Czech Republic full team on 15 November 2013 and scored after just three minutes in a 2–0 win against Canada . Honours . Sunderland - Football League Cup : Runner-up 2013–14 Czech Republic U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship bronze : 2011
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[
"Slavia Prague"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Ondřej Čelůstka belong to from 2009 to 2011?
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/wiki/Ondřej_Čelůstka#P54#1
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Ondřej Čelůstka Ondřej Čelůstka ( born 18 June 1989 ; ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a defender for Czech First League club Sparta Prague . He is a member of the Czech Republic national team and represented the under-21 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . Club career . Slavia Prague . Čelůstka began his career with Fastav Zlín , making his professional debut in the Czech First League during the 2007–08 season , and then playing more regularly in the following one . His good performances then ensured him a regular place with Czech leading club Slavia Prague , with whom he made fourteen appearances and a goal in the first half of the 2009–10 Czech First League . Loan to Palermo . On 1 February 2010 , Čelůstka signed with Serie A outfit U.S . Città di Palermo on loan , with an option for the Sicilians to sign the player permanently at the end of the season . He was awarded the number #89 jersey from the rosanero . He played his first game in a rosanero jersey , as well as his first Serie A game , as a second-half substitute for Marco Calderoni in a 3–1 home win versus Bologna . Trabzonspor . On 8 July 2011 , Čelůstka moved to Turkish club Trabzonspor for a transfer fee of €900,000 and signed a five-year contract . The club gave him the number 28 jersey . During a game against Inter Milan at the San Siro , Čelůstka scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 away win for Trabzonspor in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Loan to Sunderland . Čelůstka joined English Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan deal on 12 August 2013 . He made his Premier League debut for Sunderland at the Stadium of Light five days later . Čelůstka hit a half volley from 30 yards which was saved by Maarten Stekelenburg as the team began the season with a 1–0 defeat to Fulham . Čelůstka was an unused substitute as Sunderland lost 3–1 to Manchester City in the 2014 Football League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 2 March . 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 24 August 2014 , Čelůstka joined 1 . FC Nürnberg of the 2 . Bundesliga on a free transfer after being released from Trabzonspor . Antalyaspor . In July 2015 , Čelůstka agreed a move to Turkish club Antalyaspor . Sparta Prague . On 31 July 2020 , Čelůstka joined Sparta Prague of the Czech First League on a free transfer after being released from Antalyaspor . International career . Čelůstka represented the Czech Republic at under 19 and under 20 level , before being capped 18 times for the under 21s . His performances at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship saw him named in the Team of the Tournament . He made his debut for the Czech Republic full team on 15 November 2013 and scored after just three minutes in a 2–0 win against Canada . Honours . Sunderland - Football League Cup : Runner-up 2013–14 Czech Republic U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship bronze : 2011
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[
"Trabzonspor"
] |
easy
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Ondřej Čelůstka played for which team from 2011 to 2013?
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/wiki/Ondřej_Čelůstka#P54#2
|
Ondřej Čelůstka Ondřej Čelůstka ( born 18 June 1989 ; ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a defender for Czech First League club Sparta Prague . He is a member of the Czech Republic national team and represented the under-21 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . Club career . Slavia Prague . Čelůstka began his career with Fastav Zlín , making his professional debut in the Czech First League during the 2007–08 season , and then playing more regularly in the following one . His good performances then ensured him a regular place with Czech leading club Slavia Prague , with whom he made fourteen appearances and a goal in the first half of the 2009–10 Czech First League . Loan to Palermo . On 1 February 2010 , Čelůstka signed with Serie A outfit U.S . Città di Palermo on loan , with an option for the Sicilians to sign the player permanently at the end of the season . He was awarded the number #89 jersey from the rosanero . He played his first game in a rosanero jersey , as well as his first Serie A game , as a second-half substitute for Marco Calderoni in a 3–1 home win versus Bologna . Trabzonspor . On 8 July 2011 , Čelůstka moved to Turkish club Trabzonspor for a transfer fee of €900,000 and signed a five-year contract . The club gave him the number 28 jersey . During a game against Inter Milan at the San Siro , Čelůstka scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 away win for Trabzonspor in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Loan to Sunderland . Čelůstka joined English Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan deal on 12 August 2013 . He made his Premier League debut for Sunderland at the Stadium of Light five days later . Čelůstka hit a half volley from 30 yards which was saved by Maarten Stekelenburg as the team began the season with a 1–0 defeat to Fulham . Čelůstka was an unused substitute as Sunderland lost 3–1 to Manchester City in the 2014 Football League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 2 March . 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 24 August 2014 , Čelůstka joined 1 . FC Nürnberg of the 2 . Bundesliga on a free transfer after being released from Trabzonspor . Antalyaspor . In July 2015 , Čelůstka agreed a move to Turkish club Antalyaspor . Sparta Prague . On 31 July 2020 , Čelůstka joined Sparta Prague of the Czech First League on a free transfer after being released from Antalyaspor . International career . Čelůstka represented the Czech Republic at under 19 and under 20 level , before being capped 18 times for the under 21s . His performances at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship saw him named in the Team of the Tournament . He made his debut for the Czech Republic full team on 15 November 2013 and scored after just three minutes in a 2–0 win against Canada . Honours . Sunderland - Football League Cup : Runner-up 2013–14 Czech Republic U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship bronze : 2011
|
[
"Sunderland"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Ondřej Čelůstka play for from 2013 to 2014?
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/wiki/Ondřej_Čelůstka#P54#3
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Ondřej Čelůstka Ondřej Čelůstka ( born 18 June 1989 ; ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a defender for Czech First League club Sparta Prague . He is a member of the Czech Republic national team and represented the under-21 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . Club career . Slavia Prague . Čelůstka began his career with Fastav Zlín , making his professional debut in the Czech First League during the 2007–08 season , and then playing more regularly in the following one . His good performances then ensured him a regular place with Czech leading club Slavia Prague , with whom he made fourteen appearances and a goal in the first half of the 2009–10 Czech First League . Loan to Palermo . On 1 February 2010 , Čelůstka signed with Serie A outfit U.S . Città di Palermo on loan , with an option for the Sicilians to sign the player permanently at the end of the season . He was awarded the number #89 jersey from the rosanero . He played his first game in a rosanero jersey , as well as his first Serie A game , as a second-half substitute for Marco Calderoni in a 3–1 home win versus Bologna . Trabzonspor . On 8 July 2011 , Čelůstka moved to Turkish club Trabzonspor for a transfer fee of €900,000 and signed a five-year contract . The club gave him the number 28 jersey . During a game against Inter Milan at the San Siro , Čelůstka scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 away win for Trabzonspor in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Loan to Sunderland . Čelůstka joined English Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan deal on 12 August 2013 . He made his Premier League debut for Sunderland at the Stadium of Light five days later . Čelůstka hit a half volley from 30 yards which was saved by Maarten Stekelenburg as the team began the season with a 1–0 defeat to Fulham . Čelůstka was an unused substitute as Sunderland lost 3–1 to Manchester City in the 2014 Football League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 2 March . 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 24 August 2014 , Čelůstka joined 1 . FC Nürnberg of the 2 . Bundesliga on a free transfer after being released from Trabzonspor . Antalyaspor . In July 2015 , Čelůstka agreed a move to Turkish club Antalyaspor . Sparta Prague . On 31 July 2020 , Čelůstka joined Sparta Prague of the Czech First League on a free transfer after being released from Antalyaspor . International career . Čelůstka represented the Czech Republic at under 19 and under 20 level , before being capped 18 times for the under 21s . His performances at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship saw him named in the Team of the Tournament . He made his debut for the Czech Republic full team on 15 November 2013 and scored after just three minutes in a 2–0 win against Canada . Honours . Sunderland - Football League Cup : Runner-up 2013–14 Czech Republic U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship bronze : 2011
|
[
"FC Nürnberg"
] |
easy
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Which team did Ondřej Čelůstka play for from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Ondřej_Čelůstka#P54#4
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Ondřej Čelůstka Ondřej Čelůstka ( born 18 June 1989 ; ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a defender for Czech First League club Sparta Prague . He is a member of the Czech Republic national team and represented the under-21 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . Club career . Slavia Prague . Čelůstka began his career with Fastav Zlín , making his professional debut in the Czech First League during the 2007–08 season , and then playing more regularly in the following one . His good performances then ensured him a regular place with Czech leading club Slavia Prague , with whom he made fourteen appearances and a goal in the first half of the 2009–10 Czech First League . Loan to Palermo . On 1 February 2010 , Čelůstka signed with Serie A outfit U.S . Città di Palermo on loan , with an option for the Sicilians to sign the player permanently at the end of the season . He was awarded the number #89 jersey from the rosanero . He played his first game in a rosanero jersey , as well as his first Serie A game , as a second-half substitute for Marco Calderoni in a 3–1 home win versus Bologna . Trabzonspor . On 8 July 2011 , Čelůstka moved to Turkish club Trabzonspor for a transfer fee of €900,000 and signed a five-year contract . The club gave him the number 28 jersey . During a game against Inter Milan at the San Siro , Čelůstka scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 away win for Trabzonspor in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Loan to Sunderland . Čelůstka joined English Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan deal on 12 August 2013 . He made his Premier League debut for Sunderland at the Stadium of Light five days later . Čelůstka hit a half volley from 30 yards which was saved by Maarten Stekelenburg as the team began the season with a 1–0 defeat to Fulham . Čelůstka was an unused substitute as Sunderland lost 3–1 to Manchester City in the 2014 Football League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 2 March . 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 24 August 2014 , Čelůstka joined 1 . FC Nürnberg of the 2 . Bundesliga on a free transfer after being released from Trabzonspor . Antalyaspor . In July 2015 , Čelůstka agreed a move to Turkish club Antalyaspor . Sparta Prague . On 31 July 2020 , Čelůstka joined Sparta Prague of the Czech First League on a free transfer after being released from Antalyaspor . International career . Čelůstka represented the Czech Republic at under 19 and under 20 level , before being capped 18 times for the under 21s . His performances at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship saw him named in the Team of the Tournament . He made his debut for the Czech Republic full team on 15 November 2013 and scored after just three minutes in a 2–0 win against Canada . Honours . Sunderland - Football League Cup : Runner-up 2013–14 Czech Republic U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship bronze : 2011
|
[
"Antalyaspor"
] |
easy
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Ondřej Čelůstka played for which team from 2015 to 2016?
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/wiki/Ondřej_Čelůstka#P54#5
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Ondřej Čelůstka Ondřej Čelůstka ( born 18 June 1989 ; ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays as a defender for Czech First League club Sparta Prague . He is a member of the Czech Republic national team and represented the under-21 team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship . Club career . Slavia Prague . Čelůstka began his career with Fastav Zlín , making his professional debut in the Czech First League during the 2007–08 season , and then playing more regularly in the following one . His good performances then ensured him a regular place with Czech leading club Slavia Prague , with whom he made fourteen appearances and a goal in the first half of the 2009–10 Czech First League . Loan to Palermo . On 1 February 2010 , Čelůstka signed with Serie A outfit U.S . Città di Palermo on loan , with an option for the Sicilians to sign the player permanently at the end of the season . He was awarded the number #89 jersey from the rosanero . He played his first game in a rosanero jersey , as well as his first Serie A game , as a second-half substitute for Marco Calderoni in a 3–1 home win versus Bologna . Trabzonspor . On 8 July 2011 , Čelůstka moved to Turkish club Trabzonspor for a transfer fee of €900,000 and signed a five-year contract . The club gave him the number 28 jersey . During a game against Inter Milan at the San Siro , Čelůstka scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 away win for Trabzonspor in the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League . Loan to Sunderland . Čelůstka joined English Premier League club Sunderland on a season-long loan deal on 12 August 2013 . He made his Premier League debut for Sunderland at the Stadium of Light five days later . Čelůstka hit a half volley from 30 yards which was saved by Maarten Stekelenburg as the team began the season with a 1–0 defeat to Fulham . Čelůstka was an unused substitute as Sunderland lost 3–1 to Manchester City in the 2014 Football League Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 2 March . 1 . FC Nürnberg . On 24 August 2014 , Čelůstka joined 1 . FC Nürnberg of the 2 . Bundesliga on a free transfer after being released from Trabzonspor . Antalyaspor . In July 2015 , Čelůstka agreed a move to Turkish club Antalyaspor . Sparta Prague . On 31 July 2020 , Čelůstka joined Sparta Prague of the Czech First League on a free transfer after being released from Antalyaspor . International career . Čelůstka represented the Czech Republic at under 19 and under 20 level , before being capped 18 times for the under 21s . His performances at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship saw him named in the Team of the Tournament . He made his debut for the Czech Republic full team on 15 November 2013 and scored after just three minutes in a 2–0 win against Canada . Honours . Sunderland - Football League Cup : Runner-up 2013–14 Czech Republic U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship bronze : 2011
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[
"Member of Parliament for Clwyd South",
"Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harriet Harman MP",
"Shadow Secretary of State for International Development"
] |
easy
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What position did Susan Elan Jones take from May 2010 to Mar 2015?
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/wiki/Susan_Elan_Jones#P39#0
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Susan Elan Jones Susan Elan Jones ( born 1 June 1968 ) is a former British Labour Party politician , who was elected at the 2010 general election as the Member of Parliament for Clwyd South , replacing the previous Labour MP Martyn Jones after his retirement . She returned to the voluntary sector after leaving Parliament . Biography . Jones comes from Ponciau near Rhosllannerchrugog and studied at Bristol University and Cardiff University . She worked as a charity manager and professional fundraiser for 15 years before becoming an MP . In the 1997 general election , Jones stood for Labour in Surrey Heath , coming third . From 2006 to 2009 she was a councillor in the London Borough of Southwark and was deputy leader of the opposition from 2007 to 2009 . Parliamentary career . Following the 2010 general election , as the new Member of Parliament for Clwyd South , Jones took her Parliamentary Oath of Allegiance to the Queen in Welsh ; she is fluent in the language . When making her maiden speech in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on 9 June 2010 Jones spoke of the historic discrimination faced by speakers of the Welsh language . In her speech , she compared the ordinary people who campaigned for the Welsh language at times when it had not been fashionable to do so as civil rights activists in the mould of Mrs Rosa Parks . During her time as MP she returned to the issue in her speeches in the Commons , including on the Welsh television channel S4C and campaigned successfully for Welsh to be used in Parliament at meetings of the Welsh Grand Committee She campaigned on military issues , and used her first appearance at Prime Ministers Questions to support a Royal British Legion campaign against the planned abolition of the Chief Coroners office , which they argued would have undermined the independence and quality of investigations into military deaths . Prime Minister David Cameron reversed his decision two weeks later and announced that the service would not be scrapped . She assailed Conservative Justice Secretary Kenneth Clarke over secret inquests opposed by military families , provoking a swipe at the Royal British Legion from the Minister . She frequently backed various local business interests in parliamentary debates , including solar panel businesses concerned about cuts to subsidies for domestic solar panels , and wood panelling businesses which employ many people in the Clwyd South constituency . Jones strongly advocated the publication of all MPs expenses and published her own expense claims on her website each month . She is a past recipient of the Brake Parliamentarian of the Year award for her campaigning on road safety . From October 2010 to October 2011 , Jones served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harriet Harman MP , the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party , in her role as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development . In the October 2011 reshuffle , Jones was appointed to the Labour front bench as a Whip . Jones resigned from Jeremy Corbyns Shadow Ministerial Team , along with dozens of her colleagues , in June 2016 and , in calling Corbyn unelectable , also urged him to resign as Labour leader . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Via a statement on her website , Jones called Brexit a disaster and supported the campaign for a Peoples Vote on the final Brexit deal . Jones is a proponent of proportional representation and a supporter of the Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform . She was defeated in the 2019 United Kingdom general election . Voluntary Sector . Susan Elan Jones returned to the voluntary sector after leaving Parliament . As an MP , she was Co-Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group for Charities and Volunteering . She served as a member of the Bill Committees for the Small Charitable Donations Bill , the Small Charitable Donations and Childcare Payments Bill and the National Citizen Service Bill . Jones co-authored the Red Book of the Voluntary Sector ( CAF/ACEVO,2015 ) and has also written on social enterprises and Corporate Social Responsibility . She is a regular platform speaker at voluntary sector conferences and events . Jones introduced the Charity Trustees ( Time Off for Duties ) Bill to Parliament in March 2019 . External links . - Susan Jones MP Labour Party profile - Susan Jones MP Welsh Labour Party profile
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[
"Co-Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group for Charities and Volunteering"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Susan Elan Jones from May 2015 to May 2017?
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/wiki/Susan_Elan_Jones#P39#1
|
Susan Elan Jones Susan Elan Jones ( born 1 June 1968 ) is a former British Labour Party politician , who was elected at the 2010 general election as the Member of Parliament for Clwyd South , replacing the previous Labour MP Martyn Jones after his retirement . She returned to the voluntary sector after leaving Parliament . Biography . Jones comes from Ponciau near Rhosllannerchrugog and studied at Bristol University and Cardiff University . She worked as a charity manager and professional fundraiser for 15 years before becoming an MP . In the 1997 general election , Jones stood for Labour in Surrey Heath , coming third . From 2006 to 2009 she was a councillor in the London Borough of Southwark and was deputy leader of the opposition from 2007 to 2009 . Parliamentary career . Following the 2010 general election , as the new Member of Parliament for Clwyd South , Jones took her Parliamentary Oath of Allegiance to the Queen in Welsh ; she is fluent in the language . When making her maiden speech in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on 9 June 2010 Jones spoke of the historic discrimination faced by speakers of the Welsh language . In her speech , she compared the ordinary people who campaigned for the Welsh language at times when it had not been fashionable to do so as civil rights activists in the mould of Mrs Rosa Parks . During her time as MP she returned to the issue in her speeches in the Commons , including on the Welsh television channel S4C and campaigned successfully for Welsh to be used in Parliament at meetings of the Welsh Grand Committee She campaigned on military issues , and used her first appearance at Prime Ministers Questions to support a Royal British Legion campaign against the planned abolition of the Chief Coroners office , which they argued would have undermined the independence and quality of investigations into military deaths . Prime Minister David Cameron reversed his decision two weeks later and announced that the service would not be scrapped . She assailed Conservative Justice Secretary Kenneth Clarke over secret inquests opposed by military families , provoking a swipe at the Royal British Legion from the Minister . She frequently backed various local business interests in parliamentary debates , including solar panel businesses concerned about cuts to subsidies for domestic solar panels , and wood panelling businesses which employ many people in the Clwyd South constituency . Jones strongly advocated the publication of all MPs expenses and published her own expense claims on her website each month . She is a past recipient of the Brake Parliamentarian of the Year award for her campaigning on road safety . From October 2010 to October 2011 , Jones served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harriet Harman MP , the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party , in her role as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development . In the October 2011 reshuffle , Jones was appointed to the Labour front bench as a Whip . Jones resigned from Jeremy Corbyns Shadow Ministerial Team , along with dozens of her colleagues , in June 2016 and , in calling Corbyn unelectable , also urged him to resign as Labour leader . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Via a statement on her website , Jones called Brexit a disaster and supported the campaign for a Peoples Vote on the final Brexit deal . Jones is a proponent of proportional representation and a supporter of the Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform . She was defeated in the 2019 United Kingdom general election . Voluntary Sector . Susan Elan Jones returned to the voluntary sector after leaving Parliament . As an MP , she was Co-Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group for Charities and Volunteering . She served as a member of the Bill Committees for the Small Charitable Donations Bill , the Small Charitable Donations and Childcare Payments Bill and the National Citizen Service Bill . Jones co-authored the Red Book of the Voluntary Sector ( CAF/ACEVO,2015 ) and has also written on social enterprises and Corporate Social Responsibility . She is a regular platform speaker at voluntary sector conferences and events . Jones introduced the Charity Trustees ( Time Off for Duties ) Bill to Parliament in March 2019 . External links . - Susan Jones MP Labour Party profile - Susan Jones MP Welsh Labour Party profile
|
[
""
] |
easy
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What position did Susan Elan Jones take from Jun 2017 to Nov 2018?
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/wiki/Susan_Elan_Jones#P39#2
|
Susan Elan Jones Susan Elan Jones ( born 1 June 1968 ) is a former British Labour Party politician , who was elected at the 2010 general election as the Member of Parliament for Clwyd South , replacing the previous Labour MP Martyn Jones after his retirement . She returned to the voluntary sector after leaving Parliament . Biography . Jones comes from Ponciau near Rhosllannerchrugog and studied at Bristol University and Cardiff University . She worked as a charity manager and professional fundraiser for 15 years before becoming an MP . In the 1997 general election , Jones stood for Labour in Surrey Heath , coming third . From 2006 to 2009 she was a councillor in the London Borough of Southwark and was deputy leader of the opposition from 2007 to 2009 . Parliamentary career . Following the 2010 general election , as the new Member of Parliament for Clwyd South , Jones took her Parliamentary Oath of Allegiance to the Queen in Welsh ; she is fluent in the language . When making her maiden speech in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on 9 June 2010 Jones spoke of the historic discrimination faced by speakers of the Welsh language . In her speech , she compared the ordinary people who campaigned for the Welsh language at times when it had not been fashionable to do so as civil rights activists in the mould of Mrs Rosa Parks . During her time as MP she returned to the issue in her speeches in the Commons , including on the Welsh television channel S4C and campaigned successfully for Welsh to be used in Parliament at meetings of the Welsh Grand Committee She campaigned on military issues , and used her first appearance at Prime Ministers Questions to support a Royal British Legion campaign against the planned abolition of the Chief Coroners office , which they argued would have undermined the independence and quality of investigations into military deaths . Prime Minister David Cameron reversed his decision two weeks later and announced that the service would not be scrapped . She assailed Conservative Justice Secretary Kenneth Clarke over secret inquests opposed by military families , provoking a swipe at the Royal British Legion from the Minister . She frequently backed various local business interests in parliamentary debates , including solar panel businesses concerned about cuts to subsidies for domestic solar panels , and wood panelling businesses which employ many people in the Clwyd South constituency . Jones strongly advocated the publication of all MPs expenses and published her own expense claims on her website each month . She is a past recipient of the Brake Parliamentarian of the Year award for her campaigning on road safety . From October 2010 to October 2011 , Jones served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harriet Harman MP , the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party , in her role as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development . In the October 2011 reshuffle , Jones was appointed to the Labour front bench as a Whip . Jones resigned from Jeremy Corbyns Shadow Ministerial Team , along with dozens of her colleagues , in June 2016 and , in calling Corbyn unelectable , also urged him to resign as Labour leader . She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Via a statement on her website , Jones called Brexit a disaster and supported the campaign for a Peoples Vote on the final Brexit deal . Jones is a proponent of proportional representation and a supporter of the Labour Campaign for Electoral Reform . She was defeated in the 2019 United Kingdom general election . Voluntary Sector . Susan Elan Jones returned to the voluntary sector after leaving Parliament . As an MP , she was Co-Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group for Charities and Volunteering . She served as a member of the Bill Committees for the Small Charitable Donations Bill , the Small Charitable Donations and Childcare Payments Bill and the National Citizen Service Bill . Jones co-authored the Red Book of the Voluntary Sector ( CAF/ACEVO,2015 ) and has also written on social enterprises and Corporate Social Responsibility . She is a regular platform speaker at voluntary sector conferences and events . Jones introduced the Charity Trustees ( Time Off for Duties ) Bill to Parliament in March 2019 . External links . - Susan Jones MP Labour Party profile - Susan Jones MP Welsh Labour Party profile
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[
""
] |
easy
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What was the residence of Manuel José Arce from Aug 1830 to Nov 1831?
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/wiki/Manuel_José_Arce#P551#0
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Manuel José Arce General Manuel José Arce y Fagoaga ( January 1 , 1787 in San Salvador – December 14 , 1847 in San Salvador ) was a decorated General and president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1825 to 1829 , followed by Francisco Morazán . Background . Manuel José Arce was the son of Spaniard Bernardo José de Arce , the Colonial Intendant of the Intendancy of San Salvador from 1800 until 1801 , and Antonia Fagoaga . He was born in what is now El Salvador . In 1801 he was sent to Guatemala to continue his education . There he graduated in philosophy from the Colegio de San Francisco Borja . He began the study of medicine at the Universidad de San Carlos de Borromeo , but it was interrupted because of his fathers sickness . In December 1808 , he married Felipa de Aranzamendi y Aguiar in San Salvador . Independence movement . Arce joined the movement for independence from Spain , joining in the first Cry for Independence on November 5 , 1811 in San Salvador . It was led by his uncle , Jose Matias Delgado , the vicar of San Salvador . The rebels held the government for nearly a month before royal authority was restored from Guatemala . Arce was also involved in the second uprising that began January 22 , 1814 . This cost him four years in prison . He strongly opposed the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide . In April 1822 Manuel Arzú , in command of Guatemalan troops supporting Mexico , occupied the cities of Santa Ana , El Salvador , and Sonsonate . On June 3 , 1822 , Arzú entered San Salvador , reaching the Plaza Mayor . Nine hours of fighting resulted in many casualties and burned houses . Colonel Arce was one of the commanders of the Salvadoran defenders . Arce was also a member of the resistance towards the movement that was requesting annexation to the United States . The government of El Salvador had requested annexation to the United States on December 2 , 1822 . In October 1823 he left the United States to return to El Salvador . He stopped in Mexico . There he tried to raise a force to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule but it failed . As president . Also in October 1823 he was elected a member of the executive triumvirate of Central America . He accepted this post on March 15 , 1824 on his return to the country , serving until October 20 , 1824 . During this time the government succeeded in pacifying Nicaragua , with a minimum of violence . Presidential elections were held in 1825 , and José Cecilio del Valle won the most votes . The Liberals , however , controlled the federal Congress , and they decided that Valle had not won an absolute majority . They chose Arce as president . He served from April 29 , 1825 to April 13 , 1829 . He soon lost the support of the Liberals in Congress . After 1826 neither house of the federal Congress met . Arce obtained some support from the clergy and the Conservative Party , but there were difficulties with the State of Guatemala . He deposed the Guatemalan state governor , Juan Barrundia , a Liberal , and replaced him . The Salvadoran state government was angry and rebelled , and a civil war started that lasted from 1826 to 1829 . On 1829 Arce called Vice President Mariano Beltranena y Llano to temporarily exercise the presidency , but when Arce wanted to resume it , Beltranena refused and remained in office until April 1829 where the liberals troops entered Guatemala City and overthrew his administration . Later life . In 1832 he was in Soconusco in Mexico , where he organized a military expedition against the federal government of Francisco Morazán . Arce was defeated on February 24 , 1832 . He finally returned to El Salvador in 1842 , but soon he fled to Honduras and Guatemala . In April and May 1844 he directed some armed attempts to overthrow Francisco Malespín in El Salvador . He returned again to the country in the middle of 1845 . He left politics for a more private life in 1846 , working on his book Brief Indications for the Reorganization of Central America . Arce died in poverty in San Salvador on December 14 , 1847 . His remains were interred at La Merced Church in San Salvador . On November 28 , 1947 the Legislature elevated the town of El Chilamatal to a city , renaming it in the process city of Ciudad Arce . External links . - Short biography - Brief biography - Some background information from Britannica Online
|
[
"Soconusco in Mexico"
] |
easy
|
Where did Manuel José Arce live from Nov 1831 to 1842?
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/wiki/Manuel_José_Arce#P551#1
|
Manuel José Arce General Manuel José Arce y Fagoaga ( January 1 , 1787 in San Salvador – December 14 , 1847 in San Salvador ) was a decorated General and president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1825 to 1829 , followed by Francisco Morazán . Background . Manuel José Arce was the son of Spaniard Bernardo José de Arce , the Colonial Intendant of the Intendancy of San Salvador from 1800 until 1801 , and Antonia Fagoaga . He was born in what is now El Salvador . In 1801 he was sent to Guatemala to continue his education . There he graduated in philosophy from the Colegio de San Francisco Borja . He began the study of medicine at the Universidad de San Carlos de Borromeo , but it was interrupted because of his fathers sickness . In December 1808 , he married Felipa de Aranzamendi y Aguiar in San Salvador . Independence movement . Arce joined the movement for independence from Spain , joining in the first Cry for Independence on November 5 , 1811 in San Salvador . It was led by his uncle , Jose Matias Delgado , the vicar of San Salvador . The rebels held the government for nearly a month before royal authority was restored from Guatemala . Arce was also involved in the second uprising that began January 22 , 1814 . This cost him four years in prison . He strongly opposed the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide . In April 1822 Manuel Arzú , in command of Guatemalan troops supporting Mexico , occupied the cities of Santa Ana , El Salvador , and Sonsonate . On June 3 , 1822 , Arzú entered San Salvador , reaching the Plaza Mayor . Nine hours of fighting resulted in many casualties and burned houses . Colonel Arce was one of the commanders of the Salvadoran defenders . Arce was also a member of the resistance towards the movement that was requesting annexation to the United States . The government of El Salvador had requested annexation to the United States on December 2 , 1822 . In October 1823 he left the United States to return to El Salvador . He stopped in Mexico . There he tried to raise a force to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule but it failed . As president . Also in October 1823 he was elected a member of the executive triumvirate of Central America . He accepted this post on March 15 , 1824 on his return to the country , serving until October 20 , 1824 . During this time the government succeeded in pacifying Nicaragua , with a minimum of violence . Presidential elections were held in 1825 , and José Cecilio del Valle won the most votes . The Liberals , however , controlled the federal Congress , and they decided that Valle had not won an absolute majority . They chose Arce as president . He served from April 29 , 1825 to April 13 , 1829 . He soon lost the support of the Liberals in Congress . After 1826 neither house of the federal Congress met . Arce obtained some support from the clergy and the Conservative Party , but there were difficulties with the State of Guatemala . He deposed the Guatemalan state governor , Juan Barrundia , a Liberal , and replaced him . The Salvadoran state government was angry and rebelled , and a civil war started that lasted from 1826 to 1829 . On 1829 Arce called Vice President Mariano Beltranena y Llano to temporarily exercise the presidency , but when Arce wanted to resume it , Beltranena refused and remained in office until April 1829 where the liberals troops entered Guatemala City and overthrew his administration . Later life . In 1832 he was in Soconusco in Mexico , where he organized a military expedition against the federal government of Francisco Morazán . Arce was defeated on February 24 , 1832 . He finally returned to El Salvador in 1842 , but soon he fled to Honduras and Guatemala . In April and May 1844 he directed some armed attempts to overthrow Francisco Malespín in El Salvador . He returned again to the country in the middle of 1845 . He left politics for a more private life in 1846 , working on his book Brief Indications for the Reorganization of Central America . Arce died in poverty in San Salvador on December 14 , 1847 . His remains were interred at La Merced Church in San Salvador . On November 28 , 1947 the Legislature elevated the town of El Chilamatal to a city , renaming it in the process city of Ciudad Arce . External links . - Short biography - Brief biography - Some background information from Britannica Online
|
[
"El Salvador",
"Honduras",
"Guatemala"
] |
easy
|
What was the residence of Manuel José Arce from 1842 to 1844?
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/wiki/Manuel_José_Arce#P551#2
|
Manuel José Arce General Manuel José Arce y Fagoaga ( January 1 , 1787 in San Salvador – December 14 , 1847 in San Salvador ) was a decorated General and president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1825 to 1829 , followed by Francisco Morazán . Background . Manuel José Arce was the son of Spaniard Bernardo José de Arce , the Colonial Intendant of the Intendancy of San Salvador from 1800 until 1801 , and Antonia Fagoaga . He was born in what is now El Salvador . In 1801 he was sent to Guatemala to continue his education . There he graduated in philosophy from the Colegio de San Francisco Borja . He began the study of medicine at the Universidad de San Carlos de Borromeo , but it was interrupted because of his fathers sickness . In December 1808 , he married Felipa de Aranzamendi y Aguiar in San Salvador . Independence movement . Arce joined the movement for independence from Spain , joining in the first Cry for Independence on November 5 , 1811 in San Salvador . It was led by his uncle , Jose Matias Delgado , the vicar of San Salvador . The rebels held the government for nearly a month before royal authority was restored from Guatemala . Arce was also involved in the second uprising that began January 22 , 1814 . This cost him four years in prison . He strongly opposed the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide . In April 1822 Manuel Arzú , in command of Guatemalan troops supporting Mexico , occupied the cities of Santa Ana , El Salvador , and Sonsonate . On June 3 , 1822 , Arzú entered San Salvador , reaching the Plaza Mayor . Nine hours of fighting resulted in many casualties and burned houses . Colonel Arce was one of the commanders of the Salvadoran defenders . Arce was also a member of the resistance towards the movement that was requesting annexation to the United States . The government of El Salvador had requested annexation to the United States on December 2 , 1822 . In October 1823 he left the United States to return to El Salvador . He stopped in Mexico . There he tried to raise a force to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule but it failed . As president . Also in October 1823 he was elected a member of the executive triumvirate of Central America . He accepted this post on March 15 , 1824 on his return to the country , serving until October 20 , 1824 . During this time the government succeeded in pacifying Nicaragua , with a minimum of violence . Presidential elections were held in 1825 , and José Cecilio del Valle won the most votes . The Liberals , however , controlled the federal Congress , and they decided that Valle had not won an absolute majority . They chose Arce as president . He served from April 29 , 1825 to April 13 , 1829 . He soon lost the support of the Liberals in Congress . After 1826 neither house of the federal Congress met . Arce obtained some support from the clergy and the Conservative Party , but there were difficulties with the State of Guatemala . He deposed the Guatemalan state governor , Juan Barrundia , a Liberal , and replaced him . The Salvadoran state government was angry and rebelled , and a civil war started that lasted from 1826 to 1829 . On 1829 Arce called Vice President Mariano Beltranena y Llano to temporarily exercise the presidency , but when Arce wanted to resume it , Beltranena refused and remained in office until April 1829 where the liberals troops entered Guatemala City and overthrew his administration . Later life . In 1832 he was in Soconusco in Mexico , where he organized a military expedition against the federal government of Francisco Morazán . Arce was defeated on February 24 , 1832 . He finally returned to El Salvador in 1842 , but soon he fled to Honduras and Guatemala . In April and May 1844 he directed some armed attempts to overthrow Francisco Malespín in El Salvador . He returned again to the country in the middle of 1845 . He left politics for a more private life in 1846 , working on his book Brief Indications for the Reorganization of Central America . Arce died in poverty in San Salvador on December 14 , 1847 . His remains were interred at La Merced Church in San Salvador . On November 28 , 1947 the Legislature elevated the town of El Chilamatal to a city , renaming it in the process city of Ciudad Arce . External links . - Short biography - Brief biography - Some background information from Britannica Online
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[
"El Salvador"
] |
easy
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Where did Manuel José Arce live from 1845 to 1846?
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/wiki/Manuel_José_Arce#P551#3
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Manuel José Arce General Manuel José Arce y Fagoaga ( January 1 , 1787 in San Salvador – December 14 , 1847 in San Salvador ) was a decorated General and president of the Federal Republic of Central America from 1825 to 1829 , followed by Francisco Morazán . Background . Manuel José Arce was the son of Spaniard Bernardo José de Arce , the Colonial Intendant of the Intendancy of San Salvador from 1800 until 1801 , and Antonia Fagoaga . He was born in what is now El Salvador . In 1801 he was sent to Guatemala to continue his education . There he graduated in philosophy from the Colegio de San Francisco Borja . He began the study of medicine at the Universidad de San Carlos de Borromeo , but it was interrupted because of his fathers sickness . In December 1808 , he married Felipa de Aranzamendi y Aguiar in San Salvador . Independence movement . Arce joined the movement for independence from Spain , joining in the first Cry for Independence on November 5 , 1811 in San Salvador . It was led by his uncle , Jose Matias Delgado , the vicar of San Salvador . The rebels held the government for nearly a month before royal authority was restored from Guatemala . Arce was also involved in the second uprising that began January 22 , 1814 . This cost him four years in prison . He strongly opposed the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide . In April 1822 Manuel Arzú , in command of Guatemalan troops supporting Mexico , occupied the cities of Santa Ana , El Salvador , and Sonsonate . On June 3 , 1822 , Arzú entered San Salvador , reaching the Plaza Mayor . Nine hours of fighting resulted in many casualties and burned houses . Colonel Arce was one of the commanders of the Salvadoran defenders . Arce was also a member of the resistance towards the movement that was requesting annexation to the United States . The government of El Salvador had requested annexation to the United States on December 2 , 1822 . In October 1823 he left the United States to return to El Salvador . He stopped in Mexico . There he tried to raise a force to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule but it failed . As president . Also in October 1823 he was elected a member of the executive triumvirate of Central America . He accepted this post on March 15 , 1824 on his return to the country , serving until October 20 , 1824 . During this time the government succeeded in pacifying Nicaragua , with a minimum of violence . Presidential elections were held in 1825 , and José Cecilio del Valle won the most votes . The Liberals , however , controlled the federal Congress , and they decided that Valle had not won an absolute majority . They chose Arce as president . He served from April 29 , 1825 to April 13 , 1829 . He soon lost the support of the Liberals in Congress . After 1826 neither house of the federal Congress met . Arce obtained some support from the clergy and the Conservative Party , but there were difficulties with the State of Guatemala . He deposed the Guatemalan state governor , Juan Barrundia , a Liberal , and replaced him . The Salvadoran state government was angry and rebelled , and a civil war started that lasted from 1826 to 1829 . On 1829 Arce called Vice President Mariano Beltranena y Llano to temporarily exercise the presidency , but when Arce wanted to resume it , Beltranena refused and remained in office until April 1829 where the liberals troops entered Guatemala City and overthrew his administration . Later life . In 1832 he was in Soconusco in Mexico , where he organized a military expedition against the federal government of Francisco Morazán . Arce was defeated on February 24 , 1832 . He finally returned to El Salvador in 1842 , but soon he fled to Honduras and Guatemala . In April and May 1844 he directed some armed attempts to overthrow Francisco Malespín in El Salvador . He returned again to the country in the middle of 1845 . He left politics for a more private life in 1846 , working on his book Brief Indications for the Reorganization of Central America . Arce died in poverty in San Salvador on December 14 , 1847 . His remains were interred at La Merced Church in San Salvador . On November 28 , 1947 the Legislature elevated the town of El Chilamatal to a city , renaming it in the process city of Ciudad Arce . External links . - Short biography - Brief biography - Some background information from Britannica Online
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[
"Lübeck , Germany"
] |
easy
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What was the residence of Luis Camnitzer in Nov 1937?
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/wiki/Luis_Camnitzer#P551#0
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Luis Camnitzer Luis Camnitzer ( born November 6 , 1937 ) is a German-born Uruguayan artist , curator , art critic , and academic who was at the forefront of 1960s Conceptual Art . Camnitzer works primarily in sculpture , printmaking , and installation , exploring topics such as repression , institutional critique , and social justice . For over five decades , his practice has explored the psychological and political dimensions of language . Early life and education . Luis Camnitzer was born in Lübeck , Germany in 1937 and moved to Montevideo , Uruguay in 1939 . In 1953 , he studied at the University of Montevideos Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes , where he concentrated on sculpture and architecture . In 1957 , Camnitzer received a grant from the German government to study at Akademie der Bildenden Künste München At the Akademie , Camnitzer was mentored by sculptor Heinrich Kirchner . Career and Practice . In 1960 Camnitzer held his first solo exhibition at the Centro de Artes y Letras Montevideo and the following year began teaching at the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes . Camnitzer subsequently moved from Montevideo to New York City in 1964 . In New York , he and fellow artists Liliana Porter and José Guillermo Castillo founded the New York Graphic Workshop ( 1964–1970 ) , a studio focused on redefining the medium of printmaking and dedicated to reviving its importance as a contemporary art form . Concurrent to his practice with the New York Graphic Workshop , Camnitzer produced foundational works that explored the reflexive relationships between the viewer and artwork by means of language , such as This Is a Mirror , You Are a Written Sentence ( 1966–68 ) . Beginning in the late 1960s and evolving into the 1970s and 80s , his practice also expanded to examine socio-political issues , including the oppression and cruelty of military dictatorships in Latin America . As an example , his work Leftovers ( 1970 ) consists of 80 stacked boxes , stained with fake blood and wrapped with surgical bandages , alluding to state-sanctioned violence and repression during dictatorship . Also in this period , Camnitzer produced a series of object-boxes in which ordinary items were placed inside wood-framed glass boxes with textually descriptive brass plaques . Infusing the material approach of the object-boxes with political content , Camnitzer produced one of his most important works , the Uruguayan Torture Series ( 1983–84 ) . This series of photo-etchings emphasizes the artists interest in combining socio-political critique with the psychological implications of text and images . Since the 1980s Camnitzer has produced installations and site-specific works , such as A Museum is a School ( 2009–present ) , in addition to his continuing practice in printmaking . In 2018 a retrospective exhibition , Luis Camnitzer : Hospicio Para Utopias Fallidas , opened at Museo Reina Sofia . Themes . Since the 1960s , Camnitzer has focused on political subjects including identity , language , freedom , ethics , and historical tragedy . As Jane Farver discusses , conceptual in nature , [ Camnitzers ] work is powerful and evocative ; it is often humorous , and sometimes deeply disturbing . Always , he challenges and implicates the viewer Personal life . Camnitzer is a Uruguayan citizen . He lives and works in Great Neck , New York and taught at SUNY Old Westbury , where he is currently professor emeritus . Camnitzer has written several books , including New Art of Cuba ( 1994 ) and Conceptualism in Latin American Art : Didactics of Liberation ( 2007 ) . He is represented by Alexander Gray Associates . Representation in public collections . - ARCO Corporation , New York , NY - Biblioteca Communale , Milan , Italy - Bibliotheque Nationale , Paris , France - Blanton Museum of Art , University of Texas , Austin , TX - Cabinet of Drawings and Prints of the Uffizzi , Florence , Italy - Casa de las Américas , Havana , Cuba - Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea , Santiago de Compostela , Spain - Centro Wifredo Lam , Havana , Cuba - Colby College Museum of Art , Waterville , ME - Colección Patrica Phelps de Cisneros , Caracas , Venezuela/New York , NY - Daros-Latinaamerica , Zürich , Switzerland - Fonds Régional d’Art Contemporain de Lorraine , France - Israel Museum , Jerusalem , Israel - J . Paul Getty Museum , Los Angeles , CA - The Jewish Museum , New York , NY - Library of Jerusalem , Israel - Malmö Stad , Sweden - Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , NY - Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León , León , Spain - Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires , Argentina - Museo de Arte Moderno , Bogotá , Colombia - Museo de Arte Moderno , Buenos Aires , Argentina - Museo de Arte Moderno , Cartagena , Colombia - Museo de Arte y Diseño Contemporáneo , San José , Costa Rica - Museo de Artes Plásticas , Montevideo , Uruguay - Museo de Bellas Artes , Caracas , Venezuela - Museo de Gráfica y Dibujo Latinoamericano , Roldanillo , Colombia - El Museo del Barrio , New York , NY - Museo del Grabado , Buenos Aires , Argentina - Museo La Tertulia , Cali , Colombia - Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía , Madrid , Spain - Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales , Montevideo , Uruguay - Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes , Havana , Cuba - Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes , Santiago , Chile - Museo Universitario de Arte Contemporáneo , Mexico City , Mexico - Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidad de São Paulo , Brazil - Museum Lodz , Łódź , Poland - Museum of Contemporary Art , Skopje , Republic of Macedonia - Museum of Contemporary Graphic Art , Fredrikstad , Norway - Museum of Fine Arts , Houston , TX - The Museum of Modern Art , New York , NY - Museum Wiesbaden , Germany - National Museum of Modern Art , Baghdad , Iraq - The New York Public Library , New York , NY - Queens Museum , New York , NY - São Paulo Museum of Art , Brazil - Smithsonian American Art Museum , Washington , DC - Snite Museum , Notre Dame University , South Bend , IN - Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York - Tate Modern , London , United Kingdom - Walker Art Center , Minneapolis , MN - Whitney Museum of American Art , New York , NY - Yeshiva University , New York , NY Awards and Recognition . - 2014 Premio Anuale de Literature 2014 , Ensayo de Arte , Ministry of Education and Culture , Uruguay - 2012 United States Artists Ford Fellow , Visual Arts John Jones Art on Paper Award , Art Dubai : Skowhegan Medal for Conceptual & Interdisciplinary Practices - 2011 Frank Jewett Mather Award , College Art Association - 2002 Konex Mercosur Award for Uruguay - 1998 Latin American Art Critic of the Year Award , Argentine Association of Art Critics - 1996 First Prize , ES96 , Tijuana Salón Internacional de Estandartes - 1991 Art Matters Foundation - 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship for Visual Art - 1978 Creative Arts Program Services for Sculpture - 1974 Prize , British International Print Biennial - 1970 Prize , Biennial de San Juan del Grabado Latinoamericano , San Juan , Puerto Rico - 1968 Purchase Prize , Museum of Trenton , New Jersey - 1965 Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture - 1961 Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Printmaking External links . - Luis Camnitzer in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art - Luis Camnitzer artist page , Alexander Gray Associates
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[
"Lübeck , Germany",
"Montevideo , Uruguay"
] |
easy
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Where did Luis Camnitzer live from 1938 to 1964?
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/wiki/Luis_Camnitzer#P551#1
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Luis Camnitzer Luis Camnitzer ( born November 6 , 1937 ) is a German-born Uruguayan artist , curator , art critic , and academic who was at the forefront of 1960s Conceptual Art . Camnitzer works primarily in sculpture , printmaking , and installation , exploring topics such as repression , institutional critique , and social justice . For over five decades , his practice has explored the psychological and political dimensions of language . Early life and education . Luis Camnitzer was born in Lübeck , Germany in 1937 and moved to Montevideo , Uruguay in 1939 . In 1953 , he studied at the University of Montevideos Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes , where he concentrated on sculpture and architecture . In 1957 , Camnitzer received a grant from the German government to study at Akademie der Bildenden Künste München At the Akademie , Camnitzer was mentored by sculptor Heinrich Kirchner . Career and Practice . In 1960 Camnitzer held his first solo exhibition at the Centro de Artes y Letras Montevideo and the following year began teaching at the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes . Camnitzer subsequently moved from Montevideo to New York City in 1964 . In New York , he and fellow artists Liliana Porter and José Guillermo Castillo founded the New York Graphic Workshop ( 1964–1970 ) , a studio focused on redefining the medium of printmaking and dedicated to reviving its importance as a contemporary art form . Concurrent to his practice with the New York Graphic Workshop , Camnitzer produced foundational works that explored the reflexive relationships between the viewer and artwork by means of language , such as This Is a Mirror , You Are a Written Sentence ( 1966–68 ) . Beginning in the late 1960s and evolving into the 1970s and 80s , his practice also expanded to examine socio-political issues , including the oppression and cruelty of military dictatorships in Latin America . As an example , his work Leftovers ( 1970 ) consists of 80 stacked boxes , stained with fake blood and wrapped with surgical bandages , alluding to state-sanctioned violence and repression during dictatorship . Also in this period , Camnitzer produced a series of object-boxes in which ordinary items were placed inside wood-framed glass boxes with textually descriptive brass plaques . Infusing the material approach of the object-boxes with political content , Camnitzer produced one of his most important works , the Uruguayan Torture Series ( 1983–84 ) . This series of photo-etchings emphasizes the artists interest in combining socio-political critique with the psychological implications of text and images . Since the 1980s Camnitzer has produced installations and site-specific works , such as A Museum is a School ( 2009–present ) , in addition to his continuing practice in printmaking . In 2018 a retrospective exhibition , Luis Camnitzer : Hospicio Para Utopias Fallidas , opened at Museo Reina Sofia . Themes . Since the 1960s , Camnitzer has focused on political subjects including identity , language , freedom , ethics , and historical tragedy . As Jane Farver discusses , conceptual in nature , [ Camnitzers ] work is powerful and evocative ; it is often humorous , and sometimes deeply disturbing . Always , he challenges and implicates the viewer Personal life . Camnitzer is a Uruguayan citizen . He lives and works in Great Neck , New York and taught at SUNY Old Westbury , where he is currently professor emeritus . Camnitzer has written several books , including New Art of Cuba ( 1994 ) and Conceptualism in Latin American Art : Didactics of Liberation ( 2007 ) . He is represented by Alexander Gray Associates . Representation in public collections . - ARCO Corporation , New York , NY - Biblioteca Communale , Milan , Italy - Bibliotheque Nationale , Paris , France - Blanton Museum of Art , University of Texas , Austin , TX - Cabinet of Drawings and Prints of the Uffizzi , Florence , Italy - Casa de las Américas , Havana , Cuba - Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea , Santiago de Compostela , Spain - Centro Wifredo Lam , Havana , Cuba - Colby College Museum of Art , Waterville , ME - Colección Patrica Phelps de Cisneros , Caracas , Venezuela/New York , NY - Daros-Latinaamerica , Zürich , Switzerland - Fonds Régional d’Art Contemporain de Lorraine , France - Israel Museum , Jerusalem , Israel - J . Paul Getty Museum , Los Angeles , CA - The Jewish Museum , New York , NY - Library of Jerusalem , Israel - Malmö Stad , Sweden - Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , NY - Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León , León , Spain - Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires , Argentina - Museo de Arte Moderno , Bogotá , Colombia - Museo de Arte Moderno , Buenos Aires , Argentina - Museo de Arte Moderno , Cartagena , Colombia - Museo de Arte y Diseño Contemporáneo , San José , Costa Rica - Museo de Artes Plásticas , Montevideo , Uruguay - Museo de Bellas Artes , Caracas , Venezuela - Museo de Gráfica y Dibujo Latinoamericano , Roldanillo , Colombia - El Museo del Barrio , New York , NY - Museo del Grabado , Buenos Aires , Argentina - Museo La Tertulia , Cali , Colombia - Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía , Madrid , Spain - Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales , Montevideo , Uruguay - Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes , Havana , Cuba - Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes , Santiago , Chile - Museo Universitario de Arte Contemporáneo , Mexico City , Mexico - Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidad de São Paulo , Brazil - Museum Lodz , Łódź , Poland - Museum of Contemporary Art , Skopje , Republic of Macedonia - Museum of Contemporary Graphic Art , Fredrikstad , Norway - Museum of Fine Arts , Houston , TX - The Museum of Modern Art , New York , NY - Museum Wiesbaden , Germany - National Museum of Modern Art , Baghdad , Iraq - The New York Public Library , New York , NY - Queens Museum , New York , NY - São Paulo Museum of Art , Brazil - Smithsonian American Art Museum , Washington , DC - Snite Museum , Notre Dame University , South Bend , IN - Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York - Tate Modern , London , United Kingdom - Walker Art Center , Minneapolis , MN - Whitney Museum of American Art , New York , NY - Yeshiva University , New York , NY Awards and Recognition . - 2014 Premio Anuale de Literature 2014 , Ensayo de Arte , Ministry of Education and Culture , Uruguay - 2012 United States Artists Ford Fellow , Visual Arts John Jones Art on Paper Award , Art Dubai : Skowhegan Medal for Conceptual & Interdisciplinary Practices - 2011 Frank Jewett Mather Award , College Art Association - 2002 Konex Mercosur Award for Uruguay - 1998 Latin American Art Critic of the Year Award , Argentine Association of Art Critics - 1996 First Prize , ES96 , Tijuana Salón Internacional de Estandartes - 1991 Art Matters Foundation - 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship for Visual Art - 1978 Creative Arts Program Services for Sculpture - 1974 Prize , British International Print Biennial - 1970 Prize , Biennial de San Juan del Grabado Latinoamericano , San Juan , Puerto Rico - 1968 Purchase Prize , Museum of Trenton , New Jersey - 1965 Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture - 1961 Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Printmaking External links . - Luis Camnitzer in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art - Luis Camnitzer artist page , Alexander Gray Associates
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[
"New York City"
] |
easy
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Where did Luis Camnitzer live from 1964 to 1965?
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/wiki/Luis_Camnitzer#P551#2
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Luis Camnitzer Luis Camnitzer ( born November 6 , 1937 ) is a German-born Uruguayan artist , curator , art critic , and academic who was at the forefront of 1960s Conceptual Art . Camnitzer works primarily in sculpture , printmaking , and installation , exploring topics such as repression , institutional critique , and social justice . For over five decades , his practice has explored the psychological and political dimensions of language . Early life and education . Luis Camnitzer was born in Lübeck , Germany in 1937 and moved to Montevideo , Uruguay in 1939 . In 1953 , he studied at the University of Montevideos Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes , where he concentrated on sculpture and architecture . In 1957 , Camnitzer received a grant from the German government to study at Akademie der Bildenden Künste München At the Akademie , Camnitzer was mentored by sculptor Heinrich Kirchner . Career and Practice . In 1960 Camnitzer held his first solo exhibition at the Centro de Artes y Letras Montevideo and the following year began teaching at the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes . Camnitzer subsequently moved from Montevideo to New York City in 1964 . In New York , he and fellow artists Liliana Porter and José Guillermo Castillo founded the New York Graphic Workshop ( 1964–1970 ) , a studio focused on redefining the medium of printmaking and dedicated to reviving its importance as a contemporary art form . Concurrent to his practice with the New York Graphic Workshop , Camnitzer produced foundational works that explored the reflexive relationships between the viewer and artwork by means of language , such as This Is a Mirror , You Are a Written Sentence ( 1966–68 ) . Beginning in the late 1960s and evolving into the 1970s and 80s , his practice also expanded to examine socio-political issues , including the oppression and cruelty of military dictatorships in Latin America . As an example , his work Leftovers ( 1970 ) consists of 80 stacked boxes , stained with fake blood and wrapped with surgical bandages , alluding to state-sanctioned violence and repression during dictatorship . Also in this period , Camnitzer produced a series of object-boxes in which ordinary items were placed inside wood-framed glass boxes with textually descriptive brass plaques . Infusing the material approach of the object-boxes with political content , Camnitzer produced one of his most important works , the Uruguayan Torture Series ( 1983–84 ) . This series of photo-etchings emphasizes the artists interest in combining socio-political critique with the psychological implications of text and images . Since the 1980s Camnitzer has produced installations and site-specific works , such as A Museum is a School ( 2009–present ) , in addition to his continuing practice in printmaking . In 2018 a retrospective exhibition , Luis Camnitzer : Hospicio Para Utopias Fallidas , opened at Museo Reina Sofia . Themes . Since the 1960s , Camnitzer has focused on political subjects including identity , language , freedom , ethics , and historical tragedy . As Jane Farver discusses , conceptual in nature , [ Camnitzers ] work is powerful and evocative ; it is often humorous , and sometimes deeply disturbing . Always , he challenges and implicates the viewer Personal life . Camnitzer is a Uruguayan citizen . He lives and works in Great Neck , New York and taught at SUNY Old Westbury , where he is currently professor emeritus . Camnitzer has written several books , including New Art of Cuba ( 1994 ) and Conceptualism in Latin American Art : Didactics of Liberation ( 2007 ) . He is represented by Alexander Gray Associates . Representation in public collections . - ARCO Corporation , New York , NY - Biblioteca Communale , Milan , Italy - Bibliotheque Nationale , Paris , France - Blanton Museum of Art , University of Texas , Austin , TX - Cabinet of Drawings and Prints of the Uffizzi , Florence , Italy - Casa de las Américas , Havana , Cuba - Centro Galego de Arte Contemporánea , Santiago de Compostela , Spain - Centro Wifredo Lam , Havana , Cuba - Colby College Museum of Art , Waterville , ME - Colección Patrica Phelps de Cisneros , Caracas , Venezuela/New York , NY - Daros-Latinaamerica , Zürich , Switzerland - Fonds Régional d’Art Contemporain de Lorraine , France - Israel Museum , Jerusalem , Israel - J . Paul Getty Museum , Los Angeles , CA - The Jewish Museum , New York , NY - Library of Jerusalem , Israel - Malmö Stad , Sweden - Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York , NY - Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León , León , Spain - Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires , Argentina - Museo de Arte Moderno , Bogotá , Colombia - Museo de Arte Moderno , Buenos Aires , Argentina - Museo de Arte Moderno , Cartagena , Colombia - Museo de Arte y Diseño Contemporáneo , San José , Costa Rica - Museo de Artes Plásticas , Montevideo , Uruguay - Museo de Bellas Artes , Caracas , Venezuela - Museo de Gráfica y Dibujo Latinoamericano , Roldanillo , Colombia - El Museo del Barrio , New York , NY - Museo del Grabado , Buenos Aires , Argentina - Museo La Tertulia , Cali , Colombia - Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía , Madrid , Spain - Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales , Montevideo , Uruguay - Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes , Havana , Cuba - Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes , Santiago , Chile - Museo Universitario de Arte Contemporáneo , Mexico City , Mexico - Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidad de São Paulo , Brazil - Museum Lodz , Łódź , Poland - Museum of Contemporary Art , Skopje , Republic of Macedonia - Museum of Contemporary Graphic Art , Fredrikstad , Norway - Museum of Fine Arts , Houston , TX - The Museum of Modern Art , New York , NY - Museum Wiesbaden , Germany - National Museum of Modern Art , Baghdad , Iraq - The New York Public Library , New York , NY - Queens Museum , New York , NY - São Paulo Museum of Art , Brazil - Smithsonian American Art Museum , Washington , DC - Snite Museum , Notre Dame University , South Bend , IN - Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum , New York - Tate Modern , London , United Kingdom - Walker Art Center , Minneapolis , MN - Whitney Museum of American Art , New York , NY - Yeshiva University , New York , NY Awards and Recognition . - 2014 Premio Anuale de Literature 2014 , Ensayo de Arte , Ministry of Education and Culture , Uruguay - 2012 United States Artists Ford Fellow , Visual Arts John Jones Art on Paper Award , Art Dubai : Skowhegan Medal for Conceptual & Interdisciplinary Practices - 2011 Frank Jewett Mather Award , College Art Association - 2002 Konex Mercosur Award for Uruguay - 1998 Latin American Art Critic of the Year Award , Argentine Association of Art Critics - 1996 First Prize , ES96 , Tijuana Salón Internacional de Estandartes - 1991 Art Matters Foundation - 1982 Guggenheim Fellowship for Visual Art - 1978 Creative Arts Program Services for Sculpture - 1974 Prize , British International Print Biennial - 1970 Prize , Biennial de San Juan del Grabado Latinoamericano , San Juan , Puerto Rico - 1968 Purchase Prize , Museum of Trenton , New Jersey - 1965 Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture - 1961 Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Printmaking External links . - Luis Camnitzer in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art - Luis Camnitzer artist page , Alexander Gray Associates
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[
"Falkirk"
] |
easy
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Alex Parker played for which team from 1952 to 1955?
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/wiki/Alex_Parker#P54#0
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Alex Parker Alexander Hershaw Parker ( 2 August 1935 – 7 January 2010 ) was a Scottish football player and manager . Parker played for Falkirk , Everton and Scotland , amongst others . Parker was named in Falkirks Team of the Millennium and Evertons Hall of Fame . Playing career . Falkirk . Parker , a fullback , began his career with Kello Rovers , turning semi-professional when he joined Falkirk in 1952 . The highlight of Parkers time with the Bairns was their 1957 Scottish Cup victory , as they defeated Kilmarnock in a replayed final . Everton . Parker moved to Merseyside in June 1958 when Everton paid £18,000 in a double signing of Parker and Eddie OHara both from Falkirk . Parkers Toffees debut was delayed by his requirement to fulfil National Service in Cyprus . He eventually became a stalwart in the side which won the 1962–63 league championship , finishing six points ahead of runners-up Tottenham . After this triumph , however , hamstring injuries started to trouble Parker , and he left Goodison Park in 1965 . Southport . He joined Southport for £2,000 . He stayed 3 years with the Sandgrounders . Ballymena United . Parker next moved to Northern Ireland to become player-manager of Ballymena United . Drumcondra . He signed for Drumcondra F.C . in December 1969 and made his League of Ireland debut at Tolka Park on 4 January 1970 in a 3–1 defeat to Dundalk . He left for after only three months to return to the UK . International . Parker gained his first cap for Scotland against Portugal in 1955 while playing for Falkirk . He was selected in the squad for the 1958 FIFA World Cup , making one appearance against Paraguay . This also transpired to be his final national team cap , which some regarded as perverse ; former teammate Alex Young stated that Parker was still the best player in his position in Britain . Parker also represented the Scottish League XI . Southport manager . Parker returned to Souhtport where he was given a coaching role . Two months later he was promoted to manager but this appointment lasted only a single season . After football . After his retirement from the footballing world , Parker became a publican in Runcorn . He then lived in Gretna , Dumfriesshire . Parker died of a heart attack on 7 January 2010 . Honours . - Falkirk - Scottish Cup : 1956–57 - Everton - First Division : 1962–63 - FA Charity Shield : 1963 - Southport - Fourth Division : promotion 1966-67 - Scotland - British Home Championship : 1955–56 ( shared ) - Individual - Rex Kingsley Footballer of the Year : 1957 - Falkirk FC Hall of Fame - Gwladys Streets Hall of Fame - Falkirk FC Millennium XI External links . - Brief Biography at legends section of official Everton site
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[
""
] |
easy
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Alex Parker played for which team from 1955 to 1958?
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/wiki/Alex_Parker#P54#1
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Alex Parker Alexander Hershaw Parker ( 2 August 1935 – 7 January 2010 ) was a Scottish football player and manager . Parker played for Falkirk , Everton and Scotland , amongst others . Parker was named in Falkirks Team of the Millennium and Evertons Hall of Fame . Playing career . Falkirk . Parker , a fullback , began his career with Kello Rovers , turning semi-professional when he joined Falkirk in 1952 . The highlight of Parkers time with the Bairns was their 1957 Scottish Cup victory , as they defeated Kilmarnock in a replayed final . Everton . Parker moved to Merseyside in June 1958 when Everton paid £18,000 in a double signing of Parker and Eddie OHara both from Falkirk . Parkers Toffees debut was delayed by his requirement to fulfil National Service in Cyprus . He eventually became a stalwart in the side which won the 1962–63 league championship , finishing six points ahead of runners-up Tottenham . After this triumph , however , hamstring injuries started to trouble Parker , and he left Goodison Park in 1965 . Southport . He joined Southport for £2,000 . He stayed 3 years with the Sandgrounders . Ballymena United . Parker next moved to Northern Ireland to become player-manager of Ballymena United . Drumcondra . He signed for Drumcondra F.C . in December 1969 and made his League of Ireland debut at Tolka Park on 4 January 1970 in a 3–1 defeat to Dundalk . He left for after only three months to return to the UK . International . Parker gained his first cap for Scotland against Portugal in 1955 while playing for Falkirk . He was selected in the squad for the 1958 FIFA World Cup , making one appearance against Paraguay . This also transpired to be his final national team cap , which some regarded as perverse ; former teammate Alex Young stated that Parker was still the best player in his position in Britain . Parker also represented the Scottish League XI . Southport manager . Parker returned to Souhtport where he was given a coaching role . Two months later he was promoted to manager but this appointment lasted only a single season . After football . After his retirement from the footballing world , Parker became a publican in Runcorn . He then lived in Gretna , Dumfriesshire . Parker died of a heart attack on 7 January 2010 . Honours . - Falkirk - Scottish Cup : 1956–57 - Everton - First Division : 1962–63 - FA Charity Shield : 1963 - Southport - Fourth Division : promotion 1966-67 - Scotland - British Home Championship : 1955–56 ( shared ) - Individual - Rex Kingsley Footballer of the Year : 1957 - Falkirk FC Hall of Fame - Gwladys Streets Hall of Fame - Falkirk FC Millennium XI External links . - Brief Biography at legends section of official Everton site
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[
"Everton"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Alex Parker belong to from 1958 to 1965?
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/wiki/Alex_Parker#P54#2
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Alex Parker Alexander Hershaw Parker ( 2 August 1935 – 7 January 2010 ) was a Scottish football player and manager . Parker played for Falkirk , Everton and Scotland , amongst others . Parker was named in Falkirks Team of the Millennium and Evertons Hall of Fame . Playing career . Falkirk . Parker , a fullback , began his career with Kello Rovers , turning semi-professional when he joined Falkirk in 1952 . The highlight of Parkers time with the Bairns was their 1957 Scottish Cup victory , as they defeated Kilmarnock in a replayed final . Everton . Parker moved to Merseyside in June 1958 when Everton paid £18,000 in a double signing of Parker and Eddie OHara both from Falkirk . Parkers Toffees debut was delayed by his requirement to fulfil National Service in Cyprus . He eventually became a stalwart in the side which won the 1962–63 league championship , finishing six points ahead of runners-up Tottenham . After this triumph , however , hamstring injuries started to trouble Parker , and he left Goodison Park in 1965 . Southport . He joined Southport for £2,000 . He stayed 3 years with the Sandgrounders . Ballymena United . Parker next moved to Northern Ireland to become player-manager of Ballymena United . Drumcondra . He signed for Drumcondra F.C . in December 1969 and made his League of Ireland debut at Tolka Park on 4 January 1970 in a 3–1 defeat to Dundalk . He left for after only three months to return to the UK . International . Parker gained his first cap for Scotland against Portugal in 1955 while playing for Falkirk . He was selected in the squad for the 1958 FIFA World Cup , making one appearance against Paraguay . This also transpired to be his final national team cap , which some regarded as perverse ; former teammate Alex Young stated that Parker was still the best player in his position in Britain . Parker also represented the Scottish League XI . Southport manager . Parker returned to Souhtport where he was given a coaching role . Two months later he was promoted to manager but this appointment lasted only a single season . After football . After his retirement from the footballing world , Parker became a publican in Runcorn . He then lived in Gretna , Dumfriesshire . Parker died of a heart attack on 7 January 2010 . Honours . - Falkirk - Scottish Cup : 1956–57 - Everton - First Division : 1962–63 - FA Charity Shield : 1963 - Southport - Fourth Division : promotion 1966-67 - Scotland - British Home Championship : 1955–56 ( shared ) - Individual - Rex Kingsley Footballer of the Year : 1957 - Falkirk FC Hall of Fame - Gwladys Streets Hall of Fame - Falkirk FC Millennium XI External links . - Brief Biography at legends section of official Everton site
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[
"Southport"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Alex Parker play for from 1965 to 1968?
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/wiki/Alex_Parker#P54#3
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Alex Parker Alexander Hershaw Parker ( 2 August 1935 – 7 January 2010 ) was a Scottish football player and manager . Parker played for Falkirk , Everton and Scotland , amongst others . Parker was named in Falkirks Team of the Millennium and Evertons Hall of Fame . Playing career . Falkirk . Parker , a fullback , began his career with Kello Rovers , turning semi-professional when he joined Falkirk in 1952 . The highlight of Parkers time with the Bairns was their 1957 Scottish Cup victory , as they defeated Kilmarnock in a replayed final . Everton . Parker moved to Merseyside in June 1958 when Everton paid £18,000 in a double signing of Parker and Eddie OHara both from Falkirk . Parkers Toffees debut was delayed by his requirement to fulfil National Service in Cyprus . He eventually became a stalwart in the side which won the 1962–63 league championship , finishing six points ahead of runners-up Tottenham . After this triumph , however , hamstring injuries started to trouble Parker , and he left Goodison Park in 1965 . Southport . He joined Southport for £2,000 . He stayed 3 years with the Sandgrounders . Ballymena United . Parker next moved to Northern Ireland to become player-manager of Ballymena United . Drumcondra . He signed for Drumcondra F.C . in December 1969 and made his League of Ireland debut at Tolka Park on 4 January 1970 in a 3–1 defeat to Dundalk . He left for after only three months to return to the UK . International . Parker gained his first cap for Scotland against Portugal in 1955 while playing for Falkirk . He was selected in the squad for the 1958 FIFA World Cup , making one appearance against Paraguay . This also transpired to be his final national team cap , which some regarded as perverse ; former teammate Alex Young stated that Parker was still the best player in his position in Britain . Parker also represented the Scottish League XI . Southport manager . Parker returned to Souhtport where he was given a coaching role . Two months later he was promoted to manager but this appointment lasted only a single season . After football . After his retirement from the footballing world , Parker became a publican in Runcorn . He then lived in Gretna , Dumfriesshire . Parker died of a heart attack on 7 January 2010 . Honours . - Falkirk - Scottish Cup : 1956–57 - Everton - First Division : 1962–63 - FA Charity Shield : 1963 - Southport - Fourth Division : promotion 1966-67 - Scotland - British Home Championship : 1955–56 ( shared ) - Individual - Rex Kingsley Footballer of the Year : 1957 - Falkirk FC Hall of Fame - Gwladys Streets Hall of Fame - Falkirk FC Millennium XI External links . - Brief Biography at legends section of official Everton site
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[
"Ballymena United"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Alex Parker play for from 1968 to 1969?
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/wiki/Alex_Parker#P54#4
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Alex Parker Alexander Hershaw Parker ( 2 August 1935 – 7 January 2010 ) was a Scottish football player and manager . Parker played for Falkirk , Everton and Scotland , amongst others . Parker was named in Falkirks Team of the Millennium and Evertons Hall of Fame . Playing career . Falkirk . Parker , a fullback , began his career with Kello Rovers , turning semi-professional when he joined Falkirk in 1952 . The highlight of Parkers time with the Bairns was their 1957 Scottish Cup victory , as they defeated Kilmarnock in a replayed final . Everton . Parker moved to Merseyside in June 1958 when Everton paid £18,000 in a double signing of Parker and Eddie OHara both from Falkirk . Parkers Toffees debut was delayed by his requirement to fulfil National Service in Cyprus . He eventually became a stalwart in the side which won the 1962–63 league championship , finishing six points ahead of runners-up Tottenham . After this triumph , however , hamstring injuries started to trouble Parker , and he left Goodison Park in 1965 . Southport . He joined Southport for £2,000 . He stayed 3 years with the Sandgrounders . Ballymena United . Parker next moved to Northern Ireland to become player-manager of Ballymena United . Drumcondra . He signed for Drumcondra F.C . in December 1969 and made his League of Ireland debut at Tolka Park on 4 January 1970 in a 3–1 defeat to Dundalk . He left for after only three months to return to the UK . International . Parker gained his first cap for Scotland against Portugal in 1955 while playing for Falkirk . He was selected in the squad for the 1958 FIFA World Cup , making one appearance against Paraguay . This also transpired to be his final national team cap , which some regarded as perverse ; former teammate Alex Young stated that Parker was still the best player in his position in Britain . Parker also represented the Scottish League XI . Southport manager . Parker returned to Souhtport where he was given a coaching role . Two months later he was promoted to manager but this appointment lasted only a single season . After football . After his retirement from the footballing world , Parker became a publican in Runcorn . He then lived in Gretna , Dumfriesshire . Parker died of a heart attack on 7 January 2010 . Honours . - Falkirk - Scottish Cup : 1956–57 - Everton - First Division : 1962–63 - FA Charity Shield : 1963 - Southport - Fourth Division : promotion 1966-67 - Scotland - British Home Championship : 1955–56 ( shared ) - Individual - Rex Kingsley Footballer of the Year : 1957 - Falkirk FC Hall of Fame - Gwladys Streets Hall of Fame - Falkirk FC Millennium XI External links . - Brief Biography at legends section of official Everton site
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[
"Drumcondra"
] |
easy
|
Alex Parker played for which team from 1969 to 1970?
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/wiki/Alex_Parker#P54#5
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Alex Parker Alexander Hershaw Parker ( 2 August 1935 – 7 January 2010 ) was a Scottish football player and manager . Parker played for Falkirk , Everton and Scotland , amongst others . Parker was named in Falkirks Team of the Millennium and Evertons Hall of Fame . Playing career . Falkirk . Parker , a fullback , began his career with Kello Rovers , turning semi-professional when he joined Falkirk in 1952 . The highlight of Parkers time with the Bairns was their 1957 Scottish Cup victory , as they defeated Kilmarnock in a replayed final . Everton . Parker moved to Merseyside in June 1958 when Everton paid £18,000 in a double signing of Parker and Eddie OHara both from Falkirk . Parkers Toffees debut was delayed by his requirement to fulfil National Service in Cyprus . He eventually became a stalwart in the side which won the 1962–63 league championship , finishing six points ahead of runners-up Tottenham . After this triumph , however , hamstring injuries started to trouble Parker , and he left Goodison Park in 1965 . Southport . He joined Southport for £2,000 . He stayed 3 years with the Sandgrounders . Ballymena United . Parker next moved to Northern Ireland to become player-manager of Ballymena United . Drumcondra . He signed for Drumcondra F.C . in December 1969 and made his League of Ireland debut at Tolka Park on 4 January 1970 in a 3–1 defeat to Dundalk . He left for after only three months to return to the UK . International . Parker gained his first cap for Scotland against Portugal in 1955 while playing for Falkirk . He was selected in the squad for the 1958 FIFA World Cup , making one appearance against Paraguay . This also transpired to be his final national team cap , which some regarded as perverse ; former teammate Alex Young stated that Parker was still the best player in his position in Britain . Parker also represented the Scottish League XI . Southport manager . Parker returned to Souhtport where he was given a coaching role . Two months later he was promoted to manager but this appointment lasted only a single season . After football . After his retirement from the footballing world , Parker became a publican in Runcorn . He then lived in Gretna , Dumfriesshire . Parker died of a heart attack on 7 January 2010 . Honours . - Falkirk - Scottish Cup : 1956–57 - Everton - First Division : 1962–63 - FA Charity Shield : 1963 - Southport - Fourth Division : promotion 1966-67 - Scotland - British Home Championship : 1955–56 ( shared ) - Individual - Rex Kingsley Footballer of the Year : 1957 - Falkirk FC Hall of Fame - Gwladys Streets Hall of Fame - Falkirk FC Millennium XI External links . - Brief Biography at legends section of official Everton site
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[
"Chinese"
] |
easy
|
What was the nationality of Xuyun from 1910 to 1911?
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/wiki/Xuyun#P27#0
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Xuyun Xuyun or Hsu Yun ( ; 5 September 1840 ? – 13 October 1959 ) was a renowned Chinese Chan Buddhist master and one of the most influential Buddhist teachers of the 19th and 20th centuries . Early life . Xuyun was purportedly born on 5 September 1840 in Fujian , Qing China . His original name was Xiao Guyan ( ) . He was the son of Xiao Yutang ( ) and his mother was surnamed Yan ( ) . His paternal lineage can be traced back to Emperor Liang Wudi . His mother died during childbirth . Guyans grandmother insisted that her grandson take a wife . In order to continue both his and his uncles lineage , Guyan was arranged to marry one woman from the Tian family and one from the Tan family . His first exposure to Buddhism was during the funeral of his grandmother . Soon afterward he began reading Buddhist sutras and later made a pilgrimage to Mount Heng , one of the most important Buddhist sites in China . When he was fourteen years old , he announced that he wished to renounce the material world in favour of monastic life . His father did not approve of Buddhism and had him instructed in Taoism instead . Guyan was dissatisfied with Taoism , which he felt could not reach the deeper truths of existence . The storerooms of his house were full of very old books . Going through them , he found a volume called the Story of Incense Mountain ( cf . Guanyin#Miaoshan ) , which described the life of Guanyin . After reading the book , he was deeply influenced and was inspired to go forth from the home to monkhood to practice Buddhism . When Xuyun was seventeen , he attempted to flee to Mount Heng to become a monk without his familys permission . On a winding mountain path he encountered envoys sent by his uncle to intercept and escort him back . His aspiration was not realized and he was reproved and brought back home . When he arrived home , the family feared that he would escape again , so he was sent with his first cousin , Fu Kuo , to Quanzhou . His father formally received the brides from the Tian and Tan families for Xuyun , and his marriage was completed . Although they lived together , Xuyun did not have sexual contact with his wives . Moreover , he extensively explained the dharma to the women so that they too would practice Buddhism . Fu Kuo also had previously explored Buddhism and had the same aspiration as Xuyun , so they amicably traveled the Path together . In his nineteenth year , accompanied by Fu Kuo , he started the journey to Gu Shan ( Drum Mountain ) in Fuzhou to leave home . Before leaving , he wrote the Song of the Skinbag . which he left behind for his two wives . It was at Gu Shan monastery that his head was shaved and he received ordination as a monk . When his father sent agents to find him , Xuyun concealed himself in a grotto behind the monastery , where he lived in solitude for three years . At the age of twenty-five , Xuyun learned that his father had died , and his stepmother and two wives had entered the monastic life . During his years as a hermit , Xuyun made some of his most profound discoveries . He visited the old master Yung Ching , who encouraged him to abandon his extreme asceticism in favor of temperance . He instructed the young monk in the sutras and told him to be mindful of the Hua Tou , Who is dragging this corpse of mine ? In his thirty-sixth year , with the encouragement of Yung Ching , Xuyun went on a seven-year pilgrimage to Mount Putuo off the coast of Ningbo , a place regarded by Buddhists as the bodhimaṇḍa of Avalokiteśvara . He went on to visit the Temple of King Ashoka and various Chan holy places . Middle Age and Enlightenment . At age forty-three , Xuyun had by now left the home-life for more than twenty years , but he had not yet completed his practice in the Path . He had not repaid his parents kindness , and so he vowed to again make a pilgrimage to Nan Hai . From Fa Hua Temple all the way to Ching Liang Peak at Mount Wutai of the northwest , the bodhimanda of Manjushri , he made one full prostration every three steps . He prayed for the rebirth of his parents in the Pure Land . Along the way , Xuyun is said to have met a beggar called Wen Chi , who twice saved his life . After talking with the monks at the Five-Peaked Mountain , Xuyun came to believe that the beggar had been an incarnation of Manjushri . Having achieved singleness of mind , Xuyun traveled west and south , making his way through Tibet . He visited many monasteries and holy places , including Sichuans Mount Emei , the bodhimanda of Samantabhadra Bodhisattva , the Potala , the seat of the Dalai Lama , and Tashilhunpo Monastery , the seat of the Panchen Lama . He traveled through India and Ceylon , and then across the sea to Burma . During this time of wandering , he felt his mind clearing and his health growing stronger . Xuyun composed a large number of poems during this period . After returning to China , During Xuyuns fifty-third year , he joined with other Venerable Masters Pu Zhao , Yue Xia , and Yin Lian ( Lotus Seal ) to cultivate together . They climbed Mount Jiuhua ( bodhimanda of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva ) and repaired the huts on Cui Feng Summit , where Dharma Master Pu Zhao expounded the Mahavaipulyabuddha Avatamsaka ( Flower Adornment ) Sutra . When Xuyun was fifty-six , the Abbot Yue Lang of Gaomin Temple in Yangzhou was going to convene a continuous twelve-week session of dhyana meditation . Preparing to leave , the group asked Xuyun to go first . After reaching Di Gang , he had to cross the water , but had no money . The ferry left without him . As he walked along the rivers edge , he suddenly lost his footing and fell into the rushing water , where he bobbed helplessly for a day and night and was caught in a fishermans net . He was carried to a nearby temple , where he was revived and treated for his injuries . Feeling ill , he nevertheless returned to Yangzhou . When asked by Gao Ming whether he would participate in the upcoming weeks of meditation , he politely declined , without revealing his illness . The temple had rules that those who were invited had to attend or else face punishment . In the end , Gao Ming had Xuyun beaten with a wooden ruler . He willingly accepted this punishment , although it worsened his condition . For the next several days , Xuyun sat in continuous meditation . In his autobiography , he wrote : [ in ] the purity of my singleness of mind , I forgot all about my body . Twenty days later my illness vanished completely . From that moment , with all my thoughts entirely wiped out , my practice took effect throughout the day and night . My steps were as swift as if I was flying in the air . One evening , after meditation , I opened my eyes and suddenly saw I was in brightness similar to broad daylight in which I could see everything inside and outside the monastery.. . But he knew that this occurrence was only a mental state , and that it was not at all rare . He did not become attached to this achievement , but continued his single-minded investigation of the topic , who is mindful of the Buddha ? over and over again , he delved into this topic without interruption . Xuyun composed a commemorative verse for the oft-cited moment of profound insight , which was galvanized by the sound of a breaking teacup in the Chan Hall : Later life . Xuyun tirelessly worked as a bodhisattva , teaching precepts , explaining sutras , and restoring old temples . He worked throughout Asia , creating a following across Burma , Thailand , Malaya , and Vietnam , as well as Tibet and China . He remained in China during World War II . In the winter of 1942 , Xuyun held a Protect the Nation , Quell the Disaster , Mahākaruṇā Dharma Assembly that lasted over three months long in Chongqing , the capital of China at that time . He stayed after the rise of the Peoples Republic of China to support the Buddhist communities rather than retreat to the safety of Hong Kong or Taiwan . After the Communists took over mainland China , he and his disciples were mistreated and tortured . In 1953 , along with Dharma Master Yuan Ying and others , Xuyun formed the Chinese Buddhist Association at Kuang Chi ( Extensive Aid ) Monastery where he was Honorary President . The following resolutions were proposed to the government : 1 . In all places , further destruction of monasteries and temples , the desecration of images , and the burning of sutras shall immediately cease ; 2 . The intimidation of bhikshus and bhikshunis to force their return to lay life will not be tolerated ; and 3 . All monastery property shall be returned forthwith , and there should be returned to the Sangha enough arable acreage to make the monasteries self-supporting . The petition was approved . He then represented the Association in receiving three gifts from a Buddhist delegation from Sri Lanka . Hsu Yun also responded to the invitation of Dharma Master Nan Tung ( Penetration to the South ) to head another Dharma assembly at Lang Shan ( Wolf Mountain ) Monastery , where several thousand people from all over took refuge . He returned to Shanghai in the third lunar month , and the next month received a telegram from Peking requesting his presence in the Capital . Hsu Yun arrived and stayed at Kuang Chi ( Extensive Aid ) Monastery ( Guangji Temple ( Beijing ) ) . Representatives of various Buddhist groups also were present , and the Chinese Buddhist Association was officially inaugurated . After a plenary meeting in which important policies were decided , some monks suggested to him some changes to precepts and rules . Xuyun then scolded them and wrote an essay about the manifestation of the Dharma Ending Age . Death . Xuyun became ill in the summer of 1959 and died in October . Significance . In 1953 , the Chinese Buddhist Association was established at a meeting with 121 delegates in Beijing . The meeting also elected a chairman , 4 honorary chairmen , 7 vice-chairmen , a secretary general , 3 deputy secretaries-general , 18 members of a standing committee , and 93 directors . The 4 elected honorary chairmen were the Dalai Lama , the Panchen Lama , the Grand Lama of Inner Mongolia , and Xuyun himself . Publications . - Empty Cloud : The Autobiography of the Chinese Zen Master Xu Yun References . - Gauci , Damian , John ( 2011 ) . Chan-Pure Land : An Interpretation of Xu Yuns ( 1840-1959 ) Oral Instructions , Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 24 , 105-120 - Huimin Bhiksu ( 2009 ) . An Inquiry Into Master Xuyun’s Experiences of Long-dwelling in Samadhi , Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 22 , 45-68 - Hunn , Richard ( ed. ) , translated by Charles Luk ( 1974 ) . Empty Cloud : the Autobiography of the Chinese Zen Master Hsu Yun . Rochester : Empty Cloud Press . Shaftesbury : Element Books , 1988 ( revised ) - Kʻuan Yü Lu ( Charles Luk ) ( 1964 ) . Master Hsu Yun Brief Biography , The Mountain Path , Vol . 1 , October 1964 , No . 4 - Kʻuan Yü Lu ( Charles Luk ) ( 1961 ) . Chan and Zen teaching , London : Rider . - Kʻuan Yü Lu ; Xuyun ( 1993 ) . Master Hsu Yuns discourses and dharma words , Hong Kong : H . K . Buddhist book distributor . - Hsuan Hua ( 1983,1985 ) . A Pictorial Biography of the Venerable Master Hsu Yun - Vol.1 and Vol.2 ( 2nd edition 2003 ) . Burlingame , Calif. : Buddhist Text Translation Society , Dharma Realm Buddhist Univ . - Sakya , Jy Din ( 1996 ) . Empty Cloud : The teachings of Xu Yun . A remembrance of the Great Chinese Zen Master , Hong Kong : H . K . Buddhist book distributor External links . - There are two institutions under the name Zen Buddhist Order of Hsu Yun : one at hsuyun.org and another at zatma.org - List of books on the life and teachings of Master Hsu Yun . - Testimonies of awakening - 虛雲和尚年譜 - Master Xuyun Memorial Photographic Library
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[
"Chinese"
] |
easy
|
What was the nationality of Xuyun from 1912 to Sep 1949?
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/wiki/Xuyun#P27#1
|
Xuyun Xuyun or Hsu Yun ( ; 5 September 1840 ? – 13 October 1959 ) was a renowned Chinese Chan Buddhist master and one of the most influential Buddhist teachers of the 19th and 20th centuries . Early life . Xuyun was purportedly born on 5 September 1840 in Fujian , Qing China . His original name was Xiao Guyan ( ) . He was the son of Xiao Yutang ( ) and his mother was surnamed Yan ( ) . His paternal lineage can be traced back to Emperor Liang Wudi . His mother died during childbirth . Guyans grandmother insisted that her grandson take a wife . In order to continue both his and his uncles lineage , Guyan was arranged to marry one woman from the Tian family and one from the Tan family . His first exposure to Buddhism was during the funeral of his grandmother . Soon afterward he began reading Buddhist sutras and later made a pilgrimage to Mount Heng , one of the most important Buddhist sites in China . When he was fourteen years old , he announced that he wished to renounce the material world in favour of monastic life . His father did not approve of Buddhism and had him instructed in Taoism instead . Guyan was dissatisfied with Taoism , which he felt could not reach the deeper truths of existence . The storerooms of his house were full of very old books . Going through them , he found a volume called the Story of Incense Mountain ( cf . Guanyin#Miaoshan ) , which described the life of Guanyin . After reading the book , he was deeply influenced and was inspired to go forth from the home to monkhood to practice Buddhism . When Xuyun was seventeen , he attempted to flee to Mount Heng to become a monk without his familys permission . On a winding mountain path he encountered envoys sent by his uncle to intercept and escort him back . His aspiration was not realized and he was reproved and brought back home . When he arrived home , the family feared that he would escape again , so he was sent with his first cousin , Fu Kuo , to Quanzhou . His father formally received the brides from the Tian and Tan families for Xuyun , and his marriage was completed . Although they lived together , Xuyun did not have sexual contact with his wives . Moreover , he extensively explained the dharma to the women so that they too would practice Buddhism . Fu Kuo also had previously explored Buddhism and had the same aspiration as Xuyun , so they amicably traveled the Path together . In his nineteenth year , accompanied by Fu Kuo , he started the journey to Gu Shan ( Drum Mountain ) in Fuzhou to leave home . Before leaving , he wrote the Song of the Skinbag . which he left behind for his two wives . It was at Gu Shan monastery that his head was shaved and he received ordination as a monk . When his father sent agents to find him , Xuyun concealed himself in a grotto behind the monastery , where he lived in solitude for three years . At the age of twenty-five , Xuyun learned that his father had died , and his stepmother and two wives had entered the monastic life . During his years as a hermit , Xuyun made some of his most profound discoveries . He visited the old master Yung Ching , who encouraged him to abandon his extreme asceticism in favor of temperance . He instructed the young monk in the sutras and told him to be mindful of the Hua Tou , Who is dragging this corpse of mine ? In his thirty-sixth year , with the encouragement of Yung Ching , Xuyun went on a seven-year pilgrimage to Mount Putuo off the coast of Ningbo , a place regarded by Buddhists as the bodhimaṇḍa of Avalokiteśvara . He went on to visit the Temple of King Ashoka and various Chan holy places . Middle Age and Enlightenment . At age forty-three , Xuyun had by now left the home-life for more than twenty years , but he had not yet completed his practice in the Path . He had not repaid his parents kindness , and so he vowed to again make a pilgrimage to Nan Hai . From Fa Hua Temple all the way to Ching Liang Peak at Mount Wutai of the northwest , the bodhimanda of Manjushri , he made one full prostration every three steps . He prayed for the rebirth of his parents in the Pure Land . Along the way , Xuyun is said to have met a beggar called Wen Chi , who twice saved his life . After talking with the monks at the Five-Peaked Mountain , Xuyun came to believe that the beggar had been an incarnation of Manjushri . Having achieved singleness of mind , Xuyun traveled west and south , making his way through Tibet . He visited many monasteries and holy places , including Sichuans Mount Emei , the bodhimanda of Samantabhadra Bodhisattva , the Potala , the seat of the Dalai Lama , and Tashilhunpo Monastery , the seat of the Panchen Lama . He traveled through India and Ceylon , and then across the sea to Burma . During this time of wandering , he felt his mind clearing and his health growing stronger . Xuyun composed a large number of poems during this period . After returning to China , During Xuyuns fifty-third year , he joined with other Venerable Masters Pu Zhao , Yue Xia , and Yin Lian ( Lotus Seal ) to cultivate together . They climbed Mount Jiuhua ( bodhimanda of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva ) and repaired the huts on Cui Feng Summit , where Dharma Master Pu Zhao expounded the Mahavaipulyabuddha Avatamsaka ( Flower Adornment ) Sutra . When Xuyun was fifty-six , the Abbot Yue Lang of Gaomin Temple in Yangzhou was going to convene a continuous twelve-week session of dhyana meditation . Preparing to leave , the group asked Xuyun to go first . After reaching Di Gang , he had to cross the water , but had no money . The ferry left without him . As he walked along the rivers edge , he suddenly lost his footing and fell into the rushing water , where he bobbed helplessly for a day and night and was caught in a fishermans net . He was carried to a nearby temple , where he was revived and treated for his injuries . Feeling ill , he nevertheless returned to Yangzhou . When asked by Gao Ming whether he would participate in the upcoming weeks of meditation , he politely declined , without revealing his illness . The temple had rules that those who were invited had to attend or else face punishment . In the end , Gao Ming had Xuyun beaten with a wooden ruler . He willingly accepted this punishment , although it worsened his condition . For the next several days , Xuyun sat in continuous meditation . In his autobiography , he wrote : [ in ] the purity of my singleness of mind , I forgot all about my body . Twenty days later my illness vanished completely . From that moment , with all my thoughts entirely wiped out , my practice took effect throughout the day and night . My steps were as swift as if I was flying in the air . One evening , after meditation , I opened my eyes and suddenly saw I was in brightness similar to broad daylight in which I could see everything inside and outside the monastery.. . But he knew that this occurrence was only a mental state , and that it was not at all rare . He did not become attached to this achievement , but continued his single-minded investigation of the topic , who is mindful of the Buddha ? over and over again , he delved into this topic without interruption . Xuyun composed a commemorative verse for the oft-cited moment of profound insight , which was galvanized by the sound of a breaking teacup in the Chan Hall : Later life . Xuyun tirelessly worked as a bodhisattva , teaching precepts , explaining sutras , and restoring old temples . He worked throughout Asia , creating a following across Burma , Thailand , Malaya , and Vietnam , as well as Tibet and China . He remained in China during World War II . In the winter of 1942 , Xuyun held a Protect the Nation , Quell the Disaster , Mahākaruṇā Dharma Assembly that lasted over three months long in Chongqing , the capital of China at that time . He stayed after the rise of the Peoples Republic of China to support the Buddhist communities rather than retreat to the safety of Hong Kong or Taiwan . After the Communists took over mainland China , he and his disciples were mistreated and tortured . In 1953 , along with Dharma Master Yuan Ying and others , Xuyun formed the Chinese Buddhist Association at Kuang Chi ( Extensive Aid ) Monastery where he was Honorary President . The following resolutions were proposed to the government : 1 . In all places , further destruction of monasteries and temples , the desecration of images , and the burning of sutras shall immediately cease ; 2 . The intimidation of bhikshus and bhikshunis to force their return to lay life will not be tolerated ; and 3 . All monastery property shall be returned forthwith , and there should be returned to the Sangha enough arable acreage to make the monasteries self-supporting . The petition was approved . He then represented the Association in receiving three gifts from a Buddhist delegation from Sri Lanka . Hsu Yun also responded to the invitation of Dharma Master Nan Tung ( Penetration to the South ) to head another Dharma assembly at Lang Shan ( Wolf Mountain ) Monastery , where several thousand people from all over took refuge . He returned to Shanghai in the third lunar month , and the next month received a telegram from Peking requesting his presence in the Capital . Hsu Yun arrived and stayed at Kuang Chi ( Extensive Aid ) Monastery ( Guangji Temple ( Beijing ) ) . Representatives of various Buddhist groups also were present , and the Chinese Buddhist Association was officially inaugurated . After a plenary meeting in which important policies were decided , some monks suggested to him some changes to precepts and rules . Xuyun then scolded them and wrote an essay about the manifestation of the Dharma Ending Age . Death . Xuyun became ill in the summer of 1959 and died in October . Significance . In 1953 , the Chinese Buddhist Association was established at a meeting with 121 delegates in Beijing . The meeting also elected a chairman , 4 honorary chairmen , 7 vice-chairmen , a secretary general , 3 deputy secretaries-general , 18 members of a standing committee , and 93 directors . The 4 elected honorary chairmen were the Dalai Lama , the Panchen Lama , the Grand Lama of Inner Mongolia , and Xuyun himself . Publications . - Empty Cloud : The Autobiography of the Chinese Zen Master Xu Yun References . - Gauci , Damian , John ( 2011 ) . Chan-Pure Land : An Interpretation of Xu Yuns ( 1840-1959 ) Oral Instructions , Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 24 , 105-120 - Huimin Bhiksu ( 2009 ) . An Inquiry Into Master Xuyun’s Experiences of Long-dwelling in Samadhi , Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 22 , 45-68 - Hunn , Richard ( ed. ) , translated by Charles Luk ( 1974 ) . Empty Cloud : the Autobiography of the Chinese Zen Master Hsu Yun . Rochester : Empty Cloud Press . Shaftesbury : Element Books , 1988 ( revised ) - Kʻuan Yü Lu ( Charles Luk ) ( 1964 ) . Master Hsu Yun Brief Biography , The Mountain Path , Vol . 1 , October 1964 , No . 4 - Kʻuan Yü Lu ( Charles Luk ) ( 1961 ) . Chan and Zen teaching , London : Rider . - Kʻuan Yü Lu ; Xuyun ( 1993 ) . Master Hsu Yuns discourses and dharma words , Hong Kong : H . K . Buddhist book distributor . - Hsuan Hua ( 1983,1985 ) . A Pictorial Biography of the Venerable Master Hsu Yun - Vol.1 and Vol.2 ( 2nd edition 2003 ) . Burlingame , Calif. : Buddhist Text Translation Society , Dharma Realm Buddhist Univ . - Sakya , Jy Din ( 1996 ) . Empty Cloud : The teachings of Xu Yun . A remembrance of the Great Chinese Zen Master , Hong Kong : H . K . Buddhist book distributor External links . - There are two institutions under the name Zen Buddhist Order of Hsu Yun : one at hsuyun.org and another at zatma.org - List of books on the life and teachings of Master Hsu Yun . - Testimonies of awakening - 虛雲和尚年譜 - Master Xuyun Memorial Photographic Library
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What citizenship did Xuyun hold from Oct 1949 to Oct 1950?
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/wiki/Xuyun#P27#2
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Xuyun Xuyun or Hsu Yun ( ; 5 September 1840 ? – 13 October 1959 ) was a renowned Chinese Chan Buddhist master and one of the most influential Buddhist teachers of the 19th and 20th centuries . Early life . Xuyun was purportedly born on 5 September 1840 in Fujian , Qing China . His original name was Xiao Guyan ( ) . He was the son of Xiao Yutang ( ) and his mother was surnamed Yan ( ) . His paternal lineage can be traced back to Emperor Liang Wudi . His mother died during childbirth . Guyans grandmother insisted that her grandson take a wife . In order to continue both his and his uncles lineage , Guyan was arranged to marry one woman from the Tian family and one from the Tan family . His first exposure to Buddhism was during the funeral of his grandmother . Soon afterward he began reading Buddhist sutras and later made a pilgrimage to Mount Heng , one of the most important Buddhist sites in China . When he was fourteen years old , he announced that he wished to renounce the material world in favour of monastic life . His father did not approve of Buddhism and had him instructed in Taoism instead . Guyan was dissatisfied with Taoism , which he felt could not reach the deeper truths of existence . The storerooms of his house were full of very old books . Going through them , he found a volume called the Story of Incense Mountain ( cf . Guanyin#Miaoshan ) , which described the life of Guanyin . After reading the book , he was deeply influenced and was inspired to go forth from the home to monkhood to practice Buddhism . When Xuyun was seventeen , he attempted to flee to Mount Heng to become a monk without his familys permission . On a winding mountain path he encountered envoys sent by his uncle to intercept and escort him back . His aspiration was not realized and he was reproved and brought back home . When he arrived home , the family feared that he would escape again , so he was sent with his first cousin , Fu Kuo , to Quanzhou . His father formally received the brides from the Tian and Tan families for Xuyun , and his marriage was completed . Although they lived together , Xuyun did not have sexual contact with his wives . Moreover , he extensively explained the dharma to the women so that they too would practice Buddhism . Fu Kuo also had previously explored Buddhism and had the same aspiration as Xuyun , so they amicably traveled the Path together . In his nineteenth year , accompanied by Fu Kuo , he started the journey to Gu Shan ( Drum Mountain ) in Fuzhou to leave home . Before leaving , he wrote the Song of the Skinbag . which he left behind for his two wives . It was at Gu Shan monastery that his head was shaved and he received ordination as a monk . When his father sent agents to find him , Xuyun concealed himself in a grotto behind the monastery , where he lived in solitude for three years . At the age of twenty-five , Xuyun learned that his father had died , and his stepmother and two wives had entered the monastic life . During his years as a hermit , Xuyun made some of his most profound discoveries . He visited the old master Yung Ching , who encouraged him to abandon his extreme asceticism in favor of temperance . He instructed the young monk in the sutras and told him to be mindful of the Hua Tou , Who is dragging this corpse of mine ? In his thirty-sixth year , with the encouragement of Yung Ching , Xuyun went on a seven-year pilgrimage to Mount Putuo off the coast of Ningbo , a place regarded by Buddhists as the bodhimaṇḍa of Avalokiteśvara . He went on to visit the Temple of King Ashoka and various Chan holy places . Middle Age and Enlightenment . At age forty-three , Xuyun had by now left the home-life for more than twenty years , but he had not yet completed his practice in the Path . He had not repaid his parents kindness , and so he vowed to again make a pilgrimage to Nan Hai . From Fa Hua Temple all the way to Ching Liang Peak at Mount Wutai of the northwest , the bodhimanda of Manjushri , he made one full prostration every three steps . He prayed for the rebirth of his parents in the Pure Land . Along the way , Xuyun is said to have met a beggar called Wen Chi , who twice saved his life . After talking with the monks at the Five-Peaked Mountain , Xuyun came to believe that the beggar had been an incarnation of Manjushri . Having achieved singleness of mind , Xuyun traveled west and south , making his way through Tibet . He visited many monasteries and holy places , including Sichuans Mount Emei , the bodhimanda of Samantabhadra Bodhisattva , the Potala , the seat of the Dalai Lama , and Tashilhunpo Monastery , the seat of the Panchen Lama . He traveled through India and Ceylon , and then across the sea to Burma . During this time of wandering , he felt his mind clearing and his health growing stronger . Xuyun composed a large number of poems during this period . After returning to China , During Xuyuns fifty-third year , he joined with other Venerable Masters Pu Zhao , Yue Xia , and Yin Lian ( Lotus Seal ) to cultivate together . They climbed Mount Jiuhua ( bodhimanda of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva ) and repaired the huts on Cui Feng Summit , where Dharma Master Pu Zhao expounded the Mahavaipulyabuddha Avatamsaka ( Flower Adornment ) Sutra . When Xuyun was fifty-six , the Abbot Yue Lang of Gaomin Temple in Yangzhou was going to convene a continuous twelve-week session of dhyana meditation . Preparing to leave , the group asked Xuyun to go first . After reaching Di Gang , he had to cross the water , but had no money . The ferry left without him . As he walked along the rivers edge , he suddenly lost his footing and fell into the rushing water , where he bobbed helplessly for a day and night and was caught in a fishermans net . He was carried to a nearby temple , where he was revived and treated for his injuries . Feeling ill , he nevertheless returned to Yangzhou . When asked by Gao Ming whether he would participate in the upcoming weeks of meditation , he politely declined , without revealing his illness . The temple had rules that those who were invited had to attend or else face punishment . In the end , Gao Ming had Xuyun beaten with a wooden ruler . He willingly accepted this punishment , although it worsened his condition . For the next several days , Xuyun sat in continuous meditation . In his autobiography , he wrote : [ in ] the purity of my singleness of mind , I forgot all about my body . Twenty days later my illness vanished completely . From that moment , with all my thoughts entirely wiped out , my practice took effect throughout the day and night . My steps were as swift as if I was flying in the air . One evening , after meditation , I opened my eyes and suddenly saw I was in brightness similar to broad daylight in which I could see everything inside and outside the monastery.. . But he knew that this occurrence was only a mental state , and that it was not at all rare . He did not become attached to this achievement , but continued his single-minded investigation of the topic , who is mindful of the Buddha ? over and over again , he delved into this topic without interruption . Xuyun composed a commemorative verse for the oft-cited moment of profound insight , which was galvanized by the sound of a breaking teacup in the Chan Hall : Later life . Xuyun tirelessly worked as a bodhisattva , teaching precepts , explaining sutras , and restoring old temples . He worked throughout Asia , creating a following across Burma , Thailand , Malaya , and Vietnam , as well as Tibet and China . He remained in China during World War II . In the winter of 1942 , Xuyun held a Protect the Nation , Quell the Disaster , Mahākaruṇā Dharma Assembly that lasted over three months long in Chongqing , the capital of China at that time . He stayed after the rise of the Peoples Republic of China to support the Buddhist communities rather than retreat to the safety of Hong Kong or Taiwan . After the Communists took over mainland China , he and his disciples were mistreated and tortured . In 1953 , along with Dharma Master Yuan Ying and others , Xuyun formed the Chinese Buddhist Association at Kuang Chi ( Extensive Aid ) Monastery where he was Honorary President . The following resolutions were proposed to the government : 1 . In all places , further destruction of monasteries and temples , the desecration of images , and the burning of sutras shall immediately cease ; 2 . The intimidation of bhikshus and bhikshunis to force their return to lay life will not be tolerated ; and 3 . All monastery property shall be returned forthwith , and there should be returned to the Sangha enough arable acreage to make the monasteries self-supporting . The petition was approved . He then represented the Association in receiving three gifts from a Buddhist delegation from Sri Lanka . Hsu Yun also responded to the invitation of Dharma Master Nan Tung ( Penetration to the South ) to head another Dharma assembly at Lang Shan ( Wolf Mountain ) Monastery , where several thousand people from all over took refuge . He returned to Shanghai in the third lunar month , and the next month received a telegram from Peking requesting his presence in the Capital . Hsu Yun arrived and stayed at Kuang Chi ( Extensive Aid ) Monastery ( Guangji Temple ( Beijing ) ) . Representatives of various Buddhist groups also were present , and the Chinese Buddhist Association was officially inaugurated . After a plenary meeting in which important policies were decided , some monks suggested to him some changes to precepts and rules . Xuyun then scolded them and wrote an essay about the manifestation of the Dharma Ending Age . Death . Xuyun became ill in the summer of 1959 and died in October . Significance . In 1953 , the Chinese Buddhist Association was established at a meeting with 121 delegates in Beijing . The meeting also elected a chairman , 4 honorary chairmen , 7 vice-chairmen , a secretary general , 3 deputy secretaries-general , 18 members of a standing committee , and 93 directors . The 4 elected honorary chairmen were the Dalai Lama , the Panchen Lama , the Grand Lama of Inner Mongolia , and Xuyun himself . Publications . - Empty Cloud : The Autobiography of the Chinese Zen Master Xu Yun References . - Gauci , Damian , John ( 2011 ) . Chan-Pure Land : An Interpretation of Xu Yuns ( 1840-1959 ) Oral Instructions , Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 24 , 105-120 - Huimin Bhiksu ( 2009 ) . An Inquiry Into Master Xuyun’s Experiences of Long-dwelling in Samadhi , Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 22 , 45-68 - Hunn , Richard ( ed. ) , translated by Charles Luk ( 1974 ) . Empty Cloud : the Autobiography of the Chinese Zen Master Hsu Yun . Rochester : Empty Cloud Press . Shaftesbury : Element Books , 1988 ( revised ) - Kʻuan Yü Lu ( Charles Luk ) ( 1964 ) . Master Hsu Yun Brief Biography , The Mountain Path , Vol . 1 , October 1964 , No . 4 - Kʻuan Yü Lu ( Charles Luk ) ( 1961 ) . Chan and Zen teaching , London : Rider . - Kʻuan Yü Lu ; Xuyun ( 1993 ) . Master Hsu Yuns discourses and dharma words , Hong Kong : H . K . Buddhist book distributor . - Hsuan Hua ( 1983,1985 ) . A Pictorial Biography of the Venerable Master Hsu Yun - Vol.1 and Vol.2 ( 2nd edition 2003 ) . Burlingame , Calif. : Buddhist Text Translation Society , Dharma Realm Buddhist Univ . - Sakya , Jy Din ( 1996 ) . Empty Cloud : The teachings of Xu Yun . A remembrance of the Great Chinese Zen Master , Hong Kong : H . K . Buddhist book distributor External links . - There are two institutions under the name Zen Buddhist Order of Hsu Yun : one at hsuyun.org and another at zatma.org - List of books on the life and teachings of Master Hsu Yun . - Testimonies of awakening - 虛雲和尚年譜 - Master Xuyun Memorial Photographic Library
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"Scottish Labour deputy leadership election"
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What was the position of Kezia Dugdale from May 2011 to Aug 2015?
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/wiki/Kezia_Dugdale#P39#0
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Kezia Dugdale Kezia Alexandra Ross Dugdale ( born 28 August 1981 ) is a Scottish politician who served as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 2015 to 2017 . A former member of the Scottish Labour Party and Co-operative Party , she was a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region from 2011 to 2019 . Born in Aberdeen and raised in Dundee , Dugdale studied Law at the University of Aberdeen and Policy Studies at the University of Edinburgh , where she was a campaigns and welfare adviser . After leaving university , she worked as an election agent , political researcher and parliamentary officer . She was elected at the 2011 Scottish Parliament election on the Lothian regional list and became Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2014 . Dugdale was elected Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in the 2015 Scottish Labour leadership election . She led the party into the 2016 Scottish Parliament election ; where it finished third behind the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) and Scottish Conservatives and Dugdale failed to be elected to the Edinburgh Eastern constituency , once again being elected on the Lothian regional list . During the 2017 general election , the party held their previously sole seat and gained a further six seats from the SNP . She resigned as leader in August 2017 to pass on the baton to a successor who would lead the party into the 2021 Scottish Parliament election . After leaving frontbench politics , Dugdale worked as a columnist and appeared as a contestant on the seventeenth series of ITV reality show Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! in November 2017 . She later resigned her seat and Scottish Labour membership in July 2019 and accepted the role of director of the John Smith Centre for Public Service at the University of Glasgow . Early life and education . Dugdale was born in Aberdeen on 28 August 1981 . She attended secondary school at Harris Academy in Dundee , where she was Head Girl . She studied Law at the University of Aberdeen from 1999 until 2003 , and completed a Masters Degree in Policy Studies from 2004 until 2006 at the University of Edinburgh . Whilst attending university , she worked as Campaigns and Welfare Adviser for Edinburgh University Students Association and as Public Affairs Officer at the National Union of Students Scotland . Early political career . Dugdale sat on Scottish Labours Policy Forum from 2006 until 2008 , as well as serving as an election agent to both Sarah Boyack MSP and Sheila Gilmore MP . She had also volunteered as a researcher in the parliamentary office of Pauline McNeill MSP . She worked from 2007 to 2011 for the Labour Lothian regional MSP George Foulkes , by then also a Labour life peer , as his parliamentary office manager and political adviser . In the 2011 Scottish Parliament election , Dugdale was elected to the Scottish Parliament as Scottish Labours second candidate on their list for the Lothian region . She served as a Scottish Labour and Co-operative Party member and sat on the Local Government and Regeneration and Subordinate Legislation Committees . Dugdale was appointed as Scottish Labours Spokesperson for Education and Lifelong Learning on 29 June 2013 . Dugdale won the 2014 Scottish Labour deputy leadership election , succeeding Anas Sarwar , and defeating Katy Clark . As Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy did not have a seat in the Scottish Parliament , she stood in for him at First Ministers Questions . On 13 June 2015 , she resigned from the deputy leadership in order to contest the 2015 Scottish Labour leadership election . She was succeeded by Alex Rowley after the leadership election . Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . During the 2015 leadership election campaign , Dugdale said she would want to end the charitable status of private schools in Scotland which gives them tax breaks , a policy in her opinion unfair to state schools . In a July 2015 televised leadership debate , she said it was wrong the vast majority of the 232 Labour MPs abstained on the Conservative governments Welfare Reform and Work Bill in a second reading vote in the House of Commons . Following the resignation of Lord John Sewel on 28 July 2015 , she said the House of Lords should no longer be an unelected chamber and should be moved to Glasgow . She won the leadership on 15 August , defeating Ken Macintosh . During an August 2015 interview with The Guardian , Dugdale refused to publicly say who out of the four candidates in the UK Labour Party leadership election she supported , but did express serious doubts as to whether Jeremy Corbyn could ever become Prime Minister . After Corbyn had been elected as Leader of the Labour Party on 13 September , she revealed for the first time , on BBC Question Time on 30 October , she had voted for Yvette Cooper . Dugdale led Scottish Labour into the 2016 Scottish Parliament election . Dugdale wanted to re-affirm Scottish Labours core beliefs and convey to the electorate what the party stood for . She focused her campaign on a proposal to increase income tax to tackle underfunding of services by the Scottish National Party government , particularly in education . Meanwhile , the Scottish Conservatives ambitions were to oppose Scottish independence and push Ruth Davidson as an effective leader opposed to the SNPs governmental agenda . The results put Scottish Labour behind both the SNP and Scottish Conservatives , with the party falling into third place from second . The party made a net loss of 12 constituency seats , gaining only one and holding another two , but retained 21 of its 22 regional seats which assign additional members to address imbalance in constituency results . Dugdale was once again returned as an additional member for the Lothian region , having failed to win the Edinburgh Eastern constituency from the SNP by 5,087 votes . On 29 June 2016 , Dugdale called for Jeremy Corbyn to resign from his position as Leader of the Labour Party , after 174-to-40 Labour MPs voted no-confidence in his leadership . She said when 80% of his own MPs no longer supported him , Corbyn could not properly function as Labour leader or Leader of the Opposition in parliament , nor could he form a potential alternative government . On 22 August , she declared her support for Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party leadership election but also said her position would remain tenable were Corbyn to win re-election . After Corbyn won the leadership election , she first said that this made the Labour Party unelectable , then stated the opposite . Dugdale was Leader of the Scottish Labour Party during the 2017 general election . In the previous general election in 2015 , the party lost 40 of its 41 seats in what was a landslide victory for the SNP , who won 56 of the 59 seats in Scotland . Nicola Sturgeon based the 2017 SNP campaign on a promise to seek a second Scottish independence referendum with the aim of keeping an independent Scotland inside the European Union , a referendum Ruth Davidson and the Scottish Conservatives were opposed to . Dugdale again campaigned on what she saw as the need for an income tax increase to tackle education underfunding by the SNP . The results gave Scottish Labour seven seats . In their previously sole seat Edinburgh South , Ian Murray was returned with a super-majority of over 15,000 , and the party gained a further six seats from the SNP . However , the party came in third place behind the SNP with 35 seats and Scottish Conservatives with 13 . On 29 August 2017 , Dugdale resigned as leader of Scottish Labour with immediate effect , commenting that it was time to pass on the baton to someone else . She opined that her successor needed the space and time to prepare for the next Scottish Parliament election in 2021 . Later career . In November 2017 , ITV announced that Dugdale would appear as a contestant on its reality television series , Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! It was subsequently reported that she faced disciplinary action from the Labour Party because she did not notify party managers she would be out of the country on non-work related business while the Scottish Parliament was in session . On 21 November , the party said that she would not be suspended . Dugdale made her first appearance on Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! on 22 November . She became the second person to be eliminated from the show . Speaking about the experience afterwards , she said that she knew her appearance on the programme would be a political gamble , but that she wanted to take on the myth that every politician [ is ] old , white , male , pale and stale and would return home with my head held high . She expressed regrets of the effect of her appearances on the show during the first weeks of the new Labour leadership in Scotland , and received a written warning for agreeing to take part without approval from the Scottish Labour parliamentary group . She promised to donate her MSP’s salary for her absence , and part of her show fees , to charity . In 2018 , Stuart Campbell , a blogger running the pro-independence Wings Over Scotland website , started defamation proceedings against Dugdale about comments she made as a columnist for the Daily Record about his Twitter activity , a case he lost . The judgement said Dugdale was incorrect to imply Campbell had been homophobic but her article was protected under the principle of fair comment . On 29 April 2019 , Dugdale announced she would be resigning as an MSP before the summer recess of the Scottish Parliament in order to take up the role of director of the John Smith Centre for Public Service at the University of Glasgow . On 15 July 2019 , Dugdale resigned as a Member of the Scottish Parliament . The following day it was announced she would be succeeded by former transport minister Sarah Boyack , who had been a candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 . On 10 October 2019 , it was revealed she had also resigned from Scottish Labour in the July , following disagreement with the party over Brexit . Personal life . In a 2016 interview with Mary Riddell for the Fabian Review , Dugdale said she was in a relationship with a woman but was disinclined to provide details of her private life . She first appeared in public with her partner Louise Riddell when they voted together in Edinburgh in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election . In February 2017 , Dugdale revealed the couple had separated shortly after the New Year and following nine years together . In July 2017 , it was reported Dugdale was in a relationship with Mid Fife and Glenrothes MSP Jenny Gilruth , a member of the SNP , and the two had started dating around four months earlier . In September 2017 , she was named Politician of the Year at the Icon Awards , an awards ceremony celebrating Scotlands LGBT community . Dugdales father Jeff Dugdale is a retired teacher living in Elgin , Moray and is a campaigner for the Scottish independence movement . Her relationship with her father has been left sad and sore by his public criticisms toward her over Twitter and his support for Stuart Campbell in the defamation case against her . Dugdale says her interests include the theatre , Scottish crime novels , and the city of Edinburgh . She supports Hibernian F.C. , living close to their ground at Easter Road . She has lived in the Lochend , and Meadowbank , area since 2006 . She is a member of Unite the Union and the Community trade union . From 2014 until 2018 , she had a weekly column in the Daily Record . She has also written for LabourList and Progress .
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What was the position of Kezia Dugdale from Aug 2015 to Mar 2016?
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/wiki/Kezia_Dugdale#P39#1
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Kezia Dugdale Kezia Alexandra Ross Dugdale ( born 28 August 1981 ) is a Scottish politician who served as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 2015 to 2017 . A former member of the Scottish Labour Party and Co-operative Party , she was a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region from 2011 to 2019 . Born in Aberdeen and raised in Dundee , Dugdale studied Law at the University of Aberdeen and Policy Studies at the University of Edinburgh , where she was a campaigns and welfare adviser . After leaving university , she worked as an election agent , political researcher and parliamentary officer . She was elected at the 2011 Scottish Parliament election on the Lothian regional list and became Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2014 . Dugdale was elected Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in the 2015 Scottish Labour leadership election . She led the party into the 2016 Scottish Parliament election ; where it finished third behind the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) and Scottish Conservatives and Dugdale failed to be elected to the Edinburgh Eastern constituency , once again being elected on the Lothian regional list . During the 2017 general election , the party held their previously sole seat and gained a further six seats from the SNP . She resigned as leader in August 2017 to pass on the baton to a successor who would lead the party into the 2021 Scottish Parliament election . After leaving frontbench politics , Dugdale worked as a columnist and appeared as a contestant on the seventeenth series of ITV reality show Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! in November 2017 . She later resigned her seat and Scottish Labour membership in July 2019 and accepted the role of director of the John Smith Centre for Public Service at the University of Glasgow . Early life and education . Dugdale was born in Aberdeen on 28 August 1981 . She attended secondary school at Harris Academy in Dundee , where she was Head Girl . She studied Law at the University of Aberdeen from 1999 until 2003 , and completed a Masters Degree in Policy Studies from 2004 until 2006 at the University of Edinburgh . Whilst attending university , she worked as Campaigns and Welfare Adviser for Edinburgh University Students Association and as Public Affairs Officer at the National Union of Students Scotland . Early political career . Dugdale sat on Scottish Labours Policy Forum from 2006 until 2008 , as well as serving as an election agent to both Sarah Boyack MSP and Sheila Gilmore MP . She had also volunteered as a researcher in the parliamentary office of Pauline McNeill MSP . She worked from 2007 to 2011 for the Labour Lothian regional MSP George Foulkes , by then also a Labour life peer , as his parliamentary office manager and political adviser . In the 2011 Scottish Parliament election , Dugdale was elected to the Scottish Parliament as Scottish Labours second candidate on their list for the Lothian region . She served as a Scottish Labour and Co-operative Party member and sat on the Local Government and Regeneration and Subordinate Legislation Committees . Dugdale was appointed as Scottish Labours Spokesperson for Education and Lifelong Learning on 29 June 2013 . Dugdale won the 2014 Scottish Labour deputy leadership election , succeeding Anas Sarwar , and defeating Katy Clark . As Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy did not have a seat in the Scottish Parliament , she stood in for him at First Ministers Questions . On 13 June 2015 , she resigned from the deputy leadership in order to contest the 2015 Scottish Labour leadership election . She was succeeded by Alex Rowley after the leadership election . Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . During the 2015 leadership election campaign , Dugdale said she would want to end the charitable status of private schools in Scotland which gives them tax breaks , a policy in her opinion unfair to state schools . In a July 2015 televised leadership debate , she said it was wrong the vast majority of the 232 Labour MPs abstained on the Conservative governments Welfare Reform and Work Bill in a second reading vote in the House of Commons . Following the resignation of Lord John Sewel on 28 July 2015 , she said the House of Lords should no longer be an unelected chamber and should be moved to Glasgow . She won the leadership on 15 August , defeating Ken Macintosh . During an August 2015 interview with The Guardian , Dugdale refused to publicly say who out of the four candidates in the UK Labour Party leadership election she supported , but did express serious doubts as to whether Jeremy Corbyn could ever become Prime Minister . After Corbyn had been elected as Leader of the Labour Party on 13 September , she revealed for the first time , on BBC Question Time on 30 October , she had voted for Yvette Cooper . Dugdale led Scottish Labour into the 2016 Scottish Parliament election . Dugdale wanted to re-affirm Scottish Labours core beliefs and convey to the electorate what the party stood for . She focused her campaign on a proposal to increase income tax to tackle underfunding of services by the Scottish National Party government , particularly in education . Meanwhile , the Scottish Conservatives ambitions were to oppose Scottish independence and push Ruth Davidson as an effective leader opposed to the SNPs governmental agenda . The results put Scottish Labour behind both the SNP and Scottish Conservatives , with the party falling into third place from second . The party made a net loss of 12 constituency seats , gaining only one and holding another two , but retained 21 of its 22 regional seats which assign additional members to address imbalance in constituency results . Dugdale was once again returned as an additional member for the Lothian region , having failed to win the Edinburgh Eastern constituency from the SNP by 5,087 votes . On 29 June 2016 , Dugdale called for Jeremy Corbyn to resign from his position as Leader of the Labour Party , after 174-to-40 Labour MPs voted no-confidence in his leadership . She said when 80% of his own MPs no longer supported him , Corbyn could not properly function as Labour leader or Leader of the Opposition in parliament , nor could he form a potential alternative government . On 22 August , she declared her support for Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party leadership election but also said her position would remain tenable were Corbyn to win re-election . After Corbyn won the leadership election , she first said that this made the Labour Party unelectable , then stated the opposite . Dugdale was Leader of the Scottish Labour Party during the 2017 general election . In the previous general election in 2015 , the party lost 40 of its 41 seats in what was a landslide victory for the SNP , who won 56 of the 59 seats in Scotland . Nicola Sturgeon based the 2017 SNP campaign on a promise to seek a second Scottish independence referendum with the aim of keeping an independent Scotland inside the European Union , a referendum Ruth Davidson and the Scottish Conservatives were opposed to . Dugdale again campaigned on what she saw as the need for an income tax increase to tackle education underfunding by the SNP . The results gave Scottish Labour seven seats . In their previously sole seat Edinburgh South , Ian Murray was returned with a super-majority of over 15,000 , and the party gained a further six seats from the SNP . However , the party came in third place behind the SNP with 35 seats and Scottish Conservatives with 13 . On 29 August 2017 , Dugdale resigned as leader of Scottish Labour with immediate effect , commenting that it was time to pass on the baton to someone else . She opined that her successor needed the space and time to prepare for the next Scottish Parliament election in 2021 . Later career . In November 2017 , ITV announced that Dugdale would appear as a contestant on its reality television series , Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! It was subsequently reported that she faced disciplinary action from the Labour Party because she did not notify party managers she would be out of the country on non-work related business while the Scottish Parliament was in session . On 21 November , the party said that she would not be suspended . Dugdale made her first appearance on Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! on 22 November . She became the second person to be eliminated from the show . Speaking about the experience afterwards , she said that she knew her appearance on the programme would be a political gamble , but that she wanted to take on the myth that every politician [ is ] old , white , male , pale and stale and would return home with my head held high . She expressed regrets of the effect of her appearances on the show during the first weeks of the new Labour leadership in Scotland , and received a written warning for agreeing to take part without approval from the Scottish Labour parliamentary group . She promised to donate her MSP’s salary for her absence , and part of her show fees , to charity . In 2018 , Stuart Campbell , a blogger running the pro-independence Wings Over Scotland website , started defamation proceedings against Dugdale about comments she made as a columnist for the Daily Record about his Twitter activity , a case he lost . The judgement said Dugdale was incorrect to imply Campbell had been homophobic but her article was protected under the principle of fair comment . On 29 April 2019 , Dugdale announced she would be resigning as an MSP before the summer recess of the Scottish Parliament in order to take up the role of director of the John Smith Centre for Public Service at the University of Glasgow . On 15 July 2019 , Dugdale resigned as a Member of the Scottish Parliament . The following day it was announced she would be succeeded by former transport minister Sarah Boyack , who had been a candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 . On 10 October 2019 , it was revealed she had also resigned from Scottish Labour in the July , following disagreement with the party over Brexit . Personal life . In a 2016 interview with Mary Riddell for the Fabian Review , Dugdale said she was in a relationship with a woman but was disinclined to provide details of her private life . She first appeared in public with her partner Louise Riddell when they voted together in Edinburgh in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election . In February 2017 , Dugdale revealed the couple had separated shortly after the New Year and following nine years together . In July 2017 , it was reported Dugdale was in a relationship with Mid Fife and Glenrothes MSP Jenny Gilruth , a member of the SNP , and the two had started dating around four months earlier . In September 2017 , she was named Politician of the Year at the Icon Awards , an awards ceremony celebrating Scotlands LGBT community . Dugdales father Jeff Dugdale is a retired teacher living in Elgin , Moray and is a campaigner for the Scottish independence movement . Her relationship with her father has been left sad and sore by his public criticisms toward her over Twitter and his support for Stuart Campbell in the defamation case against her . Dugdale says her interests include the theatre , Scottish crime novels , and the city of Edinburgh . She supports Hibernian F.C. , living close to their ground at Easter Road . She has lived in the Lochend , and Meadowbank , area since 2006 . She is a member of Unite the Union and the Community trade union . From 2014 until 2018 , she had a weekly column in the Daily Record . She has also written for LabourList and Progress .
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Kezia Dugdale took which position from May 2016 to Jul 2019?
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/wiki/Kezia_Dugdale#P39#2
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Kezia Dugdale Kezia Alexandra Ross Dugdale ( born 28 August 1981 ) is a Scottish politician who served as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party from 2015 to 2017 . A former member of the Scottish Labour Party and Co-operative Party , she was a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region from 2011 to 2019 . Born in Aberdeen and raised in Dundee , Dugdale studied Law at the University of Aberdeen and Policy Studies at the University of Edinburgh , where she was a campaigns and welfare adviser . After leaving university , she worked as an election agent , political researcher and parliamentary officer . She was elected at the 2011 Scottish Parliament election on the Lothian regional list and became Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2014 . Dugdale was elected Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in the 2015 Scottish Labour leadership election . She led the party into the 2016 Scottish Parliament election ; where it finished third behind the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) and Scottish Conservatives and Dugdale failed to be elected to the Edinburgh Eastern constituency , once again being elected on the Lothian regional list . During the 2017 general election , the party held their previously sole seat and gained a further six seats from the SNP . She resigned as leader in August 2017 to pass on the baton to a successor who would lead the party into the 2021 Scottish Parliament election . After leaving frontbench politics , Dugdale worked as a columnist and appeared as a contestant on the seventeenth series of ITV reality show Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! in November 2017 . She later resigned her seat and Scottish Labour membership in July 2019 and accepted the role of director of the John Smith Centre for Public Service at the University of Glasgow . Early life and education . Dugdale was born in Aberdeen on 28 August 1981 . She attended secondary school at Harris Academy in Dundee , where she was Head Girl . She studied Law at the University of Aberdeen from 1999 until 2003 , and completed a Masters Degree in Policy Studies from 2004 until 2006 at the University of Edinburgh . Whilst attending university , she worked as Campaigns and Welfare Adviser for Edinburgh University Students Association and as Public Affairs Officer at the National Union of Students Scotland . Early political career . Dugdale sat on Scottish Labours Policy Forum from 2006 until 2008 , as well as serving as an election agent to both Sarah Boyack MSP and Sheila Gilmore MP . She had also volunteered as a researcher in the parliamentary office of Pauline McNeill MSP . She worked from 2007 to 2011 for the Labour Lothian regional MSP George Foulkes , by then also a Labour life peer , as his parliamentary office manager and political adviser . In the 2011 Scottish Parliament election , Dugdale was elected to the Scottish Parliament as Scottish Labours second candidate on their list for the Lothian region . She served as a Scottish Labour and Co-operative Party member and sat on the Local Government and Regeneration and Subordinate Legislation Committees . Dugdale was appointed as Scottish Labours Spokesperson for Education and Lifelong Learning on 29 June 2013 . Dugdale won the 2014 Scottish Labour deputy leadership election , succeeding Anas Sarwar , and defeating Katy Clark . As Scottish Labour leader Jim Murphy did not have a seat in the Scottish Parliament , she stood in for him at First Ministers Questions . On 13 June 2015 , she resigned from the deputy leadership in order to contest the 2015 Scottish Labour leadership election . She was succeeded by Alex Rowley after the leadership election . Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . During the 2015 leadership election campaign , Dugdale said she would want to end the charitable status of private schools in Scotland which gives them tax breaks , a policy in her opinion unfair to state schools . In a July 2015 televised leadership debate , she said it was wrong the vast majority of the 232 Labour MPs abstained on the Conservative governments Welfare Reform and Work Bill in a second reading vote in the House of Commons . Following the resignation of Lord John Sewel on 28 July 2015 , she said the House of Lords should no longer be an unelected chamber and should be moved to Glasgow . She won the leadership on 15 August , defeating Ken Macintosh . During an August 2015 interview with The Guardian , Dugdale refused to publicly say who out of the four candidates in the UK Labour Party leadership election she supported , but did express serious doubts as to whether Jeremy Corbyn could ever become Prime Minister . After Corbyn had been elected as Leader of the Labour Party on 13 September , she revealed for the first time , on BBC Question Time on 30 October , she had voted for Yvette Cooper . Dugdale led Scottish Labour into the 2016 Scottish Parliament election . Dugdale wanted to re-affirm Scottish Labours core beliefs and convey to the electorate what the party stood for . She focused her campaign on a proposal to increase income tax to tackle underfunding of services by the Scottish National Party government , particularly in education . Meanwhile , the Scottish Conservatives ambitions were to oppose Scottish independence and push Ruth Davidson as an effective leader opposed to the SNPs governmental agenda . The results put Scottish Labour behind both the SNP and Scottish Conservatives , with the party falling into third place from second . The party made a net loss of 12 constituency seats , gaining only one and holding another two , but retained 21 of its 22 regional seats which assign additional members to address imbalance in constituency results . Dugdale was once again returned as an additional member for the Lothian region , having failed to win the Edinburgh Eastern constituency from the SNP by 5,087 votes . On 29 June 2016 , Dugdale called for Jeremy Corbyn to resign from his position as Leader of the Labour Party , after 174-to-40 Labour MPs voted no-confidence in his leadership . She said when 80% of his own MPs no longer supported him , Corbyn could not properly function as Labour leader or Leader of the Opposition in parliament , nor could he form a potential alternative government . On 22 August , she declared her support for Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party leadership election but also said her position would remain tenable were Corbyn to win re-election . After Corbyn won the leadership election , she first said that this made the Labour Party unelectable , then stated the opposite . Dugdale was Leader of the Scottish Labour Party during the 2017 general election . In the previous general election in 2015 , the party lost 40 of its 41 seats in what was a landslide victory for the SNP , who won 56 of the 59 seats in Scotland . Nicola Sturgeon based the 2017 SNP campaign on a promise to seek a second Scottish independence referendum with the aim of keeping an independent Scotland inside the European Union , a referendum Ruth Davidson and the Scottish Conservatives were opposed to . Dugdale again campaigned on what she saw as the need for an income tax increase to tackle education underfunding by the SNP . The results gave Scottish Labour seven seats . In their previously sole seat Edinburgh South , Ian Murray was returned with a super-majority of over 15,000 , and the party gained a further six seats from the SNP . However , the party came in third place behind the SNP with 35 seats and Scottish Conservatives with 13 . On 29 August 2017 , Dugdale resigned as leader of Scottish Labour with immediate effect , commenting that it was time to pass on the baton to someone else . She opined that her successor needed the space and time to prepare for the next Scottish Parliament election in 2021 . Later career . In November 2017 , ITV announced that Dugdale would appear as a contestant on its reality television series , Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! It was subsequently reported that she faced disciplinary action from the Labour Party because she did not notify party managers she would be out of the country on non-work related business while the Scottish Parliament was in session . On 21 November , the party said that she would not be suspended . Dugdale made her first appearance on Im a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here ! on 22 November . She became the second person to be eliminated from the show . Speaking about the experience afterwards , she said that she knew her appearance on the programme would be a political gamble , but that she wanted to take on the myth that every politician [ is ] old , white , male , pale and stale and would return home with my head held high . She expressed regrets of the effect of her appearances on the show during the first weeks of the new Labour leadership in Scotland , and received a written warning for agreeing to take part without approval from the Scottish Labour parliamentary group . She promised to donate her MSP’s salary for her absence , and part of her show fees , to charity . In 2018 , Stuart Campbell , a blogger running the pro-independence Wings Over Scotland website , started defamation proceedings against Dugdale about comments she made as a columnist for the Daily Record about his Twitter activity , a case he lost . The judgement said Dugdale was incorrect to imply Campbell had been homophobic but her article was protected under the principle of fair comment . On 29 April 2019 , Dugdale announced she would be resigning as an MSP before the summer recess of the Scottish Parliament in order to take up the role of director of the John Smith Centre for Public Service at the University of Glasgow . On 15 July 2019 , Dugdale resigned as a Member of the Scottish Parliament . The following day it was announced she would be succeeded by former transport minister Sarah Boyack , who had been a candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 . On 10 October 2019 , it was revealed she had also resigned from Scottish Labour in the July , following disagreement with the party over Brexit . Personal life . In a 2016 interview with Mary Riddell for the Fabian Review , Dugdale said she was in a relationship with a woman but was disinclined to provide details of her private life . She first appeared in public with her partner Louise Riddell when they voted together in Edinburgh in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election . In February 2017 , Dugdale revealed the couple had separated shortly after the New Year and following nine years together . In July 2017 , it was reported Dugdale was in a relationship with Mid Fife and Glenrothes MSP Jenny Gilruth , a member of the SNP , and the two had started dating around four months earlier . In September 2017 , she was named Politician of the Year at the Icon Awards , an awards ceremony celebrating Scotlands LGBT community . Dugdales father Jeff Dugdale is a retired teacher living in Elgin , Moray and is a campaigner for the Scottish independence movement . Her relationship with her father has been left sad and sore by his public criticisms toward her over Twitter and his support for Stuart Campbell in the defamation case against her . Dugdale says her interests include the theatre , Scottish crime novels , and the city of Edinburgh . She supports Hibernian F.C. , living close to their ground at Easter Road . She has lived in the Lochend , and Meadowbank , area since 2006 . She is a member of Unite the Union and the Community trade union . From 2014 until 2018 , she had a weekly column in the Daily Record . She has also written for LabourList and Progress .
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Which position did Edward Timpson hold from May 2008 to Apr 2010?
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/wiki/Edward_Timpson#P39#0
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Edward Timpson Anthony Edward Timpson ( born 26 December 1973 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who was elected as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Eddisbury in Cheshire at the 2019 general election . He was previously MP for neighbouring Crewe and Nantwich , winning a 2008 by-election and retaining the seat until the 2017 general election when he lost to the Labour Party candidate , Laura Smith , by 48 votes . Timpson was Minister of State for Children and Families after the 2015 general election , having been promoted from Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Education . Early life . Timpson was born in Knutsford , Cheshire , in 1973 . His father , Sir William John Anthony Timpson , is the chairman and owner of the Timpson chain of shoe repair and key-cutting shops , which has been in the family for five generations and has over 1000 stores in the UK and Ireland . Timpson grew up with a brother , sister and over 80 children fostered by his parents . He was educated at Pownall Hall School , Alderley Edge County Primary School , Stockport Grammar Junior School , Terra Nova School and Uppingham School . He then attended Durham University ( Hatfield College ) , where he gained a BA ( Hons ) in Politics . He converted this to a law degree ( LLB ) at the College of Law in London . Timpson became a barrister in 1998 ; since 1999 , he has practised in Chester as a family law barrister . Political career . First years in the Commons . In July 2007 , Timpson was selected as the Conservative candidate for the Crewe and Nantwich constituency , an area which had been represented by the Labour MP Gwyneth Dunwoody since 1974 . After Dunwoody died in April 2008 , a by-election was called for May 2008 . In the run-up to the by-election , Timpson was the target of a toff campaign by Labour , which attempted to paint him as a rich man who would not understand the problems that people face day-to-day in contrast to their candidate , Gwyneth Dunwoodys daughter Tamsin Dunwoody . The Conservative campaign focused on local issues , such as crime and antisocial behaviour , closure of post offices and problems at Leighton Hospital , where two women in labour were turned away , as well as national issues - referring to Dunwoody as Gordon Browns candidate and capitalising on dissatisfaction with the Labour government , in particular the removal of the 10% tax rate . On 22 May 2008 , Timpson was elected MP , gaining 20,539 votes ( 49% of the vote ) , a swing from Labour of 17.6% . This was the Conservatives first gain in a by-election since 1982 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 16 June 2008 . Timpson served on the Joint Committee on Human Rights and the Children , Schools and Families Select Committee . He is a Vice-President of Conservative Friends of Poland . 2010 to 2017 . Following his re-election on 7 May 2010 , Timpson was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary of Theresa May , the Home Secretary . He was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education in September 2012 . Timpson was named Minister of the Year in 2014 for pushing through reforms increasing the age of leaving foster care from 18 to 21 , an initiative he had originally championed as a backbench committee chair . He credited his childhood experiences of living with a large family of fostered children . He was re-elected in Crewe and Nantwich at the 2015 general election . On 11 May 2015 , four days later , David Cameron announced he would become Minister of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education . Timpson voted for Remain in the 2016 EU membership referendum . He lost his seat at the 2017 general election by 48 votes after three recounts . Work from 2017 to 2019 . Timpson went on to author a review into education , looking at school exclusions , off-rolling and Special Educational Needs ( SEN ) students . In 2018 , Timpson was appointed as the chair of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service ( CAFCASS ) , for the term from April 2018 to April 2021 , succeeding Baroness Tyler of Enfield . Return to Parliament . Having lost his former seat of Crewe and Nantwich in 2017 , Timpson was successfully selected as the Conservative Partys candidate for the neighbouring seat Eddisbury in the 2019 general election . He defeated Antoinette Sandbach ( formerly a Conservative MP who was suspended from the party and then defected to the Liberal Democrats ) . His former seat also went back to the Conservatives . Personal life . In June 2002 , Timpson married Julia Helen Still in south Cheshire . The couple have a son and three daughters . He has completed 15 marathons , including the New York City Marathon in 2007 and the London Marathon in 2008 , raising over £15,000 . His recreations are listed in Whos Who as football ( watching and playing ) , cricket , marathon running , travel , playing with my children . External links . - Edward Timpson MP official website - Edward Timpson profile on Conservative Party website - BBC Politics page - BBC EU Referendum page
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"Parliamentary Private Secretary of Theresa May , the Home Secretary",
"Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education"
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What was the position of Edward Timpson from May 2010 to Mar 2015?
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/wiki/Edward_Timpson#P39#1
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Edward Timpson Anthony Edward Timpson ( born 26 December 1973 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who was elected as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Eddisbury in Cheshire at the 2019 general election . He was previously MP for neighbouring Crewe and Nantwich , winning a 2008 by-election and retaining the seat until the 2017 general election when he lost to the Labour Party candidate , Laura Smith , by 48 votes . Timpson was Minister of State for Children and Families after the 2015 general election , having been promoted from Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Education . Early life . Timpson was born in Knutsford , Cheshire , in 1973 . His father , Sir William John Anthony Timpson , is the chairman and owner of the Timpson chain of shoe repair and key-cutting shops , which has been in the family for five generations and has over 1000 stores in the UK and Ireland . Timpson grew up with a brother , sister and over 80 children fostered by his parents . He was educated at Pownall Hall School , Alderley Edge County Primary School , Stockport Grammar Junior School , Terra Nova School and Uppingham School . He then attended Durham University ( Hatfield College ) , where he gained a BA ( Hons ) in Politics . He converted this to a law degree ( LLB ) at the College of Law in London . Timpson became a barrister in 1998 ; since 1999 , he has practised in Chester as a family law barrister . Political career . First years in the Commons . In July 2007 , Timpson was selected as the Conservative candidate for the Crewe and Nantwich constituency , an area which had been represented by the Labour MP Gwyneth Dunwoody since 1974 . After Dunwoody died in April 2008 , a by-election was called for May 2008 . In the run-up to the by-election , Timpson was the target of a toff campaign by Labour , which attempted to paint him as a rich man who would not understand the problems that people face day-to-day in contrast to their candidate , Gwyneth Dunwoodys daughter Tamsin Dunwoody . The Conservative campaign focused on local issues , such as crime and antisocial behaviour , closure of post offices and problems at Leighton Hospital , where two women in labour were turned away , as well as national issues - referring to Dunwoody as Gordon Browns candidate and capitalising on dissatisfaction with the Labour government , in particular the removal of the 10% tax rate . On 22 May 2008 , Timpson was elected MP , gaining 20,539 votes ( 49% of the vote ) , a swing from Labour of 17.6% . This was the Conservatives first gain in a by-election since 1982 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 16 June 2008 . Timpson served on the Joint Committee on Human Rights and the Children , Schools and Families Select Committee . He is a Vice-President of Conservative Friends of Poland . 2010 to 2017 . Following his re-election on 7 May 2010 , Timpson was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary of Theresa May , the Home Secretary . He was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education in September 2012 . Timpson was named Minister of the Year in 2014 for pushing through reforms increasing the age of leaving foster care from 18 to 21 , an initiative he had originally championed as a backbench committee chair . He credited his childhood experiences of living with a large family of fostered children . He was re-elected in Crewe and Nantwich at the 2015 general election . On 11 May 2015 , four days later , David Cameron announced he would become Minister of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education . Timpson voted for Remain in the 2016 EU membership referendum . He lost his seat at the 2017 general election by 48 votes after three recounts . Work from 2017 to 2019 . Timpson went on to author a review into education , looking at school exclusions , off-rolling and Special Educational Needs ( SEN ) students . In 2018 , Timpson was appointed as the chair of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service ( CAFCASS ) , for the term from April 2018 to April 2021 , succeeding Baroness Tyler of Enfield . Return to Parliament . Having lost his former seat of Crewe and Nantwich in 2017 , Timpson was successfully selected as the Conservative Partys candidate for the neighbouring seat Eddisbury in the 2019 general election . He defeated Antoinette Sandbach ( formerly a Conservative MP who was suspended from the party and then defected to the Liberal Democrats ) . His former seat also went back to the Conservatives . Personal life . In June 2002 , Timpson married Julia Helen Still in south Cheshire . The couple have a son and three daughters . He has completed 15 marathons , including the New York City Marathon in 2007 and the London Marathon in 2008 , raising over £15,000 . His recreations are listed in Whos Who as football ( watching and playing ) , cricket , marathon running , travel , playing with my children . External links . - Edward Timpson MP official website - Edward Timpson profile on Conservative Party website - BBC Politics page - BBC EU Referendum page
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"Minister of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education ."
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Edward Timpson took which position from May 2015 to May 2017?
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/wiki/Edward_Timpson#P39#2
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Edward Timpson Anthony Edward Timpson ( born 26 December 1973 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who was elected as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Eddisbury in Cheshire at the 2019 general election . He was previously MP for neighbouring Crewe and Nantwich , winning a 2008 by-election and retaining the seat until the 2017 general election when he lost to the Labour Party candidate , Laura Smith , by 48 votes . Timpson was Minister of State for Children and Families after the 2015 general election , having been promoted from Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Education . Early life . Timpson was born in Knutsford , Cheshire , in 1973 . His father , Sir William John Anthony Timpson , is the chairman and owner of the Timpson chain of shoe repair and key-cutting shops , which has been in the family for five generations and has over 1000 stores in the UK and Ireland . Timpson grew up with a brother , sister and over 80 children fostered by his parents . He was educated at Pownall Hall School , Alderley Edge County Primary School , Stockport Grammar Junior School , Terra Nova School and Uppingham School . He then attended Durham University ( Hatfield College ) , where he gained a BA ( Hons ) in Politics . He converted this to a law degree ( LLB ) at the College of Law in London . Timpson became a barrister in 1998 ; since 1999 , he has practised in Chester as a family law barrister . Political career . First years in the Commons . In July 2007 , Timpson was selected as the Conservative candidate for the Crewe and Nantwich constituency , an area which had been represented by the Labour MP Gwyneth Dunwoody since 1974 . After Dunwoody died in April 2008 , a by-election was called for May 2008 . In the run-up to the by-election , Timpson was the target of a toff campaign by Labour , which attempted to paint him as a rich man who would not understand the problems that people face day-to-day in contrast to their candidate , Gwyneth Dunwoodys daughter Tamsin Dunwoody . The Conservative campaign focused on local issues , such as crime and antisocial behaviour , closure of post offices and problems at Leighton Hospital , where two women in labour were turned away , as well as national issues - referring to Dunwoody as Gordon Browns candidate and capitalising on dissatisfaction with the Labour government , in particular the removal of the 10% tax rate . On 22 May 2008 , Timpson was elected MP , gaining 20,539 votes ( 49% of the vote ) , a swing from Labour of 17.6% . This was the Conservatives first gain in a by-election since 1982 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 16 June 2008 . Timpson served on the Joint Committee on Human Rights and the Children , Schools and Families Select Committee . He is a Vice-President of Conservative Friends of Poland . 2010 to 2017 . Following his re-election on 7 May 2010 , Timpson was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary of Theresa May , the Home Secretary . He was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education in September 2012 . Timpson was named Minister of the Year in 2014 for pushing through reforms increasing the age of leaving foster care from 18 to 21 , an initiative he had originally championed as a backbench committee chair . He credited his childhood experiences of living with a large family of fostered children . He was re-elected in Crewe and Nantwich at the 2015 general election . On 11 May 2015 , four days later , David Cameron announced he would become Minister of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education . Timpson voted for Remain in the 2016 EU membership referendum . He lost his seat at the 2017 general election by 48 votes after three recounts . Work from 2017 to 2019 . Timpson went on to author a review into education , looking at school exclusions , off-rolling and Special Educational Needs ( SEN ) students . In 2018 , Timpson was appointed as the chair of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service ( CAFCASS ) , for the term from April 2018 to April 2021 , succeeding Baroness Tyler of Enfield . Return to Parliament . Having lost his former seat of Crewe and Nantwich in 2017 , Timpson was successfully selected as the Conservative Partys candidate for the neighbouring seat Eddisbury in the 2019 general election . He defeated Antoinette Sandbach ( formerly a Conservative MP who was suspended from the party and then defected to the Liberal Democrats ) . His former seat also went back to the Conservatives . Personal life . In June 2002 , Timpson married Julia Helen Still in south Cheshire . The couple have a son and three daughters . He has completed 15 marathons , including the New York City Marathon in 2007 and the London Marathon in 2008 , raising over £15,000 . His recreations are listed in Whos Who as football ( watching and playing ) , cricket , marathon running , travel , playing with my children . External links . - Edward Timpson MP official website - Edward Timpson profile on Conservative Party website - BBC Politics page - BBC EU Referendum page
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"the chair of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service ( CAFCASS )"
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What position did Edward Timpson take from Dec 2019 to Dec 2020?
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/wiki/Edward_Timpson#P39#3
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Edward Timpson Anthony Edward Timpson ( born 26 December 1973 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who was elected as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Eddisbury in Cheshire at the 2019 general election . He was previously MP for neighbouring Crewe and Nantwich , winning a 2008 by-election and retaining the seat until the 2017 general election when he lost to the Labour Party candidate , Laura Smith , by 48 votes . Timpson was Minister of State for Children and Families after the 2015 general election , having been promoted from Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Education . Early life . Timpson was born in Knutsford , Cheshire , in 1973 . His father , Sir William John Anthony Timpson , is the chairman and owner of the Timpson chain of shoe repair and key-cutting shops , which has been in the family for five generations and has over 1000 stores in the UK and Ireland . Timpson grew up with a brother , sister and over 80 children fostered by his parents . He was educated at Pownall Hall School , Alderley Edge County Primary School , Stockport Grammar Junior School , Terra Nova School and Uppingham School . He then attended Durham University ( Hatfield College ) , where he gained a BA ( Hons ) in Politics . He converted this to a law degree ( LLB ) at the College of Law in London . Timpson became a barrister in 1998 ; since 1999 , he has practised in Chester as a family law barrister . Political career . First years in the Commons . In July 2007 , Timpson was selected as the Conservative candidate for the Crewe and Nantwich constituency , an area which had been represented by the Labour MP Gwyneth Dunwoody since 1974 . After Dunwoody died in April 2008 , a by-election was called for May 2008 . In the run-up to the by-election , Timpson was the target of a toff campaign by Labour , which attempted to paint him as a rich man who would not understand the problems that people face day-to-day in contrast to their candidate , Gwyneth Dunwoodys daughter Tamsin Dunwoody . The Conservative campaign focused on local issues , such as crime and antisocial behaviour , closure of post offices and problems at Leighton Hospital , where two women in labour were turned away , as well as national issues - referring to Dunwoody as Gordon Browns candidate and capitalising on dissatisfaction with the Labour government , in particular the removal of the 10% tax rate . On 22 May 2008 , Timpson was elected MP , gaining 20,539 votes ( 49% of the vote ) , a swing from Labour of 17.6% . This was the Conservatives first gain in a by-election since 1982 . He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 16 June 2008 . Timpson served on the Joint Committee on Human Rights and the Children , Schools and Families Select Committee . He is a Vice-President of Conservative Friends of Poland . 2010 to 2017 . Following his re-election on 7 May 2010 , Timpson was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary of Theresa May , the Home Secretary . He was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education in September 2012 . Timpson was named Minister of the Year in 2014 for pushing through reforms increasing the age of leaving foster care from 18 to 21 , an initiative he had originally championed as a backbench committee chair . He credited his childhood experiences of living with a large family of fostered children . He was re-elected in Crewe and Nantwich at the 2015 general election . On 11 May 2015 , four days later , David Cameron announced he would become Minister of State for Children and Families at the Department for Education . Timpson voted for Remain in the 2016 EU membership referendum . He lost his seat at the 2017 general election by 48 votes after three recounts . Work from 2017 to 2019 . Timpson went on to author a review into education , looking at school exclusions , off-rolling and Special Educational Needs ( SEN ) students . In 2018 , Timpson was appointed as the chair of the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service ( CAFCASS ) , for the term from April 2018 to April 2021 , succeeding Baroness Tyler of Enfield . Return to Parliament . Having lost his former seat of Crewe and Nantwich in 2017 , Timpson was successfully selected as the Conservative Partys candidate for the neighbouring seat Eddisbury in the 2019 general election . He defeated Antoinette Sandbach ( formerly a Conservative MP who was suspended from the party and then defected to the Liberal Democrats ) . His former seat also went back to the Conservatives . Personal life . In June 2002 , Timpson married Julia Helen Still in south Cheshire . The couple have a son and three daughters . He has completed 15 marathons , including the New York City Marathon in 2007 and the London Marathon in 2008 , raising over £15,000 . His recreations are listed in Whos Who as football ( watching and playing ) , cricket , marathon running , travel , playing with my children . External links . - Edward Timpson MP official website - Edward Timpson profile on Conservative Party website - BBC Politics page - BBC EU Referendum page
|
[
"Glasgow"
] |
easy
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Where did Peter Capaldi live from 1958 to 1983?
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/wiki/Peter_Capaldi#P551#0
|
Peter Capaldi Peter Dougan Capaldi ( ; born 14 April 1958 ) is a Scottish actor , director , singer and writer . He portrayed the twelfth incarnation of the Doctor in Doctor Who ( 2013–2017 ) and Malcolm Tucker in The Thick of It ( 2005–2012 ) , for which he has received four British Academy Television Award nominations , winning Best Male Comedy Performance in 2010 . When he reprised the role of Tucker in the feature film In the Loop , Capaldi was honoured with several film critic award nominations for Best Supporting Actor . Capaldi won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Short Film for his 1993 short film Franz Kafkas Its a Wonderful Life . He went on to write and direct the drama film Strictly Sinatra and directed two series of the sitcom Getting On . Early life . Capaldi was born in Glasgow , Scotland , to Nancy ( née Soutar ) and Gerald John Capaldi . His paternal grandfather was Italian , while the rest of his ancestry is Scottish and Irish . His parents ran an ice cream business in the Springburn district , where they were neighbours and acquaintances of the family of Armando Iannucci , creator of The Thick of It , although the two men did not know each other as children . He was educated at St Teresas Primary School in Possilpark , St Matthews Primary School in Bishopbriggs , and St Ninians High School , Kirkintilloch , before attending the Glasgow School of Art . Capaldi displayed an early talent for performance by putting on a puppet show in primary school . While at high school , he was a member of the Antonine Players , who performed at the Fort Theatre in Bishopbriggs . As an art student , he was the lead singer and guitarist in a punk rock band called The Dreamboys , whose drummer was future comedian Craig Ferguson . The pair also performed a cabaret act together as Bing & Dean Hitler and wrote an alternative pantomime of Sleeping Beauty . Capaldi went on to perform musical comedy cabaret in the guises of bank clerk about town Gavin Meekie and as one half of husband-and-wife TV evangelists Tom & Sammy Jo . Career . Acting . Capaldi has appeared in over 40 films and television shows since his appearance as Danny Oldsen in Local Hero ( 1983 ) . He played Beatles member George Harrison in ( 1985 ) , had roles in The Lair of the White Worm ( 1988 ) and Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) , and was featured as Ozzy in a 1985 episode of Minder . In 1992 he auditioned for , but did not get , the role of Benjamin Sisko in . Capaldis first starring role on television was as Luke Wakefield , a strange man who imagines he has witnessed a crime , in the BBC drama series Mr Wakefields Crusade . He played fictional Songs of Praise producer Tristan Campbell in two episodes of the sitcom The Vicar of Dibley , and a transgender woman in ITVs Prime Suspect . In Neil Gaimans gothic fantasy Neverwhere , he portrayed the angel Islington . Capaldi is also an audiobook narrator , and his many titles include several of the works of Iain Banks . He starred as Rory in the 1996 television version of Bankss The Crow Road . In the 1999 Channel 4 series Psychos , he played a mathematician with bipolar disorder . Capaldi made an appearance as a university professor in the sitcom Peep Show , and played a prime suspect in the 2007 series of Waking the Dead . He voiced Chief Petty Officer Grieves in the BBC Radio Ministry of Defence comedy Our Brave Boys . In 2007 , Capaldi appeared as Mark Jenkins ( Sids dad ) in the E4 teen comedy drama series Skins . He returned for a second series in 2008 although his character died in the third episode . He appeared in the Midsomer Murders episode Death in Chorus and ITV1s Fallen Angel . He also appeared in the 2007 British comedy film Magicians . He appeared as King Charles I in the Channel 4 series The Devils Whore , aired in 2008 . Capaldi provided his voice for the animated film Haunted Hogmanay in 2006 . He played Balthazar , one of the Biblical Magi , in the 2010 BBC adaptation of The Nativity . In November 2011 , he began playing Professor Marcus in The Ladykillers at the Liverpool Playhouse , then transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in London . The original run closed at the Gielgud on 14 April 2012 . He appeared in The Field of Blood as Dr Pete , for which he received a BAFTA Scotland nomination in the TV actor/actress category ; he was beaten by his co-star Jayd Johnson . He had a small role as a therapist in Big Fat Gypsy Gangster , written by and starring his Getting On co-star Ricky Grover . In 2012 , Capaldi played Randall Brown , the new Head of News , on the BBC2 drama The Hour . He appeared as a WHO doctor in World War Z ( 2013 ) , and had a role in Maleficent ( 2014 ) , but his part in the latter film was cut during post-production . He starred in Inside the Mind of Leonardo , a documentary about Leonardo da Vinci . In 2013 he portrayed Alan Rusbridger , the editor of The Guardian in The Fifth Estate . In 2014 he starred in a new adaptation of The Three Musketeers as Cardinal Richelieu on BBC One . He appeared as Paddington Bears neighbour Mr Curry in the family comedy film Paddington and its sequel Paddington 2 . In 2018 , he voiced Rabbit in the Disney film Christopher Robin . Malcolm Tucker . Prior to taking over the lead role in Doctor Who , Capaldi was best known for playing spin doctor Malcolm Tucker in the Armando Iannucci-written BBC sitcom The Thick of It , which he played from 2005 to 2012 . Tucker is said to be largely , if loosely , based upon Tony Blairs right-hand man Alastair Campbell , although Capaldi has said that he based his performance more on Hollywood power players , such as the often abrasive Harvey Weinstein . A film spin-off from The Thick of It called In the Loop ( in which Capaldi returned to the role of Tucker ) , was released in 2009 . The role of Tucker won Capaldi several awards . In 2006 , 2008 and 2010 he was nominated for the BAFTA and RTS Best Comedy Actor Awards . He won the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Male Performance in a Comedy Role . He also won the 2010 and 2012 British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Actor . He received another BAFTA Award nomination in 2013 . Doctor Who . Capaldi was cast in 2013 as the Doctor in the BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who . Capaldi first appeared as the Doctor in a cameo in the 50th anniversary special , The Day of the Doctor , before appearing in the 2013 Christmas special , The Time of the Doctor . A lifelong fan of the series , Capaldi had previously played Lobus Caecilius in the 2008 episode The Fires of Pompeii with the Tenth Doctor and his companion Donna Noble , as well as playing civil servant John Frobisher in the 2009 spin-off . Before taking the role , Capaldi stated that he had to seriously consider the increased level of visibility that would come with the part . He revealed in an interview with Entertainment Weekly that he had been invited to audition for the role of the Eighth Doctor in 1995 prior to the production of the 1996 TV film , stating : I didnt go . I loved the show so much , and I didnt think I would get it , and I didnt want to just be part of a big cull of actors . In 2014 , Capaldi voiced the Doctor on the CBBC websites game The Doctor and the Dalek and in 2015 voiced him in Lego Dimensions . In 2016 , Capaldi reprised his role as the Twelfth Doctor in the Doctor Who spin-off programme Class , written by young-adult author Patrick Ness . On 30 January 2017 , in an interview on BBC Radio 2 , Capaldi confirmed that the tenth series would be his last . His final episode was the 2017 Christmas special , Twice Upon a Time , where he was replaced by Jodie Whittaker . Director , presenter and writer . In 1992 , Capaldi wrote and starred in the road movie Soft Top , Hard Shoulder , which won the audience award at the London Film Festival . In 1995 , he won an Oscar for Best Live Action Short Film for his film Franz Kafkas Its a Wonderful Life , which was tied with fellow nominee Trevor , leading to both films being announced as joint winners , and won the BAFTA Award for Best Short Film a year before that . He also wrote and directed Strictly Sinatra in 2001 , and in 2009 he wrote and presented A Portrait of Scotland , a documentary detailing 500 years history of Scottish portrait painting . Capaldi directed several episodes of the 2009 BBC Four sitcom Getting On . In 2012 , Capaldi wrote ( with Tony Roche ) , directed and performed in The Cricklewood Greats , an affectionate spoof documentary about a fictitious film studio , which tracks real developments and trends throughout the history of British cinema , including silent movies , horror and bawdy comedy , and a disastrous Terry Gilliam epic ( Gilliam appears as himself ) . Personal life . Capaldi married Elaine Collins in Strathblane near his home city of Glasgow in 1991 . Collins is an actress and writer ; they met in 1983 in a touring production for the Paines Plough Theatre Company . Together they have a daughter . They live in Muswell Hill , London . Capaldi grew up Catholic but became an atheist . On 12 September 2016 , Capaldi , with Cate Blanchett , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Jesse Eisenberg , Douglas Booth , Neil Gaiman , Keira Knightley , Juliet Stevenson , Kit Harington and Stanley Tucci , was featured in a video from the United Nations refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness about the global refugee crisis . What They Took With Them has the actors reading a poem , written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees , and is part of UNHCRs #WithRefugees campaign , which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter , integrating job opportunities , and education . Capaldis second cousin once removed is singer-songwriter Lewis Capaldi . The two worked together in the video for Someone You Loved . Capaldi is a patron of Worldwide Cancer Research , and the Scottish childrens charity , the Aberlour Child Care Trust . External links . - Guardian Film Profile - Article on Capaldis support of Cancer Charities
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[
"Muswell Hill , London"
] |
easy
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What was the residence of Peter Capaldi from 1983 to 2015?
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/wiki/Peter_Capaldi#P551#1
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Peter Capaldi Peter Dougan Capaldi ( ; born 14 April 1958 ) is a Scottish actor , director , singer and writer . He portrayed the twelfth incarnation of the Doctor in Doctor Who ( 2013–2017 ) and Malcolm Tucker in The Thick of It ( 2005–2012 ) , for which he has received four British Academy Television Award nominations , winning Best Male Comedy Performance in 2010 . When he reprised the role of Tucker in the feature film In the Loop , Capaldi was honoured with several film critic award nominations for Best Supporting Actor . Capaldi won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Short Film for his 1993 short film Franz Kafkas Its a Wonderful Life . He went on to write and direct the drama film Strictly Sinatra and directed two series of the sitcom Getting On . Early life . Capaldi was born in Glasgow , Scotland , to Nancy ( née Soutar ) and Gerald John Capaldi . His paternal grandfather was Italian , while the rest of his ancestry is Scottish and Irish . His parents ran an ice cream business in the Springburn district , where they were neighbours and acquaintances of the family of Armando Iannucci , creator of The Thick of It , although the two men did not know each other as children . He was educated at St Teresas Primary School in Possilpark , St Matthews Primary School in Bishopbriggs , and St Ninians High School , Kirkintilloch , before attending the Glasgow School of Art . Capaldi displayed an early talent for performance by putting on a puppet show in primary school . While at high school , he was a member of the Antonine Players , who performed at the Fort Theatre in Bishopbriggs . As an art student , he was the lead singer and guitarist in a punk rock band called The Dreamboys , whose drummer was future comedian Craig Ferguson . The pair also performed a cabaret act together as Bing & Dean Hitler and wrote an alternative pantomime of Sleeping Beauty . Capaldi went on to perform musical comedy cabaret in the guises of bank clerk about town Gavin Meekie and as one half of husband-and-wife TV evangelists Tom & Sammy Jo . Career . Acting . Capaldi has appeared in over 40 films and television shows since his appearance as Danny Oldsen in Local Hero ( 1983 ) . He played Beatles member George Harrison in ( 1985 ) , had roles in The Lair of the White Worm ( 1988 ) and Dangerous Liaisons ( 1988 ) , and was featured as Ozzy in a 1985 episode of Minder . In 1992 he auditioned for , but did not get , the role of Benjamin Sisko in . Capaldis first starring role on television was as Luke Wakefield , a strange man who imagines he has witnessed a crime , in the BBC drama series Mr Wakefields Crusade . He played fictional Songs of Praise producer Tristan Campbell in two episodes of the sitcom The Vicar of Dibley , and a transgender woman in ITVs Prime Suspect . In Neil Gaimans gothic fantasy Neverwhere , he portrayed the angel Islington . Capaldi is also an audiobook narrator , and his many titles include several of the works of Iain Banks . He starred as Rory in the 1996 television version of Bankss The Crow Road . In the 1999 Channel 4 series Psychos , he played a mathematician with bipolar disorder . Capaldi made an appearance as a university professor in the sitcom Peep Show , and played a prime suspect in the 2007 series of Waking the Dead . He voiced Chief Petty Officer Grieves in the BBC Radio Ministry of Defence comedy Our Brave Boys . In 2007 , Capaldi appeared as Mark Jenkins ( Sids dad ) in the E4 teen comedy drama series Skins . He returned for a second series in 2008 although his character died in the third episode . He appeared in the Midsomer Murders episode Death in Chorus and ITV1s Fallen Angel . He also appeared in the 2007 British comedy film Magicians . He appeared as King Charles I in the Channel 4 series The Devils Whore , aired in 2008 . Capaldi provided his voice for the animated film Haunted Hogmanay in 2006 . He played Balthazar , one of the Biblical Magi , in the 2010 BBC adaptation of The Nativity . In November 2011 , he began playing Professor Marcus in The Ladykillers at the Liverpool Playhouse , then transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in London . The original run closed at the Gielgud on 14 April 2012 . He appeared in The Field of Blood as Dr Pete , for which he received a BAFTA Scotland nomination in the TV actor/actress category ; he was beaten by his co-star Jayd Johnson . He had a small role as a therapist in Big Fat Gypsy Gangster , written by and starring his Getting On co-star Ricky Grover . In 2012 , Capaldi played Randall Brown , the new Head of News , on the BBC2 drama The Hour . He appeared as a WHO doctor in World War Z ( 2013 ) , and had a role in Maleficent ( 2014 ) , but his part in the latter film was cut during post-production . He starred in Inside the Mind of Leonardo , a documentary about Leonardo da Vinci . In 2013 he portrayed Alan Rusbridger , the editor of The Guardian in The Fifth Estate . In 2014 he starred in a new adaptation of The Three Musketeers as Cardinal Richelieu on BBC One . He appeared as Paddington Bears neighbour Mr Curry in the family comedy film Paddington and its sequel Paddington 2 . In 2018 , he voiced Rabbit in the Disney film Christopher Robin . Malcolm Tucker . Prior to taking over the lead role in Doctor Who , Capaldi was best known for playing spin doctor Malcolm Tucker in the Armando Iannucci-written BBC sitcom The Thick of It , which he played from 2005 to 2012 . Tucker is said to be largely , if loosely , based upon Tony Blairs right-hand man Alastair Campbell , although Capaldi has said that he based his performance more on Hollywood power players , such as the often abrasive Harvey Weinstein . A film spin-off from The Thick of It called In the Loop ( in which Capaldi returned to the role of Tucker ) , was released in 2009 . The role of Tucker won Capaldi several awards . In 2006 , 2008 and 2010 he was nominated for the BAFTA and RTS Best Comedy Actor Awards . He won the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Male Performance in a Comedy Role . He also won the 2010 and 2012 British Comedy Award for Best TV Comedy Actor . He received another BAFTA Award nomination in 2013 . Doctor Who . Capaldi was cast in 2013 as the Doctor in the BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who . Capaldi first appeared as the Doctor in a cameo in the 50th anniversary special , The Day of the Doctor , before appearing in the 2013 Christmas special , The Time of the Doctor . A lifelong fan of the series , Capaldi had previously played Lobus Caecilius in the 2008 episode The Fires of Pompeii with the Tenth Doctor and his companion Donna Noble , as well as playing civil servant John Frobisher in the 2009 spin-off . Before taking the role , Capaldi stated that he had to seriously consider the increased level of visibility that would come with the part . He revealed in an interview with Entertainment Weekly that he had been invited to audition for the role of the Eighth Doctor in 1995 prior to the production of the 1996 TV film , stating : I didnt go . I loved the show so much , and I didnt think I would get it , and I didnt want to just be part of a big cull of actors . In 2014 , Capaldi voiced the Doctor on the CBBC websites game The Doctor and the Dalek and in 2015 voiced him in Lego Dimensions . In 2016 , Capaldi reprised his role as the Twelfth Doctor in the Doctor Who spin-off programme Class , written by young-adult author Patrick Ness . On 30 January 2017 , in an interview on BBC Radio 2 , Capaldi confirmed that the tenth series would be his last . His final episode was the 2017 Christmas special , Twice Upon a Time , where he was replaced by Jodie Whittaker . Director , presenter and writer . In 1992 , Capaldi wrote and starred in the road movie Soft Top , Hard Shoulder , which won the audience award at the London Film Festival . In 1995 , he won an Oscar for Best Live Action Short Film for his film Franz Kafkas Its a Wonderful Life , which was tied with fellow nominee Trevor , leading to both films being announced as joint winners , and won the BAFTA Award for Best Short Film a year before that . He also wrote and directed Strictly Sinatra in 2001 , and in 2009 he wrote and presented A Portrait of Scotland , a documentary detailing 500 years history of Scottish portrait painting . Capaldi directed several episodes of the 2009 BBC Four sitcom Getting On . In 2012 , Capaldi wrote ( with Tony Roche ) , directed and performed in The Cricklewood Greats , an affectionate spoof documentary about a fictitious film studio , which tracks real developments and trends throughout the history of British cinema , including silent movies , horror and bawdy comedy , and a disastrous Terry Gilliam epic ( Gilliam appears as himself ) . Personal life . Capaldi married Elaine Collins in Strathblane near his home city of Glasgow in 1991 . Collins is an actress and writer ; they met in 1983 in a touring production for the Paines Plough Theatre Company . Together they have a daughter . They live in Muswell Hill , London . Capaldi grew up Catholic but became an atheist . On 12 September 2016 , Capaldi , with Cate Blanchett , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Jesse Eisenberg , Douglas Booth , Neil Gaiman , Keira Knightley , Juliet Stevenson , Kit Harington and Stanley Tucci , was featured in a video from the United Nations refugee agency UNHCR to help raise awareness about the global refugee crisis . What They Took With Them has the actors reading a poem , written by Jenifer Toksvig and inspired by primary accounts of refugees , and is part of UNHCRs #WithRefugees campaign , which also includes a petition to governments to expand asylum to provide further shelter , integrating job opportunities , and education . Capaldis second cousin once removed is singer-songwriter Lewis Capaldi . The two worked together in the video for Someone You Loved . Capaldi is a patron of Worldwide Cancer Research , and the Scottish childrens charity , the Aberlour Child Care Trust . External links . - Guardian Film Profile - Article on Capaldis support of Cancer Charities
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[
"MacDougall Memorial Methodist"
] |
easy
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What was the working location for Albert Edward Smith from 1902 to 1906?
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/wiki/Albert_Edward_Smith#P937#0
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Albert Edward Smith Albert Edward Smith ( October 20 , 1871 – 1947 ) , known as A . E . Smith , was a Canadian religious leader and politician . A social gospeller , Smith was for many years a minister in the Canadian Methodist Church before starting his own Peoples Church . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1922 as a Labour representative . In 1925 , he became a member of the Communist Party of Canada . Early life . Smith was born on October 20 , 1871 , in Guelph , Ontario , the son of William George Smith and Elizabeth Bildson , working-class immigrants from England . He worked as a machinists apprentice and later a bookbinder to contribute to the familys income . His family later moved to Hamilton , where he developed an interest in religion after joining the Gore Street Methodist Church . After passing an oral examination , he became a lay preacher in 1888 . In 1890 Smith was transferred to MacGregor , Manitoba , to begin field work . His appointment came from James Woodsworth , and father of J . S . Woodsworth . Smith was a vocal supporter of Thomas Greenways Liberal government in Manitoba during the 1890s . During the Manitoba Schools Question , he defended the Greenway governments decision to remove funding from French-language denominational schools . Ordination . After three years work as a probationer , Smith enrolled as a student for the ministry at Wesley College in Winnipeg in 1893 . He was formally ordained to the ministry in 1897 . He married Maude Mercy Rogers in 1898 , with whom he would have seven children . After working in Dauphin , Manitoba , and Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , Smith was stationed at the MacDougall Memorial Methodist Church in north-end Winnipeg in 1902 . Left-wing politics . Smiths political views now turned to labour , and he spoke in support of Labour MP Arthur Puttees re-election in the 1904 federal election . Smith left Winnipeg in 1906 , and moved to Portage la Prairie . In 1910 , he accepted ministerial work in Nelson , British Columbia . He spoke at Socialist Party gatherings , and became acquainted with Jack Johnstone , later a leading figure in the Communist Party of the United States . Smith returned to Manitoba in 1913 , to accept a position as minister of the wealthy First Methodist Church in Brandon . Smith was an advocate of church union with the Presbyterians throughout the 1910s . In 1925 , this union came about via the creation of the United Church of Canada . Smith was asked to consider running in the 1917 federal election as a supporter of Robert Bordens Union government of pro-conscription Liberals and Conservatives . Although he rejected these requests , Smiths name was put forward for the Unionist nomination in Brandon . Bordens government was supported by both mainstream labour and the Methodist Church , and some local government supporters believed Smiths name would aid their cause . Asked to make a speech at the nomination meeting , he informed the delegates that he had no confidence in either of the older parties , and did not believe the Union arrangement would make any difference . To the surprise of none present , Smith did not receive the nomination . Socialist politics . In 1917 , Smith read The Communist Manifesto for the first time . He later claimed that the work was like a revelation . Smiths religious views were , by his own admission , unorthodox for the standards of his age : he believed that the message of Jesus was the proclamation of a new social order of human society , and rejected the harsh theologies of mainstream Christian churches . In my sermons , he wrote , no miracle was required to explain the birth of Jesus or his life and teachings .. . His name was to be cherished because He died as a leader of the people , for His principles and in protest against the unjust rulers of His day . After reading The Communist Manifesto , Smith eventually reached the conclusion that Jesus was a communist . Smiths views had not yet developed to this stage in 1917 , however , and he joined the social reformist Dominion Labour Party at the end of the First World War . Smith supported the strikers from his pulpit during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and opened his church to Brandon civic workers who voted for a parallel strike in their city . As a member of the Brandon Trades and Labour Council , Smith provided extensive logistical support to Brandons strike committee . He also testified before the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations . Not surprisingly , Smiths labour activities were opposed by more conservative figures in his Methodist church . At a special meeting of the church board held on May 26 , 1919 , a prominent church member moved that Smith be restrained from any further preaching in First Church . No formal charges were made against him , and the motion was withdrawn . Nonetheless , his role as Brandons Methodist minister had become untenable . On June 8 , he announced the formation of a new Peoples Church in the city . Peoples Church . On June 22 the first meeting of the Peoples Church was held , with roughly 400 people in attendance . Despite his commitment to the Peoples Church , Smith did not intend to leave the Methodist Church . He hoped to secure a leave from the Church so that he could pursue his work with the Peoples Church . The Methodist Stationing Committee initially granted his request , but when a motion was called to put all special cases before the committee as a whole , the decision was rescinded . Smith was determined that the Peoples Church would spread across Canada , offering an alternative to the traditional church . In 1920 he travelled to Western Canada and established the Peoples Church in Vancouver , Victoria , Calgary , and Edmonton . In 1923 Smith moved to Toronto and began working with the Toronto Peoples Church . Labour MLA . In 1920 , Smith was prevailed on to run for the provincial legislature as a labour candidate in Brandon . He received the nomination of the Brandon Labour Party , which was aligned with the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party . He was successful in the 1920 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stephen Emmett Clement by 604 votes . Some blamed vote-splitting by the Liberals and Conservatives for his victory . For the next two years , Smith sat with the labour parliamentary group led by Fred Dixon in the legislative opposition . Unlike other labour members , Smith did not join the Independent Labour Party when the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party split in late 1920 . In August 1921 , he instead attended a meeting of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council which led to the creation of the Canadian Labour Party . While joining the CLP took Smith on a different path from his co-legislators , he remained a member of the labor parliamentary group . Labours political support in Manitoba had declined somewhat by the 1922 provincial election . Smith lost his seat to John Edmison , who ran as a fusion candidate of the local Liberals and Conservatives , thus preventing any possible vote-splitting in the Liberal and Conservative camp . No longer receiving a salary as a Methodist minister or Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) , Smith experienced financial difficulties in Brandon and decided to return to Ontario . He moved to Ontario in 1923 , and immediately started a Peoples Church in Toronto . Smith was also involved in the Forum Committee of the local Labour Temple , and became a prominent member of the Canadian Labour Party in the city . Unlike James Simpson , Smith supported opening the CLP to members of the newly formed Communist Party of Canada . Joining the Communist Party . Smiths personal philosophy continued to develop in this period , and in January 1925 he made the decision to join the Communist Party himself . His membership in the party was confirmed at a small upstairs room at 8 Gerrard Street East in Toronto , where a meeting of the party was held . He later explained his decision to a Toronto Star reporter by arguing that communism was a part of mans social evolution . Smith remained a member of the Communist Party for the rest of his life . Still a prominent figure in Toronto , he often defended the Communist Party against threats from hostile governments . He became a prominent organizer for the Canadian Labour Defence League across Canada in the 1920s , and served as its general secretary until it was shut down by the Canadian government in 1940 . He campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 federal election as a candidate of the CLP in the northern Ontario riding of Port Arthur—Thunder Bay . He finished fourth , with 1,363 votes . The winner was William Fitzgerald Langworthy of the Conservative Party . At the time of the election , Smith described his occupation as educationalist . He ran again in the 1926 election , and finished third with 1,382 votes . The winner was Conservative Donald James Cowan . Smith ran for municipal office in Toronto during this period . In 1925 , he ran for alderman in Ward Seven as a candidate of the Labour Representation Political Association , a broad-tent group aligned with the Canadian Labour Party . He was defeated , and lost a second time in 1926 . He also ran as a candidate of the Ontario division of the CLP in the 1926 provincial election , receiving 416 votes in Hamilton Centre . The winner on that occasion was Thomas Jutten of the Ontario Conservative Party . In the 1930 federal election he ran as an independent candidate in Fort William winning 594 votes . Opposition to Trotskyism . During the late 1920s , Smith became a prominent opponent of Trotskyism within the Communist Party of Canada . He supported the removal of Maurice Spector and Jack MacDonald from the CPC , and endorsed Tim Buck , a strong supporter of Joseph Stalin , to become the partys new leader in 1929 . In his autobiography , Smith accused Leon Trotsky of attempting to betray the Russian Revolution , alleging that he had been in the service of British agents in 1926 . With the Canadian Labour Party falling into disarray , Smith returned to northern Ontario for the federal election of 1930 to contest Fort William as an independent candidate . He received 594 votes , finishing third . The winner was Robert James Manion , who later served as leader of the federal Conservative Party . Stalinism . Smith visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1932 and wrote favourably of the experience upon his return . In July 1936 , he traveled to Spain during the Spanish Civil War as an emissary of the Friends of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion . Smith was one of CPC leader Tim Bucks most vocal defenders in the early 1930s . Buck was put in prison and nearly killed in the Kingston Penitentiary . In 1934 , Smith was arrested and charged with sedition ( under section 98 of the Criminal Code ) due to statements he made in support of the Eight Men Speak play . He was acquitted . The coverage of the court case publicized the truth of an attempt on Bucks life , and soon Buck and seven other CPC leaders were released from prison . In the 1934 provincial election , Smith ran as a candidate of the Ontario Communist Party against Conservative Premier George Henry in the constituency of York East . He finished fourth , though still polling a respectable 664 votes . Also in 1934 , Smith polled a surprising 8,500 votes when he ran for Mayor of Toronto . Returning again to northern Ontario , Smith ran for the House of Commons as a candidate of the Communist Party in the 1935 federal election . He received 1,161 votes for a fourth-place finish in Port Arthur . Later years . Smith largely curtailed his political activities after this time , though he remained an active figure within the Communist Party . He returned to Manitoba for the 1945 federal election , and campaigned for the Labor-Progressive Party ( as the Communist Party had renamed itself ) in his old riding of Brandon . He received 497 votes , finishing fourth . The winner was Liberal James Ewen Matthews . Smith died in 1947 . His autobiography , All My Life , was published posthumously in 1949 . The work chronicles his religious and political evolution , and gives extensive consideration to the Communist Partys struggles of the 1930s . Joseph Stalin is never mentioned by name in this book . To the end of his life , Smith argued that his beliefs were a reflection of the message promoted by Jesus . A . E . Smiths son , Stewart Smith , was a leading member of the Communist Party in his own right .
|
[
"Portage la Prairie"
] |
easy
|
What was the working location for Albert Edward Smith from 1906 to 1910?
|
/wiki/Albert_Edward_Smith#P937#1
|
Albert Edward Smith Albert Edward Smith ( October 20 , 1871 – 1947 ) , known as A . E . Smith , was a Canadian religious leader and politician . A social gospeller , Smith was for many years a minister in the Canadian Methodist Church before starting his own Peoples Church . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1922 as a Labour representative . In 1925 , he became a member of the Communist Party of Canada . Early life . Smith was born on October 20 , 1871 , in Guelph , Ontario , the son of William George Smith and Elizabeth Bildson , working-class immigrants from England . He worked as a machinists apprentice and later a bookbinder to contribute to the familys income . His family later moved to Hamilton , where he developed an interest in religion after joining the Gore Street Methodist Church . After passing an oral examination , he became a lay preacher in 1888 . In 1890 Smith was transferred to MacGregor , Manitoba , to begin field work . His appointment came from James Woodsworth , and father of J . S . Woodsworth . Smith was a vocal supporter of Thomas Greenways Liberal government in Manitoba during the 1890s . During the Manitoba Schools Question , he defended the Greenway governments decision to remove funding from French-language denominational schools . Ordination . After three years work as a probationer , Smith enrolled as a student for the ministry at Wesley College in Winnipeg in 1893 . He was formally ordained to the ministry in 1897 . He married Maude Mercy Rogers in 1898 , with whom he would have seven children . After working in Dauphin , Manitoba , and Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , Smith was stationed at the MacDougall Memorial Methodist Church in north-end Winnipeg in 1902 . Left-wing politics . Smiths political views now turned to labour , and he spoke in support of Labour MP Arthur Puttees re-election in the 1904 federal election . Smith left Winnipeg in 1906 , and moved to Portage la Prairie . In 1910 , he accepted ministerial work in Nelson , British Columbia . He spoke at Socialist Party gatherings , and became acquainted with Jack Johnstone , later a leading figure in the Communist Party of the United States . Smith returned to Manitoba in 1913 , to accept a position as minister of the wealthy First Methodist Church in Brandon . Smith was an advocate of church union with the Presbyterians throughout the 1910s . In 1925 , this union came about via the creation of the United Church of Canada . Smith was asked to consider running in the 1917 federal election as a supporter of Robert Bordens Union government of pro-conscription Liberals and Conservatives . Although he rejected these requests , Smiths name was put forward for the Unionist nomination in Brandon . Bordens government was supported by both mainstream labour and the Methodist Church , and some local government supporters believed Smiths name would aid their cause . Asked to make a speech at the nomination meeting , he informed the delegates that he had no confidence in either of the older parties , and did not believe the Union arrangement would make any difference . To the surprise of none present , Smith did not receive the nomination . Socialist politics . In 1917 , Smith read The Communist Manifesto for the first time . He later claimed that the work was like a revelation . Smiths religious views were , by his own admission , unorthodox for the standards of his age : he believed that the message of Jesus was the proclamation of a new social order of human society , and rejected the harsh theologies of mainstream Christian churches . In my sermons , he wrote , no miracle was required to explain the birth of Jesus or his life and teachings .. . His name was to be cherished because He died as a leader of the people , for His principles and in protest against the unjust rulers of His day . After reading The Communist Manifesto , Smith eventually reached the conclusion that Jesus was a communist . Smiths views had not yet developed to this stage in 1917 , however , and he joined the social reformist Dominion Labour Party at the end of the First World War . Smith supported the strikers from his pulpit during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and opened his church to Brandon civic workers who voted for a parallel strike in their city . As a member of the Brandon Trades and Labour Council , Smith provided extensive logistical support to Brandons strike committee . He also testified before the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations . Not surprisingly , Smiths labour activities were opposed by more conservative figures in his Methodist church . At a special meeting of the church board held on May 26 , 1919 , a prominent church member moved that Smith be restrained from any further preaching in First Church . No formal charges were made against him , and the motion was withdrawn . Nonetheless , his role as Brandons Methodist minister had become untenable . On June 8 , he announced the formation of a new Peoples Church in the city . Peoples Church . On June 22 the first meeting of the Peoples Church was held , with roughly 400 people in attendance . Despite his commitment to the Peoples Church , Smith did not intend to leave the Methodist Church . He hoped to secure a leave from the Church so that he could pursue his work with the Peoples Church . The Methodist Stationing Committee initially granted his request , but when a motion was called to put all special cases before the committee as a whole , the decision was rescinded . Smith was determined that the Peoples Church would spread across Canada , offering an alternative to the traditional church . In 1920 he travelled to Western Canada and established the Peoples Church in Vancouver , Victoria , Calgary , and Edmonton . In 1923 Smith moved to Toronto and began working with the Toronto Peoples Church . Labour MLA . In 1920 , Smith was prevailed on to run for the provincial legislature as a labour candidate in Brandon . He received the nomination of the Brandon Labour Party , which was aligned with the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party . He was successful in the 1920 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stephen Emmett Clement by 604 votes . Some blamed vote-splitting by the Liberals and Conservatives for his victory . For the next two years , Smith sat with the labour parliamentary group led by Fred Dixon in the legislative opposition . Unlike other labour members , Smith did not join the Independent Labour Party when the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party split in late 1920 . In August 1921 , he instead attended a meeting of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council which led to the creation of the Canadian Labour Party . While joining the CLP took Smith on a different path from his co-legislators , he remained a member of the labor parliamentary group . Labours political support in Manitoba had declined somewhat by the 1922 provincial election . Smith lost his seat to John Edmison , who ran as a fusion candidate of the local Liberals and Conservatives , thus preventing any possible vote-splitting in the Liberal and Conservative camp . No longer receiving a salary as a Methodist minister or Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) , Smith experienced financial difficulties in Brandon and decided to return to Ontario . He moved to Ontario in 1923 , and immediately started a Peoples Church in Toronto . Smith was also involved in the Forum Committee of the local Labour Temple , and became a prominent member of the Canadian Labour Party in the city . Unlike James Simpson , Smith supported opening the CLP to members of the newly formed Communist Party of Canada . Joining the Communist Party . Smiths personal philosophy continued to develop in this period , and in January 1925 he made the decision to join the Communist Party himself . His membership in the party was confirmed at a small upstairs room at 8 Gerrard Street East in Toronto , where a meeting of the party was held . He later explained his decision to a Toronto Star reporter by arguing that communism was a part of mans social evolution . Smith remained a member of the Communist Party for the rest of his life . Still a prominent figure in Toronto , he often defended the Communist Party against threats from hostile governments . He became a prominent organizer for the Canadian Labour Defence League across Canada in the 1920s , and served as its general secretary until it was shut down by the Canadian government in 1940 . He campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 federal election as a candidate of the CLP in the northern Ontario riding of Port Arthur—Thunder Bay . He finished fourth , with 1,363 votes . The winner was William Fitzgerald Langworthy of the Conservative Party . At the time of the election , Smith described his occupation as educationalist . He ran again in the 1926 election , and finished third with 1,382 votes . The winner was Conservative Donald James Cowan . Smith ran for municipal office in Toronto during this period . In 1925 , he ran for alderman in Ward Seven as a candidate of the Labour Representation Political Association , a broad-tent group aligned with the Canadian Labour Party . He was defeated , and lost a second time in 1926 . He also ran as a candidate of the Ontario division of the CLP in the 1926 provincial election , receiving 416 votes in Hamilton Centre . The winner on that occasion was Thomas Jutten of the Ontario Conservative Party . In the 1930 federal election he ran as an independent candidate in Fort William winning 594 votes . Opposition to Trotskyism . During the late 1920s , Smith became a prominent opponent of Trotskyism within the Communist Party of Canada . He supported the removal of Maurice Spector and Jack MacDonald from the CPC , and endorsed Tim Buck , a strong supporter of Joseph Stalin , to become the partys new leader in 1929 . In his autobiography , Smith accused Leon Trotsky of attempting to betray the Russian Revolution , alleging that he had been in the service of British agents in 1926 . With the Canadian Labour Party falling into disarray , Smith returned to northern Ontario for the federal election of 1930 to contest Fort William as an independent candidate . He received 594 votes , finishing third . The winner was Robert James Manion , who later served as leader of the federal Conservative Party . Stalinism . Smith visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1932 and wrote favourably of the experience upon his return . In July 1936 , he traveled to Spain during the Spanish Civil War as an emissary of the Friends of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion . Smith was one of CPC leader Tim Bucks most vocal defenders in the early 1930s . Buck was put in prison and nearly killed in the Kingston Penitentiary . In 1934 , Smith was arrested and charged with sedition ( under section 98 of the Criminal Code ) due to statements he made in support of the Eight Men Speak play . He was acquitted . The coverage of the court case publicized the truth of an attempt on Bucks life , and soon Buck and seven other CPC leaders were released from prison . In the 1934 provincial election , Smith ran as a candidate of the Ontario Communist Party against Conservative Premier George Henry in the constituency of York East . He finished fourth , though still polling a respectable 664 votes . Also in 1934 , Smith polled a surprising 8,500 votes when he ran for Mayor of Toronto . Returning again to northern Ontario , Smith ran for the House of Commons as a candidate of the Communist Party in the 1935 federal election . He received 1,161 votes for a fourth-place finish in Port Arthur . Later years . Smith largely curtailed his political activities after this time , though he remained an active figure within the Communist Party . He returned to Manitoba for the 1945 federal election , and campaigned for the Labor-Progressive Party ( as the Communist Party had renamed itself ) in his old riding of Brandon . He received 497 votes , finishing fourth . The winner was Liberal James Ewen Matthews . Smith died in 1947 . His autobiography , All My Life , was published posthumously in 1949 . The work chronicles his religious and political evolution , and gives extensive consideration to the Communist Partys struggles of the 1930s . Joseph Stalin is never mentioned by name in this book . To the end of his life , Smith argued that his beliefs were a reflection of the message promoted by Jesus . A . E . Smiths son , Stewart Smith , was a leading member of the Communist Party in his own right .
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[
"Nelson , British Columbia"
] |
easy
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Albert Edward Smith worked in which location from 1910 to 1913?
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/wiki/Albert_Edward_Smith#P937#2
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Albert Edward Smith Albert Edward Smith ( October 20 , 1871 – 1947 ) , known as A . E . Smith , was a Canadian religious leader and politician . A social gospeller , Smith was for many years a minister in the Canadian Methodist Church before starting his own Peoples Church . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1922 as a Labour representative . In 1925 , he became a member of the Communist Party of Canada . Early life . Smith was born on October 20 , 1871 , in Guelph , Ontario , the son of William George Smith and Elizabeth Bildson , working-class immigrants from England . He worked as a machinists apprentice and later a bookbinder to contribute to the familys income . His family later moved to Hamilton , where he developed an interest in religion after joining the Gore Street Methodist Church . After passing an oral examination , he became a lay preacher in 1888 . In 1890 Smith was transferred to MacGregor , Manitoba , to begin field work . His appointment came from James Woodsworth , and father of J . S . Woodsworth . Smith was a vocal supporter of Thomas Greenways Liberal government in Manitoba during the 1890s . During the Manitoba Schools Question , he defended the Greenway governments decision to remove funding from French-language denominational schools . Ordination . After three years work as a probationer , Smith enrolled as a student for the ministry at Wesley College in Winnipeg in 1893 . He was formally ordained to the ministry in 1897 . He married Maude Mercy Rogers in 1898 , with whom he would have seven children . After working in Dauphin , Manitoba , and Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , Smith was stationed at the MacDougall Memorial Methodist Church in north-end Winnipeg in 1902 . Left-wing politics . Smiths political views now turned to labour , and he spoke in support of Labour MP Arthur Puttees re-election in the 1904 federal election . Smith left Winnipeg in 1906 , and moved to Portage la Prairie . In 1910 , he accepted ministerial work in Nelson , British Columbia . He spoke at Socialist Party gatherings , and became acquainted with Jack Johnstone , later a leading figure in the Communist Party of the United States . Smith returned to Manitoba in 1913 , to accept a position as minister of the wealthy First Methodist Church in Brandon . Smith was an advocate of church union with the Presbyterians throughout the 1910s . In 1925 , this union came about via the creation of the United Church of Canada . Smith was asked to consider running in the 1917 federal election as a supporter of Robert Bordens Union government of pro-conscription Liberals and Conservatives . Although he rejected these requests , Smiths name was put forward for the Unionist nomination in Brandon . Bordens government was supported by both mainstream labour and the Methodist Church , and some local government supporters believed Smiths name would aid their cause . Asked to make a speech at the nomination meeting , he informed the delegates that he had no confidence in either of the older parties , and did not believe the Union arrangement would make any difference . To the surprise of none present , Smith did not receive the nomination . Socialist politics . In 1917 , Smith read The Communist Manifesto for the first time . He later claimed that the work was like a revelation . Smiths religious views were , by his own admission , unorthodox for the standards of his age : he believed that the message of Jesus was the proclamation of a new social order of human society , and rejected the harsh theologies of mainstream Christian churches . In my sermons , he wrote , no miracle was required to explain the birth of Jesus or his life and teachings .. . His name was to be cherished because He died as a leader of the people , for His principles and in protest against the unjust rulers of His day . After reading The Communist Manifesto , Smith eventually reached the conclusion that Jesus was a communist . Smiths views had not yet developed to this stage in 1917 , however , and he joined the social reformist Dominion Labour Party at the end of the First World War . Smith supported the strikers from his pulpit during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and opened his church to Brandon civic workers who voted for a parallel strike in their city . As a member of the Brandon Trades and Labour Council , Smith provided extensive logistical support to Brandons strike committee . He also testified before the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations . Not surprisingly , Smiths labour activities were opposed by more conservative figures in his Methodist church . At a special meeting of the church board held on May 26 , 1919 , a prominent church member moved that Smith be restrained from any further preaching in First Church . No formal charges were made against him , and the motion was withdrawn . Nonetheless , his role as Brandons Methodist minister had become untenable . On June 8 , he announced the formation of a new Peoples Church in the city . Peoples Church . On June 22 the first meeting of the Peoples Church was held , with roughly 400 people in attendance . Despite his commitment to the Peoples Church , Smith did not intend to leave the Methodist Church . He hoped to secure a leave from the Church so that he could pursue his work with the Peoples Church . The Methodist Stationing Committee initially granted his request , but when a motion was called to put all special cases before the committee as a whole , the decision was rescinded . Smith was determined that the Peoples Church would spread across Canada , offering an alternative to the traditional church . In 1920 he travelled to Western Canada and established the Peoples Church in Vancouver , Victoria , Calgary , and Edmonton . In 1923 Smith moved to Toronto and began working with the Toronto Peoples Church . Labour MLA . In 1920 , Smith was prevailed on to run for the provincial legislature as a labour candidate in Brandon . He received the nomination of the Brandon Labour Party , which was aligned with the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party . He was successful in the 1920 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stephen Emmett Clement by 604 votes . Some blamed vote-splitting by the Liberals and Conservatives for his victory . For the next two years , Smith sat with the labour parliamentary group led by Fred Dixon in the legislative opposition . Unlike other labour members , Smith did not join the Independent Labour Party when the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party split in late 1920 . In August 1921 , he instead attended a meeting of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council which led to the creation of the Canadian Labour Party . While joining the CLP took Smith on a different path from his co-legislators , he remained a member of the labor parliamentary group . Labours political support in Manitoba had declined somewhat by the 1922 provincial election . Smith lost his seat to John Edmison , who ran as a fusion candidate of the local Liberals and Conservatives , thus preventing any possible vote-splitting in the Liberal and Conservative camp . No longer receiving a salary as a Methodist minister or Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) , Smith experienced financial difficulties in Brandon and decided to return to Ontario . He moved to Ontario in 1923 , and immediately started a Peoples Church in Toronto . Smith was also involved in the Forum Committee of the local Labour Temple , and became a prominent member of the Canadian Labour Party in the city . Unlike James Simpson , Smith supported opening the CLP to members of the newly formed Communist Party of Canada . Joining the Communist Party . Smiths personal philosophy continued to develop in this period , and in January 1925 he made the decision to join the Communist Party himself . His membership in the party was confirmed at a small upstairs room at 8 Gerrard Street East in Toronto , where a meeting of the party was held . He later explained his decision to a Toronto Star reporter by arguing that communism was a part of mans social evolution . Smith remained a member of the Communist Party for the rest of his life . Still a prominent figure in Toronto , he often defended the Communist Party against threats from hostile governments . He became a prominent organizer for the Canadian Labour Defence League across Canada in the 1920s , and served as its general secretary until it was shut down by the Canadian government in 1940 . He campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 federal election as a candidate of the CLP in the northern Ontario riding of Port Arthur—Thunder Bay . He finished fourth , with 1,363 votes . The winner was William Fitzgerald Langworthy of the Conservative Party . At the time of the election , Smith described his occupation as educationalist . He ran again in the 1926 election , and finished third with 1,382 votes . The winner was Conservative Donald James Cowan . Smith ran for municipal office in Toronto during this period . In 1925 , he ran for alderman in Ward Seven as a candidate of the Labour Representation Political Association , a broad-tent group aligned with the Canadian Labour Party . He was defeated , and lost a second time in 1926 . He also ran as a candidate of the Ontario division of the CLP in the 1926 provincial election , receiving 416 votes in Hamilton Centre . The winner on that occasion was Thomas Jutten of the Ontario Conservative Party . In the 1930 federal election he ran as an independent candidate in Fort William winning 594 votes . Opposition to Trotskyism . During the late 1920s , Smith became a prominent opponent of Trotskyism within the Communist Party of Canada . He supported the removal of Maurice Spector and Jack MacDonald from the CPC , and endorsed Tim Buck , a strong supporter of Joseph Stalin , to become the partys new leader in 1929 . In his autobiography , Smith accused Leon Trotsky of attempting to betray the Russian Revolution , alleging that he had been in the service of British agents in 1926 . With the Canadian Labour Party falling into disarray , Smith returned to northern Ontario for the federal election of 1930 to contest Fort William as an independent candidate . He received 594 votes , finishing third . The winner was Robert James Manion , who later served as leader of the federal Conservative Party . Stalinism . Smith visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1932 and wrote favourably of the experience upon his return . In July 1936 , he traveled to Spain during the Spanish Civil War as an emissary of the Friends of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion . Smith was one of CPC leader Tim Bucks most vocal defenders in the early 1930s . Buck was put in prison and nearly killed in the Kingston Penitentiary . In 1934 , Smith was arrested and charged with sedition ( under section 98 of the Criminal Code ) due to statements he made in support of the Eight Men Speak play . He was acquitted . The coverage of the court case publicized the truth of an attempt on Bucks life , and soon Buck and seven other CPC leaders were released from prison . In the 1934 provincial election , Smith ran as a candidate of the Ontario Communist Party against Conservative Premier George Henry in the constituency of York East . He finished fourth , though still polling a respectable 664 votes . Also in 1934 , Smith polled a surprising 8,500 votes when he ran for Mayor of Toronto . Returning again to northern Ontario , Smith ran for the House of Commons as a candidate of the Communist Party in the 1935 federal election . He received 1,161 votes for a fourth-place finish in Port Arthur . Later years . Smith largely curtailed his political activities after this time , though he remained an active figure within the Communist Party . He returned to Manitoba for the 1945 federal election , and campaigned for the Labor-Progressive Party ( as the Communist Party had renamed itself ) in his old riding of Brandon . He received 497 votes , finishing fourth . The winner was Liberal James Ewen Matthews . Smith died in 1947 . His autobiography , All My Life , was published posthumously in 1949 . The work chronicles his religious and political evolution , and gives extensive consideration to the Communist Partys struggles of the 1930s . Joseph Stalin is never mentioned by name in this book . To the end of his life , Smith argued that his beliefs were a reflection of the message promoted by Jesus . A . E . Smiths son , Stewart Smith , was a leading member of the Communist Party in his own right .
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[
"Brandon"
] |
easy
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Where did Albert Edward Smith work from 1913 to 1920?
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/wiki/Albert_Edward_Smith#P937#3
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Albert Edward Smith Albert Edward Smith ( October 20 , 1871 – 1947 ) , known as A . E . Smith , was a Canadian religious leader and politician . A social gospeller , Smith was for many years a minister in the Canadian Methodist Church before starting his own Peoples Church . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1922 as a Labour representative . In 1925 , he became a member of the Communist Party of Canada . Early life . Smith was born on October 20 , 1871 , in Guelph , Ontario , the son of William George Smith and Elizabeth Bildson , working-class immigrants from England . He worked as a machinists apprentice and later a bookbinder to contribute to the familys income . His family later moved to Hamilton , where he developed an interest in religion after joining the Gore Street Methodist Church . After passing an oral examination , he became a lay preacher in 1888 . In 1890 Smith was transferred to MacGregor , Manitoba , to begin field work . His appointment came from James Woodsworth , and father of J . S . Woodsworth . Smith was a vocal supporter of Thomas Greenways Liberal government in Manitoba during the 1890s . During the Manitoba Schools Question , he defended the Greenway governments decision to remove funding from French-language denominational schools . Ordination . After three years work as a probationer , Smith enrolled as a student for the ministry at Wesley College in Winnipeg in 1893 . He was formally ordained to the ministry in 1897 . He married Maude Mercy Rogers in 1898 , with whom he would have seven children . After working in Dauphin , Manitoba , and Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , Smith was stationed at the MacDougall Memorial Methodist Church in north-end Winnipeg in 1902 . Left-wing politics . Smiths political views now turned to labour , and he spoke in support of Labour MP Arthur Puttees re-election in the 1904 federal election . Smith left Winnipeg in 1906 , and moved to Portage la Prairie . In 1910 , he accepted ministerial work in Nelson , British Columbia . He spoke at Socialist Party gatherings , and became acquainted with Jack Johnstone , later a leading figure in the Communist Party of the United States . Smith returned to Manitoba in 1913 , to accept a position as minister of the wealthy First Methodist Church in Brandon . Smith was an advocate of church union with the Presbyterians throughout the 1910s . In 1925 , this union came about via the creation of the United Church of Canada . Smith was asked to consider running in the 1917 federal election as a supporter of Robert Bordens Union government of pro-conscription Liberals and Conservatives . Although he rejected these requests , Smiths name was put forward for the Unionist nomination in Brandon . Bordens government was supported by both mainstream labour and the Methodist Church , and some local government supporters believed Smiths name would aid their cause . Asked to make a speech at the nomination meeting , he informed the delegates that he had no confidence in either of the older parties , and did not believe the Union arrangement would make any difference . To the surprise of none present , Smith did not receive the nomination . Socialist politics . In 1917 , Smith read The Communist Manifesto for the first time . He later claimed that the work was like a revelation . Smiths religious views were , by his own admission , unorthodox for the standards of his age : he believed that the message of Jesus was the proclamation of a new social order of human society , and rejected the harsh theologies of mainstream Christian churches . In my sermons , he wrote , no miracle was required to explain the birth of Jesus or his life and teachings .. . His name was to be cherished because He died as a leader of the people , for His principles and in protest against the unjust rulers of His day . After reading The Communist Manifesto , Smith eventually reached the conclusion that Jesus was a communist . Smiths views had not yet developed to this stage in 1917 , however , and he joined the social reformist Dominion Labour Party at the end of the First World War . Smith supported the strikers from his pulpit during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and opened his church to Brandon civic workers who voted for a parallel strike in their city . As a member of the Brandon Trades and Labour Council , Smith provided extensive logistical support to Brandons strike committee . He also testified before the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations . Not surprisingly , Smiths labour activities were opposed by more conservative figures in his Methodist church . At a special meeting of the church board held on May 26 , 1919 , a prominent church member moved that Smith be restrained from any further preaching in First Church . No formal charges were made against him , and the motion was withdrawn . Nonetheless , his role as Brandons Methodist minister had become untenable . On June 8 , he announced the formation of a new Peoples Church in the city . Peoples Church . On June 22 the first meeting of the Peoples Church was held , with roughly 400 people in attendance . Despite his commitment to the Peoples Church , Smith did not intend to leave the Methodist Church . He hoped to secure a leave from the Church so that he could pursue his work with the Peoples Church . The Methodist Stationing Committee initially granted his request , but when a motion was called to put all special cases before the committee as a whole , the decision was rescinded . Smith was determined that the Peoples Church would spread across Canada , offering an alternative to the traditional church . In 1920 he travelled to Western Canada and established the Peoples Church in Vancouver , Victoria , Calgary , and Edmonton . In 1923 Smith moved to Toronto and began working with the Toronto Peoples Church . Labour MLA . In 1920 , Smith was prevailed on to run for the provincial legislature as a labour candidate in Brandon . He received the nomination of the Brandon Labour Party , which was aligned with the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party . He was successful in the 1920 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stephen Emmett Clement by 604 votes . Some blamed vote-splitting by the Liberals and Conservatives for his victory . For the next two years , Smith sat with the labour parliamentary group led by Fred Dixon in the legislative opposition . Unlike other labour members , Smith did not join the Independent Labour Party when the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party split in late 1920 . In August 1921 , he instead attended a meeting of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council which led to the creation of the Canadian Labour Party . While joining the CLP took Smith on a different path from his co-legislators , he remained a member of the labor parliamentary group . Labours political support in Manitoba had declined somewhat by the 1922 provincial election . Smith lost his seat to John Edmison , who ran as a fusion candidate of the local Liberals and Conservatives , thus preventing any possible vote-splitting in the Liberal and Conservative camp . No longer receiving a salary as a Methodist minister or Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) , Smith experienced financial difficulties in Brandon and decided to return to Ontario . He moved to Ontario in 1923 , and immediately started a Peoples Church in Toronto . Smith was also involved in the Forum Committee of the local Labour Temple , and became a prominent member of the Canadian Labour Party in the city . Unlike James Simpson , Smith supported opening the CLP to members of the newly formed Communist Party of Canada . Joining the Communist Party . Smiths personal philosophy continued to develop in this period , and in January 1925 he made the decision to join the Communist Party himself . His membership in the party was confirmed at a small upstairs room at 8 Gerrard Street East in Toronto , where a meeting of the party was held . He later explained his decision to a Toronto Star reporter by arguing that communism was a part of mans social evolution . Smith remained a member of the Communist Party for the rest of his life . Still a prominent figure in Toronto , he often defended the Communist Party against threats from hostile governments . He became a prominent organizer for the Canadian Labour Defence League across Canada in the 1920s , and served as its general secretary until it was shut down by the Canadian government in 1940 . He campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 federal election as a candidate of the CLP in the northern Ontario riding of Port Arthur—Thunder Bay . He finished fourth , with 1,363 votes . The winner was William Fitzgerald Langworthy of the Conservative Party . At the time of the election , Smith described his occupation as educationalist . He ran again in the 1926 election , and finished third with 1,382 votes . The winner was Conservative Donald James Cowan . Smith ran for municipal office in Toronto during this period . In 1925 , he ran for alderman in Ward Seven as a candidate of the Labour Representation Political Association , a broad-tent group aligned with the Canadian Labour Party . He was defeated , and lost a second time in 1926 . He also ran as a candidate of the Ontario division of the CLP in the 1926 provincial election , receiving 416 votes in Hamilton Centre . The winner on that occasion was Thomas Jutten of the Ontario Conservative Party . In the 1930 federal election he ran as an independent candidate in Fort William winning 594 votes . Opposition to Trotskyism . During the late 1920s , Smith became a prominent opponent of Trotskyism within the Communist Party of Canada . He supported the removal of Maurice Spector and Jack MacDonald from the CPC , and endorsed Tim Buck , a strong supporter of Joseph Stalin , to become the partys new leader in 1929 . In his autobiography , Smith accused Leon Trotsky of attempting to betray the Russian Revolution , alleging that he had been in the service of British agents in 1926 . With the Canadian Labour Party falling into disarray , Smith returned to northern Ontario for the federal election of 1930 to contest Fort William as an independent candidate . He received 594 votes , finishing third . The winner was Robert James Manion , who later served as leader of the federal Conservative Party . Stalinism . Smith visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1932 and wrote favourably of the experience upon his return . In July 1936 , he traveled to Spain during the Spanish Civil War as an emissary of the Friends of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion . Smith was one of CPC leader Tim Bucks most vocal defenders in the early 1930s . Buck was put in prison and nearly killed in the Kingston Penitentiary . In 1934 , Smith was arrested and charged with sedition ( under section 98 of the Criminal Code ) due to statements he made in support of the Eight Men Speak play . He was acquitted . The coverage of the court case publicized the truth of an attempt on Bucks life , and soon Buck and seven other CPC leaders were released from prison . In the 1934 provincial election , Smith ran as a candidate of the Ontario Communist Party against Conservative Premier George Henry in the constituency of York East . He finished fourth , though still polling a respectable 664 votes . Also in 1934 , Smith polled a surprising 8,500 votes when he ran for Mayor of Toronto . Returning again to northern Ontario , Smith ran for the House of Commons as a candidate of the Communist Party in the 1935 federal election . He received 1,161 votes for a fourth-place finish in Port Arthur . Later years . Smith largely curtailed his political activities after this time , though he remained an active figure within the Communist Party . He returned to Manitoba for the 1945 federal election , and campaigned for the Labor-Progressive Party ( as the Communist Party had renamed itself ) in his old riding of Brandon . He received 497 votes , finishing fourth . The winner was Liberal James Ewen Matthews . Smith died in 1947 . His autobiography , All My Life , was published posthumously in 1949 . The work chronicles his religious and political evolution , and gives extensive consideration to the Communist Partys struggles of the 1930s . Joseph Stalin is never mentioned by name in this book . To the end of his life , Smith argued that his beliefs were a reflection of the message promoted by Jesus . A . E . Smiths son , Stewart Smith , was a leading member of the Communist Party in his own right .
|
[
"Legislative Assembly of Manitoba"
] |
easy
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What was the working location for Albert Edward Smith from 1920 to 1922?
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/wiki/Albert_Edward_Smith#P937#4
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Albert Edward Smith Albert Edward Smith ( October 20 , 1871 – 1947 ) , known as A . E . Smith , was a Canadian religious leader and politician . A social gospeller , Smith was for many years a minister in the Canadian Methodist Church before starting his own Peoples Church . He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1920 to 1922 as a Labour representative . In 1925 , he became a member of the Communist Party of Canada . Early life . Smith was born on October 20 , 1871 , in Guelph , Ontario , the son of William George Smith and Elizabeth Bildson , working-class immigrants from England . He worked as a machinists apprentice and later a bookbinder to contribute to the familys income . His family later moved to Hamilton , where he developed an interest in religion after joining the Gore Street Methodist Church . After passing an oral examination , he became a lay preacher in 1888 . In 1890 Smith was transferred to MacGregor , Manitoba , to begin field work . His appointment came from James Woodsworth , and father of J . S . Woodsworth . Smith was a vocal supporter of Thomas Greenways Liberal government in Manitoba during the 1890s . During the Manitoba Schools Question , he defended the Greenway governments decision to remove funding from French-language denominational schools . Ordination . After three years work as a probationer , Smith enrolled as a student for the ministry at Wesley College in Winnipeg in 1893 . He was formally ordained to the ministry in 1897 . He married Maude Mercy Rogers in 1898 , with whom he would have seven children . After working in Dauphin , Manitoba , and Prince Albert , Saskatchewan , Smith was stationed at the MacDougall Memorial Methodist Church in north-end Winnipeg in 1902 . Left-wing politics . Smiths political views now turned to labour , and he spoke in support of Labour MP Arthur Puttees re-election in the 1904 federal election . Smith left Winnipeg in 1906 , and moved to Portage la Prairie . In 1910 , he accepted ministerial work in Nelson , British Columbia . He spoke at Socialist Party gatherings , and became acquainted with Jack Johnstone , later a leading figure in the Communist Party of the United States . Smith returned to Manitoba in 1913 , to accept a position as minister of the wealthy First Methodist Church in Brandon . Smith was an advocate of church union with the Presbyterians throughout the 1910s . In 1925 , this union came about via the creation of the United Church of Canada . Smith was asked to consider running in the 1917 federal election as a supporter of Robert Bordens Union government of pro-conscription Liberals and Conservatives . Although he rejected these requests , Smiths name was put forward for the Unionist nomination in Brandon . Bordens government was supported by both mainstream labour and the Methodist Church , and some local government supporters believed Smiths name would aid their cause . Asked to make a speech at the nomination meeting , he informed the delegates that he had no confidence in either of the older parties , and did not believe the Union arrangement would make any difference . To the surprise of none present , Smith did not receive the nomination . Socialist politics . In 1917 , Smith read The Communist Manifesto for the first time . He later claimed that the work was like a revelation . Smiths religious views were , by his own admission , unorthodox for the standards of his age : he believed that the message of Jesus was the proclamation of a new social order of human society , and rejected the harsh theologies of mainstream Christian churches . In my sermons , he wrote , no miracle was required to explain the birth of Jesus or his life and teachings .. . His name was to be cherished because He died as a leader of the people , for His principles and in protest against the unjust rulers of His day . After reading The Communist Manifesto , Smith eventually reached the conclusion that Jesus was a communist . Smiths views had not yet developed to this stage in 1917 , however , and he joined the social reformist Dominion Labour Party at the end of the First World War . Smith supported the strikers from his pulpit during the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and opened his church to Brandon civic workers who voted for a parallel strike in their city . As a member of the Brandon Trades and Labour Council , Smith provided extensive logistical support to Brandons strike committee . He also testified before the Royal Commission on Industrial Relations . Not surprisingly , Smiths labour activities were opposed by more conservative figures in his Methodist church . At a special meeting of the church board held on May 26 , 1919 , a prominent church member moved that Smith be restrained from any further preaching in First Church . No formal charges were made against him , and the motion was withdrawn . Nonetheless , his role as Brandons Methodist minister had become untenable . On June 8 , he announced the formation of a new Peoples Church in the city . Peoples Church . On June 22 the first meeting of the Peoples Church was held , with roughly 400 people in attendance . Despite his commitment to the Peoples Church , Smith did not intend to leave the Methodist Church . He hoped to secure a leave from the Church so that he could pursue his work with the Peoples Church . The Methodist Stationing Committee initially granted his request , but when a motion was called to put all special cases before the committee as a whole , the decision was rescinded . Smith was determined that the Peoples Church would spread across Canada , offering an alternative to the traditional church . In 1920 he travelled to Western Canada and established the Peoples Church in Vancouver , Victoria , Calgary , and Edmonton . In 1923 Smith moved to Toronto and began working with the Toronto Peoples Church . Labour MLA . In 1920 , Smith was prevailed on to run for the provincial legislature as a labour candidate in Brandon . He received the nomination of the Brandon Labour Party , which was aligned with the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party . He was successful in the 1920 provincial election , defeating Liberal incumbent Stephen Emmett Clement by 604 votes . Some blamed vote-splitting by the Liberals and Conservatives for his victory . For the next two years , Smith sat with the labour parliamentary group led by Fred Dixon in the legislative opposition . Unlike other labour members , Smith did not join the Independent Labour Party when the Winnipeg branch of the Dominion Labour Party split in late 1920 . In August 1921 , he instead attended a meeting of the Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council which led to the creation of the Canadian Labour Party . While joining the CLP took Smith on a different path from his co-legislators , he remained a member of the labor parliamentary group . Labours political support in Manitoba had declined somewhat by the 1922 provincial election . Smith lost his seat to John Edmison , who ran as a fusion candidate of the local Liberals and Conservatives , thus preventing any possible vote-splitting in the Liberal and Conservative camp . No longer receiving a salary as a Methodist minister or Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) , Smith experienced financial difficulties in Brandon and decided to return to Ontario . He moved to Ontario in 1923 , and immediately started a Peoples Church in Toronto . Smith was also involved in the Forum Committee of the local Labour Temple , and became a prominent member of the Canadian Labour Party in the city . Unlike James Simpson , Smith supported opening the CLP to members of the newly formed Communist Party of Canada . Joining the Communist Party . Smiths personal philosophy continued to develop in this period , and in January 1925 he made the decision to join the Communist Party himself . His membership in the party was confirmed at a small upstairs room at 8 Gerrard Street East in Toronto , where a meeting of the party was held . He later explained his decision to a Toronto Star reporter by arguing that communism was a part of mans social evolution . Smith remained a member of the Communist Party for the rest of his life . Still a prominent figure in Toronto , he often defended the Communist Party against threats from hostile governments . He became a prominent organizer for the Canadian Labour Defence League across Canada in the 1920s , and served as its general secretary until it was shut down by the Canadian government in 1940 . He campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 federal election as a candidate of the CLP in the northern Ontario riding of Port Arthur—Thunder Bay . He finished fourth , with 1,363 votes . The winner was William Fitzgerald Langworthy of the Conservative Party . At the time of the election , Smith described his occupation as educationalist . He ran again in the 1926 election , and finished third with 1,382 votes . The winner was Conservative Donald James Cowan . Smith ran for municipal office in Toronto during this period . In 1925 , he ran for alderman in Ward Seven as a candidate of the Labour Representation Political Association , a broad-tent group aligned with the Canadian Labour Party . He was defeated , and lost a second time in 1926 . He also ran as a candidate of the Ontario division of the CLP in the 1926 provincial election , receiving 416 votes in Hamilton Centre . The winner on that occasion was Thomas Jutten of the Ontario Conservative Party . In the 1930 federal election he ran as an independent candidate in Fort William winning 594 votes . Opposition to Trotskyism . During the late 1920s , Smith became a prominent opponent of Trotskyism within the Communist Party of Canada . He supported the removal of Maurice Spector and Jack MacDonald from the CPC , and endorsed Tim Buck , a strong supporter of Joseph Stalin , to become the partys new leader in 1929 . In his autobiography , Smith accused Leon Trotsky of attempting to betray the Russian Revolution , alleging that he had been in the service of British agents in 1926 . With the Canadian Labour Party falling into disarray , Smith returned to northern Ontario for the federal election of 1930 to contest Fort William as an independent candidate . He received 594 votes , finishing third . The winner was Robert James Manion , who later served as leader of the federal Conservative Party . Stalinism . Smith visited the Soviet Union for the first time in 1932 and wrote favourably of the experience upon his return . In July 1936 , he traveled to Spain during the Spanish Civil War as an emissary of the Friends of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion . Smith was one of CPC leader Tim Bucks most vocal defenders in the early 1930s . Buck was put in prison and nearly killed in the Kingston Penitentiary . In 1934 , Smith was arrested and charged with sedition ( under section 98 of the Criminal Code ) due to statements he made in support of the Eight Men Speak play . He was acquitted . The coverage of the court case publicized the truth of an attempt on Bucks life , and soon Buck and seven other CPC leaders were released from prison . In the 1934 provincial election , Smith ran as a candidate of the Ontario Communist Party against Conservative Premier George Henry in the constituency of York East . He finished fourth , though still polling a respectable 664 votes . Also in 1934 , Smith polled a surprising 8,500 votes when he ran for Mayor of Toronto . Returning again to northern Ontario , Smith ran for the House of Commons as a candidate of the Communist Party in the 1935 federal election . He received 1,161 votes for a fourth-place finish in Port Arthur . Later years . Smith largely curtailed his political activities after this time , though he remained an active figure within the Communist Party . He returned to Manitoba for the 1945 federal election , and campaigned for the Labor-Progressive Party ( as the Communist Party had renamed itself ) in his old riding of Brandon . He received 497 votes , finishing fourth . The winner was Liberal James Ewen Matthews . Smith died in 1947 . His autobiography , All My Life , was published posthumously in 1949 . The work chronicles his religious and political evolution , and gives extensive consideration to the Communist Partys struggles of the 1930s . Joseph Stalin is never mentioned by name in this book . To the end of his life , Smith argued that his beliefs were a reflection of the message promoted by Jesus . A . E . Smiths son , Stewart Smith , was a leading member of the Communist Party in his own right .
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Where was George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale educated from 1877 to 1881?
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/wiki/George_Kemp,_1st_Baron_Rochdale#P69#0
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George Kemp , 1st Baron Rochdale George Kemp , 1st Baron Rochdale , ( 9 June 1866 – 24 March 1945 ) was a British politician , soldier , businessman and cricketer . Education and business career . Kemp was born at Beechwood , Rochdale , Lancashire , and educated at Shrewsbury and Mill Hill Schools . Matriculating at Balliol College , Oxford , in 1883 , aged 16 , Kemp transferred to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1884 , where he graduated B.A . in the Classical Tripos in 1888 . In business , Kemp went into the woollen industry eventually becoming Chairman of Kelsall & Kemp , flannel manufacturers . Cricket . From 1885 to 1892 , Kemp played first-class cricket for Lancashire and Cambridge University . A batsman , he scored three centuries all against Yorkshire - 109 in the Roses Match , at Huddersfield , in 1885 whilst still a teenager and 125 and 103 within 18 days of each other in 1886 at Fenners and Sheffield respectively . While at Shrewsbury School he appeared in one county cricket match for Shropshire . He was also , at university , a lawn tennis Blue . Politics . In 1895 , he was elected Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Heywood as Liberal Unionist . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to William Ellison-Macartney , Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty , until January 1900 , when he resigned to serve in the Second Boer War . In 1904 , along with Winston Churchill , Kemp was among a group of Conservative and Liberal Unionist Free Traders who crossed the floor to join the Liberals in response to Joseph Chamberlains Tariff reform policies . In 1909 , he was knighted for his war services and at the January 1910 general election he was elected MP for Manchester North West , this time as a Liberal . Kemp found himself increasingly out of step with the actions of the Liberal government . He was opposed to the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer Lloyd Georges financial policies . He also opposed Lloyd Georges advocacy of Welsh disestablishment . His long-standing opposition to Irish Home Rule had not diminished and he opposed the Liberal Governments Irish Home Rule bill . As he still felt out of step with the Unionists advocacy of Tariff Reform , he decided to retire from the House of Commons . He declared that he loathed politics . A year later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Rochdale , of Rochdale in the County Palatine of Lancaster . Military career . Kemp had been a captain of the Duke of Lancasters Own Yeomanry since July 1891 . In early February 1900 , Kemp volunteered for active service in South Africa during the Second Boer War . He was appointed a captain of the Imperial Yeomanry , in command of the 23rd company ( the Yeomanry detachment of the Duke of Lancasters Own Yeomanry ) , to serve as part of the 8th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry . His company left Liverpool on the SS Africa on 12 February , and arrived in Cape Town the following month . For his service he was mentioned in despatches . He left again for South Africa in May 1902 , as temporary lieutenant-colonel in command of the 32nd Battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry , including a machine-gun section which he had helped raise . The battalion arrived shortly after the war ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902 , and never saw any fighting . Kemp obtained leave to return home before his regiment , and left Cape Town on the SS Kildonan Castle in late September 1902 , arriving at Southampton the following month . He relinquished his commission with the Imperial Yeomanry and was granted the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army on 12 October 1902 . Called to war again in 1914 , Lord Rochdale was Lieutenant-Colonel in command the 1st/6th Battalion , Lancashire Fusiliers , part of 125th ( 1/1st Lancashire Fusiliers ) Brigade , and was temporarily Brigadier-general of 127th ( 1/1st Manchester ) Brigade of the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division during the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915 . Family . Kemp married , on 5 August 1896 , Lady Beatrice Mary Egerton ( 1871–1966 ) , third daughter of Francis Egerton , 3rd Earl of Ellesmere . Lady Beatrice Kemp joined her husband in South Africa in early 1900 . They had three children . Lord Rochdale died at Lingholm near Keswick , Cumberland in 1945 , aged 88 , and was succeeded by his eldest son , John . References . - Who was Who , OUP 2007 External links . - CricketArchive : George Kemp
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George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale went to which school from 1881 to 1884?
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/wiki/George_Kemp,_1st_Baron_Rochdale#P69#1
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George Kemp , 1st Baron Rochdale George Kemp , 1st Baron Rochdale , ( 9 June 1866 – 24 March 1945 ) was a British politician , soldier , businessman and cricketer . Education and business career . Kemp was born at Beechwood , Rochdale , Lancashire , and educated at Shrewsbury and Mill Hill Schools . Matriculating at Balliol College , Oxford , in 1883 , aged 16 , Kemp transferred to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1884 , where he graduated B.A . in the Classical Tripos in 1888 . In business , Kemp went into the woollen industry eventually becoming Chairman of Kelsall & Kemp , flannel manufacturers . Cricket . From 1885 to 1892 , Kemp played first-class cricket for Lancashire and Cambridge University . A batsman , he scored three centuries all against Yorkshire - 109 in the Roses Match , at Huddersfield , in 1885 whilst still a teenager and 125 and 103 within 18 days of each other in 1886 at Fenners and Sheffield respectively . While at Shrewsbury School he appeared in one county cricket match for Shropshire . He was also , at university , a lawn tennis Blue . Politics . In 1895 , he was elected Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Heywood as Liberal Unionist . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to William Ellison-Macartney , Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty , until January 1900 , when he resigned to serve in the Second Boer War . In 1904 , along with Winston Churchill , Kemp was among a group of Conservative and Liberal Unionist Free Traders who crossed the floor to join the Liberals in response to Joseph Chamberlains Tariff reform policies . In 1909 , he was knighted for his war services and at the January 1910 general election he was elected MP for Manchester North West , this time as a Liberal . Kemp found himself increasingly out of step with the actions of the Liberal government . He was opposed to the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer Lloyd Georges financial policies . He also opposed Lloyd Georges advocacy of Welsh disestablishment . His long-standing opposition to Irish Home Rule had not diminished and he opposed the Liberal Governments Irish Home Rule bill . As he still felt out of step with the Unionists advocacy of Tariff Reform , he decided to retire from the House of Commons . He declared that he loathed politics . A year later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Rochdale , of Rochdale in the County Palatine of Lancaster . Military career . Kemp had been a captain of the Duke of Lancasters Own Yeomanry since July 1891 . In early February 1900 , Kemp volunteered for active service in South Africa during the Second Boer War . He was appointed a captain of the Imperial Yeomanry , in command of the 23rd company ( the Yeomanry detachment of the Duke of Lancasters Own Yeomanry ) , to serve as part of the 8th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry . His company left Liverpool on the SS Africa on 12 February , and arrived in Cape Town the following month . For his service he was mentioned in despatches . He left again for South Africa in May 1902 , as temporary lieutenant-colonel in command of the 32nd Battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry , including a machine-gun section which he had helped raise . The battalion arrived shortly after the war ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902 , and never saw any fighting . Kemp obtained leave to return home before his regiment , and left Cape Town on the SS Kildonan Castle in late September 1902 , arriving at Southampton the following month . He relinquished his commission with the Imperial Yeomanry and was granted the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army on 12 October 1902 . Called to war again in 1914 , Lord Rochdale was Lieutenant-Colonel in command the 1st/6th Battalion , Lancashire Fusiliers , part of 125th ( 1/1st Lancashire Fusiliers ) Brigade , and was temporarily Brigadier-general of 127th ( 1/1st Manchester ) Brigade of the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division during the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915 . Family . Kemp married , on 5 August 1896 , Lady Beatrice Mary Egerton ( 1871–1966 ) , third daughter of Francis Egerton , 3rd Earl of Ellesmere . Lady Beatrice Kemp joined her husband in South Africa in early 1900 . They had three children . Lord Rochdale died at Lingholm near Keswick , Cumberland in 1945 , aged 88 , and was succeeded by his eldest son , John . References . - Who was Who , OUP 2007 External links . - CricketArchive : George Kemp
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George Kemp, 1st Baron Rochdale went to which school from May 1884 to 1888?
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/wiki/George_Kemp,_1st_Baron_Rochdale#P69#2
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George Kemp , 1st Baron Rochdale George Kemp , 1st Baron Rochdale , ( 9 June 1866 – 24 March 1945 ) was a British politician , soldier , businessman and cricketer . Education and business career . Kemp was born at Beechwood , Rochdale , Lancashire , and educated at Shrewsbury and Mill Hill Schools . Matriculating at Balliol College , Oxford , in 1883 , aged 16 , Kemp transferred to Trinity College , Cambridge , in 1884 , where he graduated B.A . in the Classical Tripos in 1888 . In business , Kemp went into the woollen industry eventually becoming Chairman of Kelsall & Kemp , flannel manufacturers . Cricket . From 1885 to 1892 , Kemp played first-class cricket for Lancashire and Cambridge University . A batsman , he scored three centuries all against Yorkshire - 109 in the Roses Match , at Huddersfield , in 1885 whilst still a teenager and 125 and 103 within 18 days of each other in 1886 at Fenners and Sheffield respectively . While at Shrewsbury School he appeared in one county cricket match for Shropshire . He was also , at university , a lawn tennis Blue . Politics . In 1895 , he was elected Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Heywood as Liberal Unionist . He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to William Ellison-Macartney , Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty , until January 1900 , when he resigned to serve in the Second Boer War . In 1904 , along with Winston Churchill , Kemp was among a group of Conservative and Liberal Unionist Free Traders who crossed the floor to join the Liberals in response to Joseph Chamberlains Tariff reform policies . In 1909 , he was knighted for his war services and at the January 1910 general election he was elected MP for Manchester North West , this time as a Liberal . Kemp found himself increasingly out of step with the actions of the Liberal government . He was opposed to the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer Lloyd Georges financial policies . He also opposed Lloyd Georges advocacy of Welsh disestablishment . His long-standing opposition to Irish Home Rule had not diminished and he opposed the Liberal Governments Irish Home Rule bill . As he still felt out of step with the Unionists advocacy of Tariff Reform , he decided to retire from the House of Commons . He declared that he loathed politics . A year later he was raised to the peerage as Baron Rochdale , of Rochdale in the County Palatine of Lancaster . Military career . Kemp had been a captain of the Duke of Lancasters Own Yeomanry since July 1891 . In early February 1900 , Kemp volunteered for active service in South Africa during the Second Boer War . He was appointed a captain of the Imperial Yeomanry , in command of the 23rd company ( the Yeomanry detachment of the Duke of Lancasters Own Yeomanry ) , to serve as part of the 8th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry . His company left Liverpool on the SS Africa on 12 February , and arrived in Cape Town the following month . For his service he was mentioned in despatches . He left again for South Africa in May 1902 , as temporary lieutenant-colonel in command of the 32nd Battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry , including a machine-gun section which he had helped raise . The battalion arrived shortly after the war ended by the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902 , and never saw any fighting . Kemp obtained leave to return home before his regiment , and left Cape Town on the SS Kildonan Castle in late September 1902 , arriving at Southampton the following month . He relinquished his commission with the Imperial Yeomanry and was granted the honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army on 12 October 1902 . Called to war again in 1914 , Lord Rochdale was Lieutenant-Colonel in command the 1st/6th Battalion , Lancashire Fusiliers , part of 125th ( 1/1st Lancashire Fusiliers ) Brigade , and was temporarily Brigadier-general of 127th ( 1/1st Manchester ) Brigade of the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division during the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915 . Family . Kemp married , on 5 August 1896 , Lady Beatrice Mary Egerton ( 1871–1966 ) , third daughter of Francis Egerton , 3rd Earl of Ellesmere . Lady Beatrice Kemp joined her husband in South Africa in early 1900 . They had three children . Lord Rochdale died at Lingholm near Keswick , Cumberland in 1945 , aged 88 , and was succeeded by his eldest son , John . References . - Who was Who , OUP 2007 External links . - CricketArchive : George Kemp
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What position did George Fife Angas take from Jul 1851 to Mar 1857?
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/wiki/George_Fife_Angas#P39#0
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George Fife Angas George Fife Angas ( 1 May 1789 – 15 May 1879 ) was an English businessman and banker who , while residing in England , played a significant part in the formation and establishment of the Province of South Australia . He established the South Australian Company and was its founding chairman of the board of directors . In later life he migrated to the colony and served as a member of the first South Australian Legislative Council . His financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia . Early life . Angas was born at Newcastle upon Tyne , England , fifth son of Caleb Angas of Newcastle ( 1743–1831 ) and his second wife Sarah Angas née Lindsay ( 1749–1802 ) . Caleb was a successful coachbuilder and ship owner . After his mothers death , he continued his education at a boarding school and at age 15 became an apprentice coachbuilder under his fathers direction . He started the Benevolent Society of Coachbuilders in Newcastle in 1807 to provide for sick members and others requiring relief , and promote habits of economy and temperance . In 1808 he went to London to gain further experience and returned to Newcastle in 1809 where he worked as a supervisor for his fathers business . On 8 April 1812 in Hutton , Essex , he married Rosetta French ( 1793–1867 ) , daughter of John French ( 1761–1829 ) , Gentleman of Hutton , Essex , and Rosetta French née Rayner ( 1756–1836 ) . They had three sons and four daughters . Their eldest son , George French Angas became a notable artist . Their daughter Emma Angas caught smallpox and died while nursing refugees in Beirut . Career . Over the next 20 years Angas took a large role in the family business in Newcastle , which also had branches in British ports , the West Indies and Spanish America , and steadily developed his own shipping business in London . By 1831 , his business owned three ships , commercial business in Honduras , Buenos Aires and London , coach factories in Durham and Newcastle , with mahogany trade and copperas works . Angas came from a non-conformist religious household , and as a religious person became a secretary of the Newcastle Sunday School Union , founded in 1815 to educate poor children in Newcastle and Gateshead . On two occasions after the repeal of the Test Act and the Corporation Act in 1828 , which barred non-conformists from public office , Angas was asked to stand for Parliament , but declined partly due to reasons of poor health . He had a talent for banking , and played a large part in the founding of the National Provincial Bank of England in 1833 , ( which exists today after several mergers as NatWest ) , sitting as a director on its first board , the Union Bank of Australia ( in 1836 ) and the South Australian Banking Company ( in 1840 ) . In 1835 , he held shares in the British American Land Company . South Australia . Angas had become relatively wealthy and was concerned with putting his money to the best use . He became interested in a proposed settlement in South Australia and in 1832 joined the committee of the South Australian Land Company and took up enough shares to become a director . His own views on systematic colonisation dealt with the exclusion of convicts , concentration of settlers , sending out ( preferably religious ) intelligent people with capital , the emigration of young couples of good character , free trade , free government , and freedom of religion . As such , South Australia became the first Australian colony to provide residents with religious freedom and to grant land rights to indigenous people . Angas was discouraged by the companys failure to get government support , but continued his involvement with the South Australian Association which was formed in 1834 , with Robert Gouger as secretary . During debates on the price of land Angas , who held the opposite view to Edward Gibbon Wakefield , wanted the price of land to be low . However , the South Australian Colonization Commission set a high price for land , which brought sales of land , and hence establishment of the colony , to a standstill . Angas formed a joint-stock company to buy the remaining land , which was transferred in January 1836 to the newly formed South Australian Company . In February 1836 , the first of three ships set sail for South Australia with emigrants , livestock and provisions on board . The company supervisors were provided with minutely detailed instructions covering almost any problem which might have arisen . All three ships arrived by the middle of August . The colonial office , the Colonization Commissioners , and the South Australian Company would determine the success or failure of the colony , and it was still unclear which was the controlling body . There was initial friction between the company and the commissioners . The establishment of a banking business in 1837 , and its separation as the South Australian Banking Company in 1840 , at the behest of Angas , played an important part in the early growth of the colony . Angas worked on behalf of the bank in England , giving lectures , writing pamphlets and supplying information to newspapers . He also helped to establish the South Australian School Society , and sent out missionaries and German colonists . He set up the Union Bank of Australia in England and also found the time to be active in the colonisation of New Zealand . In recognition of his efforts in making New Zealand an English colony rather than a French colony , Angas was offered a knighthood and a then baronetcy , but he declined both . Angas was also a leading figure in attempting to establish and secure proper treatment of the Aboriginal people of South Australia . Mr Angas set before himself the model of William Penn and his treaty with the North American Indians for establishing friendly and equitable relations with the Europeans . ( Hodder ) Using his position as Commissioner , he attempted to secure Aboriginal rights in both legislature and through financing missionary actions . In 1836 , Angas met with Pastor August Kavel , who was Pastor in Klępsk ( Klemzig ) in Prussia . Kavel and his Lutheran congregation at Klemzig faced oppression due to decrees made by King Frederick William III . They sought to regain their religious freedom by emigrating to another country . Angas sent his chief clerk , Charles Flaxman to Prussia to meet with Kavels group . Flaxman on returning , gave a favorable report to Angas , who then sought to have the South Australian Company meet the cost of the transport for the whole congregation from Hamburg to South Australia . This request was declined , and so Angas made a loan to this group of emigrants , by meeting the cost of securing vessels himself . In 1838 Angas chartered four ships on their behalf ; Prince George , Bengalee , Zebra , and Catharina . This loan , along with another Angas had made to his chief clerk Charles Flaxman , ( who invested in land in South Australia ) , put Angas in a difficult financial situation the next year . Angas had borrowed heavily and was forced to sell his interests in the Union Bank and other companies . News came that the British government had dishonoured drafts drawn by the Governor , George Gawler and that the colony was in danger of ruin . Angas appealed to the government , his efforts resulting in a loan to the colony and payment of the dishonoured drafts . In 1842 Angas lectured extensively on South Australia and wrote a pamphlet , Facts Illustrative of South Australia , which was widely distributed . Gawler , who had been recalled to England , suggested that Angas should settle in South Australia . In early 1843 , his finances still troubled , he sent out his 19-year-old son John Howard Angas to supervise his land and recover the family fortunes . Angas was unable to sell his northern England properties until 1850 but some repayments had come in from the German settlers . The stress had affected his health and he decided to migrate to Australia , arriving in Adelaide with his wife and youngest son in January 1851 . Slavery . According to Humphrey McQueen and Catherine Hall , the Angas family business supply chain used slaves . Angas is not recorded by the Legacies of British Slave-ownership database as having held slaves himself , nor of having obtained any meaningful benefit from them . As was typical for the period , his business associates in Honduras included people who owned slaves . He collected compensatory claims on behalf of four former slave owners , totalling £6,942 after abolition , with a total of 121 slaves . The claims he collected were : - 5 October 1835 , Honduras 231 , 40 enslaved , £2176 17/3d . - 26 October 1835 , Honduras 51 , 12 enslaved , £685 15/1d . - 26 October 1835 , Honduras 199 , 35 enslaved , £1642 17/2d - 9 November 1835 , Honduras 244 , 34 enslaved , £2439 17/3d . On 12 June 1840 , he was delegate number 196 , one of eight representing Newcastle upon Tyne , at the World Anti-Slavery Convention . A commemorative newspaper article in The Advertiser ( an Adelaide daily ) in 1909 described how Angas sought to protect the poorer classes from oppression and endeavoured to help slaves who , he argued , were held in illegal bondage . In 1824 , over 200 Indians were set free as a result of his efforts . Later life , death and legacy . Angas , by then almost 62 , was met by his two sons and eldest daughter . His work on behalf of the colony were widely known and a few days later a public dinner was held in his honour . He found work , becoming elected as a member of the Legislative Council for the Barossa district and turned his attention towards education and other public interests . Being kept busy improved his health , and he was able to pay off his debts in short order . Angas bought Merino sheep and cattle , employing out-of work migrants on his property . He returned to England from 1857 to September 1859 to settle matters in his fathers estate . He continued parliamentary work and lobbied against South Australia being given responsibility for the administration of the Northern Territory . He resigned in 1866 , feeling that he could not fully fulfil his role , and continued to contribute to schools , churches and charities . His wife of 55 years died in 1867 . In 1869 he published a History of the Newcastle upon Tyne Sunday School Union which was compiled with the help of secretary William Ramage Lawson . Although retired from parliamentary duties , managing his property at Angaston gave him plenty to do . He recovered from a serious illness at 87 and died on 15 May 1879 at 90 years of age . He was survived by three sons , notably John Howard Angas and George French Angas , and three daughters . Angas financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia .
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"administration of the Northern Territory"
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Which position did George Fife Angas hold from Mar 1857 to Aug 1866?
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/wiki/George_Fife_Angas#P39#1
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George Fife Angas George Fife Angas ( 1 May 1789 – 15 May 1879 ) was an English businessman and banker who , while residing in England , played a significant part in the formation and establishment of the Province of South Australia . He established the South Australian Company and was its founding chairman of the board of directors . In later life he migrated to the colony and served as a member of the first South Australian Legislative Council . His financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia . Early life . Angas was born at Newcastle upon Tyne , England , fifth son of Caleb Angas of Newcastle ( 1743–1831 ) and his second wife Sarah Angas née Lindsay ( 1749–1802 ) . Caleb was a successful coachbuilder and ship owner . After his mothers death , he continued his education at a boarding school and at age 15 became an apprentice coachbuilder under his fathers direction . He started the Benevolent Society of Coachbuilders in Newcastle in 1807 to provide for sick members and others requiring relief , and promote habits of economy and temperance . In 1808 he went to London to gain further experience and returned to Newcastle in 1809 where he worked as a supervisor for his fathers business . On 8 April 1812 in Hutton , Essex , he married Rosetta French ( 1793–1867 ) , daughter of John French ( 1761–1829 ) , Gentleman of Hutton , Essex , and Rosetta French née Rayner ( 1756–1836 ) . They had three sons and four daughters . Their eldest son , George French Angas became a notable artist . Their daughter Emma Angas caught smallpox and died while nursing refugees in Beirut . Career . Over the next 20 years Angas took a large role in the family business in Newcastle , which also had branches in British ports , the West Indies and Spanish America , and steadily developed his own shipping business in London . By 1831 , his business owned three ships , commercial business in Honduras , Buenos Aires and London , coach factories in Durham and Newcastle , with mahogany trade and copperas works . Angas came from a non-conformist religious household , and as a religious person became a secretary of the Newcastle Sunday School Union , founded in 1815 to educate poor children in Newcastle and Gateshead . On two occasions after the repeal of the Test Act and the Corporation Act in 1828 , which barred non-conformists from public office , Angas was asked to stand for Parliament , but declined partly due to reasons of poor health . He had a talent for banking , and played a large part in the founding of the National Provincial Bank of England in 1833 , ( which exists today after several mergers as NatWest ) , sitting as a director on its first board , the Union Bank of Australia ( in 1836 ) and the South Australian Banking Company ( in 1840 ) . In 1835 , he held shares in the British American Land Company . South Australia . Angas had become relatively wealthy and was concerned with putting his money to the best use . He became interested in a proposed settlement in South Australia and in 1832 joined the committee of the South Australian Land Company and took up enough shares to become a director . His own views on systematic colonisation dealt with the exclusion of convicts , concentration of settlers , sending out ( preferably religious ) intelligent people with capital , the emigration of young couples of good character , free trade , free government , and freedom of religion . As such , South Australia became the first Australian colony to provide residents with religious freedom and to grant land rights to indigenous people . Angas was discouraged by the companys failure to get government support , but continued his involvement with the South Australian Association which was formed in 1834 , with Robert Gouger as secretary . During debates on the price of land Angas , who held the opposite view to Edward Gibbon Wakefield , wanted the price of land to be low . However , the South Australian Colonization Commission set a high price for land , which brought sales of land , and hence establishment of the colony , to a standstill . Angas formed a joint-stock company to buy the remaining land , which was transferred in January 1836 to the newly formed South Australian Company . In February 1836 , the first of three ships set sail for South Australia with emigrants , livestock and provisions on board . The company supervisors were provided with minutely detailed instructions covering almost any problem which might have arisen . All three ships arrived by the middle of August . The colonial office , the Colonization Commissioners , and the South Australian Company would determine the success or failure of the colony , and it was still unclear which was the controlling body . There was initial friction between the company and the commissioners . The establishment of a banking business in 1837 , and its separation as the South Australian Banking Company in 1840 , at the behest of Angas , played an important part in the early growth of the colony . Angas worked on behalf of the bank in England , giving lectures , writing pamphlets and supplying information to newspapers . He also helped to establish the South Australian School Society , and sent out missionaries and German colonists . He set up the Union Bank of Australia in England and also found the time to be active in the colonisation of New Zealand . In recognition of his efforts in making New Zealand an English colony rather than a French colony , Angas was offered a knighthood and a then baronetcy , but he declined both . Angas was also a leading figure in attempting to establish and secure proper treatment of the Aboriginal people of South Australia . Mr Angas set before himself the model of William Penn and his treaty with the North American Indians for establishing friendly and equitable relations with the Europeans . ( Hodder ) Using his position as Commissioner , he attempted to secure Aboriginal rights in both legislature and through financing missionary actions . In 1836 , Angas met with Pastor August Kavel , who was Pastor in Klępsk ( Klemzig ) in Prussia . Kavel and his Lutheran congregation at Klemzig faced oppression due to decrees made by King Frederick William III . They sought to regain their religious freedom by emigrating to another country . Angas sent his chief clerk , Charles Flaxman to Prussia to meet with Kavels group . Flaxman on returning , gave a favorable report to Angas , who then sought to have the South Australian Company meet the cost of the transport for the whole congregation from Hamburg to South Australia . This request was declined , and so Angas made a loan to this group of emigrants , by meeting the cost of securing vessels himself . In 1838 Angas chartered four ships on their behalf ; Prince George , Bengalee , Zebra , and Catharina . This loan , along with another Angas had made to his chief clerk Charles Flaxman , ( who invested in land in South Australia ) , put Angas in a difficult financial situation the next year . Angas had borrowed heavily and was forced to sell his interests in the Union Bank and other companies . News came that the British government had dishonoured drafts drawn by the Governor , George Gawler and that the colony was in danger of ruin . Angas appealed to the government , his efforts resulting in a loan to the colony and payment of the dishonoured drafts . In 1842 Angas lectured extensively on South Australia and wrote a pamphlet , Facts Illustrative of South Australia , which was widely distributed . Gawler , who had been recalled to England , suggested that Angas should settle in South Australia . In early 1843 , his finances still troubled , he sent out his 19-year-old son John Howard Angas to supervise his land and recover the family fortunes . Angas was unable to sell his northern England properties until 1850 but some repayments had come in from the German settlers . The stress had affected his health and he decided to migrate to Australia , arriving in Adelaide with his wife and youngest son in January 1851 . Slavery . According to Humphrey McQueen and Catherine Hall , the Angas family business supply chain used slaves . Angas is not recorded by the Legacies of British Slave-ownership database as having held slaves himself , nor of having obtained any meaningful benefit from them . As was typical for the period , his business associates in Honduras included people who owned slaves . He collected compensatory claims on behalf of four former slave owners , totalling £6,942 after abolition , with a total of 121 slaves . The claims he collected were : - 5 October 1835 , Honduras 231 , 40 enslaved , £2176 17/3d . - 26 October 1835 , Honduras 51 , 12 enslaved , £685 15/1d . - 26 October 1835 , Honduras 199 , 35 enslaved , £1642 17/2d - 9 November 1835 , Honduras 244 , 34 enslaved , £2439 17/3d . On 12 June 1840 , he was delegate number 196 , one of eight representing Newcastle upon Tyne , at the World Anti-Slavery Convention . A commemorative newspaper article in The Advertiser ( an Adelaide daily ) in 1909 described how Angas sought to protect the poorer classes from oppression and endeavoured to help slaves who , he argued , were held in illegal bondage . In 1824 , over 200 Indians were set free as a result of his efforts . Later life , death and legacy . Angas , by then almost 62 , was met by his two sons and eldest daughter . His work on behalf of the colony were widely known and a few days later a public dinner was held in his honour . He found work , becoming elected as a member of the Legislative Council for the Barossa district and turned his attention towards education and other public interests . Being kept busy improved his health , and he was able to pay off his debts in short order . Angas bought Merino sheep and cattle , employing out-of work migrants on his property . He returned to England from 1857 to September 1859 to settle matters in his fathers estate . He continued parliamentary work and lobbied against South Australia being given responsibility for the administration of the Northern Territory . He resigned in 1866 , feeling that he could not fully fulfil his role , and continued to contribute to schools , churches and charities . His wife of 55 years died in 1867 . In 1869 he published a History of the Newcastle upon Tyne Sunday School Union which was compiled with the help of secretary William Ramage Lawson . Although retired from parliamentary duties , managing his property at Angaston gave him plenty to do . He recovered from a serious illness at 87 and died on 15 May 1879 at 90 years of age . He was survived by three sons , notably John Howard Angas and George French Angas , and three daughters . Angas financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia .
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George Fife Angas took which position from Aug 1866 to Aug 1867?
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/wiki/George_Fife_Angas#P39#2
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George Fife Angas George Fife Angas ( 1 May 1789 – 15 May 1879 ) was an English businessman and banker who , while residing in England , played a significant part in the formation and establishment of the Province of South Australia . He established the South Australian Company and was its founding chairman of the board of directors . In later life he migrated to the colony and served as a member of the first South Australian Legislative Council . His financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia . Early life . Angas was born at Newcastle upon Tyne , England , fifth son of Caleb Angas of Newcastle ( 1743–1831 ) and his second wife Sarah Angas née Lindsay ( 1749–1802 ) . Caleb was a successful coachbuilder and ship owner . After his mothers death , he continued his education at a boarding school and at age 15 became an apprentice coachbuilder under his fathers direction . He started the Benevolent Society of Coachbuilders in Newcastle in 1807 to provide for sick members and others requiring relief , and promote habits of economy and temperance . In 1808 he went to London to gain further experience and returned to Newcastle in 1809 where he worked as a supervisor for his fathers business . On 8 April 1812 in Hutton , Essex , he married Rosetta French ( 1793–1867 ) , daughter of John French ( 1761–1829 ) , Gentleman of Hutton , Essex , and Rosetta French née Rayner ( 1756–1836 ) . They had three sons and four daughters . Their eldest son , George French Angas became a notable artist . Their daughter Emma Angas caught smallpox and died while nursing refugees in Beirut . Career . Over the next 20 years Angas took a large role in the family business in Newcastle , which also had branches in British ports , the West Indies and Spanish America , and steadily developed his own shipping business in London . By 1831 , his business owned three ships , commercial business in Honduras , Buenos Aires and London , coach factories in Durham and Newcastle , with mahogany trade and copperas works . Angas came from a non-conformist religious household , and as a religious person became a secretary of the Newcastle Sunday School Union , founded in 1815 to educate poor children in Newcastle and Gateshead . On two occasions after the repeal of the Test Act and the Corporation Act in 1828 , which barred non-conformists from public office , Angas was asked to stand for Parliament , but declined partly due to reasons of poor health . He had a talent for banking , and played a large part in the founding of the National Provincial Bank of England in 1833 , ( which exists today after several mergers as NatWest ) , sitting as a director on its first board , the Union Bank of Australia ( in 1836 ) and the South Australian Banking Company ( in 1840 ) . In 1835 , he held shares in the British American Land Company . South Australia . Angas had become relatively wealthy and was concerned with putting his money to the best use . He became interested in a proposed settlement in South Australia and in 1832 joined the committee of the South Australian Land Company and took up enough shares to become a director . His own views on systematic colonisation dealt with the exclusion of convicts , concentration of settlers , sending out ( preferably religious ) intelligent people with capital , the emigration of young couples of good character , free trade , free government , and freedom of religion . As such , South Australia became the first Australian colony to provide residents with religious freedom and to grant land rights to indigenous people . Angas was discouraged by the companys failure to get government support , but continued his involvement with the South Australian Association which was formed in 1834 , with Robert Gouger as secretary . During debates on the price of land Angas , who held the opposite view to Edward Gibbon Wakefield , wanted the price of land to be low . However , the South Australian Colonization Commission set a high price for land , which brought sales of land , and hence establishment of the colony , to a standstill . Angas formed a joint-stock company to buy the remaining land , which was transferred in January 1836 to the newly formed South Australian Company . In February 1836 , the first of three ships set sail for South Australia with emigrants , livestock and provisions on board . The company supervisors were provided with minutely detailed instructions covering almost any problem which might have arisen . All three ships arrived by the middle of August . The colonial office , the Colonization Commissioners , and the South Australian Company would determine the success or failure of the colony , and it was still unclear which was the controlling body . There was initial friction between the company and the commissioners . The establishment of a banking business in 1837 , and its separation as the South Australian Banking Company in 1840 , at the behest of Angas , played an important part in the early growth of the colony . Angas worked on behalf of the bank in England , giving lectures , writing pamphlets and supplying information to newspapers . He also helped to establish the South Australian School Society , and sent out missionaries and German colonists . He set up the Union Bank of Australia in England and also found the time to be active in the colonisation of New Zealand . In recognition of his efforts in making New Zealand an English colony rather than a French colony , Angas was offered a knighthood and a then baronetcy , but he declined both . Angas was also a leading figure in attempting to establish and secure proper treatment of the Aboriginal people of South Australia . Mr Angas set before himself the model of William Penn and his treaty with the North American Indians for establishing friendly and equitable relations with the Europeans . ( Hodder ) Using his position as Commissioner , he attempted to secure Aboriginal rights in both legislature and through financing missionary actions . In 1836 , Angas met with Pastor August Kavel , who was Pastor in Klępsk ( Klemzig ) in Prussia . Kavel and his Lutheran congregation at Klemzig faced oppression due to decrees made by King Frederick William III . They sought to regain their religious freedom by emigrating to another country . Angas sent his chief clerk , Charles Flaxman to Prussia to meet with Kavels group . Flaxman on returning , gave a favorable report to Angas , who then sought to have the South Australian Company meet the cost of the transport for the whole congregation from Hamburg to South Australia . This request was declined , and so Angas made a loan to this group of emigrants , by meeting the cost of securing vessels himself . In 1838 Angas chartered four ships on their behalf ; Prince George , Bengalee , Zebra , and Catharina . This loan , along with another Angas had made to his chief clerk Charles Flaxman , ( who invested in land in South Australia ) , put Angas in a difficult financial situation the next year . Angas had borrowed heavily and was forced to sell his interests in the Union Bank and other companies . News came that the British government had dishonoured drafts drawn by the Governor , George Gawler and that the colony was in danger of ruin . Angas appealed to the government , his efforts resulting in a loan to the colony and payment of the dishonoured drafts . In 1842 Angas lectured extensively on South Australia and wrote a pamphlet , Facts Illustrative of South Australia , which was widely distributed . Gawler , who had been recalled to England , suggested that Angas should settle in South Australia . In early 1843 , his finances still troubled , he sent out his 19-year-old son John Howard Angas to supervise his land and recover the family fortunes . Angas was unable to sell his northern England properties until 1850 but some repayments had come in from the German settlers . The stress had affected his health and he decided to migrate to Australia , arriving in Adelaide with his wife and youngest son in January 1851 . Slavery . According to Humphrey McQueen and Catherine Hall , the Angas family business supply chain used slaves . Angas is not recorded by the Legacies of British Slave-ownership database as having held slaves himself , nor of having obtained any meaningful benefit from them . As was typical for the period , his business associates in Honduras included people who owned slaves . He collected compensatory claims on behalf of four former slave owners , totalling £6,942 after abolition , with a total of 121 slaves . The claims he collected were : - 5 October 1835 , Honduras 231 , 40 enslaved , £2176 17/3d . - 26 October 1835 , Honduras 51 , 12 enslaved , £685 15/1d . - 26 October 1835 , Honduras 199 , 35 enslaved , £1642 17/2d - 9 November 1835 , Honduras 244 , 34 enslaved , £2439 17/3d . On 12 June 1840 , he was delegate number 196 , one of eight representing Newcastle upon Tyne , at the World Anti-Slavery Convention . A commemorative newspaper article in The Advertiser ( an Adelaide daily ) in 1909 described how Angas sought to protect the poorer classes from oppression and endeavoured to help slaves who , he argued , were held in illegal bondage . In 1824 , over 200 Indians were set free as a result of his efforts . Later life , death and legacy . Angas , by then almost 62 , was met by his two sons and eldest daughter . His work on behalf of the colony were widely known and a few days later a public dinner was held in his honour . He found work , becoming elected as a member of the Legislative Council for the Barossa district and turned his attention towards education and other public interests . Being kept busy improved his health , and he was able to pay off his debts in short order . Angas bought Merino sheep and cattle , employing out-of work migrants on his property . He returned to England from 1857 to September 1859 to settle matters in his fathers estate . He continued parliamentary work and lobbied against South Australia being given responsibility for the administration of the Northern Territory . He resigned in 1866 , feeling that he could not fully fulfil his role , and continued to contribute to schools , churches and charities . His wife of 55 years died in 1867 . In 1869 he published a History of the Newcastle upon Tyne Sunday School Union which was compiled with the help of secretary William Ramage Lawson . Although retired from parliamentary duties , managing his property at Angaston gave him plenty to do . He recovered from a serious illness at 87 and died on 15 May 1879 at 90 years of age . He was survived by three sons , notably John Howard Angas and George French Angas , and three daughters . Angas financial contribution of some £40,000 was instrumental to the creation of South Australia .
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[
"Sampdoria",
"Juventus"
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Francesco Morini played for which team from 1963 to 1969?
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/wiki/Francesco_Morini#P54#0
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Francesco Morini Francesco Morini ( ; born 12 August 1944 ) is a retired Italian football player , who played as a defender . He competed for the Italian national team in the 1974 FIFA World Cup and earned a total of 11 caps . He played for clubs such as U.C . Sampdoria and , most notably , Juventus F.C. , with which he achieved great success . Morini was a fast , strong , and tenacious centreback , with good technique , who was known for his tackling ability , as well as his tight marking of opposing forwards . He was given the nickname Morgan the pirate as he excelled as a powerful ball-winner ; despite his physical style of play , he was also known for his correct behaviour on the pitch , and he rarely committed aggressive challenges . On the pitch , he was also well known for his rivalry with Inter forward Roberto Boninsegna , who later became his teammate . After his retirement he worked as Juventuss sporting director for several years . Biography . Morini has two sons ; one is Jacopo Morini , who is known for his role in the Italian television program Le Iene , and the other , Andrea , is a singer and guitarist in a band . Club career . Morini made his Serie A debut for Sampdoria in a 0–2 loss against Roma on 2 February 1964 , and in 1969 , he was transferred to Juventus . He made 387 appearances in Serie A , as well as 30 in Serie B with Sampdoria during the 1966–67 season , during which he won the title . During a highly successful domestic and European stint with Juventus , Morini won five Serie A titles , a Coppa Italia during the 1978–79 season , and an UEFA Cup during the 1976–77 season , also reaching the European Cup final during the 1972–73 season , and the semi-final of the European Cup Winners Cup during the 1979–80 season , his final season at the club . Throughout his professional footballing career as a defender , Morini never scored a goal ; although he once appeared to score one during a friendly tournament , it was disallowed . Morini ended his career in Canada with the Toronto Blizzard . International career . Morini made his international debut for Italy in a 1–0 home win over Turkey on 25 February 1973 , and was a member of the Italian squad that took part in the 1974 FIFA World Cup . He played for Italy 11 times between 1973 and 1975 . Although he was still part of the Italian national side during the mid 70s , he was notably excluded by Enzo Bearzot from the Italian squad that finished in fourth place at the 1978 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Club . - Juventus - 5 Serie A : 1971–72 , 1972–73 , 1974–75 , 1976–77 , 1977–78 - 1 Coppa Italia : 1978–79 - 1 UEFA Cup : 1976–77 - Sampdoria - Serie B : 1966–67 External links . - Profile at Enciclopediadelcalcio.it - Profile at FIGC.it
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Which team did Francesco Morini play for from 1969 to 1973?
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/wiki/Francesco_Morini#P54#1
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Francesco Morini Francesco Morini ( ; born 12 August 1944 ) is a retired Italian football player , who played as a defender . He competed for the Italian national team in the 1974 FIFA World Cup and earned a total of 11 caps . He played for clubs such as U.C . Sampdoria and , most notably , Juventus F.C. , with which he achieved great success . Morini was a fast , strong , and tenacious centreback , with good technique , who was known for his tackling ability , as well as his tight marking of opposing forwards . He was given the nickname Morgan the pirate as he excelled as a powerful ball-winner ; despite his physical style of play , he was also known for his correct behaviour on the pitch , and he rarely committed aggressive challenges . On the pitch , he was also well known for his rivalry with Inter forward Roberto Boninsegna , who later became his teammate . After his retirement he worked as Juventuss sporting director for several years . Biography . Morini has two sons ; one is Jacopo Morini , who is known for his role in the Italian television program Le Iene , and the other , Andrea , is a singer and guitarist in a band . Club career . Morini made his Serie A debut for Sampdoria in a 0–2 loss against Roma on 2 February 1964 , and in 1969 , he was transferred to Juventus . He made 387 appearances in Serie A , as well as 30 in Serie B with Sampdoria during the 1966–67 season , during which he won the title . During a highly successful domestic and European stint with Juventus , Morini won five Serie A titles , a Coppa Italia during the 1978–79 season , and an UEFA Cup during the 1976–77 season , also reaching the European Cup final during the 1972–73 season , and the semi-final of the European Cup Winners Cup during the 1979–80 season , his final season at the club . Throughout his professional footballing career as a defender , Morini never scored a goal ; although he once appeared to score one during a friendly tournament , it was disallowed . Morini ended his career in Canada with the Toronto Blizzard . International career . Morini made his international debut for Italy in a 1–0 home win over Turkey on 25 February 1973 , and was a member of the Italian squad that took part in the 1974 FIFA World Cup . He played for Italy 11 times between 1973 and 1975 . Although he was still part of the Italian national side during the mid 70s , he was notably excluded by Enzo Bearzot from the Italian squad that finished in fourth place at the 1978 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Club . - Juventus - 5 Serie A : 1971–72 , 1972–73 , 1974–75 , 1976–77 , 1977–78 - 1 Coppa Italia : 1978–79 - 1 UEFA Cup : 1976–77 - Sampdoria - Serie B : 1966–67 External links . - Profile at Enciclopediadelcalcio.it - Profile at FIGC.it
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"Juventus"
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Which team did the player Francesco Morini belong to from 1973 to 1975?
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/wiki/Francesco_Morini#P54#2
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Francesco Morini Francesco Morini ( ; born 12 August 1944 ) is a retired Italian football player , who played as a defender . He competed for the Italian national team in the 1974 FIFA World Cup and earned a total of 11 caps . He played for clubs such as U.C . Sampdoria and , most notably , Juventus F.C. , with which he achieved great success . Morini was a fast , strong , and tenacious centreback , with good technique , who was known for his tackling ability , as well as his tight marking of opposing forwards . He was given the nickname Morgan the pirate as he excelled as a powerful ball-winner ; despite his physical style of play , he was also known for his correct behaviour on the pitch , and he rarely committed aggressive challenges . On the pitch , he was also well known for his rivalry with Inter forward Roberto Boninsegna , who later became his teammate . After his retirement he worked as Juventuss sporting director for several years . Biography . Morini has two sons ; one is Jacopo Morini , who is known for his role in the Italian television program Le Iene , and the other , Andrea , is a singer and guitarist in a band . Club career . Morini made his Serie A debut for Sampdoria in a 0–2 loss against Roma on 2 February 1964 , and in 1969 , he was transferred to Juventus . He made 387 appearances in Serie A , as well as 30 in Serie B with Sampdoria during the 1966–67 season , during which he won the title . During a highly successful domestic and European stint with Juventus , Morini won five Serie A titles , a Coppa Italia during the 1978–79 season , and an UEFA Cup during the 1976–77 season , also reaching the European Cup final during the 1972–73 season , and the semi-final of the European Cup Winners Cup during the 1979–80 season , his final season at the club . Throughout his professional footballing career as a defender , Morini never scored a goal ; although he once appeared to score one during a friendly tournament , it was disallowed . Morini ended his career in Canada with the Toronto Blizzard . International career . Morini made his international debut for Italy in a 1–0 home win over Turkey on 25 February 1973 , and was a member of the Italian squad that took part in the 1974 FIFA World Cup . He played for Italy 11 times between 1973 and 1975 . Although he was still part of the Italian national side during the mid 70s , he was notably excluded by Enzo Bearzot from the Italian squad that finished in fourth place at the 1978 FIFA World Cup . Honours . Club . - Juventus - 5 Serie A : 1971–72 , 1972–73 , 1974–75 , 1976–77 , 1977–78 - 1 Coppa Italia : 1978–79 - 1 UEFA Cup : 1976–77 - Sampdoria - Serie B : 1966–67 External links . - Profile at Enciclopediadelcalcio.it - Profile at FIGC.it
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Which political party did Fausto Bertinotti belong to from 1960 to 1972?
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/wiki/Fausto_Bertinotti#P102#0
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Fausto Bertinotti Fausto Bertinotti ( born 22 March 1940 ) is an Italian politician who led the Communist Refoundation Party ( Partito della Rifondazione Comunista ) from 1994 to 2006 . On 29 April 2006 , after the centre-left coalitions victory in the Italian general election , he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies ( the lower House of Parliament ) , a position he held until 2008 . Trade unionist . Bertinotti was born to Enrico Bertinotti , a railroad engineer , and Rosa Bertinotti . After completing his education in Milan , he joined the CGIL ( General Confederation of Italian Labour ) in 1964 , becoming secretary of the local organisation of the Federazione Italiana degli Operai Tessili ( Italian Textile Workers Federation ) . Three years later , he became president of the labour chamber of Novara . From 1975 to 1985 he was regional secretary of the CGIL in Piedmont . In 1972 he joined the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) , and soon afterwards became the leader of the most left-wing tendency in the CGIL , called Essere Sindacato ( to be a union ) , which harshly criticised the consensus politics of the majority . In this role he took part in the great workers struggles of the time , including that of the Fiat workers which ended with a 35-day occupation of the car manufacturers factory . A committed and hardline trade unionist , Bertinotti affirmed the need for the working class to strike against the injustices of the boss class , thereby attracting the anger of more moderate trade unionists . At that time he first disagreed with Sergio Cofferati , beginning a polemic which has continued , albeit in different forms , until the present . In 1994 , the year in which he was elected to the secretariat of the Rifondazione Comunista and to the Italian and European parliaments , Bertinotti resigned all his trade union positions . He remains interested in economics and workers rights , and has been offered the position of Minister for Labour on several occasions by leaders of the Italian centre-left , but he has always declined it . Political career . Bertinotti did not readily find a political party during the First Italian Republic which conformed to his principles . He was a member of the Italian Socialist Party and then the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity before joining the Italian Communist Party , in which he was a member of Pietro Ingraos tendency . Fausto Bertinotti was opposed to the dissolution of the PCI in 1991 and the creation by its reformist majority of the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) . Nevertheless , he did not immediately join the radical minority in the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista ( PRC ) . He finally broke with PDS leader Achille Occhetto in 1994 and became secretary of the PRC , replacing Sergio Garavini who had led the party since its foundation . Bertinottis accession to the leadership was organised by Armando Cossutta , who probably wished to increase his own prestige and power within the party . In time , however , Bertinotti succeeded in winning over the majority of the party base , aided in this by his charismatic oratory . He was confirmed in the position of party secretary at the third , fourth , fifth and sixth congresses of Rifondazione . At the last , however , his final document received less support than usual , gaining only 52% of delegates votes . This close result has led many political commentators to suggest that he may be replaced as secretary of Rifondazione Comunista by Nichi Vendola . As an ally of the progressives alliance in the 1994 general election , he agreed the withdrawal pact with the Ulivo coalition : Rifondazione would refrain from running candidates in certain electoral districts and advise its voters to support the candidates of the centre-left . The centre-left would reciprocate in other constituencies . Thanks to this tactic , the Ulivo coalition won the elections in 1996 and Prodi became prime minister . Bertinottis relationship with the centre-left leader was not an easy one , and in 1998 , when Prodi proposed a new budget , incorporating a vote of confidence in his government , Bertinotti and the Rifondazione voted against it , causing the fall of the government . Cossuttas faction refused to vote against the government and left the party . They subsequently established a new party , the Party of Italian Communists ( Partito dei Comunisti Italiani , PdCI ) . The PRC , weakened by this split , had a poor result in the 1999 European elections , but Bertinotti was nevertheless elected to the European Parliament . Since 2001 , Bertinotti has led the party to take more radical , mass-movement positions close to those of the growing alternative globalisation movement , a stance which is opposed by the partys Trotskyist factions . From 2002 on , there has been some reconciliation between Rifondazione and the centre-left . The two tendencies have concluded alliances for both local and European elections in 2004 ( in which latter the PRC gained 6.1% of the vote ) , as well as the regional elections of 2005 , in which the centre-left coalition , rechristened LUnione gained a clear victory . Bertinotti declared himself willing to see Prodi chosen without primary elections as the lefts joint candidate for the post of prime minister , but when Prodi accepted that primary elections would be necessary , he proposed himself as a candidate . The elections were held on 16 October 2005 and apart from Bertinotti and Prodi , Antonio Di Pietro , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio , Clemente Mastella , Ivan Scalfarotto and Simona Panzino were the candidates . Prodi won with an absolute majority , but Bertinotti ranked second with 16% of preferences . Bertinotti was elected member of the European Parliament in 2004 on the Rifondazione Comunista list , in which he was candidate in all five electoral districts , receiving some 380,000 votes in all Italy . He served as member of the European Left group in the parliament , sitting on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs . He was a substitute for the Committee on Legal Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee . After the general election held on 9 and 10 April 2006 , which saw a narrow victory of The Union , Fausto Bertinotti was elected Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies , and thus left the party leadership , being replaced on 7 May by Franco Giordano . After losing his deputy seat in the 2008 general election he announced his intention of renouncing to any future leadership positions . Miscellaneous . Bertinotti is an icon known to the Italian public for his aristocratic public image , mainly conveyed by his French R , his good manners and his elegant sweaters . His fascination with expensive cashmere is also part of his idiosyncrasy . This bourgeois look has often been seen as being in ironic contrast with his far left politics . Works . Bertinotti has written a number of political , ideological and trade-union related works : - La Camera dei lavori . Ediesse , Roma , 1987 - La democrazia autoritaria . Datanews , Roma , 1991 - Tutti i colori del rosso ( edited by Lorenzo Scheggi Merlini ) . Sperling & Kupfer , Milano , 1995 - Il nostro nuovo Comunismo ( ripartendo da Marx ) ( edited by Carlo and Norberto Valentini ) . Carmenta , Milano , 1996 - Le due sinistre ( with Alfonso Gianni ) . Sperling & Kupfer , Milano , 1997 - Pensare il 68 per capire il presente . Con una riflessione sul movimento no global ( with Alfonso Gianni ) . Ponte alle Grazie , Milano , 1998 - Le idee che non muoiono ( with Alfonso Gianni ) . Ponte alle Grazie , Milano , 2000 - Per una pace infinita ( with Alfonso Gianni ) . Ponte alle Grazie , Milano , 2002 - Nonviolenza . Le ragioni del pacifismo , ( with Lidia Menapace e Marco Revelli ) . Fazi , Milano , 2004 - Il ragazzo con la maglietta a strisce ( with Wilma Labate ) . Aliberti , Milano , 2005
|
[
"Italian Communist Party"
] |
easy
|
Which party was Fausto Bertinotti a member of from 1972 to 1993?
|
/wiki/Fausto_Bertinotti#P102#1
|
Fausto Bertinotti Fausto Bertinotti ( born 22 March 1940 ) is an Italian politician who led the Communist Refoundation Party ( Partito della Rifondazione Comunista ) from 1994 to 2006 . On 29 April 2006 , after the centre-left coalitions victory in the Italian general election , he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies ( the lower House of Parliament ) , a position he held until 2008 . Trade unionist . Bertinotti was born to Enrico Bertinotti , a railroad engineer , and Rosa Bertinotti . After completing his education in Milan , he joined the CGIL ( General Confederation of Italian Labour ) in 1964 , becoming secretary of the local organisation of the Federazione Italiana degli Operai Tessili ( Italian Textile Workers Federation ) . Three years later , he became president of the labour chamber of Novara . From 1975 to 1985 he was regional secretary of the CGIL in Piedmont . In 1972 he joined the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) , and soon afterwards became the leader of the most left-wing tendency in the CGIL , called Essere Sindacato ( to be a union ) , which harshly criticised the consensus politics of the majority . In this role he took part in the great workers struggles of the time , including that of the Fiat workers which ended with a 35-day occupation of the car manufacturers factory . A committed and hardline trade unionist , Bertinotti affirmed the need for the working class to strike against the injustices of the boss class , thereby attracting the anger of more moderate trade unionists . At that time he first disagreed with Sergio Cofferati , beginning a polemic which has continued , albeit in different forms , until the present . In 1994 , the year in which he was elected to the secretariat of the Rifondazione Comunista and to the Italian and European parliaments , Bertinotti resigned all his trade union positions . He remains interested in economics and workers rights , and has been offered the position of Minister for Labour on several occasions by leaders of the Italian centre-left , but he has always declined it . Political career . Bertinotti did not readily find a political party during the First Italian Republic which conformed to his principles . He was a member of the Italian Socialist Party and then the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity before joining the Italian Communist Party , in which he was a member of Pietro Ingraos tendency . Fausto Bertinotti was opposed to the dissolution of the PCI in 1991 and the creation by its reformist majority of the Democratic Party of the Left ( PDS ) . Nevertheless , he did not immediately join the radical minority in the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista ( PRC ) . He finally broke with PDS leader Achille Occhetto in 1994 and became secretary of the PRC , replacing Sergio Garavini who had led the party since its foundation . Bertinottis accession to the leadership was organised by Armando Cossutta , who probably wished to increase his own prestige and power within the party . In time , however , Bertinotti succeeded in winning over the majority of the party base , aided in this by his charismatic oratory . He was confirmed in the position of party secretary at the third , fourth , fifth and sixth congresses of Rifondazione . At the last , however , his final document received less support than usual , gaining only 52% of delegates votes . This close result has led many political commentators to suggest that he may be replaced as secretary of Rifondazione Comunista by Nichi Vendola . As an ally of the progressives alliance in the 1994 general election , he agreed the withdrawal pact with the Ulivo coalition : Rifondazione would refrain from running candidates in certain electoral districts and advise its voters to support the candidates of the centre-left . The centre-left would reciprocate in other constituencies . Thanks to this tactic , the Ulivo coalition won the elections in 1996 and Prodi became prime minister . Bertinottis relationship with the centre-left leader was not an easy one , and in 1998 , when Prodi proposed a new budget , incorporating a vote of confidence in his government , Bertinotti and the Rifondazione voted against it , causing the fall of the government . Cossuttas faction refused to vote against the government and left the party . They subsequently established a new party , the Party of Italian Communists ( Partito dei Comunisti Italiani , PdCI ) . The PRC , weakened by this split , had a poor result in the 1999 European elections , but Bertinotti was nevertheless elected to the European Parliament . Since 2001 , Bertinotti has led the party to take more radical , mass-movement positions close to those of the growing alternative globalisation movement , a stance which is opposed by the partys Trotskyist factions . From 2002 on , there has been some reconciliation between Rifondazione and the centre-left . The two tendencies have concluded alliances for both local and European elections in 2004 ( in which latter the PRC gained 6.1% of the vote ) , as well as the regional elections of 2005 , in which the centre-left coalition , rechristened LUnione gained a clear victory . Bertinotti declared himself willing to see Prodi chosen without primary elections as the lefts joint candidate for the post of prime minister , but when Prodi accepted that primary elections would be necessary , he proposed himself as a candidate . The elections were held on 16 October 2005 and apart from Bertinotti and Prodi , Antonio Di Pietro , Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio , Clemente Mastella , Ivan Scalfarotto and Simona Panzino were the candidates . Prodi won with an absolute majority , but Bertinotti ranked second with 16% of preferences . Bertinotti was elected member of the European Parliament in 2004 on the Rifondazione Comunista list , in which he was candidate in all five electoral districts , receiving some 380,000 votes in all Italy . He served as member of the European Left group in the parliament , sitting on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs . He was a substitute for the Committee on Legal Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee . After the general election held on 9 and 10 April 2006 , which saw a narrow victory of The Union , Fausto Bertinotti was elected Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies , and thus left the party leadership , being replaced on 7 May by Franco Giordano . After losing his deputy seat in the 2008 general election he announced his intention of renouncing to any future leadership positions . Miscellaneous . Bertinotti is an icon known to the Italian public for his aristocratic public image , mainly conveyed by his French R , his good manners and his elegant sweaters . His fascination with expensive cashmere is also part of his idiosyncrasy . This bourgeois look has often been seen as being in ironic contrast with his far left politics . Works . Bertinotti has written a number of political , ideological and trade-union related works : - La Camera dei lavori . Ediesse , Roma , 1987 - La democrazia autoritaria . Datanews , Roma , 1991 - Tutti i colori del rosso ( edited by Lorenzo Scheggi Merlini ) . Sperling & Kupfer , Milano , 1995 - Il nostro nuovo Comunismo ( ripartendo da Marx ) ( edited by Carlo and Norberto Valentini ) . Carmenta , Milano , 1996 - Le due sinistre ( with Alfonso Gianni ) . Sperling & Kupfer , Milano , 1997 - Pensare il 68 per capire il presente . Con una riflessione sul movimento no global ( with Alfonso Gianni ) . Ponte alle Grazie , Milano , 1998 - Le idee che non muoiono ( with Alfonso Gianni ) . Ponte alle Grazie , Milano , 2000 - Per una pace infinita ( with Alfonso Gianni ) . Ponte alle Grazie , Milano , 2002 - Nonviolenza . Le ragioni del pacifismo , ( with Lidia Menapace e Marco Revelli ) . Fazi , Milano , 2004 - Il ragazzo con la maglietta a strisce ( with Wilma Labate ) . Aliberti , Milano , 2005
|
[
"titular Archbishop",
"auxiliary bishop"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Bolesław Kominek hold from Apr 1951 to Mar 1962?
|
/wiki/Bolesław_Kominek#P39#0
|
Bolesław Kominek Bolesław Kominek ( 23 December 1903 – 10 March 1974 ) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as Archbishop of Wrocław from 1972 until his death , and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973 . Biography . Bolesław Kominek was born in Radlin II , German Empire to Franciszek , a miner , and Kataryna ( née Kozielskich ) Kominek . Studying at the gymnasium of Rybnik , and at the Catholic University of Kraków , he received the subdiaconate in 1926 from Cardinal August Hlond , S.D.B. , and the diaconate in 1926 from Bishop Arkadiusz Lisiecki . He was ordained to the priesthood by the same Bishop Lisiecki on 11 September 1927 in Katowice ( Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship , Poland ) , and then furthered his studies at the Catholic Institute of Paris and did pastoral work among the Polish immigrants in Paris until 1930 . Kominek did pastoral work in the Diocese of Katowice from 1930 to 1939 , and with Polish fugitives during World War II until 1945 , serving in Lublin , Katowice , and Upper Silesia . With the unilateral shifting westward of the border between Poland and Germany , most of the archdiocese of Wrocław/Breslau was now within Poland , but smaller parts were in East Germany and Czechoslovakia . Until the matter was eased by a treaty between West Germany , claiming succession of pre-1945 Germany , and the Peoples Republic of Poland , the Holy See could not endorse the alteration of the border by reorganizing the identities and boundaries of dioceses untried . It continued therefore to recognize as vicar capitular of the archdiocese Father ( 1878–1963 ) , a Polish-speaking German priest who had been elected after the death of Cardinal Adolf Bertram on 6 July 1945 . Cardinal Hlond , on the basis of special faculties granted to him but that in reality did not apply to the former German territories , required Piontek to resign from his position of vicar general of the territory east of the new border . On 28 February 1946 Pope Pius XII granted Piontek , when still residing in Wrocław , the rights of a residing bishop . Piontek was expelled from Poland to the British zone of occupation on 9 July , however , he could return to the archdiocese in March 1947 , then taking office at the new ordinariate in East German Görlitz , built up since September 1945 . On 15 August 1945 Hlond appointed administrators for the three sections into which he divided the Polish archdiocesan territory with effect of 1 September . Kominek was the administrator whom he appointed for the area of Opole , an appointment that was not recognized by the Holy See . Komineks ministry there was , in any case , interrupted on 26 January 1951 by the Polish Communist regime . Soon after , on 26 April 1951 , Pope Pius XII appointed Kominek titular bishop of Sophene and Pastoral Representative with residence in Wrocław . However , the Communist regime forbade him taking up residence there and from being consecrated . Nevertheless , Kominek was secretly consecrated as bishop on 10 October 1954 at the hands of Bishop Franciszek Barda , with Bishops Franciszek Jop and Wojciech Tomaka serving as co-consecrators . The consecration was kept secret until 1956 , when he could finally move to Wrocław and was appointed on 1 December titular Bishop of Vaga . On 19 March 1962 he was raised in rank by being named titular Archbishop of Euchaitae and on 25 May 1962 was appointed apostolic administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis . On 28 September 1958 , he and Bishop Jop were co-consecrators at the episcopal consecration by Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak of Karol Wojtyla , the future Pope John Paul II , as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Krakow . Between 1962 and 1965 , he attended sessions of the Second Vatican Council . It was there on 18 November 1965 , during the end of deliberations , that the Message of Polish Bishops to their German brothers was delivered . This Message of Reconciliation was initiated by Archbishop Kominek and he was one of its foremost co-authors , along with Karol Wojtyla and others . This outreach angered the Communist hierarchy in Poland who claimed that among other things it interfered with the foreign policy of the state . It provoked verbal attacks on the Church by First Secretary Gomułka . Throughout the country the communist authorities unleashed a propaganda campaign against the episcopate and personally against Stefan Wyszyński , the Primate of Poland . Church historians , such as Józef Pater , recognized the contribution of Cardinal Kominek to the normalization of diplomatic relations between Poland and Germany , which was finalized in the 1970 Warsaw Agreement which enabled stabilization of church organization in the western and northern reaches of Poland . In June 1966 , Życie Warszawy called for the replacement of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński by Kominek . Kominek responded by stating , On questions of the existence of the Church , we [ the hierarchy ] are always together . On 28 June 1972 in response to the Warsaw Agreement , Pope Paul VI appointed Kominek the second Archbishop of Wrocław . In the consistory of 5 March 1973 , he made him Cardinal Priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia . One year later , Cardinal Kominek died in Wrocław , at the age of 70 . He is buried at the Wrocław Cathedral . In 2005 a statue was erected to him in Wrocław . It is located on Piaskowa Island near the Tumski Bridge , at the entrance to Ostrów Tumski . External links . - Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Catholic-Hierarchy - Spherical Panorama on Tube360
|
[
"titular Archbishop",
"auxiliary bishop"
] |
easy
|
What position did Bolesław Kominek take from Mar 1962 to Jun 1972?
|
/wiki/Bolesław_Kominek#P39#1
|
Bolesław Kominek Bolesław Kominek ( 23 December 1903 – 10 March 1974 ) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as Archbishop of Wrocław from 1972 until his death , and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973 . Biography . Bolesław Kominek was born in Radlin II , German Empire to Franciszek , a miner , and Kataryna ( née Kozielskich ) Kominek . Studying at the gymnasium of Rybnik , and at the Catholic University of Kraków , he received the subdiaconate in 1926 from Cardinal August Hlond , S.D.B. , and the diaconate in 1926 from Bishop Arkadiusz Lisiecki . He was ordained to the priesthood by the same Bishop Lisiecki on 11 September 1927 in Katowice ( Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship , Poland ) , and then furthered his studies at the Catholic Institute of Paris and did pastoral work among the Polish immigrants in Paris until 1930 . Kominek did pastoral work in the Diocese of Katowice from 1930 to 1939 , and with Polish fugitives during World War II until 1945 , serving in Lublin , Katowice , and Upper Silesia . With the unilateral shifting westward of the border between Poland and Germany , most of the archdiocese of Wrocław/Breslau was now within Poland , but smaller parts were in East Germany and Czechoslovakia . Until the matter was eased by a treaty between West Germany , claiming succession of pre-1945 Germany , and the Peoples Republic of Poland , the Holy See could not endorse the alteration of the border by reorganizing the identities and boundaries of dioceses untried . It continued therefore to recognize as vicar capitular of the archdiocese Father ( 1878–1963 ) , a Polish-speaking German priest who had been elected after the death of Cardinal Adolf Bertram on 6 July 1945 . Cardinal Hlond , on the basis of special faculties granted to him but that in reality did not apply to the former German territories , required Piontek to resign from his position of vicar general of the territory east of the new border . On 28 February 1946 Pope Pius XII granted Piontek , when still residing in Wrocław , the rights of a residing bishop . Piontek was expelled from Poland to the British zone of occupation on 9 July , however , he could return to the archdiocese in March 1947 , then taking office at the new ordinariate in East German Görlitz , built up since September 1945 . On 15 August 1945 Hlond appointed administrators for the three sections into which he divided the Polish archdiocesan territory with effect of 1 September . Kominek was the administrator whom he appointed for the area of Opole , an appointment that was not recognized by the Holy See . Komineks ministry there was , in any case , interrupted on 26 January 1951 by the Polish Communist regime . Soon after , on 26 April 1951 , Pope Pius XII appointed Kominek titular bishop of Sophene and Pastoral Representative with residence in Wrocław . However , the Communist regime forbade him taking up residence there and from being consecrated . Nevertheless , Kominek was secretly consecrated as bishop on 10 October 1954 at the hands of Bishop Franciszek Barda , with Bishops Franciszek Jop and Wojciech Tomaka serving as co-consecrators . The consecration was kept secret until 1956 , when he could finally move to Wrocław and was appointed on 1 December titular Bishop of Vaga . On 19 March 1962 he was raised in rank by being named titular Archbishop of Euchaitae and on 25 May 1962 was appointed apostolic administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis . On 28 September 1958 , he and Bishop Jop were co-consecrators at the episcopal consecration by Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak of Karol Wojtyla , the future Pope John Paul II , as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Krakow . Between 1962 and 1965 , he attended sessions of the Second Vatican Council . It was there on 18 November 1965 , during the end of deliberations , that the Message of Polish Bishops to their German brothers was delivered . This Message of Reconciliation was initiated by Archbishop Kominek and he was one of its foremost co-authors , along with Karol Wojtyla and others . This outreach angered the Communist hierarchy in Poland who claimed that among other things it interfered with the foreign policy of the state . It provoked verbal attacks on the Church by First Secretary Gomułka . Throughout the country the communist authorities unleashed a propaganda campaign against the episcopate and personally against Stefan Wyszyński , the Primate of Poland . Church historians , such as Józef Pater , recognized the contribution of Cardinal Kominek to the normalization of diplomatic relations between Poland and Germany , which was finalized in the 1970 Warsaw Agreement which enabled stabilization of church organization in the western and northern reaches of Poland . In June 1966 , Życie Warszawy called for the replacement of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński by Kominek . Kominek responded by stating , On questions of the existence of the Church , we [ the hierarchy ] are always together . On 28 June 1972 in response to the Warsaw Agreement , Pope Paul VI appointed Kominek the second Archbishop of Wrocław . In the consistory of 5 March 1973 , he made him Cardinal Priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia . One year later , Cardinal Kominek died in Wrocław , at the age of 70 . He is buried at the Wrocław Cathedral . In 2005 a statue was erected to him in Wrocław . It is located on Piaskowa Island near the Tumski Bridge , at the entrance to Ostrów Tumski . External links . - Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Catholic-Hierarchy - Spherical Panorama on Tube360
|
[
"titular Archbishop",
"auxiliary bishop"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Bolesław Kominek hold from Jun 1972 to Mar 1974?
|
/wiki/Bolesław_Kominek#P39#2
|
Bolesław Kominek Bolesław Kominek ( 23 December 1903 – 10 March 1974 ) was a Polish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church . He served as Archbishop of Wrocław from 1972 until his death , and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1973 . Biography . Bolesław Kominek was born in Radlin II , German Empire to Franciszek , a miner , and Kataryna ( née Kozielskich ) Kominek . Studying at the gymnasium of Rybnik , and at the Catholic University of Kraków , he received the subdiaconate in 1926 from Cardinal August Hlond , S.D.B. , and the diaconate in 1926 from Bishop Arkadiusz Lisiecki . He was ordained to the priesthood by the same Bishop Lisiecki on 11 September 1927 in Katowice ( Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship , Poland ) , and then furthered his studies at the Catholic Institute of Paris and did pastoral work among the Polish immigrants in Paris until 1930 . Kominek did pastoral work in the Diocese of Katowice from 1930 to 1939 , and with Polish fugitives during World War II until 1945 , serving in Lublin , Katowice , and Upper Silesia . With the unilateral shifting westward of the border between Poland and Germany , most of the archdiocese of Wrocław/Breslau was now within Poland , but smaller parts were in East Germany and Czechoslovakia . Until the matter was eased by a treaty between West Germany , claiming succession of pre-1945 Germany , and the Peoples Republic of Poland , the Holy See could not endorse the alteration of the border by reorganizing the identities and boundaries of dioceses untried . It continued therefore to recognize as vicar capitular of the archdiocese Father ( 1878–1963 ) , a Polish-speaking German priest who had been elected after the death of Cardinal Adolf Bertram on 6 July 1945 . Cardinal Hlond , on the basis of special faculties granted to him but that in reality did not apply to the former German territories , required Piontek to resign from his position of vicar general of the territory east of the new border . On 28 February 1946 Pope Pius XII granted Piontek , when still residing in Wrocław , the rights of a residing bishop . Piontek was expelled from Poland to the British zone of occupation on 9 July , however , he could return to the archdiocese in March 1947 , then taking office at the new ordinariate in East German Görlitz , built up since September 1945 . On 15 August 1945 Hlond appointed administrators for the three sections into which he divided the Polish archdiocesan territory with effect of 1 September . Kominek was the administrator whom he appointed for the area of Opole , an appointment that was not recognized by the Holy See . Komineks ministry there was , in any case , interrupted on 26 January 1951 by the Polish Communist regime . Soon after , on 26 April 1951 , Pope Pius XII appointed Kominek titular bishop of Sophene and Pastoral Representative with residence in Wrocław . However , the Communist regime forbade him taking up residence there and from being consecrated . Nevertheless , Kominek was secretly consecrated as bishop on 10 October 1954 at the hands of Bishop Franciszek Barda , with Bishops Franciszek Jop and Wojciech Tomaka serving as co-consecrators . The consecration was kept secret until 1956 , when he could finally move to Wrocław and was appointed on 1 December titular Bishop of Vaga . On 19 March 1962 he was raised in rank by being named titular Archbishop of Euchaitae and on 25 May 1962 was appointed apostolic administrator ad nutum Sanctae Sedis . On 28 September 1958 , he and Bishop Jop were co-consecrators at the episcopal consecration by Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak of Karol Wojtyla , the future Pope John Paul II , as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Krakow . Between 1962 and 1965 , he attended sessions of the Second Vatican Council . It was there on 18 November 1965 , during the end of deliberations , that the Message of Polish Bishops to their German brothers was delivered . This Message of Reconciliation was initiated by Archbishop Kominek and he was one of its foremost co-authors , along with Karol Wojtyla and others . This outreach angered the Communist hierarchy in Poland who claimed that among other things it interfered with the foreign policy of the state . It provoked verbal attacks on the Church by First Secretary Gomułka . Throughout the country the communist authorities unleashed a propaganda campaign against the episcopate and personally against Stefan Wyszyński , the Primate of Poland . Church historians , such as Józef Pater , recognized the contribution of Cardinal Kominek to the normalization of diplomatic relations between Poland and Germany , which was finalized in the 1970 Warsaw Agreement which enabled stabilization of church organization in the western and northern reaches of Poland . In June 1966 , Życie Warszawy called for the replacement of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński by Kominek . Kominek responded by stating , On questions of the existence of the Church , we [ the hierarchy ] are always together . On 28 June 1972 in response to the Warsaw Agreement , Pope Paul VI appointed Kominek the second Archbishop of Wrocław . In the consistory of 5 March 1973 , he made him Cardinal Priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia . One year later , Cardinal Kominek died in Wrocław , at the age of 70 . He is buried at the Wrocław Cathedral . In 2005 a statue was erected to him in Wrocław . It is located on Piaskowa Island near the Tumski Bridge , at the entrance to Ostrów Tumski . External links . - Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Catholic-Hierarchy - Spherical Panorama on Tube360
|
[
"Arsenals youth and reserve teams"
] |
easy
|
Kerrea Gilbert played for which team from 2005 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Kerrea_Gilbert#P54#0
|
Kerrea Gilbert Kerrea Kuche Gilbert ( ; born 28 February 1987 ) is an English footballer . Career . Arsenal . Gilbert was born in Willesden , London , and until the 2005–06 season he usually played in Arsenals youth and reserve teams . However , after injuries to various members of Arsenals defence , Gilbert was drafted in as cover . He made his first team debut on 29 November 2005 against Reading in the League Cup , and on 7 December he played in a UEFA Champions League match against Ajax Amsterdam , coming on as a substitute at left back for the injured Lauren . With Arsenals injury problems continuing , he started in Arsenals FA Cup win over Cardiff City on 7 January 2006 , in which he was noted for his pace , which was the start of a six-match run of appearances . He made his Premier League debut on 21 January 2006 in a 1–0 away loss at Everton and played in both legs of Arsenals League Cup semi-final against Wigan Athletic , in which he contributed to the first Arsenal goal by crossing to Thierry Henry , who headed home ; Arsenal lost the tie on away goals after drawing 2–2 . However , Gilbert was himself injured in Arsenals 3–2 home defeat to West Ham United on 1 February 2006 , and was ruled out for two months , ending his run in the team . On 21 July 2006 , Gilbert was loaned to Championship team Cardiff City for the 2006–07 season . Gilbert began the season as the clubs first choice right back and was a regular in the team until December . However , he suffered a minor injury which kept him out for several games . He was replaced by Chris Gunter and was unable to force his way back into the starting line-up , meaning he did not feature as much during the second half of the season . Gilbert made 26 appearances for Cardiff , as they narrowly missed out on the play-offs . He joined Southend United on a six-month loan deal on 30 July 2007 . He made six appearances for Southend before falling out of favour with manager Steve Tilson . He returned to Arsenal on 3 January 2008 . On 10 July 2008 , Gilbert joined Leicester City on a season-long loan deal for 2008–09 . He scored his first league goal for Leicester in a 1–1 draw with Stockport County . For the 2009–10 season , Gilbert returned to Arsenal . He appeared in Arsenals 2–0 win over West Bromwich Albion in the League Cup , playing the full 90 minutes . Kerrea also appeared in the 2–1 League Cup win over Liverpool . He also started in his first European game for four years , in an away fixture to Olympiakos , in what was the youngest ever team to play in the Champions League with an average age of 21 , beating the previous record held by Ajax . On 15 January 2010 , Gilbert joined Championship side Peterborough United on loan until the end of the season . Portland Timbers . On 13 December 2010 , Gilbert signed with the Portland Timbers , of Major League Soccer ; however , as of March 2011 , visa issues prohibited him from obtaining a work permit in the United States and his future with the club remained in question . The Timbers announced on 18 March 2011 that Gilberts P-1 visa had been denied and that they had given up trying to bring the defender to Portland . Gilbert had a successful trial period with SPL club Inverness Caledonian Thistle , partaking in a number of matches as a trialist . Manager Terry Butcher was concerned over an injury , and said he would offer Gilbert a deal after a few weeks rest . However , Gilbert instead played as a trialist for the Milton Keynes Dons , and Butcher immediately removed the contract offer . Yeovil Town . Gilbert was offered a 6-month deal at Football League One side , Yeovil Town , after impressing manager Terry Skiverton during pre-season , despite only appearing once in this time . Gilberts signing came after a long period of time due to the contract confusions with Portland Timbers . Gilbert made his first League appearance for the Glovers on 13 August , during their 3–1 victory over Oldham Athletic , in which Gilbert played 76 minutes before being substituted off . Gilbert was released at the end of his contract in January 2012 after 9 matches for Yeovil Town . Later career . On 1 February 2012 , Gilbert signed for League of Ireland champions Shamrock Rovers for the 2012 season . On 21 March 2013 , he signed for Conference South side Maidenhead United along with ex-QPR trainee Romone Rose . Gilbert signed for St Albans City on 10 January 2014 , and helped them earn promotion to Conference South , though he wasnt involved in the clubs successful playoff campaign . He left the Saints by mutual consent at the end of the season . Honours . Leicester City - Football League One : 2008–09 Shamrock Rovers - Leinster Senior Cup : 2012
|
Subsets and Splits
Filter Context Length 4000-1
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Context Length Between 2000-4
Filters and retrieves records where the context length is between 2000 and 4000 characters, providing a basic filter on content length.
Filter Context Length 4k-7k
Filters records to show those with context lengths between 4000 and 7500 characters, providing a basic range analysis of context sizes.
Short Context Records
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