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327_5 | In 1977, Hume challenged a regulation under the Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922 which allowed any soldier to disperse an assembly of three or more people. The Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, Lord Lowry, held that the regulation was ultra vires under Section 4 of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 which forbade the Parliament of Northern Ireland to make laws in respect of the army.
A founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), he succeeded Gerry Fitt as its leader in 1979. He also served as one of Northern Ireland's three Members of the European Parliament and served on the faculty of Boston College, from which he received an honorary degree in 1995.
Hume was directly involved in secret talks with the British government and Sinn Féin, in an effort to bring Sinn Féin to the discussion table openly. The talks are speculated to have led directly to the Anglo-Irish Agreement in 1985. |
327_6 | The vast majority of unionists rejected the agreement and staged a massive and peaceful public rally in Belfast City Centre to demonstrate their distaste. Many Republicans and nationalists also rejected it, as they had seen it as not going far enough. Hume, however, continued dialogue with both governments and Sinn Féin. The "Hume–Adams process" eventually delivered the 1994 IRA ceasefire which ultimately provided the relatively peaceful backdrop against which the Good Friday agreement was brokered.
Reputation
Hume is credited as being the thinker behind many political developments in Northern Ireland, from the power-sharing Sunningdale Agreement to the Anglo-Irish Agreement and the Belfast Agreement. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998 alongside the then-leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, David Trimble. |
327_7 | When David Trimble became First Minister, it was expected that Hume would take the role of Deputy First Minister, being the leader of the second largest party, the SDLP. Instead, this role was handed to Séamus Mallon, also of the SDLP. Some political journalists cited a bad working relationship between Hume and Trimble, despite the two men collecting the Nobel Prize together.
On his retirement from the SDLP leadership in 2001, Hume was praised across the political divide, even by his long-time opponent, fellow MP and MEP, the Rev. Ian Paisley. Hume held the Tip O'Neill Chair in Peace Studies at the University of Ulster, currently funded by The Ireland Funds.
Retirement |
327_8 | On 4 February 2004, Hume announced his complete retirement from politics and was succeeded by Mark Durkan as SDLP leader. He did not contest the 2004 European election (when his seat was won by Bairbre de Brún of Sinn Féin), nor did he run in the 2005 general election, in which Mark Durkan retained the Foyle constituency for the SDLP. |
327_9 | Hume and his wife, Pat (died 2021), continued to be active in promoting European integration, issues around global poverty and the Credit Union movement. He was also a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations. In retirement, he continued to speak publicly, including a visit to Seton Hall University in New Jersey in 2005, the first Summer University of Democracy of the Council of Europe (Strasbourg, 10–14 July 2006), and at St Thomas University, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, on 18 July 2007. A building added to the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, was named after him. Hume held the position of Club President of his local football team, Derry City F.C., which he supported all his life. He was a patron of the children's charity Plan International Ireland. |
327_10 | During his final years Hume suffered from dementia, which first started displaying symptoms in the late 1990s.
Death
Hume died in the early hours of 3 August 2020 at a nursing home in Derry, at the age of 83. On his death, former Labour leader and prime minister Tony Blair said: "John Hume was a political titan; a visionary who refused to believe the future had to be the same as the past." The Dalai Lama said on Twitter: "John Hume's deep conviction in the power of dialogue and negotiations to resolve conflict was unwavering... It was his leadership and his faith in the power of negotiations that enabled the 1998 Good Friday Agreement to be reached. His steady persistence set an example for us all to follow."
See also
List of peace activists |
327_11 | Awards and honours
LL.D. (honoris causa), Boston College, 1995. (one of 44 honorary doctorates Hume was awarded)
LL.D. (honoris causa), University College Galway, 1996
Four Freedoms, Freedom of Speech Medal Recipient, 1996
Golden Doves for Peace Journalistic Prize, 1997
Nobel Prize for Peace (co-recipient), 1998.
Officier de Légion d’Honneur, France, 1999
Martin Luther King Award, 1999
International Gandhi Peace Prize, 2001.
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 2002.
Freedom of two cities; Derry City in 2000 & Cork in 2004.
Honorary D.Litt., St. Thomas University, Fredericton, N.B., 2007
Honorary Patron, University Philosophical Society, Trinity College Dublin, 2007.
Ireland's Greatest (public poll conducted by RTÉ), 2010
Knight of Saint Gregory, 2012 |
327_12 | Further reading
Denis Haughey and Sean Farren, 'John Hume: Irish Peacemaker,' Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2015
John Hume, 'Personal views, politics, peace and reconciliation in Ireland,' Town House, Dublin, 1996.
John Hume, ‘Derry beyond the walls: social and economic aspects of the growth of Derry,' Ulster Historical foundation, Belfast, 2002.
Barry White, 'John Hume: a statesman of the troubles,' Blackstaff, Belfast, 1984
George Drower, 'John Hume: peacemaker,' Gollancz, 1995
George Drower, 'John Hume: man of peace,' Vista, London, 1996
Paul Routledge, 'John Hume: a biography,' Harper-Collins, London, 1997
Gerard Murray, 'John Hume and the SDLP: impact and survival in Northern Ireland,' Irish Academic Press, Dublin, 1998.
Quotes |
327_13 | "Over the years, the barriers of the past—the distrust and prejudices of the past—will be eroded, and a new society will evolve, a new Ireland based on agreement and respect for difference."
"I thought that I had a duty to help those that weren't as lucky as me."
References
External links
including the Nobelprize Lecture on December 10, 1998
Hume's Address to the College Historical Society of Trinity College Dublin, on Northern Ireland
Tip O'Neill Chair in Peace Studies at the University of Ulster |
327_14 | 1937 births
2020 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Leaders of the Social Democratic and Labour Party
Cooperative organizers
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1979–1984
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1984–1989
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1989–1994
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1994–1999
MEPs for Northern Ireland 1999–2004
Social Democratic and Labour Party MEPs
Irish people of Scottish descent
Members of the Northern Ireland Forum
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1969–1973
Members of the Northern Ireland Assembly 1973–1974
Members of the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention
Northern Ireland MPAs 1982–1986
Northern Ireland MLAs 1998–2003
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Londonderry constituencies (since 1922)
Recipients of the Gandhi Peace Prize
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
Nobel laureates from Northern Ireland |
327_15 | Politicians from Derry (city)
People of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Social Democratic and Labour Party MPs (UK)
People educated at St Columb's College
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for County Londonderry constituencies
Executive ministers of the 1974 Northern Ireland Assembly
Social Democratic and Labour Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
Social Democratic and Labour Party MLAs
Independent members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award |
328_0 | Glen Velez (born 1949) is a four-time Grammy winning American percussionist, vocalist, and composer, specializing in frame drums from around the world. He is largely responsible for the increasing popularity of frame drums in the United States and around the world. Velez is married to Loire. |
328_1 | Biography |
328_2 | Of Mexican American ancestry, Velez was born in Dallas and grew up in Texas but moved to New York City in 1967. He began by playing jazz on the drums but soon gravitated to hand drums from around the world (frame drums in particular), seeking out teachers from many different musical traditions. Among the many instruments Velez favors are the Irish bodhrán, the Brazilian pandeiro, the Arabic riq, the North African bendir, and the Azerbaijani ghaval. Although these instruments are similar in construction, they have their own playing techniques. Velez has studied each instrument traditionally, but he has also developed his own cross-cultural musical vocabulary, mixing and adapting techniques from various cultures and developing new ones (such as playing the bodhrán with brushes). He has been influential in the growing international interest in frame drums, and many younger players now use his techniques. He teaches percussion and frame drums at Mannes College of Music and The Juilliard |
328_3 | School. |
328_4 | He also plays other percussion instruments such as the Venezuelan maracas and steel drum, and is skilled at overtone singing and Konnakol.
Velez's compositions are frequently composed for cross-cultural ensembles in which he himself also performs; he is particularly fond of polyrhythm—superimposing different meters simultaneously.
Velez was a longtime member of the Paul Winter Consort and Steve Reich and Musicians. He has also worked with Layne Redmond, Howard Levy, Steve Gorn, Rabih Abou-Khalil, Pat Metheny, Lyle Mays, Marc Cohn, Suzanne Vega, Glen Moore, Malcolm Dalglish, and Jonas Hellborg .
Velez's students include Layne Redmond, Yousif Sheronick, Shane Shanahan, Glen Fittin, Randy Crafton, and N. Scott Robinson, and Taku Hirano.
Discography |
328_5 | As leader
1984 Handdance: Frame Drum Music (Nomad)
1985 Internal Combustion (CMP)
1985 Radio Iceland (Music of the World)
1987 Seven Heaven (CMP)
1989 Assyrian Rose (CMP)
1990 Ramana (Music of the World)
1992 Nafas (ECM)
1993 Songs of Kabir (Interworld)
1994 Border States (Interworld)
1994 Doctrine of Signatures (CMP)
1994 Ettna (Nomad)
1994 Pan Eros (CMP)
1994 Temurá (Nuba)
1996 Rhythmcolor Exotica (Ellipsis Arts)
1998 Rhythms of the Chakras (Sounds True)
2000 Breathing Rhythms (Sounds True)
2000 Kinship (Koch)
2005 Elephant Hotel
2005 Rhythms of Awakening
2008 Rhythms Of The Chakras Volume 2
As sideman
With Steve Reich
1978 Steve Reich: Music for 18 Musicians
1980 Steve Reich: Octet; Music for a Large Ensenble; Violin Phase
1985 Steve Reich: The Desert Music Steve Reich/Michael Tilson Thomas
1986 Steve Reich: Sextet; Six Marimbas
1998 Music for 18 Musicians
2002 Steve Reich: Variations, Six Pianos Etc.
2003 Steve Reich: Drumming |
328_6 | With Paul Winter
1983 Sun Singer
1985 Canyon Consort
1985 Canyon
1985 Concert for the Earth
1987 Earthbeat
1990 Earth: Voices of a Planet
1992 Anthems
1994 Prayer for the Wild Things
1995 Man Who Planted Trees
1993 Solstice Live!
1993 Spanish Angel (Recorded Live in Spain)
2005 Silver Solstice
2007 Crestone
With Malcolm Dalglish
1991 Dalglish: Hymnody of Earth
1997 Pleasure
2003 Carpe Diem! A Ceremony of Song
With Peter Kater
1991 Homage
1999 Birds of Prey
2013 Heart of the Universe
With Paul Sullivan
1987 Sketches of Maine
1988 A Visit to the Rockies
1992 Christmas in Maine
With Marc Cohn
1991 Marc Cohn
1993 The Rainy Season
With David Lanz
1998 Songs from an English Garden
2005 Spirit Romance
With Patty Larkin
1993 Angels Running
1995 Strangers World
With Rabih Abou-Khalil
1988 Nafas (ECM)
1994 Between Dusk and Dawn
1994 Bukra
1994 Roots & Sprouts |
328_7 | With others
1987 New York Counterpoint, Richard Stoltzman
1988 Basic Tendencies, Mike Richmond
1988 Memos from Paradise, Eddie Daniels
1988 Street Dreams, Lyle Mays
1989 Arms Around You, Eugene Friesen
1990 Days of Open Hand, Suzanne Vega
1990 Strange Omen, Michael Cain
1991 Angel on a Stone Wall, Paul Halley
1994 Ettna, Enzo Rao
1995 Ars Moriende, Jonas Hellborg
1994 Rhymes With Orange, Mario Grigorov
1994 Trio Globo, Trio Globo
1995 Carnival of Souls, Trio Globo
1995 On the Cliffs of the Heart, David Rothenberg
1995 Power Lines, Ned Rothenberg
1995 Istanpitta, Vol. 1: A Medieval Dance Band, New York Ensemble for Early Music
1996 Istanpitta, Vol. 2: Medieval Dances, New York Ensemble for Early Music
1996 Celtic Soul, Nóirín Ní Riain
1996 Song of the Irish Whistle, Joanie Madden
1996 Closer to Far Away, Douglas Spotted Eagle
1996 Layers of Time, Reinhard Flatischler
1996 Little Magic in a Noisy World, Nguyên Lê
1997 Clara Ponty, Clara Ponty |
328_8 | 1997 End of the Summer, Dar Williams
1997 Imaginary Day, Pat Metheny
1997 One in the Pocket, Badal Roy
1998 Sea of Dreams, Davy Spillane
1998 Shy Angels, Sussan Deyhim
2000 Madman of God, Sussan Deyhim
2000 Tarantata: Dance of the Ancient Spider, Alessandra Belloni
2002 Gypsy Killer, Sanda Weigl
2007 Celtic Grace, Aureole Trio
2015 Amaryllis, Nina Stern |
328_9 | Video
Canyon Consort, Paul Winter (A&M/Windham Hill Video, 1985)
Ancient Altars, New Forms, Marion Scott & Rene Olivas Gubernick (New York Public Library Dance Collection, 1986)
World Drums, Niv Fichman (director) (National Film Board of Canada, 1986)
C.O.C.A., Manuel Alum Dance Company soundtrack compilation (New York Public Library Dance Collection, 1988)
Drumbeats Glen Velez (REMO, 1989)
The Fantastic World of Frame Drums, Glen Velez (Interworld, 1990)
Mountain Gorilla (IMAX film, 1992), Various Artists
Noah and the Ark: The Classic Story of Noah's Ark, Paul Winter (Rabbit Ears Productions, 1992)
Hymnody of Earth (revised), Malcolm Dalglish (KET, 1993)
Back to Nature – Live in Zagreb, Paul Winter (Croatian TV, 1994)
The Snowbird Cherokees Richard Panter, (producer) soundtrack compilation (South Carolina, 1995)
Handance Method 1, Glen Velez (Interworld/Warner Bros., 1996)
Handance Method 2, Glen Velez (Interworld/Warner Bros., 1996) |
328_10 | The Selchie and the Fisherman, Malcolm Dalglish (Live Multimedia, 1997)
Modern Drummer Festival Weekend, Various Artists (Warner Bros., 1998)
Wendigo, Larry Fessenden (director) soundtrack (Magnolia Pictures, 2003) |
328_11 | Published scores
"Composed Improvisation for One-sided Drum with or without Jangles," for Glen Velez, composed by John Cage, New York Public Library Music Division Research Collection, c. early 1980s.
"Hymnody of Earth: A Celebration of Songs for Choir, Hammer Dulcimer, and Percussion" (Revised) composed and arranged by Malcolm Dalglish, poetry by Wendell Berry, percussion parts by Glen Velez. Published in Ft. Lauderdale by Plymouth Music Co., MDP-900, 1995. |
328_12 | Articles/interviews/books
Berendt, Joachim E. and Gunther Huesmann. The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to Fusion to Beyond. Brooklyn: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992, 6th edition, 358.
Blank-Edelman, David N. "Glen Velez: A Unified Approach to the Frame Drum." RhythmMusic Magazine 3, no. 8 (1994): 38-43.
. "Glen Velez: From South India to Azerbaijan, Velez Finds a Unified Approach to the Frame Drum." Percussion Source 1, no. 1 (1995): 10-12.
Brooks, Iris. "Global Beat: World Drum Festival." Ear: Magazine of New Music 2, no. 3 (November 1986): 8.
. "The World Drum Festival." Modern Percussionist 3, no. 1 (December/February 1986/1987): 14-17, 37, 39.
. "Meet the Composer: Glen Velez." Ear: Magazine of New Music 12, no. 6 (1987): 16-19.
. "Around the World: Glen Velez." Modern Drummer 11, no. 9 (September 1988): 76-79.
. "Glen Velez: Hands Dancing." Jazziz 8 (August 1995): 60, 61, 63, 65, 67. |
328_13 | . "Colors & Scents: Glen Velez Draws Inspiration From the World Around Him." Drum! 6, no. 1 (1997): 75-78.
. "Glen Velez: Embodies the Essence of Rhythm." Drum! 10, no. 2 (March/April 2001): 67-68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 132.
Browning, Robert (editor). "Kavkazi," in Maqam: Music of the Islamic World and its Influences. New York: Alternative Museum, 1984, 40.
Dalglish, Malcolm with Glen Velez. Hymnody of Earth: A Ceremony of Songs for Choir, Hammer Dulcimer and Percussion [revised]. Ft. Lauderdale: Plymouth Music, 1995.
Dorsey, Ed. "Ethnic Percussion: An Interview with Glen Velez." Percussive Notes 25, no. 4 (Spring 1987): 56-60.
Dorsey, Ed, Iris Brooks and Antonio Gentile. "Glen Velez." Percussioni 7, no. 60 (January 1996): 12-16.
Graham, Richard. "Glen Velez's Tambourines." Modern Percussionist 2, no. 1 (December/February 1985/1986): 48-50.
Johnson, Tom. "Music: The Real Tambourine Man." The Village Voice 26 (11 March 1981): 70. |
328_14 | . The Voice of New Music: New York City, 1972-1982: A Collection of Articles Originally Published in The Village Voice. Eindholen: Apollohuis, 1989, 469-472.
Kwan-uk, Hyun (photographer). "Expo '93: The Culture of Science, The Science of Culture."
Koreana: Korean Art and Culture (Summer 1993): 40-41 (appears in photo only – International Drum Festival 1993).
Li Castro, Emiliano and Fabrizio Dadò. "I tamburi a cornice di Glen Velez." Percussioni 2, no. 6 (February 1991): 36-39.
Lieberman, Julie Lyonn. Planet Musician: The World Music Sourcebook for Musicians. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard, 1998, 6, 68.
Liss, Dan. "Music: Framing a New Sound." Aquarius 4, no. 12 (1997): 14.
. "New Perspectives in Rhythms: An Interview with Glen Velez." New Age Voice 4, no. 7 (August 1998): 16, 18.
Moscov, Josh. "Glen Velez: Exploring Where East Meets West." Drum! 1, no. 6 (July/August 1992): 25-27. |
328_15 | Robinson, N. Scott. "Glen Velez: World Music Total." Batera & Percussão 3, no. 28 (December 1999): 30-32.
. "Glen Velez: A World of Sound in His Hands." Modern Drummer 24, no. 4 (April 2000): 72-76, 78-80, 82, 84, 86.
. The New Percussionist in Jazz: Organological and Technical Expansion. Masters Thesis, Kent State University, 2002.
. "Frame Drums and Tambourines," in Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume Two: Performance and Production. Edited by John Shepherd, David Horn, Dave Laing, Paul Oliver, and Peter Wicke. New York: Continuum, 2003, 362-372.
Schaefer, John. New Sounds: A Listener's Guide to World Music. New York: Harper & Row, 1987, 130, 132.
Sofia, Sal. "The World Drum Festival." Percussioner International 2, no. 1 (1987): 66-72.
Solca, Alex. "Highlights of Modern Drummer's 1998 Festival Weekend." Modern Drummer 22, no. 10 (1998): 110-111.
Tolleson, Robin. "Riffs: Glen Velez." DownBeat 58 (November 1991): 14. |
328_16 | Velez, Glen. "The Tambourine in Ancient Western Asia." Ear Magazine East 5, no. 5 (April/May 1980): 3.
. "A Monograph on the Frame Drum, Ancestor of our Modern Tambourine." Ear Magazine East 7, no. 3/4 (April/October 1982): 8-9.
. Handance Duets for Frame Drums. New York: Framedrum Music, 2001.
. Handance Method with Cueing and Performance Guide: An Introduction to Frame Drumming. New York: Framedrum Music, 2002.
. Bodhran Instruction Manual. New York: Frame Drum Music, 2004.
. Shakers Instruction Manual. New York: Frame Drum Music, 2004.
. Tar Instruction Manual. New York: Frame Drum Music, 2004.
Wentz, Brooke. "An Interview With Glen Velez." Op Magazine V (1984): 42-43. |
328_17 | References
External links
Official site
"Glen Velez: A World of Sound in His Hands", by N. Scott Robinson (from Modern Drummer 24, no. 4 (April 2000), pp. 72–76, 78-80, 82, 84, and 86)
1949 births
Living people
American musicians of Mexican descent
American percussionists
Bodhrán players
Contemporary classical music performers
Frame drum players
Maracas players
Musicians from Dallas
Paul Winter Consort members
Steelpan musicians
Place of birth missing (living people) |
329_0 | Pottsville Area High School is a coeducational public high school located in Pottsville, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Pottsville Area School District and is the largest public high school in Schuylkill County. It was founded in 1853 and offers a comprehensive program with an enrollment of approximately 1,000 students in ninth through twelfth grades. Students from neighboring Saint Clair Area School District attend the high school, with their district paying tuition to PASD. The school building, with its Italian Gothic brickwork, retains its architectural and historical integrity while housing modern facilities such as four science labs, a planetarium and observatory, four computer labs, three art and two music studios, and two gymnasiums. The library has a collection of 10,000 volumes and more than 40 magazine subscriptions and access to resources throughout the state through computer systems. A formal 1,499-seat auditorium and a little theater are unique features of the building. |
329_1 | Within the district complex are tennis courts, athletic fields, and a sports complex including a natatorium. The current high school building was constructed in 1932, and it continues to lead as an example in architectural geniuity. |
329_2 | History
Establishment
The first publicly printed intent of the school board to organize a high school in Pottsville was contained in an item which appeared in a newspaper issue of September 6, 1847. It announced that the school would open with Elias F. Perrin as principal; Monsieur F. Perrin, teacher of French and German; W. P. Koutz, of natural science, history and elocution; and E. Sagendorf, of English. A later notation announced that Pottsville High School was to be dedicated January 1, 1848. The above named teachers were those who had conducted the Pottsville Academy. |
329_3 | On February 18, 1851, the school board advertised that applications would be received for a superintendent of schools, and the reply from Elias Schneider seemed to indicate definitely the board had intended to establish a high school in September, 1851, since he said in part: "I do, therefore, offer myself as a candidate for the office of a superintendent of your schools, with the expectation that the high school will be commenced next 1st of September." Mr. Schneider, who assumed his duties on April 1. 1851, received a salary of $50 a month. A report by Superintendent Schneider, on which the March 15, 1853, date of the founding of the high school is based, was received by the school board on March 3, 1853. The report asked favorable consideration of a plan to divide the No. 1 male school. (Bunker Hill grammar school), by transferring the most advanced pupils from this room into the one above. "At present, we have a high school in reality but not in name. As we have the thing, let us |
329_4 | have the name," Schneider's report stated. Then he continued, "A high school proper can be established without any other additional expense than a salary of a female teacher. Mr. Gotshall and myself can attend to the upper classes, and the male assistant with a female can teach the others. |
329_5 | This arrangement would give me just about sufficient time to attend my general duties, as well as to a number of daily recitations." Undoubtedly the school board of the time was faced with many problems concerning the operation of the new high school but what they were is a matter of conjecture because historical information on the subject is meager. However, the weather did occupy the attention of the directors at a meeting on May 18, 1853, when a number of people petitioned the board to have only one session of school during the hot weather, from 7:30 A. M. to 1:30 P.M. A paid advertisement appearing in The Miners' Journal issue of April 26, 1851, gave the following regulations for the operation of the common schools as adopted April 10, 1851: "The hours of instruction shall be from 8 o 'clock until 12 in the morning, and from 2 P. M. until 5 in the afternoon, from the 1st of April until the 1st of October; and from 9 o 'clock until 12 in the morning and from 1 o'clock until 4 in |
329_6 | the afternoon from the 1st of October until the 1st of April. "A vacation shall be allowed the month of August, and in the afternoon of each Saturday. The schools shall also be closed on the 1st day of January, Good Friday, in Easter week until the Tuesday following, 4th of July, and Christmas Day, and on such other days as the directors may allow." |
329_7 | Graduation from high school during the first eight years of its operation carried with it no tangible evidence of the fact for the boys and girls who had completed the course. According to an early newspaper clipping the Class of 1862 was the first to receive diplomas. These went to a class of ten – seven girls and three boys. Among them were James B. Reilly (who later represented the area in Congress), Alfred J. Derr, Joseph W . Gumpfert, and Miss Wynkoop. The commencement was in the form of a public examination conducted by the faculty from the State Normal School. At the time, J. W. Roseberry was president of the school board, and Christopher Little the secretary. The receipt of a diploma, however, didn't help the school enrollment during the Civil War period. Many scholars enlisted and others went to work. The school became practically non-operative and higher education for Pottsville pupils virtually halted at the grammar school level. |
329_8 | It was during this period that Benjamin F. Patterson, one of the outstanding figures in the history of the Pottsville school system, came on the scene. Mr. Patterson was elected high school principal in March, 1865. On April 1, 1867, he was named superintendent, a position he held until his death in July, 1906.
Post Civil War |
329_9 | After the Civil War, a committee comprising Peter W. Sheafer, William B. W ells, Christopher Little, John W . Roseberry, and David A. Smith accomplished the reorganization of the high school and it was again placed on a firm basis. The P. H. S. Annual of 1905 said of the reorganization, "At this time a curriculum was adopted which has suffered little change." The then prevailing three-year course offered the following subjects: First (Junior Year) ~ History, algebra, geometry, foundation of Latin, Caesar, elocution; Second (Middle Year) ~ Geometry, physiology, literature, botany, composition, Cicero, Latin prose, Caesar, elocution, physical geography; Third (Senior Year ) ~ Physics, Cicero, Virgil, rhetoric, civics, astronomy, trigonometry, chemistry, geology, elocution. |
329_10 | A fourth or post-graduate year offered these subjects: Solid geometry, advanced algebra, Virgil, Cicero, prose composition, review of the three years' work in Latin, and mathematics. Elective subjects included German, French, Greek, teachers' course, and mathematics. Shortly before the reorganization of the school, its location was moved to the old Academy building at Fifth and West Norwegian Streets. The enrollment at the time numbered 14 pupils. The school site was the Jackson Street building from 1876 to 1894 when it was transferred to the Garfield building at Fifth and West Norwegian Streets, then in 1916 to the Patterson building at Twelfth and Market Streets, and finally to the present location at Sixteenth Street and Elk Avenue in January, 1933. |
329_11 | Within a ten-year period following the school's reorganization, enrollments increased. School board proceedings of the time showed the enrollment of 59 pupils and three teachers in 1873; 78 pupils and two teachers in 1878; 81 pupils and three teachers in June, 1882, and 144 pupils and three teachers in November 1893. The all-time high enrollment in the school's history was 1,700 students during the 1939-40 term. During this period of rapid growth the high school was directed by Stephen A. Thurlow, another outstanding figure in local educational circles. Mr. Thurlow was named principal in September, 1881, and later became superintendent in 1906 upon the death of Mr. Patterson. Mr. Thurlow served as superintendent until his death on January 4, 1912. |
329_12 | The closing years of the Nineteenth Century marked another big step forward in Pennsylvania that made a high school education possible for many who could not otherwise afford this schooling. The Free School Book Act was adopted by the Legislature and in September, 1893, all public school scholars received their textbooks without cost. Previously high school textbooks would cost approximately $25, a large sum in those days. In commenting on the issuance of free textbooks the P. H. S. Annual of 1894 had this to say: "The benefit to be derived from this cannot be told in a short space, but it is sufficient to say that the whole country will be benefited by graduating from the schools, intelligent and educated men and women." |
329_13 | With the increase in the student body during the 1876-'94 period, while the school was situated in the Jackson Street building, came the first large-scale expansion of the school curriculum. A commercial department was added, but as a separate unit. On March 12, 1912, it was merged with the academic department. The beginning of the second half of the school's centennial history brought with it an innovation that ranked only second to the issuance of free textbooks in promoting the growth of the school. This was the inauguration of a four-year course that went into effect in September, 1908. The 1908 issue of the Annual related: "For some years a four-year course has been agitated for the high school, but up to this time it has received no serious attention. The visit of the State Inspector of High Schools, however, seems to have brought the matter before the minds of the board and the people in general as never before." |
329_14 | Further, the Annual report stated: "A four-year course would mean much for the high school, much in the way of scholarship and in preparation for college or for immediate entrance to the business world. This enlargement of the curriculum would necessitate more room and more teachers, but surely Pottsville can afford this with its boasted wealth and the love for education. Under existing conditions we are hampered by the lack of time for such studies as rhetoric, chemistry and astronomy three of the most difficult and important studies in the curriculum." The Class of 1912 was the first to graduate under the four-year curriculum-there being no 1911 class-but the new educational venture brought with it new problems for the school board. |
329_15 | When school resumed in the fall of 1914 there was not sufficient room to accommodate the pupils. Within a period of six years the enrollment had increased from 100 to 300 and fully 100 more were listed for the 1914-'15 term. A number of plans were considered by the school board, among them a suggestion that a new building be erected at Nineteenth and Market Streets, or that the Garfield building, then the site of the high school, be enlarged by the addition of another story. The most practical idea, however, seemed to be the one proposed for enlarging the Patterson building at Twelfth Street to accommodate the high school pupils. Architect F. X. Reilly drew up plans to enlarge the Patterson building; Contractor Wertley was awarded the contract for $44,250 and on September 29, 1916, the new school opened with an enrollment of 500 pupils. |
329_16 | World War I years
With the outbreak of World War I popular public opinion forced the school authorities to substitute Spanish for German in the language department and the inauguration of an ROTC unit. An ROTC auxiliary was also formed, with every girl in the school enrolled in the unit. The training course was discontinued in 1921 and the question of new quarters for the high school again came to the attention of the school board and public. The electorate defeated the initial plan for a new building by a 3534-1804 vote at a special election on November 5, 1924. In December 1930, the public voted 2449 to 1521 in favor of a $900,000 loan to build the present school on the site then known as Fisher's Farm. The school was ready for occupancy in January 1933. |
329_17 | The new school building in its design is an adaptation of Italian-Gothic brick work. Its beauty is enhanced by the large irregular and commanding site in which it stands, and by the variety of exterior design that reflects the manifold activities of a modern school building. Because of the different grade levels the structure evolves gradually from a three-story building on the west to a five-story plant on the east. It is so uniquely planned, however, that the two gymnasiums on the west, the general offices at the central or main entrances, the auditorium on the east, and the cafeteria underneath, all have ground floor entrances. |
329_18 | In February 1959, Vetern's Memorial Stadium, the Pottsville High School's Stadium, faced numerous cave-ins as a result of being located on the site of the old York Farm Colliery whose mining operations covered the area. A sink-hole developed underneath the Press Box that was 18 feet in depth and eight feet in diameter. It was thought to compromise the integrity of the symbolic press box as well as the structure of the home side bleachers. Similar cave-ins occurred in 1937 when the east end of the stadium was deemed unstable and suffered collapses and required numerous tons of fill to render the field safe for athletic competition. |
329_19 | In 1966, a planetarium-observatory was added to the school's 3rd Floor. The planetarium was installed in what was the East Study Hall area and seats 72 observers, while the observatory located on the roof of the East Wing can accommodate 20 observers. The planetarium features a star projector manufactured by Spitz Laboratories, Inc., of Yorklyn, Delaware which is capable of producing night skies featuring stars, the solar system, coordinates, and the earth's geography. In order to accommodate the planetarium, the East Study Hall was partitioned off for the installation of a dome measuring 30-foot in diameter and two stairwells leading to the telescope in the observatory. This project was the first of its kind at the time and was approved under the Federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Title One. Contracting for the construction was handled by Scheider & Davis at a cost of $119,000 in 1966. The first director of the facility was Wayne L. Smiley, a graduate of Oswego State |
329_20 | College, New York. This unique space science lab is a significant part of the science facilities of the Pottsville High School. |
329_21 | In 1989, it was decided by the St. Clair School District in collaboration with the Pottsville School District that 230 high school students from St. Clair, Pennsylvania as well as all future students in the 9th through 12th grades would transfer to the newly named Pottsville Area High School on a tuition based model. The decision initially faced opposition from the Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board and the St. Clair Teachers Association, but was ultimately upheld and the arrangement still is in place today.
Extracurricular activities
Performing arts
Marching and Concert Band: Pottsville is home to a marching band, concert band, and jazz band.
Athletics
Pottsville Area High School has a longstanding tradition of football dating back to the days of the Pottsville Maroons. Pottsville Area High School's primary football rival is Reading High School. The two schools compete annually for a trophy known as "The Rock" (in reality a large chunk of coal). |
329_22 | Pottsville's biggest rival for all other sports is Blue Mountain High School, as the two schools are separated by less than five miles and are the two largest schools in Schuylkill County.
Boys
Baseball
Basketball
Cross Country
Football:
Golf
Soccer
Swimming and Diving
Tennis
Track and Field
Volleyball
Water Polo
Wrestling
Girls
Basketball
Cross Country
Golf
Soccer
Swimming and Diving
Softball
Tennis
Track and Field
Volleyball
Water Polo
Girls teams participate under the nickname "Lady Tide"
See also
Pottsville Area School District
References
External links
Official website
Pottsville, Pennsylvania
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
Schools in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Educational institutions established in 1853
1853 establishments in Pennsylvania |
330_0 | Girls is an American comedy-drama television series created by and starring Lena Dunham, executive-produced by Judd Apatow. The series depicts four young women living in New York City. The show's premise was drawn from Dunham’s own life, as were major aspects of the main character, including financial isolation from her parents, becoming a writer, and making unfortunate decisions. |
330_1 | The first season of Girls was filmed between April and August 2011. The first three episodes were screened at the 2012 SXSW Festival and the series premiered on HBO on April 15, 2012. The second season ran on HBO from January 13, 2013, to March 17, 2013. The third season, which contained 12 episodes (the previous seasons had 10 episodes) ran from January 12, 2014, to March 23, 2014. The fourth season of the series started filming in April 2014 and premiered on January 11, 2015. The fifth season premiered on February 21, 2016. Girls sixth and final season concluded on April 16, 2017. There were a total of 62 episodes. |
330_2 | Since its release in 2012, the series has generated some criticism over its depiction of sexual assault, male ejaculate, and Dunham's frequent on-screen nudity. It has also received considerable critical praise and several awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy and the British Academy Television Award for Best International Programme.
Synopsis
Aspiring writer Hannah is shocked when her parents, visiting from East Lansing, Michigan, announce that they will no longer financially support her as they had done since her graduation from Oberlin College two years earlier. Left to her own devices in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, Hannah navigates her twenties, "one mistake at a time." Allison Williams, Jemima Kirke, Zosia Mamet, Adam Driver and Alex Karpovsky co-star as Hannah's circle of friends.
Cast and characters
Main cast |
330_3 | Lena Dunham as Hannah Helene Horvath: an aspiring writer living in Greenpoint, Brooklyn originally from East Lansing, Michigan, known for her narcissism and immaturity, who struggles to support herself and find a direction in her life. In season two, she struggles with a relapse of the OCD symptoms she suffered from in her youth. In the final season, she becomes pregnant after a brief fling, and later leaves New York City to take a teaching job upstate and raise her baby. |
330_4 | Allison Williams as Marnie Marie Michaels: Hannah's best friend and, at the start of season 1, roommate. Along with Jessa, Charlie and Elijah, Marnie was a classmate of Hannah's at Oberlin College. She worked as an art gallery assistant, but is later fired in Season 2 and is left to pursue her dream: a career in music. Domineering and arguably as self-centred and narcissistic as Hannah, Marnie struggles in her relationships with Charlie and Ray for much of the series, and eventually ends up marrying her musical partner, Desi Harperin. When both her career and her marriage collapse, she eventually moves upstate with Hannah to help raise her baby. |
330_5 | Jemima Kirke as Jessa Johansson: One of Hannah's closest friends, Jessa is a global citizen of British origin, and is known for being bohemian, unpredictable, and brash. At the start of the series, Jessa has recently returned to New York from a stint abroad, and becomes roommates with her cousin, Shoshanna, in Nolita, Manhattan. Jessa navigates many life struggles and poor choices, including a short-lived marriage and a stint in rehab due to heroin and cocaine addiction. When she pursues a relationship with Hannah's ex-boyfriend, Adam, she and Hannah have an explosive falling out. In the final season, she struggles with the realization that her life is in tatters, and is abandoned by Shosh. Ultimately, she manages to make her peace with Hannah before she leaves New York. |
330_6 | Zosia Mamet as Shoshanna Shapiro: Jessa's naive and innocent American cousin who's a Media, Culture, and Communications major at New York University. She is a fan of the TV series Sex and the City and is embarrassed to still be a virgin at the start of the series. The character is fast talking and her lack of enunciation gives her a mumbling, nervous persona. As the series progresses, Shoshanna graduates and struggles to find a career path that suits her. After a brief career stint in Japan, she comes to realize that her friendship with the other three has only ever held her back, and ultimately distances herself from them. |
330_7 | Adam Driver as Adam Sackler: an aloof, passionate young man, Adam works as a part-time carpenter and actor. At the start of the series, he is in a casual relationship with Hannah, which becomes serious before ultimately falling apart as he gains success as an actor. He later enters a mercurial relationship with Jessa, which is implied to be ongoing as the series ends. Adam is an alcoholic who has been sober for years. Pulitzer Prize-winning art critic Jerry Saltz has endorsed the idea that Adam is intended to be a fictional scion of the real-life Sackler family, and that Adam’s substance abuse and art world adjacency are intended as commentary on the real-life family's controversial relationship with the opioid crisis and arts philanthropy. Dunham has not commented on whether the character’s naming was intentional. |
330_8 | Alex Karpovsky as Raymond "Ray" Ploshansky: Originally Charlie's friend, but later a friend of the others, and the group's straight man. Eventually, he has sexual and romantic relationships with both Shoshanna and Marnie. At the start of season 3, he is made manager of a spin-off of Grumpy's, called Ray's.
Andrew Rannells as Elijah Krantz: Hannah's ex-boyfriend from college, who reveals that he is gay. Despite some initial hostility between the pair, they eventually become friends and later roommates on and off. The two grow much closer as roommates. |
330_9 | Ebon Moss-Bachrach as Desi Harperin: Adam's co-star in Major Barbara and Marnie's bandmate. Despite having a girlfriend, Clementine, he and Marnie engage in a sexual relationship that he keeps secret, to Marnie's chagrin. Clementine eventually breaks up with him. He and Marnie have a public relationship. They become engaged, and later marry. Marnie eventually ends the relationship with him when she tires of his childishness and self-indulgence. In season 6, it is revealed that Desi is addicted to prescription pain killers after Marnie cheats on Ray with him.
Jake Lacy as Fran Parker, a colleague of Hannah's whom she dates. In season 5, Fran moves in with Hannah and Elijah, but he and Hannah break up by the end of the season. |
330_10 | Recurring cast |
330_11 | Becky Ann Baker and Peter Scolari as Loreen and Tad Horvath (season 1–6): Hannah's parents. They are both college professors at Michigan State University who live in East Lansing, Michigan. Loreen and Tad cut off Hannah's financial support in the pilot episode so that Hannah will become independent and focus on her writing. Hannah then visits them for their 30th anniversary, but does not share her recent financial troubles. In the fourth season, the marriage breaks down when Tad comes out as gay, and after a year of struggling on his own, Tad moves to New York to pursue a relationship with his new boyfriend (Ethan Phillips), while Loreen adjusts to life on her own, starts consuming cannabis and eventually fills the role of grandmother to Hannah's baby. (Baker, 20 episodes; Scolari, 21 episodes) |
330_12 | Christopher Abbott as Charlie Dattolo (season 1–2, 5): Marnie's ex-boyfriend, with whom she became increasingly bored. For a while they contemplate their relationship and try to make it work, but eventually this erodes and Charlie leaves the series. Upon Charlie's abrupt return in season 5, he and Marnie briefly decide to run away together until Marnie realizes Charlie isn't the person he used to be. (13 episodes)
Kathryn Hahn and James LeGros as Katherine and Jeff Lavoyt (season 1): The parents of two young girls that Jessa babysat. Katherine is a documentary filmmaker, and Jeff is unemployed. Jeff develops a romantic interest in Jessa, which she eventually stops. She is fired, but is later visited by Katherine who offers her job back. Despite deciding not to see each other again, they have a heart-to-heart over Jeff and Jessa's inability to grow up. (4 episodes each) |
330_13 | Chris O'Dowd as Thomas-John (season 1–2): An affluent venture capitalist. After an earlier unpleasant encounter with Jessa and Marnie, he ends up marrying Jessa in a surprise ceremony at the end of the first season. They break up after an unpleasant dinner with his parents. (5 episodes)
Jon Glaser as Laird Schlesinger (season 2–6): Hannah's neighbor and a recovering drug addict. (12 episodes)
Colin Quinn as Hermie (season 2–6): Ray's boss at the coffee shop. He dies in "Painful Evacuation" from scleroderma. (8 episodes)
John Cameron Mitchell as David Pressler-Goings (season 2–3): Hannah's editor for her e-book. He is either bisexual or gay, as he downloaded the application Grindr in the episode "She Said OK". He is found dead in the episode "Dead Inside" with his funeral taking place at "Only Child" where it is revealed he had a wife named Annalise. (5 episodes) |
330_14 | Shiri Appleby as Natalia (season 2–3): Adam's ex-girlfriend. He abruptly breaks up with her after getting back together with Hannah. (4 episodes)
Gaby Hoffmann as Caroline Sackler (season 3–6): Adam's extremely troubled sister. She is very sarcastic towards Adam and Hannah until the latter kicks her out. She then lived with Laird, became pregnant by him and gave birth to their daughter before going AWOL in the fifth season. (8 episodes)
Richard E. Grant as Jasper (season 3): Jessa's friend from rehab. He comes to New York to find Jessa but later leaves her to be with his estranged daughter Dot. (4 episodes)
Gillian Jacobs as Mimi-Rose Howard (season 4), Adam's new girlfriend after Hannah moves away to Iowa. (5 episodes) |
330_15 | Aidy Bryant as Abigail (season 4–6): Shoshanna's former boss from when she worked in Japan. She later appears again meeting Shoshanna and Ray by chance and works with Ray to continue Hermie's project of documenting the effects of gentrification. Ray and Abigail get on well together leading to them sharing a kiss. (4 episodes)
Corey Stoll as Dill Harcourt (season 5–6): Elijah's love interest. (5 episodes) |
330_16 | Production
Lena Dunham's 2010 second feature, Tiny Furniture—which she wrote, directed and starred in—received positive reviews at festivals as well as awards attention, including Best Narrative Feature at South by Southwest and Best First Screenplay at the 2010 Independent Spirit Awards. The independent film's success earned her the opportunity to collaborate with Judd Apatow for an HBO pilot. Judd Apatow said he was drawn to Dunham's imagination after watching Tiny Furniture, and added that Girls would provide men with an insight into "realistic females."
Some of the struggles facing Dunham's character Hannah—including being cut off financially from her parents, becoming a writer and making unfortunate decisions—are inspired by Dunham's real-life experiences. The show's look is achieved by furnishings at a number of vintage boutiques in New York, including Brooklyn Flea and Geminola owned by Jemima Kirke's mother. |
330_17 | Dunham said Girls reflects a part of the population not portrayed in the 1998 HBO series Sex and the City. "Gossip Girl was teens duking it out on the Upper East Side and Sex and the City was women who [had] figured out work and friends and now want to nail romance and family life. There was this 'hole-in-between' space that hadn't really been addressed," she said. The pilot intentionally references Sex and the City as producers wanted to make it clear that the driving force behind Girls is that the characters were inspired by the former HBO series and moved to New York to pursue their dreams. Dunham herself says she "revere[s] that show just as much as any girl of my generation". |
330_18 | As executive producer, Dunham and Jennifer Konner are both showrunners of the series while Dunham is also the head writer. Apatow is also executive producer, under his Apatow Productions label. Dunham wrote or co-wrote all ten episodes of the first season and directed five, including the pilot. Season one was filmed between April and August 2011 and consisted of 10 episodes. The second season ran on HBO from January 13, 2013, to March 17, 2013, and also consisted of 10 episodes. |
330_19 | On April 4, 2013, Christopher Abbott left the series after sources reported he and Dunham had differences with the direction that his reoccurring character Charlie was taking as the third season entered production. Dunham announced via Instagram on September 6, 2013, that production for the third season had concluded. Season 3, which contained 12 episodes as opposed to the previous 10-episode seasons, ran from January 12, 2014, to March 23, 2014. The fourth season of the series started filming in April 2014. On January 5, 2016, HBO announced that the series' sixth season would be its last, allowing the writers to create a proper finale.
Episodes
Reception
Critical response
Season 1
The first season of Girls received universal acclaim from television critics. On review aggregation website Metacritic, the first season of the series holds an average of 87 based on 29 reviews. The website also lists the show as the highest-rated fictional series debut of 2012. |
330_20 | James Poniewozik from Time reserved high praise for the series, calling it "raw, audacious, nuanced and richly, often excruciatingly funny". Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called Girls "one of the most original, spot-on, no-missed-steps series in recent memory". Reviewing the first three episodes at the 2012 SXSW Festival, he said the series conveys "real female friendships, the angst of emerging adulthood, nuanced relationships, sexuality, self-esteem, body image, intimacy in a tech-savvy world that promotes distance, the bloodlust of surviving New York on very little money and the modern parenting of entitled children, among many other things—all laced together with humor and poignancy". The New York Times also applauded the series and said: "Girls may be the millennial generation's rebuttal to Sex and the City, but the first season was at times as cruelly insightful and bleakly funny as Louie on FX or Curb Your Enthusiasm on HBO." |
330_21 | Despite many positive reviews, several critics criticized the characters themselves. Gawker's John Cook strongly criticised Girls, saying it was "a television program about the children of wealthy famous people and shitty music and Facebook and how hard it is to know who you are and Thought Catalog and sexually transmitted diseases and the exhaustion of ceaselessly dramatizing your own life while posing as someone who understands the fundamental emptiness and narcissism of that very self-dramatization." |
330_22 | Season 2
The second season of Girls continued to receive critical acclaim. On Metacritic, the second season of the series holds an average of 84 based on 19 reviews. |
330_23 | Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter stated that "Girls kicks off its second season even more assured of itself, able to deftly work strands of hard-earned drama into the free-flowing comedic moments of four postcollege girls trying to find their way in life". David Wiegland of the San Francisco Chronicle said that "The entire constellation of impetuous, ambitious, determined and insecure young urbanites in Girls is realigning in the new season, but at no point in the four episodes sent to critics for review do you feel that any of it is artificial". Verne Gay of Newsday said it is "Sharper, smarter, more richly layered, detailed and acted". Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly felt that "As bright-eyed and bushy-tailed as it was in its first season, Girls may now be even spunkier, funnier, and riskier". In reference to the series' growth, Willa Paskin of Salon thought that Girls "has matured by leaps and bounds, comedically and structurally, but it has jettisoned some of its |
330_24 | ambiguity, its sweetness, its own affection for its characters. It's more coherent, but it's also safer." |
330_25 | Season 3
The third season of Girls received generally positive reviews. On Metacritic, the third season of the series holds an average of 76 based on 18 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 89% "Certified Fresh" approval rating from critics, based on 27 reviews with an average score of 7.8/10. The consensus states: "Still rife with shock value, Season 3 of Girls also benefits from an increasingly mature tone."
Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the first two episodes, and commented: "Going into its third season, Girls is as refreshing and audacious as ever and one of the few half-hour dramedies where you can feel its heart pounding and see its belly ripple with laughter." In addition, The New York Times, Entertainment Weekly and PopMatters praised the comedic portrayal of its lead female characters. |
330_26 | Season 4
The fourth season of Girls received generally positive reviews. On Metacritic, the fourth season of the series holds an average of 75 based on 16 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 83% "Certified Fresh" approval rating from critics, based on 24 reviews with an average score of 7.5/10. The consensus states: "Girls is familiar after four seasons, but its convoluted-yet-comical depiction of young women dealing with the real world still manages to impress." |
330_27 | Season 5
The fifth season of Girls received generally positive reviews. On Metacritic, the fifth season of the series holds an average of 73 based on 13 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 85% "Certified Fresh" approval rating from critics, based on 20 reviews with an average score of 8.14/10. The consensus states: "Though some characters have devolved into caricatures, watching them struggle in Girls is more fun in season five, with sharper humor and narrative consistency than prior seasons."
Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave the season a positive review writing: "Girls had only a niche audience. It's possible that being freed from the responsibility of the zeitgeist is what has kept Girls so watchable. The start of the fifth season won't launch an armada of think pieces, but if you still get pleasure from watching these flawed, often awful characters make flawed, often funny choices, Girls is still Girls." |
330_28 | Season 6
The sixth season of Girls received highly positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the sixth season of the series holds an average of 79 based on 15 reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 89% approval rating from critics, based on 35 reviews with an average score of 8.01/10. The consensus states, "In its final season, Girls remains uncompromising, intelligent, character driven, compassionate – and at times consciously aggravating."
The broadcast of the season's third episode "American Bitch" in Australia on showcase had to be edited, due to a scene which breached the maximum MA15+ classification of the broadcaster.
Accolades
Racial controversy
The premiere of the pilot was also met with criticism regarding the all-white main cast in the otherwise culturally diverse setting of New York City (the only black actors in the pilot were a homeless man and a taxi driver, and the only Asian actress had the sole trait of being good at Photoshop). |
330_29 | Writing at The Hairpin, Jenna Wortham rebuked the show for its lack of a main black character. "It feels alienating, a party of four engineered to appeal to a very specific subset of the television viewing audience, when the show has the potential to be so much bigger than that. And that is a huge fucking disappointment."
Lesley Arfin, a writer for the show, responded to the controversy with the tweeted comment: "What really bothered me most about Precious was that there was no representation of ME". Arfin later deleted the comment following the uproar. Lena Dunham has given interviews where she talks about the diversity question with the series, stating that with HBO's renewal of the series for a second season, "these issues will be addressed". Donald Glover guest starred as Sandy, a black Republican and Hannah's love interest, in the first two episodes of season two. |
330_30 | Agreeing that there is a lack of racial diversity on Girls, Maureen Ryan from The Huffington Post argues that the issue is the industry as a whole. "Where are the think pieces taking networks to task for the millionth procedural about a troubled male cop or the millionth comedy about a guy who has problems with women? Why are we holding Lena Dunham's feet to the fire, instead of the heads of networks and studios? That troubles me, not least because it's easier (and lazier) to attack a 25-year-old woman who's just starting out than to attack the men twice her age who actually control the industry. ...I have to say that I'm absolutely astonished that, of all shows, this is the one that is being attacked for being too white. I could list the shows on television with all-white casts, but then we'd be here all day." Dunham has publicly said, "I really wrote the show from a gut-level place, and each character was a piece of me or based on someone close to me". She adds that she wanted to |
330_31 | avoid tokenism in casting. The experience of a black character would involve a certain specificity, a type she could not speak to. |
330_32 | Feminism
Girls has prompted debate about its treatment of feminism. It has been praised for its portrayal of women and female friendship but criticized as classist, racist, transphobic and misguided. In an online review for Ms Magazine, Kerensa Cadenas argues, "Despite its lack of a serious class and race consciousness, Girls does address other feminist issues currently in play, among them body image, abortion, relationships within a social media age, and street harassment. In another series, these issues might be the focus of one episode (e.g., the abortion episode of SATC), but in Girls they become everyday topics." |
330_33 | On the other hand, Catherine Scott of The Independent, writing about season one in 2012, asked, "What's there to celebrate for feminism when black, Hispanic or Asian women are totally written out of a series that's supposedly set in one of the most diverse cities on earth? But also, what's there to celebrate for feminism when a show depicts four entirely self-interested young women and a lead character having the most depressing, disempowered sexual relationships imaginable?"
Broadcast
Girls premiered on April 15, 2012, on HBO in the United States. The first three episodes were screened at the 2012 SXSW Festival on March 12.
HBO renewed the series for a second season of ten episodes on April 30, 2012. |
330_34 | On January 7, 2014, the premiere of the third season of Girls was shown at the Rose Theater at Lincoln Center in New York City. Models Karlie Kloss, Karen Elson, and Hilary Rhoda; designers Nicole Miller, Cynthia Rowley, and Zac Posen; and editors Anna Wintour, Joanna Coles, and Amy Astley were all in attendance. The after party was at the Allen Room and "hosted by HBO and the Cinema Society".
International
Girls premiered on OSN in the Middle East on September 7, 2012. In Australia, it premiered on Showcase on May 28, 2012. The series began airing on HBO Canada on April 15, 2012. In New Zealand, the SoHo channel premiered Girls in May 2012.
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the series premiered on Sky Atlantic on October 22, 2012. The second season premiered on January 14, 2013, and the third season began airing on January 20, 2014. The fourth season premiered on January 12, 2015.
Home media
References
External links |
330_35 | 2012 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
2010s American comedy-drama television series
2010s American LGBT-related comedy television series
2010s American LGBT-related drama television series
BAFTA winners (television series)
Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners
English-language television shows
HBO original programming
Obsessive–compulsive disorder in fiction
Peabody Award-winning television programs
Television series about cousins
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios
Television series created by Judd Apatow
Television shows filmed in New York (state)
Television shows set in Brooklyn
Television shows set in Manhattan |
331_0 | Naogaon () is a district in northern Bangladesh, part of the Rajshahi Division. It is named after its headquarters, the city of Naogaon in Naogaon Sadar Upazila.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Naogaon District had a population of 2,600,157, of which 1,300,227 were males and 1,299,930 females. Rural population was 2,324,590 (89.40%) while the urban population was 275,567 (10.60%). Naogaon district had a literacy rate of 48.22% for the population 7 years and above: 55.84% for males and 45.17% for females. This is up from 44.39% in 2001 and 28.40% in 1991. Nagaon District had a decadal growth rate of 8.73% for the decade 2001–2011, down from 11.33% in the decade 1991–2001. |
331_1 | Muslims make up 86.55% of the population, while Hindus are 11.08% and Christians 0.71% of the population respectively. Other religions, mainly indigenous faiths like Sarna, were 1.66% of the population, with a fall in absolute numbers as these minorities convert to Hinduism or Christianity. Ethnic minorities were 116,736 (4.49%), mainly plains ethnic groups like the Santal and Oraon. This was the largest ethnic minority population in Bangladesh outside the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
Economy
Today Naogaon District is considered the bread basket of Bangladesh. It is in the central part of the Varendra Region, with an area of about , about 80% of which is under cultivation. The soil of the area is a fertile inorganic clay called loam. |
331_2 | The total population of the area is about 25 lac, and most of the people of the district are farmers. The literacy rate is 44.39%. Crops grown in the district include paddy, mango, jute, wheat, maize, sugar cane, potatoes, pulses, oil seeds, brinjal, onions, and garlic. The total production of paddy and wheat in 2009-2010 was 13,58,432 metric tons(about 39% in our growth economy), including a surplus of 8,26,835 metric tons. Today it is the top listed district in the side of rice production and has the highest number of rice processing mills of any district.
Naogaon is now the country's prime hub for mango harvest. Statistics from Bangladesh's Department of Agricultural Extension shows that Naogaon alone produced over 3.33 lakh tonnes mango in fiscal 2017-18, far more than Chapainawabganj's production of 2.74 lakh tonnes and Rajshahi's 2.13 lakh tonnes.
Points of interest
Paharpur |
331_3 | Paharpur is a small village 5 km west of Jamalganj in the Naogaon district where the remains of the Somapura Mahavihara monastery have been excavated. This 7th-century archaeological find covers an area of approximately of land. The entire establishment, occupying a quadrangular court, measures more than and is from in height. With an elaborate gateway complex on the north, there are 45 cells on the north and 44 in each of the other three sides, for a total number of 177 rooms. The architecture of the pyramidal cruciform temple is influenced by those of South-East Asia, especially Myanmar and Java. It takes its name from a high mound, which looked like a pahar, or hillock. |
331_4 | A site museum built recently houses the representative collection of objects recovered from the area. The excavated findings have also been preserved at the Varendra Research Museum at Rajshahi. The antiquities of the museum include terracotta plaques, images of different gods and goddesses, pottery, coin inscriptions, ornamental bricks, and other minor clay objects.
Nine miles west-southwest of Somapura Mahavihara is the archaeological site of Halud Vihara, which has been tentatively listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kusumba Mosque
Kusumba Mosque is on the west bank of the Atrai River in Manda Upazila. It was built in 1558-59 during the period of Afgan rule in Bengal by a high-ranking official named Sulaiman. It was constructed with a Bengal style.
Jagaddala Mahavihara |
331_5 | Jagaddala Mahavihara (fl. late 11th century-mid-12th century) was a Buddhist monastery and seat of learning in Varendra, a geographical unit in present north Bengal in Bangladesh. It was founded by the later kings of the Pāla dynasty, probably Ramapala (c. 1077-1120), likely at a site near the present village of Jagddal in Dhamoirhat Upazila in north-west Bangladesh on the border with India. It is tentatively listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Patisar
Patisar village is associated with Rabindranath Tagore. It is situated on the banks of the river Nagor, 12 kilometers south-east of the Atrai railway station and 26 kilometers from the district town. The headquarters of the Tagore family's zamindari in Kaligram Pargana was located at Patisar. Dwarkanath Tagore, the grandfather of Rabindranath Tagore, purchased this zamindari in 1830. Rabindranath Tagore first came to Patisarin January 1891. |
331_6 | The architectural design of the two-storied Kuthibari of Patisar is similar to that of Shilaidaha-Shahjadpur. The buildings, adjacent to the main mansion, are now reduced to ruins. A pond, named Rabindrasarobar, is now a silted up marsh. During his stay at Patisar, Tagore composed various poems, stories, novels, essays and the verse-play Biday Abhishap. He also established many primary schools, a school named Rathindranath High School, charitable dispensaries, and Patisar Krishi Bank (1905). He introduced tractors in Patisar and formed co-operative societies for the development of agriculture, handloom, and pottery. |
331_7 | In 1921, when the zamindari was divided, Patisar was included in Tagore's share. When the poet was awarded the Nobel Prize, the tenants of Patisar gave him an address of honor (1913). On the request of his tenants, Tagore visited Patisar in 1937 for the last time on the occasion of Punya. Every year many devotees of Tagore come from home and abroad to visit Patisar. On the occasions of Tagore's birth and death anniversaries, the Government arranges and gives all facilities to make discussion meetings and cultural functions that are held at Patisar.
Dubalhati
Dubalhati is an ancient site in the south-western part of the district. The road to Dubalhati passes through the wide body of water known as “Dighli beel” (a beel is a large shallow lake or marsh). There is a large well in the center of the road for providing travelers with water. |
331_8 | A feature of Dubalhati is the "Raja's Mansion" (Jomidar Bari or Rajbari). The house has two parts; the main part, Darbar Hall, is residential and used for holding seminars, while the other part, Natto Shalla, is for prayers. The rajbari is a three-story building standing on wide and long masonry slender spiral columns. There are four large dighi (small lakes) around the site. |
331_9 | The rajbari was first built by Raja Horandro Ray Choudhory during the Pala Dynasty (781–1124). About 53 rajas have held the title, beginning with Jogotram, and ending with Haranath Ray Bahadur II in 1940s. Raja Horonath Ray Bahadur I was notable for his construction of schools in Rajshahi and Naogaon district, including Natto Shala, Baganbari, Dubalhati High school, Naogaon K.D. School. He contributed sums of money to the Rajshahi Government College. He founded Dubalhati Raja Horonuth High School, only the second high school in the Rajshahi Division, in 1864. He had many wells and dhighis (small lakes) dug for providing drinking and irrigation water and provided food to the populace during the famine of 1874. This raj bari was destroyed during the Hindu Muslim riots during 1946. The members of this family including Krinkari Ray Choudhary (son of Horonath Ray Bahadur who died in 1949). The Roy Choudhary family still prevails in kolkata and are now well settled. |
331_10 | Dibar Dighi
One of the ancient and historic places of Naogaon District is Dibar Dighi. It is situated on the side of village Dibar, in Dibar Union of Patnitala Upazila.
Administration
Secretary of District Council: ATM Abdullahel Baki
Chairman of District Council: AKM Fozley Rabbi
Deputy Commissioner (DC): Khalid Mehdi Hasan, PAA
Superintendent of Police (SP): Md. Iqbal Hossain
Upazilas
The district is divided into 11 upazilas:
Atrai Upazila
Badalgachhi Upazila
Dhamoirhat Upazila
Manda Upazila
Mohadevpur Upazila
Naogaon Sadar Upazila
Niamatpur Upazila
Patnitala Upazila
Porsha Upazila
Raninagar Upazila
Sapahar Upazila
Education
Medical college
Naogaon Medical College |
331_11 | Colleges
Abadpukur College
Abadpukur Mahavidyalaya
Agradigun College
Alhaz Zahangir Alam Memorial College
Atrai Technical College
Atrai Women's College
Badalgachhi Women's College
Balihar Degree College
Bandai Khara Degree College
Bandaikhara College
Bangabandhu Govt. College
Bara Shimla Women's College
BIAM Laboratory School & College (Atrai)
BIAM Laboratory School & College (Sadar)
Chowdhury Chand Mohammad Women's Degree College
Daspara Degree College
Dhamoirhat M. M. Degree College
Dhamoirhat Women's College
Fotepur Kolimuddin College
Goborchapa Hat College
Government B.M.C. Women's College
Jagadal Adibashi School & College
Jahangirpur Government College
Kasiruddin Dewan Memorial High School & College
Kola Adarsha College
Krishnapur Degree College
Manda Momin Shahana Degree College
Mithapur Adarsha College
Mollah Azad Smarak College
Mongalbari Serajia School & College
Naogaon Government College
Nazipur Government College |
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