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321_16 | Ultrastructurally, malignant giant cells often contain accumulations of microfilaments arranged in whorls near the cell nucleus. These entities appear similar in structure to microfilaments and bundles found in the D1 cell of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system, and it has been proposed that these D1 cells may be the cancer stem cell for at least some GCCLs. Identically appearing whorled filament structures have also been produced in certain airway cells of animals after treatment with carcinogenic nitrosamines.
Ultrastructural studies have suggested that the malignant giant cells in GCCL are of endodermal lineage.
Remarkably fast growing tumors. |
321_17 | Combined/multiphasic tumors containing giant cells
Malignant giant cells are commonly found — and vary in relative proportion to a greater or lesser degree — in both primary tumors and metastatases of many different variants of lung carcinomas. A number of authors have noted that bizarre malignant giant cells occur more commonly in primary and secondary tumors — including any remaining tumor "deposits" — that have previously been treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in adjuvant or neoadjuvant protocols.
Imaging characteristics
GCCL often presents as a large peripheral mass that is severely cavitated.
In a radiographic study of almost 2,000 lung cancer patients published 50 years ago, 3.4% of lung carcinomas proved to be cavitated masses, most of which were squamous cell carcinoma.
In a number of cases of severe cavitation, the resected tumor remnant consists of only a thin rim of proliferating cells. |
321_18 | Positron emission tomography scanning
On positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, GCCL has been found to have exceedingly high standardized uptake values (SUV) for radioactive glucose, values that are statistically significantly higher than in other histological variants of lung cancer.
Metabolic pathways
PET scanning suggests that GCCL are tumors with particularly rapid metabolism, and that the metabolic pathways of GCCL may be unusually dependent on, or interlinked to, glycolysis.
Paraneoplastic syndromes
GCCL have been long known for secretion of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG), often in large amounts, which can lead to very high levels of estrogen and painful gynecomastia (breast enlargement) in males as paraneoplastic signs.
Giant-cell lung cancers are well known for their paraneoplastic production and secretion of granulopoietic colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) |
321_19 | GCCL has also been reported to produce plasminogen activator as a paraneoplastic phenomenon.
Treatment
Because of its rarity, there have been no randomized clinical trials of treatment of GCCL, and all information available derives from small retrospective institutional series or multicenter metadata.
Prognosis
Giant-cell lung cancers have long been considered to be exceptionally aggressive malignancies that grow very rapidly and have a very poor prognosis.
Many small series have suggested that the prognosis of lung tumors with giant cells is worse than that of most other forms of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including squamous cell carcinoma, and spindle cell carcinoma. |
321_20 | The overall five-year survival rate in GCCL varies between studies but is generally considered to be very low. The (US) Armed Forces Institute of Pathology has reported a figure of 10%, and in a study examining over 150,000 lung cancer cases, a figure of 11.8% was given. However, in the latter report the 11.8% figure was based on data that included spindle cell carcinoma, a variant which is generally considered to have a less dismal prognosis than GCCL. Therefore, the likely survival of "pure" GCCL is probably lower than the stated figure.
In the large 1995 database review by Travis and colleagues, giant-cell carcinoma has the third-worst prognosis among 18 histological forms of lung cancer. (Only small-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma had shorter average survival.)
Most GCCL have already grown and invaded locally and/or regionally, and/or have already metastasized distantly, and are inoperable, at the time of diagnosis. |
321_21 | Epidemiology
The true incidence, prevalence, and mortality of GCCL is generally unknown due to a lack of accurate cancer data on a national level. It is known to be a very rare tumor variant in all populations examined, however. In an American study of a database of over 60,000 lung cancers, GCCL comprised between 0.3% and 0.4% of primary pulmonary malignancies, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of about 3 new cases per million persons per year. With approximately 220,000 total lung cancers diagnosed in the US each year, the proportion suggests that approximately 660 and 880 new cases are diagnosed in Americans annually. |
321_22 | However, in a more recent series of 4,212 consecutive lung cancer cases, only one (0.024%) lesion was determined to be a "pure" giant-cell carcinoma after complete sectioning of all available tumor tissue. While some evidence suggests GCCL may have been considerably more common several decades ago, with one series identifying 3.4% of all lung carcinomas as giant-cell malignancies, it is possible that this number reflect
Most published case series and reports on giant cell-containing lung cancers show that they are diagnosed much more frequently in men than they are in women, with some studies showing extremely high male-to-female ratios (12:1 or more). In a study of over 150,000 lung cancer victims in the US, however, the gender ratio was just over 2:1, with women actually having a higher relative proportion of giant-cell cancers (0.4%) than men (0.3%). |
321_23 | Giant-cell carcinomas have been reported to be diagnosed in a significantly younger population than all non-small-cell carcinomas considered as a group. Like nearly all lung carcinomas, however, GCCs are exceedingly rare in very young people: in the US SEER program, only 2 cases were recorded to occur in persons younger than 30 years of age between 1983 and 1987. The average age at diagnosis of these tumors has been estimated at 60 years.
The vast majority of individuals with GCCL are heavy smokers.
Although the definitions of "central" and "peripheral" can vary between studies, GCCL are consistently diagnosed much more frequently in the lung periphery. In a review of literature compiled by Kallenburg and co-workers, less than 30% of GCCLs arose in the hilum or other parts of the "central" pulmonary tree.
A significant predilection for genesis of GCCL in the upper lobes of victims has also been postulated. |
321_24 | History
Most sources credit Nash and Stout with publishing the first detailed report in the medical literature recognizing GCCL as a distinct clinicopathological entity in 1958. However, there is some evidence that suggests this tumor phenotype was described as early as 1951. In a report on 3 cases of giant-cell lung carcinoma published in 1961 by Z.M. Naib, the author cites 2 previous studies related to GCCL — one published in 1951 by M.M. Patton and co-workers, and one published in 1955 by Walton and Pryce. In 1969, Dr. Alexander Kennedy, in a case series of 3 GCCL Kennedy published in 1969, credited Hadley and Bullock with the first usage of the term "giant-cell carcinoma" 16 years prior.
GCCL was first confirmed as an epithelial tumor (and not a dedifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma) in 1961. In 1964–65, theories were postulated that GCCLs were dediffentiated adenocarcinomas and, in some cases, were thought to derive from clear-cell adenocarcinomas.
References
External links |
321_25 | (Download Page).
Lung cancer |
322_0 | Synopsys is an American electronic design automation company that focuses on silicon design and verification, silicon intellectual property and software security and quality. Products include logic synthesis, behavioral synthesis, place and route, static timing analysis, formal verification, hardware description language (SystemC, SystemVerilog/Verilog, VHDL) simulators, and transistor-level circuit simulation. The simulators include development and debugging environments that assist in the design of the logic for chips and computer systems. In recent years, Synopsys has expanded its products and services to include application security testing. Their technology is present in self-driving cars, artificial intelligence, and internet of things consumer products. |
322_1 | History
Synopsys was founded by Aart J de Geus and David Gregory in 1986 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The company was initially established as Optimal Solutions with a charter to develop and market synthesis technology developed by the team at General Electric.
Mergers and acquisitions
Synopsys has made some silicon and design verification acquisitions.
CoWare
CoWare was a supplier of platform-driven electronic system-level (ESL) design software and services. CoWare was headquartered in San Jose, California, and had offices around the world, major R&D offices in Belgium, Germany and India.
CoWare development was initiated by the Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) in Belgium as an internal project in 1992. In 1996, CoWare spun off as an independent company. CoWare is one of the founding member of SystemC language. In 2005, CoWare acquired the Signal Processing department from Cadence. On February 8, 2010, Synopsys announced an acquisition of CoWare. |
322_2 | Its products included: Platform Architect, Model Designer, Model Library, Processor Designer, Signal Processing Designer and Virtual Platform Designer. |
322_3 | Avanti Corporation |
322_4 | Avanti Corporation (styled as "Avant!) was founded when several former Cadence Design Systems employees bought the startup ArcSys, which was previously merged with Integrated Silicon Solutions (ISS), gaining Avanti its design rule checking and layout versus schematic tool Hercules (including 3D silicon structure modeling), then bought Compass Design Automation, which had fully integrated IC design flow and ASIC libraries, especially its place and route tool, which Avanti reworked to create Saturn and Apollo II; and it also bought TMA (Technology Modeling Associates) which brought their pioneering TCAD and Proteus optical proximity correction tools. This was, by far, Synopsys' most significant and controversial acquisition. At the time Avanti was the #4 company in the EDA industry, and was struggling with a major lawsuit from Cadence for software theft. Avanti was merged into Synopsys on June 6, 2002 during the litigation. Synopsys paid Cadence about $265 million more to end all |
322_5 | litigation. Soon after the settlement, in Cadence Design Systems, Inc. v. Avant! Corp., 29 Cal. 4th 215, 57 P.3d 647, 127 Cal. Rptr. 2d 169 (2002), the California Supreme Court upheld the lower court's earlier decision. Synopsys then paid an additional $26.1 million to Silvaco to settle two of three Silvaco's suits against Meta-Software, earlier purchased by Avanti, and its president. The lawsuits were filed in 1995 and inherited by Avanti. |
322_6 | Novas Software
Novas Software was a company founded in 1996 by Paul Huang to address the ongoing problem of debugging chip designs. Novas was purchased by Taiwan-based EDA company SpringSoft in May 2008. Prior to its purchase, Novas was partly owned by SpringSoft, which developed the underlying debug technology. Until 2008, Novas grew to employ over 50 people with office locations across the world, headquartered in San Jose, California. SpringSoft and Novas was acquired by Synopsys in 2012. |
322_7 | Novas offered debugging and visibility enhancement products that cut down on verification time. Novas' main product offerings included the Debussy Debug System, Verdi Automated Debug System and the Siloti family of Visibility Enhancement products. A 2006 study found Novas Software to be the sixth most-used EDA vendor. Along with this, Novas Software topped the user satisfaction ratings with 100% of respondents in Europe, 83% in North America & 69% in Asia saying they were either "very" or "somewhat" satisfied. This distinction was also awarded to Novas Software for the four years prior to 2006.
Numerical Technologies
Numerical Technologies, Inc. was a San Jose, California, United States based electronic design automation public (NASDAQ: NMTC) company. The company was primarily known for its intellectual property, software tools and services covering phase-shifting mask technology. |
322_8 | On January 10, 2000 Numerical Technologies acquired Transcription Enterprises, Inc. primarily known for its CATS software for mask data preparation,
On October 27, 2000 Numerical Technologies acquired Cadabra Design Automation, a provider of automated IC layout cell creation technology used to create the building blocks for standard cell, semi-custom and custom integrated circuits. Purchase price was $99 million.
On March 3, 2003 it was acquired by Synopsys.
SpringSoft
SpringSoft is a software company that developed VLSI design and debugging software. The company was founded with a grant from the Taiwanese National Science Council in February 1996. |
322_9 | In 1997, SpringSoft established Novas Software in Silicon Valley to market Springsoft's VLSI Debugging software. SpringSoft created a custom layout tool called Laker and a US-based company called Silicon Canvas. In May 2008, SpringSoft purchased Novas Software Silicon Canvas and combined them to form the wholly owned subsidiary SpringSoft USA. SpringSoft employed over 400 people with office locations across the world.
Synopsys announced its acquisition of SpringSoft in 2012. |
322_10 | Synplicity
Synplicity Inc. was a supplier of software for design of programmable logic devices (FPGAs, PLDs and CPLDs) used for communications, military/aerospace, consumer, semiconductor, computer and other electronic systems. Synplicity's tools provided logic synthesis, physical synthesis, and verification functions for FPGA, FPGA-based ASIC prototyping, and DSP designers. Synplicity was listed on Nasdaq until it was acquired by Synopsys for $227 million in a transaction finalized May 15, 2008. Synplicity was founded by Ken McElvain (Chief Technical Officer) and Alisa Yaffa (former CEO).
ARC International
ARC International PLC was the designer of ARC (Argonaut RISC Core) embedded processors, which were widely used in SoC devices for IoT, storage, digital home, mobile, and automotive applications. ARC processors have been licensed by more than 200 companies and are shipped in more than 1.5 Billion products per year. ARC International was acquired by Synopsys in 2010. |
322_11 | The roots of ARC International date back to the early 1990s. The company was founded by Jez San and Rick Clucas to build upon the 3D accelerator technology previously developed for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System by a division of Argonaut Software. This forerunner to the ARC was originally called the Mario (Mathematical, Argonaut, Rotation & I/O) chip and later dubbed the Super FX. It went on to sell millions, at the time outselling ARM or any other RISC core. |
322_12 | Following the success of the Super FX, its designers were split from the main company into a subsidiary called Multi Media Technologies Ltd (MMT). They created a new 32-bit design that would later be called ARC and marketed as the first general-purpose configurable microprocessor. Later, MMT was acquired by Argonaut Software and eventually turned into a new company called Argonaut Technologies Ltd (ATL) which was spun off as a separate company which eventually became ARC International. In 1995 Bob Terwilliger took over as ARC's first CEO. He created the company licensing strategy, commercialized the product including the acquisition of Metaware, VAutomation and Precise Software. He raised $50 million pre-IPO and took the company public in September 2000, raising an additional $250 million.
Divisions
Synopsys has three divisions including silicon design and verification, silicon intellectual property, and software integrity. |
322_13 | Silicon Design and Verification
This Synopsys division focuses the design and verification of integrated circuits and designing more advanced processes and models for the manufacturing of those chips.
Silicon intellectual property
This division of Synopsys focuses on silicon intellectual property for system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs.
Software Integrity
In 2014, Synopsys began to expand their products and services to include software security and quality. This division helps organizations integrate security into DevOps environments, build holistic application security programs, test any software on-demand, find and fix software quality and compliance issues earlier, identify and manage open-source software components, and assess application security threats, risks and dependencies.
Partnerships
In 2018, Synopsys partnered with the PLA National Defence University to provide field-programmable gate array design training. |
322_14 | See also
List of EDA companies
List of tools for static code analysis
Proprietary software
Security information and event management
Dynamic application security testing
OWASP
References
External links
Electronic design automation companies
Electronics companies of the United States
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in Mountain View, California
American companies established in 1986
Electronics companies established in 1986
1986 establishments in North Carolina |
323_0 | The Center for American Progress (CAP) is a public policy research and advocacy organization which presents a liberal viewpoint on economic and social issues. It has its headquarters in Washington, D.C.
The president and chief executive officer of CAP is Patrick Gaspard, a former diplomat and labor leader, who served most recently as the president of the Open Society Foundations. Gaspard succeeded Neera Tanden, who was appointed special advisor to President Joe Biden in May 2021. Tanden previously worked for the Obama and Clinton administrations and for Hillary Clinton's campaigns. The first president and CEO was John Podesta, who has served as White House Chief of Staff to U.S. President Bill Clinton and as the chairman of the 2016 presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton. Podesta remained with the organization as chairman of the board until he joined the Obama White House staff in December 2013. Tom Daschle is the current chairman. |
323_1 | The Center for American Progress has a youth-engagement organization, Generation Progress, and a sister advocacy organization, the Center for American Progress Action Fund (CAPAF).
History and mission
The Center for American Progress was created in 2003 as a Democratic alternative to conservative think tanks such as the Heritage Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). |
323_2 | Citing Podesta's influence in the formation of the Obama Administration, Michael Scherer in a November 2008 article in Time stated that "not since the Heritage Foundation helped guide Ronald Reagan's transition in 1981 has a single outside group held so much sway". In 2011, the Washington Post's Jason Horowitz described the Center for American Progress as "Washington’s leading liberal think tank," and "an incessant advocate for a broad progressive agenda and as such, a sharp thorn in President Obama’s left side." Sarah Rosen Wartell, a co-founder and former executive vice-president of the CAP, was later named president of the Urban Institute
In 2021, CAP was described "the most influential think tank of the Biden era" by Politico.
Activities
ThinkProgress |
323_3 | ThinkProgress, active during the years 2005-2019, was an American progressive news website affiliated with the Center for American Progress but with editorial independence. In September 2019, 'ThinkProgress" was shut down when CAP was unable to find a publisher willing to take it over. The news site was then "folded into CAP's online presence" to "focus on analysis from CAP scholars and CAP Action staff."
Generation Progress
Generation Progress was launched in February 2005 as "the youth arm of the Center for American Progress". According to the organization, Generation Progress partners with over a million millennials. |
323_4 | Center for American Progress Action Fund
Formerly known simply as the American Progress Action Fund, the Center for American Progress Action Fund (CAP Action) is a "sister advocacy organization" and is organizationally and financially separate from CAP, although they share many staff and a physical address. Politico wrote in April 2011 that it "openly runs political advocacy campaigns, and plays a central role in the Democratic Party’s infrastructure, and the new reporting staff down the hall isn’t exactly walled off from that message machine, nor does it necessarily keep its distance from liberal groups organizing advocacy campaigns targeting conservatives". Whereas CAP is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, CAP Action is a 501(c)(4), allowing it to devote more funds to lobbying. In 2003, George Soros promised to financially support the organization by donating up to $3 million. CAP Action is headed by Neera Tanden.
Launched in 2017, "The Moscow Project" is one of its initiatives. |
323_5 | Washington Center for Equitable Growth
The Washington Center for Equitable Growth, also known simply as "Equitable Growth", is a research and grantmaking organization founded in 2013 and "housed at the Center for American Progress". Equitable Growth funds academic research in economics and other social sciences, with a particular interest in government's role in the distribution of economic growth and the role of public perceptions of fairness in shaping government policy. |
323_6 | Science Progress
Science Progress was an internet publication about progressive science and technology policy. Science Progress was a project of the Center for American Progress. Its mission was "to improve the understanding of science among policymakers and other thought leaders and to develop exciting, progressive ideas about innovation in science and technology for the United States in the 21st Century." It began publication on 4 October 2007, the fiftieth anniversary of the launch of Sputnik 1. Content on the web site included news, in-depth essays, and text- and audio-based interviews. The Science Progress staff included Editor-In-Chief Jonathan D. Moreno. |
323_7 | Disability Justice Initiative
In July 2018, the Center for American Progress recruited former Obama staffer and National Council on Disability executive director Rebecca Cokley to lead its new project focused on disability rights advocacy. Senator Tammy Duckworth spoke at the first event announcing creation of the new project, which is housed within CAP's Poverty to Prosperity Program. The Disability Justice Initiative became the first such project at a mainstream public policy advocacy organization not already focused on disability.
Policies
Health care |
323_8 | In 2017, the Center opposed Bernie Sanders' single-payer health plan. Critics said that this was because of funding from the health care industry, such as The Blue Cross Blue Shield Association, the Health Care Service Corporation and America's Health Insurance Plans, who would be eliminated under Sanders' plan. In 2018, the Center proposed an alternative to single payer that would offer patients and employers a choice between government coverage and private insurance.
Criticism
Pro-UAE, pro-Saudi policy
In October 2016, the Intercept reported that United Arab Emirates Ambassador to the US Yousef Al Otaiba praised "a CAP report released [in October 2016] that advocates for continued cooperation with Gulf states like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates." |
323_9 | In January 2019, two CAP staffers were fired after an investigation concerning the leaking of an internal email exchange involving discussions over the phrasing of CAP’s response to the murder of The Washington Post contributing columnist Jamal Khashoggi. CAP released a statement noting that while they conducted an investigation into the leaks, this was not the cause for the firings. |
323_10 | Lack of transparency for funding sources
Some open government groups, such as the Sunlight Foundation and the Campaign Legal Center, criticized the Center's failure to disclose its contributors, particularly because it was so influential to the Obama administration. CAP's website states that corporate donors are not allowed to remain anonymous. Nathan Robinson, writing in 2018 for Current Affairs wrote that CAP "continues to conceal the identities of many of its largest donors." He also criticized CAP for receiving "shady donations" and for a grant of $200,000 to the American Enterprise Institute in 2018.
Israel controversies |
323_11 | Allegations of antisemitic language
CAP was criticized in 2012 by several Jewish organizations after its employees, Zaid Jilani and Ali Gharib, "publicly used language that could be construed as anti-Israel or even anti-Semitic". Bloggers associated with CAP published several posts using phrases such as "apartheid" and "Israel-firsters", which the American Jewish Committee described as "hateful" and called on CAP to disassociate themselves from these statements. The latter phrase, "Israel-firsters", which was used in reference to US supporters of Israel, was also criticized by the Anti-Defamation League and described as anti-semitic, including by Faiz Shakir, then the Vice President of CAP. Officials at CAP said the “inappropriate” language came only in personal tweets—not on CAP's website or its ThinkProgress blog. The Tweets were deleted, and the authors apologized. |
323_12 | Allegations of suppression of criticism of Israel
In 2015, however, other writers criticized CAP for what they saw as censorship of reasonable comments critical of Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank and other policies. Based on leaked emails, columnist Glenn Greenwald, for example, wrote that CAP had deleted references to Israeli settlement policies in reports by their staffers.
Greenwald and others also criticized CAP for hosting a meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, while Netanyahu was hostile to the Obama Administration. Greenwald described CAP's positions as "servitude to AIPAC and pandering to Netanyahu." Eighteen organizations and over one hundred academics signed an open letter, circulated by Jewish Voice for Peace and the Arab American Institute, against the meeting. 26,300 people signed a petition opposing the meeting. |
323_13 | WikiLeaks 2016 Hillary Clinton campaign controversy
After the release by WikiLeaks of hacked Podesta emails, the Center for American Progress was criticized for emails sent between John Halpin, a Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress, and Jennifer Palmieri, a Hillary Clinton campaign team member. The Washington Post characterized the comments as "joking"; Kellyanne Conway and others called them anti-Catholic attacks. |
323_14 | Handling of sexual harassment accusations
In April 2018, BuzzFeed News reported that female employees of CAP had complained of sexual harassment by CAP employee Benton Strong to human resources and management. Two anonymous employees alleged retaliation for reporting Strong's behavior, one of them including her allegations in an exit memo when leaving CAP. However, CAP maintains that no retaliation took place and an internal investigation concluded the same. In response to the first complaint, Strong received a warning from CAP management. After the second complaint, he was suspended for three days without pay. He was already resigning to take up a position elsewhere, and these three days coincided with the final three days of his employment with CAP.
After the publication of the BuzzFeed story, CAP president Neera Tanden unintentionally used the first name of one of the anonymous women during an all-staff meeting to address their handling of the sexual harassment allegations. |
323_15 | Michael Bloomberg
In February 2020, The New York Times reported that the center had removed reporting of New York City police surveillance of Muslim communities from a 2015 report, allegedly out of deference to Michael Bloomberg, who had given the center grants worth $1.5 million. Yasmine Taeb, an author of the report, said that they were instructed to remove the chapter or make dramatic revisions, alleging this was "because of how it was going to be perceived by Mayor Bloomberg." CAP officials disputed her account, characterizing the changes as editorial decisions: detailed discussion of NYC policing was off-topic because the report had been "commissioned to examine right-wing groups targeting Muslims with explicit bigotry and conspiracy theories." Bloomberg told The New York Times reporters he was unaware of any such dispute at CAP; in 2017, he contributed an additional $400,000. |
323_16 | Funding
The Center for American Progress is a 501(c)(3) organization under U.S. Internal Revenue Code. In 2014, CAP received $45 million from a variety of sources, including individuals, foundations, labor unions, and corporations. From 2003 to 2007, CAP received about $15 million in grants from 58 foundations. Major individual donors include George Soros, Peter Lewis, Steve Bing, and Herb and Marion Sandler. The Center receives undisclosed sums from corporate donors. In December 2013, the organization released a list of its corporate donors, which include Walmart, CitiGroup, Wells Fargo, defense contractor Northrop Grumman, America's Health Insurance Plans, and Eli Lilly and Company. |
323_17 | In 2015, CAP released a partial list of its donors, which included 28 anonymous donors accounting for at least $5 million in contributions. Named donors included the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, which each gave between $500,000 and $999,999. CAP's top donors include Walmart and Citigroup, each of which have given between $100,000 and $499,000. Other large CAP donors include Goldman Sachs, Bank of America, Google, Time Warner, and Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America.
Non-profit filings
See also
Policy Network
References
External links
Center for American Progress Action Fund
Campus Progress
Climate Progress
ThinkProgress
Neera Tanden on Bloomberg |
323_18 | Political and economic think tanks in the United States
Liberalism in the United States
Sustainability organizations
Charities based in Washington, D.C.
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States
Organizations established in 2003
2003 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Progressive organizations in the United States
Advocacy groups in the United States
501(c)(3) organizations |
324_0 | This article gives some very general background to the mathematical idea of topos. This is an aspect of category theory, and has a reputation for being abstruse. The level of abstraction involved cannot be reduced beyond a certain point; but on the other hand context can be given. This is partly in terms of historical development, but also to some extent an explanation of differing attitudes to category theory.
In the school of Grothendieck
During the latter part of the 1950s, the foundations of algebraic geometry were being rewritten; and it is here that the origins of the topos concept are to be found. At that time the Weil conjectures were an outstanding motivation to research. As we now know, the route towards their proof, and other advances, lay in the construction of étale cohomology. |
324_1 | With the benefit of hindsight, it can be said that algebraic geometry had been wrestling with two problems for a long time. The first was to do with its points: back in the days of projective geometry it was clear that the absence of 'enough' points on an algebraic variety was a barrier to having a good geometric theory (in which it was somewhat like a compact manifold). There was also the difficulty, that was clear as soon as topology took form in the first half of the twentieth century, that the topology of algebraic varieties had 'too few' open sets.
The question of points was close to resolution by 1950; Alexander Grothendieck took a sweeping step (invoking the Yoneda lemma) that disposed of it—naturally at a cost, that every variety or more general scheme should become a functor. It wasn't possible to add open sets, though. The way forward was otherwise. |
324_2 | The topos definition first appeared somewhat obliquely, in or about 1960. General problems of so-called 'descent' in algebraic geometry were considered, at the same period when the fundamental group was generalised to the algebraic geometry setting (as a pro-finite group). In the light of later work (c. 1970), 'descent' is part of the theory of comonads; here we can see one way in which the Grothendieck school bifurcates in its approach from the 'pure' category theorists, a theme that is important for the understanding of how the topos concept was later treated. |
324_3 | There was perhaps a more direct route available: the abelian category concept had been introduced by Grothendieck in his foundational work on homological algebra, to unify categories of sheaves of abelian groups, and of modules. An abelian category is supposed to be closed under certain category-theoretic operations—by using this kind of definition one can focus entirely on structure, saying nothing at all about the nature of the objects involved. This type of definition can be traced back, in one line, to the lattice concept of the 1930s. It was a possible question to ask, around 1957, for a purely category-theoretic characterisation of categories of sheaves of sets, the case of sheaves of abelian groups having been subsumed by Grothendieck's work (the Tôhoku paper). |
324_4 | Such a definition of a topos was eventually given five years later, around 1962, by Grothendieck and Verdier (see Verdier's Nicolas Bourbaki seminar Analysis Situs). The characterisation was by means of categories 'with enough colimits', and applied to what is now called a Grothendieck topos. The theory was rounded out by establishing that a Grothendieck topos was a category of sheaves, where now the word sheaf had acquired an extended meaning, since it involved a Grothendieck topology. |
324_5 | The idea of a Grothendieck topology (also known as a site) has been characterised by John Tate as a bold pun on the two senses of Riemann surface. Technically speaking it enabled the construction of the sought-after étale cohomology (as well as other refined theories such as flat cohomology and crystalline cohomology). At this point—about 1964—the developments powered by algebraic geometry had largely run their course. The 'open set' discussion had effectively been summed up in the conclusion that varieties had a rich enough site of open sets in unramified covers of their (ordinary) Zariski-open sets.
From pure category theory to categorical logic |
324_6 | The current definition of topos goes back to William Lawvere and Myles Tierney. While the timing follows closely on from that described above, as a matter of history, the attitude is different, and the definition is more inclusive. That is, there are examples of toposes that are not a Grothendieck topos. What is more, these may be of interest for a number of logical disciplines.
Lawvere and Tierney's definition picks out the central role in topos theory of the sub-object classifier. In the usual category of sets, this is the two-element set of Boolean truth-values, true and false. It is almost tautologous to say that the subsets of a given set X are the same as (just as good as) the functions on X to any such given two-element set: fix the 'first' element and make a subset Y correspond to the function sending Y there and its complement in X to the other element. |
324_7 | Now sub-object classifiers can be found in sheaf theory. Still tautologously, though certainly more abstractly, for a topological space X there is a direct description of a sheaf on X that plays the role with respect to all sheaves of sets on X. Its set of sections over an open set U of X is just the set of open subsets of U. The space associated with a sheaf, for it, is more difficult to describe.
Lawvere and Tierney therefore formulated axioms for a topos that assumed a sub-object classifier, and some limit conditions (to make a cartesian-closed category, at least). For a while this notion of topos was called 'elementary topos'.
Once the idea of a connection with logic was formulated, there were several developments 'testing' the new theory: |
324_8 | models of set theory corresponding to proofs of the independence of the axiom of choice and continuum hypothesis by Paul Cohen's method of forcing.
recognition of the connection with Kripke semantics, the intuitionistic existential quantifier and intuitionistic type theory.
combining these, discussion of the intuitionistic theory of real numbers, by sheaf models. |
324_9 | Position of topos theory
There was some irony that in the pushing through of David Hilbert's long-range programme a natural home for intuitionistic logic's central ideas was found: Hilbert had detested the school of L. E. J. Brouwer. Existence as 'local' existence in the sheaf-theoretic sense, now going by the name of Kripke–Joyal semantics, is a good match. On the other hand Brouwer's long efforts on 'species', as he called the intuitionistic theory of reals, are presumably in some way subsumed and deprived of status beyond the historical. There is a theory of the real numbers in each topos, and so no one master intuitionist theory.
The later work on étale cohomology has tended to suggest that the full, general topos theory isn't required. On the other hand, other sites are used, and the Grothendieck topos has taken its place within homological algebra. |
324_10 | The Lawvere programme was to write higher-order logic in terms of category theory. That this can be done cleanly is shown by the book treatment by Joachim Lambek and P. J. Scott. What results is essentially an intuitionistic (i.e. constructive logic) theory, its content being clarified by the existence of a free topos. That is a set theory, in a broad sense, but also something belonging to the realm of pure syntax. The structure on its sub-object classifier is that of a Heyting algebra. To get a more classical set theory one can look at toposes in which it is moreover a Boolean algebra, or specialising even further, at those with just two truth-values. In that book, the talk is about constructive mathematics; but in fact this can be read as foundational computer science (which is not mentioned). If one wants to discuss set-theoretic operations, such as the formation of the image (range) of a function, a topos is guaranteed to be able to express this, entirely constructively. |
324_11 | It also produced a more accessible spin-off in pointless topology, where the locale concept isolates some insights found by treating topos as a significant development of topological space. The slogan is 'points come later': this brings discussion full circle on this page. The point of view is written up in Peter Johnstone's Stone Spaces, which has been called by a leader in the field of computer science 'a treatise on extensionality'. The extensional is treated in mathematics as ambient—it is not something about which mathematicians really expect to have a theory. Perhaps this is why topos theory has been treated as an oddity; it goes beyond what the traditionally geometric way of thinking allows. The needs of thoroughly intensional theories such as untyped lambda calculus have been met in denotational semantics. Topos theory has long looked like a possible 'master theory' in this area. |
324_12 | Summary
The topos concept arose in algebraic geometry, as a consequence of combining the concept of sheaf and closure under categorical operations. It plays a certain definite role in cohomology theories. A 'killer application' is étale cohomology.
The subsequent developments associated with logic are more interdisciplinary. They include examples drawing on homotopy theory (classifying toposes). They involve links between category theory and mathematical logic, and also (as a high-level, organisational discussion) between category theory and theoretical computer science based on type theory. Granted the general view of Saunders Mac Lane about ubiquity of concepts, this gives them a definite status. The use of toposes as unifying bridges in mathematics has been pioneered by Olivia Caramello in her 2017 book.
References
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/
Topos theory
History of mathematics |
325_0 | Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, Inc. (CFP Board) is an American 501(c)(3) certifying and standards-setting organization that administers the Certified Financial Planner certification program and oversees more than 89,000 professionals using the CFP® certification in the United States.
CFP Board History
CFP Board was founded in 1985 as a non-profit organization that has been granted 501(c)(3) status by the Internal Revenue Service, and thus operates within limitations that prevent it from engaging in aggressive lobbying activities.
CFP certification worldwide
In 1990, CFP Board established the International CFP Council. |
325_1 | In 2004, the board established the Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), A nonprofit, international standards-setting body, FPSB manages, develops and operates certification, education and related programs for financial planning organizations so that they may benefit and protect the global community by establishing, upholding and promoting worldwide professional standards in personal financial planning. FPSB uses the CFP and CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER and CFP (with flame logo) trademarks, which FPSB owns outside the United States. .
As of April 2010, FPSB has members and associate members from 23 territories around the world, including CFP Board, which joined FPSB in 2008. Collectively, FPSB members have authorized more than 126,000 individuals to use the CFP marks in their respective countries and regions. |
325_2 | CFP Board’s certification requirements
CFP Board awards CFP certification in the United States to individuals who meet its initial and ongoing certification requirements. Initial certification requirements include the “4 E’s”: |
325_3 | Education: More than 200 institutions across the United States offer educational programs that satisfy CFP Board's education coursework requirement and qualify individuals to take the CFP Certification Examination. Applicants for CFP certification must also hold a qualified bachelor's degree. |
325_4 | Examination: The CFP Certification Examination is offered three times a year at more than 50 locations across the United States. Approximately 3,000-4,000 individuals take the exam each year, and the pass rate for each exam administration has varied from 56% to 66% over the past decade. The comprehensive 10-hour exam was introduced for CFP certificants in 1991; prior to that point those applying for certification were only required to complete examinations for the individual course units. In November 2014, the CFP exam was converted from a paper-based exam to a computer-based exam, and the duration cut from 10 hours down to 6, with the number of questions similarly being reduced by 40% from 285 to 170. |
325_5 | Experience: Applicants for CFP certification must complete at least three years of full-time experience delivering all or part of the financial planning process to clients. As an alternative, beginning on September 1, 2012, applicants can satisfy the experience requirement with a 2-year "apprenticeship" period, which must include experience in the personal delivery of all six elements of financial planning under the direct supervision of a CFP professional.
Ethics: Applicants for CFP certification must agree to abide by CFP Board's Standards of Professional Conduct and consent to CFP Board's authority to enforce those standards. |
325_6 | CFP certification must be renewed biannually by completing ongoing certification requirements, including continuing education and continued adherence to CFP Board's Standards of Professional Conduct. CFP Board's certification requirements are amended from time to time.
In March 2010, the CFP Board adopted a new “Financial Plan Development Course” requirement. Future applicants must take a new course that demonstrates the ability to deliver professional and competent financial planning services to the public. This "Capstone" course requirement took effect for all students with matriculation dates after January 1, 2012, and for those who apply for "Challenge" status after March 2012; with changes announced in December 2014, though, the Capstone requirement will no longer apply for Challengers after July 1, 2015. |
325_7 | Standards of professional conduct
Individuals who hold CFP certification agree to abide by a set of documents collectively referred to as CFP Board's Standards of Professional Conduct (the Standards), including a Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility, Rules of Conduct, Financial Planning Practice Standards and Candidate Fitness Standards.
The CFP Board adopted its first code of ethics in 1986. In 2006, the CFP Board's release of proposed changes to the Standards generated controversy within the financial planning profession by introducing a fiduciary standard of care that was negotiable. Following two public comment periods, the Board adopted a set of revisions that included a non-negotiable fiduciary standard of care for financial planning services |
325_8 | The CFP Board enforces the Standards through a process outlined in its Disciplinary Rules and Procedures. Hearings for cases involving alleged violation of the Standards are held by CFP Board's Disciplinary and Ethics Commission, which can impose discipline where appropriate. Disciplinary actions taken by CFP Board, in order of increasing severity, include private censures, public letters of admonition, suspensions, and permanent revocations.
The Financial Planning Coalition
In December 2008, CFP Board entered into a collaboration with the Financial Planning Association and National Association of Personal Financial Advisors (NAPFA) to create the Financial Planning Coalition with the goal of representing financial planners as the U.S. government works to reform the financial services industry. |
325_9 | CFP Board and the public
In 2006, the Board hosted its first Financial Planning Clinic in the Los Angeles area, allowing participant to attend workshops and hold private consultations with volunteer CFP professionals at no cost. Since 2006, additional Financial Planning Clinics have been held in Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Las Vegas, Miami, Oakland, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
Certifications, designations and degrees
The CFP mark is a "Board Certification" or professional designation offered to those who meet the requirements for certification and who pass the CFP exam. CFP Board of Standards does not award degrees or a diploma; however, CFP Board works with degree granting educational institutions worldwide. CFP Board has a registered provider system of colleges that offer the financial planning courses. Those registered programs that offer CFP educational courses are listed on CFP Board's website. There is a College for Financial Planning that is a degree granting body. |
325_10 | References
External links
CFP mark
CFP exam.
External links
CFP Board official Website CFP Board
Professional certification in finance
Personal finance
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Organizations established in 1985
501(c)(3) organizations
1985 establishments in the United States |
326_0 | Text Santa was a charity initiative set up in 2011 by ITV to support UK-based charities during the Christmas period. The appeal to the public is to donate money mainly via text donation and profits from merchandise. The telethons have been hosted by popular ITV presenters including Phillip Schofield, Christine Bleakley, and Ant & Dec. The 2015 appeal show was the last after ITV decided to axe the show to make way for an all-year appeal. |
326_1 | Music
The Text Santa 2015 appeal theme music was created by London-based music production company A-MNEMONIC Music Official Website. In previous years, the theme music that was used was created by British composer Leigh Haggerwood of The Florin Street Band, who re-worked his Christmas song "My Favourite Time of Year" especially for the appeal, creating theme and background music along with various other original compositions. The song – with its sweeping string melodies and critically acclaimed Victorian-themed music video has gained worldwide popularity and was recently performed by the United States Army Band in Washington D.C. Leigh Haggerwood is proud of the songs association with the Text Santa campaign and has pledged to support it each year. "My Favourite Time of Year" was not used for the 2015 appeal. |
326_2 | Official single
In 2013, the cast of The Big Reunion released a cover of "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday", with all proceeds going to the Text Santa charities. The single peaked at 21 in the UK singles charts.
Charities
All of the money raised gets split between the charities supported by the appeal. In 2011, there were nine chosen charities, in 2012, 2013 and 2014, there were six and in 2015, there were three.
Overview
Presenters
2011 appeal
The 2011 appeal aired in two parts. The launch show aired on 11 December 2011 and was hosted by Phillip Schofield and Christine Lampard. The main show aired on Christmas Eve (24 December 2011) with Ant & Dec and Holly Willoughby as presenters.
Events
On 27 November 2011, at The Kia Oval Cricket Ground, thousands of people attempted a Guinness World Record for the largest Santa gathering. entertained the participants. However, not enough people turned out for the record attempt of 13,200 Santas. |
326_3 | 2012 appeal
The 2012 telethon aired live on 21 December 2012. The first hour of the telethon was hosted by Ant & Dec, the second by Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby and the third by Christine Lampard and Paddy McGuinness, all from The London Studios.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center;"
|-
! Show !! Date !! Timeslots !! Presenters
|-
| style="width:150px;"|Text Santa Starts Here!(launch show) || rowspan=5|21-22 December 2012 || style="width:75px;"|18:55–19:00 || rowspan=2|Ant & Dec
|-
| rowspan=3|Main show || 20:00–21:00
|-
| 21:00–22:00 || Phillip SchofieldHolly Willoughby
|-
| 22:00–23:00 || Paddy McGuinnessChristine Lampard
|-
| Text Santa:One More Time(highlights show)''' || 00:00–01:15 || Ant & DecPhillip SchofieldHolly WilloughbyPaddy McGuinness Christine Lampard
|} |
326_4 | Within other shows
A special edition of The Jeremy Kyle Show aired at 09:25 featuring people with many disabilities and talked about how the Text Santa charities helped them and their families get through their difficulties. Kyle treated these people with special trips and featured a guest appearance from Only Boys Aloud.
A special edition of Dickinson's Real Deal from Ilford aired at 15:00 for Text Santa.
A celebrity special of The Chase aired at 17:00 on 21 December for Text Santa, featuring Bradley Walsh as host with contestants Lorraine Kelly, Craig Charles, Jamelia and Dom Joly. Together, they raised £22,000 for the Text Santa charities.
A special edition of Celebrity Juice aired on ITV & UTV at 23:15 and on STV at midnight on 22 December and was once again presented by Keith Lemon, Fearne Cotton and Holly Willoughby with panellists Davina McCall, Louis Smith, Aston Merrygold, Stacey Solomon and Simon Gregson. |
326_5 | Laura Hamilton and Jeff Brazier presented a special 45-minute CITV programme at 16:00 on 21 December called Text Santa: CITV Special. |
326_6 | Events
On 2 December 2012, around 8,500 people took part in a 'Santa Dash' in Liverpool, attempting a Guinness World Record for the largest Santa gathering whilst raising money for Text Santa, however, they didn't break the record of 13,200 santas.
On 6 December 2012, the Biggest Bag Pack Ever took place in 200 Asda stores nationwide, celebrities including Eamonn Holmes and Ruth Langsford helped out in the Watford branch.
eBay auctions took place to raise money for Text Santa, items sold included This Morning's sofa which sold for £1,200 and a tour of the Daybreak studios in London which sold for £510.
2013 appeal
The 2013 telethon aired live on 20 December 2013. The first hour of the telethon was hosted by Ant & Dec, the second by Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby, and the third and final hour by Christine Bleakley and Paddy McGuinness, all broadcast live from The London Studios.
Morrisons, Santander and Vodafone were Text Santas official partners for the 2013 appeal. |
326_7 | An official charity single by the cast of The Big Reunion, performing a cover of "I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday" was released in December 2013 to raise money for Text Santa. |
326_8 | Within other shows
15p from each vote on the entertainment show Stepping Out, went to the Text Santa charities.This Morning's 'Take a Moment' campaign raised £250,000 for the Text Santa appeal. The total was announced live on This Morning in December 2013 by Ruth Langsford, Andi Peters and Eamonn Holmes.
On 20 December, there was a Text Santa 'takeover' on ITV, with some of the daytime programmes showing donation clips throughout the daytime schedule.
A Text Santa special of The Jeremy Kyle Show aired at 09:25 on 20 December. It starred Jeremy Kyle who gave deserving children a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to visit Lapland.
A Text Santa special of Peter Andre's 60 Minute Makeover aired from Burgess Hill in West Sussex at 14:00 on 20 December, where the team performed a makeover of the lounge at The Cherry Tree Activity Centre, run by the Text Santa charity Age UK.
A Text Santa special of Dickinson's Real Deal aired from Edgbaston in Birmingham at 15:00 on 20 December. |
326_9 | A Text Santa special of Show Me the Telly aired at 16:00 on 20 December. The show, presented by Richard Bacon featured "legends" Chris Tarrant, Simon Gregson and Vanessa Feltz and television critics Boyd Hilton, Ian Hyland and Kevin O'Sullivan who won £3,000 for Text Santa.
A celebrity special of The Chase aired at 17:00 on 20 December, featuring Bradley Walsh as host with celebrity contestants from the ITV News, Matt Barbet, Alastair Stewart, Romilly Weeks and Charlene White. Together, they raised £55,000 for the Text Santa appeal.
Sooty, Sweep, Soo and Richard Cadell with guest stars Andy Akinwolere and Laura Hamilton appeared in a "Make it!" episode of the charity's five minute television appeal "Help with Hattitude" featured the cast of Sooty showing the public how to get involved. It was first shown on the CITV channel on Monday 25 November 2013. |
326_10 | Events
On 5 December 2013, Text Santa broke the Guinness World Record for the largest number of pantomime horses in a race over 100 metres.
eBay auctions took place to raise money for Text Santa, items sold included Phillip Schofield's face made of chocolate.
2014 appeal
In May 2014, it was announced that Text Santa would return for a fourth year in December 2014. The telethon aired live on 19 December 2014, a couple of weeks after the launch show, hosted by Phillip Schofield.
The presenting line-up changed slightly. With Holly Willoughby off on maternity leave, Alesha Dixon joined Paddy McGuinness for a segment of the show, while Phillip Schofield was reunited with his former Dancing on Ice co-host Christine Bleakley. Ant & Dec returned to the show as well. |
326_11 | On 19 December, the first part of Text Santa was hosted by Ant & Dec, the second by Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley, and the remainder of the show by Paddy McGuinness and Alesha Dixon. It was broadcast from The London Studios. |
326_12 | Within other shows
15p from each vote on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, went to the 2014 Text Santa charities.
A Text Santa special of The Jeremy Kyle Show aired at 09:25 on 19 December. It saw Jeremy Kyle giving deserving children a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to visit Lapland.
A Text Santa special of Peter Andre's 60 Minute Makeover aired from Woodford Green in Essex at 14:00 on 19 December, where the team performed a makeover of the Buddy Hut at Haven House Children's Hospice, which is supported by Text Santa.
On 18 November 2014, a Text Santa edition of Tipping Point was recorded. It featured Good Morning Britain presenters Charlotte Hawkins, Susanna Reid, Andi Peters and Richard Arnold, with normal host Ben Shephard as the host. It was aired on 19 December at 16:00. They raised a combined total of over £13,000 for the Text Santa charities. |
326_13 | There was a Text Santa celebrity special of the game show The Cube, hosted by Phillip Schofield. It aired during the live telethon on 19 December and starred Paddy McGuinness and Alesha Dixon. They were the first ever people to take on The Cube together. Leigh Francis' alter ego Keith Lemon also made a guest appearance as 'The Body' as well as guests The Chuckle Brothers. They won £100,000 for the charities.
Mel B and Warwick Davis guest starred in a Coronation Street sketch.
There was a Birds of a Feather sketch for Text Santa starring regular cast including Lesley Joseph, Linda Robson and Pauline Quirke as well as a guest appearance from Paul O'Grady, playing Santa Claus.
The Downton Abbey sketch for Text Santa guest starred George Clooney, Jeremy Piven and Joanna Lumley. |
326_14 | Events
eBay auctions took place to raise money for Text Santa, items sold included tickets to The X Factor final at Wembley Arena and a set tour of Downton Abbey.Phillip's Live 24-Hour TV MarathonPhillip Schofield presented a live 24-hour long programme on ITV3 for Text Santa. It was broadcast on 1 December through to 2 December 2014 and recorded in Studio 3 at The London Studios.
Phillip's JustGiving page has raised £101,924 for the Text Santa charities.
He also abseiled the tower at The London Studios for Text Santa.
The 24-hour show was nominated for a 2015 Broadcast Digital Award in the category of "Best Sports or Live Event Coverage". |
326_15 | Running order
1 December 2014
11:00 – TV marathon begins, Phillip co-hosts This Morning with Amanda Holden.
12:30 – Phillip is a guest panellist on Loose Women alongside Ruth Langsford, Penny Lancaster and Jane Moore.
13:20 – Phillip travels to ITN with Chris Moyles, and chats to Mary Nightingale on the Mobile Phone.
13:30 – Phillip is given a tour of ITV News office by Mary Nightingale before being interviewed by Steve Scott on the ITV Lunchtime News.
14:10 – Phillip returns to Kent House to have a rehearsal for his national weather forecast with Lucy Verasamy.
14:25 – Phillip sees his Text Santa studio for the first time.
14:30 – Phillip discovers his next big challenge for Text Santa, where he has to abseil down the side of Kent House seeing Chris Moyles, Ruth Langsford, Gemma Collins, Lucy Verasamy, and the This Morning crew in the various offices.
15:30 – Phillip is joined by Penny Lancaster to meet some of the people who Text Santa help. |
326_16 | 16:00 – Phillip is joined by his former Dancing on Ice co-host Christine Bleakley as well as dancers Vincent Simone and Flavia Cacace. There is also an exclusive look at the brand new CITV animation with footballer Frank Lampard.
17:11 – There is a special performance of Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life from Spamalot with Joe Pasquale and Todd Carty.
17:32 – Phillip looks at some fundraising ideas with Myleene Klass and Rav Wilding.
17:45 – Myleene Klass joined Phillip to look at some celebrity outfits the public could bid on to raise money for Text Santa.
18:00 – Phillip is joined by Peter Dickson as they take a train ride along London's South Bank, to the Christmas Market, meeting some of the X Factor finalists along the way as well as Xtra Factor presenter Sarah Jane Crawford, before helping turn the London Eye red, one of the Text Santa colours. |
326_17 | 18:55 – Phillip's live national weather forecast for Text Santa, broadcast live from the Good Morning Britain studio and under guidance from Lucy Verasamy.
19:00 – Phillip is joined by Andi Peters who gives reactions to his Weather Forecast.
19:23 – Phillip is joined in the studio by Patti Clare to talk about the Coronation Street v Emmerdale Netball game and what Coronation Street has in store for Text Santa.
19:28 – Phillip does a live continuity announcement on ITV to Coronation Street.
19:30 – Phillip chats to Mark Labbett, who talks about the Text Santa Quiz night, then he speaks to Linda Robson who talks about one of the Text Santa charities Marie Curie.
19:40 – Michael Ball dropped by to talk to Phillip about his new album.
19:45 – Phillip does a live trail on ITV.
19:49 – Amanda Holden joined Phillip live in the studio in her Pyjamas, to brief him on the following day's This Morning. |
326_18 | 20:00 – There was a world exclusive of George Clooney's cameo in Downton Abbey's Text Santa special.
20:03 – Phillip chats to ITV News Central's Sameena Ali-Khan at Villa Park who is hosting a Text Santa Curry Night.
20:07 – Phillip ordered the food for the I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! curry night.
20:12 – Phillip went live to Ant and Dec in Australia ahead of the latest episode of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, then former campmates Ashley Roberts, Christopher Biggins, Kerry Katona, Tony Blackburn, Amy Willerton, Janet Street-Porter and Joe Pasquale arrived to watch the latest episode of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!.
20:24 – Phillip spoke to Jason Wouhra from East End Foods as he delivered the curry for the I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! curry night. |
326_19 | 20:27 – Phillip does a continuity announcement for I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! on ITV, before he re-joined the former campmates who shared their experiences in the jungle, while they watched the latest episode live, in their own edition of Gogglebox with a curry.
20:59 – During I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, Phillip took a Skype call from Holly Willoughby.
22:00 – After doing a Continuity announcement for the News At Ten, Phillip chats to Laura Whitmore, Joe Swash, and Rob Beckett on I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here Now before he does the Fish Eyes Challenge, and Phillip's hosts his own celebrity pub quiz with celebrities including Wayne Sleep, Chico Slimani, Ashleigh and Pudsey, Liz McClarnon, Heidi Range, Lydia Rose Bright, Ferne McCann, Rav Wilding, Lauren Goodger and Bobby-Cole Norris.
23:15 – Pixie Lott chats to Phillip. |
326_20 | 23:34 – After Phillip made his last continuity announcement on ITV, Phillip's daughters, Ruby and Molly surprised him on Skype, then Pixie Lott gave a special performance.
23:41 – Magician and star of ITV2's Tricked, Ben Hanlin challenges Phillip to walk on glass.
2 December 2014
00:00 – Phillip is joined by Davina McCall who have a midnight feast on the roof of Kent house.
00:30 – Phillip is joined by the cast of Made in Chelsea who are giving the lifts in the Reception of ITV Towers a makeover.
00:40 – Phillip is joined by This Morning agony aunt Denise Robertson, as she answers the dilemmas of some familiar faces.
02:15 – Phillip is joined by the third series of The Great British Bake Off winner John Whaite to make some Hot Chocolate.
02:28 – Ian Wallace, a dream expert joins Phillip to discuss people's dreams.
03:19 – Phillip talks to Olly Mann live on LBC, and then Jenni Falconer before her show on Heart. |
326_21 | 04:00 – Ben Shephard arrives at ITV Towers to speak to Phillip and judge the ITV lifts makeover.
04:26 – Phillip talks to Eamonn Holmes as he gets ready to appear on Sunrise on Sky News.
05:00 – Phillip gets ready to appear on Good Morning Britain06:00-07:30 – Phillip joined the team on Good Morning Britain.
07:30 – Phillip prepares to meet Prime Minister David Cameron
08:00 – Phillip interviewed David Cameron live from the Cabinet Room of 10 Downing Street.
08:30 – Phillip cooks breakfast for Lorraine Kelly and joins her on her show, Lorraine.
10:00 – Phillip starts his rehearsals for This Morning programme.
10:30 – Phillip goes live on This Morning, co-hosting with Amanda Holden.
11:00 – TV marathon ends on ITV's This Morning programme. |
326_22 | 2015 appealText Santa returned to ITV on 18 December 2015, with a new line-up with Stephen Mulhern, Amanda Holden, Caroline Flack and Olly Murs joining the presenting team.
Phillip Schofield, Christine Bleakley, Holly Willoughby, Alesha Dixon and Paddy McGuinness all returned this year. Ant & Dec didn't return to host Text Santa in 2015. The 2015 show was the last ever after Text Santa's cancellation in 2016.
Appeal videos were hosted by Ant & Dec, Bradley Walsh, Julie Walters, Martin Clunes and Myleene Klass. |
326_23 | Within other shows
15p from each vote on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, went to the 2015 Text Santa charities.
A Text Santa edition of The Jeremy Kyle Show aired at 09:25 on 18 December 2015.
A Text Santa edition of Judge Rinder aired on 18 December 2015 at 14:00.
A celebrity Text Santa edition of 1000 Heartbeats aired on 18 December 2015 at 15:00. Keith Lemon and Tess Daly took part in the episode and collectively won £7,500 for Text Santa.
A celebrity Text Santa edition of Tipping Point aired on 18 December 2015 at 16:00 with Mark Foster, Tanni Grey-Thompson, Chris Kamara and Bobby George. Together, they raised a combined total of £4,850
A Text Santa celebrity edition of The Chase was recorded in October 2015. The celebrities who took part were Robert Rinder, Brian McFadden, Denise Robertson and Andrea McLean. The chaser was Mark Labbett who beat the contestants. They still took away £6,000 for the Text Santa charities. |
326_24 | Phillip Schofield appeared in Pip Knit on 1 December 2015. It saw him make guest appearances in every ITV show broadcast from 06:00 until 22:30.
The Downton Abbey sketch for Text Santa guest starred Bruce Forsyth, Gordon Ramsay, Gok Wan, Brenda Blethyn, Jim Broadbent, Michelle Keegan and Warwick Davis and aired during the telethon on 18 December.
A special edition of Benidorm for Text Santa starred Joan Collins and aired during the Update show on 25 December.
A Coronation Street sketch aired during the live telethon on 18 December. The special edition guest starred Richard Branson.
A celebrity edition of Ninja Warrior UK aired during the telethon on 18 December. The celebrities who took part were Ryan Thomas, Kimberly Wyatt, Mark Wright, Marvin Humes, Gemma Atkinson, Jayne Torvill, Christopher Dean, Philip Olivier, Louise Hazel, Ugo Monye and Carl Froch. |
326_25 | A special Text Santa edition of Big Star's Little Star called Big Star's Bigger Star aired during the telethon and was presented by Stephen Mulhern. The celebrities who took part were Emma Willis, George Shelley and Jennie McAlpine. |
326_26 | Events
The Knitted ad break was released on the 18th December, prior to Christmas Jumper Day. In Partnership with British Gas, Nationwide, BT, Dreams, DFS and Amazon Prime.
eBay auctions took place to raise money for Text Santa. Items for sale included a Ninja Warrior UK foam finger, signed by the presenters and a VIP Loose Women'' studio experience.
References
2011 British television series debuts
2011 establishments in the United Kingdom
2015 British television series endings
2015 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British telethons
Christmas organizations
Donation
ITV (TV network) original programming
Organizations established in 2011
Organizations disestablished in 2015
Television series by ITV Studios |
327_0 | John Hume (18 January 19373 August 2020) was an Irish nationalist politician from Northern Ireland, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the recent political history of Ireland, as one of the architects of the Northern Ireland peace process.
A native of Derry, he was a founding member of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), and served as its second leader from 1979 to 2001. He also served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP), and a Member of the UK Parliament (MP), as well as a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA).
Hume was co-recipient of the 1998 Nobel Peace Prize with David Trimble, and also received both the Gandhi Peace Prize and the Martin Luther King Award. He is the only person to receive the three major peace awards. |
327_1 | In 2012, Pope Benedict XVI made Hume a Knight Commander of the Papal Order of St. Gregory the Great.
He was named "Ireland's Greatest" in a 2010 public poll by Irish national broadcaster RTÉ to find the greatest person in Ireland's history.
Early life and education
Hume was born in 1937 in Derry, the son of Anne (née Doherty) and Samuel Hume. He had a mostly Irish Catholic background; though his great-grandfather was a Presbyterian immigrant into County Donegal from Scotland. Hume was a student at St Columb's College and at St Patrick's College, Maynooth, the leading Catholic seminary in Ireland and a recognised college of the National University of Ireland, where he intended to study for the priesthood. Among his teachers was the future Tomás Cardinal Ó Fiaich, a future Primate of All Ireland. |
327_2 | Hume did not complete his clerical studies but did obtain an M.A. degree in French and history from the college in 1958, and then returned home to his native Derry, where he became a teacher. He was a founding member of the Credit Union movement in the city and was chair of the University for Derry Committee in 1965, an unsuccessful fight to have Northern Ireland's second university established in Derry in the mid-1960s.
Hume became the youngest ever President of the Irish League of Credit Unions at age 27. He served in the role from 1964 to 1968. He once said that "all the things I've been doing, it's the thing I'm proudest of because no movement has done more good for the people of Ireland, north and south, than the credit union movement." |
327_3 | Hume became a leading figure in the civil rights movement in the late 1960s along with people such as Hugh Logue. Hume was a prominent figure in the Derry Citizens' Action Committee. The DCAC was set up in the wake of 5 October 1968 march through Derry which had caused much attention to be drawn towards the situation in Northern Ireland. The purpose of the DCAC was to make use of the publicity surrounding recent events to bring to light grievances in Derry that had been suppressed by the Unionist Government for years. The DCAC, unlike Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA), was aimed specifically at a local campaign, improving the situation in Derry for everyone, and maintaining a peaceful stance. The committee also had a Stewards Association that was there to prevent any violence at marches or sit-downs.
Political career |
327_4 | Hume became an Independent Nationalist member of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1969 at the height of the civil rights campaign. He was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1973, and served as Minister of Commerce in the short-lived power-sharing Executive in 1974. He stood unsuccessfully for the Westminster Parliament for the Londonderry constituency in October 1974, and was elected for Foyle in 1983.
In October 1971 he joined four Westminster MPs in a 48-hour hunger strike to protest at the internment without trial of hundreds of suspected Irish republicans. State papers that have been released under the 30 year rule that an Irish diplomat eight years later in 1979 believed Hume supported the return of internment. |
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