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331_12 | Paikara Boraikuri College
Poranagar Model College
Porsha College, Porsha
Raigaon College
Raninagar Women's College
Sapahar Government College
Shahebganj Technical and Business Management College
Shahid Abdul Jabber Mangalbari Secondary Girls' School & College
Sher-E-Bangla Degree Mahavidyalaya
Shuktigachha K.D School & College
Tetulia B. M. C. College
Tilna Degree College |
331_13 | Secondary
Ahsan Ullah Memorial Government School
Aranagar High School
Atrai High School
Bamoil High school
Agradigun ML High School
Alalpur Hagi Shek Alam High School
Al-Helal Islami Academy & College
Amanta M.L High School
Badalgachi Pilot High School
Balihar BL High School
Balubazar S.M. High School
Bathoil Gopal Pramanik High School
Bamoil High School
Bandaikhara High School
Barakhol High School
Bhanderpur B.L. High School
Bharaduba Akther Hamid Siddique High School
Biam Laboratory School and College
Bilkorilla B.M. High School
Chak Atitha High School
Chak Simla High School
Chackgopal High School
Chanda Ideal High School
Chakmoiram Model High School
Chakmuli High School
Chakuli High School
Chandipur High School
Dubalhati Raja Haranath High School
Fatehpur First High School
Fatepur (2nd) High School
Gaganpur High School
Gobindapur High School
Gotegari Shaheed Mamun High School & College
Hapania High School
Ilshabari High School |
331_14 | Jahangirpur Model High School
Janakallan Model High School
Joypur Dangapara High School
Kamta S.N High School
Kaligram Rathindranath Institution
Katkhoir High School
Kaya Para Kamar Kuri High School
Khirshin S.K. High School
Kirttipur High School
Kola Bijlee High School
Kushadanga High School
Mainam High School
Mallickpur High School
Manda Thana Adarsha Girls' School and College
Madhail B.L. High School
Mithapur B. L. High School
Mohadevpur Sarba Mongala (Pilot) High School
Nakucha High School
Naogaon Government Girls High School
Naogaon K.D. Government High School
Naogaon Zilla School
Nazipur High School
Niskinpur High School
P.M Girls High School
Paharpur G. M. High School
Pakuria United High School
Paschim Naogaon High School, Bus Terminal
Patnitala High School
Patul High School
Pirojpur BL High School
PKA High School
Porsha High Madrasa Cum High School
Raigaon High School
Rasulpur High School |
331_15 | Ratowal Bishwo Kabi Rabindranath Tagore Dimukhi High School
Shahapur D.A High School
Sapahar Government Girls' High School
Sapahar Pilot High School
Saraswatipur High School
Sarbomongola (Pilot) High School
Shaluka High School
Shihara High School
Shisha Multilateral High School
Soguna High School
Teghoria BL High School
Tilakpur Muslim High School
Tilna Multilateral High School
Usti B.S High School
Uttargram B.L High School |
331_16 | Madrasas
Bamoil Senior Alim Madrasa
Chandipur Dakhil Madrasa
Dalil Lekhok Dakhil Madrasa
Deul Duargpur Alarabia Dakhil Madrasha
Dubalhati Hafezia and Forkanea Madrasha
Gaganpur Oyajedia Fajil (Degree) Madrasha
Goyra Fazil Madrasha
Namajgor Gawsul Azom Kamil Madrasah
Noholakalupara Dakhil Masrasha
Pachupur Alim Madrasah
Paranpur Kamil Madrasah
Rahimapur Fazil Madrasah
Usti Zakeria Senior Fazil Madrasah
Media |
331_17 | Notable residents
Mohammad Baitullah, first deputy speaker of Bangladesh Parliament
Gahanananda, 14th President of the Ramakrishna Order
Talim Hossain, poet; recipient of Ekushey Padak and Bangla Academy Literary Award; founder of Nazrul Academy in Dhaka
James, singer
Abdul Jalil, politician, Awami activist, former Secretary of Bangladesh Awami League and founding chairman of Mercantile Bank Limited, Bangladesh
Kala Pahar, Muslim general of Bengal Sultanate
Shabnam Mustari, singer; recipient of Ekushey Padak; daughter of Talim Hossain
Shiran Khalji, second Muslim ruler of Bengal
See also
Gaganpur
References
External links
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/322
Districts of Bangladesh |
332_0 | The Ryanverse is a term for the political drama media franchise created by acclaimed author Tom Clancy centering on the character of Jack Ryan and the fictional universe featuring Jack and other characters, such as John Clark and Domingo Chavez.
Novels
The first book written to feature Jack Ryan was The Hunt for Red October.
By publication date
Books in the order in which they were written:
The Hunt for Red October (1984)
Patriot Games (1987)
The Cardinal of the Kremlin (1988)
Clear and Present Danger (1989)
The Sum of All Fears (1991)
Without Remorse (1993)
Debt of Honor (1994)
Executive Orders (1996)
Rainbow Six (1998)
The Bear and the Dragon (2000)
Red Rabbit (2002)
The Teeth of the Tiger (2003)
Dead or Alive (2010, with Grant Blackwood)
Against All Enemies (2011, with Peter Telep)
Search and Destroy (Cancelled, with Peter Telep)
Locked On (2011, with Mark Greaney)
Threat Vector (2012, with Mark Greaney)
Command Authority (2013, with Mark Greaney) |
332_1 | Post-Clancy Ryanverse novels
Support and Defend (2014, by Mark Greaney)
Full Force and Effect (2014, by Mark Greaney)
Under Fire (2015, by Grant Blackwood)
Commander in Chief (2015, by Mark Greaney)
Duty and Honor (2016, by Grant Blackwood)
True Faith and Allegiance (2016, by Mark Greaney)
Point of Contact (2017, by Mike Maden)
Power and Empire (2017, by Marc Cameron)
Line of Sight (2018, by Mike Maden)
Oath of Office (2018, by Marc Cameron)
Enemy Contact (2019, by Mike Maden)
Code of Honor (2019, by Marc Cameron)
Firing Point (2020, by Mike Maden)
Shadow of the Dragon (2020, by Marc Cameron)
Target Acquired (2021, by Don Bentley)
Chain of Command (2021, by Marc Cameron)
Zero Hour (forthcoming June 2022, by Don Bentley) |
332_2 | Chronology
In the order in which they occur in the storyline (and rough estimates of when they occur):
Without Remorse - Begins in late 1969 in the aftermath of Hurricane Camille and continues the following spring in 1970. Epilogue is titled "February 12, 1973".
Patriot Games - Begins in 1981 and continues through summer 1982 based on a reference to Ryan's age, which is 31 at the beginning of the novel. Roughly fits with a reference to the Princess of Wales's first child being a boy and a few months old, since Prince William was born in 1982. Discrepancies include the reference to a van having a likely year of manufacture of 1984 and a reference to crime data of 1985. The subsequent events of Red Rabbit would seem to push its date back to 1981, rather than 1982. |
332_3 | Red Rabbit - Presumably starts in the spring of 1982 as Jack Ryan Jr.'s age in the novel is given as 5 months, although the main action explicitly starts on August 15. Discrepancies between 1982 in the Ryanverse and in actual events, aside from the date of the attempt on the Pope's life, include the actual death of Mikhail Suslov in January 1982, frequent references to Transformers which did not appear until 1984, the fact that the Baltimore Orioles played against the Philadelphia Phillies in the World Series in 1983, the Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis not occurring until 1984, and a reference to Coke Classic which did not debut until the summer of 1985.
The Hunt for Red October - 1984. However, the calendar used is for 1982 and Ryan is spending his first Christmas in London, having arrived in the previous novel. |
332_4 | The Cardinal of the Kremlin - 1986. The first chapter is set in January and states that Ryan is 35 years old. It also has references to the other books set earlier. For example, the Foleys have been in Moscow for almost four years.
Clear and Present Danger - 1988. The book refers to Jack's age as under 40. Troops are sent into Colombia to fight against the Medellín Cartel and reduce drug shipments to America.
The Sum of All Fears - 1990–1991. The book occurs after the Persian Gulf War and before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It is implied that both events occur at the same time in the Ryan universe as in actual event in 1991. In the earlier chapters, it states that it had almost been two Novembers since President Fowler had been elected, making the beginning set in 1990. The video game Rainbow Six puts the atomic detonation in Denver as having occurred in 1989. (The film adaption is set after the break-up of the Soviet Union.) |
332_5 | Debt of Honor - 1995–1996. The end of the novel occurs eleven months before the 1997 presidential inauguration. Of interest, but not crucial to the plot of this or further books is that North and South Korea were said to be unified at some point between The Sum of All Fears and this book.
Executive Orders - 1997-1998
Rainbow Six - 1999-2001. The novel is stated to take place over a year and a half after the Ebola attack from the previous novel. The 2000 Summer Olympics is also the site of an attempted bioweapon attack with a modified strain of the Ebola virus. The epilogue of the novel is stated to take place six months later. |
332_6 | The Bear and the Dragon - 2002. It is explicitly mentioned multiple times that the ending of Debt of Honor occurred fifteen months before the start of this book, putting the timing somewhere between 1997-1998. However, this seems to be an oversight by the author. Rainbow exists and is discussed as well, denoting that Rainbow Six is this book's predecessor both chronologically and by publication date.
The Teeth of the Tiger - 2006, based on the age of Jack Ryan Jr. The U.S. is now engaged in a global war on terrorism, in response to the September 11 attacks, which occurred in the Ryan universe as they did in the real world. It is mentioned that the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq occurred in the Ryan universe continuity, and that the Jerusalem Treaty signed in The Sum of All Fears was not entirely successful as some Israelis and Palestinians continue fighting each other. |
332_7 | Dead or Alive - 2007, based on Jack Ryan's announcement that he would run against Ed Kealty for President "in the coming year". The Umayyad Revolutionary Council (the Ryan universe version of Al-Qaeda) and its leader "The Emir" (based on Osama bin Laden) plan a string of major attacks on the U.S. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq continue, as in our timeline, and President Kealty is in the process of withdrawing U.S. troops from Iraq. A character decoding encrypted messages explicitly refers to the date as May 2010, but this must be seen as a contradiction in the Jack Ryan continuity as Ed Kealty is a one term president (2005-2008).
Against All Enemies - 2008. However, the novel uses the 2010 calendar.
Locked On - 2008, based on Jack Ryan Sr.'s campaign for re-election. Jack Ryan Sr. is running for president against incumbent Ed Kealty, who wants to serve a second term (2009-2012). The election happening in this book requires the events take place in 2008. |
332_8 | Threat Vector - 2009, explicitly stated as six months after the previous novel. Ryan Sr. has been sworn in as president of the United States after having been elected the previous year.
Command Authority - 2010, explicitly states that Ryan Sr. is in the second year of his second presidential term. It is implied the novel takes place about five months after the events of Threat Vector in the springtime. Based on the timelines of previous books, the 'Thirty years earlier' chapters must still take place in 1983 (and are therefore actually 27 years earlier).
Support and Defend - 2010. The Campus is on operational stand down following the events of Command Authority. Dom Caruso is stated as being 32 years old. Brian's death is mentioned as taking place over two years earlier. Ethan Ross had worked at the White House for three years under two administrations. |
332_9 | Full Force and Effect - 2010, based on the ages of John Clark (66) and Ding Chavez (47). It is implied that the Vietnam operation takes place several months after the events of Command Authority and approximately one week after the end of Support and Defend. It is mentioned that Clark's torture in Locked On took place two years ago. Choi tells Ri, and it is also mentioned in a conversation between Ryan Sr. and Arnie Van Damm, that Ryan has two years of his presidential term left.
Under Fire - 2010. The novel is written as though it takes place in late winter: it was sleeting in Washington and fake snow spray was used in Edinburgh. It is stated that the Forth Road Bridge tolls were reintroduced in February and that the seaside tourist season is three months away. However, the timelines of the next two novels set this sometime in late summer or early autumn. |
332_10 | Commander in Chief - October 2010. It is explicitly stated that the novel takes place in October and the events of Full Force and Effect are implied throughout the book as taking place several months ago. This is contradicted by mentioning that the events of Command Authority took place 'a year earlier', Jack Ryan Jr. had worked for The Campus for five years, and John Clark's age is 67. It is also noted that Jack Ryan Jr. had known Ysabel for one month. The continued mention of October and the approaching winter verifies Under Fire and this novel are set at the end of 2010 - Duty and Honor also confirms that this is the case. Further contradicted as the book explicitly stays "It was Europe in 2016" |
332_11 | Duty and Honor Spring 2011, based on the mention of the Lyon attacks taking place in January, at the same time Jack Ryan Jr. was on probation from The Campus. It is also noted this novel takes place several months after the events of Commander in Chief, therefore confirming that Commander in Chief and Under Fire actually took place in the last quarter of 2010. |
332_12 | True Faith and Allegiance - May to June 2011. It is stated the beginning of the novel takes place 7 months after the events of Commander in Chief. John Clark is still aged 67. Adara and Dom have been dating for a year. It is also mentioned that it is 'well over a year' since the events of Command Authority, the events of Threat Vector took place 'a couple of years back', and the events of Full Force and Effect took happened 'last year'. In a conversation, Ryan Jr tells his father that in two years he will no longer be president. Contradictions are Alex Dalca's age and stated year of birth. Also Gerry Hendley says that Laird was killed in 2017. Later on in the novel, Sally Ryan is implied to be in her early to mid thirties, which ties in with the 2011 date. |
332_13 | Point of Contact - 2012. It is explicitly stated that the events of True Faith and Allegiance took place last year and the events of Full Force and Effect happened two years ago. Jack Jr.'s age is implied to be under 30, which is a slight contradiction.
Power and Empire (?)
Line of Sight (?)
Oath of Office (?)
Enemy Contact (?)
Code of Honor (?)
Firing Point (?)
Shadow of the Dragon (?)
Target Acquired (?)
Chain of Command (?)
Zero Hour (?) |
332_14 | Characters |
332_15 | Main
The key characters in the Ryanverse include:
Jack Ryan: The son of a Baltimore police detective and a nurse, Ryan is a former U.S. Marine and stockbroker who becomes a history teacher at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. Ryan later joins the Central Intelligence Agency as analyst and occasional field officer, eventually leaving it as Deputy Director. He later served as National Security Advisor and Vice President before suddenly becoming President of the United States following a terrorist attack on the United States Capitol. Ryan went on to serve two non-consecutive terms and mostly dealt with international crises in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. |
332_16 | John Clark: A former Navy SEAL and Chief Petty Officer as John Terrence Kelly, he became an operations officer for the CIA after faking his death and adopting the Clark identity, and at one point served as Ryan’s driver and bodyguard. During Ryan's first term as president, Clark served as director of a multinational counter-terrorism unit code-named Rainbow, which is composed of elite soldiers from countries part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After retiring from CIA and Rainbow, he then worked for The Campus, an off-the-books intelligence organization created by President Ryan, later acquiring a higher position as director of operations. Clark has been described by his creator as "Ryan’s dark side" and "more inclined to take physical action than Jack is." |
332_17 | Domingo “Ding” Chavez: Born and raised in Los Angeles, Chavez enlisted in the United States Army Special Forces to escape street life. While on a covert operation against a drug cartel in Colombia, he meets Clark, who becomes his mentor. He is then recruited into the CIA as an operations officer, and is usually paired with his eventual father-in-law on several covert missions. When Clark becomes head of Rainbow, Chavez is assigned as leader of one of the counterterror organization's two assault teams. After retiring from the CIA and Rainbow, Chavez joins The Campus as an operations officer, later acquiring a senior status.
Daniel E. “Dan” Murray: A veteran FBI agent, Murray is assigned to a partnership with MI5 in England where he meets Ryan in Patriot Games. Murray becomes one of Ryan’s greatest allies, helping him throughout several novels. |
332_18 | Vice Admiral James Greer: Deputy Director of the CIA and Ryan’s mentor. Greer is known for his sense of humor and kindness. Greer often gives Ryan advice and aids him to his best ability. Greer dies of pancreatic cancer in Clear and Present Danger. |
332_19 | Some of the key characters have been portrayed in the following movies and television series:
Cast |
332_20 | Presidents
A total of six presidents are depicted in the Ryanverse, although only five are named:
The unnamed man referred to as "the President" or later by his Secret Service codename "Wrangler", is first introduced in The Hunt for Red October; he remains in office through The Cardinal of the Kremlin, and Clear and Present Danger. At the end of the last novel, he runs for reelection and is defeated.
J. Robert Fowler, former governor of Ohio, who defeats the incumbent at the end of Clear and Present Danger and is in office during The Sum of All Fears. After his failure to handle the Denver crisis nearly results in nuclear war, he resigns from office at the end of the novel. |
332_21 | Roger Durling, Fowler's vice-president, former governor of California and a Vietnam veteran with service in the 82nd Airborne Division. Durling replaces Fowler when the latter resigns, and is the President in Debt of Honor. He nearly completes Fowler's term as President and is planning a reelection campaign when he is killed along with most of the government when a Japanese jetliner is crashed into the Capitol Building.
John Patrick Ryan is confirmed as Durling's new vice president at the end of Debt of Honor, and is sworn in as President when Durling is murdered on the same day. His claim to the presidency is contested by Durling's former vice president Ed Kealty in Executive Orders, but the courts eventually rule in Ryan's favor. He is mentioned during Rainbow Six, although he never appears and is depicted as President in The Bear and the Dragon. Ryan chooses not to run for re-election between the events of The Bear and The Dragon and The Teeth of The Tiger. |
332_22 | Robert Jefferson "Robby" Jackson succeeded Ryan as President of the United States after Ryan retired (as described in The Teeth of the Tiger), with Ryan believing he could leave the country in Robby's capable hands. After serving out the remainder of Ryan's term, Robby campaigned for his own re-election. While travelling in Mississippi, however, Jackson was assassinated by a 67-year-old man who was a member of the Ku Klux Klan; Duane Farmer. Farmer was taken alive and swiftly executed for his crimes.
Edward Jonathan Kealty: Durling's former vice-president, replaced by Jack Ryan after a sex scandal. When incumbent president Robby Jackson is assassinated while campaigning, Kealty is elected President in his own right, a position he holds in The Teeth of the Tiger, Dead or Alive, and Locked On. |
332_23 | John Patrick Ryan,: Begins his campaign for re-election during the events of Dead or Alive, defeats Kealty by a narrow margin in Locked On and assumes office prior to the events of Threat Vector. He is depicted as President in all subsequent Ryanverse novels. |
332_24 | Various books contain references to both the Reagan Presidency and the George H.W. Bush Presidency as if they had happened
The Campus
Beginning with The Teeth of the Tiger, Ryanverse novels feature off-the-books intelligence organization The Campus while featuring Jack Ryan Sr. as more of a background character. They follow his son Jack Ryan Jr. and fellow colleagues on several counter-terrorism missions. Hendley Associates, a private trading and arbitrage company, serves as a legitimate cover for the organization, or the "white side". They fund The Campus's intelligence operations by stock market trades influenced by captured intelligence data, thus removing federal oversight and allowing free rein in the Campus's operations. |
332_25 | Characters
Gerald Paul "Gerry" Hendley Jr.: Founder & CEO. A former Democratic senator from South Carolina, Hendley was tasked by then-President Ryan to lead The Campus and its cover Hendley Associates.
Jerry Rounds: Chief of strategic planning / director of intelligence
Rick Bell: Chief of analysis
Sam Granger: Director of operations. Later killed by the Chinese in Threat Vector.
John Clark: Director of operations. He was employed by The Campus after retiring from the CIA and Rainbow in Dead or Alive, and after a brief retirement replaces Granger as operations head in Command Authority.
Gavin Biery: Director of information technology
Lisanne Robertson: Director of transportation. Introduced in Power and Empire.
Domingo "Ding" Chavez: Senior operations officer. Along with Clark, he was recruited by The Campus after retiring from the CIA and Rainbow. Ding helps train new agents for the Campus as well and participates in field operations. |
332_26 | Dominic "Enzo" Caruso: Operations officer and former FBI special agent
Brian "Aldo" Caruso: Operations officer and former Marine Major. Later dies in an operation in Libya in Dead or Alive.
Jack Ryan Jr.: Intelligence analyst and operations officer. Originally an analyst, he becomes more involved in field operations from Dead or Alive onwards, much to the concern of his father.
Sam Driscoll: Operations officer and former Army Ranger. He was recruited by Clark after the Kealty administration dropped murder charges against him for killing sleeping Middle Eastern terrorists in a cave in Pakistan during the hunt for the Emir in Dead or Alive. Later dies in an operation in Mexico City in Full Force and Effect.
Adara Sherman: Operations officer in True Faith and Allegiance and former director of transportation. She currently has a relationship with Caruso. |
332_27 | Bartosz "Barry" Jankowski (call sign "Midas"): Operations officer and former Delta Force operator. Recruited by Clark in True Faith and Allegiance.
Tony Wills: Intelligence analyst who originally trained Jack Ryan Jr. on the intelligence side of The Campus
Helen Reid: Pilot of Hendley Associates's Gulfstream G550
Chester "Country" Hicks: Co-pilot of Hendley Associates's Gulfstream G550 |
332_28 | In other media
Films
Television |
332_29 | It was announced by Deadline that Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland would be working with Michael Bay and his production company Platinum Dunes and Paramount Television on a Jack Ryan TV series for Amazon. On April 29, 2016, Deadline announced that John Krasinski will star as Jack Ryan in the series. On August 16, 2016, Amazon Studios announced they had given a series order for a 10-episode first season of Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan. On November 4, 2016, Abbie Cornish was cast as Cathy Muller in the series. On January 6, 2017, it was reported that Morten Tyldum would direct the pilot. In February 2017, it was announced that The Americans director Daniel Sackheim would direct multiple episodes and produce the series. The series, said to be inspired by the Harrison Ford Jack Ryan films, premiered on August 31, 2018. Four months earlier, on April 24, 2018, Amazon had renewed the series for season two, which is set in South America, and it was renewed for a third season on February 13, 2019. |
332_30 | Video games
Many video games based on the Ryanverse have been made, some based on the novels, some on the films, some on the spin-offs. |
332_31 | The Hunt for Red October (1987): Based on the book The Hunt for Red October. It was released for the Atari ST, Amiga, Apple II, ZX Spectrum, MSX, Commodore 64 and IBM PC. The player must navigate the Red October towards U.S. waters while avoiding the Soviet Navy. The game is a combination of submarine simulator and strategy game.
The Hunt for Red October (1990): Based on the movie The Hunt for Red October. It was released for the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and ZX Spectrum. The game features five action sequences including jumping from a helicopter and navigating submarines through deep channels and avoiding from many obstacles. |
332_32 | The Sum of All Fears (2002): Based on the movie The Sum of All Fears. It was released for Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2, and the GameCube. It is a tactical first-person shooter where various mission must be completed including saving hostages in a Charleston, West Virginia television station, and shutting down the operations of a West Virginian militia. |
332_33 | Rainbow Six games
In addition Tom Clancy created a multi-media franchise about a fictional international counter-terrorist unit called "Rainbow". The franchise began with Clancy's novel Rainbow Six, which was adapted into a series of tactical first-person shooter video games.
Bibliography
References
External links
Canons (fiction)
Mass media franchises introduced in 1984
Novels by Tom Clancy
Novel series
Tom Clancy |
333_0 | Vreneli (aka Goldvreneli) is the informal name for a range of legal tender gold coins of the Swiss franc.
The coins were issued between 1897 and 1936, in 1947 and in 1949. All coins issued after 1936 are restrikes (legal tender ceased September 29, 1936).
The coin exists in three denominations, of 10, 20 and 100 francs.
The 20 francs coin was produced from 1897 to 1949 with a total issue of 58.6 million pieces.
It replaced an earlier design of gold coin minted from 1883 to 1896.
The 10 francs version was minted from 1911 to 1922 (total issue 2.6 million pieces), and the 100 francs version was minted in 1925 only (total issue 5,000 pieces).
All coins have a purity of 90% gold and were minted to the standards of the Latin Monetary Union. |
333_1 | The name Vreneli was given to the design of a female head in profile by Neuchâtel medalist Fritz Ulisse Landry.
A more formal name is Helvetia Head (German Helvetiakopf, French Tête d'Helvetia, as opposed to the Seated Helvetia (Sitzende Helvetia, Helvetia assise) or the Standing Helvetia). |
333_2 | Description
These coins had face values of 10, 20 and 100 Swiss francs and were minted in a millesimal fineness of 900.
The coins are sometimes colloquially called “Swiss Miss,” from the obvious obverse motif.
The 20 franc coin's reverse shows the Swiss shield, featuring the Swiss Cross, and a wreath of oak along with the denomination. The coins were minted at the Swiss Mint at Bern (although the die engraving was done at the Paris mint) and the coins are mint marked with a "B" (without a period). The 20 franc coins are 21 mm in diameter (about the size of a U.S. five cent piece), 1.25 mm in thickness, weigh 6.45 grams (gross weight) and; at 90% pure, contain .1866 troy ounces or 5.805 grams of pure gold. The 10 franc coin weighs 3.23 grams and at 90% purity contains 2.9 grams (0.093 ozt) of pure gold. |
333_3 | Key mintage figures
Around 61 million coins were minted, although only 5,000 of the 100 franc pieces were produced and only in the year 1925. The 20 Franc coin is the most common, and it is popular as a bullion coin.
1926 - 20 francs
Among the 20 franc pieces, the 1926 coin with its mintage of only 50,000 pieces is the ostensible key to that series. However, the 1926 is relatively fairly common and the real keys to the series are said to be the 1903 and the 1904. This is based upon the fact that the major coin grading services have graded less than 10 coins of each date in all grades, while the 1926 has a graded population of over 200. Of course, populations depend upon the numbers of coins actually submitted by collectors which is inexorable tied to the popularity of a coin series, or lack thereof among collectors. For a critique of population reports see Doug Winter's essay, February 2002. |
333_4 | 1925 - 100 francs
The 100 franc denomination was only struck in 1925 with a very limited mintage of 5,000.
The 10-franc series
The 10 franc denomination was struck in 1911 (100,000) through 1916 (130,000), inclusive, and in 1922 (1,020,000). Although the obverse is the same for the 10, 20 and 100 franc pieces, the reverse of the 10 and 100 are common depicting a radiant Swiss Cross above a branch.
The re-strikes of 1935
In 1935, 175,000 regular strikes of the 20 franc coins were produced. However, an additional twenty million (20,008,813) coins dated "L1935B" with the "L" indicating "lingot" or bullion and the "B" indicating the Bern mint, were re-struck in 1945 (3,500,000), 1946 (7,108,813) and 1947 (9,400,000). An additional 9,200,000 coins contemporaneously struck and dated in 1947 were also produced and are distinguished by the mint mark "B". There were no regular strikes produced in the years 1945 and 1946.
History |
333_5 | The 20 francs gold coin was introduced in 1883, in the same design as the 5 francs coin at the time (with the Liberty head by Albert Walch, facing left, on the obverse, and a coat of arms designed by Albert Walch on the reverse). The "head of Liberty" design is often also identified as "Helvetia". |
333_6 | The 20 franc denomination with the aforementioned specifications (size and alloy and gold content) was first established by Napoleon for France in 1803. The denomination/specifications remained in usage until the First World War under what was known as the Latin Monetary League.
Switzerland constituted itself in Confederation in 1848. It adopted the Swiss Franc, and aligned its currency on the French franc in 1850. It joined the Latin Union in December 1865. Switzerland had Swiss 20 franc pieces, Spain had 20 peseta coins, Italy had 20 lira pieces, Belgium had 20 Belgian franc coins, Romania had 20 lei coins and Greece had 20 drachmas coins all of which circulated and were accepted throughout Europe.
For political reasons the British and the German Empires decided not to follow this direction. |
333_7 | Attempts were even taken to explore the unification of the European currency with the American dollar, which explains the extremely rare U.S. Stella carrying an unusual face value of $4, which contained the same amount of gold as the Swiss 20 francs coins. |
333_8 | In 1895, the Federal Council decided that the coin should be made with a novel design.
From a total of 21 suggestions, a depiction of Helvetia by Neuchâtel artist Fritz Ulysse Landry (1842–1927) won second place.
His Helvetia figure was criticized as too young and romantic, and the alpine panorama as too intrusive. Landry revisited his design and the revised design was chosen for the coin.
It shows a female head with tresses in profile, with a garland of edelweiss and an alpine panorama. Landry in a letterof 1895 mentions that he modelled the design on a "very pure type of women of Hasli" (the Oberhasli district of the Bernese Oberland).
Suggestions for the identity of his model include and Rosa Tännler (at the time aged 17), or Françoise Kramer-Egli (at the time aged 36). |
333_9 | A trial run of only 12 pieces shows the head with an additional forelock which was removed as "too frivolous".
The final design was still criticized as still too frivolous for a national representation, but at the same time it was widely popular and given the endearing nickname of Vreneli.
The new series was authorized by the law on January 6, 1896.
The name of the coin is a Swiss German affectionate diminutive of the female given name "Verena". This name, in its diminutive form also used as a pars pro toto for female youths, is historically well-known and traditionally popular in Switzerland.
A 2011 article in Neue Zürcher Zeitung reported that part of the gold used for the coinage of Vrenelis originated from the Peruvian Madre de Dios region.
The article drew a connection to the current environmental damage and health issues for the miners reported from the gold mines in the region.
See also
Coins of the Swiss franc
Napoleon (coin)
Rappen
Notes and references
External links |
333_10 | Swissmint - The 160 Years of swiss franc, A brief historical discourse, swissmint.ch (in English)
Das Goldvreneli, swissmint.ch (in German)
Vreneli - Online Coin Club, onlinecoin.club (in English)
Economy of Switzerland
Currencies of Switzerland
Gold coins
Bullion coins |
334_0 | Johann Georg Goldammer (born 1949) is senior scientist at the Max Planck Society for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Department, specializing in forest research, director of the Global Fire Monitoring Center, and the leader of the UN-FAO/ECE/ILO Team of Specialists on Forest Fire. |
334_1 | Academic activities |
334_2 | A professor at Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Department of Forest and Environmental Sciences. The University hosts the Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC), a body which is instrumental in facilitating communication between national and regional forest fire organizations and NGOs. He co-convenes the IGBP-IGAC-BIBEX programme and serves as leader of the UN-FAO/ECE/ILO Team of Specialists on Forest Fire and coordinator of the Wildland Fire Advisory Group and the Global Wildland Fire Network of the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). He is also member of the ISDR Interagency Task Force for Disaster Reduction. Goldammer has ongoing research concerns on all continents since the mid-1970s and was involved in designing, preparing and partially implementing international and interdisciplinary research campaigns and fire experiments. A series of international conferences organized by the group have produced several monographs on regional and global fire ecology. |
334_3 | Bibliography
Reviewed Journal and Book Submissions: |
334_4 | Wildfires and Forest Development in Tropical and Subtropical Asia: Prospective outlook towards the year 2000 In: Proc. Symp. Wildland Fire 2000, April 27–30, 1987, South Lake Tahoe, Cal., 164-176. USDA For.Ser. Gen. Techn. Rep. PSW-101, 258 p.
International Issues: Report of Futuring Group 9. In: Proc. Symp. Wildland Fire 2000, April 27–30, 1987, South Lake Tahoe, Cal., 256-258. USDA For. Ser. Gen. Techn. Rep. PSW-101, 258 p.
Rural land-use and fires in the tropics. Agroforestry Systems 6, 235-252.
Natural rain forest fires in Eastern Borneo during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Naturwissenschaften 76, 518-520.
Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p. |
334_5 | Fire in tropical ecosystem and global environmental change. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 1-10. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.
The impact of droughts and forest fires on tropical lowland rain forest of Eastern Borneo. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 11-31. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.
The role of fire in the tropical lowland deciduous forests of Asia. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 32-44. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.
Fire in the pine-grassland biomes of tropical and subtropcal Asia. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 45-62. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p. |
334_6 | Prescribed burning in industrial pine plantations. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 216-272. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.
Global change: effects on forest ecosystems and wildfire severity. In: Fire in the tropical biota. Ecosystem processes and global challenges (J.G.Goldammer, ed.), 463-486. Ecological Studies 84, Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 497 p.
Fire in ecosystem dynamics. Mediterranean and northern perspectives. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 199 p.
The role of fire in the montane-boreal coniferous forest of Daxinganling, Northeast China: A preliminary model. In: Fire in ecosystem dynamics. Mediterranean and northern perspectives (J.G. Goldammer and M.J.Jenkins, eds.), 175-184. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, 199 p. |
334_7 | Waldumwandlung und Waldverbrennung in den Tiefland-Regenwäldern des Amazonasbeckens: Ursachen und ökologische Implikationen. In: Amazonien: Versuch einer interdisziplinären Annäherung (A. Hoppe, ed.), 119-142. Ber. Naturforsch. Ges. Freiburg 80, 264 p.
Tropical wildland fires and global changes: Prehistoric evidence, present fire regimes, and future trends. In: Global biomass burning (J.S. Levine, ed.), 83-91 (Chapter 10). The MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. |
334_8 | External links
Complete list of Goldammer's publications
Wildfire suppression
1949 births
Living people
Max Planck Society people
University of Freiburg alumni
Biogeochemistry |
335_0 | Fairey Marine Ltd, latterly known as FBM Marine, was a boat building company based on the River Hamble, Southampton, England. The company was created in the late 1940s by Sir Charles Richard Fairey and Fairey Aviation's managing director, Mr. Chichester-Smith. Both were avid sailing enthusiasts along with Chichester-Smith's good friend and former Olympic yachtsman, Charles Currey. |
335_1 | C.R. Fairey
Fairey was also a keen J-class yacht enthusiast. Fairey came to own Shamrock V built in 1930 for Sir Thomas Lipton’s fifth and last America’s Cup challenge. Designed by Charles Nicholson, she was the first British yacht to be built to the new J Class rule and is the only remaining J built in wood. Sir T.O.M. Sopwith had considerable knowledge of yacht racing and purchased Shamrock V in 1932 to gain experience in J Class racing. He challenged in 1933 and using his experience from Shamrock V went on to build “Endeavour”. Shamrock V was then sold to Sir Richard Fairey. |
335_2 | In the pre war years, Fairey had commissioned yacht designer Charles Nicholson to build him a 12 Metre class racing yacht. To support this endeavour Sir Richard utilised the designers and engineers at the Fairey Aviation company’s design office to undertake research, design and development work. Hydrodynamic research was augmented by construction of the world’s first experimental low speed wind tunnel for racing yacht design at the Hayes factory. Although the primary use of the wind tunnel was for sails research, Fairey engineers also developed a method of experiment for measuring the component known as skin friction in naval architecture which was used in both the hull and sails research work. The resulting craft was known as Flica, in this craft Fairey won 35 flags in 39 races in 1932 and in the following year 49 flags in 55 races. |
335_3 | Post war work
As the war drew to a close Fairey and Chichester-Smith both decided that they should produce sailing dinghies utilising techniques that had been employed in the construction of aircraft. Charles Currey was recruited to help run the company when he came out of the Royal Navy. The world air speed record holder Peter Twiss joined Fairey Marine Ltd from Fairey Aviation in 1960 and was responsible for development and sales of day-cruisers. In 1969, commanding the Huntsman 707 Fordsport, he took part in the Round Britain Powerboat Race, and included among his crew members, Rally champion Roger Clark. Boats were primarily designed by Alan Burnard. |
335_4 | In the early years, thousands of dinghies were produced by Fairey Marine including the Firefly, Albacore, Falcon (dinghy), Swordfish (dinghy), Jollyboat, Flying Fifteen, 505 and International 14's along with the much smaller Dinky and Duckling. Later on in the 1950s they produced the larger sailing cruisers, the Atalanta (named after Sir Richard's wife), Titania, Fulmar and the Fisherman motor sailer (based on the Fairey Lifeboat hull) along with the 15' Cinderella (outboard runabout)/ Carefree (inboard runabout), and the 16'6" Faun (outboard powered family cruiser). |
335_5 | In the 1960s Fairey designed and built a range of wooden-hulled speedboats and motor launches designed by Alan Burnand.
These became well known in boating circles for their speed, stability and good rough-water handling. Craft were sold to both wealthy and famous individuals, including Deborah Kerr, Prince Albert of Belgium and Billy Butlin. The craft also starred in the James Bond film From Russia with Love. Sean Connery as James Bond can be seen driving a white Fairey Huntress and the being chased by a Fairey Huntsman 28s and Fairey Huntress.
Types such as the Dagger and Spearfish were used as police launches and as pinnaces by the Royal Navy. In the early 1970s Fairey switched to glass reinforced plastic hulls of the same design. The range was expanded to include cabin cruiser types (such as the Swordfish) which could still put in an impressive turn of speed and won several cruiser-class long distances races, such as the London-Monte Carlo race. |
335_6 | Fairey also manufactured 2 × 53-foot motor cruisers in the early 70s which were named the Amira. Designed by Alan Burnard, they were designed with cold moulded ply construction hull and ply superstructure. The Fairey Amira was designed to take two engines with up to 1000 bhp each, one of the boats was fitted with 2 Isotta Fraschini 700 hp v8 engines with ZF vee drive gearboxes and the other was fitted with 2 MTU 8v331 tc80 engines each developing 800 hp with ZF vee drive gearboxes. The design speed for this boat was up to 40 knots; the boat was offered with a wide range of engines including gas turbines. Only one of the pair still remains, this is hull No1 "Fataam", her home port is Puerto Duquesa in southern Spain. |
335_7 | Today, Swordsman Marine builds motorboats based on Fairey designs. These include speedboats based on the Spearfish, using the same hull with a modified cabin and modern engine and controls, and larger cabin cruisers based on a modified version of the Dagger design. Fairey Marine absorbed the East Cowes firm of Groves and Gutteridge Ltd., established since 1899. One of the main products of the Company has been lifeboats for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. |
335_8 | Collapse of Fairey Marine
Fairey Marine was taken into Receivership along with other companies in the Fairey Group in 1975 when the parent company went into liquidation. The business was subsequently absorbed into what is now the marine division of Babcock International Group. |
335_9 | When the main Fairey company went into receivership the work force and the management did not want to be taken over by Trafalgar House or Rank International because they expected that those companies would shut the firm and adapt the site for use as a marina. The workforce wanted to stay in boat building and were keen that the National Enterprise Board should take them over. Since then the company developed and expanded its range of products as well as acquiring a number of other companies including Cheverton Workboats, Brooke Marine and what became Fairey Marinteknik, the company was also known as Fairey Allday, all companies absorbed into Fairey produced the Waveney class lifeboat for the RNLI; see also Attacker class patrol boat, produced in the early 1980s before emerging as FBM Marine in 1988. In March 2000, FBM Marine was acquired by Babcock International Group PLC, a major UK based support services, facilities management and engineering company specialising in the support of |
335_10 | defence forces worldwide, and renamed FBM Babcock Marine Ltd. |
335_11 | Construction methods
The hot moulding process was an adaptation to post war boat building of the method originally developed by de Havillands in the 1930s for "stressed skin" wooden aircraft production, using layers of thin birch plywood sandwiched together with glue over a male mould and "cooked" in a large oven called an “autoclave” By using true mass-production techniques, Fairey Marine were able to turn out vast numbers of identical boats at an unprecedented quality and price.
Moulds were constructed from spruce, built up on a steel base plate. Seven by three inches planks cut to the waterplane sections provided the starting point. Working from the sheerline, the planks were built up in a series of steps, arriving quickly at a close representation of the designed shape. Subsequent fairing yielded finished dimensions. Rebates for the keel, stem and transom completed the mould building process. |
335_12 | Although the veneers used to produce Fairey boats may appear to be parallel sided, every one was in fact profiled. Rather than shaping each veneer to fit on the mould, as in traditional boat building, Faireys saved an enormous amount of time by sawing complete sets of veneers to precision patterns. Veneers were produced in stacks of six. Boat were then typically built in batches of 24 or 36. Early boats used 1/8″ spruce ply, surplus to the War Department’s de Havilland Mosquito aircraft programme. When this material became unavailable it was replaced by 2.5 mm agba veneers. |
335_13 | Chosen for its high gum content, agba formed easily without splitting and glued well. All the dinghy classes used just three agba veneers while some of the bigger boats used up to six. Initially all the veneers were laid at 45° while later boats changed to fore and aft outer planking for aesthetic reasons.
With the keel, stem and transom in place, veneers were applied starting on the centreline and working out towards the shear. Each veneer was held in place by just three staples at the keel, bilge and shearline. Roller-application of Borden One-Shot waterproof glue preceded each veneer except the first. With all veneers in place a vacuum bag was drawn over the moulding and secured in place using a clamp plate and G-clamps.
Early vacuum bags were made from war surplus barrage balloon fabric. After about 1950, individual rubber bags were prepared on the moulds using uncured rubber sheets which were subsequently vulcanised in the autoclaves used for production. |
335_14 | Placed in the autoclave, the vacuum was drawn down to 27/28 inches water-gauge and steam at a pressure of some 50 pounds per square inch introduced. Processing took about 45 minutes at 100 °C. Curing at elevated temperatures under vacuum not only ensured that all the veneers were firmly consolidated – a process requiring many thousands of staples using the conventional cold-moulding process – but allowed for the use of a truly waterproof, single part, high-temperature curing glue. During the curing process the glue impregnated the wood resulting in a virtually rot-proof finished shell.
Components such as side-decks were also hot moulded while other parts required for assembly were cut to patterns in the same way as the skin veneers. For one of the more complex boats, the International 14, the time for final construction from bare hull to finished boat was set at 230-man-hours compared to 400–500 hours associated with traditional construction. |
335_15 | Power boats
When Richard Fairey son of Sir Richard started the powerboat business, he had contacted US designer C Raymond Hunt (designer of the International 110) about using the designs that were proving so successful in races such as the Miami-Nassau. Fairey Marine motor cruisers began with boats being built to Hunt designs. The exclusive concessionary rights for the sale of Fairey craft were acquired by businessman Bruce Campbell. He went off to the South of France with the first four hot-moulded Fairey boats on a sales trip, naming the design Christina. The 23 ft (7m) design may have suited Hunt's local waters but being fully open boats and incorporating leaky retractable centre-boards, they were not well received. Before long Campbell returned with all four boats still in tow. Richard Fairey then employed British designer Alan Burnard to adapt Hunt's ideas and come up with more suitable designs, while Bruce Campbell severed his close ties with the company. |
335_16 | Burnard's first designs, included the Huntress and were far more appropriate, Fairey went on to build hundreds of boats to Burnard designs. In addition to producing its own craft, Fairey also supplied bare hulls suitable for fitting out, and Campbell, still looking to fulfil his own ideas for a luxury powerboat, acquired Huntress hulls, with the blessing of Fairey, fitting them out to his own specifications and calling them, once again, Christinas; the later models were laid up in GRP by Halmatic. Campbell's boats proved successful in British racing both in Round Britain races and the Cowes-Torquay. Tommy Sopwith won the inaugural 1961 Cowes Torquay race in a Christina 25.
The most common Fairey Marine Motor Cruisers are listed below: |
335_17 | Fairey Huntress
Fairey Huntsman / Fairey Huntsman 28 / Fairey Huntsman 31: The design of the Huntsman and its smaller sister, the Huntress were the inspiration of Ray Hunt and designed by Alan Burnard. These boats enjoyed considerable success in 1960s power boat racing, and came to represent the classic type of the period. The planing hull design has been copied in various guises since. The hull is a relatively deep V with single chine and spray rails. The construction was of laminated mahogany, Once laminated the hulls were cooked in an autoclave to cure the glue. The engines (Twin Perkins T6354 145 hp 5.95 litre turbo diesel) were placed midships under a sloping deck to the cock-pit.
Fairey Fantome |
335_18 | Fairey Swordsman: 61 Swordsman boats were built between 1964 and 1974 at the Hamble Point factory around 40 are still in service today. Initially 33' long and with a beam of 11' 5", they came in either an aft cabin or open cockpit version. Like the Huntress and Huntsman 28 they were also available in kit form or as a hull only if required – they were the largest of the production boats built by Fairey Marine. In the middle of the production Faireys introduced an upgraded version called the Super Swordsman.
Fairey Spearfish and Spear |
335_19 | Other craft produced by Fairey Marine were a total of 88 hulls for Dell Quay Productions Ltd which were used to produce the Dell Quay Ranger and Christinas. The company was perhaps most renowned for producing exclusive powerboats and cruisers based on an extensive racing pedigree. Fairey Marine cruisers won 148 racing awards between the years 1961 and 1973, including the prestigious Monte-Carlo and Cowes-Torquay races. 1969 was a particularly successful year, with a tally of 54 awards. |
335_20 | Sailing craft
Fairey Marine's first volume production boat was the Firefly, a 12 ft sailing dinghy which continues to be a popular racing dinghy today. In 1946 Uffa Fox was asked by Chichester-Smith, together with Stewart Morris, to design a one-design twelve foot dinghy. Uffa Fox dusted off his pre war Sea Swallow design renaming it Firefly to name it after Fairey aircraft.
Another dinghy, the 15 ft Albacore, was also built by other manufacturers and raced at many sailing clubs in the UK and other countries. |
335_21 | The Firefly was one of the first production dinghies ever built in large numbers, the initial cost of a boat was £65. The first four were bought by Sir Geoffrey Lowles, commodore of Itchenor Sailing Club, which he named Fe, Fi, Fo and Fum. The boat was also considered to be sufficiently competitive enough to be selected for the single handed class in the 1948 Olympics, although it was replaced in 1952 by the Finn. Early boats were built from laminates of birch ply, left over from the stocks used to build Horsa gliders. The mast, built by Reynolds, was aluminium alloy with the top section made from spruce. A number of modifications have been made to the class over the years including construction in GRP from 1968, and the introduction of a one piece rotating mast by Proctors in 1970. Despite the introduction of plastics to replace ply moulded boats, it is a testament to their build quality that there are still many wooden boats racing regularly. |
335_22 | Production Sailing Dinghies
505,
Albacore,
Dinky,
Duckling,
Falcon,
Firefly,
Flying Dutchman,
International Finn,
Gannet,
International 14- Mk1 to Mk5 Designed by Uffa Fox,
Jollyboat_(Uffa Fox),
Swordfish,
Shearwater III
Production Yachts
Later on in the 1950s they produced the larger sailing cruisers, the Atalanta (named after Sir Richard's wife), Fulmar and the 27' Fisherman motor sailer (based on the Fairey Lifeboat hull) along with the 15 Cinderella (outboard runabout) and the 16'6" Faun (outboard powered family cruiser). |
335_23 | Between 1956 and 1968 Fairey Marine produced some 291 Atalanta class sailing yachts, designed by Uffa Fox: The Atalanta was conceived in 1955 by Alan Vines, a senior executive at Fairey, with the expertise of Uffa Fox who was their Design Consultant. It was envisaged as a trailable shallow draft performance cruiser with the sea keeping capabilities and safety of a fin keel yacht. Over the succeeding decades the distinctive centre cockpit design with its rolled decks and generous accommodation has more than fulfilled expectations, offering a respectable turn of speed in light airs while her retractable cast iron keels give outstanding heavy weather performance in a seaway. Robust enough to carry its full sail in winds up to force five, the Atalanta retains many of the handling characteristics of a classic dinghy. |
335_24 | Fairey Marine went on to produce three variants of the Atalanta, another 26 ft (8.1m) hull with a slightly shorter cockpit and more headroom called the Titania (named after another Fairey flying boat), a larger version the Atalanta 31 (9.45m) and the Fulmar a 20 ft(6.1m) version with a single lifting keel.
Fairey Marine Production Yacht Classes
Atalanta 26
Atalanta 31
Titania (also 26 ft but with greater cabin headroom)
Fulmar
Also produced using the same technique of hot-moulded veneers were the Dinky and Duckling dinghies, mainly used as tenders although the Duckling was also sold as a sailing dinghy, also the Pixie a two-part symmetrical dinghy/canoe.
It is mentioned in the Fairey Review that between 1946 and 1963 the Hamble factory produced over 11,000 boats. |
335_25 | Other work
During the 1950s Fairey Marine decided to build a production folding boat, a cross between a canoe, a dinghy and a punt. Of plywood and waterproofed canvas construction, the boat was robust, with individual sections being bolted together and stiffened with removable bulkheads. Fore and aft shaped sections were added for better performance through the water. Additional sections were available so the boat could seat from one to four persons. There was even a rigid deck spray cover so it could be used for surf canoeing. |
335_26 | In 1974, Fairey Marine was awarded the contract to build a new floating bridge between East and West Cowes, on the Isle of Wight. The bridge (or ferry) travels along two heavy chains anchored on either side of the River Medina. The chains pass through slots beneath the cardeck of the ferry, and the winch machinery inside pulls along the chain, taking it from one shore to the other. The chains are kept loose so that they sink to the river bed, allowing other vessels to use the river and sail above the chains. The use of chains means that it is impossible for the ferry to go off course or become lost in fog. The bridge is diesel powered, took 16 months to build and cost £280,000. It carries up to 19 cars, Since 1982, the bridge has been the only floating bridge on the route and since 1992 foot passengers have travelled free of charge. |
335_27 | Combat Support Boat
One of the last designs to come from Fairey Marine before being absorbed into FBM Babcock Marine Limited was a craft based on a requirement issued by the UK Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment at Christchurch, the Fairey company started development of the 8m Combat Support Boat (CSB) in the Autumn of 1975, with the first prototype being delivered to the British Army for trials early in 1977. As a result of extensive trials the boat was accepted for service with the British Army in February 1979 and an order placed for 56 boats. The Ministry of Defence ordered a further 12 CSBs to replace those lost during the Falklands War. After evaluation by the US Army, with over 700 boats delivered, more than half of these having been license-produced in the US. |
335_28 | Associated companies
Fairey Marine Holdings Ltd, Hamble, Management company;
Fairey Marine (East Cowes) Ltd, East Cowes, Ship and boat building;
Fairey Exhibitions Ltd, Hamble, Exhibition stand contractors;
Fairey Marine Ltd, Hamble, Boat building and repair;
Fairey Yacht Harbours Ltd, Hamble, Boat handling, berthing and storage; |
335_29 | Fairey-sponsored sailing competitions
The Schools Championships was started in 1953 under the name of The Public Schools Firefly Invitation Championships. Its aim was to promote inter-schools sailing competition and the encouragement of young sailors. The winning school won a prize of a Fairey Firefly 12 ft dinghy. This scheme was the idea of Colin Chichester-Smith and Charles Currey both of Fairey Marine. They both sailed International 14 footers at that time and asked the Itchenor Sailing Club to run the event which has become a prestigious UK competition. Fairey Marine presented a complete Firefly for some 19 years. To reduce their financial commitment in later years Ratsey & Lapthorn, the sail makers, presented the sails. The Firefly first prize was replaced in 1972 by today’s engraved plate "The Sir Richard Fairey Challenge Trophy". |
335_30 | Preservation groups and associations
The Fairey Enthusiasts Club is for those who share an appreciation of the boats built by Fairey Marine exclusively. Its main objective is to offer a freely available exchange for information and comments for those with an interest in Fairey Marine or for those restoring a Fairey boat from the 1960s to the early 1980s.
Fairey Owners' Club
Although Fairey boats were built from the '50s to the early '80s, it was not until 1986 that the Fairey Owners Club was founded by Justin Birt. Their basic idea, which still remains the principal objective of the club, is to preserve the marque of Fairey boats especially powerboats. Latterly the club has admitted owners of modern interpretations and copies of the original boats. These boats use identical hull moulds or have been designed by Fairey's chief designer, Alan Burnard. |
335_31 | Atalanta Owners Association:
The Atalanta Owners Association (AOA) was started in 1958 by Fairey Marine with the object of maintaining a register of the Atalanta class sailing craft. With the demise of the company, many of the records and drawings of these craft were passed to the AOA and are still available to members.
See also
Fairey Aviation
Uffa Fox
References
External links
Fairey Marine Official Site
Fairey Owners Club
Fairey Swordsman
Firefly Sailing Website
Fairey Hull Brochures
Companies based in Southampton
Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United Kingdom
Fairey Aviation Company |
336_0 | The Robin Hood tax is a package of financial transaction taxes (FTT) proposed by a campaigning group of civil society non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Campaigners have suggested the tax could be implemented globally, regionally or unilaterally by individual nations.
Conceptually similar to the Tobin tax (which was proposed for foreign currency exchange only), it would affect a wider range of asset classes including the purchase and sale of bonds, commodities, mutual funds, stocks, unit trusts and derivatives such as futures and options. |
336_1 | A United Kingdom-based global campaign for the Robin Hood tax was launched on 10 February 2010 and is being run by a coalition of over 50 charities and organisations, including Christian Aid, Comic Relief and UNICEF. The UK government published a response favouring instead bank levies and a financial activities tax, citing the International Monetary Fund's report to the June 2010 G20 meeting, "A Fair and Substantial Contribution by the Financial Sector". The Robin Hood tax campaign also supports both a Bank levy and a Financial Activity Tax, saying they are agnostic about the chosen mechanism providing it involves a sizeable transfer of wealth from the financial sector to the needy. However most of their campaigning efforts have focussed on the FTT variant. |
336_2 | By autumn 2011 the Robin Hood campaign had gained considerable extra momentum and support from prominent opinion formers, with a proposal from the European Commission to implement an FTT tax at EU level set to enter the legislative pipeline. The proposal, supported by eleven EU member states, was approved in the European Parliament in December 2012, and by the Council of the European Union in January 2013. The formal agreement on the details of the EU FTT still need to be decided upon and approved by the European Parliament, but it is expected to go into effect by the beginning of 2018.
Early history of the terminology
Robin Hood is an English folk hero said to have stolen from the rich to give to the poor. Redistributive taxes have thus long been called Robin-Hood taxes. |
336_3 | In 2001, the charity War on Want released The Robin Hood Tax, an earlier proposal presenting their case for a currency transaction tax. In 2008, Italian treasury minister Giulio Tremonti introduced a windfall tax on the profits of energy companies.
Tremonti called the tax a "Robin Hood Tax" as it was aimed at the wealthy with revenue to be used for the benefit of poorer citizens, though unlike the tax campaigned for in 2010 it was neither a transaction tax nor global nor aimed at banks. |
336_4 | The 2010 UK campaign
The campaign has proposed to set taxes on a range of financial transactions – the rate would vary but would average at about 0.05%. The tax would be applied to those trading in financial products such as stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, futures, and options. It would affect individual investors, banks, hedge funds and other financial institutions. The campaign is sponsored by various prominent charities, aiming to raise money for International development, to tackle climate change and to protect public services.
The amount of money raised would depend on a number of different factors, including how many countries agree to the tax and the rate. |
336_5 | It has been proposed by the campaigning (lobbying) group that the money raised from this tax be split between domestic use and international aid.
In an article co-authored by one of the campaign's most prominent advocates, Comic Relief founder Richard Curtis, it was suggested that approximately 50% of funds raised would be assigned to domestic use to protect public services and for governments to tackle poverty at home. Under the proposal, international efforts to reduce global poverty would receive another 25%, and the remaining 25% would go towards helping low income countries mitigate the effects of climate change and to reduce their own emissions. |
336_6 | The British campaign's launch was accompanied by an online poll on the charity's web site for the public to have a say on whether they support the tax. Initially, there was an apparent backlash with what appeared to be thousands of members of the public visiting the Robin Hood Tax to vote against the idea. However, on investigation it was claimed by the lobbying group that some five thousand of the "no" votes came from only two servers, one of them belonging to the investment bank Goldman Sachs.
The Robin Hood tax has been supported by some 350 economists in a letter written to the G20, including Joseph Stiglitz and Jeffery Sachs.
Politicians supporting the tax include Angela Merkel, Nicolas Sarkozy and Katsuya Okada, Japan's foreign minister.
According to a press release by the lobbying organisation, support has been forthcoming from the financial sector by prominent figures including George Soros, Warren Buffett and Lord Turner, chairman of the UK's Financial Services Authority. |
336_7 | At 5 February 2010 G7 meeting in Canada consensus was formed for some form of tax charged against large banks to cover the cost to government of insuring banks against future crisis. G7 officials planned to seek approval from other G20 nations at the June 2010 summit before progressing towards implementation.
While the movement supporting this or similar transaction taxes is international, the use of the "Robin Hood" theme has been especially prominent in Great Britain. An early thrust of the 2010 campaign involved grass roots supporters being encouraged to lobby MPs and the British Treasury for an implementation of the Robin Hood tax to be announced unilaterally as part of the UK's 24 March 2010 Budget. The British Chancellor refused to implement a Robin Hood tax, saying it would need to be co-ordinated internationally or else it would result in thousands of jobs being lost in the UK. |
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