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414_25 | Ibn Battuta's work was unknown outside the Muslim world until the beginning of the 19th century, when the German traveller-explorer Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (1767–1811) acquired a collection of manuscripts in the Middle East, among which was a 94-page volume containing an abridged version of Ibn Juzayy's text. Three extracts were published in 1818 by the German orientalist Johann Kosegarten. A fourth extract was published the following year. French scholars were alerted to the initial publication by a lengthy review published in the Journal de Savants by the orientalist Silvestre de Sacy.
Three copies of another abridged manuscript were acquired by the Swiss traveller Johann Burckhardt and bequeathed to the University of Cambridge. He gave a brief overview of their content in a book published posthumously in 1819. The Arabic text was translated into English by the orientalist Samuel Lee and published in London in 1829. |
414_26 | In the 1830s, during the French occupation of Algeria, the Bibliothèque Nationale (BNF) in Paris acquired five manuscripts of Ibn Battuta's travels, in which two were complete. One manuscript containing just the second part of the work is dated 1356 and is believed to be Ibn Juzayy's autograph. The BNF manuscripts were used in 1843 by the Irish-French orientalist Baron de Slane to produce a translation into French of Ibn Battuta's visit to Sudan. They were also studied by the French scholars Charles Defrémery and Beniamino Sanguinetti. Beginning in 1853 they published a series of four volumes containing a critical edition of the Arabic text together with a translation into French. In their introduction Defrémery and Sanguinetti praised Lee's annotations but were critical of his translation which they claimed lacked precision, even in straightforward passages. |
414_27 | In 1929, exactly a century after the publication of Lee's translation, the historian and orientalist Hamilton Gibb published an English translation of selected portions of Defrémery and Sanguinetti's Arabic text. Gibb had proposed to the Hakluyt Society in 1922 that he should prepare an annotated translation of the entire Rihla into English. His intention was to divide the translated text into four volumes, each volume corresponding to one of the volumes published by Defrémery and Sanguinetti. The first volume was not published until 1958. Gibb died in 1971, having completed the first three volumes. The fourth volume was prepared by Charles Beckingham and published in 1994. Defrémery and Sanguinetti's printed text has now been translated into number of other languages.
Notes
References
Bibliography
.
. The text of these volumes has been used as the source for translations into other languages.
.
.
.
. First published in 1986, .
. |
414_28 | . Reissued several times. Extracts are available on the Fordham University site.
.
.
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. This volume was translated by Beckingham after Gibb's death in 1971. A separate index was published in 2000.
.
.
.
A translation of an abridged manuscript. The text is discussed in Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1853) Volume 1 pp. xvi–xvii.
. First published in 1981. pp. 279–304 contain a translation of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to West Africa.
.
.
. Includes the text of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to China. The translation is from the French text of Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1858) Volume 4.
14th-century Arabic books
14th-century Islam
Travelogues |
415_0 | Talking Tom & Friends (known as Talking Friends until late 2014, and Talking Tom and Friends until early 2021) is a media franchise created and owned by Outfit7 Limited, a Slovenian video game developer. The franchise focuses on various mobile apps involving anthropomorphic animal characters repeating things said by the user. The first app, Talking Tom Cat, was launched in July 2010. As of March 2020, the apps have achieved more than 12 billion downloads. The franchise also includes various web series, which are mostly posted on YouTube.
Characters |
415_1 | Current
Talking Tom (also called Tom) – A gray tabby cat and the title character of the franchise. Tom is a wisecracking, adventure-seeking cat, described as the "world's most popular cat". In his app, he is a fully animated interactive 3D character that users can tickle, poke and play with. Users can also get Tom to repeat what they say. The original Talking Tom Cat app was launched in July 2010 for iOS, followed by Talking Tom 2 in 2011. In 2013, the My Talking Tom app was released, followed by the My Talking Tom 2 app in 2018.
Talking Angela (also called Angela) – Tom's girlfriend, a white cat with a love for travel, singing, fashion and dancing. Angela has also appeared in other apps in Outfit7's flagship entertainment franchise, the more popular ones being Tom's Love Letters, Tom Loves Angela, Talking Tom Gold Run, and Talking Tom Hero Dash. |
415_2 | Talking Ginger (also called Ginger) – A mischievous ginger tabby kitten. In the Talking Friends web series, he is Tom's nephew. In the Talking Tom and Friends web series, he is Tom's neighbour.
Talking Ben (also called Ben) – A brown dog and Tom's best friend who is described in the Talking Ben app as "a grumpy dog and a chemistry professor". He enjoys inventing and doing things involving science and technology.
Talking Hank (also called Hank) – A white dog with blue spots (one on his right eye, one on his tail tip, and the other on his rear). He was introduced in December 2014 with the premiere of the Talking Tom and Friends web series. His hobby is watching sitcoms, and he is Tom's roommate.
Talking Becca (also called Becca) – A grey rabbit who was introduced in the Talking Tom and Friends web series. Like Angela, she is also an aspiring singer.
Talking Gina – A giraffe who was only featured in the Talking Gina app and the Talking Friends web series. |
415_3 | Talking Pierre – A parrot who was only featured in the Talking Pierre app and the Talking Friends web series.
Talking Larry – A bird who was featured in a few apps including Talking Larry. |
415_4 | Apps
Talking Tom
Talking Tom (officially named as Talking Tom Cat) is a video game released in 2010 by Outfit7, in which the title character, Tom, repeats anything said to him in a high-pitched voice, and interacts with the user.
Talking Gina
Talking Gina was an app released in 2011 featuring a giraffe named Gina, which interacts with the user. As of February 2022, the app is no longer available. The title character was featured in the Talking Friends web series, but has since not made any appearances.
Talking Ben
Talking Ben (officially named as Talking Ben the Dog) is an app released in 2011 in which the user interacts with Ben. The character has been featured in numerous apps, and in every web series excluding Talking Tom Shorts.
Talking Tom 2
Talking Tom 2 (officially named as Talking Tom Cat 2) is the sequel to Talking Tom, released in 2011. It retains most of the features of its predecessor, while having improved graphics. |
415_5 | Talking News
Talking News (officially named as Talking Tom and Ben News) is a game released in 2011, in which Talking Tom and Talking Ben act as TV news anchors, repeating whatever is recorded and pulling pranks on each other.
Talking Pierre
Talking Pierre is a video-game released in 2011 in which the user interacts with a parrot named Pierre. Pierre has appeared in only one web series since being introduced — Talking Friends.
Tom's Love Letters
Tom's Love Letters is an app released in 2012 that lets users send personalised messages to their friends and family.
Tom Loves Angela
Tom Loves Angela is an app released in 2012 that lets users watch Tom courting Angela. As of February 2022, the app is no longer available.
Talking Ginger
Talking Ginger is an app released in 2012 that lets the user interact with an orange kitten named Ginger and get him ready for bed. The character has been featured in numerous apps, and in every web series excluding Talking Tom Shorts. |
415_6 | Talking Angela
Talking Angela is an app released in 2012 that was the target of a mudslinging campaign in which various individuals alleged that the app was created by paedophiles with the intent of tracking children, though no legitimate evidence was found proving the claims.
Talking Ginger 2
Talking Ginger 2 (formerly Ginger’s Birthday) is a game released in 2013, featuring Ginger. It allows the user to interact with Ginger at his birthday party. Until April 2014, the app was known as Ginger's Birthday.
My Talking Tom
My Talking Tom is a virtual pet app released on November 14, 2013 that allows the user to take care of Tom as he grows, and rename and customise him.
My Talking Angela
My Talking Angela is a virtual pet app released in 2014 that allows the user to take care of Angela as she grows, and rename and customise her. |
415_7 | Talking Tom Jetski
Talking Tom Jetski is a game released in 2015 in which the user either plays as Tom or Angela, riding on a jet ski to complete missions. As of February 2022, the app is no longer available.
Talking Tom Bubble Shooter
Talking Tom Bubble Shooter is a bubble-shooting game released in 2015. As of February 2022, the app is no longer available.
Talking Tom Gold Run
Talking Tom Gold Run is an endless runner game released in 2016, in which the player, as Tom, Angela, Ben, Hank or Ginger, chases a robber while collecting gold bars.
My Talking Hank
My Talking Hank is a virtual pet game released in 2016, in which the user takes care of Hank.
Talking Angela Color Splash
Talking Angela Color Splash is a match-3 game released in 2017. As of February 2022, the app is no longer available. |
415_8 | Talking Tom Camp
Talking Tom Camp is a strategy game released in 2017, in which the player builds a camp while attacking enemy camps. As of February 2022, the app is no longer available.
Talking Tom Pool
Talking Tom Pool is a game released in 2017 in which the player builds a waterpark. As of February 2022, the app is no longer available.
Talking Tom Jetski 2
Talking Tom Jetski 2 is a jetski racing video-game released in 2018. It has different rules from Talking Tom Jetski.
Talking Tom Candy Run
Talking Tom Candy Run is an endless runner game released in 2018.
Talking Tom Cake Jump
Talking Tom Cake Jump is an endless jumper game released in 2018. As of February 2022, the app is no longer available.
Talking Tom Jump Up
Talking Tom Jump Up is another endless jumper game released in 2018. As of February 2022, the app is no longer available.
My Talking Tom 2
My Talking Tom 2 is a virtual pet app released in 2018. It is a sequel to My Talking Tom. |
415_9 | Talking Tom Fun Fair
Talking Tom Fun Fair is a match-3 game released in 2019 in which the player rebuilds an abandoned amusement park.
Talking Tom Hero Dash
Talking Tom Hero Dash is an endless runner game released in 2019 that is similar to Talking Tom Gold Run. The characters are superheroes.
Talking Tom Splash Force
Talking Tom Splash Force is a game in which the player uses water balloons to attack criminals.
My Talking Tom Friends
My Talking Tom Friends is a game where the player takes care of Tom initially, but later gets Angela, Hank, Ginger, Ben and Becca to take care of too.
My Talking Angela 2
My Talking Angela 2 is a virtual pet app released in 2021. It is a sequel to My Talking Angela.
Talking Tom Gold Run 2
Talking Tom Gold Run 2 is an endless runner game released in 2021. It is a sequel to Talking Tom Gold Run.
Web series |
415_10 | Talking Friends
Talking Friends was the first animated web series of the Talking Tom and Friends franchise. It was produced by Disney Interactive Studios, and ran on YouTube from June 8 to August 31, 2012, for 10 episodes.
Talking Tom and Friends
Outfit7 Limited launched an animated series called Talking Tom and Friends in December 2014, later renamed Talking Tom & Friends, based on the antics of Talking Tom and his friends. The show's first 3 seasons were produced by the Austrian animation studio arx anima, while the Spanish animation studio People Moving Pixels produced season 4 and season 5.
Talking Tom Shorts
Talking Tom Shorts is an ongoing web series. The show revolves the lives of Tom, Ben, Angela, Ginger and Hank, and it features another character referred to as the hand. Unlike the TV series, none of the characters have dialogue, and the show extensively uses slapstick comedy. It is currently available on YouTube.
Season 1 (2014–2018)
Season 2 (2019-TBA) |
415_11 | Talking Tom and Friends Minis
Talking Tom and Friends Minis is a South Korean-British-American 2D animated web series featuring Talking Tom and his friends. The characters are presented without any particular language dialogue. It is developed and produced by Outfit7 and Plenus. The show was released from March 2016 to July 2018.
Talking Tom Heroes
Talking Tom Heroes is an animated series by Outfit7. It premiered on April 26, 2019 on YouTube and on May 15, 2019 on ABC Broadcast Channel. It also premiered on Boomerang in Asia and on Pop in the United Kingdom.
Talking Tom Heroes: Suddenly Super
Talking Tom Heroes: Suddenly Super is an upcoming animated series by Outfit7 and Epic Story Media, a company that has worked on other TV shows such as Slugterra and Pocoyo, announced on July 9, 2021. It will follow the characters as they work as superheroes while maintaining a civilian identity. |
415_12 | Other media
The Talking Tom & Friends franchise has expanded beyond apps and animated series. The franchise also sells branded merchandise and music videos.
Talking Tom and Talking Angela's music video for their single "You Get Me", created in cooperation with Walt Disney Records, has received over 350 million views on YouTube as of March 2020. Talking Angela has also recorded her first solo song called "That's Falling in Love". Talking Tom and Talking Angela's "Stand By Me", based on Ben E. King's song of the same name, received 54 million views as of March 2021.
Talking Tom & Friends launched a range of interactive toys called Superstar in 2012. The plush toys talk and interact with multiple Talking Tom & Friends apps, as well as with each other, using a voice recognition system. The series has since been discontinued. |
415_13 | A live-action animated feature film based on the Talking Tom & Friends franchise entered development in October 2014, with Brad Fischer, James Vanderbilt, and William Sherak producing the film. It will be produced by Mythology Entertainment. In October 2018, Jean-Julien Baronnet (who was also involved in the Rabbids Invasion television series and the Assassin's Creed film) was hired to produce the film. As of late October 2019, the film is stated to be in the script stage.
Controversies |
415_14 | Paedophile hoax
In February 2014, Talking Angela was the subject of an Internet hoax claiming that it encourages children to disclose personal information about themselves, which is allegedly then used by paedophiles to identify the location of these children. The rumor, which was widely circulated on Facebook and various websites claiming to be dedicated to parenting, claims that Angela, the game's main character, asks the game's user for private personal information using the game's text-chat feature. Other versions of the rumor even claim that it is run by a paedophile ring, while some go so far as to even claim that the user is recorded by the camera and can be seen in Angela's eyes. The rumour has been claimed to be true even by YouTubers and even on the app's review page on the Apple App Store and the Google Play Store, even though there have been no verified reports of the said events happening. |
415_15 | It was debunked by Snopes.com soon afterwards. The site's owners, Barbara and David Mikkelson, reported that they had tried to "prompt" it to give responses asking for private information but were unsuccessful, even when asking it explicitly sexual questions. While it is true that in the game with child mode off Angela does ask for the user's name, age and personal preferences to determine conversation topics, Outfit7 has said that this information is all "anonymized" and all personal information is removed from it. It is also impossible for a person to take control of what Angela says in the game, since the app is based on chat bot software. |
415_16 | In 2015, the hoax was revived again on Facebook, prompting online security company Sophos and The Guardian to debunk it again. Sophos employee Paul Ducklin wrote on the company's blog that the message being posted on Facebook promoting the hoax was "close to 600 rambling, repetitious words, despite claiming at the start that it didn't have words to describe the situation. It's ill-written, and borders on being illiterate and incomprehensible." Bruce Wilcox, one of the game's programmers, has attributed the hoax's popularity to the fact that the chatbot program in Talking Angela is so realistic. |
415_17 | However, genuine concern has been raised that the game's child mode may be too easy for children to turn off, which, if they did, would allow them to purchase "coins", which can be used as currency in the game, via iTunes. Disabling child mode also enables the chat feature, which, while not "connecting your children to pedophiles", still raises concerns as well, according to Stuart Dredge, a journalist from The Guardian. Dredge wrote that in chat mode, Angela asks for information such as the user's name.
Impact
The scare has significantly boosted the game's popularity, and is credited with helping the app make it into the top 10 free iPhone apps soon after the hoax became widely known in February 2015 and 3rd most popular for all iPhone apps at the start of the following month. |
415_18 | Age-inappropriate advertising
In 2015, the My Talking Tom app was reported for having advertised age-inappropriate advertisements for adult services. The Advertising Standards Authority of the United Kingdom ruled that advertising for an adult web site was delivered to underage children via the app. The ASA noted that Outfit7 "had a strict advertising policy" but that the company "had not been able to identify which ad network had served an age-inappropriate ad on a children's app" and how the advertisements were shown in the app.
Reception
My Talking Tom had over 11 million downloads and was the top games app in 135 countries worldwide within 10 days of its launch.
The Talking Tom & Friends YouTube channel has over 10 million subscribers and 3.5 billion views as of March 2020.
As of April 2020, the franchise has had its apps downloaded more than 12 billion times. |
415_19 | Accolades
The My Talking Tom app won the award for "Best iPad Game: Kids, Education & Family" at the 2014 Tabby Awards, the global competition for the best tablet app.
My Talking Tom was also voted the 2014 Tabby Award Users' Choice favorite in two categories, "Best iPad Game: Kids, Education & Family" and "Best Android Game: Puzzle, Cards & Family".
The Talking Tom & Friends television series won the Best Animated Series Award at the 2016 Cablefax Awards.
See also
List of most downloaded Android applications
Digital puppetry
References
External links
2010 video games
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Video games adapted into television shows
Video game franchises introduced in 2010
Mass media franchises
Video games about cats
Video games developed in Slovenia
Virtual pet video games |
416_0 | Canaan Valley () is a large bathtub-shaped upland valley in northeastern Tucker County, West Virginia, USA. Within it are extensive wetlands and the headwaters of the Blackwater River which spills out of the valley at Blackwater Falls. It is a well-known and partially undeveloped scenic attraction and tourist draw. Since 1994, almost 70% of the Valley has become the Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge, the nation's 500th National Wildlife Refuge, with Canaan Valley Resort State Park and Blackwater Falls State Park nearby.
Canaan Valley was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974. The National Park Service citation indicates that the Valley is "a splendid 'museum' of Pleistocene habitats ... contain[ing] ... an aggregation of these habitats seldom found in the eastern United States. It is unique as a northern boreal relict community at this latitude by virtue of its size, elevation and diversity." |
416_1 | The local pronunciation of "Canaan" is , rather than the conventional for the Biblical region from which the area questionably takes its name. According to legend, this is the result of improper pronunciation by the person who named the valley.
Geography
The Valley, nestled among the higher backbone ranges of the Allegheny Mountains, is about long and to wide. It is defined by Canaan Mountain to the west and Cabin Mountain to the east. The northern half of Cabin Mountain is part of the Eastern Continental Divide.
The Valley encompasses approximately 25,000 acres (although the greater Valley ecosystem is sometimes considered to consist of about 36,000 acres). The average valley floor elevation is above sea level, making it the highest sizable valley east of the Mississippi River. The surrounding mountains extend upward an additional to 4,450 ft. (1,356 m) at the summit of Weiss Knob on the southeastern rim of the valley. |
416_2 | The Blackwater River originates in the southern part of the Valley. The Falls of the Blackwater represent part of a water gap through which the river exits the Valley between Brown and Canaan Mountains before cascading through Blackwater Canyon. |
416_3 | Geology
Canaan Valley — like the very similar Burke's Garden in Virginia — is a southern "muskeg" occupying an anticline valley. The Valley itself is carved into the low dome of sedimentary rock known as the Blackwater Anticline, exposing the soft shales of the Mauch Chunk Formation. In the Canaan Valley region, the Blackwater River began carving into the underlying sedimentary rock layers of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age (345–270 million years ago) about one million years ago. The hard, erosion-resistant Pottsville Formation of sandstones is the higher layer supporting the mountains surrounding Canaan Valley and also constitutes the sharp rim of the nearby Blackwater Gorge. Tombstone-like outcroppings of Greenbrier Limestone are also exposed at places along the Valley floor. A relatively high area within the Valley – the Central Pocono Ridge – is composed of the erosion-resistant Pocono Group sandstone. |
416_4 | Climate
Because of its relatively high elevation of 3,200 feet, Canaan Valley has a cooler, moister climate than surrounding areas at lower altitudes.
Summers are cool and humid with afternoon maximum temperatures averaging in the mid 70s °F. Summer morning minimum temperatures average in the low to mid 50s °F. Due to its altitude and "frost hollow" topography, extreme minimum temperatures below freezing (20s °F) have been recorded in every month of the year. The average growing season of about 95 days is shorter than in Fairbanks, Alaska in interior central Alaska. |
416_5 | Winters are typically cold and snowy with an average winter producing 170.2 inches (340 cm) of snowfall. The largest snowfall of 257 inches (650 cm) was recorded in the 1995–96 winter. Even in the mildest of winters, over 5 feet (25 cm) of snow falls. Snow pack usually reaches a maximum depth of about 2 feet plus (0.7 m) in late February. In exceptionally cold snowy winters, packs can exceed 4 feet (1.2 m) in depth in the woods.
Due to its proximity to both the warm Gulf of Mexico and frigid interior northern Canada, periods of warm above freezing conditions alternate with frigid temperatures. This results in periods of rain and snow even during the coldest months. This characteristic of the climate normally holds snow depth on the ground to below what it would be without mild periods and rainfall occurring. |
416_6 | Canaan Valley's elevation and geographic location allow it to receive significant upslope snow (Orographic lift) regularly during the winter, particularly during prolonged periods of northwesterly winds coming off of the Great Lakes. Such synoptic situations can generate prolonged blizzard conditions. Located along the spine of the Central Appalachian Mountains, the Valley is often near the western edge of Nor'easters, occasionally getting blizzards from strong, Atlantic moisture-laiden, easterly winds.
History
Prehistory and settlement |
416_7 | Canaan Valley and surrounding areas were strongly impacted by the southward advance of glaciers some 15,000 years ago. Although the glaciers themselves did not extend this far south into the area, this climatic change resulted in a very cool, moist environment that was forest-unfriendly. Later, as the ice receded, many cold-adapted plant species remained behind and survived due to the high elevation. Soon, however, this tundra-like vegetation was largely crowded out by the growth of an extraordinarily dense climax red spruce forest, intermixed with balsam fir and hardwoods.
The first Europeans to see Canaan Valley were likely the surveyors of the famous Fairfax Line who crossed Canaan Mountain in 1746 under conditions of extreme difficulty. |
416_8 | The origins of Canaan Valley's name are controversial. According to local legend, a German settler named Henry Fansler, who was migrating from the Shenandoah Valley, viewed the valley from Cabin Mountain in April, 1748 and exclaimed "Besiehe das Land Canaan" ["Behold the Land of Canaan"] :593 However, numerous early documented accounts of the Valley (as discussed in the previous paragraph above) describe it as being just the opposite, a nightmarish landscape..."gloomy, foreboding", with extremely difficult access in the 1700s. In fact, the first documented description of the Valley only 2 years prior to Harness's supposed 1748 proclamation stated that it was so wild and forbidding that it was "sufficient to strike terror into any human or creature". Furthermore, the river emptying the Valley (now called the Blackwater) was called the River of Styx, meaning River of the Dead. This dark history, along with the Valley's cold, snowy climate and eastern Canadian-like forest and |
416_9 | landscapes, have led some to theorize that the original name was actually "the Canadian Valley". |
416_10 | Fansler and his family hacked out a living on Freeman Creek in the Valley for three years before the harsh winters and poor farming potential forced them to move to the mouth of the Blackwater a few miles away. Fansler was the first Canaan settler whose name is known, although there is known to have been an earlier abortive homesteader in the 1770s or '80s who left descendants elsewhere in the county.:378 |
416_11 | The rugged and remote "High Allegheny" region (what is now east-central West Virginia), including the Valley, was bypassed by development for many decades. As large-scale settlement occurred to its north, south and west the region remained relatively wild. In the 19th Century, the Valley was a last refuge for many of the large mammal species that were being exterminated from the eastern United States. In about 1843, for example, three elk were killed in Canaan Valley by members of the Flanagan and Carr families, local settlers who habitually hunted there. These were likely the last elk found wild in the region that later became West Virginia. |
416_12 | The earliest settler to make a successful and permanent livelihood in the Valley came more than 60 years after Fansler when Solomon W. Cosner began living at Fansler's old homestead in 1864.:378-379 The country was described at that time as one of "...original forests [which...] is swampy, but, as soon as the timber is removed, the water dries up ... Water stands in horse tracks in the woods." Cosner, a Civil War veteran known as the "Pioneer of Canaan", was a noted bear hunter. He and his sons were said to have killed more than 500 bears in Canaan Valley (as well as countless deer, two panthers and a wolf). Other families arrived to settle in the Valley in the 1870s.
In 1883, a Virginia adventurer, former Texas cowboy and land speculator named Charles R. Ruffin bought of the Valley and organized the "Canaan Valley Blue Grass & Improvement Company", but his scheme to create a vast and profitable cattle ranch came to nothing.:488-489,:595 |
416_13 | Logging and wildfires
Logging of the surrounding mountains was extensive in the 1880s and '90s, but impenetrable understories of rhododendron made passage through the Valley floor almost impossible until the advent of a logging railroad in 1915. The productivity of the timber stands extracted from the Valley floor between 1888 and 1922 (when the last virgin timber was removed) was twice that of similar stands within the state. Maurice Brooks described the ensuing environmental damage in his classic book on Appalachian natural history: |
416_14 | Canaan Valley had a tragic history, and its comeback has been a slow one. A hundred years ago valley and surrounding ridges were covered by red spruce forest of a density that is hard to imagine today. Under such a forest the sun never reached to ground level, humus accumulated through the ages, and fire was not a threat. The lumbermen came, ultimately, and if total and permanent destruction of the entire area had been an aim it could scarcely have been more fully realized. An official of the company boasted that in they had not left one stick of timber that would make a two-by-four. Log yields were fantastic; some land on the valley floor scaled to of lumber ... With all cover removed, organic material at ground level began to dry out; soon it was high-grade fuel, and the inevitable fires got started. There followed such a ground fire as this state has never seen before or since. For months this humus layer smoldered, and neither rains nor snows could stop the fire's slow advance. |
416_15 | The village of Davis was saved by a series of deep trenches around it, these kept filled with water carried from the Blackwater River. When the destruction was complete, all vegetable matter that wasn't soaked had burned ... Bare rocks remained, and thin mineral soil, this often several feet lower than ground level in the original forest. Canaan and environs had become a desert. I have often wondered if the Pittsburgh company responsible for this has been proud of its job, and if it has enjoyed the resultant wealth. |
416_16 | By the 1920s, the Babcock Lumber and Boom Company had virtually exhausted its commercial prospects in the Valley. In 1923, the West Virginia Power and Transmission Company (WVPTC, later called Allegheny Power Systems), bought in the northern half of the Valley from Babcock with a long-range plan to construct a hydroelectric power plant that would flood much of the Valley:212 The WVPTC was not, of course, motivated by any preservationist or environmentalist impulses, but this land purchase was decisive for the fate of the Valley and the power company proved an unwitting guardian of the natural wetlands from development. According to Michael—a wildlife biologist with 30 years experience in the Valley—had this purchase not occurred by a public utility at a time when the scientific and environmental value of wetland was not yet recognized, the northern Valley would undoubtedly have been drained and developed by commercial and private interests in the 1950s and '60s, as happened in the |
416_17 | southern Valley. |
416_18 | Serious accidents, even fatal ones, were not uncommon in the logging industry in West Virginia in its heyday. A particularly noteworthy one occurred on 5 February 1924 in Canaan Valley when Babcock's Engine #4 wrecked and killed superintendent Fred V. Viering.
Recovery and development
In 1920, the southern third of the Valley was included in the newly established Monongahela National Forest, the first attempt to restore the forests that the previous generation had cut down. The logging railroads in the Valley were abandoned, then the rails were pulled up in 1925. The outside world intrude again in 1932, however, in the form of West Virginia Route 32 which bisects the southern end of the Valley, connecting Davis to Harman. This is the only north–south highway in the Valley and it was along this route that the later development of the 20th century occurred. Electrification came to this part of the Valley in 1938.:221 |
416_19 | In the late 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps undertook as one of its projects the reforestation of Canaan Mountain. In areas where there was no soil at all to work with, trucks were run from the Valley continuously bringing dark muck soil to the mountaintop. Spruce seedlings were packed in, each requiring a bushel or two of soil, and by the 1940s a new spruce forest had been established on the slopes overlooking the Valley. In 1943–44, as part of the West Virginia Maneuver Area, the U.S. Army used the Canaan Valley area as a practice artillery and mortar range and maneuver area before troops were sent to European Theater of Operations to fight in World War II. |
416_20 | Beginning in 1950, the Ski Club of Washington, DC was developing ski slopes on the Valley side of Bald Knob of Cabin Mountain:595-596 Within the decade, a slope on Cabin Mountain and a slope on Weiss Knob had been developed. Because of its protection from the sun, snow on that side of the mountain often remains until April or later.
In the early 1970s, Canaan Valley Resort State Park was created at the southern end of the Valley in an attempt to further develop a ski industry in the state. An 18-hole golf course was also constructed there at this time. |
416_21 | Controversy and preservation |
416_22 | In 1970, Allegheny Power requested permits for the long-anticipated hydroelectric facility in the Valley. This power plant would have supplied electricity to major metropolitan areas of the northeastern United States. The proposal involved damming the Blackwater River with consequent flooding of about , including all of the wetland — roughly 25% of the Valley floor. Public objections were raised and, in the midst of the furor, the Valley was designated a National Natural Landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior in December 1974. In 1977, the Federal Power Commission issued a license to Allegheny for construction of a pumped storage hydroelectric project, formally known as the Davis Power Project. Contentious public hearings ensued and the following year the project was denied a Clean Water Act permit by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps' decision cited adverse impacts upon the Valley's wetlands, a relatively new concept at the time. Allegheny appealed the Corps' |
416_23 | decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals which ruled that a Clean Water Act permit was in fact required for work to commence. The adverse ruling by the appeals court was itself appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court which in 1988 declined to hear the case. This represented the final nail in the coffin of the Davis Power Project.:221-222 |
416_24 | In 1994, about of the Valley were purchased by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to establish a National Wildlife Refuge, the nation's 500th. In 2002, Allegheny – having kept development of most of the Valley at bay since its 1923 land purchase – finally sold its to the government to be added to the Refuge. With additional acquisitions, the present Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge is almost in extent.
Ecology
Wetlands and boreal plants |
416_25 | Canaan Valley shares much of the plant and animal life characteristic of the rest of the state, but its 40 botanical communities also include species otherwise found only in sub-arctic bogs and conifer forests much further north. It has been described by ecologists and conservationists as "a bit of Canada gone astray". The Valley includes several habitat types, but particularly noteworthy are its extensive wetlands, which are the largest in the entire central and southern Appalachian region; they form the second largest inland wetland area in the United States. These 8,400 or so acres of shrub swamp and bog represent approximately 40% of the wetland found in the state of West Virginia. |
416_26 | Flora
Over 580 plant species have been documented in the Valley, notably various mosses, sedges and heathers, the large cranberry and the Canadian blueberry. Also present are the sundew, marsh marigold, jack-in-the-pulpit, starflower and Canadian lily-of-the-valley. Late August experiences impressive blooms of cotton grass, a sedge otherwise found mostly in Alaska and Canada.
Fauna
More than 280 animal species have been recorded in the Valley.
MammalsThe valley and surrounding highlands provide some of the most southern pockets of snowshoe hare habitat. Other local mammals include beavers, muskrats, raccoons, opossums, and grey and red squirrels. Seen far less frequently are black bears, bobcats, coyotes, and red foxes. Of special note are large groups of white-tailed deer which can often be seen from the main roads. The deer have become so conditioned to human presence that they are no longer frightened; feeding and interacting with the deer is strongly discouraged. |
416_27 | BirdsBirdlife is prolific, especially those species attracted by the valley's wetlands. These include ducks (wood ducks, mallards, black ducks), Canada geese and the great blue heron. These wetlands are the southernmost nesting site for the American bittern. Notable migratory songbirds finding seasonal homes in the valley include the golden-winged warbler, scarlet tanager, indigo bunting, and Canada warbler. Raptors include red-tailed hawks, goshawks and the occasional peregrine falcon and bald eagle.
FishSmallmouth bass and various other sunfish are found in the upper Blackwater River. Native brook trout and introduced rainbow trout are also found in some of the cold, clean streams of the area. |
416_28 | Tourism and recreation
The Valley's unique climatic and natural features attract a steady flow of outdoor recreationalists. Camping, hiking, fishing (trout, bass), cross-country and downhill skiing, leaf-peeping, and wildlife viewing are popular outdoor activities. Upland game bird hunting (woodcock, ruffed grouse, common snipe, wild turkey) has long been popular in the Valley and is still permitted, even in the NWR, within season.
In addition to the two state parks and one wildlife refuge, the valley is home to two Alpine ski resorts (Canaan Valley Ski Resort and Timberline Mountain) and one Nordic ski area (White Grass Ski Touring Center).
See also
List of National Natural Landmarks
List of National Natural Landmarks in West Virginia
References
Citations |
416_29 | Other sources
Allard, H.A. and E.C. Leonard (1952), "Canaan and Stony River Valleys of West Virginia, Their Former Magnificent Spruce Forests, Their Vegetation and Floristics Today,", Castanea 17:1-60.
Kennedy, Philip Pendleton (1853), The Blackwater Chronicle, A Narrative of an Expedition into the Land of Canaan in Randolph County, Virginia, Redfield, New York.
Strother, David Hunter (1855), The Virginia Canaan, Harper's Magazine, 8:18-36.
Fortney, Ronald H. (1993), "Canaan Valley – An Area of Special Interest within the Upland Forest Region", Chapter 4 in: Upland Forests of West Virginia, Stephen L. Stephenson, editor; Parsons, West Virginia: McClain Printing Company.
Preble, Jack (1971), Land of Canaan, Plain Tales from the Mountains of West Virginia, Parsons, West Virginia: McClain Printing Company, 1st ed., 1960; 2nd ed., 1965, 3rd ed., 1971. |
416_30 | Freshwater Institute and West Virginia Audubon Council (n.d. [but 1980s]), The Canaan Valley: A National Treasure, 12 minute educational film.
Ludlum, J.C., and Arkle, Jr., T. (1971), Blackwater Falls State Park and Canaan Valley State Park: Resources, Geology and Recreation, West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey, State Park Series Bulletin 6, 60 p.
Matchen, D.L., Fedorko, N., and Blake, Jr., B.M. (1998), Geology of Canaan Valley, 1:24,000 scale (Map, with explanation text).
Venable, Norma Jean (1990), Canaan Valley, West Virginia University Extension Service, Morgantown, West Virginia. |
416_31 | External links
Monongahela National Forest map of Canaan Valley Area
Valleys of West Virginia
Protected areas of Tucker County, West Virginia
Wetlands of West Virginia
National Natural Landmarks in West Virginia
Monongahela National Forest
IUCN Category III
Civilian Conservation Corps in West Virginia
Landforms of Tucker County, West Virginia |
417_0 | West Creek is a tributary of Fishing Creek, in Columbia County and Sullivan County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is long and flows through Davidson Township in Sullivan County and Jackson Township, Sugarloaf Township, Benton Township, and Benton in Columbia County. The water temperature of the creek ranges from to . The discharge ranges from nearly . Rock formations in the watershed include the Trimmers Rock Formation, the Catskill Formation, and the Huntley Mountain Formation. The creek's watershed has an area of , most of which is agricultural, forested, or urban land. A small number of dams, mills, and schoolhouses were built on West Creek in the 19th and early 20th century. West Creek has the highest level of biodiversity of any stream in the upper Fishing Creek watershed. |
417_1 | Course |
417_2 | West Creek begins on Huckleberry Mountain in Davidson Township, Sullivan County. It flows east for several hundred feet before turning south-southeast for several tenths of a mile, exiting Sullivan County and entering Jackson Township, Columbia County. It then turns south-southwest for a short distance, reaching the base of Huckleberry Mountain and crossing Pennsylvania Route 118, before southeast for a few miles in a valley, receiving one unnamed tributary from the left and another from the right. The creek then enters Sugarloaf Township and receives another unnamed tributary from the left and turns south. For the next few miles, it flows alongside West Creek Road and receives another unnamed tributary from the right. It then crosses Pennsylvania Route 239 and receives York Hollow, its first named tributary, from the right. The creek then turns southeast for several miles, flowing alongside Pennsylvania Route 239 and receiving another unnamed tributary from the left and entering |
417_3 | Benton Township. It turns south for more than a mile, still flowing alongside Pennsylvania Route 239 and crossing it several times. The creek then exits its valley and turns south-southwest, flowing along the edge of a plain. After several tenths of a mile, it receives Spencer Run, its second and final named tributary, from the right and then turns south for more than a mile, passing along the western border of Benton. The creek then turns south-southeast and exits Benton. A few tenths of a mile further downstream, it reaches its confluence with Fishing Creek. |
417_4 | West Creek joins Fishing Creek upstream of its mouth.
Hydrology
The water temperature in West Creek in the summer can be as high as , which is 3° Celsius (5.4° Fahrenheit) higher than coldwater fish can tolerate. Between May 2010 and July 2011, it ranged from below in February and March 2011 to in August 2010.
Between May 2010 and July 2011, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in West Creek ranged from slightly under in May 2010 to nearly in late January 2011. This is well above the minimum required concentration of dissolved oxygen for optimal fish habitation. |
417_5 | West Creek is less affected by episodic acidification than most of the rest of the upper Fishing Creek watershed, with the exception of Coles Creek. The pH of West Creek is at its lowest in late winter and spring, when it is typically around 6.3. During the rest of the year, it is above 7.0. The entire pH range of the creek ranges from just over 6.0 to 7.2 or 7.3. The concentration of dissolved aluminum in West Creek is under , considerably less than the concentration needed to kill fish. The aluminum concentration is, in fact, usually approximately zero and is often under . However, early in 2011, the concentration was observed twice to be nearly .
The discharge of West Creek is usually less than . However, it sometimes is between and has occasionally been as high as nearly . The conductance of the creek ranges from slightly over 40 to more than 60 micro-siemens per centimeter. |
417_6 | Geography and geology
The elevation near the mouth of West Creek is above sea level. The elevation of the creek's source is between above sea level.
The rock in the southern part of the watershed of West Creek is of the Trimmers Rock Formation. This consists of siltstone and shale and comes from the Devonian period. The northern part of the watershed has rock belonging to the Catskill Formation, which consists of sandstone and siltstone and also comes from the Devonian. The Huntley Mountain Formation can be found at the headwaters of the creek. This formation consists of sandstone and siltstone and comes from the Mississippian and Devonian periods.
Watershed
The watershed of West Creek has an area of . The creek's mouth is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Benton. However, its source is in the quadrangle of Elk Grove. |
417_7 | There is significant agricultural activity done in the lower reaches of the watershed of West Creek and there are also some residential areas. Additionally, there are some agricultural lands in the upper reaches of the watershed. Much of the rest of the watershed is forested land. Some of the most downstream parts of the watershed are urban.
History and etymology
West Creek has been known by its current name since at least the late 1830s. The creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1192054. |
417_8 | In 1799, a schoolhouse was constructed on West Creek near Benton. It was one of the first schoolhouses in the vicinity of Benton. During the 1864 elections, at least two Union soldiers were stationed on the creek, guarding the polling venues. A mill called the Thomas Mill was built on the creek in 1865 and remained operational in 1914, when it was owned by N.B. Cole. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, there was a timber-producing business on the creek, run by J. Harvey Creveling. |
417_9 | In 1881, J. J. McHenry constructed a queen truss covered bridge over West Creek for $348.00. The bridge was moved to South Branch Roaring Creek when it was sold to H. H. Knoebel in 1936. A two-span concrete tee beam bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 239 was built over the creek in 1934. It is long and is located north of Benton. Another bridge of the same type, but with only a single, was built north of Benton in the same year. This bridge is long. A two-span steel stringer/multi-beam or girder bridge was constructed over the creek in Benton in 1951. It is long and carries State Route 4030. A bridge of the same time, was built north of Benton in 1958. It is long and carries T-720. A prestressed box beam or girders bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 239 was built in 2004. It is located north of Benton and is long. |
417_10 | In 1914, the Benton Water Supply Company constructed a dam on West Creek upstream of Benton. A private campground called the West Creek Gap Campgrounds was established at the headwaters of West Creek in 1979 by the wife of George Mikulski.
Biology
There are 41 macroinvertebrate taxa that have been observed in West Creek, more than have been observed in all of upper Fishing Creek. The number of macroinvertebrates per square meter in West Creek at the site WC1 (in the lower reaches of the creek) is nearly 900, which is far higher than the number of macroinvertebrates per square meter in any other site except the site WC2, in the middle reaches of the creek. Site WC2 has a macroinvertebrate density of 600 macroinvertebrates per square meter. Approximately 60% of the taxa are Ephemeroptera (mayflies), 10% each are Plecoptera (stoneflies), and approximately 5% are Trichoptera (caddisflies). |
417_11 | There are a total of eight species of wild fish in West Creek. Brook trout and brown trout both inhabit West Creek, although brook trout are slightly more common than brown trout, with nine brook trout and only seven brown trout being observed in a 2010 or 2011 electrofishing survey. Trout are more common upstream of the Pennsylvania Route 239 crossing of the creek than downstream of it. The most common fish in the creek are sculpin, eastern blacknose dace, and cutlips minnows. In the aforementioned electrofishing survey, a total of 81 sculpin, 34 black-nosed dace, and 17 cutlips minnows were observed. Other species of fish in the watershed include johnny darter, white sucker, and creek chub. |
417_12 | In 2011, the habitat quality of upper Fishing Creek and its tributaries were rated on a scale of 1 to 200 (with a higher rating indicating better habitability) by Point Park University and the Fishing Creek Sportsmans' Association. The headwaters of West Creek were given a rating of 192. The rating is significantly lower further downstream, with it being 175 downstream of the crossing of Pennsylvania Route 239. The rating averages 138 where the creek is in Benton and the lowest rating is 115. This rating occurred downstream of the Market Street bridge in Benton.
The Shannon Diversity Index, which is commonly used to measure the diversity of biological communities, of West Creek is slightly over 2.5. The Hilsenhoff Biotic Index, a measure of pollution-tolerant macroinvertebrates, on much of the creek ranges from 1.6 to 2.5, although an area of the creek near Benton ranges from 2.6 to 3.5. There is little riparian buffering along the sections of West Creek where agriculture is done. |
417_13 | See also
Coles Creek (Pennsylvania), next tributary of Fishing Creek going upstream
Culley Run, next tributary of Fishing Creek going upstream
List of tributaries of Fishing Creek (North Branch Susquehanna River)
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
Rivers of Columbia County, Pennsylvania
Tributaries of Fishing Creek (North Branch Susquehanna River)
Rivers of Pennsylvania |
418_0 | Fred Panopio (February 2, 1939 – April 22, 2010) was a Filipino singer and actor who rose to fame in the 1960s and 1970s.
He is known for having made the yodeling style of music famous in the Philippines. This particular kind of music is evident is many of his hits, such as "Pitong Gatang," "Markado," and "Tatlong Baraha". He was also an occasional actor, and appeared in several movies alongside Jess Lapid and Fernando Poe, Jr. He is also known sing the Poe's movie's theme songs. In 1999, Panopio and Victor Wood released an album and became part of the OPM legends.
He appeared in an episode of noon-time variety show Wowowee in 2009 as a special guest, during which host Willie Revillame addressed him as a "Living Legend".
Personal life
He was married to Lolita Mina-Panopio; they had a daughter, Jennifer Panopio.
Death
Panopio died of cardiac arrest on April 22, 2010 at the age of 71 years old in Quezon City, Philippines.
Discography |
418_1 | Studio albums
Nalulumbay Ako (Dyna Records)
Mga Awit ng Pag-ibig ni Fred Panopio (Dyna Records)
Naku, Inday (Bakit Mo Ibinigay) (Dyna Records)
Sa Hardin ng Mga Rosas (Dyna Records)
Awit (Dyna Records)
Mahal Pa Rin Kita (Plaka Pilipino)
Sa Lapyahan (Plaka Pilipino, 1975)
Fred Panopio (Plaka Pilipino, 1977)
Banderang Puti (1994)
Compilations
Kawawang Cowboy (1977)
Pitong Gatang (1960)
Singles
Scale Records
"Pitong Gatang" / "Chime Bells" (with Tony Maiquez and His Combo, 1959) |
418_2 | Dyna Records
"Ayos Na ang Buto-buto" (with Pablo Vergara and the Concaver) / "Hello, Miss Wow-Wow"
"Bakit Ako Nabubuhay" / "Lalu Kitang Iibigin"
"Unawain Mo Sana" / "Sa Pangarap Na Lamang"
"Nalulumbay Ako" / "Bakit Ka Nagtatampo"
"This Is My Song"
"Higit sa Buhay Ko" / "Maging Sino Ka Man"
"Puso Ko'y Naghihintay"
"Ha Ha Ha - Hi Hi Hi" / "Nais Kong Malaman Mo"
"Siya ang Tanga Kong Mahal"
"Upang Mahalin Ka" / "Walang Nagmamahal"
"Hahanap-Hanapin Ko" (adapted from "Sealed with a Kiss") / "Naala-ala Mo Ba Ako"
"Bayaan Mong Mahalin Kita" / "Kung Sakali Man"
"Bakas ng Pag-ibig" (Side B)
"Luluha Ka Rin"
"Honeymoon sa Buwan" (Side B)
"Kung Ako'y Mahal Mo"
"Sawing Palad Ako" / "Naniniwala Ako" (adapted from "I Believe")
"Ang Kapalaran Ko" (adapted from "My Way") / "Kabilanin sa Pag-ibig"
"Ako'y sa Iyo Lamang"
"Naku, Inday! (Bakit Mo Ibinigay)"
"Kasaysayan ng Pag-ibig" (adapted from "Theme from Love Story") / "Dapat Mong Mabatid"
"Naglahong Pag-ibig" (Side B) |
418_3 | "Aking Señorita" (Side B)
"Kung Kailangan Mo Pa Ako"
"Belle" (adapted from "Ben")
"Magtaksil Ka Man" (Side B)
"Lady"
"Lumang Larawan" (adapted from "Photograph") |
418_4 | Plaka Pilipino
"Mahal Pa Rin Kita" / "Bakit Ako'y Pinaasa"
"Nasa sa 'Yo 'Yan" (Side B)
"Putlon Mo Ba?" / "Dili Ko Buot (Nga Mahilak Ka)"
"Tayo'y Mag-'Bump'"
"'Type' ni Kumpare, 'Sexy'" / "Gumikan sa Awit" (adapted from "One Day in Your Life")
"Mahirap Na'ng Ma-Por Nada" / "Lagi Kang Mamahalin"
"Sa Aking Buhay" / "Bakit Ganyan ang Pagsinta"
"Banyaga" / "Pahiyom Na, Ngisi Pa"
"Babay, Baby Babay" / "Minsan" (with Elvira de la Peña)
"Nasasabik sa Iyo" / "Kawawang Cowboy" (adapted from "Rhinestone Cowboy") (1977)
"Ingkong" / "Lagi Kang Alaala"
"Bida" / "Huwag Ka Ng Humirit"
"Kung Ayaw Mo sa Akin" / "Oh! Ang Mga Babae"
"Sayang" / "Joe Quintero" (1978)
"Super Hopia Disco" (with Yoyoy Villame and Max Surban, 1978)
"Ang Mahal Ko'y Tanging Ikaw" (adapted from "One Moment in Time")
"Bahay Kubo" / "Gloria, Gloria Labandera" (adapted from "Battle Hymn of the Republic")
"Muling Magmahalan" / "Pitong Gatang"
Songs |
418_5 | "Ako'y Sundalo"
"Anak ni Markado"
"Alanganing Sumama"
"Aking Señorita" ("Teenage Seniorita")
"Aling Tina"Ako'y Sayo Lamang"
"Ang Aking Pagsuyo"
"Ang Asawa Kong Ambisyosa" ("Tie A Yellow Ribbon...")
"Ang Ganda ng Ating Mundo"
"Ay, Ay, Ay Delilah" ("Delilah")
"Ang Kalayaan Mo'y Maaangkin" ("Love Me for What I Am")
"Ang Labo Mo"
"Ang Singsing Kong Alay"
"Awit" ("Killing Me Softly With His Song")
"Ayaw Ko Nang Lumuha Pa"
"Ay'g Dotdot Jane" ("Dick and Jane"/With Elvira Dela Pena)Babay Baby Babay (Save Your Kisses For Me)"Belle" (Ben by Michael Jackson)Bakit Ba, Bakit BaBakit Ganyan Ang PagsintaBakit Ka GanyanBakit, Saan, KailanBanderang PutiBanyaga (Cebuano Visayan)
Bida
Bilib Ka Ba? (My Melody Of Love)
Bisyo
Bohemyo (Bohemian Rhapsody)
Bomba, Bomba (Mama Mama)
Buhay (Sunshine)Chime BellsDapat Mong Mabatid (For All We Know)Di Bulhog, Di Buta Ang Gugma (Swerte Ka)
Di Kita Malilimutan
Di Kita Maaring Limutin
Dili Ko Buot (Nga Mohilak Ka)Duwag (Coward Of The County)
Esnatser ng Puso |
418_6 | Fred at Elvie
Ginang Goli
Giyera Noon (Charade)
Gloria, Gloria Labandera
Gugma Ko, Pinangga Ko Ikaw (Dearest One)
Gumikan Sa Awit (One Day in Your Life)
Ha, Ha, Ha, Hi, Hi, Hi (My Stupid Darling)
Habang Ako'y Kailangan Mo
Halik, Halik, Halik (Kiss Me, Kiss Me)
Hanggang Wakas (Beyond the Reef)
Harana
Himig ng Pag-ibig Natin
Hinahanap-Hanap Kita
Hinum-dumi (Cebuano Visayan)Honeymoon Sa BuwanHuwag Ka Ng HumiritHuwag Mo Akong Pasakitan (Release Me)I Can't Stop Loving You"Ikaw ang Aginaldo"
"I Love my teacher (Oh my God!)"Ibig Ko Ay BataInay, Mahal Kita
Inay, Wala Kang Kapantay
Ingkong
Kailangan Kita Sa Buhay Ko
Kantahan Tayo
"Kay Lupit Mo"
"Kay Saya ng Pasko" (Jingle Bell Rock)
Kasaysayan ng Pag-ibig
Kawawang Cowboy (Rhinestone Cowboy)
Kay Gulo
Hanggang Wakas (Beyond the Reef)
Kung Ako'y Iibigin
Kung Ikaw Ay Wala Na
Kung Lalayo (But If You Leave Me)
Kung Mahal Mo Ako
Kung Malaya Lang Ako
"Labindalawang Araw ng Pasko" (12 days of Christmas)
Lady, Aking Lady |
418_7 | Lagi Kang Ala-ala"Laging "Knock Down" (Knock Three Times)Laging Nasa IsipLuluha Ka RinLumang Larawan (Photograph)Magpahilayo (Cebuano Visayan)Mahal Pa Rin KitaManiMapungay Na MataMarkadoMasiphayoMasulob-on Kong Pasko (Cebuano Visayan)(with the Filipinas Singers)
Mekeni's Gold
Mga Ala-ala
Mga Hinaing ng Puso
Mo
"Minsan"(With Elvira Dela Pena)
Muling Magmahalan
Naku! Buhay
Naku! Inday Bakit Mo Ibinigay
Nalulumbay Ako (I Feel Blue)
Nasasabik Sa Iyo
Nawa'y Patnubayan Ka
Ngano Kaha
Ngunit Ngayon
O Giliw Ko
O Hindi
O! Ang Mga Babae (Zodiac)
Oh! Candida (Candida)
Okey Ngarud (Sweet Caroline)
Oye Ho 'Maba (Oye Como Va)
Paalam
Pagpatak ng Ulan (Rain)
Pagkasayang (Mandayan Song)
Pagsisisi
Pahiyum Na, Ngisi Pa (Cebuano Visayan)Pangako Ako Sa IyoPitong GatangPusoPusong WasakPutlon Mo Ba? (Cebuano Visayan)
"Queta Pu Quecami (Kapampangan)"
Regalo Ni Itay
Rose Of San Anton
Sa Hardin Ng Mga Rosas
Sa Iyo Ang Aking Puso (Bridge Over Troubled Water)
Sa Lapyahan
Sabi Nila
"Sonata ng Pag-ibig" |
418_8 | Sa Sayawan Natalisod
Sabik Sa Pagmamahal
.*Sana'y Pansinin
Si Kumpare at Si Kumare
Siya ang Tangi kong Mahal
Sorry! Mang Fred(Don't Cry Joni with Elvira Dela Pena)
Sumpang Walang Hanggan
Taknang Mahimaya-on (Cebuano Visayan)(with the Filipinas Singers)
"Tumulo Na Nasasabik sa Iyo"Tatlong Baraha"Tayo'y Magpakasal Sa Lahat ng Simbahan"(Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree)
Turo Turo Restaurant"Tayo'y Mag-"Bump" (The Bump)Tayo'y MagmahalanTumawa Tayo at HumahalakhakTuruan Mo AkoUnawain Mo SanaWest VirginiaYa Ya Ya YaYahu, YahuFilmographyTisoy 1960Markado (1960)Teen-age Crush (1960)Tres Mosqueteros (1960)Tatlong Baraha (1961)Hugo, the Sidewalk Vendor (1962)Capitan Pepe (1969)Songs and Lovers (1970)Omar Cassidy and the Sandalyas Kid (1970)My Pledge of Love (1970)From the Bottom of My Heart (1970)Sweet Caroline (1971)Gangsters Daw Kami! (1971) .... Legs DiamondBaldo Is Coming (1971) .... Billy DikitPagputi ng Uwak, Pag-itim ng Tagak (1978)D'Godson (1983) |
418_9 | Ompong Galapong: May Ulo, Walang Tapon (1988)
Dito sa Pitong Gatang (1992)
Manila Boy (1993) |
418_10 | References
External links
1939 births
2010 deaths
Burials at the Manila Memorial Park – Sucat
Filipino male film actors
20th-century Filipino male singers
Male actors from Nueva Ecija
Manila sound musicians
People from Manila
Singers from Nueva Ecija |
419_0 | Fitz Henry Lane (born Nathaniel Rogers Lane, also known as Fitz Hugh Lane) (December 19, 1804 – August 14, 1865) was an American painter and printmaker of a style that would later be called Luminism, for its use of pervasive light.
Biography
Fitz Henry Lane was born on December 19, 1804, in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Lane was christened Nathaniel Rogers Lane on March 17, 1805, and would remain known as such until he was 27. It was not until March 13, 1832, that the state of Massachusetts would officially grant Lane's own formal request (made in a letter dated December 26, 1831) to change his name from Nathaniel Rogers to Fitz Henry Lane. |
419_1 | As with practically all aspects of Lane's life, the subject of his name is one surrounded by much confusion—it was not until 2005 that historians discovered that they had been wrongly referring to the artist as Fitz Hugh, as opposed to his chosen Fitz Henry. The reasons behind Lane's decision to change his name, and for choosing the name he did, are still very unclear; although, one suggestion is that he did it "to differentiate himself from the well-known miniature painter Nathaniel Rodgers". |
419_2 | From the time of his birth, Lane would be exposed to the sea and maritime life—a factor that obviously had a great impact on his later choice of subject matter. Many circumstances of his young life ensured Lane's constant interaction with various aspects of this maritime life, including the fact that Lane's family lived "upon the periphery of Gloucester Harbor's working waterfront," and that his father, Jonathan Dennison Lane, was a sailmaker, and quite possibly owned and ran a sail loft. It is often speculated that Lane would most likely have pursued some seafaring career, or become a sail-maker like his father, instead of an artist, had it not been for a lifelong handicap Lane developed as a child. Although the cause cannot be known with certainty, it is thought that the ingestion of some part of the Peru-Apple—a poisonous weed also known as jimsonweed—by Lane at the age of eighteen months caused the paralysis of the legs from which Lane would never recover. Furthermore, it has been |
419_3 | suggested by art historian James A. Craig that because he could not play games as the other children did, he was forced to find some other means of amusement, and that in such a pursuit he discovered and was able to develop his talent for drawing. To go a step further, as a result of his having a busy seaport as immediate surroundings, he was able to develop a special skill in depicting the goings-on inherent in such an environment. |
419_4 | Lane could still have become a sail-maker, as such an occupation entailed much time spent sitting and sewing, and that Lane already had some experience sewing from his short-lived apprenticeship in shoe-making. However, as evidenced in this quote from Lane's nephew Edward Lane's "Early Recollections," his interest in art held much sway in his deciding on a career: "Before he became an artist he worked for a short time making shoes, but after a while, seeing that he could draw pictures better than he could make shoes he went to Boston and took lessons in drawing and painting and became a marine artist." |
419_5 | Lane acquired such "lessons" by way of his employment at Pendleton's Lithography shop in Boston, which lasted from 1832 to 1847. With the refinement and development of his artistic skills acquired during his years working as a lithographer, Lane was able to successfully produce marine paintings of high quality, as evidenced in his being listed, officially, as a "marine painter" in the Boston Almanac of 1840. Lane continued to refine his painting style, and consequently, the demand for his marine paintings increased as well.
Lane had visited Gloucester often while living in Boston, and in 1848, he returned permanently. In 1849, Lane began overseeing construction of a house/studio of his own design on Duncan's Point—this house would remain his primary residence to the end of his life. Fitz Henry Lane continued to produce beautiful marine paintings and seascapes into his later years. He died in his home on Duncan's Point on August 14, 1865, and is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery. |
419_6 | Training and influences
However ambiguous many aspects of Lane's life and career may remain, a few things are certain. First, Lane was, even in childhood, clearly gifted in the field of art. As was noted by J. Babson, a local Gloucester historian and contemporary in Lane's time, Lane "showed in boyhood a talent for drawing and painting; but received no instruction in the rules till he went to Boston." In addition to confirming Lane's early talent, this observation also indicates that Lane was largely self-taught in the field of art—more specifically drawing and paintings—previous to beginning his employment at Pendleton's lithography firm at the age of 28. Lane's first-known and recorded work, a watercolor titled The Burning of the Packet Ship "Boston," executed by Lane in 1830, is regarded by many art historians as evidence of Lane's primitive grasp of the finer points of artistic composition previous to his employment at Pendleton's. |
419_7 | Lane may have supplemented his primary, purely experimental practices in drawing and painting with the study of instructional books on drawing, or more likely, by the study of books on the subject of ship design. Some study of the literature on the subject of ship design seems highly plausible, given that Lane would have had easy access to many such texts, and, more importantly, the most certain necessity of such a study in order for Lane to be able to produce works of such accurate detail in realistically depicting a ship as it actually appeared in one of any given number of possible circumstances it faced in traversing the sea. |
419_8 | At the time when Lane began his employment at Pendleton's, it was common practice for aspiring American artists—especially those who, like Lane, could not afford a more formal education in the arts by traveling to Europe or by attending one of the prestigious American art academies, such as New York's National Academy of Design or Philadelphia's Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts—to seek work as a lithographer, this being the next logical step in their pursuit of a career in the arts. As for why such employment was beneficial to the budding artist, art historian James A. Craig, in his book Fitz H. Lane: An Artist's Voyage through Nineteenth-Century America, the most comprehensive account of Lane's life and career, offers this illuminating description of the career evolution of the typical lithographer: |
419_9 | "... an apprentice's schooling presumably began with the graining of stones, the making of lithographic crayons, and the copying of the designs and pictures of others onto limestone. As his talents developed, the apprentice would find himself gradually taking on more challenging tasks, from drafting and composing images (the role of the designer) to ultimately being permitted to draw his own original compositions upon limestone (that most prestigious of ranks within the litho shop, the lithographic artist). Since the compositional techniques employed in lithography differed little from those taught in European academic drawing, and the tonal work so necessary for the process to succeed was akin to that found in painting (indeed, when his studio began in 1825 John Pendleton specifically sought out painters for employment in his establishment due to their habits of thinking in tonal terms), an apprenticeship within a lithographic workshop like Pendleton's in Boston was roughly |
419_10 | equivalent to that offered by fine art academies for beginning students." |
419_11 | Working in the lithography shop, Lane would have been taught the stylistic techniques for producing artistic compositions from the practiced seniors among his fellow employees. As noted above, because Pendleton specifically sought painters to work in his shop, Lane would most likely have received the benefit of working under and with some of the most skilled aspiring and established marine and landscape painters of his day. The English maritime painter Robert Salmon, who, historians have discovered, came to work at Pendleton's at a period coinciding with Lane's employment therein, is regarded as having had a large impact, stylistically, on Lane's early works. |
419_12 | Beginning in the early 1840s Lane would declare himself publicly to be a marine painter while simultaneously continuing his career as a lithographer. He quickly attained an eager and enthusiastic patronage from several of the leading merchants and mariners in Boston, New York, and his native Gloucester. Lane's career would ultimately find him painting harbor and ship portraits, along with the occasional purely pastoral scene, up and down the eastern seaboard of the United States, from as far north as the Penobscot Bay/Mount Desert Island region of Maine, to as far south as San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Style |
419_13 | From one of his first copied lithographs, View of the Town of Gloucester, Mass (1836), to his very last works, Lane would incorporate many of the following arrangements and techniques consistently in the composition of his art works, both his lithographs and paintings:
Nautical subject matter
Depiction of various naval craft in highly accurate detail
An overall extensive amount of detail
The distinctive expanse of sky
Pronounced attention to depicting the interplay of light and dark
Hyper-accentuated vegetation within the immediate foreground
An elevated "insider point of view" perspective
Perhaps most characteristic element of Lane's paintings is the incredible amount of attention paid to detail—probably due in part to his lithographic training, as the specific style of lithography that was popular at the time of his training was characterized by the goal of verisimilitude. |
419_14 | In terms of Lane's influences and relations to the artistic tradition of Luminism, Barbara Novak, in her book "American Painting in the Nineteenth Century", relates Lane's later works to Ralph Waldo Emerson's Transcendentalism (which she relates directly to the emergence of Luminism), claiming that "[Lane] was the most 'transparent eyeball", and that this was evidenced by Lane's balancing of what Novak describes as the "contributions of the primitive and the graphic traditions to his art", the primitive being what he learned on his own by first observing and interacting with the surrounding environment he sought to depict, and the graphic being those skills Lane acquired through working as a lithographer. This balance does indeed seem to support the connection of Lane's works with Luminism, as one definition of luminist art is that "characterized by a heightened perception of reality carefully organized and controlled by principles of design. As one of the styles of landscape painting |
419_15 | to emerge in the nineteenth century, luminism embraced the contemporary preoccupation with nature as a manifestation of God's grand plan. It was luminism more than any other of the schools that succeeded in imbuing an objective study of nature with a depth of feeling. This was accomplished through a genuine love and understanding of the elements of nature—discernible in the intimate arrangement of leaves on a bough—and their arrangement to reveal the poetry inherent in a given scene." |
419_16 | Legacy
Other findings have shed new light onto not only Lane's artistic process but have also revealed him to have been a staunch social reformer, particularly within the American temperance movement. As well, the long-held suspicion that Lane was a transcendentalist has been confirmed, and it has been uncovered that he was also a Spiritualist. Sensational claims that Lane was "a somewhat saddened and introspective figure … often prone to moodiness with friends", and that his existence was one of "quiet loneliness", have been proven fallacious with the full quotation of the testimony of John Trask, a patron, friend, and next door neighbor of the artist, who states that Lane "was always hard at work and had no moods in his work. Always pleasant and genial with visitors. He was unmarried having had no romance. He was always a favorite and full of fun. He liked evening parties and was fond of getting up tableaux." |
419_17 | Long believed to have given instruction to only one artist during his career—a local lady of limited artistic abilities named Mary Mellen—it has now been established that Lane was the instructor and mentor to several other artists, most importantly Benjamin Champney and America's other great 19th century marine painter, William Bradford.
A contemporary of the Hudson River School, he enjoyed a reputation as America's premier painter of marine subjects during his lifetime, but fell into obscurity soon after his death with the rise of French Impressionism. Lane's work would be rediscovered in the 1930s by the art collector Maxim Karolik, after which his art steadily grew in popularity among private collectors and public institutions. His work can now command at auction prices ranging as high as three to five million dollars. |
419_18 | The largest collection of his work is currently held by the Wallace Family of Boston, Massachusetts where his work is on display throughout their family offices, private homes, and estates.
Artworks |
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