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439_11 | Heller confronts Rooks, who reveals that he also has a daughter, and grants Heller free passage to leave NYZ. Before Heller can take Maya, Galloway arrives and kidnaps her, having joined forces with Mercer once more. Upon confronting Mercer, he reveals that he plans to solve international conflicts and world problems by infecting the entire human race, effectively creating a superorganism, with Maya's unique DNA acting as the catalyst. After Mercer absorbs Galloway and the remaining Evolved, the two fight once more. Heller defeats Mercer, and consumes him.
Subsequently, Heller wipes out the infected in NYZ along with most of the Blacklight Virus; using Mercer's absorbed memories, Heller locates and frees Maya and Dana from a vault. The story ends with the three overlooking New York, before Dana questions what to do next. |
439_12 | Radnet
Prior to the game's launch, Radical Entertainment announced Radnet for Prototype 2 users who would either pre-order the game or buy a new copy. Radnet offers the player weekly in game abilities, events, challenges and avatar items. Upon the launch of the game, first-run copies and pre-ordered copies of the game would include 55 pieces of additional add-on downloadable content (DLC) at no extra cost. Included in the pre-order/launch content was in-game events, additional and optional challenges, avatar items for the Xbox 360 and themes for the PlayStation 3 and behind the scenes videos. In order to make Radnet coherent to players, Activision announced that the events playable in Radnet would be outside of the game's main storyline. |
439_13 | The 55 pieces of DLC would be launched by Radical weekly from April 24 until June 7, with content available forever once unlocked. To earn the rewards given for an event or a challenge for a given week of DLC, players had to achieve at least a bronze medal in events and a minimal score threshold in challenges. To make Radnet more accessible, content will be available to all profiles on the console where Radnet was unlocked.
Comic
It was announced by Radical Entertainment that like the original Prototype, Prototype 2 would have a comic counterpart. The three part series takes place before the second video game, acting as a bridge between the two games. |
439_14 | Published by Dark Horse Comics, the first comic was called the Anchor. After eradicating the virus in Africa, Mexico and Russia, Alex travels around the world, wondering about if the virus has made him a human, humanity's killer or its savior. Alex slowly begins to decide that he is the earth's savior and will usher it into a new age of prosperity after he wipes out humanity. However, this changes when he falls for a woman. When the woman betrays him, he decides that he will wipe out humanity, and so he returns to New York City and makes it NYZ.
The second comic, dubbed the Survivors, focuses on a former police officer, Conrad, who joins up with Ami Levin, a religiously tolerant person and Marcie, an art student. The three run afoul of Lieutenant Riley; he would, however, agree to let Conrad see his wife, so long he agrees to work for Gentek. Unbeknownst to Conrad, his wife is dead, and he ended up in a project called Orion. |
439_15 | The third comic, entitled the Labyrinth introduced Heller and Mike Marcos.
Development
Development of the game started soon after the success of the first game and was in development for three years. The game was first shown at the Spike 2010 VGA Awards in December. The game was revealed to be the main focus of the April 2011 EGM Issue. It was displayed in EGM and EGMI in 2011 revealing many new details about the game's plot, characters and gameplay. The game's graphics have been completely updated with buildings being much more detailed and deformation of vehicles, mutants and humans being much more visual. The game was also partially written by Dan Jolley.
Prototype 2 used the Titanium 2.0 game engine. |
439_16 | Promotion |
439_17 | To promote the game, Radical Entertainment launched a Facebook app for the game. The app is called Blacknet, named after the game's mission system, and it allows fans to work together to "hack" the interface. Hacking it will allow the fans to uncover a series of videos, interviews and other behind the scenes content, all in the run up to the game's launch. Also via Facebook, Radical unveiled that they would announce something huge for Prototype 2 at ComicCon. This was the ability to let people play the game, they also released the first of three trailers detailing the story of Prototype 2. At ComicCon, Activision held a raffle in which the winner won either the jacket worn by James Heller, or Alex Mercer's jacket; and a custom skinned Xbox 360. At ComicCon, Activision employees were handing out Prototype 2 themed merchandise, including T-shirts, posters, giant foam Heller Blade Arms and more materials based on the game. Activision released for iOS an official game titled ProtoSlice, |
439_18 | available free to download. Activision has released a couple of trailers, Radical Entertainment's team also went to Paris to promote the game in February 2012, and had a video interview with JeuxVideo Live. |
439_19 | A popular commercial for the release of the game used the song "Hurt", as sung by Johnny Cash, in the background.
Reception
Pre-release
Out of all Activision's titles displayed at Comic Con, Prototype 2 was the most well received. Greg Miller of IGN awarded Prototype 2 as Activision's best game at Comic Con and did not mention anything negative in his preview for the game.
Release
Prototype 2 received "generally favorable reviews" on all platforms except the Xbox 360 version, which received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. PlanetXbox360 called the game a "wonderful sequel that surpasses the original". At the time of his departure from the show, Community creator Dan Harmon considered Prototype 2 a great game. |
439_20 | GameZone gave the PlayStation 3 version a score of nine out of ten and said it was "everything you could expect from a sequel, really. While there are certain elements that once again hunker back to the old days of Ultimate Destruction, Radical Entertainment has stepped up with a piece of sheer rollicking, do-whatever-you-want entertainment." Edge gave the same console version eight out of ten and said, "There's a dazzling seamlessness to every aspect of Prototype 2. You feel it as you traverse the world, sprinting powerfully up buildings, bounding high into the air just as you reach the lip of the roof and then transitioning with a tap of the right trigger into a glide that will take you to the next rooftop." 411Mania gave the game a score of eight out of ten and called it "a decent game. It's less frustrating than the first, with more options for customization, better abilities and more stuff to do. It's hampered though by a garbage storyline and a serious lack of Barry Pepper. |
439_21 | It's worth a look if you liked the first game, or if you like super hero games at all." The Guardian gave the Xbox 360 version a similar score of four stars out of five and stated, "The very purity of purpose which makes the game such a fine arcade killbox also renders it unengaging on any level that isn't soggy and littered with stray organs. So while as a destruction simulator Prototype 2 scores very highly, there's a chance that, just like those toddlers in the dirt, you'll get bored after a short while and wander away." The Digital Fix gave the same console version a score of seven out of ten and said, "It's really not the AAA title it wants to be but that said it's also far from bargain bin fodder, landing somewhere just above the middle." The Escapist gave it a similar score of three-and-a-half stars out of five and called it "a decent action-adventure with fun combat, but gets a little too samey here and there." Digital Spy gave it three stars out of five and said that it |
439_22 | "excels as an open-world killing field, in which you can wrench anyone asunder in gory cascades of blood and guts. Underneath, it's a pretty standard action game featuring mundane missions that offer no real challenge, wrapped in a story that lacks substance and originality. But those players who can turn off their brain and just enjoy the ride will find Prototype 2s flavor of blood-soaked action a rather guilty pleasure." Metro UK similarly gave it a score of six out of ten and said, "In small doses Prototype 2 is a perfectly enjoyable game but in the end, because Heller and Mercer don't care about anyone else you never end up caring about them." |
439_23 | Sales
Although Prototype 2 was the top seller for April 2012, beating Kinect Star Wars and Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, its sales were considerably down from the sales of games released in April 2011. Prototype 2 would continue its strong sales into the month of May, garnering more sales than the highly anticipated Dragon's Dogma, but failing to beat Max Payne 3 and fellow Activision Blizzard game Diablo III.
On June 28, 2012, Activision announced that despite the "substantial investment", the game "did not find a broad commercial audience", and as a result, developer Radical would encounter layoffs and the studio would be reduced to a supporting role towards other Activision projects.
References
External links |
439_24 | 2012 video games
Action-adventure games
Activision games
Fictional characters from New York City
Games for Windows certified games
Parkour video games
Open-world video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Post-apocalyptic video games
Radical Entertainment games
Science fiction video games
Video games about shapeshifting
Stealth video games
Superhero video games
Bioterrorism in fiction
Video game sequels
Video games about revenge
Video games developed in Canada
Video games featuring black protagonists
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in 2009
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
Biopunk |
440_0 | Ranjit Barot (born 1959) is an Indian film score composer, music director, music arranger, drummer and singer based in Mumbai, India. He is a longtime associate of A. R. Rahman.
He has been described by guitar legend John McLaughlin as "one of the leading edges in drumming", and is now part of John McLaughlin and the 4th Dimension.
Early life and background
Born into a family steeped in Indian classical music and dance, melody and rhythm has always been an integral part of Ranjit's life. His mother was the renowned Kathak dancer, Sitara Devi. |
440_1 | His response to the western drum kit, even at the age of 12, was almost organic and his natural flair, ease and craft catapulted him onto becoming one of India's leading artists on the instrument at the age of 17. In 1980 he performed at the Jazz Yatra in Europe with the Jazz Yatra Sextet (with Louis Banks), besides performing with Pandit Ravi Shankar's ensemble on the same tour. This phase saw journeys to Europe and the West with leading Indian jazz/pop and classical musicians. Between 1980 and 1982, Ranjit performed at European festivals which also featured jazz greats such as Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, Al Foster, Billy Higgins, Cecil Taylor and Louie Bellson, among others.
Career
Ranjit draws from his ancestry from the North of Indian (Uttar Pradesh) and from the West of India (Gujarat). His father is Gujarati and his mother is from Varanasi. |
440_2 | Ranjit has also had a long career in composition and music production, working out of his own state-of-the-art studio facility in Mumbai. It is in this connection that he had the honour of working with the sound and music production industry legend, the amazing Bruce Swedien, who mixed Ranjit's songs on Vande Mataram 2 and Senso Unico, an Indo-Italian feature film. Bruce has had a great influence on Ranjit's musical life and approach to a lot of his contemporary work.
Combined with his strong roots in the Indian classical tradition, his world view of music gave him a unique perspective on the Indian Film genre.
His journey in this prolific industry started in the 80s and he has been a featured drummer and arranger for Industry giants such as R.D. Burman, Laxmikant – Pyarelal, Kalyanji – Anandji, continuing through the eras of Anu Malik and Ismail Darbar, and to the present, as one of the most sought after arranger/ producers. |
440_3 | His work in this field has also earned him much acclaim and recognition as a Music Composer and Arranger for Album Projects and Feature Films.
Ranjit has been an integral part of some of A.R. Rahman's greatest work through the years and continues to bring his unique personality to this genre of music.
He has had the distinct honour of performing often with Maestro Zakir Hussain, including a Masters of Percussion Tour of the US and Canada. Ranjit's versatility as a drummer/ musician has led to unique collaborations with varied artists such as Carnatic mandolin legend, U. Srinivas, Carnatic violin maestro L. Subramaniam, Hindustani slide guitar master exponent, Pandit Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, sarangi.
At the Jazz Yatra '80, he performed with the Jazz Yatra Sextet, and also performed with the great Pandit Ravi Shankar's ensemble, Jazzmine, featuring John Handy, George Adams and Mike Richmond of the Mingus Dynasty. |
440_4 | On the Jazz Sextet's first European tour, Ranjit met Don Cherry. There was an instant connection, primarily because of Don's free spirited approach to life, one in which everyone was welcome, as part of his 'family'. He immediately took a liking to Ranjit and invited him to jam at a jazz club in Warsaw. This connection eventually led to a performance at the 1982 Jazz Yatra in Bombay.
His approach to drumming and the use of vocabulary has been influenced by great rhythm masters such as tabla legends Ustad Allarakha and Ustad Zakir Hussain, Billy Cobham, Tony Williams, Elvin Jones, Steve Gadd, Omar Hakim, Al Foster, Peter Erskin and the Carnatic giants such as Palghat Raghu and Karaikudi Mani (mridangam), Palnivel (tavill), Hari Shankar (Khanjira), and his friend and teacher, Sridhar Parthsarthy (mridangam, hand percussion). |
440_5 | His collaborations with musicians abroad have included unique performances with renowned artists such as John McLaughlin, Jonas Helborg, Ayden Esen, and Tim Garland.
He has been always inspired by the path-breaking work of guitar legend, John McLaughlin and was recently featured as the drummer in his Grammy nominated album 'Floating Point'. |
440_6 | Ranjit has released his highly acclaimed debut album, titled 'Bada Boom', worldwide in November 2010, featuring some of the greatest musicians on the scene today, from India and the West. This album is a collection of Ranjit's Jazz Fusion and World compositions with performances by Ustad Zakir Hussain, John McLaughlin, U. Srinivas, U. Rajesh, Scott Kinsey, Matt Garrison, Wayne Krantz, Dominique Di Piazza, Harmeet Manseta, Taufique Qureshi, Sanjay Divecha, Tim Garland, Gwilym Symcock, Ayden Esen and Elie Afif, to name a few. Ranjit has recently been the Music Composer and Sound Designer for the entire Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the Commonwealth Games Delhi 2010, and is representing India with his Live Performance at the "India Inclusive' showcase at WEF, Davos 2011.
He leads the band of AR Rahman Live
Filmography |
440_7 | As background music composer
Shaitan (10 June 2011) (Released)
Thanks Maa (5 March 2010) (Released)
Yeh Mera India (28 August 2009) (Released)
Toss (28 August 2009) (Released)
Sankat City (10 July 2009) (Released)
Mere Baap Pehle Aap (13 June 2008) (Released)
Tashan (25 April 2008) (Released)
Bhool Bhulaiyaa (12 October 2007) (Released)
Black & White (7 March 2008) (Released)
Cash (3 August 2007) (Released)
Aryan: Unbreakable (15 December 2006) (Released)
Tathastu (12 May 2006) (Released)
Dus (8 July 2005) (Released)
Main Hoon Na (30 April 2004) (Released)
Rishtey (6 December 2002) (Released)
Hathyar (18 October 2002) (Released)
Aks (13 July 2001) (Released)
Fiza (8 September 2000) (Released)
Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa (2000) (Released)
As a lyricist
Brides Wanted (2010) |
440_8 | As music director
Muskurake Dekh Zara (23 April 2010) (Released)
Brides Wanted (2010) (Stuck/On Hold)
Acid Factory (9 October 2009) (Released)
Sankat City(10 July 2009) (Released)
Chhodon Naa Yaar(5 October 2007) (Released)
Urchagam – Tamil (2 September 2007) (Released)
Kanna - Tamil (2007) (Released)
Holiday (10 February 2006) (Released)
Chupke Se (12 September 2003) (Released)
Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost (22 August 2003) (Released)
Qayamat: City Under Threat(11 July 2003) (Released)
Fiza (8 September 2000) (Released)
V.I.P – Tamil (13 June 1997) (Released)
Oh Darling Yeh Hai India (11 August 1995) (Released)
Raakh(1989) (Released) (external links)
One Heart: The A. R. Rahman concert film
As sound designer
Tera Jadoo Chal Gayaa (2000) (Released) |
440_9 | As a playback singer
Muskurake Dekh Zara (23 April 2010) (Released)
Brides Wanted (2010) (Stuck/On Hold)
Acid Factory (9 October 2009) (Released)
Sankat City (10 July 2009) (Released)
Ru Ba Ru (12 September 2008) (Released)
V.I.P (Tamil) (1997) (Released)
Aryan – Unbreakable (15 December 2006) (Released)
Baabul (8 December 2006) (Released)
Pyare Mohan (21 April 2006) (Released)
Holiday (10 February 2006) (Released)
Dus (8 July 2005) (Released)
Main Hoon Na (30 April 2004) (Released)
Chupke Se (12 September 2003) (Released)
Shaitan(2011)(Released)
Oh Darling Yeh Hai India (11 August 1995) (Released) (external links)
As an Actor
99 Songs (2019); shot in Telugu, Hindi and Tamil
References
Gomolo
External links |
440_10 | Living people
Indian male musicians
Indian film score composers
Bollywood playback singers
Indian male playback singers
Musicians from Mumbai
Indian music arrangers
Indian pop composers
Indian drummers
Jazz drummers
Gujarati people
1950 births
Indian male film score composers
Male jazz musicians
Art Metal (band) members
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Male actors in Telugu cinema |
441_0 | Dutch Art (foaled 18 March 2004) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was rated the best British two-year-old of 2006, when he was unbeaten in four races including the Norfolk Stakes, Prix Morny and Middle Park Stakes. In the following year he failed to win but finished second in the July Cup and Prix Maurice de Gheest and third in the 2000 Guineas. Since retiring to stud in 2008 he has had considerable success as a breeding stallion. |
441_1 | Background
Dutch Art is a chestnut horse standing 15.3 hands high with a white blaze and a long white sock on his left hind foot bred in the United Kingdom by Cromlech Bloodstock. His sire Medicean was an outstanding miler whose wins included the Lockinge Stakes, Queen Anne Stakes and Eclipse Stakes. His other offspring have included Nannina, Siyouma (Sun Chariot Stakes, E. P. Taylor Stakes), Al Shemali (Dubai Duty Free Stakes), Capponi (Al Maktoum Challenge, Round 3) and Mr Medici (Champions & Chater Cup). Dutch Art's dam Halland Park Lass showed no ability as a racehorse, finishing last in all three of her races, but became a successful broodmare who also produced the Blandford Stakes winner Up. She was a female-line descendant of the Irish Oaks winner Silken Glider. |
441_2 | As a foal in November 2004 Dutch Art was offered for sale at Tattersalls and was bought for 14,500 guineas by the Curragh Bloodstock Agency. In the following September he returned to the auction ring at Doncaster and was sold for 16,000 guineas to Blandford Bloodstock. He entered the ownership of Matthew Green and was sent into training with Peter Chapple-Hyam (recently returned from a spell in Hong Kong) at his St Gatien stables in Newmarket.
Racing career |
441_3 | 2006: two-year-old season
Dutch Art made his first racecourse appearance in a minor race over five furlongs at Windsor Racecourse on 5 June. ridden by Alan Munro he started the 11/4 second favourite and won by one and three quarter lengths from the filly Simply Perfect. The colt was then acquired by Paul and Susan Roy and was stepped up in class for the Group Three Norfolk Stakes at Royal Ascot on 22 June and started second favourite in an eleven-runner field. He was retrained by Munro in the early stages before taking the lead a furlong out and winning by one and three quarter lengths from the favoured Hoh Mike. |
441_4 | After a two-month break Dutch Art was sent to France for the Prix Morny on very soft ground at Deauville Racecourse in which he was ridden by Christophe Soumillon. His six opponents included Sandwaki (winner of the Prix du Bois), Excellent Art and Boccasini (Prix Robert Papin). He tracked Sandwaki before taking the lead 300 metres from the finish and won by a length and a head from Magic America and Excellent Art. Frankie Dettori took over the ride when the colt started the 6/5 favourite for the Middle Park Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse on 29 September. His five opponents were Brave Tin Soldier (Blenheim Stakes), Conquest (Gimcrack Stakes), Hellvelyn (Coventry Stakes), Wi Dud (Flying Childers Stakes) and Captain Marvelous. After racing alongside Brave Tin Soldier he went to the front two furlongs from the finish and won by two lengths from Wi Dud, with Captain Marvelous a length and a quarter back in third place. After the race Chapple=Hyam compared the horse not unfavourably to his |
441_5 | 2000 Guineas winner Rodrigo de Triano before explaining "I only bought him because I was short of two-year-olds last year and thought I should have a few early types this year. He gets better and better." |
441_6 | Dutch Art was rated the best British-trained juvenile of 2006 and spent the winter of 2006/7 Dutch Art as second favourite in the ante-post betting for the 2000 Guineas, behind the unbeaten Irish colt Teofilo. |
441_7 | 2007: three-year-old season |
441_8 | In 2007 Dutch Art was ridden in all but one of his races by Jimmy Fortune. Before the start of the season a major share in the horse had been bought by the Cheveley Park Stud. On his three-year-old debut he started the odds-on favourite for the Greenham Stakes (a major trial race for the 2000 Guineas) over seven furlongs at Newbury Racecourse on 21 April but lost his unbeaten record as he was defeated by the Richard Hannon Sr.-trained Major Cadeaux. In the 2000 Guineas two weeks later he started at odds of 14/1 in a field of twenty-four runners. The field split into two groups across the wide course and although Dutch Art got the better of Duke of Marmalade to finish first in the group racing on the far side (the right-hand side from the jockeys' viewpoint) he was beaten into third behind Cockney Rebel and Vital Equine who raced up the stands side. In the St James's Palace Stakes at Royal Ascot he defeated Cockney Rebel but finished only fourth behind Excellent Art, Duke of Marmalade |
441_9 | and Astronomer Royal. |
441_10 | Dutch Art returned to sprint distances for his three remaining races starting with the July Cup in which he was matched against older horses for the first time. After being blocked in his run at half way he finished strongly to take second, half a length behind Sakhee's Secret with Red Clubs and Marchand d'Or in third and fourth. In August he raced for the second time at Deauville and started favourite for the Prix Maurice de Gheest. He took the lead 200 metres from the finish but was overtaken in the closing stages and beaten a length by Marchand d'Or. On his final appearance he made little impact in the Prix de la Forêt at Longchamp Racecourse in October, finishing sixth behind the German-trained outsider Toylsome. |
441_11 | Stud record
At the end of his racing career Dutch Art was retired to become a breeding stallion at the Cheveley Park Stud in Newmarket. His progeny to date have included Slade Power, Mabs Cross, Starman, Garswood (Prix Maurice de Gheest), Caspar Netscher (Nearctic Stakes), Dutch Connection (Jersey Stakes), Baccarat (Wokingham Handicap) and Producer (Topkapi Trophy). By 2016 his stud fee had risen to £40,000.
Pedigree
References
2004 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 5-h |
442_0 | The Federal government of Nigeria is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the constitution of Nigeria in the national assembly, the president, and the federal courts, including the supreme court, respectively. The constitution provides a separation and balance of powers among the three branches and aims to prevent the repetition of past mistakes made by the government. |
442_1 | Nigeria is a federal republic, with executive power exercised by the president. The president is the head of state, the head of government, and the head of a multi-party system. Nigerian politics takes place within a framework of a federal, presidential, representative democratic republic, in which executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is held by the federal government and the two chambers of the legislature: the house of representatives and the senate. Together, the two chambers make up the law-making body in Nigeria, called the national assembly, which serves as a check on the executive arm of government. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Nigeria a "hybrid regime" in 2019. The federal government, state, and local governments of Nigeria aim to work cooperatively to govern the nation and its people. Nigeria became a member of the British Commonwealth upon its independence from British colonial rule on October 1, 1960.
Legal system |
442_2 | The law of Nigeria is based on the rule of law, the independence of the judiciary, and British common law (due to the long history of British colonial influence). The common law in the legal system is similar to common-law systems used in England and Wales and other Commonwealth countries. The constitutional framework for the legal system is provided by the Constitution of Nigeria.
English law, which is derived from its colonial past with Britain;
Common law, case law development since colonial independence;
Customary law, which is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices;
Sharia law, law used in some states in the northern region.
There is a judicial branch, with the Supreme Court regarded as the highest court of the Nation.
Legislation as a source of Nigerian law
The two fundamental sources of Nigerian law through legislation are
(1) Acts of British parliament, popularly referred to as statutes of general application during the period before independence. |
442_3 | (2) Local legislation (comprising enactments of the Nigerian legislatures from colonial period to date). There were other sources which though subsumed in Nigerian legislations were distinctly imported into the Nigerian legal systems. They are called the criminal and penal codes of Nigeria.
Nigerian statutes as sources of Nigerian law
Nigerian legislation may be classified as follows. The colonial era until 1960 , post independence legislation 1960-1966 , the military era 1966-1999. |
442_4 | Post-independence legislation 1960-1966
The grant of independence to Nigeria was a milestone in the political history of the country. This period witnessed the consolidation of political gains made during the colonial era. Politicians genuinely focused their lapses in the polity. It achieved for herself a republican status by shaking off the last vestiges of colonial authority. However, despite the violent violation of its provisions, the constitution remained the subsequent administrations (military or otherwise).
Military regime, 1966-1999
The breakdown of law and order which occurred in the period under review would not be attributed to any defect in the Nigerian legal system. Corrupt practices both in the body politic and all aspects of Nigerian life eroded efficiency and progress. There were 8 coups generally five were successful and 3 were unsuccessful.
Executive Branch |
442_5 | The president is elected through universal suffrage. He or she is both the chief of state and head of government, heading the Federal Executive Council, or cabinet. The president is elected to see that the Nigerian Constitution is enacted and that the legislation is applied to the people. The elected president is also in charge of the nation's armed forces and can serve no more than two four-year elected terms. The current President of Nigeria is Muhammadu Buhari, who was elected in 2015 and the current Vice President is Yemi Oshinbajo. |
442_6 | The executive branch is divided into Federal Ministries, each headed by a minister appointed by the president. The president must include at least one member from each of the 36 states in his cabinet. The President's appointments are confirmed by the Senate of Nigeria. In some cases, a federal minister is responsible for more than one ministry (for example, Environment and Housing may be combined), or a minister may be assisted by one or more ministers of State.
Each ministry also has a Permanent Secretary, who is a senior civil servant.
The ministries are responsible for various parastatals (government-owned corporations), such as universities, the National Broadcasting Commission, and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. However, some parastatals are the responsibility of the Office of the Presidency, such as the Independent National Electoral Commission, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and the Federal Civil Service Commission.
Legislative branch |
442_7 | The National Assembly of Nigeria has two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is presided over by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. It has 360 members, who are elected for four-year terms in single-seat constituencies. The Senate, which has 109 members, is presided over by the President of the Senate. 108 members are elected for four-year terms in 36 three-seat constituencies, which correspond to the country's 36 states. One member is selected in the single-seat constituency of the federal capital.
The legislators are elected to either the House of Representatives or the Senate to be representatives of their constituencies and to pass legislation to benefit the public. The legislative process consists of bills being drafted and presented in either of the two chambers. These bills can only become national law once they are approved by the president of Nigeria who can veto bills. |
442_8 | The President of the Senate is currently Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan, who was elected to the senate in 2007, and the Speaker of the House is Femi Gbajabiamila, who has been Nigeria's 9th Speaker of the House of Representatives since 2019. Each member of the National Assembly of Nigeria can only be elected to two four-year terms. Recently, the Legislative branch has been misusing its position as a check on the power of the president and his cabinet. Legislators have been known to utilize their power for not only law-making, but as a means of political intimidation and a tool to promote individual monetary success.
Senators are paid a salary equivalent to over $2,200 USD a month, supplemented by expenses of $37,500 USD a month (2018 figures). |
442_9 | Judicial branch
The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the Court of Appeals, the High Courts, and other trial courts such as the Magistrates', Customary, Sharia and other specialised courts. The National Judicial Council serves as an independent executive body, insulating the judiciary from the executive arm of government. The Supreme Court is presided over by the Chief Justice of Nigeria and thirteen associate justices, who are appointed by the President of Nigeria on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council. These justices are subject to confirmation by the Senate. |
442_10 | The judicial branch of the Nigerian government is the only one of the three branches of government in which its members are not elected but are appointed. The judiciary, and the Supreme Court in particular, are intended to uphold the principles and laws of the nation's constitution that was written in 1999. Its goal is to protect the basic rights of the citizens. The current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is Ibrahim Tanko Muhammad. |
442_11 | Democracy in Nigeria
Nigeria democratized in 1999 with the start of the Fourth Republic, but has suffered some setbacks to becoming fully democratic. Elites in Nigeria have been found to have more power and influence than average citizens, and as a consequence of this, there has been a great deal of corruption in Nigerian politics and general life. A good sign of democracy in Nigeria is the fact that elections are becoming less fraudulent and there is more party competition. Another indicator of a strong democracy is the presence of a civil society in which citizens have the right to act and speak freely in concert with a strong use of media for everyday life. Furthermore, Nigeria has seen a heightened use of media within the realm of political issues, particularly with the recent [Special Anti-Robbery Squad] SARS protest, indicating a sense of freedom for the public to voice their opinions to the government and the world. |
442_12 | Level of freedom |
442_13 | According to the 2020 World Press Freedom Index, Nigeria is the 115th most free nation in the world. It has been noted as a nation with perpetuating violence against freedom of speech and press. Nigeria has been found to be a vulnerable nation, both at risk of modern slavery and corruption. The nation is vulnerable due to the effects of inner conflict and governance issues. Freedom House has rated Nigeria as a "partly free" nation. In the last presidential election, the process was tainted by violence, intimidation and vote buying, which have been prevalent in many of the recent elections within Nigeria. Similarly, in the most recent legislative elections, citizens claimed the process was also characterized by intimidation and other inconsistencies. The electoral process and related laws are thought to be enacted in a mostly fair fashion, but there have been instances of intentionally complicating voting and effecting turnout. The people of Nigeria feel as though there is more |
442_14 | freedom in their right to have different political parties to represent their opinions. This is exemplified by the vast number of legitimate parties seen in elections. Similarly, Nigerian opposition parties have a legitimate chance to participate in politics and win official positions. In regards to freedom of political expression, Freedom House indicates that opinions and institutions are often heavily influenced by non-governmental, external entities or individuals. In Nigeria, all ethnic groups and religious backgrounds have an equal opportunity to participate in politics, however, there is a lack of women elected into the government, and same-sex relationships were criminalized in 2014. The Nigerian Federal Government's officials like the president and legislators are elected to enact policy and laws, and are usually allowed to do so without interruption, but in recent years, their ability to legislate has been marred by corruption and instability. Corruption has been a major |
442_15 | problem for the Nigerian government since its independence from colonial rule. In particular, the oil sector has allowed a great deal of corruption to take place. The government has tried to enact measures to combat corruption that infringes upon the functioning of the state, but have only been quasi-successful. The government has also been rated as lacking in transparency, often not allowing records to be available to the public that should be readily available. Journalism and the media in Nigeria are somewhat free, they are allowed to function independently from the government, but oftentimes those who criticize public figures or offices are arrested or censored. A mafia-like organisation, Black Axe, is involved in international corruption using especially on-line fraud, as reported in BBC article. Religious freedom is allowed in Nigeria, however, the government and even non-governmental organizations have been known to violently responds to groups that openly dissent to the |
442_16 | federal government. Religion is a contentious topic in Nigeria because of heated, ongoing conflicts between Christians and Muslims within the state. Freedom House rated the Nigerian federal government well in the category of allowing academic freedom, and the public's ability to express their views even if they disagree without the government without fearing a negative reaction from the government. The Nigerian government was rated moderately on people's ability to assemble, ability to work with human rights, and the existence of unions. The judiciary was rated as moderately free from the government, and lacking in due process in trials and equal treatment of all members of society. People in Nigeria do not have great freedom of movement, and are often subjected to curfews set by the federal government in areas that are at a risk of violence or instability. There is a lack of protection for women in regards to rights to abortion, rape, and domestic abuse under the Nigerian federal |
442_17 | government. Lastly, there is a pervasive human-trafficking problem in Nigeria and frequent exploitation of citizens that the federal government has done a poor job to prevent. |
442_18 | Political parties
There are 18 recognized political parties in Nigeria. There are a great number of parties as a direct result of corruption and chaos that has ensued in Nigeria surrounding the federal government and elections for years. The vast number of parties has proved to be difficult to monitor. The two major parties are the Peoples Democratic Party and the All Progressives Congress, both of which have held the presidency and seats in the National Assembly for extended periods of time. As opposed to parties in other nations that represent a slew of political opinions that the public can align themselves with, parties in Nigeria act more so as a means through which prominent figures can gain power and influence, and there are so many because they often switch parties in order to find the one to give them the best chance of achieving authority. |
442_19 | Political parties have been an important aspect of Nigerian government both before and after independence was achieved from the British in 1960. Parties allow for political competition to take place, for the citizenry to find people who represent their ideas and interests in government, and for the introduction of new leaders and perspectives into Nigerian life. Many Nigerians do not understand the political party system because there are so many options and their platforms are unclear to the public. This remains an issue in Nigeria because it marginalizes those who are uneducated or uninvolved in government. Also, there seems to be a tendency for people in Nigeria to support parties based on ethnic of religious divisions, particularly along the Muslim-Christian line of division. |
442_20 | The 18 political parties are: Accord, Action Alliance, Action Democratic Party, Action Peoples Party, African Action Congress, African Democratic Congress, All Progressives Congress, All Progressives Grand Alliance, Allied Peoples Movement, Boot Party, Labour Party, National Rescue Movement, New Nigeria Peoples Party, Peoples Democratic Party, Peoples Redemption Party, Social Democratic Party, Young Progressive Party, Zenith Labour Party.
Electoral system and recent elections
The president and members of the National Assembly of Nigeria are elected by members of the population who are at least 18 years old. The National Electoral Commission is responsible for monitoring elections and ensuring that the results are correct and not fraudulent. The winner of a position is elected through the first-past-the-post system that is used in Great Britain. |
442_21 | Nigeria has faced numerous bouts with fraudulent elections, particularly noteworthy is the general election that took place in 2007. This election was reportedly marred by ballot-rigging, underage voting, violence, intimidation, and an overall absence of clarity and accuracy from the National Electoral Commission.
Presidential elections of Nigeria, 2015
House of Representatives
Senate
Presidential election of Nigeria, 2019
Christian-Muslim relations |
442_22 | Islamic Law has found its way into the heart of many Nigerian state governments, particularly in the northern sect of the country. There is a deep rift between Christians and Muslim in Nigeria, and therefore the government has taken on a hybrid of English Common Law and Islamic Law when dealing with legal issues in order to appease the diverse national population. Nigeria has the largest population of Christians and Muslims cohabitating in the world. These two religions were introduced in Nigeria largely during the colonial period, and since then, many Africans have merged their own traditional religions with these two institutionalized ones. |
442_23 | Religious tensions between Christians and Muslims in Nigeria has often been used by politicians and other powerful people in order to incite violence and create fear and chaos among Nigerians. This has led to many citizens questioning why Nigeria remains one federal state, and that it should possibly split along the Christian-Muslim divide. The Northern section of the country is largely Islamic, with 12 states that live under Sharia Law, while the Southern area is mostly Christian. There have been multiple attempts by Nigerian Muslims to add Sharia concepts to the Constitution which has alarmed the Christian population within the nation. Many Christians have deemed the rise in Islam in Nigeria to be dangerous and that it could possibly lead to increased terrorism and instability. This conflict is threatening the stability of Nigeria's democracy, internal structure, and civil society, and many political scientists and Nigerian leaders hope the two religions can engage in a peaceful |
442_24 | dialogue that hopefully pacifies both sides. |
442_25 | Terrorism in Nigeria |
442_26 | The greatest terrorist threat in Nigeria is from the organization Boko Haram, and became a prevalent issue in the summer of 2009. Boko Haram is a radical jihadist Islamist terrorist group from the northern sect of Nigeria. This organization has launched terror attacks that have largely targeted the Nigerian federal government, non-Muslim religious organizations, and average citizens. The rise and growing effects of Boko Haram have been attributed to the instability and fragility of the Nigerian state. They are upset by the government corruption and policy failures of Nigeria, and in particular, the poverty and lack of development of the north of Nigeria which is predominantly Muslim. The impact of Boko Haram on Nigeria has been devastating, over 37,000 individuals have died due to their terrorist attacks since 2011, and over 200,000 Nigerians have been displaced. Boko Haram was responsible for the kidnapping of hundreds of school girls in 2014, triggering the #BringBackOurGirls |
442_27 | movement across the globe. The terrorist organization became a part of ISIS in 2015, drawing concerns to the safety and stability of Nigeria. Many world powers including the United States have contributed military resources to help fight against Boko Haram because Nigeria's oil industry is crucial to the international economy. The Nigerian federal government has launched programs and tactics to combat Boko Horam because of their prevalence. There has also been a recent rise in citizen-created, and in particular youth-led groups that are taking action against Boko Haram to protect themselves and their communities. Both the actions of Boko Haram and the government's efforts to combat terrorism have led to a growing refugee crisis in Nigeria. |
442_28 | Commonwealth membership |
442_29 | Nigeria's membership in the British Commonwealth began in 1960 and was suspended from 1995 to 1999 when the country became a state under military rule. It was reinstated in 1999 when democracy was established with the Presidential Constitution and Fourth Republic of Nigeria, and it remains a part of the Commonwealth to this day. The Commonwealth Secretariat aims to help Nigeria detect and deter corruption within its federal government. In 2018, they taught numerous government officials and financial officers how to combat and condemn corruption within the nation. The Secretariat's involvement both in governmental and financial affairs created a better system for the transaction of goods and services in Nigeria with less risk of corruption. As of 2017, the Commonwealth has provided Nigeria with policies and resources for Great Britain's exit from the European Union and outlined the possible effects on Commonwealth nations and trade. The Commonwealth Secretariat has helped Nigeria in |
442_30 | its natural resource fields such as oil and mining. They have helped with negotiations and the creation of fair bargains. The Commonwealth Secretariat has also provided Nigeria with access to their Connectivity Agenda, which allows nations under the Commonwealth to communicate and exchange ideas and policies to help each other with economic and domestic productivity. |
442_31 | States of Nigeria
Nigeria is made up of 36 states and 1 territory. They are: the Federal Capital Territory, Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, and Zamfara. |
442_32 | Local Governments
Each state is further divided into Local Government Areas (LGAs). These states and their local governments are essential to the function of a federal government because they have a pulse on the local population and can therefore assess the needs of constituents and enact policy or infrastructure that is helpful. They are also important because the federal government has the time and resources to take on national projects and international affairs while local governments can take care of the Nigerians native to their respective states. The devolution of power between the states and the federal government helps the functionality of Nigeria. 774 local governments oversee the collection of local taxes, education, health care, roads, waste, and planning. The local Government look after the affairs of the common men and women in the Nigeria society. The creation of Local Government reform started in 1968, 1970 during the military Government but was fully 1976. |
442_33 | Federal Government's handling of COVID-19
As Africa's most populated nation, the coronavirus pandemic has ravaged across Nigeria. Nigeria has proved that can detect, respond to, and prevent the COVID-19 outbreak in a very restricted, poor fashion. Nigeria lacks the resources to conduct the widespread testing the nation needs to keep up with the number of cases surging across the state. Nigeria also lacks the necessary number of other resources for fighting the virus such as hospital workers, rooms, and ventilators. |
442_34 | The federal government's response to the virus has been fairly weak and ineffective. President Buhari has passed numerous lockdowns, mask mandates, and travel bans to decrease the number of cases in the country. However, the lockdowns, mandates, and travel restrictions have led to negative economic effects for a great number of citizens who have lost their jobs and source of income. In response to this, the federal government has passed economic stimulus packages to promote important production sectors such as agriculture and oil. The government has also passed food assistance measures and cash transfers to aid those in poverty who are going hungry. They have also pushed for fundraising efforts to secure funds from donors to support the federal budget and economic sector.
Military |
442_35 | The military of Nigeria has played a major role in the country's history, often seizing control of the country and ruling it for long periods of time. Its last period of rule ended in 1999, following the death of the leader of the previous military junta Sani Abacha in 1998. |
442_36 | Active duty personnel in the three Nigerian armed services totals approximately 76,000. The Nigerian Army, which is the largest of the services, has about 60,000 personnel, deployed between two mechanized infantry divisions, one composite division (airborne and amphibious), the Lagos Garrison Command (a division-size unit), and the Abuja-based Brigade of Guards. The Nigerian Navy (7,000) is equipped with frigates, fast attack craft, corvettes, and coastal patrol boats. The Nigerian Air Force (9,000) flies transports, trainers, helicopters, and fighter aircraft; however, most of their vehicles are currently not operational. Recently, Marshal of the Nigerian Air Force, Sadique Abubakar, suggested the purchase of equipment after dumping the non-operational vehicles.
Foreign relations
Nigeria currently has better foreign relations with its neighbors, due to its current state of democracy. It is a member of the African Union and sits on that organization's Peace and Security Council. |
442_37 | The current Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nigeria is Geoffrey Jideofor Kwusike Onyeama. Much of Nigeria's foreign affairs, both during the colonial era and post-independence has relied on oil-production. Nigeria's relationships with both its continental neighbors in Africa and throughout the world have improved a great deal since it has transitioned from military rule to a democratic state. Nigeria is hoping to gain a permanent seat on the UN Security Council in the near future.
Media
Radio and televised media in Nigeria is mostly state-owned by the National Broadcasting Commission. This is often used as a tactic of the government to assert control over and sway public opinion in favor of the incumbent party and his policies. However, most newspaper are privately owned and the internet is not restricted to the public.
See also |
442_38 | Senate of Nigeria
National Assembly of Nigeria
List of Nigerian state governors
Nigerian Civil Service
States of Nigeria
Nigerian Prisons Services
Chief Justice of Nigeria
Further reading
Carl Levan and Patrick Ukata (eds.). 2018. The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics. Oxford University Press.
References
External links
Government of Nigeria
Judiciary of Nigeria |
443_0 | Arve Tellefsen (born 14 December 1936) is a Norwegian violinist who has worked with conductors such as Mariss Jansons, Arvid Jansons, Herbert Blomstedt, Gary Bertini, Evgeny Svetlanov, Bryden Thomson, Neeme Järvi, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Paavo Berglund, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Walter Weller and Zubin Mehta. In the UK, he has appeared with the Royal Philharmonic, the London Philharmonic, The Hallé, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, BBC Welsh Orchestra, the Liverpool Philharmonic and the Royal Scottish National Orchestra.
Career
When he was 6 years old, Tellefsen began playing the violin in 'Trondheims musikkskole' (the music school in Trondheim). In 1955, he began his studies at The Royal Danish Academy of Music in Copenhagen. In 1959, he had his debut in Universitetets Aula, Oslo.
Tellefsen has won the Harriet Cohen International Music Award. |
443_1 | Tellefsen founded the Oslo Chamber Music Festival, which takes place annually and attracts the cream of international artists, including Anne Sofie von Otter, Randi Stene, Solveig Kringlebotn, Elizabeth Norberg-Schulz, Barbara Hendricks, Liv Ullmann, Jan Garbarek, Leif Ove Andsnes, Truls Mørk, Yuri Bashmet, Mischa Maisky, Gidon Kremer, Angela Hewitt, Hagen Quartet, Hilliard Ensemble, Jordi Savall, Rolf Lislevand and Maria João Pires. He has also recently recorded Edvard Grieg: Complete Violin Sonatas with pianist Håvard Gimse at Grieg's home, Troldhaugen. His latest recording is music by the famous Norwegian violinist and composer Ole Bull (1810-1880) |
443_2 | 1984 aircraft emergency
In February 1984 he participated in an emergency evacuation on an SAS flight that ended up in the water off of JFK airport.
Although instructed to leave their possessions, he refused to abandon his priceless Guarneri violin as they evacuated onto an inflatable raft.
The evacuees had to paddle away from the airliner with their bare hands, and due to the lack of oars there arose several suggestions (though mostly in jest) to use the precious instrument as a replacement thereof.
Prizes and Honours |
443_3 | 1956: Knight of Polyhymnia, the order of the Symphony Orchestra at Studentersamfundet i Trondhjem.
1956: «Princess Astrid Musical Award»
1962: Harriet Cohen International Music Award, London
1968/1969: Musikk-kritikerprisen
1973: «Griegprisen»
1975: Festspill-prisen Festspillene i Bergen
1977: «Sør-Trøndelag county Culture Award»
1977: Spellemannprisen in Open class, for the Sindings fiolinkonsert/du milde Mozart
1978: «This years 'Peer Gynt'»
1980: Spellemannprisen in the class Classical music / Contemporary music for Serenade
1983: Gammlengprisen 1983 in the class Classical music
1986: Spellemannprisen in the class Classical music / Contemporary music for the Grieg sonater for fiolin/klaver og cello/klaver together with Eva Knardahl (klaver), Aage Kvalbein (cello) og Jens Harald Bratlie (klaver)
1988: Spellemannprisen in Open class, for the album Pan
1988: Appointed member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music
1994: Oslo City Culture Award |
443_4 | 1994: Appointed «Commander of St. Olavs Orden»
1996: Norsk kulturråds ærespris
1996: Doctor Art Honoris Causa NTNU (Honorary Doctorate by the Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet in Trondheim)
1997: Honorary Citizen of Trondheim i 1997, a statue of Tellefsen was raised
2004: «Fartein Valen Award»
2004: «Ole Bull Award»
2005: Appointed «Commander with Star of St. Olavs Orden»
2007: «Anders Jahres Culture Award»
2009: Receiving an honorary degree at the Norwegian Academy of Music. |
443_5 | Discography (in selection)
Solo albums
1988: Pan (Norsk Plateproduksjon)
1992: Intermezzo (Grappa Music)
1995: Arco (Grappa Music) |
443_6 | As soloist
1964: Air Norvegen (Philips Records), with Robert Levin
1967: Fartein Valen: Violin Concerto op. 37, with Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, conductor: Karsten Andersen
1973: Schostakowitsch: Violinkonzert Op. 77 (BASF), with the Schwedisches Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester, conductor: Gary Bertini
1974: Johan Svendsen: Fiolinkonsert, Op. 6 / Cellokonsert, Op. 7 (Norsk Kulturråds Klassikerserie), with Hege Waldeland (cello), Filharmonisk Selskaps Orkester, Musikselskabet «Harmonien»'s Orkester, conductor: Karsten Andersen
1977: Christian Sinding, Konsert For Fiolin Og Orkester Nr. 1, Op. 45 / Suite For Fiolin Og Orkester Op. 10 / Legende For Fiolin Og Orkester Op. 46 (Norsk Kulturråds Klassikerserie), with Filharmonisk Selskaps Orkester, conductors: Okko Kamu & Kjell Ingebretsen |
443_7 | 1979: Johan Daniel Berlin: Fiolinkonsert - 2 Symfonier - 4 Menuetter (Norsk Kulturråds Klassikerserie), with Kjell Jønnum (trumpet) Gayle Mosand (harpsichord) & musicians from «Trondheim Kammerorkester», conductor: Arve Tellefsen
1980: Ole Bull: En Jubileumskonsert Med Kjente Og Ukjente Komposisjoner Inkl. «Sæterjentens Søndag» (Norsk Kulturråds Klassikerserie), with Musikkselskabet «Harmonien»'s Orkester, conductor: Karsten Andersen
1986: Edvard Grieg: Fiolinsonate Nr. 1 I F-Dur, Opus 8 / Fiolinsonate Nr. 2 I G-Dur, Opus 13 (Norsk Kulturråds Klassikerserie), with Eva Knardahl (klaver)
1986: Edvard Grieg: Fiolinsonate Nr. 3 I C-Moll, Opus 45 / Cellosonate I A-Moll, Opus 36 (Norsk Kulturråds Klassikerserie), with Eva Knardahl (Grand Piano), Aage Kvalbein (cello) & Jens Harald Bratlie (Grand Piano)
1989: Edvard Grieg: Violin Sonatas (Norsk Kulturråds Klassikerserie), with Eva Knardahl (piano)
1991: Schostakowitsch: Chamber Works (BIS) |
443_8 | 1993: Schostakowitsch: Violin Concerto no. 1 op. 99 / Bach: Violin Concerto in E major (Grappa Music), with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conductor: Paavo Berglund
1994: Carl Nielsen: Fiolinkonsert op. 33 (Virgin Classics), with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conductor: Sir Yehudi Menuhin
1994: Ludwig van Beethoven: Fiolinkonsert op. 61, Max Bruch: Fiolinkonsert op. 26 (Grappa Music), med London Philharmonic Orchestra, conductor: Vernon Handley
1995: Jean Sibelius: Violin Concerto in D minor, Op. 47 (Simax Classics), with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conductor: Paavo Berglund
1997: Stille Natt (Sony Classical), with Nidarosdomens Guttekor, conductor: Bjørn Moe
1997: Arne Nordheim: Violin Concerto (Sony Classical), Oslo Filharmoniske Orkester, conductor: Christian Eggen
1999: Nielsen: Violin Concerto; Symphony No 4 (Simax Classics), with Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conductor: Sir Yehudi Menuhin |
443_9 | 1999: Edvard Grieg: Samlede Fiolinsonater (Sony Classical), with Håvard Gimse (klaver)
2006: Aria (Simax Classics), with Nidarosdomens Guttekor
2008: Nielsen: Symphony No. 5 - Concertos - Wind Quintet, with the Danish Radio Symphony Orchestra, conductor: Rafael Kubelík
2010: Ole Bull: Arve Tellefsen Plays Ole Bull (Simax Classics), with the Trondheim Symphony Orchestra, conductor: Eivind Aadland |
443_10 | Collaborative works
1977: Du Milde Mosart! (NorDisc), with Knutsen & Ludvigsen and «Bakklandet Bassangforening»
Compilations
1992: Musikken Inni Oss / Nattønsker (Sonet Records), with Sigmund Groven
2001: Nielsen / Vaughan Williams: Symphonies & Concertos (Virgin Classics), with Markham, Broadway & the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conductor: Yehudi Menuhin
References
External links
1936 births
Living people
Musicians from Trondheim
Royal Danish Academy of Music alumni
Norwegian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Spellemannprisen winners
Grappa Music artists
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century Norwegian male musicians |
444_0 | Sjoerd Kuyper (born 6 March 1952, Amsterdam) is a Dutch poetry and prose writer of adult, children's and youth books, theatre, TV series, film scripts and lyrics. His best-known works are the film Het zakmes (The Pocket-knife), the series of books about the toddler Robin, the poem Mensen met koffers (People with Suitcases), the lyrics Hallo wereld (Hello World) and the youth novels Hotel De Grote L (The Big L hotel) and Bizar (Bizarre). His books have been published in fifteen countries. He has won, among other things, six Zilveren Griffels and a Gouden Griffel for Robin en God (Robin and God). In 2012 he was awarded the Theo Thijssen Prijs for his entire oeuvre, and in 2014 he was appointed Officier in de Orde van Oranje-Nassau for his merits in Dutch literature at home and abroad.
Youth |
444_1 | Sjoerd Kuyper was born on 6 March 1952 in Amsterdam-East. At the age of two, he moved with his parents to the village of Berkhout, near Hoorn, where his father became a teacher. Sjoerd has described the seven years he spent there in his series of books about the toddler Robin. In 1956, his sister was born: Trudy.
In 1961, the family moved to Oostvoorne, on the South Holland islands, where one year later, on Kuyper's tenth birthday, brother Hans was born. In Oostvoorne, Kuyper, who was thirteen years old, started writing stories, inspired by Jules Verne, but especially poetry. He attended the HBS secondary school education in Brielle and published in the school newspaper, of which he was also an editor. |
444_2 | In 1967 they moved to Winkel NH and Kuyper attended the HBS in Schagen. In Winkel he and his friends started a publishing house, Walpurgisnacht, which brought stencilled books with their own work to the market. In that period, Sjoerd published a story in Het Noordhollands Dagblad and a poem in De Groene Amsterdammer. A poem he had published in the school newspaper was included in the national anthology ‘een 10 voor tieners’ ('a 10 for the teenagers') and he wrote a song, De NAVO Blues (The NATO Blues), which he sang with friends in the TV programme 'Dit is het begin' (This is the beginning). In 1969 he passed the HBS-A exam and left for Amsterdam to study philosophy. |
444_3 | There he met the young poets Hans Clavin, Robert Paul Flipse, Peter Nijmeijer and Hans van Weely, and together with Leo Bankersen as the designer they started the Fizz-Subvers Press. Initially only their own work was published, but later collections of Bert Schierbeek, Sybren Polet, Guus Luijters and Ben Borgart were also published, as well as translations by Dadaist and surrealist poets. On 11 July 1970, Sjoerd met Margje Burger in the Alkmaarder Hout, where he read poetry during the interval of a pop concert. They have been together ever since.
First years of writing |
444_4 | They moved into a summer house in the garden of Peter Nijmeijer, who had gone to live in Nieuwe Niedorp. Kuyper occasionally travelled to Amsterdam, because of his studies, and published in obscure Flemish magazines and very occasionally in Propria Cures. The breakthrough came when Hans Verhagen got involved with his poems and offered them to De Bezige Bij. The collection Ik herinner mij Klaas Kristiaan (I remember Klaas Kristiaan) appeared in 1974. Kuyper felt at home at De Bezige Bij and soon he was a board member, editor and organiser of poetry readings on behalf of the publishing company: ‘Ontmoet de dichters’ ('Meet the poets'). In the year of his debut he read from his work at Poetry International. |
444_5 | He gave up his studies and became a full-time writer: editorials and poetry reviews for De Nieuwe Linie, articles in de VPRO Gids, reviews on puppetry in De Volkskrant. He translated books written by J.M. Synge and Jamake Highwater, among others, and wrote his first children's stories for the radio programme De Ko de Boswachtershow. In 1975 Margje and he moved to a houseboat in Neck, Wijdewormer. |
444_6 | In 1978, Sjoerd wrote his first TV series, De Grote Klok (The Big Clock), with Jacques Vriens, and together with Margje as a photographer, he made reports about the Aran Islands, Brittany and New York - for the magazine Bzzlletin. In 1980, Sjoerd participated in the International Writing Program of the University of Iowa City. He and Margje stayed there for four months and met fellow writers such as John Banville, Earl Lovelace and Leonard Nolens. In that same year, Sjoerd and his sister Trudy, who would become known as 'the queen of hand puppetry' with her puppet theatre Dibbes, founded publishing house Bobbelie and started to publish the puppet shows of puppet theatre Dibbes in book form as well. The first part was called De Boommannetjes (The Little Tree Men) The piece was written by Trudy, the text in prose by Sjoerd. In the meantime he continued to publish with De Bezige Bij: two collections of poetry and two prose books. |
444_7 | And he did interviews, together with his friend Johan Diepstraten, first with young prose writers like Maarten 't Hart, Doeschka Meijsing and Jan Siebelink, later with young poets like H.H. ter Balkt, Frank Koenegracht, Gerrit Komrij, Hans Tentije and Willem Wilmink. They were published in De Nieuwe Linie and De Tijd, and later collected in Het Nieuwe Proza (1978) and Dichters (1980). The friendship with Johan would later lead to a youth novel written together, De verborgen steeg (The Hidden Alley) (1986), which was awarded a prize by many children's juries. Johan died in 1999, at the age of forty-eight. |
444_8 | Margje and Sjoerd married in 1976, their son Joost was born in 1984 and their daughter Marianne in 1986. Margje stopped photographing and started drawing and painting, she turned her darkroom into a nursery. Sjoerd increasingly focused on puppetry - he wrote pieces for various theatres - and on children's books, which he published initially with In de Knipscheer, later with Bert Bakker, and from 1988 with Leopold. His first book there was Majesteit, uw ontbijt (Your Majesty, Your Breakfast) (1988) after the TV series of the same name that he had written for the VPRO. He wrote a lot for TV at that time: Max Laadvermogen (Max Load Capacity) (1986), De freules (Her Ladyships) (1990) and in 1991 the TV series and the film Het zakmes (The Pocket-knife), after the book he had published in 1981 with In de Knipscheer. The film and the series won fourteen prizes, in the Netherlands and abroad, including an Emmy Award, a Cinekid Award and a Gouden Kalf for Ben Sombogaart's direction, and the |
444_9 | film was included in the Canon of the Dutch film. The book - rewritten according to the scenario – was reprinted numerous times. The first success. Meanwhile, De Bezige Bij had a new editorial team that had no affinity with the work that Sjoerd wrote for adults, so he transferred it to L.J. Veen. |
444_10 | The nineties
In 1988, Sjoerd and Margje and the children moved to Bakkum. It was a golden time for youth culture in the Netherlands. Film, theatre, television, music, literature, almost everything that was made for children was of a high level and received a lot of attention in the media. Sjoerd decided to focus mainly on writing books and giving lectures at schools, bookshops and libraries - there was a lot of demand for that. |
444_11 | In 1990 he published Robins zomer (Robin's summer), the first part of a series of autobiographical books about his toddler years in Berkhout, in which he also incorporated adventures and statements from his own children. Eight more volumes were to follow, three of which were awarded a Zilveren Griffel and one a Gouden Griffel: Robin en God (Robin and God) (1996). In 1996, he also published the philosophical children's novel De rode zwaan (The Red Swan), inspired by the magical forests of Bakkum, which he looked out over from his writing house at the back of the garden. The book was adapted for film, Sjoerd wrote the screenplay himself, and the film appeared in the cinema three years later. In 1989, the fairy tale Josje (Josie) appeared, and in 1992 the sequel Josjes droom (Josie's dream). |
444_12 | In 1994, Sjoerd was invited by the NANA Foundation to take part in the children's book weeks on Curaçao and Bonaire. Later trips to Aruba and the Windward Islands and Surinam followed. The experiences there have had a great influence on the life and work of Sjoerd. ‘When I am there,' he said in an interview, 'I am a different person, a better person - my mother would not recognize me.' The children at the schools he visited asked him to write a book about their lives, otherwise they had to read all the time about 'children with cold feet in a train and looking at the snow and ice on the ditches outside', they also wanted to read about children with warm feet. It was not until later that Sjoerd was able to write about the youth of the islands, but in 1998, together with Annemarie van Haeringen, he made the picture book Malmok, about a pelican, which was awarded a Gouden Penseel. The NANA Foundation published it in English, Papiamentu and Papiamento as the annual Children's Book Gift at |
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