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1908_9 | Section: October (2):
October 1
Official launch of Henry Ford's Ford Model T automobile, the first having left the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan, on September 27. The initial price is set at US$850.
Penny Post is established between the United Kingdom and United States.
October 5
Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire; Ferdinand I of Bulgaria becomes Tsar.
The Melting Pot, a play by Israel Zangwill, opens in Washington, D.C. The title quickly becomes a widely used symbol for assimilation of immigrants to the United States.
October 6 – The Bosnian crisis begins, after the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Ottoman Empire.
October 8 – The University of Omaha, precursor of the University of Nebraska Omaha, is founded as a private non-sectarian college.
October 14 – The Chicago Cubs beat the Detroit Tigers in the 1908 World Series in baseball. The Cubs would not win another World Series for 108 years.
October 29 – Olivetti, the well-known typewriter and business equipment company, is founded in Italy.
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1908_10 | Section: November (2):
November 3 – 1908 United States presidential election: Republican candidate William Howard Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan, 321 electoral votes to 162.
November 6 – Western bandits Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid are supposedly killed in Bolivia, after being surrounded by a large group of soldiers. There are many rumors to the contrary however, and their grave sites are unmarked.
November 15 – King Leopold II of Belgium formally relinquishes his personal control of the Congo Free State (becoming Belgian Congo) to Belgium, following evidence collected by Roger Casement of maladministration.
November 25
The Christian Science Monitor newspaper is first published, in the United States.
A fire breaks out on SS Sardinia as it leaves Malta's Grand Harbour, resulting in the ship's grounding and the deaths of at least 118 people.
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1908_11 | Section: December (2):
December 2 – Young Emperor Puyi ascends the Chinese throne at age 2.
December 16 – Construction begins on the RMS Olympic, at the Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast.
December 23 – A hybrid solar eclipse is visible from Atlantic Ocean and is the 23rd solar eclipse of Solar Saros 140.
December 28 – The 7.1 Mw Messina earthquake shakes Southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing between 75,000 and 200,000.
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1909_0 | 1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1909th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 909th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1900s decade. As of the start of 1909, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1909_0 | Section: January (3):
January 1
Dana Andrews, American actor (d. 1992)
Stepan Bandera, Ukrainian nationalist leader (d. 1959)
January 2 – Barry Goldwater, American politician (d. 1998)
January 3 – Victor Borge, Danish entertainer (d. 2000)
January 4 – J. R. Simplot, American businessman (d. 2008)
January 5 – Stephen Cole Kleene, American mathematician (d. 1994)
January 8 – Willy Millowitsch, German actor (d. 1999)
January 9
Anthony Mamo, 1st President of Malta (d. 2008)
Patrick Peyton, American priest, saint (d. 1992)
January 13 – Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist convicted of setting fire to the German Reichstag building in 1933 (d. 1934)
January 15
Jean Bugatti, German-born automobile designer (d. 1939)
Gene Krupa, American drummer (d. 1973)
January 16 – Clement Greenberg, American art critic (d. 1994)
January 19 – Hans Hotter, German bass-baritone (d. 2003)
January 21 – Todor Skalovski, Macedonian composer (d. 2004)
January 22
Porfirio Rubirosa, Dominican diplomat, race-car driver, and polo player (d. 1956)
Ann Sothern, American actress (d. 2001)
U Thant, Burmese United Nations Secretary General (d. 1974)
January 24 – Martin Lings, British Islamic scholar (d. 2005)
January 25 – Robert Rex, 1st Premier of Niue (d. 1992)
January 28 – Colin Munro MacLeod, Canadian-American geneticist, medical researcher (d. 1972)
January 30 – Saul Alinsky, American community organizer (d. 1972)
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1909_1 | Section: February (3):
February 1 – George Beverly Shea, American gospel singer, songwriter (d. 2013)
February 3 – Simone Weil, French philosopher (d. 1943)
February 6 – Aino Talvi, Estonian actress (d. 1992)
February 7
Wilhelm Freddie, Danish painter (d. 1995)
Amedeo Guillet, Italian army officer (d. 2010)
Silvio Zavala, Mexican historian (d. 2014)
February 9
Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson, Scottish historian (d. 2002)
Harald Genzmer, German composer (d. 2007)
Carmen Miranda, Portuguese-born Brazilian actress, singer (d. 1955)
Giulio Racah, Israeli mathematician, physicist (d. 1965)
Dean Rusk, American politician (d. 1994)
February 11
Max Baer, American boxer, actor (d. 1959)
Joseph Mankiewicz, American filmmaker (d. 1993)
Saturnino de la Fuente García, Spanish supercentenarian, world's oldest living man from 2021 to 2022 (d. 2022)
February 12 – Zoran Mušič, Slovene painter (d. 2005)
February 14
Beatrice Miller, American singer, actress (d. 1999)
Yeom Dong-jin, Korean militant (d. c. 1950)
February 15
Miep Gies, Austrian-born Dutch humanitarian (d. 2010)
Guillermo Gorostiza Paredes, Spanish footballer (d. 1966)
February 16
Hugh Beaumont, American actor (d. 1982)
Jeffrey Lynn, American actor, film producer (d. 1995)
February 18
Matti Järvinen, Finnish athlete (d. 1985)
Wallace Stegner, American writer (d. 1993)
February 19 – Enrico Donati, Italian-born American painter (d. 2008)
February 20 – Heinz Erhardt, German comedian, musician, entertainer, actor, and poet (d. 1979)
February 21 – Hans Erni, Swiss painter, sculptor (d. 2015)
February 22 – Edmund Berkeley, American scientist (d. 1988)
February 24 – August Derleth, American writer (d. 1971)
February 25 – Geoffrey Dummer, English electrical engineer (d. 2002)
February 26 – King Talal of Jordan (d. 1972)
February 28 – Stephen Spender, English writer (d. 1995)
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1909_2 | Section: March (3):
March 4 – Harry Helmsley, American real estate entrepreneur (d. 1997)
March 7 – Roger Revelle, American scientist, scholar (d. 1991)
March 10 – Henrietta Buckmaster, American activist, journalist, and author (d. 1983)
March 11 – Jules Engel, American filmmaker, painter, sculptor, graphic artist, set designer, animator, film director and teacher (d. 2003)
March 12 – Virginia McLaurin, American community service volunteer (d. 2022)
March 19
Jean Brachet, Belgian chemist (d. 1988)
Louis Hayward, South African-born actor (d. 1985)
March 22
Milt Kahl, American animator (d. 1987)
Gabrielle Roy, Canadian author (d. 1983)
March 24 – Clyde Barrow, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (d. 1934)
March 26
Héctor José Cámpora, Argentine Peronist politician, 38th President of Argentina (d. 1980)
Chips Rafferty, Australian actor (d. 1971)
March 27 – Golo Mann, German historian (d. 1994)
March 28 – Nelson Algren, American author (d. 1981)
March 29 – Moon Mullican, American country music singer (d. 1967)
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1909_3 | Section: April (3):
April 6 – William M. Branham, American Christian minister (d. 1965)
April 7 – Robert Charroux, French writer (d. 1978)
April 8 – John Fante, Italian-American writer (d. 1983)
April 13
Stanislaw Marcin Ulam, Polish-born mathematician (d. 1984)
Eudora Welty, American author (d. 2001)
April 22
Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian neurologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
Spyros Markezinis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2000)
Indro Montanelli, Italian journalist (d. 2001)
April 24
Bernhard Grzimek, German zoo director, zoologist (d. 1987)
April 25 – William Pereira, American architect (d. 1985)
April 26
Marianne Hoppe, German actress (d. 2002)
Rodney Collin, British writer (d. 1956)
April 27 – Guillermo León Valencia, 21st President of Colombia (d. 1971)
April 27 – Tom Ewell, American actor and producer (d. 1994)
April 30
Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
F. E. McWilliam, Northern Irish sculptor (d. 1992)
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1909_4 | Section: May (3):
May 1 – Yiannis Ritsos, Greek poet, activist (d. 1990)
May 4 – Howard Da Silva, American actor (d. 1986)
May 6 – Loyd Sigmon, American amateur radio broadcaster (d. 2004)
May 7 – Edwin H. Land, American camera inventor (d. 1991)
May 10 – Maybelle Carter, American musician (d. 1978)
May 15
James Mason, British actor (d. 1984)
Clara Solovera, Chilean folk musician (d. 1992)
May 16 – Margaret Sullavan, American actress (d. 1960)
May 17 – Karl Schäfer, Austrian figure skater (d. 1976)
May 18 – Fred Perry, English tennis player (d. 1995)
May 19 – Nicholas Winton, British humanitarian (d. 2015)
May 23 – Hugh E. Blair, American linguist (d. 1967)
May 24 – Victoria Hopper, Canadian stage, film actress and singer (d. 2007)
May 26
Matt Busby, Scottish football manager (d. 1994)
Adolfo López Mateos, 48th President of Mexico (d. 1969)
Papa Charlie McCoy, American Delta blues musician, songwriter (d. 1950)
Maria Ripamonti, Italian Roman Catholic and a professed religious from the Ancelle della carità (d. 1954)
May 27
Dolores Hope, American singer, philanthropist (d. 2011)
Guillermo León Valencia, President of Colombia (d. 1971)
Donald Trumbull, American special effects artist (d. 2004)
Juan Vicente Pérez Mora, Venezuelan farmer and supercentenarian, last surviving man born in the 1900s decade (d. 2024)
May 30 – Benny Goodman, American musician (d. 1986)
May 31 – John Spencer-Churchill, English painter, sculptor and a stockbroker (d. 1992)
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1909_5 | Section: June (3):
June 1 – Yechezkel Kutscher, Slovakian-born Israeli philologist, Hebrew linguist (d. 1971)
June 3 – Ira D. Wallach, American businessman, philanthropist (d. 2007)
June 6 – Isaiah Berlin, Russian historian of ideas (d. 1997)
June 7 – Jessica Tandy, English actress (d. 1994)
June 10 – Mary Field, American film actress (d. 1996)
June 12
Archie Bleyer, American song arranger, band leader (d. 1989)
Tom Steele, Scottish-born actor, stuntman (d. 1990)
June 14 – Burl Ives, American singer (d. 1995)
June 19 – Osamu Dazai, Japanese novelist (d. 1948)
June 20
Errol Flynn, Australian-born actor (d. 1959)
Robb White, American writer (d. 1990)
June 21 – Pok Shau-fu, Chinese journalist and politician (d. 2000)
June 22
Infanta Beatriz of Spain (d. 2002)
Katherine Dunham, American dancer, choreographer, and songwriter (d. 2006)
June 23 – Li Xiannian, President of the People's Republic of China (d. 1992)
June 24 – William Penney, Baron Penney, English mathematician, physicist (d. 1991)
June 25 – Marguerite Viby, Danish actress (d. 2001)
June 26
Mavis Thorpe Clark, Australian novelist, writer (d. 1999)
Colonel Tom Parker, Dutch-born celebrity manager (d. 1997)
Wolfgang Reitherman, German animator, director and producer (d. 1985)
June 27 – Giuseppe Ballerio, Italian football player (d. 1999)
June 28 – Eric Ambler, British author (d. 1998)
June 30 – Juan Bosch, 43rd President of the Dominican Republic (d. 2001)
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1909_6 | Section: July (3):
July 1 – Antonina Pirozhkova, Russian civil engineer, writer (d. 2010)
July 2 – Gil English, American professional baseball third baseman (d. 1996)
July 5
Douglas MacArthur II, American diplomat (d. 1997)
Douglas Dodds-Parker, British politician and administrator (d. 2006)
July 6
Oscar Alende, Argentine politician (d. 1996)
Eric Reece, 32nd Premier of Tasmania (d. 1999)
July 7
Billy Herman, American second baseman and manager (d. 1992)
Richard Turnbull, British colonial governor (d. 1998)
Gottfried von Cramm, German tennis player (d. 1976)
July 8 – Ike Petersen, American football back (d. 1995)
July 9
Pavle Đurišić, Montenegrin Serb army commander (d. 1945)
Juan Yustrich, Argentine football goalkeeper (d. 2002)
July 11
Irene Hervey, American actress (d. 1998)
Song Renqiong, Chinese political, military leader (d. 2005)
July 12
Joe DeRita, American comedian (d. 1993)
Motoichi Kumagai, Japanese photographer, illustrator (d. 2010)
July 13
Raili Halttu, Finnish sprinter (d. 2006)
Fritz Leonhardt, German structural engineer (d. 1999)
Souphanouvong, 1st President of Laos (d. 1995)
July 14
Brian Shorland, New Zealand organic chemist (d. 1999)
Alejandro Morera Soto, Costa Rican football player (d. 1995)
July 15
Hendrik Casimir, Dutch physicist (d. 2000)
Vera Shlakman, American economist, professor (d. 2017)
July 16
Aruna Asaf Ali, Indian independence activist (d. 1996)
Teddy Buckner, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1994)
Bernard Gadney, English rugby union footballer (d. 2000)
July 18
Andrei Gromyko, Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs (d. 1989)
Mohammed Daoud Khan, 5th Prime Minister of Afghanistan and 1st President of Afghanistan (d. 1978)
Harriet Nelson, American singer, actress (d. 1994)
July 19 – Balamani Amma, Indian poet (d. 2004)
July 20
Sigfrid Heyner, Swedish swimmer (d. 1995)
Clyde Roberts, American college football player (d. 2004)
July 21 – Egidio Armelloni, Italian gymnast (d. 1997)
July 22 – Licia Albanese, Italian-born American operatic soprano (d. 2014)
July 23 – Helen Martin, American actress (d. 2000)
July 24
John William Finn, American WWII hero (d. 2010)
Theodore J. Conway, American four-star general and former commander STRICOM (d. 1990)
July 25 – Elizabeth Francis, American supercentenarian (d. 2024)
July 26 – Vivian Vance, American actress (d. 1979)
July 28 – Malcolm Lowry, British novelist (Under the Volcano) (d. 1957)
July 30 – C. Northcote Parkinson, British historian, author (d. 1993)
July 31 – Olivér Halassy, Hungarian water polo player and freestyle swimmer (d. 1946)
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1909_7 | Section: August (3):
August 8
Charles Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham, English cricketer, politician and 9th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1977)
Jack Renshaw, Australian politician, Premier of New South Wales (d. 1987)
August 9
Adam von Trott zu Solz, German lawyer, diplomat (d. 1944)
Yūji Koseki, Japanese composer (d. 1989)
August 10
Leo Fender, American guitar inventor, manufacturer (d. 1991)
Richard J. Hughes, American politician, 45th Governor of New Jersey, and Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court (d. 1992)
Claude Thornhill, American pianist, arranger, composer, and bandleader (d. 1965)
August 18 – Gordon Gunter, American marine biologist, fisheries scientist (d. 1998)
August 21 – Ethel Caterham, British supercentenarian, last surviving subject of King Edward VII
August 25 – Michael Rennie, English actor (d. 1971)
August 26 – Jim Davis, American actor (d. 1981)
August 30 – Marguerite Allan, British actress (d. 1994)
August 31 – Ferenc Fejtő, Hungarian-born French journalist, political scientist (d. 2008)
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1909_8 | Section: September (3):
September 1 – E. Herbert Norman, Canadian diplomat (d. 1957)
September 2 – Okagi Hayashi, Japanese supercentenarian
September 6 – Michael Gordon (film director), American actor and director (d. 1993)
September 7 – Elia Kazan, Turkish-born film director (d. 2003)
September 10 – Irakli Abashidze, Georgian poet, literary scholar, and politician (d. 1992)
September 14
Peter Scott, British ornithologist and painter (d. 1989)
Andreas Tzimas, Greek communist politician, Resistance leader (d. 1972)
September 15
Phil Arnold, American actor (d. 1968)
Jean Batten, New Zealand-born aviator (d. 1982)
Jan van Aartsen, Dutch politician (d. 1992)
September 17 – Sylvester Wiere, Austro-Hungarian-born American slapstick comedian, member of the Wiere Brothers (d. 1970)
September 19 – Ferdinand Anton Ernst Porsche, Austrian auto designer, businessman (d. 1998)
September 21 – Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanaian politician (d. 1972)
September 24 – Carl Sigman, American songwriter (d. 2000)
September 26 – Bill France, Sr., American race car driver, businessman, and co-founder of NASCAR (d. 1992)
September 28 – Al Capp, American cartoonist (d. 1979)
September 29 – Vasco Bergamaschi, Italian road racing cyclist (d. 1979)
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1909_9 | Section: October (3):
October 1
Margie Hines, American voice actress (d. 1985)
Everett Sloane, American actor (d. 1965)
October 4 – Murray Chotiner, American political consultant (d. 1974)
October 7 – Tony Malinosky, American baseball player (d. 2011)
October 8 – Piotr Jaroszewicz, Polish politician, 49th Prime Minister of Poland (d. 1992)
October 10
Robert F. Boyle, American production designer, art director (d. 2010)
Max Simon Ehrlich, American writer (d. 1983)
October 13 – Herblock, American editorial cartoonist (d. 2001)
October 14 – Bernd Rosemeyer, German race car driver (d. 1938)
October 17 – Cozy Cole, American jazz drummer (d. 1981)
October 18 – Norberto Bobbio, Italian philosopher of law and political sciences (d. 2004)
October 20 – Carla Laemmle, American actress (d. 2014)
October 24 – Bill Carr, American athlete (d. 1966)
October 25 – Whit Bissell, American actor (d. 1996)
October 25 – Dieter Borsche, German actor (d. 1982)
October 27 – Henry Townsend, American musician (d. 2006)
October 28 – Francis Bacon, Irish-born British painter (d. 1992)
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1909_10 | Section: November (3):
November 6 – Elizabeth Douglas-Home, Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1990)
November 7 – Ruby Hurley, American civil rights activist (d. 1980)
November 9 – Kay Thompson, American author, actress (d. 1998)
November 10 – Paweł Jasienica, Polish historian (d. 1970)
November 13 – Vincent Apap, Maltese sculptor (d. 2003)
November 16 – Mirza Nasir Ahmad, Indian Islamic leader (d. 1982)
November 18 – Johnny Mercer, American songwriter (d. 1976)
November 22 – Mikhail Mil, Russian helicopter manufacturer (d. 1970)
November 23 – Nigel Tranter, Scottish historian and novelist (d. 2000)
November 24 – Gerhard Gentzen, German mathematician (d. 1945)
November 26 – Eugène Ionesco, Romanian-born playwright (d. 1994)
November 27 – James Agee, American writer (d. 1955)
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1909_11 | Section: December (3):
December 2 – Marion Dönhoff, German journalist (d. 2002)
December 3 – Charlotte Kretschmann, German supercentenarian (d. 2024)
December 5 – Bobbie Heine Miller, South African tennis player (d. 2016)
December 7 – Arch Oboler, American actor, playwright, screenwriter, novelist, producer, and director (d. 1987)
December 9 – Douglas Fairbanks Jr., American actor, naval officer (d. 2000)
December 14 – Edward Lawrie Tatum, American geneticist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
December 20
Vagn Holmboe, Danish composer (d. 1996)
Vakkom Majeed, Indian freedom fighter, politician (d. 2000)
December 21 – Seichō Matsumoto, Japanese writer, journalist (d. 1992)
December 22
Alan Carney, American actor (d. 1973)
Patricia Hayes, British character actress, comedian (d. 1998)
December 27 – Henryk Jabłoński, President of Poland (d. 2003)
December 29 – Thomas Beck, American actor (d. 1995)
December 31 – Jonah Jones, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2000)
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1910_0 | 1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1910th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 910th year of the 2nd millennium, the 10th year of the 20th century, and the 1st year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1910, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1910_0 | Section: January (2):
January 6 – Abé people in the French West Africa colony of Côte d'Ivoire rise against the colonial administration; the rebellion is brutally suppressed by the military.
January 8 – By the Treaty of Punakha, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan becomes a protectorate of the British Empire.
January 11 – Charcot Island is discovered by the Antarctic expedition led by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charcot on the ship Pourquoi Pas? Charcot returns from his expedition on February 11.
January 12 – Great January Comet of 1910 first observed (perihelion: January 17).
January 15 - Amidst the constitutional crisis caused by the House of Lords rejecting the People's Budget the January 1910 United Kingdom general election is held resulting in a hung parliament with neither Liberals nor Conservatives gaining a majority.
January 21 – The Great Flood of Paris begins when the Seine overflows its banks.
January 22 – Completion of construction of New York City's Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, at 700 feet (210 m) the world's tallest building at this time, is celebrated.
January 31
A coal mine explosion at the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company in Primero, Colorado, kills 75 miners.
American-born medical practitioner Hawley Harvey Crippen poisons his wife, Cora, and buries her body in the cellar of their London home (probable date).
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1910_1 | Section: February (2):
February 1 – A coal mine explosion at the Browder Coal Company in Drakesboro, Kentucky kills 34 miners.
February 2 – A coal mine explosion at the Palau mine at Las Esperanzas in the State of Coahuila in Mexico kills 68 miners.
February 5 – A coal mine explosion at the Jefferson Clearfield Coal Company mine at Ernest, Pennsylvania, kills 11 miners (10 Hungarian) but another 110 are able to escape.
February 9 – French liner General Chanzy sinks in the Mediterranean after striking rocks off Menorca, with only one survivor of the 157 on board.
February 12 – Chinese expedition to Tibet: A force of 2,000 Chinese troops march into Lhasa, the capital of Tibet; the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, is forced to flee to British India.
February 13 – The strike, begun on November 23, 1909, by 20,000 women against New York City's shirtwaist (blouse) factories ends after 339 manufacturers agree to a reduced workweek (52 hours a week rather than 56), increased wages and labor union recognition.
February 20 – Boutros Ghali, the first native-born Prime Minister of Egypt, is assassinated in Cairo.
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1910_2 | Section: March (2):
March – Albanian revolt of 1910: An uprising against Ottoman rule breaks out in Albania.
March 1 – The Wellington, Washington avalanche sweeps away two Great Northern Railway (U.S.) passenger trains in the Cascade Mountains, killing 96, making it the worst snowslide accident in United States history.
March 3 – Morocco signs accords with France in Paris, permitting the French to occupy Casablanca and Oujda in return for military training, as part of refinancing of loans.
March 4 – The Rogers Pass avalanche buries a group of Canadian Pacific Railway workers clearing tracks in the Selkirk Mountains at Rogers Pass (British Columbia), making it the worst snowslide accident in Canadian history.
March 8 – In France, Raymonde de Laroche is awarded Pilot's license No. 36 by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, becoming the first woman authorized to fly an airplane.
March 10
Slavery in China, which has existed since the Shang dynasty, is now made illegal.
Nazareth Baptist Church, an African-initiated church, is founded by Prophet Isaiah Shembe in South Africa.
March 12 – American actress Florence Lawrence becomes "the first true movie star" after being named in advertisements, having previously been billed only as "The Biograph Girl".
March 17 – Progressive Republicans in the United States House of Representatives rebel against Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon, removing him from the Rules Committee and stripping him of his power to appoint committee chairmen.
March 18 – The first filmed version of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein comes out. Considered to be the first horror movie, it stars actor Charles Ogle (unbilled) as the monster.
March 20 – The first clinic for treatment of occupational diseases is opened in Milan (Italy).
March 22 – President of the United States William H. Taft gives an American endorsement in favor of creating a "World Court" for the resolution of disputes between nations.
March 23 – A rebellion by Rif tribesmen in Spanish Morocco is finally suppressed after 8 months. During the conflict, an estimated 8,000 Berbers and 2,000 Spanish soldiers have been killed.
March 27 – A fire during a barn-dance in Ököritófülpös, Hungary, kills 312 people after ballroom decorations catch alight.
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1910_3 | Section: April (2):
April 5 – The Transandine Railway connecting Chile and Argentina is inaugurated.
April 10 – Halley's Comet becomes visible with the naked eye (perihelion: April 20); Earth passes through its tail about May 19 (its next visit will be in 1986).
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1910_4 | Section: May (2):
May 6 – George V becomes King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of his father, Edward VII.
May 12 – The second National Association for the Advancement of Colored People meeting is held in New York City.
May 31 – The Union of South Africa is created.
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1910_5 | Section: June (2):
June 2 – Charles Rolls became the first person to fly across the English Channel and back without stopping.
June 3 – The Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, led by Roald Amundsen on the steamer Fram, departs from Christiania (modern-day Oslo) without fanfare, and no announcement until later in the year of Amundsen's intention to reach the South Pole.
June 5 – The Nanyang industrial exposition ("Nanking Exposition"), an official world's fair, opens in Qing dynasty China.
June 6 – The Holland Dakota Landbouw Compagnie is established.
June 14–23 – Edinburgh Missionary Conference is held in Scotland, presided over by John Mott, launching the modern ecumenical movement and the modern missions movement.
June 15 – The British Antarctic Expedition, led by Robert Falcon Scott on the whaler Terra Nova, departs from Cardiff for the South Pole.
June 22 – DELAG Zeppelin dirigible Deutschland makes the first commercial passenger flight, from Friedrichshafen to Düsseldorf in Germany; the flight takes 9 hours.
June 25 – The ballet The Firebird (L'Oiseau de feu), the first major work by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, commissioned by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, is premièred in Paris, bringing the composer international fame.
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1910_6 | Section: July (2):
July – First Girl Guide troops registered in the United Kingdom, under the supervision of Agnes Baden-Powell.
July 4 – African-American boxer Jack Johnson defeats white American boxer James J. Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match, sparking race riots across the United States.
July 9–10 – 'Fowler's match': the Eton v Harrow cricket match at Lord's ground in London, known after the captain of Eton College, Robert St Leger Fowler, and described as "what might just be the greatest cricket match of all time".
July 11 – Departure for France of Amenokal Moussa Ag Amastan as part of the Tuareg mission.
July 12 – Charles Rolls becomes the first British aviation fatality when his French-built Wright aeroplane suffers a broken rudder at an altitude of 80 feet (24 meters) and crashes during a contest at Bournemouth.
July 22 – A wireless telegraph sent from the SS Montrose results in the identification, arrest and execution of murderer Dr. Crippen.
July 24 – Ottoman forces capture the city of Shkodër to put down the Albanian Revolt of 1910.
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1910_7 | Section: August (2):
August – The International Commercial Bureau of the American Republics becomes the Pan-American Union.
August 14 – A fire at the Brussels International 1910 world's fair destroys exhibitions of Britain and France.
August 20 – The Great Fire of 1910 ("Big Blowup"), a wildfire that burns 4,700 square miles in the Inland Northwest of the United States, due to dry weather.
August 22 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, by which the Empire of Japan formally annexes the Korean Empire, is signed (it becomes effectively void in 1945, which is formally recognised in 1965).
August 28 – Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom, under Nicholas I.
August 29 – Emperor Sunjong of Korea abdicates and the country's monarchy is abolished.
August 31 – Gafanha da Nazaré is founded by Prior Sardo and becomes the last Portuguese town to receive a foral (royal charter) from the monarchy, granted by King Manuel II.
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1910_8 | Section: September (2):
September 1
The Vatican introduces a compulsory oath against modernism (Sacrorum antistitum), to be taken by all priests upon ordination.
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista is founded in Brazil by railwaymen; its Association football team will be the first FIFA Club World Cup champions in 2000.
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1910_9 | Section: October (2):
October
Infrared photographs are first published by Professor Robert Williams Wood, in the Royal Photographic Society's journal.
Approximate date of origin of Manchurian plague, a form of pneumonic plague which by December is spreading through northeastern China, killing more than 40,000.
October 5 – 5 October 1910 revolution: The First Portuguese Republic is proclaimed in Lisbon; King Manuel II of Portugal flees to England.
October 7 – Baudette fire of 1910, a wildfire that burns ca. 350,000 square miles in Minnesota and Ontario, including several towns.
October 18 – The lake freighter SS William C. Moreland runs aground on a reef near the Keweenaw Peninsula in Lake Superior, leading to its loss.
October 20 – The hull of White Star ocean liner RMS Olympic is launched, at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.
October 23
Vajiravudh (Rama VI) is crowned King of Siam, after the death of his father, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).
The Philadelphia Athletics defeat the Chicago Cubs, 7–2, to win the 1910 World Series in baseball in Game 5 (Jack Coombs has been the winning pitcher in three of the Athletics' four wins).
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1910_10 | Section: November (2):
November 7 – The first air flight for the purpose of delivering commercial freight takes place in the United States. The flight, made by Wright brothers pilot Philip Parmalee, is between Dayton and Columbus, Ohio.
November 14 – In the first takeoff from a ship by a fixed-wing aircraft, Eugene Ely takes off from a temporary platform erected over the bow of the light cruiser USS Birmingham in Hampton Roads, Virginia.
November 18 – Black Friday: 300 suffragettes clash with police outside the Parliament of the United Kingdom over the failure of the Conciliation Bill.
November 20 – The Mexican Revolution begins, when Francisco I. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for an armed revolution at 6 p.m. against the illegitimate presidency/dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.
November 22 – Revolt of the Lash at Rio de Janeiro: Mutineers in the Brazilian Navy, led by João Cândido Felisberto, seize control of the new dreadnought battleship Minas Geraes and other ships, whose guns are aimed at the city as the crews demand improvements in their conditions (which are conceded on November 26 by the Brazilian government).
November 23 – Murderer Johan Alfred Ander becomes the last person to be executed in Sweden.
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1910_11 | Section: December (2):
December 3 – Modern neon lighting is first demonstrated by Georges Claude at the Paris Motor Show.
December 10 – Giacomo Puccini's opera La fanciulla del West has its world première at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, conducted by Arturo Toscanini and starring Enrico Caruso and Emmy Destinn.
December 19 – The second 1910 United Kingdom general election (the last to be fought with an all-male electorate) concludes with confirmation of a majority for the Liberal Party in alliance with the Irish Parliamentary Party, resolving the battle of wills between the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the House of Lords by giving a majority for restriction of the powers of the Lords and support for the Irish Home Rule movement.
December 21 – Pretoria Pit disaster: a coal mine explosion at the Hulton Colliery Company of Westhoughton in Lancashire, England, kills 344 miners, with just one survivor.
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1911_0 | 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1911th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 911th year of the 2nd millennium, the 11th year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1911, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1911_0 | Section: January (2):
January 1 – A decade after federation, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are added to the Commonwealth of Australia.
January 3
1911 Kebin earthquake: An earthquake of 7.7 moment magnitude strikes near Almaty in Russian Turkestan, killing 450 or more people.
Siege of Sidney Street in London: Two Latvian anarchists die, after a seven-hour siege against a combined police and military force. Home Secretary Winston Churchill arrives to oversee events.
January 4 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Robert Falcon Scott's British Terra Nova Expedition to the South Pole arrives in the Antarctic and establishes a base camp at Cape Evans on Ross Island.
January 5 – Egypt's Zamalek SC is founded as a general sports and Association football club by Belgian lawyer George Merzbach as Qasr El Nile Club.
January 14 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Roald Amundsen's Norwegian South Pole expedition arrives in the Antarctic and establishes a base camp at the Bay of Whales on the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf.
January 18 – Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of the USS Pennsylvania stationed in San Francisco harbor, the first time an aircraft has landed on a ship.
January 26 – The United States and Canada announce the successful negotiation of their first reciprocal trade agreement.
First Monte Carlo Rally inaugurated.
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1911_1 | Section: February (2):
February 5
The Missouri State Capitol building in Jefferson City, Missouri is destroyed by fire after a bolt of lightning strikes the dome.
The revolution in Haiti is suppressed after the leader, General Montreuil Guillaume, is captured by government troops and shot. General Millionard is executed two days later.
February 17 – The first "quasi-official" airmail flight occurs, when Fred Wiseman carries three letters between Petaluma and Santa Rosa, California.
February 18
The first official air mail flight, second overall, takes place in British India from Allahabad to Naini when Henri Pequet carries 6,500 letters a distance of 13 km.
A serious earthquake causes a landslide that creates Lake Sarez in modern-day Tajikistan.
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1911_2 | Section: March (2):
March 19 – International Women's Day is celebrated for the first time across Europe.
March 25 – The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City kills 146 people.
March 29 – The United States Army adopts a new service pistol, the M1911, designed by John Browning (it remains the U.S. service pistol for 74 years).
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1911_3 | Section: April (2):
April 3 – Jean Sibelius conducts the première of his Symphony No. 4, in Helsinki.
April 8 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity; he presents his findings on April 28.
April 13 – Mexican Revolution: Rebels take Agua Prieta on the Sonora–Arizona border; government troops take the town back April 17, when the rebel leader "Red" López gets drunk.
April 18 – SS Lusitania, a 5,557-ton Portuguese passenger liner en route from Mozambique to Lisbon, strikes Bellows Rock just off Cape Point and sinks.
April 19 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero's troops besiege Ciudad Juárez, but General Juan J. Navarro refuses his surrender demand.
April 22 – A passenger train from Port Alfred to Grahamstown, South Africa derails on the Blaauwkrantz Bridge, and plunges into the ravine 200 feet (61 metres) below, killing 31 and seriously injuring 23.
April 26 – HŠK Građanski Zagreb (predecessor of GNK Dinamo Zagreb), a Croatian Association football club, is founded in Zagreb.
April 27 – Huanghuagang Uprising: In China, rebels take five villages in an attempt to create a power base to fight Imperial rule; those who die are remembered as "The 72 Martyrs" (the event is also called the "Second Guangzhou Uprising" and the "Yellow Flower Mound Revolt").
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1911_4 | Section: May (2):
May 8 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa launches an attack against government troops in Ciudad Juárez without Madero's permission; the government troops surrender on May 10.
May 13–15 – Mexican Revolution: Torreón massacre – Over 300 Chinese residents are massacred by the revolutionary forces of Francisco I. Madero, in the Mexican city of Torreón.
May 15 –Standard Oil is dissolved by the Supreme Court of the United States into 34 separate oil companies including Exxon, Mobil, Chevron, Texaco, and others due to violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
May 17 – Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Díaz is convinced to resign, but does not do so yet.
May 21 – Mexican Revolution: In Ciudad Juárez, a peace treaty is signed between Madero's rebels and government troops.
May 24 – Mexican Revolution: Government troops fire at anti-Diaz demonstrators in Mexico City, killing about 200 (officials claim only 40).
May 25 – Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Díaz signs his resignation and leaves for Veracruz; on May 31 he leaves for exile in France.
May 30 – The first Indianapolis 500 automobile race is held in the United States, won by Ray Harroun at an average speed of 74.59 miles per hour.
May 31 – The hull of the RMS Titanic is launched in Belfast, on the same day RMS Olympic starts her sea trials.
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1911_5 | Section: June (2):
June 7 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco Madero arrives in Mexico City, just after the 1911 Michoacán earthquake.
June 14 – RMS Olympic departs Southampton, England, for her maiden voyage, with a first call at Cherbourg, France.
June 15 – RMS Olympic arrives in Queenstown, Ireland, to discharge and take up passengers.
June 21 – RMS Olympic arrives in New York at the end of her maiden voyage. She proceeds to her quarantine station off Staten Island, which she leaves at 7:45 a.m., and is saluted on her way up New York Harbor by all kinds of craft as she steams to Pier 59 in the North River. With the assistance of twelve tugs, Olympic is safely moored at 10 a.m.
June 22 – George V and Mary are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, at Westminster Abbey in London. Moored at Pier 59 of New York Harbor, RMS Olympic is decorated for the occasion.
June 28
RMS Olympic departs New York for her maiden eastbound voyage home to Southampton, England.
The Nakhla meteorite falls in the Abu Hummus region of Egypt, providing evidence of water on Mars.
June – The Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance is held in Stockholm, Sweden.
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1911_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1 – The presence of the German warship Panther in the Moroccan port of Agadir triggers the Agadir Crisis.
July 4 – RMS Olympic, having crossed the Atlantic, discharges passengers and mails off Plymouth, England.
July 5 – RMS Olympic arrives in Southampton, England, ending her maiden eastbound voyage from New York.
July 24 – Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu in Peru.
July 25 – Headington Football Club merge with Headington Quarry to create Headington United, which much later becomes Oxford United F.C. in England.
July 28 – The Australasian Antarctic Expedition begins as the SY Aurora departs London.
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1911_7 | Section: August (2):
August 17–20 – Britain's National Railway strike of 1911, its first national strike of railway workers; on August 19 it leads to the Llanelli riots in Wales which result in 6 deaths.
August 21 – Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is stolen from the Louvre museum in Paris by Vincenzo Peruggia; the painting is returned in 1913.
August 27 – CSKA Moscow, a professional multi-sports club in Russia, is officially founded.
August 29 – Ishi, the last unassimilated Native American in the U.S. using stone tools, was captured near Oroville, California.
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1911_8 | Section: September (2):
September 20 – RMS Olympic collides with HMS Hawke in The Solent, causing considerable damage to both ships.
September 25 – French battleship Liberté explodes at anchor in Toulon, France, killing around 300 onboard and in the surrounding area.
September 29 – Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
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1911_9 | Section: October (2):
October 4 – China adopts "Cup of Solid Gold" as its first national anthem. However, it is never performed publicly and is replaced a few months later with a new composition.
October 7 – Liberal leader Karl Staaff returns as Prime Minister of Sweden after a Riksdag election victory based on the promises of defense cuts and social reforms.
October 10 – The Wuchang Uprising starts the Xinhai Revolution that leads to the founding of the Republic of China.
October 16 – Mexican Revolution: Felix Diaz, nephew of Porfirio Díaz, occupies the port of Veracruz, as a sign of rebellion against Madero.
October 20 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Amundsen's expedition sets out for the South Pole from his base camp.
October 26 – In American baseball, the Philadelphia Athletics defeat the New York Giants, 13–2, to win the 1911 World Series in 6 games. The game is tied 1–1 after three innings, but with four runs in the fourth, and seven runs in the seventh, the A's demolish the Giants. The most unusual play of the game is an inside-the-park home run made by the A's Jack Barry, on a bunt.
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1911_10 | Section: November (2):
November 1
The world's first combat aerial bombing mission takes place in Libya, during the Italo-Turkish War. Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti of Italy drops several small bombs.
Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Capt. Scott's Terra Nova Expedition sets out for the South Pole from his base camp.
November 3 – Chevrolet officially enters the automobile market in the United States, in competition with the Ford Model T.
November 4 – Morocco–Congo Treaty brings the Agadir Crisis to a close. This treaty leads Morocco to be split between France (as a protectorate) and Spain (as the colony of Spanish Sahara), with Germany forfeiting all claims to Morocco. In return, France gives Germany a portion of the French Congo (as Kamerun) and Germany cedes some of German Kamerun to France (as Chad).
November 5 – Italy annexes Tripoli and Cyrenaica (confirmed by an act of the Italian Parliament on February 25, 1912).
November 17 – Omega Psi Phi fraternity is founded on the campus of Howard University, in Washington, D.C.
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1911_11 | Section: December (2):
December 1 – Outer Mongolia, the predecessor of modern-day Mongolia, is declared independent from the Chinese Empire.
December 2 – Australasian Antarctic Expedition sets sail from Hobart.
December 9 – Cross Mountain Mine disaster: A coal mine explosion near Briceville, Tennessee kills 84 miners, despite rescue efforts led by the United States Bureau of Mines.
December 12 – The Delhi Durbar is held to mark the coronation of George V and Queen Mary as Emperor and Empress of India, and the transfer of the capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi.
December 14 – Amundsen and Scott expeditions: Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition reaches the geographical South Pole, 34 days ahead of Capt. Scott. News of Amundsen's success will not reach the outside world until next March.
December 18 – The first exhibition by Der Blaue Reiter group of painters opens in Munich.
December 18–28 – George V's 1911 hunting trip in Nepal.
December 24 – Lackawanna Cut-Off railway line opens in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
December 29 – Sun Yat-sen is elected Provisional President of the Republic of China.
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1912_0 | 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1912th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 912th year of the 2nd millennium, the 12th year of the 20th century, and the 3rd year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1912, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1912_0 | Section: January (2):
January 1 – The Republic of China is established.
January 5 – The Prague Conference (6th All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) opens.
January 6
German geophysicist Alfred Wegener first presents his theory of continental drift.
New Mexico becomes the 47th U.S. state.
January 8 – The African National Congress is founded as the South African Native National Congress, at the Waaihoek Wesleyan Church in Bloemfontein, to promote improved rights for black South Africans, with John Langalibalele Dube as its first president.
January 12 – In the 1912 German federal election the Social Democrats for the first time becomes the party with the most seats.
January 14 – Raymond Poincaré forms a coalition government in France, beginning his first term of office as Prime Minister on 21 January.
January 17 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four become the second expeditionary group to reach the South Pole.
January 18 (Old Style January 5) – Prague Conference: Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party break away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.
January 22 – The Overseas Railroad officially opens with Henry Flagler, its owner, arriving on the first train to Key West, Florida, to a cheering crowd of 10,000.
January 23 – The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague to restrict exports.
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1912_1 | Section: February (2):
February 12 – The Manchu Qing dynasty of China comes to an end after 268 years with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor Puyi in favour of the Republic of China.
February 14 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th state.
February 24 – Battle of Beirut: Italy makes a surprise attack on the Ottoman port of Beirut, when the cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi and the gunboat Volturno bombard the harbour, killing 97 sailors and civilians.
February 29 – Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defense of the other during war. The treaty of alliance would eventually be dishonored in World War I.
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1912_2 | Section: March (2):
March 1 – Albert Berry is reported to have made the first parachute jump from a flying airplane.
March 6 – Italian forces become the first to use airships in war as two dirigibles drop bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.
March 7 – Roald Amundsen, in Hobart, Tasmania, announces his success in reaching the South Pole the previous December.
March 12 – The Girl Scouts of the USA is founded by Juliette Gordon Low, in Savannah, Georgia.
March 16 – Lawrence Oates, dying member of Scott's South Pole expedition, leaves the tent saying, "I am just going outside and may be some time."
March 22 – The State of Bihar is formed out of the erstwhile State of Bengal, in British India.
March 27 – Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry trees to be planted in Washington, D.C., to symbolize the friendship between Japan and the United States.
March 29 (probable date) – Robert Falcon Scott and the remaining members of his South Pole expedition die.
March 30 – The French Third Republic establishes the French protectorate in Morocco by the Treaty of Fes with Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco.
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1912_3 | Section: April (2):
April 1 – A partial lunar eclipse takes place, the first of two lunar eclipses this year. It is the 61st lunar eclipse of the 111th Saros cycle, which started with a penumbral lunar eclipse on June 10, 830 AD and will conclude with another penumbral lunar eclipse on July 19, 2092.
April 10 – White Star liner RMS Titanic departs from Southampton, England, with more than 2,200 passengers and crew on her maiden voyage, bound for New York.
April 11 – RMS Titanic makes her last call, at Queenstown in Ireland.
April 14–15 – Sinking of the RMS Titanic: RMS Titanic strikes an iceberg in the northern Atlantic Ocean and sinks with the loss of more than 1,500 lives. The wreck is not discovered until 1985.
April 14 – Santos FC, a Brazilian association football club, is founded in State of Sao Paulo.
April 16 – Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly across the English Channel.
April 17
Lena massacre: Russian troops kill or wound 500 striking gold miners in Siberia.
A hybrid solar eclipse is the 30th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 137.
April 18 – Cunard Line vessel RMS Carpathia arrives in New York with the 705 RMS Titanic survivors.
April 20
Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts opens.
Yogindranath Tagore founds Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School in West Bengal, India.
April 24 – English association football club Barnsley win the FA Cup.
April 30 – Carl Laemmle founds Universal Studios as the Universal Film and Manufacturing Company in the United States.
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1912_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1 – ʻAbdu'l-Bahá lays the cornerstone for the Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois.
May 5 – The 1912 Summer Olympics open in Stockholm, Sweden. Modern Pentathlon is contested for the first time in these games.
May 11 – Alaska becomes a territory of the United States.
May 13 – In the United Kingdom, the Royal Flying Corps (forerunner of the Royal Air Force) is established.
May 23 – The Hamburg America Line's SS Imperator is launched in Hamburg and is the world's largest ship.
May 30 – Pioneer aviator Wilbur Wright (of the Wright brothers) dies of typhoid fever in Dayton, Ohio.
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1912_5 | Section: June (2):
June 6 – The Novarupta volcano (290 miles (470 km) southwest of Anchorage) experiences a VEI 6 eruption (the largest in the 20th century).
June 30 – Canada's deadliest tornado strikes Regina, Saskatchewan killing 28 people.
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1912_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1 – Harriet Quimby, who set the record as the first woman to fly the English Channel two months previously, dies in Squantum, Massachusetts, after her brand-new two-seat Bleriot monoplane crashes, killing both Quimby and her passenger.
July 12 – The United States release of Sarah Bernhardt's film Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth is influential in the development of the movie feature. Adolph Zukor, who incorporates Paramount Pictures on May 8, 1914, launches his company as the distributor. Paramount celebrates its centennial in 2012.
July 30 – Emperor Meiji of Japan dies; he is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who becomes Emperor Taishō. In the history of Japan, the event marks the end of the Meiji period and the beginning of the Taishō period.
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1912_7 | Section: August (2):
August 1 – The Jungfrau Railway is inaugurated with the opening of the subterranean Jungfraujoch railway station in the Bernese Oberland of Switzerland, Europe's highest at 3,450 metres (11,320 ft) above sea level.
August 4 – United States occupation of Nicaragua: U.S. Marines land from the USS Annapolis in Nicaragua, to support the conservative government at its request.
August 12 – Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco abdicates.
August 21 – The first Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America) earns his rank.
August 29 – A typhoon strikes China, killing at least 50,000 people.
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1912_8 | Section: September (2):
September 4 – The government of the Ottoman Empire agrees to the demands put forward in the Albanian Revolt of 1912.
September 28 – W. C. Handy publishes "The Memphis Blues" in the United States.
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1912_9 | Section: October (2):
October 8 – The First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire.
October 10 – The Maternity Allowance Act goes into effect in Australia, but excludes minorities.
October 14 – John Flammang Schrank attempts to assassinate Theodore Roosevelt in Milwaukee.
October 16 – Bulgarian pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the second bombing with an airplane in history, at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne, against Turkey.
October 17 – Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patent austenitic stainless steel.
October 18 – Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War.
October 18–21 – First Balkan War: The Greek navy captures the island of Lemnos for use as a forward base against the Dardanelles.
October 24 – First Balkan War: Battle of Kumanovo – Serbian forces defeat the Ottoman army in Vardar Macedonia.
October
Edgar Rice Burroughs' character Tarzan first appears in Tarzan of the Apes, in American pulp magazine The All-Story.
Sax Rohmer's character Fu Manchu first appears in the first story of The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu in English pulp magazine The Story-Teller.
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1912_10 | Section: November (2):
November 5 – 1912 United States presidential election: New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson wins over former president Theodore Roosevelt and incumbent president William Howard Taft.
November 11 – William Lawrence Bragg presents his derivation of Bragg's law for the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice, creating the field of x-ray crystallography, and making possible the eventual imaging of the double helix of DNA.
November 25 – Românul de la Pind, the longest-running newspaper by and about Aromanians until World War II, ceases publication.
November 28 – Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire.
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1912_11 | Section: December (2):
December 3 – Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League, but not Greece) sign an armistice with the Ottoman Empire at Çatalca, temporarily halting the First Balkan War after 2 months. (The armistice will expire on February 3, 1913, and hostilities will resume.)
December 18 – Piltdown Man, thought to be the fossilized skull of a hitherto unknown form of early human, is presented to the Geological Society of London (it is revealed to be a hoax in 1953).
December 24 – Merck files patent applications in Germany for synthesis of the entactogenic drug MDMA (Ecstasy), developed by Anton Köllisch.
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1913_0 | 1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1913th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 913th year of the 2nd millennium, the 13th year of the 20th century, and the 4th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1913, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1913_0 | Section: January (2):
January – Joseph Stalin travels to Vienna to research his Marxism and the National Question. This means that, during this month, Stalin, Hitler, Trotsky and Tito are all living in the city.
January 3 – First Balkan War: Greece completes its capture of the eastern Aegean island of Chios, as the last Ottoman forces on the island surrender.
January 13 – Edward Carson founds the (first) Ulster Volunteer Force, by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland.
January 18 – First Balkan War: Battle of Lemnos – Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it will not venture for the rest of the war.
January 23 – 1913 Ottoman coup d'état: Enver Pasha comes to power.
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1913_1 | Section: February (2):
February 1 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station.
February 3 – The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income, not just some.
February 9 – Mexican Revolution: "La Decena Trágica", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero, begins.
February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China.
February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign. Pedro Lascuráin serves as president for less than an hour, before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office.
February 22 – Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez are assassinated.
February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd, and exiled to Siberia.
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1913_2 | Section: March (2):
March
The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.
Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament, and rules as a dictator.
c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara, with 200 on board.
March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Procession takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback.
March 4
Woodrow Wilson is sworn in, as the 28th President of the United States.
The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established, by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey form part of the Department of Commerce.
March 4–6 – First Balkan War: Battle of Bizani – Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina) from the Ottoman Empire.
March 7 – Alum Chine explosion: British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in the harbour of Baltimore, Maryland.
March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.
March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December 1952 (the Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) will grow from this foundation).
March 18 – King George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne; he is succeeded by his son Constantine I.
March 20
Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (Kuomintang), is wounded in an assassination attempt, and dies two days later.
The city of Canberra, the center of the Australian Capital Territory, becomes the official capital of the Commonwealth of Australia.
March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin a revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina.
March 25 – The Great Dayton Flood, after four days of rain in the Miami Valley, kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes (chiefly in Dayton, Ohio).
March 26
Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe, and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government, as head of the Constitutionals.
Balkan Wars: The Siege of Adrianople ends, when Bulgarian forces take Adrianople from the Ottomans.
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1913_3 | Section: April (2):
April – Bernhard Kellermann's novel Der Tunnel is published.
April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed.
April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.
April 21 – Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde.
April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world on this date, and for more than a decade after.
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1913_4 | Section: May (2):
May 3 – Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film, is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
May 9–July 11 – A major industrial strike occurs in the Black Country of England, involving 25,000 workers, and threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.
May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.
May 24–25 – Adolf Hitler moves from Vienna to Munich.
May 24 – Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns.
May 26 (May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft.
May 29 – The ballet The Rite of Spring (music by Igor Stravinsky, conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich) is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its modernist style provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history. The audience includes Gabriele D'Annunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and Maurice Ravel.
May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania is recognised.
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1913_5 | Section: June (2):
June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.
June 4 – Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at The Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.
June 8 – The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons, in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the 1916 Summer Olympics (later to be cancelled as the result of World War I).
June 11
Women's suffrage is enacted in Norway.
Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels, who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15.
June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.
June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.
June 13 – The predecessor of the Aldi store chain opens in Essen, Germany.
June 24 – Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.
June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins with Bulgaria attacking Serbia and Greece.
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1913_6 | Section: July (2):
July 10
Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the all-time highest temperature recorded on Earth (although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of 54.4 °C (129.9 °F) was recorded at the same location, which would make it the world's highest verified air temperature, subject to confirmation).
July 13 – The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak during the Second Balkan War starts.
July 27 – The town of San Javier, Uruguay, is founded by Russian settlers.
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1913_7 | Section: August (2):
August 2 – The first known ascent of Mount Olympus in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas guided by Christos Kakkalos.
August 4 – Republic of China: The city of Chungking (modern spelling Chongqing) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.
August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.
August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield.
August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of 900 feet (270 m), aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely.
August 23 – The Little Mermaid statue is finished in Copenhagen, Denmark.
August 26 – Dublin Lock-out in Ireland: Members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by its chairman.
August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration.
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1913_8 | Section: September (2):
September 7–8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place in Munich.
September 9
In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population.
Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev, in the Russian Empire.
Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible LZ 14 (naval designation L 1) is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board.
September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem Luonnotar is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté.
September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.
September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.
September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
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1913_9 | Section: October (2):
October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.
October 7 – The Ford Motor Company's Highland Park Plant in Highland Park, Michigan, near Detroit, becomes the first automobile production facility in the world to implement the moving assembly line, significantly speeding up production of the Model T.
October 9 – Canadian-owned ocean liner SS Volturno (1906), carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by SOS messages to the scene.
October 10
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.
Yuan Shikai is elected President of the Republic of China.
October 11 – The Philadelphia Athletics win the deciding game of the 1913 World Series, over baseball's New York Giants, winning 3–1 to take the series in five games.
October 14 – Senghenydd colliery disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.
October 16 – The British Royal Navy's HMS Queen Elizabeth is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.
October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Germany is finished.
October 19 – The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.
October 26 – Victoriano Huerta elected president of Mexico.
October 28–December 2 – Zabern Affair: Acts of aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern, Alsace-Lorraine provoke political debate across the German Empire.
October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.
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1913_10 | Section: November (2):
November 5 – King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.
November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives.
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1913_11 | Section: December (2):
December 1
The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12+1⁄2 hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production.
Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.
Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens.
December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence, and is arrested.
December 19 – The Raker Act is signed by President Woodrow Wilson, allowing the City of San Francisco to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.
December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.
December 24 – Italian Hall disaster: seventy-three people – mostly striking mine workers and their families – are crushed to death in a stampede in Calumet, Michigan.
December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.
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1914_0 | 1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1914th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 914th year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 20th century, and the 5th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1914, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1914_0 | Section: January (2):
January 1 – The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with Tony Jannus (the first federally-licensed pilot) conveying passengers in a Benoist XIV flying boat. Abram C. Pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger, and over 3,000 people witness the first departure.
January 11
The Sakurajima volcano in Japan begins to erupt, becoming effusive after a very large earthquake on January 13. The lava flow causes the island which it forms to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula.
The Karluk, flagship of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, sinks after being crushed by ice.
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1914_1 | Section: February (2):
February 8 – The Luxembourg national football team has its first victory, beating France 5–4 in a friendly match, for the first and only time in football history.
February 12 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place.
February 13 – Copyright: In New York City, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established, to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.
February 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld.
February 26 – The ocean liner that will become HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.
February 28 – The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus is proclaimed by ethnic Greeks, in Northern Epirus.
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1914_2 | Section: March (2):
March 7 – Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania, to begin his reign.
March 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez's painting Rokeby Venus in London's National Gallery, with a meat chopper.
March 17 (Saint Patrick's Day) – Green beer is invented by Thomas H. Curtin, and displayed at the Schnorrer Club of Morrisania in the Bronx, New York.
March 20
Curragh incident: British Army officers stationed in Ireland at the Curragh Camp resign their commissions rather than be ordered to resist action by Unionist Ulster Volunteers if the Government of Ireland Act ("Third Home Rule Bill") is passed in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The government backs down and they are reinstated.
Film Tess of the Storm Country is released, propelling its star Mary Pickford to new levels of fame, marking the rise of the modern celebrity.
March 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.
March 29 – Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive on Easter Island, to make the first true study of it (they depart in August 1915).
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1914_3 | Section: April (2):
April 4–September 27 – Komagata Maru incident: The SS Komagata Maru sails from India to Canada. Canadian regulations, designed to exclude Asian immigrants, prevent the boat from docking in Vancouver, and it is forced to return to Calcutta with all its passengers.
April 9 – Tampico Affair: A misunderstanding involving United States Navy sailors in Mexico and army troops loyal to Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta leads to a breakdown in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico.
April 11 – Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, and becomes the first woman in the British Empire to reach the rank of major.
April 14–18 – The first International Criminal Police Congress is held in Monaco; 24 countries are represented, including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas; the Dean of the Paris Law School is president.
April 20
Colorado Coalfield War – Ludlow Massacre: The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 24 people.
President Woodrow Wilson asks the United States Congress to use military force in Mexico, in reaction to the Tampico Affair.
April 21 – United States occupation of Veracruz: 2,300 U.S. Navy sailors and Marines from the South Atlantic fleet land in the port city of Veracruz, Mexico, which they will occupy for over six months. The Ypiranga incident occurs when they attempt to enforce an arms embargo against Mexico, by preventing the German cargo steamer SS Ypiranga from unloading arms for the Mexican government in the port.
April 22 – Mexico ends diplomatic relations with the United States for the time being.
April 23
The Afrikaans language receives official recognition, when Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven addresses the English caucus of the Cape Provincial Council.
MLB Chicago Federals host the Kansas City Packers in the 1st game played at Weeghman Park (the later Wrigley Field).
April 24–25 – Larne Gun Running: 35,000 rifles and over 3 million rounds of ammunition from a German dealer are landed at Larne, Bangor and Donaghadee in Ulster for the Unionist Ulster Volunteers.
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1914_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1–November 1 – The Exposition Internationale is held at Lyon, France.
May 5–October 11 – The Jubilee Exhibition (Jubilæumsutstillingen) is held at Kristiania, Norway, to mark the centennial of the country's constitution.
May 8 – Paramount Pictures is created by W. W. Hodkinson as a national film distributor in the United States.
May 9 – J. T. Hearne in England becomes the first bowler to take 3,000 first-class wickets.
May 17 – The Protocol of Corfu provides for the provinces of Korçë and Gjirokastër, constituting Northern Epirus, to be granted autonomy under the nominal sovereignty of Albania.
May 25 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Act 1914, the "Irish Home Rule Bill".
May 29 – Ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland sinks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence following a collision; 1,012 lives are lost.
May 30 – Ocean liner RMS Aquitania makes her maiden voyage.
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1914_5 | Section: June (2):
c. June – Blaise Diagne of Senegal becomes the first Black African representative in the French Parliament.
June 1 – Woodrow Wilson's envoy, Edward Mandell House, meets with Kaiser Wilhelm II.
June 8 – The Brazilian Football Confederation is founded, with Álvaro Zamith as its first president. The Brazilian Olympic Committee is founded on the same day.
June 9 – Pittsburgh Pirate Honus Wagner becomes the first baseball player in the twentieth century with 3,000 career hits.
June 12–18 – Greek genocide: Ottoman Greeks in Phocaea are massacred by Turkish irregular troops.
June 18 – Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionals take San Luis Potosí; Venustiano Carranza demands Victoriano Huerta's surrender.
June 23 – After it had been closed so that it could be deepened, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal is reopened by the Kaiser; the British Fleet under Sir George Warrender visits; the Kaiser inspects the Dreadnought HMS King George V.
June 24 – In Manchester, New Hampshire, a downtown fire causes $400,000 worth of damage and injures 19 firemen.
June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria: Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, 19, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the July Crisis overnight and eventually World War I. Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and Zagreb break out.
June 29
The Secretary of the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Belgrade sends a dispatch to Vienna, suggesting Serbian complicity in the crime of Sarajevo. Anti-Serb riots continue throughout Bosnia.
Khioniya Guseva attempts and fails to assassinate Grigori Rasputin at his hometown in Siberia.
The International Exhibition opens at the "White City", Ashton Gate, Bristol, England, U.K. It closes on August 15, and the site is used as a military depot.
June 30 – Among those addressing the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand are Lords Crewe and Lansdowne in the House of Lords, and Messrs Asquith and Law in the Commons.
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1914_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1 – The Royal Naval Air Service, a forerunner of the Royal Air Force, is established in the United Kingdom.
July 2 – The German Kaiser announces that he will not attend the funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
July 4
The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria takes place at Artstetten Castle, 50 miles west of Vienna, Austria-Hungary.
Lexington Avenue bombing: Four people are killed in New York City when an anarchist bomb intended to kill John D. Rockefeller explodes prematurely, in the conspirator's apartment.
July 5 – A council is held at Potsdam: powerful leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia and France.
July 7 – Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff, and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.
July 9 – The Emperor of Austria-Hungary receives the report of the Austro-Hungarian investigation into the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo. The Times publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as "pestilent rats").
July 10 – Nicholas Hartwig, Russian Minister to Serbia, dies of a heart attack while visiting Austrian minister Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen at the Austrian Legation in Belgrade.
July 11
Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut, with the Boston Red Sox.
USS Nevada, the United States Navy's first "super-dreadnought" battleship, is launched.
Over 5,000 people attend a rally in Union Square, Manhattan, called by the Anti-Militarist League to commemorate the anarchists killed in the July 4th Lexington Avenue bombing.
July 13 – Reports surface of a projected Serbian attack upon the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Belgrade.
July 14 – The Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the House of Lords in the U.K. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe and later developments in Ireland, the Act was never implemented in its original form.
July 15 – Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta resigns from the presidency of Mexico and leaves for Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz.
July 18
The Signal Corps of the United States Army establishes an Aviation Section, giving definite status to its air service for the first time.
The British Fleet is reviewed at Spithead, by George V.
Mahatma Gandhi leaves South Africa for the last time, sailing out of Cape Town for England, on board the S.S. Kinfauns Castle.
July 19 – George V summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem. It meets from July 21–24, without reaching consensus.
July 23 – July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.
July 25 – Serbia responds to the ultimatum from the 23rd accepting some but not all of Austria-Hungary's demands. In response Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilise its own forces. Radomir Putnik, Chief of the Serbian General Staff, is arrested in Budapest, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.
July 26 – Howth gun-running: former British civil servant and novelist Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in Ireland in his yacht Asgard and land 2,500 guns for the nationalist Irish Volunteers from a German dealer. British Army troops of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, returning to Dublin having been called out to assist police in attempting to prevent the Volunteers from moving the arms to the city, perpetrate the Bachelor's Walk massacre, firing on a crowd of protestors at Bachelors Walk, killing three; a fourth man dies later from bayonet wounds and more than 37 others are injured.
July 27 – Felix Ysagun Manalo registers the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) with the government of the Philippines.
July 28
The official start of World War I when Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia by telegram. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary.
Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, is acquitted of the murder of Gaston Calmette by reason of crime passionnel.
July 28–August 10 – World War I: Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau: British and French naval forces fail to prevent the ships of the Imperial German Navy Mediterranean Division from reaching the Dardanelles.
July 29
World War I: Austro-Hungarian Navy river monitor SMS Bodrog fires the first shots of the war, opening the bombardment of the defenses of Belgrade, Serbia's capital.
In Massachusetts, the new Cape Cod Canal opens; it shortens the trip between New York and Boston by 66 miles, but also turns Cape Cod into an island.
July 31 – Russia orders full mobilisation.
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1914_7 | Section: August (2):
August 1
The German Empire declares war on the Russian Empire, following Russia's military mobilization in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilisation.
France orders general mobilisation.
The New York Stock Exchange is closed because of the outbreak of the war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges are already closed.
Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica.
August 2
German troops occupy Luxembourg, in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan.
A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and German Empires secures Ottoman neutrality.
At 19:00 (local time) Germany issues a 12-hour ultimatum to neutral Belgium, to allow German passage into France.
August 3
Germany declares war on Russia's ally, France.
At 07:00 (local time) Belgium declines to accept Germany's ultimatum of August 2.
August 4
World War I: German invasion of Belgium – At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.
World War I: Imperial German Navy Rear-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon bombards the French Algerian ports of Bône and Philippeville from battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau.
Ittihad Alexandria sports club is founded in Alexandria, Egypt.
August 5
Germany declares war on Belgium.
The Kingdom of Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary.
The guns of Point Nepean fort at Port Phillip Heads in Victoria (Australia) fire across the bows of the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamer SS Pfalz, which is attempting to leave the Port of Melbourne in ignorance of the declaration of war, and she is detained; this is said to be the first Allied shot of the war.
SS Königin Luise, taken over two days earlier by the Imperial German Navy as a minelayer, lays mines 40 miles (64 km) off the east coast of England. She is intercepted and sunk by the British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Amphion, the first German naval loss of the war. The following day, Amphion strikes mines laid by the Königin Luise and is sunk with some loss of life, in the first British casualties of the war.
German zeppelins drop bombs on Liège, Belgium, killing 9 civilians.
The first electric traffic light is installed between Euclid Avenue and East 105 Street, in Cleveland, Ohio.
August 5–16 – Battle of Liège: The German Army overruns and defeats the Belgians with the first operational use of Big Bertha.
August 6 – World War I:
Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.
The first engagement between capital ships (light cruisers) of the British Royal Navy and the Imperial German Navy occurs, when HMS Bristol pursues the SMS Karlsruhe (which escapes) in the West Indies.
August 7 – World War I:
Battle of Mulhouse: France launches its first attack of the war, in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the province of Alsace from Germany, beginning the Battle of the Frontiers.
British colonial troops of the British Gold Coast Regiment, entering the German West African colony of Togoland, encounter the German-led police force at a factory in Nuatja, near Lomé, and the police open fire on the patrol. Alhaji Grunshi returns fire, the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war.
August 8
German colonial forces execute Martin-Paul Samba, for high treason.
Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition sets sail on the Endurance from Britain, in an attempt to cross Antarctica.
August 9 – World War I: British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Birmingham rams and sinks German submarine U-15 off Fair Isle, the first U-boat lost in action.
August 12 – World War I:
Battle of Halen: Belgian troops defeat German cavalry, but the battle does little to delay the German invasion of Belgium.
Formal declaration of war by the United Kingdom on Austria-Hungary.
August 13 – The Teoloyucan Treaties are signed in the State of Mexico.
August 15
The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the SS Ancon.
Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza's troops under general Álvaro Obregón enter Mexico City.
August 15–24 – World War I: Battle of Cer – Serbian troops defeat the Austro-Hungarian army, marking the first Entente victory of the War.
August 16 – World War I:
German warships SMS Goeben and Breslau (both commissioned in 1912), which reached Constantinople on August 10, are transferred to the Ottoman Navy, Goeben becoming its flagship, Yavuz Sultan Selim.
Lake Nyasa is the scene of a brief naval battle, when Captain Edmund Rhoades, commander of the British steamship SS Gwendolen, hears that war has broken out, and he receives orders from the British high command to "sink, burn, or destroy" the German Empire's only ship on the lake, the Hermann von Wissmann, commanded by a Captain Berndt. Rhoades's crew finds the Hermann von Wissmann in a bay near "Sphinxhaven", in German East African territorial waters. Gwendolen disables the German vessel with a single cannon shot from a range of about 1,800 meters (2,000 yards). This very brief engagement is hailed by The Times in London as the British Empire's first naval victory of World War I.
August 17–September 2 – World War I: The Battle of Tannenberg begins between German and Russian forces.
August 20
World War I: German forces occupy Brussels.
Pope Pius X dies.
August 22 – World War I: Battle of Rossignol – German forces decisively defeat the French.
August 23 – World War I:
Battle of Mons: In its first major action, the British Expeditionary Force holds the German forces but then begins a month-long fighting Great Retreat to the Marne.
Japan declares war on Germany.
August 26 – World War I:
The Togoland Campaign ends with the German West African colony of Togoland (Togo from 1960) surrendering to Britain and France.
Battle of Río de Oro: British Royal Navy protected cruiser HMS Highflyer forces the SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, sailing as an auxiliary cruiser, to scuttle off northwest Africa.
August 26–27 – Battle of Le Cateau: British, French, and Belgian forces make a successful tactical retreat from the German advance.
August 26–30 – Battle of Tannenberg: The Russian Second Army is surrounded and defeated.
August 28 – Battle of Heligoland Bight: British cruisers under Admiral Beatty sink three German cruisers.
August 29–30 – The Battle of St. Quentin: French forces hold back the German advance.
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1914_8 | Section: September (2):
September 1
(August 19 Old Style) Saint Petersburg in Russia changes its name to Petrograd.
The last known passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, dies in the Cincinnati Zoo from old age.
September 2 – World War I: The French village of Moronvilliers is occupied by the Germans.
September 3 – World War I:
The Austro-Hungarian city and fortress of Lemberg falls to Russian troops.
Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeds Pope Pius X, becoming the 258th pope.
William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months, due to opposition to his rule.
September 5 – World War I:
London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.
The First Battle of the Marne begins: Situated north-east of Paris, the French 6th Army under General Maunoury attacks German forces near Paris. Over 2,000,000 fight (500,000 are killed/wounded) in the Allied victory. A French and British counterattack at the Marne ends the German advance on Paris.
British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.
September 6–8 – French Army troops are rushed from Paris to join the First Battle of the Marne using Renault Type AG taxicabs.
September 7 – World War I: Turkey declares war on Belgium.
September 10 – World War I: South Africa declares war on Germany.
September 11 – World War I:
The Battle of Rawa ends in the defeat of Austro-Hungarian forces by the Russians.
First Battle of the Masurian Lakes: A German offensive pushes the Russian First Army back across its entire front.
Battle of Bita Paka: The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force lands on German New Guinea and secures a strategically significant wireless station, the first major Australian military engagement of the War.
September 13 – World War I:
The conclusion of the Battle of Grand Couronné ends the Battle of the Frontiers, with the north-east segment of the Western Front stabilising.
South African troops open hostilities in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), with an assault on the Ramansdrift police station.
September 14 – Royal Australian Navy submarine HMAS AE1 vanishes while on combat patrol near Papua New Guinea, beginning one of Australia's longest naval mysteries; the sunken vessel will not be discovered for another 103 years.
September 15 – The Maritz Rebellion of disaffected Boers against the government of the Union of South Africa begins. General Koos de la Rey, a Boer general associated with the leaders of the rebellion, is shot dead after his driver fails to stop at a police roadblock.
September 17
World War I: The Race to the Sea, by opposing forces on the Western Front, begins.
Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.
September 21 – World War I: British Imperial police forces capture Schuckmannsburg, in the Caprivi Strip of German South-West Africa.
September 22 – World War I:
Action of 22 September 1914: German submarine U-9 torpedoes three British Royal Navy armoured cruisers, HMS Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue, with the death of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.
Bombardment of Papeete: German naval forces bombard Papeete, French Polynesia.
German light cruiser SMS Emden bombards Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in the War.
September 25 – World War I: The first Battle of Albert begins as part of the Race to the Sea.
September 26 – The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established, by the Federal Trade Commission Act.
September 28 – World War I: The First Battle of the Aisne ends indecisively.
September 30
World War I: British Indian Army Expeditionary Force A arrives at Marseille for service in the Ypres Salient of the Western Front.
The Flying Squadron of America is established to promote the temperance movement.
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1915_0 | 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1915th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 915th year of the 2nd millennium, the 15th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1915, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1915_0 | Section: January (2):
January – British physicist Sir Joseph Larmor publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction".
January 1
WWI: British Royal Navy battleship HMS Formidable is sunk off Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, by an Imperial German Navy U-boat, with the loss of 547 crew.
WWI: Battle of Broken Hill: A train ambush near Broken Hill, Australia, is carried out by two men (claiming to be in support of the Ottoman Empire) who are killed, together with four civilians.
January 5 – Joseph E. Carberry sets an altitude record of 11,690 feet (3,560 m), carrying Capt. Benjamin Delahauf Foulois as a passenger, in a fixed-wing aircraft.
January 12
The United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote.
A Fool There Was premières in the United States, starring Theda Bara as a femme fatale; she quickly becomes one of early cinema's most sensational stars.
January 17 – WWI: Caucasus Campaign – Battle of Sarikamish: Russia defeats Ottoman Turkey.
January 18 – Twenty-One Demands from Japan to China are made.
January 19
Georges Claude patents the neon discharge tube for use in advertising.
WWI: German Zeppelins bomb the coastal towns of Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn in England for the first time, killing more than 20.
January 21 – Kiwanis is founded in Detroit, Michigan, as The Supreme Lodge Benevolent Order Brothers.
January 23 – Chilembwe uprising: Baptist minister John Chilembwe initiates an ultimately unsuccessful uprising against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi).
January 24 – WWI: Battle of Dogger Bank – The British Grand Fleet defeats the German High Seas Fleet, sinking the armoured cruiser SMS Blücher.
January 25 – The first United States coast-to-coast long-distance telephone call is facilitated by a newly invented vacuum tube amplifier, ceremonially inaugurated by Alexander Graham Bell in New York City and his former assistant Thomas A. Watson, in San Francisco, California.
January 26
WWI: The Ottoman Army begins the Raid on the Suez Canal.
The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the United States Congress.
January 27 – WWI: French military casualties begin arriving at the Hôpital Temporaire d'Arc-en-Barrois, established earlier in the month by British volunteers.
January 28 – An act of the United States Congress designates the United States Coast Guard, began in 1790, as a military branch.
January 31 – WWI: Battle of Bolimów – Germany's first large-scale use of poison gas as a weapon occurs, when 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas are fired on the Imperial Russian Army, on the Rawka River west of Warsaw; however, freezing temperatures prevent it being effective.
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1915_1 | Section: February (2):
February – While working as a cook at New York's Sloane Hospital for Women under an assumed name, "Typhoid Mary" (an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever) infects 25 people, and is placed in quarantine for life on March 27.
February 1 – William Fox creates the Fox Film Corporation.
February 4 – The Maritz Rebellion of disaffected Boers against the government of the Union of South Africa ends with the surrender of the remaining rebels.
February 8 – The controversial film The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith, premieres in Los Angeles. It will be the highest-grossing film for around 25 years.
February 18 – WWI: Germany regards the waters around the British Isles to be a war zone from this date, as part of its U-boat Campaign.
February 20 – In San Francisco, the Panama–Pacific International Exposition is opened.
February 25 – Armenian genocide: The Ottoman Empire transfers Armenians from its armed forces to unarmed Ottoman labour battalions.
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1915_2 | Section: March (2):
March – The 1915 Palestine locust infestation breaks out in Palestine; it continues until October.
March 2 – Armenian genocide: Earliest recorded deportations.
March 10–13 – WWI: Battle of Neuve Chapelle – In the first deliberately planned British offensive of the war, British Indian troops overrun German positions in France, but are unable to sustain the advance.
March 11 – WWI: British armed merchantman HMS Bayano (1913) is sunk in the North Channel off the coast of Scotland by Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-27. Around 200 crew are lost, a number of bodies being washed up on the Isle of Man, with only 26 saved.
March 14 – WWI:
Battle of Más a Tierra: Off the coast of Chile, the British Royal Navy forces the Imperial German Navy light cruiser SMS Dresden (last survivor of the German East Asia Squadron) to scuttle.
Constantinople Agreement: Britain, France and the Russian Empire agree to give Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Bosphorus to Russia in case of victory (the treaty is later nullified by the Bolshevik Revolution).
March 18 – WWI:
Gallipoli campaign: A Franco-British naval attack on the Dardanelles fails.
British Royal Navy battleship HMS Dreadnought (1906) sinks German submarine U-29 with all hands in the Pentland Firth off the coast of Scotland by ramming her, the only time this tactic is known to have been successfully used by a battleship.
March 19 – Pluto is photographed for the first time, but is not recognised for what it is.
March 26 – The Vancouver Millionaires win the Stanley Cup in ice hockey over the Ottawa Senators, 3 games to 0.
March 28 – The first Roman Catholic liturgy at the newly consecrated Cathedral of Saint Paul, Minnesota, is celebrated by Archbishop John Ireland.
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1915_3 | Section: April (2):
April 5 – Boxer Jess Willard, the latest "Great White Hope", defeats Jack Johnson with a 26th-round knockout in sweltering heat, at Havana, Cuba. Willard becomes very popular among white Americans, for "bringing back the championship to the white race".
April 11 – Charlie Chaplin's film The Tramp is released in the United States.
April 21 – On the orders of Talat Pasha, Haydar Bey organized an expedition against the Assyrians. He killed thousands of Assyrians along with Kurdish tribes.
April 22 – WWI: Start of Second Battle of Ypres – Germany makes its first large scale use of poison gas on the Western Front.
April 24 – Armenian genocide: deportation of Armenian notables from Istanbul begins.
April 25 – WWI: Start of the Gallipoli Campaign by land forces (lasting until January 1916) – A landing at Anzac Cove is conducted by Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, and a landing at Cape Helles by British and French troops, to begin the Allied invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire.
April 26 – Treaty of London: Italy secretly agrees to leave the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, and join with the Entente Powers, in exchange for certain territories of Austria-Hungary on its borders.
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1915_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1 – WWI:
General Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa, leads the army in the occupation of German South West Africa.
The Battle of Gorlice begins. It is one of the bloodiest battles of World War I.
May 3 – Canadian soldier John McCrae writes the poem "In Flanders Fields".
May 5 – WWI: Gallipoli Campaign – Forces of the Ottoman Empire begin shelling ANZAC Cove from a new position behind their lines.
May 6 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: SY Aurora's drift – The SY Aurora breaks loose from its anchorage during a gale, beginning a 312-day ordeal.
May 7 – WWI
Sinking of the RMS Lusitania: RMS Titanic's main rival, the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania, is sunk by Imperial German Navy U-boat U-20 off the south-west coast of Ireland, killing 1,199 civilians en route from New York City to Liverpool. The best-known of the celebrities on board is American sportsman Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt (b. 1877).
Germany captures the Latvian port city of Libau.
May 9 – WWI – Second Battle of Artois: German and French forces fight to a standstill; German forces defeat the British at the Battle of Aubers Ridge.
May 17 – The last purely Liberal government in the United Kingdom ends, when the prime minister H. H. Asquith forms an all-party coalition government, the Asquith coalition ministry, effective May 25.
May 19 – WWI: The third attack on Anzac Cove by Ottoman forces is repelled by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps.
May 22
Quintinshill rail disaster in Scotland: The collision and fire kill 226, mostly troops, the largest number of fatalities in a rail accident in the United Kingdom.
Lassen Peak, one of the Cascade Volcanoes in California, erupts, sending an ash plume 30,000 feet in the air, and devastating the nearby area with pyroclastic flows and lahars. It is the only volcano to erupt in the contiguous United States this century, until the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
May 23 – WWI: Italy joins the Allies after declaring war on Austria-Hungary.
May 25 – China agrees to the Twenty-One Demands of the Japanese.
May 27 – Armenian genocide: The Tehcir Law is promulgated by the Turkish Ottoman Empire authorizing deportation of the Ottoman Armenian population to Deir ez-Zor in the Syrian desert, leading to the deaths of anywhere between 800,000 and over 1,500,000 civilians and confiscation of their property.
May 28 – International Congress of Women meets at the Hague as a major peace initiative.
May 29 – Teófilo Braga becomes president of Portugal.
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1915_5 | Section: June (2):
June – Armenian genocide: 15,000 civilians from the Ottoman Armenian population of Bitlis are massacred by Ottoman Turks and Kurds.
June 3 – Mexican Revolution: Troops of Álvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa clash at León; Obregón loses his right arm in a grenade attack, but Villa is decisively defeated.
June 5 – Women's suffrage in national elections is introduced in Denmark.
June 9 – U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigns over a disagreement regarding his nation's handling of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania.
June 11 – Friar Leonard Melki and hundreds of other Christians are driven out of Mardin and massacred by Ottoman troops.
June 16 – Women's Institutes are established in Britain.
June 19 – In Iceland, at this time a dependency of Denmark:
Women's suffrage is granted to those over 40.
The modern civil flag of Iceland is adopted officially.
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1915_6 | Section: July (2):
July
WWI: South West Africa Campaign – The Union of South Africa occupies German South West Africa with assistance from Canada, the United Kingdom, the Portuguese Republic and Portuguese Angola. South Africa will occupy South West Africa until March 1990.
Armenian genocide: 17,000 civilians from the Ottoman Armenian population of Trebizond are massacred by Ottoman Turks.
July 1 – WWI: In aerial warfare, German fighter pilot Kurt Wintgens becomes the first person to shoot down another plane, using a machine gun equipped with synchronization gear.
July 7
An extremely overloaded International Railway (New York–Ontario) trolleycar with 157 passengers crashes near Queenston, Ontario, resulting in 15 casualties.
Sinhalese militia captain Henry Pedris is executed in British Ceylon for inciting race riots, a charge later proved false; he becomes a hero of the Sri Lankan independence movement.
July 9 – WWI: Theodore Seitz, governor of German South West Africa, surrenders to General Louis Botha, between Otavi and Tsumeb.
July 11 – WWI: Battle of Rufiji Delta – German cruiser SMS Königsberg (1905) is forced to scuttle in the Rufiji River, German East Africa (modern-day Tanzania).
July 14 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca and the British official Henry McMahon concerning the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire begins; in exchange for assistance against the Ottomans, the British offer bin Ali their recognition of an independent Arab kingdom, although clear terms are never agreed.
July 22 – WWI: The "Great Retreat" is ordered on the Eastern Front; Russian forces pull back out of Poland (at this time part of the Russian Empire), taking machinery and equipment with them.
July 24 – Steamer Eastland capsizes in central Chicago, with the loss of 844 lives.
July 28 – The American occupation of Haiti (1915–34) begins.
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1915_7 | Section: August (2):
August 5–23 – Hurricane Two of the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season over Galveston and New Orleans leaves 275 dead.
August 6 – WWI: Battle of Sari Bair (Gallipoli Campaign) – The Allies mount a diversionary attack timed to coincide with a major Allied landing of reinforcements at Suvla Bay.
August 16 – WWI: The Allies promises the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austria-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and eastern Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to Bar).
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1915_8 | Section: September (2):
September 5 – The Zimmerwald Conference begins in Switzerland.
September 6 – The prototype military tank is first tested by the British Army.
September 7 – Cartoonist John B. Gruelle is given a patent for his Raggedy Ann doll.
September 8 – WWI: A Zeppelin raid destroys No. 61 Farringdon Road, London; the premises are rebuilt in 1917, and called The Zeppelin Building.
September 11 – The Pennsylvania Railroad begins electrified commuter rail service between Paoli and Philadelphia, using overhead AC trolley wires for power. This type of system is later used in long-distance passenger trains between New York City, Washington, D.C., and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
September 12 – French soldiers rescue over 4,000 Armenian genocide survivors stranded on Musa Dagh, a mountain in the Hatay province of Turkey.
September 25–October 14 – WWI: Battle of Loos – British forces take the French town of Loos, but with substantial casualties, and are unable to press their advantage. This is the first time the British use poison gas in World War I, and also their first large-scale use of 'New' (or Kitchener's Army) units.
September 30 – WWI: Serbian Army private Radoje Ljutovac becomes the first soldier in history to shoot down an enemy aircraft, with ground-to-air fire.
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1915_9 | Section: October (2):
October 12 – WWI: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad, for helping Allied soldiers escape from Belgium.
October 15 – WWI: Serbian Campaign – Austria-Hungary invades the Kingdom of Serbia. Bulgaria enters the war, also invading Serbia. The Serbian First Army retreats towards Greece.
October 16 – WWI: France declares war on Bulgaria.
October 19
WWI: Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria.
Mexican Revolution: The U.S. recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza de facto (not de jure until 1917).
October 21 – The United Daughters of the Confederacy holds its first annual meeting outside the South, in San Francisco. Historian General Mildred Rutherford addresses the gathering on the "Historical Sins of Omission & Commission", of Yankee historians.
October 23 – WWI: The torpedoing of armored cruiser SMS Prinz Adalbert (1901) results in only 3 men being rescued from a crew of 675, the greatest single loss of life for the Imperial German Navy in the Baltic Sea during the war.
October 25 – Lyda Conley, the first American Indian woman to appear before the Supreme Court of the United States as a lawyer, is admitted to practice there.
October 27 – William Morris "Billy" Hughes becomes the 7th Prime Minister of Australia.
October 28 – St. Johns School fire: Fire at St. John's School in Peabody, Massachusetts, claims the lives of 21 girls between the ages of 7 and 17.
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1915_10 | Section: November (2):
November 18 – The U.S. silent film Inspiration, the first mainstream movie in which a leading actress (Audrey Munson) appears nude, is released.
November 21 – British polar exploration ship Endurance finally breaks apart from pressure of ice around it and sinks into the Weddell Sea, stranding Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition party in the Antarctic. The wreck is discovered at a depth of 3,008 metres (9,869 ft), 107 years later in 2022.
November 23 – The Triangle Film Corporation opens its new motion picture theater in Massillon, Ohio.
November 24 – William J. Simmons revives the American Civil War era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia.
November 25 – Albert Einstein presents part of his theory of general relativity to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
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1915_11 | Section: December (2):
December 4–18 – The 'Peace Ship' Oscar II chartered by industrialist Henry Ford sails from Hoboken, New Jersey to Oslo on an independent and eventually unsuccessful mission to broker a peace conference.
December 8 – Jean Sibelius conducts the world première of his Symphony No. 5 in Helsinki at a 50th birthday concert for him.
December 10 – The 1 millionth Ford car rolls off the assembly line at the River Rouge Plant in Detroit, Michigan.
December 12 – President of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai declares himself Emperor.
December 18 – United States President Woodrow Wilson marries Edith B. Galt, in Washington, D.C.
December 23 – HMHS Britannic, which will be the largest British ship lost in WWI (though with only 30 fatalities), departs Liverpool on her maiden voyage as a hospital ship.
December 26 – The Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decides to stage an Easter Rising in 1916.
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1916_0 | 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1916th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 916th year of the 2nd millennium, the 16th year of the 20th century, and the 7th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1916, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1916_0 | Section: January (2):
January 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that has been stored and cooled.
January 9 – WWI: Gallipoli Campaign – The last British troops are evacuated from Gallipoli, as the Ottoman Empire prevails over a joint British and French operation to capture Constantinople.
January 10 – WWI: Erzurum Offensive – Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire.
January 12 – The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, part of the British Empire, is established in modern-day Tuvalu and Kiribati.
January 13 – WWI: Battle of Wadi – Ottoman Empire forces defeat the British, during the Mesopotamian campaign in modern-day Iraq.
January 29 – WWI: Paris is bombed by German zeppelins.
January 31 – WWI: An attack is planned on Verdun, France.
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1916_1 | Section: February (2):
February 9 (6.00 p.m.) – Tristan Tzara "founds" the art movement Dadaism (according to Hans Arp).
February 11
Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control in the United States.
The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert in the United States.
The Romanian Association football club Sportul Studențesc is founded in Bucharest.
February 12 – WWI: Battle of Salaita Hill (East African Campaign) – South African and other British Empire troops fail to take a German East African defensive position.
February 21 – WWI: The Battle of Verdun begins in France.
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1916_2 | Section: March (2):
March 8–9 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa leads about 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 12 U.S. soldiers. A garrison of the U.S. 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back and drives them away.
March 10 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence concludes with an understanding that the United Kingdom would recognise Arab independence in return for Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, launching the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.
March 15 – United States President Woodrow Wilson sends 12,000 United States troops over the U.S.–Mexico border to pursue Pancho Villa; the 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory.
March 16 – Mexican Revolution: The U.S. 7th and 10th Cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the border, to join the hunt for Villa.
March 22 – The temporary Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne, and the Republic of China is restored once again.
March 24 – French ferry SS Sussex is torpedoed by SM UB-29 in the English Channel, with at least 50 killed (including the composer Enrique Granados), resulting on May 4 in the Sussex Pledge by Germany to the United States.
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1916_3 | Section: April (2):
April
The toggle light switch is invented, by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg.
Korea Tungsten is founded in Daegu, predecessor of leading steel producer in Asia, POSCO (Pohang Steel Company).
April 11 – WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the occupation of the Sinai Peninsula.
April 22 – The Chinese troop transport SS Hsin-Yu capsizes off the Chinese coast; at least 1,000 are killed.
April 24–30 – The Easter Rising occurs in Ireland. Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood proclaim an Irish Republic, and the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army occupy the General Post Office and other buildings in Dublin, before surrendering to the British Army.
April 24–May 10 – Voyage of the James Caird: An open boat journey from Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands to South Georgia in the southern Atlantic Ocean (800 nautical miles (1,500 km; 920 mi)) is undertaken by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions, to obtain rescue for the main body of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, following the loss of its ship Endurance.
April 27 – WWI: Gas attack at Hulluch in France: The 47th Brigade, 16th (Irish) Division is decimated, in one of the most heavily concentrated German gas attacks of the war.
April 29 – WWI: Mesopotamian campaign – The Siege of Kut ends with the surrender of British Indian Army forces to the Ottoman Empire at Kut-al-Amara on the Tigris in Basra Vilayet.
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1916_4 | Section: May (2):
May 16
United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic.
Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of WWI and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, into French and British spheres of influence.
May 31–June 1 – WWI: Battle of Jutland, between the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet in the North Sea, the war's only large-scale clash of battleships. The result is tactically inconclusive, but British dominance of the North Sea is maintained.
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1916_5 | Section: June (2):
June 4 – WWI: The Brusilov Offensive, the height of Russian operations in the war, begins with their breaking through Austro-Hungarian lines.
June 5 – WWI: HMS Hampshire sinks, having hit a mine off the Orkney Islands, Scotland, with Lord Kitchener aboard.
June 10 – The Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, to create a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo to Aden, is formally declared by Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca.
June 15 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America.
June 24 – Mary Pickford becomes the first movie star to sign a million-dollar contract, making her one of the highest-paid people in the world.
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1916_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1–November 18 – WWI: Battle of the Somme, opening with explosion of the British Y Sap and Lochnagar mines and the Battle of Albert: More than one million soldiers die, with 57,470 British Empire casualties on the first day, 19,240 of them killed, the British Army's bloodiest day. The immediate result is tactically inconclusive.
July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916: At least one shark attacks 5 swimmers along 80 miles (130 km) of New Jersey coastline, resulting in 4 deaths and the survival of one youth, who requires limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws.
July 2 – WWI: Battle of Erzincan – Russian forces defeat troops of the Ottoman Empire in Armenia.
July 6 – WWI: The Battle of Kostiuchnówka concludes in Galicia (modern-day Ukraine) with Russian Imperial troops breaking through the line, forcing the Polish Legions and supporting Hungarian troops to retreat, with the Poles enduring 2,000 casualties.
July 15 – In Seattle, William Boeing incorporates Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing).
July 15–19 – WWI: Battle of Delville Wood – 766 men from the South African Brigade are killed, in South Africa's biggest loss during the First World War.
July 19–20 – WWI: Battle of Fromelles – An attack by Australian and British troops is repulsed by the German army, with heavy casualties.
July 22 – Preparedness Day Bombing: In San Francisco, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade, killing 10 and injuring 40; Warren Billings and Tom Mooney are later wrongly convicted of it.
July 26 – WWI: East African Campaign – The German armed ship SMS Graf von Goetzen scuttles herself on Lake Tanganyika.
July 29 – Matheson Fire: In Ontario, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of Cochrane and Matheson, killing 233.
July 30 – German agents cause the Black Tom explosion in Jersey City, New Jersey, an act of sabotage destroying an ammunition depot and killing at least 7 people.
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1916_7 | Section: August (2):
August – Robert Baden-Powell publishes The Wolf Cub's Handbook in the U.K., establishing the basis of the junior section of the Scouting movement, the Wolf Cubs (modern-day Cub Scouts).
August 3–5 – WWI: Sinai and Palestine Campaign – Battle of Romani: British Imperial troops secure victory over a joint Ottoman-German force.
August 7 – WWI:
Portugal joins the Allies.
French and British forces make an unopposed entry into German-controlled Togoland; on December 27 the country is partitioned between the two allies.
August 9 – Lassen Volcanic National Park is established in California.
August 15 – Club Atlas is founded as an association football club in Guadalajara, Mexico, by English-educated players.
August 16 – The Migratory Bird Treaty between Canada and the United States is signed.
August 17 (August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between Romania and the Entente Powers, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary.
August 21 – WWI: Peru declares neutrality.
August 25 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation creating the National Park Service.
August 27 – WWI: The Kingdom of Romania declares war on the Central Powers, entering the war on the side of the Allies.
August 28 – WWI:
Germany declares war on Romania.
Italy declares war on Germany.
August 29 – The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act.
August 30 – The crew of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition's Endurance is rescued from Elephant Island.
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Subsets and Splits