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1925_2 | Section: March (2):
March 1 – New York City Fire Department Rescue 2 is put in service in Brooklyn.
March 4
İsmet İnönü is appointed prime minister in Turkey (Turkey's 4th and İnönü's 3rd government).
Calvin Coolidge is sworn in for a full term as President of the United States, in the first inauguration to be broadcast on radio.
March 6 – Pionerskaya Pravda, one of the oldest children's newspapers in Europe, is founded in the Soviet Union.
March 9–May 1 – Pink's War: The British Royal Air Force bombards mountain strongholds of Mahsud tribesmen in South Waziristan.
March 15 – The Phi Lambda Chi fraternity (original name "The Aztecs") is founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teachers' College in Conway, Arkansas (the modern-day University of Central Arkansas).
March 16 – At 22:42 local time a 7.0 earthquake shakes the Chinese province of Yunnan killing 5,000 people.
March 18 – The Tri-State Tornado, the deadliest in U.S. history, rampages through Missouri, Illinois and Indiana, killing 695 people and injuring 2,027. It hits the towns of Murphysboro, Illinois; West Frankfort, Illinois; Gorham, Illinois; Ellington, Missouri; and Griffin, Indiana.
March 31 – The Bauhaus closes in Weimar and moves to a building in Dessau designed by Walter Gropius.
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1925_3 | Section: April (2):
April–October – The Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes is held in Paris, giving a name to the Art Deco style.
April 1 – In the United States:
Frank Heath and his horse Gypsy Queen leave Washington, D.C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states.
The Patent and Trademark Office is transferred to the Department of Commerce.
April 10 – F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes his novel The Great Gatsby in New York.
April 15 – Fritz Haarmann, a serial killer convicted of the murder of 24 boys and young men, is guillotined in Germany.
April 16 – A communist assault on St Nedelya Church claims roughly 150 lives in Sofia, Bulgaria.
April 19 – Colo-colo, a well-known football club of Chile, is founded in Macul, suburb of Santiago.
April 20 – Iranian forces of Reza Shah occupy Ahvaz and arrest Sheikh Khazʽal Ibn Jabir.
April 28 – Presenting the Stanley Baldwin government's budget, Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill announces Britain's return to the gold standard.
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1925_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1
In the Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia, the al-Baqi' mausoleums are destroyed by King Ibn Saud.
Barcelona S.C. founded in Ecuador.
The All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the world's largest trade union organisation, is founded in Guangzhou, Republic of China.
May 5 – The General Election Law is passed in Japan, extending suffrage to all males aged 25 and over.
May 8 – African American Tom Lee rescues 32 people from the sinking steamboat M.E. Norman on the Mississippi River.
May 16 – The first modern performance of Claudio Monteverdi's opera Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (1639/40) takes place in Paris.
May 21 – The opera Doktor Faust, unfinished when composer Ferruccio Busoni died, is premiered in Dresden.
May 29 – English explorer Percy Fawcett sends a last telegram to his wife before he disappears in the Amazon.
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1925_5 | Section: June (2):
June 6 – The Chrysler Corporation is founded as an automobile manufacturer by Walter Percy Chrysler in the United States.
June 13 – American engineer Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines and a mechanical system in "the first public demonstration of radiovision".
June 14
The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece is founded.
The Turkish football club Göztepe is founded.
June 29 – The 6.8 Mw Santa Barbara earthquake affects the central coast of California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), destroying much of downtown Santa Barbara, California and leaving 13 people dead.
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1925_6 | Section: July (2):
July 10–21 – Scopes Trial: In a staged test case (the "Monkey Trial") in Dayton, Tennessee, United States, John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher (technically arrested on May 5 and indicted on May 25) is accused of assigning a reading from a state-mandated textbook on Darwinian evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law, the "Butler Act". He is found guilty and fined $100, though the verdict is later overturned on a technicality. The trial makes explicit the fundamentalist–modernist controversy within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, with William Jennings Bryan (who dies on July 26) being challenged by the liberal Clarence Darrow.
July 10 – Meher Baba begins his 44-year silence.
July 18 – Adolf Hitler publishes Volume 1 of his personal manifesto Mein Kampf in Germany.
July 21 – English racing motorist Malcolm Campbell becomes the first man to exceed 150 mph (241 km/h) on land when at Pendine Sands in Wales he drives a Sunbeam 350HP automobile at a two-way average speed of 150.33 mph (242 km/h).
July 25
The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
The Temporary Slavery Commission of the League of Nations filed their report on their global investigation of slavery and slave trade, preparing the ground for the introduction of the 1926 Slavery Convention.
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1925_7 | Section: August (2):
August 1 – The New Cape Central Railway between Worcester and Voorbaai is incorporated into the South African Railways.
August 8 – The Ku Klux Klan, the largest fraternal racist organization in the United States, demonstrates its popularity by holding a parade with an estimated 30,000-35,000 marchers in Washington, D.C.
August 14 – The original Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse in California is completed and goes on line.
August 25 – The French complete their evacuation of the Ruhr region of Germany.
August 31 – Anthropologist Margaret Mead lands in American Samoa to begin nine months of field work that will culminate in her 1928 book Coming of Age in Samoa. The bestselling book will become the first popular anthropological study and will change many attitudes towards tribal peoples.
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1925_8 | Section: September (2):
September 3 – The U.S. Navy dirigible Shenandoah breaks up in a squall line near Caldwell, Ohio, killing 14 crewmen.
September 27 – Feast of the Cross according to the Old Calendar: a celestial cross appears over Athens, Greece, while the Greek police pursues a group of Greek Old Calendarists. The phenomenon lasts for half an hour.
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1925_9 | Section: October (2):
October – The major money forgery and fraud of Alves dos Reis is exposed in Portugal.
October 1 – Mount Rushmore National Memorial is dedicated in South Dakota.
October 2 – In London, UK, John Logie Baird successfully transmits the first television pictures with a greyscale image.
October 4 – S2, a Finnish Sokol class torpedo boat, is sunk during a fierce storm near the coast of Pori in the Gulf of Bothnia, taking with her the whole crew of 53.
October 5–16 – The Locarno Treaties are negotiated.
October 8 – Cubana de Aviación is founded.
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1925_10 | Section: November (2):
November 9 – Formal foundation date of the Schutzstaffel (SS) as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in Germany.
November 14
1925 Australian federal election: Stanley Bruce's Nationalist/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Matthew Charlton.
The first Surrealist art exhibition opens in Paris.
November 17 – The New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition, a world's fair, opens in Dunedin, New Zealand.
November 24 – The silent film El Húsar de la Muerte is released in Santiago, Chile.
November 26 – Prajadhipok (Rama VII) is crowned as King of Siam.
November 28 – The weekly country music-variety radio programme Grand Ole Opry is first broadcast on WSM radio in Nashville, Tennessee, as the "WSM Barn Dance".
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1925_11 | Section: December (2):
December 1 – The Locarno Treaties are signed in London, intended to secure the post-war continental European territorial settlement.
December 11 – Pope Pius XI's encyclical Quas primas, on the Feast of Christ the King, is promulgated.
December 12 – The first motel in the world, the Milestone Mo-Tel (later the Motel Inn of San Luis Obispo), opens in San Luis Obispo, California.
December 15 – Reza Shah takes the oath to become the first shah of Persia of the Pahlavi dynasty.
December 25 – IG Farben is formed by the merger of six chemical companies in Germany.
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1926_0 | 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1926th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 926th year of the 2nd millennium, the 26th year of the 20th century, and the 7th year of the 1920s decade. |
1926_0 | Section: January (2):
January 3 – Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece.
January 8
Ibn Saud is crowned ruler of the Kingdom of Hejaz.
Crown Prince Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thuy ascends the throne as Bảo Đại, the last monarch of the Nguyễn dynasty of the Kingdom of Vietnam.
January 16 – A British Broadcasting Company radio play by Ronald Knox about workers' revolution in London causes a panic among those who have not heard the preliminary announcement that it is a satire on broadcasting.
January 21 – The Belgian Parliament accepts the Locarno Treaties.
January 26 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrates a mechanical television system at his London laboratory for members of the Royal Institution and a reporter from The Times.
January 31 – British and Belgian troops leave Cologne.
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1926_1 | Section: February (2):
February 1 – Land on Broadway and Wall Street in New York City is sold at a record $7 per sq inch; it is only affordable for four more years.
February 12 – The Irish minister for Justice, Kevin O'Higgins, appoints the Committee on Evil Literature.
February 20 – The Berlin International Green Week debuts in Germany.
February 25 – Francisco Franco becomes General in Spain.
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1926_2 | Section: March (2):
March 6
The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon (England) is destroyed by fire.
The first commercial air route from the United Kingdom to South Africa is established by Alan Cobham.
March 14 – The El Virilla train accident occurs in Costa Rica killing 248 people and injuring 93.
March 16 – Robert H. Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts.
March 23 – Éamon de Valera organises the political party Fianna Fáil in Ireland.
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1926_3 | Section: April (2):
April 4 – Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos wins the presidential election, with 93.3% of the vote; turnout is light, as the result is considered a foregone conclusion.
April 6 – Aarón Joaquín has a vision in the Nuevo León state of Mexico, origin of La Luz del Mundo, a nontrinitarian charismatic restorationist Christian church.
April 7 – An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini fails.
April 17 – Zhang Zuolin's army captures Beijing.
April 24 – Treaty of Berlin: Germany and the Soviet Union each pledge neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party, for the next five years.
April 25 – Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran, under the name "Pahlevi".
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1926_4 | Section: May (2):
May 4 – The United Kingdom general strike begins at midnight, in support of a strike by coal miners.
May 9
Following the general strike which began May 4, martial law is declared in the United Kingdom.
The French navy bombards Damascus, because of Druze riots.
Explorer Richard E. Byrd and co-pilot Floyd Bennett claim to be the first to fly over the North Pole in the Josephine Ford monoplane, taking off from Spitsbergen, Norway and returning 15 hours and 44 minutes later. Both men are immediately hailed as national heroes, though some experts have since been skeptical of the claim, believing that the plane was unlikely to have covered the entire distance and back in that short an amount of time. An entry in Byrd's diary, discovered in 1996, suggests that the plane actually turned back 150 miles short of the North Pole, due to an oil leak.
May 10 – Planes piloted by Major Harold Geiger and Horace Meek Hickam, students at the United States Air Corps Tactical School, collide in mid-air at Langley Field, Virginia.
May 12
Roald Amundsen and his crew fly over the North Pole, in the airship Norge.
UK General Strike 1926: In the United Kingdom, a general strike by trade unions, although miners remain on strike.
May 12–14 – May Coup: Józef Piłsudski takes over in Poland.
May 18 – Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears, while visiting a Venice, California beach.
May 20 – The United States Congress passes the Air Commerce Act, licensing pilots and planes.
May 23 – The first Lebanese constitution is established.
May 26 – The Rif War ends, when Rif rebels surrender in Morocco.
May 28 – The 1926 coup d'état, commanded by Manuel Gomes da Costa in Portugal, installs the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), followed by António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo.
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1926_5 | Section: June (2):
June 4 – Ignacy Mościcki becomes president of Poland.
June 7 – Liberal politician Carl Gustaf Ekman succeeds Rickard Sandler as Prime Minister of Sweden.
June 29 – Arthur Meighen briefly returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada during the King-Byng Affair.
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1926_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1 – The Kuomintang begins the Northern Expedition, a military unification campaign in northern China.
July 3 – A Caudron C.61 aircraft, operated by Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne, crashes in Czechoslovakia.
July 9 – In Portugal, General Óscar Carmona takes power in a military coup.
July 10 – A bolt of lightning strikes Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey; the resulting fire causes several million pounds of explosives to blow up in the next 2–3 days.
July 15 – Bombay Electric Supply and Transport Company in India introduces motor buses.
July 26 – The United States National Bar Association is incorporated.
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1926_7 | Section: August (2):
August 1 – In Mexico, the entry into force of anticlerical measures stipulated in the Constitution of 1917 causes the Cristero War from August 3.
August 2 – The short-lived Western Australian Secession League is founded.
August 5 – In New York, the Warner Brothers' Vitaphone system is seen by audiences for the first time, in the movie Don Juan, starring John Barrymore.
August 6 – Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel, from France to England.
August 18 – In the United States, a weather map is televised for the first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the Weather Bureau office in Washington, D.C.
August 22 – In Greece, Georgios Kondylis ousts Theodoros Pangalos.
August 25 – Pavlos Kountouriotis announces that dictatorship has ended in Greece, and he is now the president.
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1926_8 | Section: September (2):
September 1 – Lebanon under the French Mandate gets its first constitution, thereby becoming a republic, with Charles Debbas as its president.
September 8 – The German Weimar Republic joins the League of Nations.
September 11 – In Rome, Italy, Gino Lucetti throws a bomb at Benito Mussolini's car, but Mussolini is unhurt.
September 14 – The Locarno Treaties of 1925 are ratified in Geneva, and come into effect.
September 18 – Great Miami Hurricane: A strong hurricane devastates Miami, leaving over 100 dead and causing several hundred million dollars in damage (equal to nearly $100 billion in the modern day).
September 19 – Giuseppe Meazza (San Siro) Stadium, well known among sports venues in Italy, officially opens in Milan.
September 20 – The North Side Gang attempts to assassinate Al Capone, at the apex of his power at this time, spraying his headquarters in Cicero, Illinois with over a thousand rounds of machine gun fire in broad daylight, as Capone is eating there. Capone escapes harm.
September 21 – French war ace René Fonck and three others attempt to fly the Atlantic, in pursuit of the Orteig Prize. Before the newsreel cameras at Roosevelt Field New York, the modified Sikorsky S-35 crashes on take-off and bursts into flames. Fonck survives, but two of his men are killed.
September 23 – Gene Tunney defeats Jack Dempsey to become heavyweight boxing champion of the world.
September 25
The League of Nations Slavery Convention abolishes all types of slavery.
William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada, after winning the Canadian federal election.
Henry Ford announced the 8-hour, 5-day work week.
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1926_9 | Section: October (2):
October 2 – Józef Piłsudski becomes prime minister of Poland.
October 12 – British miners agree to end their strike.
October 14 – A. A. Milne's children's book Winnie-the-Pooh is published in London, featuring the eponymous bear.
October 16 – An ammunition explosion on troopship Kuang Yuang near Jiujiang, China, kills 1,200.
October 19 – The 1926 Imperial Conference opens in London.
October 20 – A hurricane kills 650 in Cuba.
October 23
Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev are removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
A decree in Italy bans women from holding public office.
The Fazal Mosque, the first purpose-built in London and the first Ahmadiyya mosque in Britain, is completed.
October 31 – Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that has developed after his appendix ruptured.
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1926_10 | Section: November (2):
November 10 – In San Francisco, a necrophiliac serial killer named Earle Nelson (dubbed "Gorilla Man") kills and then rapes his 9th victim, a boarding house landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds.
November 11 – The United States Numbered Highway System, including U.S. Route 66, is established.
November 15
The NBC Radio Network opens in the United States with 24 stations (formed by Westinghouse, General Electric and RCA).
The Balfour Declaration is approved by the 1926 Imperial Conference, making the Commonwealth dominions equal and independent.
November 24
The village of Rocquebillier, in the French Riviera, is almost destroyed in a massive hailstorm.
Sri Aurobindo retires, leaving "The Mother" to run the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Puducherry, India.
November 25 – The death penalty is re-established in Italy.
November 26 – All Italian Communist deputies are arrested.
November 27 – The restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States.
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1926_11 | Section: December (2):
December 2 – British prime minister Stanley Baldwin ends the martial law that had been declared due to the general strike.
December 3 – English detective story writer Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey; on December 14 she is found under her husband's mistress's surname at a Harrogate hotel.
December 7 – The Council for the Preservation of Rural England, later the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE), is founded by Patrick Abercrombie to limit urban sprawl and ribbon development.
December 13 – Miina Sillanpää becomes Finland's first female government minister.
December 17 – 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état: A democratically elected government is overthrown in Lithuania; Antanas Smetona assumes power.
December 18 – Turkey converts to the Gregorian calendar, making the next day January 1, 1927.
December 23 – Nicaraguan President Adolfo Díaz requests U.S. military assistance in the ongoing civil war. American peacekeeping troops immediately set up neutral zones in Puerto Cabezas and at the mouth of the Rio Grande to protect American and foreign lives and property.
December 26
In the history of Japan, the Shōwa period begins from this day, due to the death of Emperor Taishō on the day before. His son Hirohito will reign as Emperor of Japan until 1989.
World première of Finnish composer Jean Sibelius's tone poem Tapiola by Walter Damrosch and the New York Philharmonic, the last substantial composition to be made public by the composer for the remaining 30 years of his life.
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1927_0 | 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1927th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 927th year of the 2nd millennium, the 27th year of the 20th century, and the 8th year of the 1920s decade. |
1927_0 | Section: January (2):
January 1 – The British Broadcasting Company becomes the British Broadcasting Corporation, when its Royal Charter of incorporation takes effect. John Reith becomes the first Director-General.
January 7
The first transatlantic telephone call is made via radio from New York City, United States, to London, United Kingdom.
The Harlem Globetrotters exhibition basketball team play their first ever road game in Hinckley, Illinois.
January 9 – The Laurier Palace Theatre fire at a movie theatre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, kills 78 children.
January 10 – Fritz Lang's futuristic film Metropolis is released in Germany.
January 11 – Louis B. Mayer, head of film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), announces the creation of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, at a banquet in Los Angeles, California.
January 19 – Great Britain sends troops to China to protect foreign nationals from spreading anti-foreign riots in central China.
January 24 – U.S. Marines invade Nicaragua by orders of President Calvin Coolidge, intervening in the Nicaraguan Civil War, and remaining in the country until 1933.
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1927_1 | Section: February (2):
February – Werner Heisenberg formulates his famous uncertainty principle, while employed as a lecturer at Niels Bohr's Institute for Theoretical Physics, at the University of Copenhagen.
February 7 – An attempted military coup in Lisbon, Portugal, is successfully put down.
February 12 – British troops land in Shanghai as a result of UK government concerns about the safety of residents in the British settlement.
February 14 – A magnitude 6.1 earthquake, with a maximum MSK intensity of VII–VIII (Very strong – Damaging), kills 50 in Yugoslavia.
February 19
A general strike takes place in Shanghai in protest against the presence of British troops.
In the United States, the silent romantic comedy film It starring Clara Bow, is released, popularising the concept of the "It girl".
February 23 – The U.S. Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.
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1927_2 | Section: March (2):
March 4 – A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes, who have been hired by major companies to stake claims.
March 7 – 1927 Kita Tango earthquake: A 7.0 Mw earthquake kills at least 2,925 in the Toyooka and Mineyama areas of western Honshu, in Japan.
March 11 – In New York City, the Roxy Theatre is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel.
March 14 – Pan American World Airways is founded by Juan T. Trippe.
March 24 – Nanking Incident: After six foreigners have been killed in Nanking, and it appears that Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party forces will overrun the foreign consulates, warships of the U.S. Navy and the British Royal Navy fire shells and shoot to disperse the crowds.
March 29 – Henry Segrave breaks the land speed record, driving the Sunbeam 1000 hp at Daytona Beach, Florida.
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1927_3 | Section: April (2):
April 7 – Bell Telephone Co. transmits an image of Herbert Hoover (then the Secretary of Commerce), which becomes the first successful long distance demonstration of television.
April 12
The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 renames the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The change acknowledges that the Irish Free State is no longer part of the Kingdom.
April 12 Incident (Shanghai Massacre): Kuomintang troops kill a number of communist-supporting workers in Shanghai. The 1st United Front between the Nationalists and Communist ends, and the Civil War lasting until 1949 begins.
April 18 – The Kuomintang (Nationalist Chinese) set up a government in Nanking, China.
April 21 – A banking crisis hits Japan.
April 22–May 5 – The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 strikes 700,000 people, in the greatest natural disaster in American history through this time.
April 23 – Cardiff City wins the FA Cup, beating Arsenal 1–0; it is the only time a team from outside England has won the competition.
April 27
The Carabineros de Chile (Chilean national police force and gendarmery) are created.
João Ribeiro de Barros becomes the first non-European to make a transatlantic flight, flying from Genoa, Italy, to Fernando de Noronha, Brazil.
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1927_4 | Section: May (2):
May – Philo Farnsworth of the United States transmits his first experimental electronic television motion pictures, as opposed to the electromechanical TV systems that others have used before.
May 9 – The Australian Parliament convenes for the first time in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Previously, the Parliament had met in Melbourne, Victoria.
May 11 – The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which will create the Academy Awards, is founded in the United States.
May 12 – British police officers raid the office of the Soviet trade delegation in London.
May 17 – U.S. Army aviation pioneer Major Harold Geiger dies in the crash of his Airco DH.4 airplane, at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania.
May 18 – Bath School disaster: A series of violent attacks by a school official results in 45 deaths, mostly of children, in Bath Township, Michigan, United States.
May 20 – By the Treaty of Jeddah, the United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of Ibn Saud over the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, the future Saudi Arabia.
May 20–21 – Charles Lindbergh makes the first solo, nonstop transatlantic airplane flight, from New York City to Paris, France, in his single-engined aircraft, the Spirit of St. Louis.
May 22 – The 7.6 Mw Gulang earthquake affects Gansu in northwest China with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), leaving over 40,000 dead.
May 23 – Nearly 600 members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers view a live demonstration of television at the Bell Telephone Building in New York City, just over a year after John Logie Baird of Scotland had first demonstrated an electromechanical system to members of the Royal Society in London.
May 24 – The United Kingdom cuts its diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union due to revelations of espionage and underground agitation.
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1927_5 | Section: June (2):
June – The volcanic island of Anak Krakatau begins to form in the Sunda Strait of Indonesia.
June 4 – Yugoslavia severs diplomatic relations with Albania.
June 4–6 – Clarence Chamberlin and Charles Albert Levine take off from Roosevelt Field, New York, and fly to Eisleben, Germany, in the Wright-Bellanca WB-2 Columbia aircraft Miss Columbia, two weeks after Charles Lindbergh's historic solo flight.
June 9 – The Soviet Union executes 20 people for alleged espionage in retaliation for the assassination two days earlier of Pyotr Voykov, the Soviet ambassador to Poland, at the railway station in Warsaw. Voykov had been shot by 19-year-old Boris Kowerda, an exiled Russian, in retaliation for having signed the death warrants in 1918 for Tsar Nicholas II and the Russian Imperial Family.
June 13
Léon Daudet, the leader of the French monarchists, is arrested in France.
A ticker tape parade is held for aviator Charles Lindbergh down Fifth Avenue in New York City.
June 18 – The Association football club Persebaya Surabaya is founded in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia).
June 28 – Spanish airline Iberia is established.
June 29 – Solar eclipse of June 29, 1927: A total eclipse of the sun takes place over Wales, northern England, southern Scotland, Norway, northern Sweden, northmost Finland, and the northmost extremes of Russia.
June 29–July 1 – Commander Richard E. Byrd, Bernt Balchen, George Noville and Bert Acosta take off from Roosevelt Field, New York, in the Fokker Trimotor airplane America, and cross the Atlantic to the coast of France, having to ditch there because of bad weather; all four men survive the emergency landing.
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1927_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1 – The Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration (FDIA) is established as a United States federal agency.
July 10 – Timothy Coughlan, Bill Gannon and Archie Doyle, members of the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army, shoot dead Kevin O'Higgins, Vice-President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State and Minister for Justice, as O'Higgins is walking to Mass in Dublin.
July 11 – The 1927 Jericho earthquake strikes Palestine, killing around 300 people; it is the largest ever recorded in this part of the Middle East. The effects are especially severe in Nablus, but damage and fatalities are also reported in many areas of Palestine and Transjordan, such as Amman, Salt, Jordan, and Lydda.
July 13 (Wednesday, Tamuz 13, 5687): 12:30 – Rebbe Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn is freed from the imprisonment which began on June 15 (Wednesday, Sivan 15, 5687) at 02:15 in exile, in the Russian town of Kostroma.
July 15 – July Revolt of 1927: After police in Vienna fire on an angry crowd, 85 protesters (mostly members of the Social Democratic Party of Austria) and 5 policemen are left dead; more than 600 people are injured.
July 24 – The Menin Gate is dedicated as a war memorial at Ypres, Belgium.
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1927_7 | Section: August (2):
August 1 – The Communist Chinese People's Liberation Army is formed, during the Nanchang Uprising.
August 2
U.S. President Calvin Coolidge announces, "I do not choose to run for president in 1928."
American electrical engineer Harold Stephen Black invents the negative-feedback amplifier.
August 7 – The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York.
August 10 – The Mount Rushmore Park is rededicated in the United States. President Calvin Coolidge promises national funding for the proposed carving of the presidential figures.
August 22 – 200 people demonstrate in Hyde Park, London, against the death sentences on Italian American anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti. Other protests are held across the world at this time.
August 23 – Sacco and Vanzetti are executed in Charlestown State Prison in Boston, Massachusetts.
August 24–25 – The 1927 Nova Scotia hurricane hits the Atlantic Provinces of Canada, causing massive damage and at least 56 deaths.
August 26 – Paul Redfern leaves Brunswick, Georgia, flying his Stinson Detroiter "Port of Brunswick", to attempt a solo nonstop flight to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He later crashes in the Venezuelan jungle, but the crash site is never found.
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1927_8 | Section: September (2):
September – The Autumn Harvest Uprising occurs in China.
September 7
The University of Minas Gerais is founded in Brazil.
The first fully electronic television system is achieved by Philo Farnsworth.
September 18 – The Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (later known as CBS) is formed in the United States, and goes on the air with 47 radio stations.
September 25 – A treaty signed by the League of Nations Slavery Commission abolishes all types of slavery.
September 29 – The East St. Louis Tornado kills 79 and injures 550, the 2nd costliest and at least 24th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.
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1927_9 | Section: October (2):
October – Niels Bohr presents his theoretical principle of complementarity at the Fifth Solvay Conference on Physics.
October 4 – Carving of the sculptures at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota begins.
October 6 – The Jazz Singer, starring Al Jolson, premieres at the Warner Theater in New York City. Although not the first sound film, and containing very little recorded speech, it is the first to become a box-office hit, popularizing "talkies" (although silent films continue to be made for some time).
October 8 – The "Murderers' Row" team of the New York Yankees complete a four-game sweep of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series baseball championship in the United States.
October 9 – The Mexican government crushes a rebellion in Veracruz.
October 18 – The first flight of Pan American Airways takes off from Key West, Florida, bound for Havana, Cuba.
October 25 – The Italian ocean liner Principessa Mafalda capsizes off Porto Seguro, Brazil; at least 314 people are killed.
October 27
Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands opens the Maas–Waal Canal in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
At 5:50 a.m. a ground fault gives way, causing the mine and part of the town of Worthington to collapse into a large chasm located in Ontario. Nobody is injured in the incident, as the area has been evacuated the night before after a mine foreman noticed abnormal rock shifts in the mine.
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1927_10 | Section: November (2):
November 1 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (the 5th government).
November 3–4 – Great Vermont Flood of 1927: Floods devastating Vermont cause the "worst natural disaster in the state's history".
November 4 – Frank Heath and his horse Gypsy Queen return to Washington, D.C., having completed a two-year journey of 11,356 miles to all 48 of the states of the U.S. (of this time).
November 12
Mahatma Gandhi makes his only visit to Ceylon.
Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin with undisputed control of the Soviet Union.
The Holland Tunnel opens to traffic, as the first vehicular tunnel under the Hudson River, linking New Jersey with New York City.
November 14 – Pittsburgh gasometer explosion: Three Equitable Gas storage tanks in the North Side of Pittsburgh explode, killing 26 people and causing damage estimated between $4.0 million and $5.0 million.
November 21 – The Columbine Mine massacre: Colorado state police open fire on 500 rowdy but unarmed miners during a strike, killing 6.
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1927_11 | Section: December (2):
December – The Communist Party Congress condemns all deviation from the general party line in the USSR.
December 1 – Chiang Kai-shek marries Soong Mei-ling in Shanghai.
December 2 – Following 19 years of Ford Model T production, the Ford Motor Company unveils the Ford Model A as its new automobile in the United States.
December 3 – Putting Pants on Philip, the first Laurel and Hardy film, is released.
December 11 – Gamma Sigma Fraternity becomes the first high school fraternity to become international with Alpha Zeta Chapter in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.
December 14 – Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom.
December 15 – Marion Parker, 12, is kidnapped in Los Angeles. Her dismembered body is found on December 19, prompting the largest manhunt to date on the West Coast for her killer, William Edward Hickman, who is arrested on December 22 in Oregon.
December 17
United States Navy submarine S-4 is accidentally rammed and sunk by United States Coast Guard cutter John Paulding off Provincetown, Massachusetts, killing everyone aboard despite several unsuccessful attempts to raise the submarine.
Australian cricketer Bill Ponsford makes 437 runs to break his own world record for the highest first-class cricket score at Melbourne Cricket Ground.
December 19 – Three members of the revolutionary movement for Indian independence – Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil, Thakur Roshan Singh and Ashfaqulla Khan – are executed by the British Raj. Rajendra Nath Lahiri had been executed two days before.
December 20 – Letalski center Maribor is established in Maribor; it will be the oldest surviving operating major flying club in the Balkans.
December 27 – Kern and Hammerstein's musical play, Show Boat, based on Edna Ferber's novel, opens on Broadway and then goes on to become the first great classic of the American musical theater.
December 29 – Eruption of the Perboewatan and Danan undersea volcanoes near Krakatoa, create the foundation for Anak Krakatau Island.
December 30 – The first Asian commuter metro line, the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, opens in Japan.
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1928_0 | 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1928th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 928th year of the 2nd millennium, the 28th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1920s decade. |
1928_0 | Section: January (2):
January – British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith reports the results of Griffith's experiment, indirectly demonstrating that DNA is the genetic material.
January 1 – Eastern Bloc emigration and defection: Boris Bazhanov, Joseph Stalin's personal secretary, crosses the border to Iran to defect from the Soviet Union.
January 17 – The OGPU arrests Leon Trotsky in Moscow; he assumes a status of passive resistance and is exiled with his family.
January 26 – The volcanic island Anak Krakatau appears.
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1928_1 | Section: February (2):
February – The Ford River Rouge Complex at Dearborn, Michigan, an automobile plant begun in 1917, is completed as the world's largest integrated factory.
February 8 – Scottish-born inventor John Logie Baird broadcasts a transatlantic television signal from London to Hartsdale, New York.
February 11 – 19 – The 1928 Winter Olympics are held in St. Moritz, Switzerland, the first as a separate event. Sonja Henie of Norway wins her first gold medal, in women's figure skating.
February 20 – The Japanese general election produces a hung parliament.
February 25 – Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, D.C., becomes the first holder of a television license from the Federal Radio Commission.
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1928_2 | Section: March (2):
March 15
March 15 incident: The Japanese government cracks down on socialists and communists, arresting over 1,000 people.
Chinese warlord Shi Yousan sets fire to the Shaolin Monastery in Henan, destroying some of its ancient structures and artifacts.
March 21 – Charles Lindbergh is presented with the Medal of Honor for his first transatlantic flight.
March 22 – The Muslim Brotherhood is founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna.
March 24 – Excavation work begins after the old Canaanite city of Ugarit is accidentally rediscovered.
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1928_3 | Section: April (2):
April 10 – Pineapple Primary: The United States Republican Party primary elections in Chicago are preceded by violence, bombings and assassination attempts (two politicians are killed, Octavius C. Granady and Giuseppe Esposito).
April 12 – A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in Milan kills 17 bystanders.
April 13 – The West Plains, Missouri Dance Hall explosion occurs.
April 12 – 14 – The first east–west transatlantic flight by aeroplane takes place from Dublin, Ireland, to Greenly Island, Canada, using the German Junkers W 33 Bremen.
April 14 – An earthquake occurs in Chirpan, Bulgaria, followed four days later by another in Plovdiv. Between them, they destroy more than 21,000 buildings, and kill almost 130 people.
April 19 – Publication of the original Oxford English Dictionary is completed after 70 years with issue of the last section ("wise – wyze") in Oxford.
April 22 – An Ms 6.0 earthquake affects southern Greece with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), leaving 20 dead, and destroying 3,000 homes in Corinth; a non-destructive tsunami is also observed.
April 28 – 28 inches of snow fall in southern-central Pennsylvania, United States.
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1928_4 | Section: May (2):
May 3 – Jinan incident: An armed conflict between the Imperial Japanese Army (allied with Northern Chinese warlords) and the Kuomintang's southern army occurs in Jinan, China.
May 7 – Passage of the Representation of the People Act in the United Kingdom lowers the voting age for women from 30 to 21, giving them equal suffrage with men from July 2.
May 10 – The first regular schedule of television programming begins in Schenectady, New York, by General Electric's television station W2XB (the station is popularly known as WGY Television, after its sister radio station WGY).
May 15 – The animated short Plane Crazy is released by Disney Studios in Los Angeles, featuring the first appearances of Mickey and Minnie Mouse (in a non-distributed film).
May 23 – A bomb attack against the Italian consulate in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills 22 and injures 43.
May 24 – The airship Italia crashes at the North Pole; one of the occupants is Italian general Umberto Nobile. A rescue expedition leaves for the Pole on May 30. Roald Amundsen will be among those who lose their lives in the search for survivors.
May 30 – Rookie driver Louis Meyer wins his first Indianapolis 500 (he will win that race again, in 1933 and 1936).
May 31 – South Africa adopts a new national flag, based upon the Van Riebeeck flag or Prinsevlag (originally the Dutch flag), to replace the Red Ensign. It later became infamously known as the "apartheid flag" for being the flag of South Africa under Apartheid from 1948 to 1994.
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1928_5 | Section: June (2):
June 4 – Huanggutun incident: Zhang Zuolin, a warlord, is killed by Japanese agents in China.
June 8 – By seizing Beijing and renaming it Běipíng, the National Revolutionary Army puts an end to the 'Fengtian warlords' Beiyang government there.
June 9
Australian aviator Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew complete the first flight across the Pacific Ocean, from the mainland United States to Australia, in the Fokker F.VII aircraft Southern Cross. Having left Oakland, California on May 31, they reach Brisbane via Honolulu and Fiji.
Ellis Park Stadium, a well-known sport venue of South Africa, officially opens in Johannesburg.
June 14 – Students take over the medical wing of Rosario University in Argentina.
June 17 – 18 – Aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to make a successful transatlantic flight, as a passenger in a Fokker F.VIIb/3m piloted by Wilmer Stultz, from Newfoundland to Wales.
June 20 – Puniša Račić kills three opposition representatives in the Yugoslavian Parliament, and injures three others, in a gun attack.
June 24 – A Swedish aeroplane rescues some survivors of the Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. The Soviet icebreaker Krasin saves the rest July 12.
June 28
The keel of the first 1,000 ft (300 m)-long ocean liner, Oceanic, for the British White Star Line, is laid by Harland and Wolff in Belfast; construction is delayed, and cancelled on 23 July 1929.
The International Railway (New York–Ontario) switches to one-man crews for its trolleys in Canada.
June 29 – At the 1928 Democratic National Convention in Houston, Governor of New York Al Smith becomes the first Catholic nominated by a major political party for President of the United States.
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1928_6 | Section: July (2):
July 2 – Charles Jenkins Laboratories' W3XK station begins broadcasting on 6.42 MHz, using 48 lines.
July 3 – Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrates the world's first colour television transmission in Glasgow.
July 7 – The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold in Chillicothe, Missouri, United States, using Otto Frederick Rohwedder's technology.
July 17 – José de León Toral assassinates Álvaro Obregón, president-elect of Mexico.
July 25 – The United States recalls its troops from China.
July 28 – August 12 – The 1928 Summer Olympics are held in Amsterdam, opening with the lighting of the Olympic flame. Women's athletics and gymnastics debut at these games, and discus thrower Halina Konopacka of Poland becomes the first female Olympic gold medal winner for a track or field event. Coca-Cola enters Europe as sponsor of the games.
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1928_7 | Section: August (2):
August – Margaret Mead's influential cultural anthropology text, Coming of Age in Samoa, is published in the U.S.
August 2 – Italy and Ethiopia sign the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty.
August 16 – Serial killer Carl Panzram is arrested in Washington, D.C., for burglary. Later it will be discovered that he has committed multiple murders, rapes and other major crimes.
August 22 – Al Smith accepts the Democratic nomination for the US presidential election, with WGY/W2XB simulcasting the event on radio and television.
August 26 – In Scotland, May Donoghue finds the remains of a snail in her ginger beer, leading to the landmark negligence case Donoghue v Stevenson.
August 27 – The Kellogg–Briand Pact is signed in Paris, the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war.
August 29 – F.C. Motagua is founded as an Association football club in Honduras.
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1928_8 | Section: September (2):
September 1 – Ahmet Zogu, President of the Albanian Republic, declares the country to be a constitutional monarchy, the Albanian Kingdom, with himself as King Zog I.
September 3 – Philo Farnsworth demonstrates to the press in San Francisco the world's first working all-electronic television system, employing electronic scanning in both the pickup and display devices.
September 11 – The first broadcast of a play by television, melodrama The Queen's Messenger, on General Electric's W2XAD from Schenectady, New York, utilising techniques created by Ernst Alexanderson. WMAK (Kenmore) begins broadcasting in Buffalo, New York.
September 12 – The Okeechobee hurricane hits Guadeloupe, killing 1,200 people.
September 16 – The Okeechobee hurricane kills at least 2,500 people in Florida.
September 25 – Paul and Joseph Galvin incorporate the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (later known as Motorola and Freescale).
September 28 – Scottish-born microbiologist Alexander Fleming, at St Mary's Hospital, London, accidentally rediscovers the antibiotic which he will call Penicillin.
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1928_9 | Section: October (2):
October – The women's organisation Gruaja Shiqiptare is founded in Albania, with Princess Senije as its chair.
October 1 – Joseph Stalin launches the first five-year plan (1928–1932); the average nonfarm wage falls by 50% in the Soviet Union.
October 2
Josemaría Escrivá founds Opus Dei.
Arvid Lindman returns as Prime Minister of Sweden, with his right-wing rival Ernst Trygger as Foreign Minister of Sweden.
October 7 – Haile Selassie is crowned king (not yet emperor) of Abyssinia.
October 8 – Chiang Kai-shek is named as Generalissimo (Chairman of the National Military Council) of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China.
October 12 – An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Children's Hospital, Boston.
October 22 – The Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity is founded at the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus.
October 25 – The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) is formally established, with the adoption of the "Statutes of the International Red Cross"
October 28 – The Second Youth Congress is held in Batavia, Dutch East Indies by young Indonesian nationalists, resulting in the Youth Pledge. The Indonesian national anthem, "Indonesia Raya", is introduced at the congress.
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1928_10 | Section: November (2):
November 1 – Turkey passes a law switching the country from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.
November 6 – 1928 United States presidential election: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin, over Democratic New York Governor Al Smith.
November 9 – 16 – Radclyffe Hall's novel The Well of Loneliness (published on 27 July by Jonathan Cape in London, England) is tried and convicted on the grounds of obscenity due to its theme of lesbian love, following a newspaper campaign.
November 10 – The enthronement ceremony of Emperor of Japan Hirohito is held, two years after he actually took the imperial throne on December 26, 1926, following the death of Emperor Taishō.
November 12 – Liner SS Vestris develops a severe starboard list, is abandoned and sinks approximately 200 miles off Hampton Roads, Virginia; estimated deaths range from 110 to 127.
November 17
1928 Australian federal election: Stanley Bruce's Nationalist/Country Coalition Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by James Scullin.
Boston Garden opens in Boston, Massachusetts.
November 18 – Mickey Mouse appears in Steamboat Willie, the third Mickey Mouse cartoon released, but the first sound film and the first such film to be generally distributed.
November 22 – The one-movement ballet Boléro (music by Maurice Ravel, choreography by Bronislava Nijinska) premières at the Paris Opéra, to a commission by Ida Rubinstein.
November 28 – Persija Jakarta Association football club is founded as Voetbalbond Indonesische Jacatra.
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1928_11 | Section: December (2):
December 3 – In Rio de Janeiro, a seaplane sent to greet Alberto Santos-Dumont crashes, killing all on board. The pilot had tried to avoid another plane which came too close.
December 4 – Cosmo Gordon Lang is enthroned as the Archbishop of Canterbury, the first bachelor to be appointed in 150 years.
December 6 – The government of Colombia sends military forces to suppress a month-long strike by United Fruit Company workers, resulting in an unknown number of deaths.
December 21 – The United States Congress approves the construction of Boulder Dam, later renamed Hoover Dam.
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1929_0 | 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1929th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 929th year of the 2nd millennium, the 29th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1920s decade. |
1929_0 | Section: January (2):
January 6
6 January Dictatorship: King Alexander of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes suspends his country's constitution.
Albanian missionary sister Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later known as Mother Teresa, arrives in Calcutta from Ireland to begin her work in India.
January 10 – The first appearance of Hergé's Belgian comic book hero Tintin, as Tintin in the Land of the Soviets (Les Aventures de Tintin, reporter..., au pays des Soviets), begins serialization in the children's newspaper supplement, Le Petit Vingtième.
January 17 – The comic strip hero Popeye first appears in Thimble Theatre.
January 17 – Kabul falls to Habibullāh Kalakāni's forces, beginning a 9-month period of Saqqawist rule in Afghanistan while the Afghan Civil War continues.
January 29 – All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues), by Erich Maria Remarque, is published in book form.
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1929_1 | Section: February (2):
February 9 – "Litvinov's Pact" is signed in Moscow by the Soviet Union, Poland, Estonia, Romania and Latvia, who agree not to use force to settle disputes between themselves.
February 11 – The Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See of the Catholic Church sign the Lateran Treaty, to establish the Vatican City as an independent sovereign enclave within Rome, resolving the "Roman Question".
February 14 – "Saint Valentine's Day Massacre": Five gangsters (rivals of Al Capone), plus a civilian, are shot dead in Chicago.
February 21 – In the first battle of the Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong against the Nationalist government of China, a 24,000-strong rebel force led by Zhang Zongchang is defeated at Zhifu by 7,000 NRA troops.
February 26 – Grand Teton National Park is established by the United States Congress.
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1929_2 | Section: March (2):
March 2 – The longest bridge in the world at this time, the San Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge, opens.
March 3 – A revolt by Generals José Gonzalo Escobar and Jesús María Aguirre fails in Mexico.
March 4
Herbert Hoover is sworn in, as the 31st president of the United States.
The National Revolutionary Party (Partido Nacional Revolucionario) is established in Mexico, by ex-President Plutarco Elías Calles. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously for the next 71 years.
March 17 – The second of the Davos University Conferences opens in Switzerland; this includes the Cassirer–Heidegger debate in philosophy.
March 28 – Japanese forces withdraw from Shandong province to their garrison in Qingdao, bringing an end to the Jinan Incident.
March 30 – Imperial Airways begins operating the first commercial flights between London and Karachi.
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1929_3 | Section: April (2):
April 3 – Persia signs the Litvinov Protocol.
April 14 – The first edition of the Monaco Grand Prix is held.
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1929_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1 – The 7.2 Mw Kopet Dag earthquake shakes the Iran-Turkmenistan border region, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing up to 3,800 and injuring 1,121.
May 7 – "The Battle Of Blood Alley" is fought by a razor gang in Sydney, Australia.
May 16 – The 1st Academy Awards are presented in a 15-minute ceremony at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, honoring the best movies of 1927 and 1928, Wings (1927) winning Best Picture. Gerald Duffy (died 1928) receives the only Academy Award for Best Title Writing ever awarded (for his intertitles to the silent film The Private Life of Helen of Troy (1927)).
May 31 – The United Kingdom general election again returns a hung parliament; the Liberals in Parliament determine which party will govern.
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1929_5 | Section: June (2):
June 1 – The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held in Buenos Aires.
June 3 – The Treaty of Lima settles a border dispute between Peru and Chile.
June 7 – The Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state, is ratified.
June 8 – Ramsay MacDonald forms the United Kingdom's second Labour government.
June 21 – An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow helps end the Cristero War in Mexico.
June 27 – The first public demonstration of color TV is held, by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington.
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1929_6 | Section: July (2):
July 24
The Kellogg–Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928, by most leading world powers).
Union Airways Pty. Ltd. is founded, to be nationalised as South African Airways, on 1 February 1934.
July 25 – Pope Pius XI emerges from the Apostolic Palace, and enters St. Peter's Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of self-imposed status by the papacy as Prisoner in the Vatican.
July 27
The Geneva Convention addresses the treatment of prisoners of war.
The Red Crescent is adopted as an additional emblem of the League of Red Cross Societies.
July 29 – the French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigns, and is succeeded by Aristide Briand.
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1929_7 | Section: August (2):
August 8–29 – German rigid airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin makes a circumnavigation of the Northern Hemisphere eastabout out of Lakehurst, New Jersey, including the first nonstop flight of any kind across the Pacific Ocean (Tokyo–Los Angeles).
August 16 – The 1929 Palestine riots break out between Palestinians and Jews in Mandatory Palestine, and continue until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed.
August 20 – John Logie Baird's experimental 30-line television system is first transmitted, by the British Broadcasting Corporation in London.
August 23–24 – The 1929 Hebron massacre: 65–68 Jews are killed by Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to leave Hebron.
August 29
The 1929 Palestine riots: 18–20 Jews are killed in Safed by Palestinian Arabs.
The SS San Juan collides with the oil tanker S.C.T. Dodd off the California coast, causing the San Juan to sink in 3 minutes, killing 77 people.
August 31 – The Young Plan, which sets the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized.
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1929_8 | Section: September (2):
September 3 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average peaks at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954.
September 5 – Aristide Briand presents his plan for the United States of Europe.
September 7 – The steamship SS Kuru sank in Lake Näsijärvi near Tampere, Finland, leading to 138 people drowning.
September 17 – A coup ousts Augustinas Voldemaras from his prime minister position in Lithuania; he is replaced by the brother-in-law of President Antanas Smetona, Juozas Tūbelis.
September 30 – Fritz von Opel pilots the first rocket-powered aircraft, the Opel RAK.1, in front of a large crowd in Frankfurt am Main.
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1929_9 | Section: October (2):
October 3 – The country officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes changes its name to Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
October 6 – Serie A, the top-class professional football league of Italy, replaces the Divisione Nazionale.
October 12 – 1929 Australian federal election: The Labor Party, led by James Scullin, defeats the Nationalist/Country Coalition Government, led by Prime Minister Stanley Bruce. Scullin will be sworn in on October 22. Notably, this is the first occasion in Australian political history where a sitting prime minister loses his own seat (the second being John Howard in 2007).
October 13 – Afghan Civil War ends.
October 18 – On appeal from the Supreme Court of Canada on behalf of "The Famous Five" Canadian women in the landmark case of Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General), the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom announces that women are "persons" under the British North America Acts, and thus eligible for appointment to the Senate of Canada.
October 22 – The government of Aristide Briand falls in France.
October 24–29 – Wall Street Crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).
October 25 – Former U.S. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall is convicted of bribery for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal, becoming the first Presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office.
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1929_10 | Section: November (2):
November – Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for color television.
November 1
An annual solar eclipse is seen over the Atlantic Ocean and Africa.
Conscription in Australia ends.
November 7 – In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) opens to the public. The first exhibition Cézanne, Gauguin, van Gogh and Seurat (November 7 – December 7) is seen by 47.000 visitors; the curator is Alfred H. Barr.
November 15 – Atlantic, a film drama about the sinking of the RMS Titanic, is released in the U.K. The simultaneously-shot German-language version is the first sound film feature to be released in Germany.
November 18 – The 1929 Grand Banks earthquake occurs.
November 29 – Bernt Balchen, U.S. Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley and Harold June become the first to fly over the South Pole.
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1929_11 | Section: December (2):
December – New York toy salesman Edwin S. Lowe popularizes Bingo after coming across the game of "Beano" in Atlanta, Georgia. After someone accidentally yells "bingo" instead of "beano" with a group of friends in Brooklyn, New York, he begins production of the game, going on to develop more than 6,000 card combinations under the E. S. Lowe company, as the popularity of the game grows to become a national pastime.
December 27 – Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin orders the "liquidation of the kulaks as a class".
December 28 – "Black Saturday" in Samoa: New Zealand colonial police kill 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which leads the Mau movement to demand independence for Samoa.
December 29 – The All India Congress in Lahore demands Indian independence.
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1930_0 | 1930 (MCMXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1930th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 930th year of the 2nd millennium, the 30th year of the 20th century, and the 1st year of the 1930s decade. |
1930_0 | Section: January (2):
January 15 – The Moon moves into its nearest point to Earth, called perigee, at the same time as its fullest phase of the Lunar Cycle. This is the closest moon distance at 356,397 km (221,455 mi) in recent history, and the next one will be on January 1, 2257, at 356,371 km (221,439 mi).
January 26 – The Indian National Congress declares this date as Independence Day, or as the day for Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).
January 28 – The first patent for a field-effect transistor is granted in the United States, to Julius Edgar Lilienfeld.
January 30 – Pavel Molchanov launches a radiosonde from Slutsk in the Soviet Union.
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1930_1 | Section: February (2):
February 10 – The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng launch the Yên Bái mutiny in the hope of ending French colonial rule in Vietnam.
February 18 – While studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh confirms the existence of Pluto, a celestial body considered a planet until redefined as a dwarf planet in 2006.
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1930_2 | Section: March (2):
March 2
Mahatma Gandhi informs the British Viceroy of India that civil disobedience will begin the following week.
André Tardieu begins his second term as Prime Minister of France.
March 6
International Unemployment Day is observed in countries throughout the world.
The first frozen foods of Clarence Birdseye go on sale in Springfield, Massachusetts.
March 12 – Mahatma Gandhi sets off on a 200-mile march towards the sea with 78 followers to protest against the British monopoly on salt in India; more will join them during the Salt March that ends on April 5.
March 28 – The government of Turkey requests the international community to adopt Istanbul and Ankara, as the official names for Constantinople and Angora. The U.S. State Department adopts the "Istanbul" form in May.
March 29 – Heinrich Brüning is appointed Chancellor of Germany.
March 31 – The Motion Picture Production Code (Hays Code) is instituted by the studios in the United States, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in films for the next 40 years.
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1930_3 | Section: April (2):
April 6
In an act of civil disobedience, Mahatma Gandhi breaks the salt laws of British India by making salt by the sea at the end of the Salt March.
The International Left Opposition (ILO) is founded in Paris, France.
April 17 – Neoprene is invented by DuPont.
April 18 – The Chittagong Rebellion begins in India with the Chittagong armoury raid.
April 21
A fire in the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, United States kills 320 people.
The Turkestan–Siberia Railway is completed.
April 22 – The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty to regulate submarine warfare and limit naval shipbuilding.
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1930_4 | Section: May (2):
May 6 – The 7.1 Mw Salmas earthquake shakes northwestern Iran and southeastern Turkey, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent); up to 3,000 people are killed.
May 10 – The National Pan-Hellenic Council is founded in Washington, D.C.
May 15 – Nurse Ellen Church becomes the world's first flight attendant, working on a Boeing Air Transport trimotor.
May 16 – Rafael Trujillo is elected president of the Dominican Republic.
May 17 – French Prime Minister André Tardieu decides to withdraw the remaining French troops from the Rhineland (they depart by June 30).
May 24 – Amy Johnson lands in Darwin, Australia, becoming the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia (she left on May 5 for the 11,000 mile flight).
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1930_5 | Section: June (2):
June 7 – Carl Gustaf Ekman becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, for the second and final time.
June 14 – The Federal Bureau of Narcotics is established under the United States Department of the Treasury, replacing the Narcotics Division of the Prohibition Unit.
June 17 – President Herbert Hoover signs the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act into law, implementing protectionist trade policies in the United States.
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1930_6 | Section: July (2):
July 3–10 – The First Eastern Women's Congress takes place in Damascus in Syria.
July 4 – The dedication of George Washington's sculpted head is held at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.
July 5 – The Seventh Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops opens. This conference approves the use of birth control in limited circumstances, a move away from the Christian views on birth control expressed by the Sixth Conference a decade earlier.
July 7
The far-right Lapua Movement marches in Helsinki, Finland.
Building of the Boulder Dam (later known as the Hoover Dam) is started on the Colorado River, in the United States.
July 11 – Australian cricketer Don Bradman scores a world record 309 runs in one day, on his way to the highest individual Test innings of 334, during a Test match against England.
July 13 – The first FIFA World Cup starts: Lucien Laurent scores the first goal, for France against Mexico.
July 19 – Georges Simenon's detective character Inspector Jules Maigret makes his first appearance in print under Simenon's own name, when the novel Pietr-le-Letton (known in English as The Strange Case of Peter the Lett) begins serialization in a French weekly magazine.
July 28 – R. B. Bennett defeats William Lyon Mackenzie King in federal elections and becomes the Prime Minister of Canada.
July 29 – British airship R100 sets out for a successful 78-hour passage to Canada.
July 30 – Uruguay beats Argentina 4–2 to win the first FIFA World Cup final in Association football, at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo.
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1930_7 | Section: August (2):
August – The volcanic island of Anak Krakatau begins to form permanently in the Sunda Strait.
August 7 – R. B. Bennett takes office as the eleventh Prime Minister of Canada.
August 12 – Turkish troops move into Persia to fight Kurdish insurgents.
August 16 – The first British Empire Games open in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
August 27 – A military junta takes over in Peru.
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1930_8 | Section: September (2):
September 3 – The huge 1930 San Zenón hurricane in the Caribbean demolishes most of the city of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.
September 6 – 1930 Argentine coup d'état: José Félix Uriburu carries out a military coup, overthrowing Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina.
September 8 – Scotch Tape, invented by Richard Gurley Drew, is sold by the 3M company in the United States for the first time.
September 14 – 1930 German federal election: National Socialists win 107 seats in the German Parliament, the Reichstag (18.3% of all the votes), making them the second largest party.
September 17 – The Kurdish Ararat rebellion is suppressed by the Turks.
September 20 – The Eastern Catholic Rite Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is formed.
September 27 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (6th government).
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1930_9 | Section: October (2):
October – The Indochinese Communist Party is formed.
October 1 – British rule of Weihaiwei ends, as it is returned to China.
October 3 – The German Socialist Labour Party in Poland – Left is founded, following a split in the DSAP in Łódź.
October 5 – British airship R101, the world's largest flying craft, crashes in France en route to India, on its first overseas flight, resulting in the loss of 48 lives, with six survivors. Those killed include Britain's Air Minister, Christopher Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson.
October 14 – Ståhlberg kidnapping: The former and first President of Finland, Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, and his wife, Ester Ståhlberg, are kidnapped from their home by members of the far-right Lapua Movement but released unharmed.
October 20 – The British Passfield white paper demands restrictions on Jewish immigration into Mandatory Palestine.
October 24 – Brazilian Revolution of 1930: Getúlio Vargas overthrows Washington Luís.
October 27 – Ratifications are exchanged in London on the first London Naval Treaty signed in April, modifying the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Its arms limitation provisions go into effect immediately, hence putting more limits on the expensive naval arms race between its five signatories (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Empire of Japan, France and Italy.)
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1930_10 | Section: November (2):
November 2 – Haile Selassie is crowned emperor of Ethiopia.
November 3 – Getúlio Vargas becomes president of Brazil.
November 25
An earthquake in the Izu Peninsula of Japan kills 223 people and destroys 650 buildings.
Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Sheffield Royal Infirmary in England, achieves the first recorded cure (of an eye infection) using penicillin.
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1930_11 | Section: December (2):
December – All adult Turkish women are given the right to vote in elections.
December 19 – Mount Merapi volcano in central Java, Indonesia, erupts, destroying numerous villages and killing 1,300 people.
December 24 – In London, inventor Harry Grindell Matthews demonstrates his device to project pictures on clouds.
December 29 – Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the two-nation theory, outlining a vision for the creation of Pakistan.
December 31 – The Papal encyclical Casti connubii, issued by Pope Pius XI, stresses the sanctity of marriage, prohibits Roman Catholics from using any form of artificial birth control, and reaffirms the Catholic prohibition on abortion.
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1931_0 | 1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1931st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 931st year of the 2nd millennium, the 31st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1930s decade. |
1931_0 | Section: January (2):
January 2 – South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, used to accelerate particles to study nuclear physics.
January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa.
January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia.
January 25 – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India.
January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France.
January 30 – Charlie Chaplin comedy drama film City Lights receives its public premiere at the Los Angeles Theater with Albert Einstein as guest of honor. Contrary to the current trend in cinema, it is a silent film, but with a score by Chaplin. Critically and commercially successful from the start, it will place consistently in lists of films considered the best of all time.
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1931_1 | Section: February (2):
February 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin gives a speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars, while "weak" nations are "beaten". Stalin states: "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us." The first five-year plan in the Soviet Union is intensified, for the industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
February 10 – Official inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi as the capital of India begin.
February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland.
February 21 – Peruvian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane, and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima.
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1931_2 | Section: March (2):
March 5 – The British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi sign the Gandhi–Irwin Pact.
March 7 – The Finnish Parliament House opens in Helsinki, Finland.
March 11 – The Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR programme, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the Soviet Union.
March 23 – Indian revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the British Raj.
March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people.
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1931_3 | Section: April (2):
April 1 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet in China is launched by the Kuomintang government, to destroy the Communist forces in Jiangxi Province.
April 6 – The Portuguese government declares martial law in Madeira and in the Azores, because of the Madeira uprising in Funchal.
April 12 – Municipal elections in Spain, which are treated as a virtual referendum on the monarchy, result in the triumph for the republican parties.
April 14 – The Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed in Madrid. Meanwhile, as a result of the victory of the Republican Left of Catalonia, Francesc Macià proclaims in Barcelona the Catalan Republic, as a state of the Iberian Federation.
April 15 – Assassination of Giuseppe (Joe the Boss) Masseria, New York City Mafia boss.
April 17 – After the negotiations between the republican ministers of Spain and Catalonia, the Catalan Republic becomes the Generalitat of Catalonia, a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.
April 22 – Austria, the UK, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the United States recognize the Spanish Republic.
April 25 – The automobile manufacturer Porsche is founded by Ferdinand Porsche in Stuttgart.
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1931_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1 – Construction of the Empire State Building is completed in New York City.
May 4 – Kemal Atatürk is re-elected president of Turkey.
May 5 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (7th government).
May 11 – The Creditanstalt, Austria's largest bank, goes bankrupt, beginning the banking collapse in Central Europe that causes a worldwide financial meltdown.
May 13 – Paul Doumer is elected president of France.
May 14 – Ådalen shootings: Five people are killed in Ådalen, Sweden, when soldiers open fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.
May 15
The Chinese Communists inflict a sharp defeat on the Kuomintang forces.
Pope Pius XI issues the encyclical Quadragesimo anno, on the "reconstruction of the social order".
May 31 – The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet ends in the defeat of the Kuomintang.
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1931_5 | Section: June (2):
June–November – 1931 China flood: the Yangtze and Huai Rivers flood in a populous region, leaving an estimated 422,000 dead (150,000 drowned) with many more dying of consequential starvation and disease in the aftermath.
June 5
German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning visits London, where he warns British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald that the collapse of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the Creditanstalt, has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.
Anti-Chinese rioting occurs in Pyongyang. Approximately 127 Chinese people are killed, 393 wounded, and a considerable number of properties are destroyed by Korean residents.
June 14 – Saint-Philibert disaster: The overloaded pleasure craft Saint-Philibert, carrying trippers home to Nantes from the Île de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the River Loire in France; over 450 drown.
June 19
In an attempt to stop the banking crisis in Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown, U.S. President Herbert Hoover issues the Hoover Moratorium.
The Geneva Convention (1929) relative to the treatment of prisoners of war enters into force.
June 23–July 1 – Wiley Post and Harold Gatty accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout from Roosevelt Field, New York, in 8 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes.
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1931_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1 – The rebuilt Milano Centrale railway station officially opens in Italy.
July 9 – Irish racing driver Kaye Don breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy.
July 10 – Norway issues a royal proclamation claiming the uninhabited part of eastern Greenland as Erik the Red's Land.
July 13 – Royal soldiers shoot and kill 22 people demonstrating against the Maharaja Hari Singh, of the Indian princely state of Kashmir and Jammu.
July 16 – Emperor Haile Selassie signs the first Constitution of Ethiopia.
July 20 – A violent tornado strikes the city of Lublin, Poland.
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1931_7 | Section: August (2):
August 2 – Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck: Two Berlin police officers are killed by Communists.
August 9 – A referendum in Prussia for dissolving the Landtag ends with the "yes" side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early elections. The elections are intended to remove the Social Democratic Party (SPD) government of Otto Braun, which is one of the strongest forces for democracy in Germany. Supporting the "yes" side were the NSDAP, the DNVP and the Communist Party (KPD), while supporting the "no" side were the SPD and Zentrum.
August 24 – The Labour Government of Ramsay MacDonald resigns in Britain, replaced by a National Government of people drawn from all parties, also under MacDonald.
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1931_8 | Section: September (2):
September 7 – The Second Round Table Conference on the constitutional future of India opens in London; Mahatma Gandhi represents the Indian National Congress.
September 10 – The worst hurricane in British Honduras history kills an estimated 1,500.
September 18 – The Japanese military stages the Mukden Incident, an explosion blamed on Chinese dissidents and used as a pretext for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
September 19 – The United Kingdom abandons the gold standard.
September 20 – With a gun literally pointed to his head, the Chinese commander of Kirin province announces the annexation of that territory to Japan.
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1931_9 | Section: October (2):
October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean, flying their plane, Miss Veedol, from Misawa, Japan, to East Wenatchee, Washington, in 41½ hours.
October 11 – A rally in Bad Harzburg, Germany leads to the Harzburg Front being founded, uniting the NSDAP, the DNVP, the Stahlhelm and various other right-wing factions.
October 24 – The George Washington Bridge across the Hudson River in the United States is dedicated; it opens to traffic the following day. At 3,500 feet (1,100 m), it nearly doubles the previous record for the longest main span in the world.
October 27 – The United Kingdom general election results in the victory of the National Government, and the defeat of Labour Party, in the country's greatest ever electoral landslide.
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1931_10 | Section: November (2):
November 7
The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong.
Red China News Agency (a predecessor of the Xinhua News Agency) is officially founded, and news wire service start in Ruijin, Jiangxi Province, China.
November 8
French police launch a large-scale raid against Corsican bandits.
The Panama Canal is closed for a couple of weeks, due to damage caused by earthquakes.
November 26 – Heavy hydrogen, later named deuterium, is discovered by American chemist Harold Urey.
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1931_11 | Section: December (2):
December 5 – The original Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (1883) is dynamited, by order of Joseph Stalin.
December 8 – Carl Friedrich Goerdeler is appointed Reich Price Commissioner, in Germany to enforce the deflationary policies of the Brüning government.
December 9 – The Spanish Constituent Cortes approves the Spanish Constitution of 1931, effectively establishing the Second Spanish Republic.
December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic.
December 11 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacts the Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, the Dominion of New Zealand and the Union of South Africa.
December 13 – Wakatsuki Reijirō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan.
December 19 – The UAP/Country Coalition, led by Joseph Lyons, defeats the Australian Labor Government, led by Prime Minister James Scullin. Coming in the aftermath of two splits in the Labor Party, the election comes about due to the defeat of the Scullin government on the floor of the House of Representatives – to date, it is the last federal election where a one-term government was defeated. Lyons will be sworn in January 6th the following year, but not before disbanding the Coalition, after the UAP wins enough seats to form a government in its own right.
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1932_0 | 1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1932nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 932nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 32nd year of the 20th century, and the 3rd year of the 1930s decade. |
1932_0 | Section: January (2):
January 4 – The British authorities in India arrest and intern Mahatma Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel.
January 9 – Sakuradamon Incident: Korean nationalist Lee Bong-chang fails in his effort to assassinate Emperor Hirohito of Japan. The Kuomintang's official newspaper runs an editorial expressing regret that the attempt failed, which is used by the Japanese as a pretext to attack Shanghai later in the month.
January 22 – The 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising begins; it is suppressed by the government of Maximiliano Hernández Martínez.
January 24 – Marshal Pietro Badoglio declares the end of Libyan resistance.
January 26 – British submarine HMS M2 sinks with all 60 hands.
January 28 – January 28 incident: Conflict between Japan and China in Shanghai.
January 31 – Japanese warships arrive in Nanking.
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1932_1 | Section: February (2):
February 2
A general World Disarmament Conference begins in Geneva. The principal issue at the conference is the demand made by Germany for Gleichberechtigung ("equality of status" i.e. abolishing Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, which had disarmed Germany) and the French demand for sécurité ("security" i.e. maintaining Part V).
The League of Nations again recommends negotiations between the Republic of China and Japan.
The Reconstruction Finance Corporation begins operations in Washington, D.C.
February 4
The 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
Japan occupies Harbin, China.
February 9 – League of Blood Incident: Junnosuke Inoue, prominent Japanese businessman, banker and former governor of the Bank of Japan is assassinated by the right-wing extremist group the League of Blood.
February 11 – Pope Pius XI meets Benito Mussolini in Vatican City.
February 15 – Clara, Lu & Em, generally regarded as the first daytime network soap opera, debuts in its morning time slot over the Blue Network of NBC Radio in the United States, having originally been a late evening program.
February 18 – Japan declares Manchukuo (Japanese name for Manchuria) formally independent from China.
February 25 – Adolf Hitler obtains German citizenship by naturalization, opening the opportunity for him to run in the 1932 German presidential election.
February 27 – The Mäntsälä rebellion occurs in Finland.
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1932_2 | Section: March (2):
March 1
Lindbergh kidnapping: Charles Lindbergh Jr., the infant son of Anne Morrow Lindbergh and Charles Lindbergh, is kidnapped from the family home near Hopewell, New Jersey.
Japan installs Puyi as puppet emperor of Manchukuo.
March 2 – The Mäntsälä rebellion ends in failure; Finnish democracy prevails. The Lapua Movement is condemned by conservative Finnish president Pehr Evind Svinhufvud in a radio speech.
March 5 – Dan Takuma, prominent Japanese businessman and director of the Mitsui Zaibatsu conglomerate is assassinated by the radical right-wing League of Blood group.
March 9 – Éamon de Valera is elected President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, the first change of government in the country since its foundation 10 years previously.
March 14 – George Eastman, founder of Kodak, commits suicide in Rochester, New York.
March 18 – Peace negotiations between China and Japan begin.
March 19 – The Sydney Harbour Bridge opens in Australia.
March 20 – The Graf Zeppelin airship begins a regular route between Germany and South America.
March 21–22 – 1932 Deep South tornado outbreak: A series of deadly tornadoes in the United States kills more than 220 people in Alabama, 34 in Georgia and 17 in Tennessee.
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1932_3 | Section: April (2):
April 5
10,000 disgruntled Newfoundlanders march on their legislature to show discontent with their current political situation; this is a flash point in the demise of the Dominion of Newfoundland.
The first Alko stores are opened in Finland at 10 in the morning (local time) following the end of Prohibition in that country, resulting in a new mnemonic "543210".
April 6
U.S. president Herbert Hoover supports armament limitations at the World Disarmament Conference.
The trial of fraudulent art dealer Otto Wacker begins in Berlin.
April 11 – 1932 German presidential election: Paul von Hindenburg is re-elected as Reichspräsident, defeating Hitler.
April 13 – German Chancellor Heinrich Brüning bans the SA and the SS as threats to public order, arguing that they are chiefly responsible for the wave of political violence afflicting Germany.
April 14 – John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton focus a proton beam on lithium and split its nucleus.
April 17 – Haile Selassie announces an anti-slavery law in Abyssinia.
April 19 – German art dealer Otto Wacker is sentenced to 19 months in prison for selling fraudulent paintings he attributed to Vincent van Gogh.
April 25
Gladys Elinor Watkins consecrates the carillon of the National War Memorial in New Zealand.
The bodies of Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman and Jabir ibn Abd Allah, two of the companions of Islamic prophet Muhammad, are moved from their graves in Salmaan Paak following a dream of King Faisal I of Iraq that they are affected by water.
April 29 – Korean pro-independence paramilitary Yun Bong-gil detonates a bomb at a gathering of Japanese government and military officials in Shanghai's Hongkou Park, killing General Yoshinori Shirakawa and injuring Mamoru Shigemitsu and Vice Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura.
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1932_4 | Section: May (2):
May 6
Paul Gorguloff shoots French president Paul Doumer in Paris; Doumer dies the next day.
The politically powerful General Kurt von Schleicher meets secretly with Adolf Hitler. Schleicher tells Hitler that he is scheming to bring down the Brüning government in Germany and asks for Nazi support of the new "presidential government" Schleicher is planning to form. Schleicher and Hitler negotiate a "gentlemen's agreement" where in exchange for lifting the ban on the SA and SS and having the Reichstag dissolved for early elections this summer, the Nazis will support Schleicher's new chancellor.
May 10
Albert Lebrun becomes the new president of France.
Violent scenes in the German Reichstag building in Berlin as Hermann Göring and other Nazi MRDs attack the Defense Minister General Wilhelm Groener for his lack of belief in a supposed Social Democratic putsch. After the debate, General Schleicher tells Groener that he has lost the confidence of the Army and must resign at once.
James Chadwick discovers the neutron.
May 12 – General Wilhelm Groener resigns as German Defense Minister. Schleicher takes control of the Defense Ministry.
May 13 – The Premier of New South Wales, Jack Lang, is dismissed by the State Governor, Sir Philip Game.
May 15 – May 15 Incident, an attempted military coup in which Japanese prime minister Tsuyoshi Inukai is assassinated by naval officers. Japanese troops leave Shanghai.
May 16 – Massive riots between Hindus and Muslims in Bombay leave thousands dead and injured.
May 20–21 – Amelia Earhart flies from the United States to County Londonderry, Northern Ireland in 14 hours 54 minutes.
May 20 – Federación Obrera de la Industria de la Carne initiates a major strike in the Argentinian meat-packing industry.
May 25 – Goofy makes his appearance in the Disney animated short Mickey's Revue.
May 26 – Judgement in Donoghue v Stevenson handed down in the House of Lords of the United Kingdom, creating the modern concept of a duty of care in English law.
May 30 – German chancellor Heinrich Brüning is dismissed by President von Hindenburg. President Hindenburg asks Franz von Papen to form a new government, known as the "Government of the President's Friends", which is openly dedicated to the destruction of democracy and the Weimar Republic. The downfall of Brüning is largely the work of Schleicher, who has been scheming against him since the beginning of May. Schleicher takes the position of Defense Minister in his friend Papen's government.
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1932_5 | Section: June (2):
c. June – The Republican Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition is established for the repeal of Prohibition in the United States.
June 4
A military coup occurs in Chile.
The Papen government in Germany dissolves the Reichstag for elections on July 31 in the full expectation that the Nazis will win the largest number of seats.
June 14 – The Papen government lifts the ban against the SS and SA in Germany.
June 16– Lausanne conference opens to discuss reparations, which Germany had not paid since the Hoover Moratorium of June 1931.
June 20 – The Benelux customs union is negotiated.
June 24 – After a relatively bloodless military rebellion, Siam becomes a constitutional monarchy.
June 25 – India plays its first Test cricket match with England at Lord's.
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1932_6 | Section: July (2):
July 5 – António de Oliveira Salazar becomes the fascist prime minister of Portugal (for the next 36 years).
July 7 – French submarine Prométhée sinks off Cherbourg; 66 are killed.
July 8 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average in the United States reaches its lowest level of the Great Depression, bottoming out at 41.22.
July 9
The Constitutionalist Revolution starts in Brazil with the uprising of the state of São Paulo.
Lausanne conference ends, agreeing to cancel World War I reparations against Germany.
July 12
Norway annexes northern Greenland.
Hedley Verity establishes a new first-class cricket record by taking all ten wickets for only ten runs against Nottinghamshire on a pitch affected by a storm.
July 17 – Altona Bloody Sunday: In Altona, Germany, a bloody clash with heavy police involvement occurs when Nazi marchers enter a working class area with many communist supporters; 18 are killed.
July 20 – The Preußenschlag in Germany. The political coup gives Franz von Papen control of Prussia, the most powerful state in Germany, and is a major blow to German democracy.
July 21 – The British Empire Economic Conference opens in Ottawa, Canada.
July 30
The 1932 Summer Olympics open in Los Angeles.
Walt Disney's Flowers and Trees, the first animated cartoon to be presented in full Technicolor, premieres in Los Angeles. It releases in theaters, along with the film version of Eugene O'Neill's Strange Interlude (starring Norma Shearer and Clark Gable); Flowers and Trees goes on to win the first Academy Award for Best Animated Short.
July 31 – July 1932 German federal election sees the Nazis become the largest party in the Reichstag, winning 37% of the vote.
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1932_7 | Section: August (2):
August – A farmers' revolt begins in the Midwestern United States.
August 1
The second International Polar Year, an international scientific collaboration, begins.
Forrest Mars produces the first Mars bar in his Slough factory in the UK.
August 2 – The first positron is discovered by Carl D. Anderson.
August 5 – Hitler meets with Schleicher and reneges on the "gentlemen's agreement", demanding that he be appointed Chancellor. Schleicher agrees to support Hitler as Chancellor provided that he can remain minister of defense. Schleicher sets up a meeting between Hindenburg and Hitler on August 13 to discuss Hitler's possible appointment as Chancellor.
August 6
The first Venice Film Festival is held.
In Germany, the world's first Autobahn is opened by Konrad Adenauer (Bundesautobahn 555).
Carl Gustaf Ekman resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden and is replaced by his Minister of Finance Felix Hamrin.
August 9 – In Germany:
The Papen government, which likes to take a tough "law and order" stance, passes via Article 48 a law prescribing the death penalty for a variety of offenses and with the court system simplified so that the courts can hand down as many death sentences as possible.
Potempa Murder of 1932: In the eastern town of Potempa, five Nazi "Brownshirts" break into the house of Konrad Pietrzuch, a Communist miner, and proceed to castrate and beat him to death in front of his mother.
August 10 – A 5.1 kg chondrite-type meteorite breaks into fragments and strikes earth near the town of Archie, Missouri, United States.
August 11 – To celebrate Constitution Day in Germany, Chancellor Franz von Papen and his interior minister Baron Wilhelm von Gayl present proposed amendments to the Weimar constitution for a "New State" to deal with the problems besetting Germany.
August 13 – Hitler meets President von Hindenburg and asks to be appointed as Chancellor. Hindenburg refuses under the grounds that Hitler is not qualified to be Chancellor and asks him instead to serve as Vice-Chancellor in Papen's government. Hitler announces his "all or nothing" strategy in which he will oppose any government not headed by himself and will accept no office other than Chancellor.
August 18 – Auguste Piccard reaches an altitude of 16,197 m (53,140 ft) with a hot air balloon.
August 18–19 – Scottish aviator Jim Mollison becomes the first pilot to make an East-to-West solo transatlantic flight, from Portmarnock, County Dublin, Ireland to RCAF Station Pennfield Ridge, New Brunswick, Canada, in his de Havilland Puss Moth high-wing monoplane The Heart's Content.
August 20 – The Ottawa conference ends with the adoption of Imperial Preference tariff, turning the British Empire into one economic zone with a series of tariffs meant to exclude non-empire states from competing within the markets of Britain; the Dominions; and the rest of the empire.
August 22 – Potempa murder: The five SA men involved in the torture and murder of Konrad Pietrzuch are quickly convicted and sentenced to death under the new law introduced by the Papen government. The Potempa case becomes a cause célèbre in Germany, where some maintain the death sentences are appropriate given the brutality of the torture and murder, whilst Nazis demonstrate for amnesty for the "Potempa five" on the grounds they are patriotic heroes, justified in killing the Communist Pietrzuch, and should not be executed. Hitler sends a telegram congratulating the five and they are released from jail in 1933 after he becomes Chancellor of Germany.
August 23 – The Panama Civil Aviation Authority is established.
August 30 – Hermann Göring is elected as Speaker of the German Reichstag.
August 31 – A total solar eclipse is visible from northern Canada through northeastern Vermont, New Hampshire, southwestern Maine and the Capes of Massachusetts.
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1932_8 | Section: September (2):
September 2 – Despite the court's sentence of death against the "Potempa five", Chancellor von Papen in his capacity as Reich Commissioner of Prussia refuses to have the "Potempa five" executed under the grounds that they were not aware of the emergency law at the time they committed the murder, but in reality because he is still hoping for Nazi support for his government.
September 9
The Cortes Generales (Parliament) of the Second Spanish Republic approves the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which grants full autonomy for Catalonia for the first time in modern history.
Beginning of the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia because of delimitation problems and others.
September 10 – The IND Eighth Avenue Line, at this time the world's longest subway line (31 miles (50 km)), begins operation in Manhattan.
September 11
Canadian operations end on the International Railway (New York–Ontario).
A bronze statue of Youssef Bey Karam is erected in his memory outside the Cathedral of Saint Georges, Ehden in Lebanon.
September 12 – The very unpopular Papen government in Germany is defeated on a massive motion of no-confidence in the Reichstag. With the exceptions of the German People's Party and the German National People's Party, every party in the Reichstag votes for the no-confidence motion. Papen has Hindenburg dissolve the Reichstag for new elections in November.
September 17
A speech by Laureano Gómez leads to the escalation of the Leticia Incident between Colombia and Peru.
Start of the Han–Liu War over Shandong.
September 20 – Mahatma Gandhi begins a hunger strike in Poona prison, India.
September 22 – Soviet famine of 1932–33 begins; millions starve to death as a result of forced collectivization and as part of the government's effort to break rural resistance to its policies. The Soviet regime denies the famine and allows the deaths.
September 23 – The Kingdom of Hejaz and Najd is proclaimed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, concluding the country's unification under the rule of King Abdulaziz Al-saud.
September 24 – After his party's victory in the election to the Swedish Riksdag's second chamber, Social Democrat Per Albin Hansson becomes the new prime minister of Sweden, after Felix Hamrin.
September 27 – Ryutin Affair at its height in the Soviet Union. The Politburo meets and condemns the so-called "Ryutin Platform" and agrees to expel those associated with it from the Communist Party, but refuses Stalin's request to execute those associated with the Platform.
September 28 – The court of Helsinki sentences Vilho Kallio, Ville Saari and Ida Maria Viden to prison for the Tattarisuo mutilation case.
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1932_9 | Section: October (2):
October – Hergé's Tintin in America (Tintin en Amérique) concludes serial publication and is issued in book format (in black and white) in Belgium.
October 1 – Gyula Gömbös becomes Prime Minister of Hungary, the first time a member of the radical right has become the country's head of government.
October 3 – Iraq becomes an independent kingdom under Faisal.
October 15 – Tata Airlines (later to become Air India) makes its first flight.
October 19 – Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden marries Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
October 25 – George Lansbury became the leader of the opposition British Labour Party.
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1932_10 | Section: November (2):
November 1 – The Kennedy–Thorndike experiment is published, showing that measured time as well as length is affected by motion, in accordance with the theory of special relativity.
November 2 – The Emu War, a nuisance wildlife management military operation, begins in Australia.
November 3 – Strike by transport workers in Berlin. The Nazis and the Communists both co-operate in support of the strike. The Nazi-Communist co-operation damages the Nazis at the upcoming election with many right-wing voters switching back to the German National People's Party.
November 6 – November 1932 German federal election: The Nazis remain the largest party in the Reichstag but their share of the seats drops from 37% to 32%.
November 7 – Buck Rogers in the 25th Century debuts on American radio. It is the first science fiction program on radio.
November 8 – 1932 United States presidential election: Democratic governor of New York Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide victory.
November 9
A hurricane and huge waves kill about 2,500 in Santa Cruz del Sur in the worst natural disaster in Cuban history.
Geneva massacre: Military of Switzerland fire on a socialist anti-fascist demonstration in Geneva leaving 13 dead and 60 injured.
November 21 – German president Hindenburg begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government.
November 27 – The Second Eastern Women's Congress opens in Tehran, Iran.
November 30 – The Polish Cipher Bureau breaks the German Enigma cipher.
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