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1916_8 | Section: September (2):
September 1 – Bulgaria declares war on Romania, going on to take Dobruja.
September 2 – WWI: British pilot Leefe Robinson becomes the first to shoot down a German airship over Britain.
September 4 – WWI: East African Campaign – Dar es Salaam surrenders to British Empire forces, securing them control of the Central Line of railway through German East Africa.
September 5 – D. W. Griffith's film Intolerance: Love's Struggle Through the Ages is released in the United States.
September 6 – The first true self-service grocery store, Piggly Wiggly, is founded in Memphis, Tennessee, by Clarence Saunders, opening 5 days later.
September 11 – A mechanical failure causes the central span of the Quebec Bridge, a cantilever-type structure, to crash into the Saint Lawrence River for the second time, killing 13 workers.
September 13 – Mary, a circus elephant, is hanged in the town of Erwin, Tennessee for killing her handler, Walter "Red" Eldridge.
September 15–22 – WWI: Battle of Flers–Courcelette, France – The battle is significant for the first use of the tank in warfare; also for the debut of the Canadian and New Zealand Divisions in the Battle of the Somme.
September 19 – WWI: East African Campaign – Belgian troops occupy Tabora in German East Africa.
September 27 – Iyasu V of Ethiopia is deposed in a palace coup, in favour of his aunt Zewditu.
September 29 – John D. Rockefeller becomes the first person to reach a nominal personal fortune of US$1 billion
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1916_9 | Section: October (2):
October 7 – The Georgia Tech vs. Cumberland College American football game ends in a score of 222-0.
October 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen is elected President of Argentina.
October 14 – Perm State University is founded in Russia.
October 16 – Margaret Sanger opens the first U.S. birth control clinic, a forerunner of Planned Parenthood.
October 20 – Black Friday (1916): A violent and deadly storm hits Lake Erie in the United States.
October 21 – Friedrich Adler shoots Count Karl von Stürgkh, Minister-President of Austria.
October 27 – Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael of Wollo, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu V, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zewditu.
October 28 – 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game: game of Australian rules football contested at Queen's Club, West Kensington, London, by two teams of elite footballers selected from men serving in the First AIF at the time.
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1916_10 | Section: November (2):
November 1
Pavel Milyukov delivers his "stupidity or treason" speech in the Russian State Duma, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.
The first 40-hour work week officially begins, in the Endicott-Johnson factories of Western New York.
November 5
The Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) is proclaimed by a joint act of the emperors of Germany and Austria.
Everett massacre: An armed confrontation in Everett, Washington, between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World results in seven deaths.
Honan Chapel, Cork, Ireland, a product of the Irish Arts and Crafts movement (1894–1925), is dedicated.
November 7
1916 United States presidential election: Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeats Republican Charles Evans Hughes, when California is called a week after Election Day.
Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.
Radio station 2XG, located in the Highbridge section of New York City, makes the first audio broadcast of presidential election returns.
November 13 – Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.
November 18 – WWI – Battle of the Somme: In France, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle, which started on July 1.
November 21
Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria dies of pneumonia at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, aged 86, after a reign of 68 years and is succeeded by his grandnephew Charles I.
WWI: Hospital ship HMHS Britannic, designed as the third Olympic-class ocean liner for White Star Line, sinks in the Kea Channel of the Aegean Sea after hitting a mine; 30 lives are lost. At 48,158 gross register tons, she is the largest ship lost during the war.
November 23 – WWI: Eastern Front – Bucharest, the capital of Romania, is occupied by troops of the Central Powers.
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1916_11 | Section: December (2):
December 12 – "White Friday": In the Dolomites, 100 avalanches bury at least 2,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers.
December 16 – Robert Baden-Powell gives the first public display of the new Wolf Cub section of Scouting at Caxton Hall, Westminster.
December 18 – WWI: The Battle of Verdun ends in France with German troops defeated.
December 21 – WWI: El Arish occupied by the British Empire Desert Column during advance across the Sinai Peninsula.
December 22 – The British Sopwith Camel aircraft makes its maiden flight. It is designed to counter the German Fokker aircraft.
December 23 – WWI: The Desert Column captures the Ottoman garrison during the Battle of Magdhaba.
December 30
Emperor Charles IV of Hungary and his wife Zita of Bourbon-Parma are crowned emperor and empress of Austria-Hungary.
Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca in Colombia and declare the Republic of Arauca. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela.
(December 17 Old Style) – The mystic Grigori Rasputin is murdered in Saint Petersburg.
December 31 – The Hampton Terrace Hotel in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the United States at the time, burns to the ground.
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1917_0 | 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1917th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 917th year of the 2nd millennium, the 17th year of the 20th century, and the 8th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1917, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1917_0 | Section: January (2):
January 9 – WWI – Battle of Rafa: The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's Desert Column.
January 10 – Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: Seven survivors of the Ross Sea party are rescued after being stranded for several months.
January 11 – Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland (modern-day Lyndhurst, New Jersey), one of the events leading to United States involvement in WWI.
January 16 – The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million (equivalent to $595 million in 2023).
January 22 – WWI: United States President Woodrow Wilson calls for "peace without victory" in Germany.
January 25 – WWI: British armed merchantman SS Laurentic is sunk by mines off Lough Swilly (Ireland), with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard.
January 26 – The sea defences at the English village of Hallsands are breached, leading to all but one of the houses becoming uninhabitable.
January 28 – The United States ends its search for Pancho Villa.
January 30 – Pershing's troops in Mexico begin withdrawing back to the United States. They reach Columbus, New Mexico February 5.
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1917_1 | Section: February (2):
February 1 – WWI: Atlantic U-boat Campaign: Germany announces its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare, rescinding the 'Sussex Pledge'.
February 3 – WWI: The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany.
February 12 – Deportivo Toluca F.C. is founded as an Association football club in Mexico.
February 13 – WWI:
Mata Hari is arrested in Paris for spying.
Raid on Nekhl: Units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force completely reoccupy the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula.
February 21 – British troopship SS Mendi is accidentally rammed and sunk off the Isle of Wight, killing 646, mainly members of the South African Native Labour Corps.
February 24 – WWI: Walter Hines Page, United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, is shown the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give the American Southwest back to Mexico, if Mexico will take sides with Germany, in case the United States declares war on Germany.
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1917_2 | Section: March (2):
March 1
WWI: The U.S. government releases the text of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public.
Ōmuta, Japan, is founded by Hiroushi Miruku.
March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.
March 4
Woodrow Wilson is sworn in for a second term, as President of the United States.
Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives.
March 7 – "Livery Stable Blues", recorded with "Dixie Jazz Band One Step" on February 26, by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in the United States, becomes the first jazz recording commercially released. On August 17 the band records "Tiger Rag".
March 8 (N.S.)
(February 23, O.S.) – The February Revolution begins in Russia: Women calling for bread in Petrograd start riots, which spontaneously spread throughout the city.
WWI: Norwegian tramp SS Storstad (the ship that rammed and sank RMS Empress of Ireland in 1914) is torpedoed and sunk by SM U-62 in the Atlantic with the loss of 3 crew members.
March 10 – The Province of Batangas is formally founded, as one of the Philippines' first encomiendas.
March 11 – Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza is elected president of Mexico; the United States gives de jure recognition of his government.
March 12 – The Russian Duma declares a Provisional Government. It is dissolved 4 months later.
March 14 – WWI: The Republic of China terminates diplomatic relations with Germany.
March 15 (N.S.) (March 2, O.S.) – Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicates his throne and his son's claims. This is considered to be the end of the Russian Empire, after 196 years.
March 16 (N.S.) (March 3, O.S.) – Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia refuses the throne, and power passes to the newly formed Provisional Government, under Prince Georgy Lvov.
March 25 – The Georgian Orthodox Church restores the autocephaly, abolished by Imperial Russia in 1811.
March 26 – WWI: First Battle of Gaza – British Egyptian Expeditionary Force troops virtually encircle the Gaza garrison, but are then ordered to withdraw, leaving the city to the Ottoman defenders.
March 30 – Hjalmar Hammarskjöld steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden; he is replaced by right-wing businessman and politician Carl Swartz.
March 31 – The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the US Virgin Islands, after paying $25 million to Denmark.
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1917_3 | Section: April (2):
April – Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki, the first anime, is released in Japan.
April 2 – WWI: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the United States Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.
April 6 – WWI: The United States declares war on Germany.
April 8 (N.S.) (March 26, O.S.) – In Petrograd, 40,000 ethnic Estonians demand national autonomy within Russia.
April 9–May 16 – WWI: Battle of Arras – British Empire troops make a significant advance on the Western Front but are unable to achieve a breakthrough.
April 9–12 – WWI: Canadian troops win the Battle of Vimy Ridge.
April 10 – Eddystone explosion: an explosion at an ammunition plant near Chester, Pennsylvania, kills 139, mostly female workers.
April 11 – WWI: Brazil severs diplomatic relations with Germany.
April 12 (N.S.) (March 30 O.S.) – The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is formed within Russia, from the Governorate of Estonia and the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia.
April 16
(N.S.) (April 3, O.S.) – Vladimir Lenin arrives at the Finland Station in Petrograd after a German-sponsored voyage in a sealed train from his exile in Switzerland through Germany and Scandinavia.
WWI: The Nivelle Offensive commences.
April 17
(N.S.) (April 4, O.S.) – Vladimir Lenin's April Theses are published. They become very influential in the following July Days and Bolshevik Revolution.
WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the Second Battle of Gaza. This unsuccessful frontal attack on strong Ottoman defences along with the first battle, results in 10,000 casualties, the dismissal of force commander General Archibald Murray, and the beginning of the Stalemate in Southern Palestine.
The Times and the Daily Mail (London newspapers both owned by Lord Northcliffe) print atrocity propaganda of the supposed existence of a German Corpse Factory processing dead soldiers' bodies.
April 19 – WWI: Army transport SS Mongolia (1903) fires the United States' first shots in anger in the war when her gun crew drives off a German U-boat in the English Channel seven miles southeast of Beachy Head.
April 26 – WWI: The Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, between France, Italy and the United Kingdom, to settle interests in the Middle East, is signed.
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1917_4 | Section: May (2):
May 3 – WWI: 1917 French Army mutinies begin.
May 9 – WWI: The Nivelle Offensive is abandoned.
May 13 – Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, is consecrated Archbishop by Pope Benedict XV.
May 13–October 13 (at monthly intervals) – 10-year-old Lúcia Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto report experiencing a series of Marian apparitions near Fátima, Portugal, which become known as Our Lady of Fátima.
May 15 – Robert Nivelle is replaced as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army, by Philippe Pétain.
May 18 – WWI: The Selective Service Act passes the United States Congress, giving the President the power of conscription.
May 21 – Over 300 acres (73 blocks) are destroyed in the Great Atlanta fire of 1917 in the United States.
May 22
The Commissioned Officer Corps of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey is established.
Ell Persons is lynched in Memphis, in connection with the rape and murder of 16-year-old Antoinette Rappal.
May 23
A month of civil violence in Milan, Italy ends, after the Italian army forcibly takes over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries; 50 people are killed and 800 arrested.
WWI: During the Stalemate in Southern Palestine, the Raid on the Beersheba to Hafir el Auja railway by the British Desert Column takes place: large sections of the railway line linking Beersheba to the main Ottoman desert base are destroyed.
May 26 – A tornado strikes Mattoon, Illinois, causing devastation and killing 101 people.
May 27
WWI: 1917 French Army mutinies: Over 30,000 French troops refuse to go to the trenches at Missy-aux-Bois.
Pope Benedict XV promulgates the 1917 Code of Canon Law.
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1917_5 | Section: June (2):
June 1 – 1917 French Army mutinies: A French infantry regiment seizes Missy-aux-Bois, and declares an anti-war military government. Other French army troops soon apprehend them.
June 4 – The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded: Laura E. Richards, Maud Howe Elliott and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for a biography, (for Julia Ward Howe). Jean Jules Jusserand receives the first Pulitzer for history, for his work With Americans of Past and Present Days. Herbert Bayard Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism, for his work for the New York World.
June 5 – WWI: Conscription begins in the United States.
June 7 – WWI: Battle of Messines opens with the British Army detonating 24 ammonal mines under the German lines, killing 10,000 in the deadliest deliberate non-nuclear man-made explosion in history.
June 8 – Speculator Mine disaster: A fire at the Granite Mountain and Speculator ore mine, outside Butte, Montana, kills at least 168 workers.
June 11 – King Constantine I of Greece abdicates for the first time, being succeeded by his son Alexander.
June 13 – WWI: The first major German bombing raid on London by fixed-wing aircraft leaves 162 dead and 432 injured.
June 15 – The United States enacts the Espionage Act.
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1917_6 | Section: July (2):
July
The first Cottingley Fairies photographs are taken in Yorkshire, England, apparently depicting fairies (a hoax not admitted by the child creators until 1981).
Suze Groeneweg becomes the first woman elected to sit in the House of Representatives in the Netherlands (although women will not be granted the right to vote until the following year).
July 1 – WWI: Russian General Brusilov begins the major Kerensky offensive in Galicia, initially advancing towards Lemberg.
July 1–3 – East St. Louis massacre: A labor dispute ignites a race riot in East St. Louis, Illinois, which leaves 250 dead.
July 2 – WWI: Greece joins the war on the side of the Allies.
July 6 – WWI:
Battle of Aqaba: Arabian troops, led by T. E. Lawrence, capture Aqaba from the Ottoman Empire.
The Conscription Crisis of 1917 in Canada leads to passage of the Military Service Act.
July 7 – The Lions Clubs International is formed in the United States.
July 8–13 – WWI: First Battle of Ramadi – British troops fail to take Ramadi from the Ottoman Empire; a majority of British casualties are due to extreme heat.
July 12 – Bisbee Deportation: The Phelps Dodge Corporation has over 1,000 suspected IWW members from its metal mines deported from Bisbee, Arizona.
July 16–17 – Russian troops mutiny, abandon the Austrian front, and retreat to Ukraine; hundreds are shot by their commanding officers during the retreat.
July 16–18 – July Days: Serious clashes occur in Petrograd; Vladimir Lenin escapes to Finland; Leon Trotsky is arrested.
July 17 – King George V of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the British Royal Family will bear the surname Windsor, vice the Germanic bloodline of House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (an offshoot of the historic (800+ years) House of Wettin).
July 20
The Parliament of Finland, with a Social Democratic majority, passes a "Sovereignty Act", declaring itself, as the representative of the Finnish people, sovereign over the Grand Principality of Finland. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the act, as it would have devolved Russian sovereignty over Finland, formerly exercised by the Russian Emperor as Grand Prince of Finland, and alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of an independent Finland.
(July 7, O.S.) – Alexander Kerensky becomes premier of the Russian Provisional Government, replacing Prince Georgy Lvov.
The Russian Provisional Government enacts women's suffrage.
The Corfu Declaration, which enables the establishment of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and the Kingdom of Serbia.
July 20–28 – WWI: Austrian and German forces repulse the Russian advance into Galicia.
July 25 – Sir William Thomas White introduces Canada's first income tax as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
July 28 – The Silent Parade is organized by the NAACP in New York City, to protest the East St. Louis massacre of early July, as well as lynchings in Tennessee and Texas.
July 30 – The Parliament of Finland is dissolved by the Russian Provisional Government. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority.
July 31 – WWI: Battle of Passchendaele ("Third Battle of Ypres") – Allied offensive operations commence in Flanders.
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1917_7 | Section: August (2):
August 2–3 – The Green Corn Rebellion, an uprising by several hundred farmers against the WWI draft, takes place in central Oklahoma.
August 2 – Squadron Commander E.H. Dunning lands his aircraft on the ship HMS Furious in Scapa Flow, Orkney. He is killed 5 days later during another landing on the ship.
August 3 – The New York Guard is founded.
August 10 – A general strike begins in Spain; it is smashed after 3 days with 70 left dead, hundreds of wounded and 2,000 arrests.
August 14 – The Republic of China declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.
August 17 – One of English literature's important meetings takes place, when Wilfred Owen introduces himself to Siegfried Sassoon at the Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh.
August 18 – The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 in Greece destroys 32% of the city, leaving 70,000 individuals homeless.
August 29 – WWI: The Military Service Act is passed in the House of Commons of Canada, giving the Government of Canada the right to conscript men into the army.
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1917_8 | Section: September (2):
September 11 – The Bellevue Conference is held.
September 14 (September 1 Old Style) – Russia is declared a republic by the Provisional Government.
September 23 – Leon Trotsky is elected Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
September 25 – The Mossovet (Moscow Soviet of People's Deputies) votes to side with the Bolsheviks.
September 26–October 3 – WWI: Battle of Polygon Wood (part of the Battle of Passchendaele) near Ypres in Belgium – British and Australian troops capture positions from the Germans.
September 28–29 – WWI: Second Battle of Ramadi – British troops take Ramadi from the Ottoman Empire.
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1917_9 | Section: October (2):
October 4 – WWI: Battle of Broodseinde near Ypres – British Imperial forces overpower the German 4th Army's defences.
October 12 – WWI: First Battle of Passchendaele: – Allies fail to take a German defensive position, with the biggest loss of life in a single day for New Zealand, over 800 men and 45 officers are killed, roughly 1 in 1,000 of the nation's population at this time.
October 12–19 – WWI: Operation Albion – German forces land on and capture the West Estonian archipelago.
October 13 – The Miracle of the Sun is reported at Fátima, Portugal.
October 19
Dallas Love Field Airport is opened in Texas.
Carl Swartz leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after dismal election results for the right-wing in the Riksdag elections in September. He is replaced by liberal leader and history professor Nils Edén.
October 23 – A Brazilian ship is destroyed by a German U-boat, encouraging Brazil to enter World War I.
October 24 – WWI: Battle of Caporetto opens between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers near Kobarid in the Austrian Littoral. It is the first major engagement for junior German officer Erwin Rommel.
October 26 – WWI: Brazil declares war against the Central Powers.
October 27 – WWI: Battle of Buqqar Ridge – Ottoman forces attack British Desert Mounted Corps units garrisoning El-Buqqar Ridge, during the last days of the Stalemate in Southern Palestine.
October 31 – WWI: Battle of Beersheba – The British XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps (Egyptian Expeditionary Force) attack and capture Beersheba from Ottoman forces, ending the stalemate in Southern Palestine. The battle includes a rare (by this date) mounted charge, by Australian mounted infantry.
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1917_10 | Section: November (2):
November 1 – WWI:
The British XXI Corps of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the Third Battle of Gaza.
The British Desert Mounted Corps begins the Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, in the direction of Hebron and Jerusalem.
November 2 – Zionism: The British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour makes the Balfour Declaration, proclaiming British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities".
November 5 (N.S.) (October 23, O.S.) – Estonian and Russian Bolsheviks seize power in Tallinn, Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, two days before the October Revolution in Petrograd.
November 6
WWI – Second Battle of Passchendaele: After 3 months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Passchendaele in Belgium (the battle concludes on November 10).
WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria is launched by the British XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps, against the central Ottoman defences protecting the Gaza to Beersheba Road.
Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers, to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government.
November 7
(N.S.) (October 25, O.S.) – October Revolution in Russia: The workers of the Petrograd Soviet in Russia, led by the Bolshevik Party and leader Vladimir Lenin, storm the Winter Palace and successfully destroy the Kerensky Provisional Government after less than eight months of rule. This immediately triggers the Russian Civil War.
Iran (which has provided weapons for Russia) refuses to support the Allied Forces after the October Revolution.
WWI – Third Battle of Gaza: The British Army XXI Corps occupies Gaza, after the Ottoman garrison withdraws.
WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria continues, when the XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps capture Hareira and Sheria, marking the end of the Ottoman Gaza to Beersheba line.
Women's Suffrage in the United States: Women win the right to vote in New York State.
November 8 (N.S.) (October 26, O.S.) – Following the October Revolution, Alexandra Kollontai is appointed People's Commissar for Social Welfare in the Council of People's Commissars of the Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the first woman cabinet minister in Europe.
November 13 – WWI:
Battle of Mughar Ridge: The British Imperial Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacks retreating Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group forces, resulting in the capture of 10,000 Ottoman prisoners, 100 guns and 50 miles (80 km) of Palestine territory.
The ANZAC Mounted Division (Desert Mounted Corps) successfully fights the Battle of Ayun Kara, in the aftermath of the Battle of Mughar Ridge against strong German rearguards.
November 15
"Night of Terror" in the United States: Influential suffragettes from the Silent Sentinels are deliberately subjected to physical assaults by guards while imprisoned.
The Parliament of Finland passes another "Sovereignty Act", dissolving Russian sovereignty over Finland and effectively declaring Finland independent.
(N.S.) (November 2, O.S.) – The Provincial Assembly of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia declares itself the highest legal body in Estonia, in opposition to Bolsheviks.
November 16
WWI: Battle of Ayun Kara: The ANZAC Mounted Division occupies Jaffa.
Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France.
November 17
WWI: Action of 17 November 1917: United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning and USS Nicholson capture Imperial German Navy U-boat SM U-58 off the south-west coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U.S. ships take a submarine (which is then scuttled).
WWI: The Battle of Jerusalem (1917) begins, with the British Imperial Egyptian Expeditionary Force launching attacks against Ottoman forces in the Judean Hills.
The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals is founded in the United Kingdom.
November 19 – WWI: Battle of Caporetto ends with Austrian and German forces driving the Italian army to retreat 150 kilometres south to the Piave river. The Italians lose 13,000 killed, 30,000 wounded, around 270,000 taken prisoner (mostly willingly) and 50,000 deserted; the government of Paolo Boselli collapses on November 29.
November 20
WWI: Battle of Cambrai – British forces, using tanks, make early progress in an attack on German positions, but are soon beaten back.
Ukraine is declared a republic.
November 22 – In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the National Hockey Association suspends operations.
November 23 – The Bolsheviks release the full text of the previously secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 in Izvestia and Pravda; it is printed in the Manchester Guardian on November 26.
November 24 – A bomb kills 9 members of the Milwaukee Police Department, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history (until the September 11 attacks in 2001).
November 25 – WWI: Battle of Ngomano – German forces defeat a Portuguese army of about 1,200 at Negomano, on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania.
November 26 – The National Hockey League is formed in Montreal, as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association.
November 28 – WWI: The Bolsheviks offer peace terms to the Germans.
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1917_11 | Section: December (2):
December – Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress.
December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on August 29, 1907 and September 11, 1916).
December 6
The Senate of Finland officially declares the country's independence from Russia.
Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (the biggest man-made explosion in recorded history until the Trinity nuclear test in 1945).
WWI: U.S. Navy destroyer USS Jacob Jones is torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean south west of the British Isles by German submarine U-53, killing 66 crew in the first significant American naval loss of the war, the first ever U.S. destroyer loss to an enemy.
December 9 – WWI:
Battle of Jerusalem: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force accepts the surrender of Jerusalem by the mayor, Hussein al-Husayni, following the effective defeat of the Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group.
The Kingdom of Romania signs the Armistice of Focșani with the Central Powers.
December 11 – WWI: General Edmund Allenby leads units of the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force into Jerusalem on foot through, the Jaffa Gate.
December 17 – The Raad van Vlaanderen proclaims the independence of Flanders from German-occupied Belgium.
December 20 (N.S.) (December 7, O.S.) – The Cheka, a predecessor to the KGB, is established in Russia.
December 23 (N.S.) (December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring Narva and Ivangorod (Jaanilinn) from the Petrograd Governorate, to the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia.
December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams's Why Marry?, the first play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre, New York City.
December 26 – United States President Woodrow Wilson uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to transport troops and materials for the war effort more efficiently.
December 30 – WWI: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force secures the victory at the Battle of Jerusalem, by successfully defending Jerusalem from numerous counterattacks by the Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group.
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1918_0 | 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1918th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 918th year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1918, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1918_0 | Section: January (2):
January – 1918 flu pandemic: The "Spanish flu" (influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas.
January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Soviet Russia, Sweden, Germany and France.
January 8 – American president Woodrow Wilson presents the Fourteen Points as a basis for peace negotiations to end the war.
January 9 – Battle of Bear Valley: U.S. troops engage Yaqui Native American warriors in a minor skirmish in Arizona. This is one of the last battles of the American Indian Wars between the United States and Native Americans.
January 15
The keel of HMS Hermes is laid in Britain, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be laid down.
The Red Army (The Workers and Peasants Red Army) is formed in the Russian SFSR and Soviet Union.
January 18 – The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers is held at the Konzerthaus, Vienna.
January 19 – The Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims the Russian Democratic Federative Republic but is dissolved by the Bolshevik government on the same day.
January 22 – The Ukrainian People's Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia.
January 25 – The Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets establishes the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
January 27 – The Finnish Civil War begins with the Battle of Kämärä.
January 28 – Porvenir massacre: Texas Rangers, U.S. Cavalry soldiers and local ranchers kill 15 unarmed Mexican villagers, both men and boys.
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1918_1 | Section: February (2):
February 1 – Cattaro Mutiny: Austrian sailors in the Gulf of Cattaro (Kotor), led by two Czech Socialists, mutiny.
February 3 – Battle of Oulu
February 5 – The SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the Irish coast; it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk.
February 6 – Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom: Representation of the People Act gives most women over 30 the vote.
February 10 – Deposed Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II dies in Istanbul.
February 13 – A magnitude (Mw) 7.2 earthquake shakes the Chinese city of Shantou leaving 1,000 dead and causing a moderate tsunami.
February 14 – Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar; the date skips from January 31 to February 14.
February 16 – The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from Germany, Russia or any other state.
February 18 – Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes in Balochistan by British authorities begin.
February 19 – WWI: The Capture of Jericho by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the British occupation of the Jordan Valley.
February 19–25 – WWI: The Imperial Russian Navy evacuates Tallinn through thick ice, over the Gulf of Finland.
February 23 – Estonian Declaration of Independence from Russia, after seven centuries of foreign rule; German forces capture Tallinn the following day.
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1918_2 | Section: March (2):
March 1 – WWI: German submarine U-19 sinks HMS Calgarian off Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland.
March 3 – WWI: The Central Powers and Bolshevist Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia's involvement in the war.
March 6
The Finnish Army Corps of Aviation is founded as a forerunner of the Finnish Air Force (established on 4 May 1928). The blue swastika is adopted as its symbol, as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator Eric von Rosen, who donated the first plane. Von Rosen had painted the Viking symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia.
The first pilotless drone, the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane developed by Elmer Ambrose Sperry and Peter Cooper Hewitt, is test-flown in Long Island, New York, but development is scrapped in 1925, after its guidance system proves unreliable.
March 7 – WWI: Finland forms an alliance with Germany.
March 8 – WWI: The Battle of Tell 'Asur is launched by units of the British Army's Egyptian Expeditionary Force against Ottoman defences from the Mediterranean Sea, across the Judaean Mountains to the edge of the Jordan Valley; it ends on March 12, with the move of much of the front line north into Ottoman territory.
March 12 – Moscow becomes the capital of Soviet Russia.
March 15 – Finnish Civil War: The battle of Tampere begins.
March 19 – The United States Congress establishes time zones, and approves daylight saving time (DST goes into effect on March 31).
March 21–July 18 – WWI: The Spring Offensive by the German Army along the Western Front fails to make a breakthrough, despite large losses on each side, including nearly 20,000 British Army dead on the first day, Operation Michael, on the Somme.
March 21 – WWI: The First Transjordan attack on Amman by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins, with the passage of the Jordan River.
March 23
WWI: The giant German cannon, the 'Paris Gun' (Kaiser Wilhelm Geschütz), begins to shell Paris from 114 km (71 mi) away.
In London at the Wood Green Empire, Chung Ling Soo (William E. Robinson, U.S.-born magician) dies during his trick, where he is supposed to "catch" two separate bullets (but one of them perforates his lung). He dies the following morning in a hospital.
March 25
The Belarusian People's Republic declares independence.
Karl Muck, music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, is arrested under the Alien Enemies Act, and imprisoned for the duration of WWI.
March 26 – Marie Stopes publishes her influential book Married Love in the U.K.
March 27 – WWI: The First Battle of Amman is launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, during the First Transjordan attack on Amman; it ends with their withdrawal on 31 March, back to the Jordan Valley.
March 30 – March Days: Bolshevik and Armenian Revolutionary Federation forces suppress a Muslim revolt in Baku, Azerbaijan, resulting in up to 30,000 deaths.
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1918_3 | Section: April (2):
April 1 – The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service in Britain are merged to form the Royal Air Force, the first autonomous Air Force in the world.
April 5 – Sālote succeeds as Queen of Tonga; she will remain on the throne until her death in 1965.
April 6 – Finnish Civil War: The battle of Tampere ends.
April 8 – Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes in Balochistan end with surrender to the British authorities.
April 9 – Union of Bessarabia with Romania: Bessarabia votes to become part of the Kingdom of Romania.
April 21 – WWI: Manfred von Richthofen, "The Red Baron", the war's most successful fighter pilot, dies in combat at Morlancourt Ridge near the Somme River.
April 22 – Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declare their independence from Russia as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.
April 23 – WWI:
Conscription Crisis of 1918 in Ireland: A general strike is held here against conscription.
Zeebrugge Raid: The British Royal Navy attempts to seal off the German U-boat base here.
First Ostend Raid: The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts to seal off the German U-boat base here.
April 28 – WWI: Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, dies in Terezin, Austria-Hungary, after three years in prison.
April 30 – WWI: The Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt, launched by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, ends on 4 May, with their withdrawal back to the Jordan Valley.
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1918_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1 – WWI: German troops enter Don Host Oblast; they capture Rostov-on-Don on May 8.
May 2 – General Motors acquires the Chevrolet Motor Company of Delaware.
May 7 – WWI: The British capture Kirkuk.
May 9 – WWI – Second Ostend Raid: The British Royal Navy unsuccessfully attempts, for a second time, to seal off the German U-boat base here.
May 11 – The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus is officially established.
May 14 – The Three Minute Pause, initiated by the daily firing of the Noon Gun on Signal Hill, is instituted by Cape Town Mayor Sir Harry Hands. It will inspire the introduction of the two-minute silence in November 1919.
May 15
The Finnish Civil War ends.
The United States Post Office Department begins the world's third regular airmail service, between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.
May 16 – The Sedition Act of 1918 is approved by the U.S. Congress.
May 20 – The small town of Codell, Kansas is hit for the third year in a row, on the same date, by a tornado.
May 21 – The United States Army Aviation Section is separated from the Signal Corps, and divided into the Division of Military Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aircraft Production.
May 24 – Women in Canada, excluding residents of Quebec, are granted the right to vote in federal elections.
May 26 – The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic is abolished; Georgia declares its independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia.
May 27 – WWI: The Third Battle of the Aisne commences.
May 28 – Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively.
May 29 – WWI: The week-long Battle of Sardarabad concludes with defending Armenian forces victorious over the Ottomans.
May 29–30 – WWI: Battle of Skra di Legen – The Greek National Defence Army Corps defeats the Bulgarians.
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1918_5 | Section: June (2):
June–August – The "Spanish flu" becomes pandemic. Over 30 million people die in the following 6 months.
June 1 – WWI: The Battle of Belleau Wood begins.
June 4 – RMS Kenilworth Castle, one of the Union-Castle Line steamships, collides with her escort destroyer HMS Rival while trying to avoid her other escort, the cruiser HMS Kent.
June 8 – V603 Aquilae, the brightest nova observed since Kepler's of 1604, is discovered.
June 10 – WWI: The Austro-Hungarian dreadnought battleship SMS Szent István is sunk by two Italian MAS motor torpedo boats off the Dalmatian coast.
June 12
Grand Duke Michael of Russia is murdered, thereby becoming the first of the Romanovs to be killed by the Bolsheviks.
WWI: The first airplane bombing raid by an American unit in France is carried out.
June 16 – The Declaration to the Seven, a British government response to a memorandum issued anonymously by seven Syrian notables, is published.
June 22 – Suspects in the Chicago Restaurant Poisonings are arrested, and more than 100 waiters are taken into custody for poisoning restaurant customers with a lethal powder called Mickey Finn.
June 29 – Bronx International Exposition of Science, Arts and Industries opens in New York; Brazil is the only international exhibitor and the exposition closes at the end of the season.
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1918_6 | Section: July (2):
July 3 – Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War: The Siberian Intervention is launched by the Allies, to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from the Russian Civil War.
July 4 – Mehmed VI succeeds as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire on the death of his half-brother Mehmed V (Reşâd, who has reigned since 1909), himself reigning until the Sultanate is abolished in 1922.
July 12 – The Imperial Japanese Navy battleship Kawachi blows up off Tokuyama, Yamaguchi, western Honshu, Japan, killing at least 621.
July 13 – The National Czechoslovak Committee is established.
July 14 – The film The Glorious Adventure is released in the United States, featuring Mammy Lou, who becomes one of the oldest people ever to star in a film, at a claimed age of 114.
July 14 – WWI: Second Battle of the Marne: The battle begins near the River Marne, with a German attack.
July 14 – Quentin Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt's youngest son, is killed in action during the Second Battle of the Marne.
July 17
WWI: RMS Carpathia (famed for rescuing survivors of the RMS Titanic) is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland, by Imperial German Navy submarine U-55; 218 of the 223 on board are rescued.
Execution of the Romanov family: By order of the Bolshevik Party, and carried out by the Cheka, former emperor Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, Alexei and retainers are shot at the Ipatiev House, in Ekaterinburg, Russia.
July 21 – WWI: Attack on Orleans – Imperial German submarine SM U-156 surfaces and fires on a small convoy of barges and defending flying boats off the Cape Cod town of Orleans, Massachusetts.
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1918_7 | Section: August (2):
August 2 – North Russia Intervention: Anti-Bolshevik forces stage a coup at Arkhangelsk, and an occupation by Allied forces follows.
August 3 – WWI: Australian hospital ship HMAT Warilda is torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel on passage from Le Havre to Southampton by German submarine SM UC-49 with the loss of 123 of the 801 people on board.
August 8 – WWI: Battle of Amiens – British, Canadian and Australian troops begin a string of almost continuous victories, the 'Hundred Days Offensive', with an 8-mile push through the German front lines, taking 12,000 prisoners. German General Erich Ludendorff later calls this the "black day of the German Army".
August 10 – Russian Revolution: The British commander in Archangel is told to help the White Russians.
August 16 – The Battle of Lake Baikal is fought by the Czechoslovak legion, against the Red Army.
August 21 – WWI: The Second Battle of the Somme begins.
August 23 – The Bessarabian Peasants' Party is created.
August 27 – Battle of Ambos Nogales: U.S. Army forces skirmish against Mexican Carrancistas and their German advisors at Nogales, Arizona, in the only battle of WWI fought on United States soil.
August 30
In response to the October Revolution in Russia, Vladimir Lenin is shot and wounded by Fanny Kaplan in Moscow, but survives.
Moisei Uritsky, the Petrograd head of the Cheka, is assassinated.
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1918_8 | Section: September (2):
September – WWI: British armies and their Arab allies roll into Syria.
September 3 – The Bolshevik government of Russia publishes the first official announcement of the Red Terror, a period of repression against political opponents, as an "Appeal to the Working Class" in the newspaper Izvestia.
September 4 – WWI: Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin concludes with the Australian Corps breaking the German line.
September 5 – Russian Civil War: The Kazan Operation begins. The event continues for 5 days, and solidifies the Red Army's power in Russia over the White Army.
September 12 – WWI: Battle of Havrincourt – The British take a German salient.
September 12–15 – WWI: Battle of Saint-Mihiel – Americans take a German salient.
September 14 – WWI: The Balkan front offensive by the Serbian Army begins.
September 15–18 – WWI: Battle of Dobro Pole in the Vardar Offensive of the Balkans Campaign: The Allied Army of the Orient defeats Bulgarian defenders.
September 18 – WWI: Battle of Épehy – British approach the Hindenburg Line along the St Quentin Canal.
September 19 – WWI:
The British Army's Egyptian Expeditionary Force launches the Battle of Megiddo, incorporating the Battle of Sharon, and the Battle of Nablus, an attack in the Judaean Mountains. This day are fought the Battle of Tulkarm, and the Battle of Arara, which break the Ottoman front line stretching from the Mediterranean coast to the Judaean Mountains, while the Battle of Tabsor extends into September 20.
The Third Transjordan attack in the Jordan Valley begins.
September 20 – WWI: The British Army's Desert Mounted Corps launches the
Battle of Nazareth by 5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army);
Capture of Afulah and Beisan by the 4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army);
Capture of Jenin by the Australian Mounted Division, almost encircling the Yildirim Army Group still in the Judaean Mountains.
September 25 – WWI:
The Battle of Megiddo ends with the Battle of Haifa, Battle of Samakh, and Capture of Tiberias.
The Third Transjordan attack ends with ANZAC Mounted Division victory at the Second Battle of Amman, with the subsequent capture at Ziza of the Ottoman II Corps, and more than 10,000 Ottoman and German prisoners.
September 26 – WWI:
The Meuse-Argonne Offensive begins, the largest and bloodiest operation of the war for the American Expeditionary Forces.
The Capture of Damascus begins, with the Charge at Irbid by the 4th Cavalry Division.
September 27 – WWI
The Battle of the Canal du Nord, launched by British and Empire forces, continues the advance towards the Hindenburg Line.
The Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub, launched by the Australian Mounted Division, continues the advance towards Damascus.
September 29 – WWI:
Battle of St Quentin Canal begins; Allied forces advance towards the Hindenburg Line.
Bulgaria requests an armistice.
September 30 – WWI:
The Charge at Kaukab is begun by units of the Australian Mounted Division.
The Charge at Kiswe is begun by 4th Cavalry Division, continuing the Desert Mounted Corps' advance to Damascus.
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1918_9 | Section: October (2):
October 1 – WWI: The Desert Mounted Corps captures Damascus.
October 2 – WWI: The Charge at Khan Ayash is begun north of Damascus, by the 3rd Light Horse Brigade.
October 3
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany appoints Max von Baden Chancellor of Germany.
King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military collapse in WWI. He is succeeded by his son, Boris III.
WWI: The Pursuit to Haritan by the Desert Mounted Corps begins.
October 4
Wilhelm II of Germany forms a new, liberal government to sue for peace.
The T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion in New Jersey kills 100+, and destroys enough ammunition to supply the Western Front for 6 months.
October 7 – The Regency Council (Poland) declares Polish independence from the German Empire, and demands that Germany cede the Polish provinces of Poznań, Upper Silesia and Polish Pomerania.
October 8–10 – WWI: Second Battle of Cambrai: British and Canadian troops take Cambrai from the Germans and the First and Third British Armies break through the Hindenburg Line.
October 8 – WWI: In the Forest of Argonne in France, U.S. Corporal Alvin C. York almost single-handedly kills 25 German soldiers and captures 132.
October 9 – Landgrave Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse is elected King of Finland.
October 11 – The magnitude (Mw) 7.1 San Fermín earthquake shakes Puerto Rico with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 76–116 people. A destructive tsunami contributes to the damage and loss of life.
October 12 – Cloquet Fire: The city of Cloquet, Minnesota, and nearby areas are destroyed in a fire, killing 453.
October 16 – Emperor Karl IV of Austria publishes the Völkermanifest manifesto, declaring the Cisleithanian part of the empire will be federalized on the basis of national councils
October 18 – The Washington Declaration proclaims the independent Czechoslovak Republic.
October 21 – German representatives of the Reichsrat in Austria-Hungary form the Provisional National Assembly for German-Austria
October 24 – WWI: The Battle of Vittorio Veneto opens.
October 25
WWI: Aleppo is captured, by Prince Feisal's Sheifial Forces.
The steamer Princess Sophia sinks on Vanderbilt Reef near Juneau, Alaska; 353 people die, in the greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest.
October 26 – WWI – Charge at Haritan: Units of the Desert Mounted Corps battle with Ottoman forces for the last time in WWI.
October 28
Czechoslovakia declares its independence from Austria-Hungary.
A new Polish government is declared in Western Galicia (Eastern Europe).
October 29
The Wilhelmshaven mutiny of the German High Seas Fleet breaks out.
The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs declares its independence from Austria-Hungary.
October 30
The Martin Declaration is published, including Slovakia in the formation of the Czecho-Slovak state.
The Armistice of Mudros ends conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I, and grants independence to the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.
October 31 – Revolution overthrows the pro-Habsburg government in Hungary, effectively dissolving the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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1919_0 | 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1919th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 919th year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1919, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1919_0 | Section: January (2):
January 1
The Czechoslovak Legions occupy much of the self-proclaimed "free city" of Pressburg (later Bratislava), enforcing its incorporation into the new republic of Czechoslovakia.
HMY Iolaire sinks off the coast of the Hebrides; 201 people, mostly servicemen returning home to Lewis and Harris, are killed.
January 2–22 – Russian Civil War: The Red Army's Caspian-Caucasian Front begins the Northern Caucasus Operation against the White Army, but fails to make progress.
January 3 – The Faisal–Weizmann Agreement is signed by Emir Faisal (representing the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz) and Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann, for Arab–Jewish cooperation in the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.
January 5 – In Germany:
Spartacist uprising in Berlin: The Marxist Spartacus League, with the newly formed Communist Party of Germany and the Independent Social Democratic Party, begin mass demonstrations, which will be suppressed by armed force within a week.
The German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP), predecessor of the Nazi Party, is formed by the merger of Anton Drexler's Committee of Independent Workmen with journalist Karl Harrer's Political Workers' Circle.
January 7 – Estonian War of Independence: With Soviet Russian forces just 40 km outside of the capital Tallinn, Estonian forces start a general and successful counter-offensive against the Red Army.
January 8 – The funeral of Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, is held at Christ Church Oyster Bay, Long Island; Roosevelt had died in his sleep at the age of 60, two days earlier.
January 8–22 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The Red Army attacks and defeats the White Don Army under Pyotr Krasnov in the Voronezh–Povorino Operation.
January 9
Friedrich Ebert orders the Freikorps into action in Berlin.
Estonian War of Independence: Battle of Tapa – Estonian forces liberate Tapa, Estonia, from the Red Army.
A group of socialist and liberal deputies table a motion to make Luxembourg a republic. A crowd gathers at the barracks of the Corps of Volunteers, close to the Chamber. A crowd led by Émile Servais, a left-wing politician, rushes the Chamber and soldiers refuse to disperse them. A Committee of Public Safety is formed, but the rebellion is quelled by the French Army under General de La Tour.
January 10–12 – The Freikorps attacks Spartacist supporters around Berlin.
January 11
Romania annexes Transylvania.
The Georgian genocide occurs in Alagir.
January 12–May 19 – Russian Civil War: On the Southern Front, the Armed Forces of South Russia under General Anton Denikin fight against the Red Army for the possession of the strategic region of the Donbass.
January 13 – Workers' councils in Berlin end the general strike; the Spartacist uprising is over.
January 14 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Tartu from the Red Army.
January 15
Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht are murdered following the Spartacist uprising.
Great Molasses Flood: A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston, Massachusetts, killing 21 people and injuring 150.
January 16
The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizing Prohibition, is ratified.
Pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski becomes the second Prime Minister of Poland.
January 18
The Paris Peace Conference opens in France, with delegates from 27 nations attending for meetings at the Palace of Versailles.
Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Narva, expelling the Red Army from Northern Estonia.
Bentley Motors Limited is founded in England.
January 19–28 – Russian Civil War: The Red Army begins the counter offensive in the Perm area against the White forces.
January 19
The Monarchy of the North is established in Northern Portugal.
1919 German federal election, first under the Weimar Republic and the first in Germany with female suffrage.
January 21 – Dáil Éireann meets for the first time in the Mansion House, Dublin. It comprises Sinn Féin members elected in the 1918 general election who, in accordance with their manifesto, have not taken their seats in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, but chosen to declare an independent Irish Republic. In the first shots of the Anglo-Irish War, two Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) men are killed in an ambush at Soloheadbeg in County Tipperary.
January 23 – Khotyn Uprising: pro-Ukrainian partisans capture the city of Khotyn in Romania.
January 25 – The League of Nations is founded in Paris, France.
January 31 – Battle of George Square: The British Army is called in to deal with riots, during negotiations over working hours in Glasgow, Scotland.
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1919_1 | Section: February (2):
February 1 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces liberate Valga and Võru, expelling the Red Army from the entire territory of Estonia.
February 3 – Russian Civil War: Soviet troops occupy Ukraine.
February 4–5 – Pressburg (Bratislava) becomes the capital of Slovakia.
February 5
United Artists (UA) is incorporated in the United States by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks as a motion picture producer.
Russian Civil War: Soviet troops occupy the city of Kyiv after the Battle of Kiev (January).
February 10 – The Inter-Allied Women's Conference convenes to compile a list of women's issues to present to the delegates of the Paris Peace Conference.
February 11
Friedrich Ebert is elected the first President of Germany (Reichspräsident), by the Weimar National Assembly.
The Seattle General Strike ends, when Federal troops are summoned by the State of Washington's Attorney General.
February 12 – Ethnic Germans and Hungarian inhabitants of Pressburg start a protest against its incorporation into Czechoslovakia, but the Czechoslovak Legions open fire on the unarmed demonstrators.
February 13 – Portugal's Monarchy of the North ends as a result of a revolt in Porto by civilians and National Republican Guard members.
February 14 – The Polish–Soviet War begins, with the Battle of Bereza Kartuska.
February 16–21 – Estonian War of Independence: Uniformed peasants in Saaremaa rebel against the government of Estonia; the rebellion is crushed by government forces, leaving more than 200 dead.
February 25 – Oregon places a one cent per US gallon (0.26¢/liter) tax on gasoline, becoming the first U.S. state to levy a gasoline tax.
February 26 – Grand Canyon National Park: An act of the United States Congress establishes most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park.
February 28
Amānullāh Khān becomes King of Afghanistan.
An independence mission to the U.S., funded by the Philippine legislature, sets out from Manila to present its case to United States Secretary of War Newton D. Baker.
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1919_2 | Section: March (2):
March 1 – The March 1st Movement against Japanese colonial rule in Korea is formed.
March 2 – The Founding Congress of the Comintern opens in Moscow.
March 3–April – Russian Civil War: Beginning of the Chapan War as peasants of the provinces of Samara and Simbirsk rebel against Soviet rule.
March 4
The Communist International (Comintern) is founded.
Russian Civil War: The White forces in Siberia under the command of Admiral Alexander Kolchak attack the positions of the Red Army in the Spring Offensive. The Whites crush the 5th Red Army under Jan Blumberg, and capture Okhansk, Osa, Sarapul and finally Ufa over the next days.
March 4–5 – Kinmel Park Riots by troops of the Canadian Expeditionary Force awaiting repatriation at Kinmel Camp, Bodelwyddan, in North Wales. Five men are killed, 28 injured, and 25 convicted of mutiny.
March 5 – A. Mitchell Palmer becomes United States Attorney General, through recess appointment.
March 8
The Rowlatt Act is passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in London, indefinitely extending the emergency provisions of the Defence of India Act 1915.
British authorities in Egypt arrest populist leader Saad Zaghloul, exiling him to Malta, triggering the Egyptian Revolution of 1919.
March 11–June 8 – Russian Civil War: The Cossacks of the Upper Don rebel against Bolshevik rule in the Vyoshenskaya Uprising and join the White forces.
March 15–17 – Members of the American Expeditionary Forces convene in Paris for the first American Legion caucus.
March 17 – Birth of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
March 21 – The Hungarian Soviet Republic is established by Béla Kun.
March 23 – Benito Mussolini founds his Italian Fascist political movement in Milan.
March 23–24 – Charles I, the last Emperor of Austria, leaves Austria for exile in Switzerland.
March 26 – Queen of the South F.C. is formed in Dumfries, Scotland.
March 27 – The name Bratislava is officially adopted for the city of Pressburg.
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1919_3 | Section: April (2):
April 5 – Pinsk massacre: 35 Jews are killed by the Polish Army without trial after being accused of Bolshevism.
April 6–7 – The Bavarian Soviet Republic is founded.
April 10 – Mexican Revolution leader Emiliano Zapata is ambushed and shot dead in Morelos.
April 12 – French serial killer Henri Désiré Landru is arrested.
April 13
Amritsar Massacre: Under the command of Reginald Dyer, detachments of the 9th Gorkha Rifles and the 59th Scinde Rifles massacre 379 Sikh civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, in the Punjab Province.
Eugene V. Debs enters prison at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia for speaking out against conscription in the United States during World War I.
April 15 – The Save the Children Fund is created in the UK to raise money for the relief of German and Austrian children.
April 20 – The French Army blows up the bridge over the Dniester at Bender, Moldova, to protect the city from the Bolsheviks.
April 22–June 20 – Russian Civil War: Counteroffensive of Eastern Front – The Reds go on the offensive on the Siberia Front: General Gaya Gai defeats the White forces near Orenburg after a 3-day battle. Over the next weeks, the Red Army pushes the Whites behind the Ural Mountains.
April 23 – The Estonian Constituent Assembly convenes its first session.
April 25
The Bauhaus architectural and design movement is founded in Weimar, Germany.
Anzac Day is observed for the first time in Australia.
Pancho Villa takes Parral, Chihuahua, in Mexico, and executes the mayor and his two sons.
April 30 – First wave of 1919 United States anarchist bombings: several bombs sent by followers of the Italian anarchist Luigi Galleani are intercepted.
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1919_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1 – May Day Riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio, United States; 2 people are killed, 40 injured, and 116 arrested.
May 2 – Weimar Republic troops and the Freikorps occupy Munich and crush the Bavarian Soviet Republic.
May 3 – Amānullāh Khān attacks the British government in India.
May 4
The May Fourth Movement erupts in China as a result of the decision at the Paris Peace Conference to transfer former German concessions in Jiaozhou Bay to Japan rather than return sovereign authority to China.
The League of Red Cross Societies is formed in Paris.
May 6 – The Third Anglo-Afghan War begins.
May 8–27 – United States Navy Curtiss flying boat NC-4, commanded by Albert Cushing Read, makes the first transatlantic flight, from Naval Air Station Rockaway to Lisbon via Trepassey, Newfoundland (departs May 16) and the Azores (arrives May 17). (On May 30–31 it flies on to Plymouth in England.)
May 9 – In Belgium, a new electoral law introduces universal manhood suffrage and gives the franchise to certain classes of women.
May 14 – The University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, establishes probably the world's first chair in International Politics, endowed by David Davies and his sisters in honour of Woodrow Wilson, with Alfred Eckhard Zimmern as first professor.
May 15
Greek landing at Smyrna: The Hellenic Army lands at Smyrna assisted by ships of the British Royal Navy.
A law providing for full women's suffrage in the Netherlands is introduced.
Winnipeg general strike: Workers in Winnipeg, Canada, begin a strike for better wages and working conditions; the strike lasts for six weeks.
May 19
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk lands at Samsun on the Anatolian Black Sea coast, marking the start of the Turkish War of Independence. The anniversary of this event is also an official day of Turkish Youth.
Volcano Kelud erupts in Java, killing about 5,000.
May 23 – The University of California opens its second campus in Los Angeles. Initially called Southern Branch of the University of California (SBUC), it is eventually renamed the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
May 25 – Estonian War of Independence: Estonian forces capture Pskov from the Red Army, and soon hand it over to the White forces.
May 27
Fyodor Raskolnikov is exchanged for 14 British prisoners of war.
Siege of Spin Boldak (Third Anglo-Afghan War). This is the last time the British Army uses an escalade.
May 29
Eddington experiment: Einstein's theory of general relativity is tested by Arthur Eddington's observation of the "bending of light" during a total solar eclipse in Príncipe, and by Andrew Crommelin in Sobral, Ceará, Brazil (confirmed November 19).
The Republic of Prekmurje formally declares independence from Hungary.
May 30 – By agreement with the United Kingdom, later confirmed by the League of Nations, Belgium is given the mandate over part of German East Africa (Ruanda-Urundi).
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1919_5 | Section: June (2):
June – Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, along with his father John W. Bascom at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, designs and makes rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute, which becomes the world standard.
June 2 – 1919 United States anarchist bombings: Eight mail bombs are sent to prominent figures.
June 4 – Women's rights: The United States Congress approves the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sends it to the states for ratification.
June 5 – Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence: The advancing pro-German Baltische Landeswehr initiates war against Estonia in Northern Latvia.
June 6 – The Hungarian Red Army attacks the Republic of Prekmurje.
June 7
Sette Giugno on Malta: British troops fire on a mob protesting against the colonial government, killing four.
Russian Civil War: Counteroffensive of Eastern Front: The Red army captures the city of Birsk from the White forces.
June 9 – Russian Civil War: Counteroffensive of Eastern Front: The Red army recaptures the city of Ufa
June 14–15 – A Vickers Vimy piloted by British aviator John Alcock, with navigator Arthur Whitten Brown, makes the first nonstop transatlantic flight, from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Connemara, Ireland.
June 15 – Pancho Villa attacks Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. When the bullets begin to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the United States 7th Cavalry Regiment cross the border, to push Villa's forces from American territory.
June 17 – Epsom Riot by Canadian troops: English Police Sergeant Thomas Green is killed.
June 18 – The second most popular football club in Costa Rica, Liga Deportiva Alajuelense, is founded.
June 20–25 – Russian Civil War, Southern Front: The White Volunteer Army defeats the exhausted Red forces in the Kharkiv Operation, capturing the industrial city of Kharkiv.
June 21
Bloody Saturday of the Winnipeg general strike: Royal North-West Mounted Police fire a volley of bullets into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two.
Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow: Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet interned at Scapa Flow, Scotland; nine German sailors are killed.
June 23 – Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence – Battle of Cēsis: The Estonian army defeats the pro-German Baltische Landeswehr in northern Latvia, forcing it to retreat towards Riga; the event is celebrated subsequently as Victory Day in Estonia.
June 26 – British Foreign Office official St John Philby and T. E. Lawrence arrive in Cairo for discussions about Arab unrest in Egypt, having been flown by Canadian pilot Harry Yates in a Handley Page bomber which set off from England on June 21.
June 28
The Treaty of Versailles is signed, formally ending World War I, five years to the day since the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. John Maynard Keynes, who has been present at the conference and is unhappy with the terms of the treaty, brings out his own analysis later in the year, entitled The Economic Consequences of the Peace.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is established as an agency of the League of Nations.
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1919_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1 – Russian Civil War: Perm Operation (1918–19) begins on the Siberian Front: The 2nd and 3rd armies of Soviet Russia recapture the city of Perm.
July 2 – The Syrian National Congress in Damascus: Arab nationalists announce independence.
July 2–6 – British airship R34 makes the first transatlantic flight by dirigible, and the first westbound flight, from RAF East Fortune, Scotland, to Mineola, New York.
July 3
Estonian and Latvian Wars of Independence: The pro-German Baltische Landeswehr signs a peace treaty with Estonia and Latvia. The pro-German Prime Minister of Latvia Andrievs Niedra resigns, and Latvian forces take over Riga on July 8.
Russian Civil War, Southern Front: General Anton Denikin of the White Volunteer Army proclaims Directive No. 08878 (the Moscow Directive), defining the operational and strategic target of the White Guard armies, to seize Moscow at this time controlled by the Bolsheviks, beginning the Advance on Moscow.
July 5–20 – Russian Civil War, Eastern or Siberian Front, Ekaterinburg Operation: The Red Army captures the city of Ekaterinburg in the Ural Mountains from the White rule of Admiral Alexander Kolchak.
July 7 – The United States Army sends a convoy across the continental U.S., starting in Washington, D.C., to assess the possibility of crossing North America by road. This crossing takes many months to complete, because the building of the U.S. Highway System has not commenced.
July 11 – The eight-hour day and free Sunday become law for workers in the Netherlands.
July 19 – The Foreign Ministry of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is established, by decree of the chancellory for foreign affairs.
July 21 – Wingfoot Air Express crash: The dirigible Wingfoot Air Express catches fire over downtown Chicago. Two passengers, one aircrewman and ten people on the ground are killed; however, two people parachute to the ground safely.
July 27 – The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 begins when a white man throws stones at a group of four black teens on a raft.
July 28 – The International Astronomical Union is founded in Paris, France.
July 31 – British police strikes in London and Liverpool for recognition of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers; over 2,000 strikers are dismissed.
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1919_7 | Section: August (2):
August 1 – Béla Kun's Hungarian Soviet Republic collapses.
August 3 – The Romanian army enters Timișoara.
August 4 – The Romanian army occupies Budapest.
August 8 – The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, signed in Rawalpindi, ends the Third Anglo-Afghan War, with the United Kingdom recognising the right of the Emirate of Afghanistan to manage its own foreign affairs and Afghanistan recognising the Durand Line as the border with British India.
August 11 – In Germany, the Weimar Constitution is proclaimed to be in effect (ratified).
August 14–September 12 – Russian Civil War: Southern Front counteroffensive – The Red Army commanded by Vladimir Yegoryev attacks the White Volunteer Army of General Anton Denikin but is defeated.
August 16–26 – First Silesian Uprising: Poles in Upper Silesia rise against the Germans.
August 18 – Russian Civil War: North Russia intervention – The Bolshevik fleet at Kronstadt, protecting Petrograd on the Baltic Sea, is substantially damaged by British Royal Navy Coastal Motor Boats (torpedo boats) and military aircraft in a combined operation.
August 21 – Friedrich Ebert becomes the first President of Germany (Reichspräsident) under the Weimar Constitution.
August 27 – South African Prime Minister Louis Botha dies in office of 'Spanish flu'.
August 29 – Russian Civil War: The Red Army captures Pskov from White forces.
August 31
Russian Civil War, Southern Front: the city of Kyiv is captured by the White Army.
The Communist Party of America is established.
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1919_8 | Section: September (2):
September 1–October 2 – Russian Civil War, Siberian Front: Admiral Alexander Kolchak launches his final offensive in the Tobolsk operation, defeating the Red Army.
September 3 – Jan Smuts becomes the second prime minister of South Africa.
September 6 – The U.S. Army expedition across North America, which started July 7, ends in San Francisco.
September 10–15 – The Florida Keys hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Texas.
September 10 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, ending World War I with Austria-Hungary and declaring that the latter's empire is to be dissolved. The Republic of German-Austria becomes the First Austrian Republic but retains less than 40% of the prewar imperial territory.
September 12 – Gabriele D'Annunzio, with his entourage, marches into Fiume and convinces Italian troops to join him.
September 17 – German South West Africa is placed under South African administration.
September 18–November 14 – Russian Civil War, Western Front: Battle of Petrograd: The White general Nikolai Yudenich approaches the city of Saint Petersburg with 18,500 soldiers, but is defeated by the defense organized by Leon Trotsky.
September 21 – The Steel strike of 1919 begins across the United States.
September 27 – Russian Civil War: The last British Army troops leave Arkhangelsk and leave the fighting to the Russians.
September 30 – Elaine massacre: An estimated 100 to 800 African Americans are killed in Elaine, Arkansas, by white mobs and vigilante militias assisted by federal troops in "the deadliest racial confrontation in Arkansas history and possibly the bloodiest racial conflict in the history of the United States".
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1919_9 | Section: October (2):
October 2 – President of the United States Woodrow Wilson suffers a serious stroke, rendering him an invalid for the remainder of his life.
October 7 – The Dutch airline KLM is founded (as of 2022, it is the world's oldest airline still flying under its original name).
October 9 – In Major League Baseball, the Cincinnati Reds win the World Series, five games to three, over the Chicago White Sox, whose players are later found to have lost intentionally.
October 10 – Estonia adopts a radical land reform, nationalizing 97% of agrarian lands, mostly still belonging to the Baltic German nobility.
October 13 – The Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation is signed, in Paris, France.
October 16 – In Germany, Adolf Hitler gives his first speech for the German Workers' Party (DAP).
October 26 – 1919 Luxembourg general election, the first in the duchy with female suffrage, following constitutional amendments of May 15.
October 28 – Prohibition in the United States: The United States Congress passes the Volstead Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. Prohibition goes into effect on January 17, 1920, under the provisions of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
October 29–November 29 – First Annual Meeting of the International Labour Conference.
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1920_0 | 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1920th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 920th year of the 2nd millennium, the 20th year of the 20th century, and the 1st year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1920, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1920_0 | Section: January (2):
January 1
Polish–Soviet War: The Russian Red Army increases its troops along the Polish border from 4 divisions to 20.
Kauniainen in Finland, completely surrounded by the city of Espoo, secedes from Espoo as its own market town.
January 7 – Russian Civil War: The forces of Russian White Admiral Alexander Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk; the Great Siberian Ice March ensues.
January 10
The Treaty of Versailles takes effect, officially ending World War I.
The League of Nations Covenant enters into force. On January 16, the organization holds its first council meeting, in Paris.
January 11 – The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is recognised de facto by European powers in Versailles.
January 13 – The New York Times ridicules American rocket scientist Robert H. Goddard, which it will rescind following the launch of Apollo 11 in 1969.
January 16
The Allies of World War I demand that the Netherlands extradite ex-German Emperor Wilhelm II who fled there in 1918.
Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated, is founded on the campus of Howard University in Washington, D.C.
January 17 – Prohibition in the United States begins, with the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution which bans the sale of alcohol in all States.
January 19 – The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is founded.
January 21 – The final session of the Paris Peace Conference is held, even though peace treaties with Hungary and Turkey remain to be concluded. The United States does not conclude its own treaty with Germany until August 25, 1921.
January 22 – The Australian Country Party is officially formed.
January 23 – The Netherlands refuses to extradite ex-German Emperor Wilhelm II; on May 15 he moves into Huis Doorn in the country where he remains permanently in exile until his death in 1941.
January 28 – El Tercio de Extranjeros (the "Regiment of Foreigners"), later the Spanish Legion, is established by decree of King Alfonso XIII of Spain.
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1920_1 | Section: February (2):
February 1 – The South African Air Force (SAAF) is established, the second autonomous Air Force in the world, after the British Royal Air Force (RAF).
February 2
Estonian War of Independence: The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed, ending the war and recognizing the independence of both the Republic of Estonia and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
France occupies the Memel Territory of East Prussia.
Sayyid Muhammad, Khan of Khiva, abdicates.
February 9 – The Svalbard Treaty, signed by members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty of Norway over the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard (at this time called Spitzbergen), while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands.
February 10 – General Józef Haller first performs Poland's Wedding to the Sea, a symbolic celebration of the restitution of Polish access to the Baltic Sea.
February 12–24 – Conference of London: Leaders of the United Kingdom, France and Italy meet to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.
February 13 – Switzerland joins the League of Nations.
February 14 – The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago.
February 17 – A woman named Anna Anderson tries to commit suicide in Berlin and is taken to a mental hospital where she claims she is Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.
February 20 – 1920 Gori earthquake: An earthquake hits Gori in the Democratic Republic of Georgia, killing 114.
February 21 – The island province of Marinduque in the Philippines archipelago is founded.
February 22 – In Emeryville, California, the first dog racing track to employ an imitation rabbit opens.
February 24 – Adolf Hitler presents his National Socialist Program in Munich to the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), which renames itself as the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei).
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1920_2 | Section: March (2):
March 1
Hungarian Admiral and statesman Miklós Horthy becomes the Regent of Hungary.
The United States Railroad Administration returns control of American railroads to its constituent railroad companies.
March 7 – The Syrian National Congress proclaims Syria independent, with Faisal I of Iraq as king.
March 10 – The world's first peaceful establishment of a social democratic government takes place in Sweden as Hjalmar Branting takes over as prime minister when Nils Edén leaves office.
March 13–17 – Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz's Kapp Putsch (an attempted coup in Germany) briefly ousts the Weimar Republic government from Berlin, but fails due to public resistance and a general strike.
March 15 – The Ruhr Red Army, a communist army 50,000 men strong, is formed in Germany.
March 15–16 – Constantinople is occupied by British Empire forces, acting for the Allied Powers against the Turkish National Movement. Retrospectively, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey regards this as the dissolution of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul.
March 18 – Greece begins using the Gregorian calendar.
March 19 – The United States Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
March 23 – Admiral Miklós Horthy declares that Hungary is a monarchy, without anyone on the throne.
March 25 – Irish War of Independence: British recruits to the Royal Irish Constabulary begin to arrive in Ireland. They become known from their improvised uniforms as the "Black and Tans".
March 26
The German government asks France for permission to use its own troops against the rebellious Ruhr Red Army, in the French-occupied area.
American fiction writer F. Scott Fitzgerald makes his name with publication of This Side of Paradise.
March 28 – The 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak hits the Great Lakes region and Deep South of the United States.
March 29 – Sir William Robertson is promoted to Field Marshal, the first man to rise from private (enlisted 1877) to the highest rank in the British Army.
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1920_3 | Section: April (2):
April – The so-called Spanish flu pandemic ends with an estimated total of between seventeen and fifty million dead since 1918. It would be the last global pandemic until the 2009 swine flu pandemic almost 90 years later.
April 2 – The German army marches to the Ruhr to fight the Ruhr Red Army.
April 3 – Failed assassination attempts on General Mannerheim, retired leader of the victorious White Guard in the Finnish Civil War, led by Aleksander Weckman by order of Eino Rahja, during a White Guard parade in Tampere, Finland.
April 4 – 1920 Palestine riots: Violence erupts between Arab and Jewish residents in Jerusalem; 9 are killed, 216 injured.
April 6 – The short-lived Far Eastern Republic is declared in eastern Siberia.
April 11 – Mexican Revolution: Álvaro Obregón flees from Mexico City (during a trial intended to ruin his reputation) to Guerrero, where he joins Fortunato Maycotte.
April 19–26 – San Remo conference: Representatives of Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan meet to determine the League of Nations mandates for administration of territories, following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.
April 19 – Germany and Soviet Russia agree to the exchange of prisoners of war.
April 20 – Mexican Revolution: Álvaro Obregón announces (in Chilpancingo) that he intends to fight against the rule of Venustiano Carranza.
April 23 – The Grand National Assembly of Turkey is founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, in Ankara. It denounces the government of Sultan Mehmed VI and announces a temporary constitution.
April 24 – Polish–Soviet War: Polish and anti-Soviet Ukrainian troops attack the Red Army in Soviet Ukraine.
April 26 – The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic is officially created by Soviet Russia, as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva.
April 28 – The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic is officially created.
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1920_4 | Section: May (2):
May 3 – A Bolshevik coup fails in the Democratic Republic of Georgia.
May 7
Polish–Soviet War: Polish troops occupy Kyiv. The government of the Ukrainian People's Republic returns to the city.
Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza leaves Mexico City in a large train.
Treaty of Moscow (1920): Soviet Russia recognizes the independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia, only to invade the country six months later.
May 10 – Agnès Souret is elected "The most beautiful woman in France", retrospectively considered the first Miss France.
May 15 – Russian Revolution: Russian White soldier Maria Bochkareva is executed in Soviet Russia.
May 16
Canonization of Joan of Arc: Over 30,000 people attend the ceremony in Rome, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc's family. Pope Benedict XV presides over the rite, for which the interior of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is richly decorated.
A referendum in Switzerland favors joining the League of Nations.
May 17
French and Belgian troops leave the cities they have occupied in Germany.
The first flight of Dutch air company KLM, from Amsterdam to London, takes place.
May 19 – Mexican Revolution: Álvaro Obregón's troops enter Mexico City.
May 20 – Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza arrives in San Antonio Tlaxcalantongo; troops of Rodolfo Herrero attack him at night and shoot him.
May 24 – Venustiano Carranza is buried in Mexico City; all of his mourning allies are arrested. Adolfo de la Huerta is elected provisional president.
May 26 – Ganja revolt: Anti-Soviet opposition in the Azerbaijan SSR launches an abortive revolt in Ganja.
May 27 – Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk becomes president of Czechoslovakia.
May 29 – Floods at Louth, Lincolnshire in England kill 23.
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1920_5 | Section: June (2):
June 4 – Treaty of Trianon: Peace is restored between the Allied Powers and Hungary, which loses 72% of its territory.
June 5 – Bolshevik cavalry breaks through Polish and Ukrainian lines south of Kyiv, precipitating eventual withdrawal.
June 12 – Polish–Soviet War: The Red Army retakes Kyiv.
June 13
Essad Pasha Toptani, nominal ruler of Albania, is assassinated by Avni Rustemi in Paris.
The United States Post Office Department rules that children may not be sent via parcel post.
June 15
A new border treaty between Germany and Denmark gives northern Schleswig to Denmark.
The Estonian Constituent Assembly adopts the first constitution of Estonia, which will come into effect on December 21 this year.
Duluth lynchings: Three African American circus workers are sprung from jail, subjected to a kangaroo court and hanged by a white mob in Duluth, Minnesota, in the northern United States.
Australian soprano Nellie Melba becomes history's first well-known performer to make a radio broadcast when she sings two arias as part of an experimental series of broadcasts from a studio at the Marconi Company's factory at Chelmsford in England.
June 22 – Greek Summer Offensive: Greece attacks Turkish troops.
June 28 – Sigma Tau Gamma is founded on campus at the University of Central Missouri in Warrensburg, Missouri
June 29 – The Republic of China joins the League of Nations.
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1920_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1 – Germany declares its neutrality in the Polish–Soviet War.
July 2 – Polish–Soviet War: The Red Army continues its offensive into Poland.
July 7 – Arthur Meighen becomes Canada's ninth prime minister.
July 11 – The East Prussian plebiscite determines that most of the territory in question will remain German.
July 12 – Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty: The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic recognizes independent Lithuania.
July 19–August 7 – The Second Congress of the Communist International takes place in Saint Petersburg and Moscow; the Twenty-one Conditions are adopted.
July 20 – The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the key Black Sea port of Batum to the Democratic Republic of Georgia.
July 21 – The Interallied Mission to Poland takes place.
July 22 – Polish–Soviet War: Poland sues for peace with Soviet Russia (which refuses).
July 24 – Battle of Maysalun: The French defeat the Syrian army, whose leader Yusuf al-'Azma is killed. French troops occupy Damascus and depose Faisal I of Syria as king.
July 26 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa takes over Sabina and contacts Mexican president de la Huerta to offer his conditional surrender, which he signs on July 28.
July 29 – The United States Bureau of Reclamation begins construction of the Link River Dam, as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project.
July 30–August 8 – The 1st World Scout Jamboree is held at Olympia, London.
July 31
Irish-born Australian Catholic Archbishop Daniel Mannix is detained on board ship by British authorities off Queenstown and prevented from landing in Ireland or from speaking in the main Irish Catholic communities elsewhere in the United Kingdom.
France prohibits the sale or prescription of contraceptives.
Representatives of British revolutionary socialist groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel in London and agree to form the Communist Party of Great Britain.
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1920_7 | Section: August (2):
August 3 – Irish War of Independence: Catholics riot in Belfast, in protest at the continuing British Army presence.
August 10 – Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sèvres with the Allied Powers, confirming arrangements for the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.
August 11 – Bolshevik Russia recognizes independent Latvia.
August 13–25 – Polish–Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw – The Red Army is defeated.
August 13 – Irish War of Independence: The Restoration of Order in Ireland Act (passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom) receives Royal Assent, providing for Irish Republican Army activists to be tried by court-martial, rather than by jury in criminal courts.
August 14–September 12 – Main events of the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium (there have been ceremonies and outlying events since April). The Olympic symbols of five interlocking rings and the associated flag are first displayed at the games.
August 19–25 – Second Silesian Uprising: The Poles in Upper Silesia rise up against the Germans.
August 19 – Russian Civil War: Peasants in Tambov Governorate begin the Tambov Rebellion against the Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia.
August 20 – The first commercial radio station in the United States, 8MK (WWJ), begins operations in Detroit. It is owned by the Detroit News, the first U.S. radio station owned by a newspaper.
August 22 – The Salzburg Festival in Austria is inaugurated as a regular event.
August 26 – The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeing women's suffrage.
August 28–September 2 – Bukhara operation: The Russian Red Army and Young Bukharians overthrow the Emirate of Bukhara, leading to the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.
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1920_8 | Section: September (2):
September 5
Mahatma Gandhi launches the Non-Cooperation Movement in India, with the goal of obtaining independence from British rule
Presidential elections begin in Mexico.
September 8 – Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims the Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city of Fiume.
September 9 – The Lotta Svärd women's paramilitary auxiliary is founded in Finland.
September 12 – The position of Patriarch of the Serbs is re-established as the authority over the Serbian Orthodox Church, almost 156 years to the day after it was abolished by the Ottoman Empire in 1766.
September 16
Wall Street bombing: A bomb in a horse wagon (perhaps planted by Galleanisti) explodes in front of the J. P. Morgan Building in New York City, killing 38 and injuring 400.
The Latvian Land Reform of 1920 is adopted by the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia.
September 17 – The National Football League is established, as the American Professional Football Association.
September 20 – The first soldier joins El Tercio de Extranjeros (the "Regiment of Foreigners", later the Spanish Legion). Under the command of José Millán Astray and Francisco Franco, its first duties are against Rif rebels in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco.
September 21 – The Communist Party of Uruguay is founded.
September 22 – The London Metropolitan Police forms the Flying Squad, a motorised mobile detective patrol unit.
September 25 – The Treaty of Seeb is signed, ending the Muscat rebellion and granting the Imamate of Oman Autonomy from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman.
September 27 – Polish–Soviet War: Soviet Russia sues for peace with Poland.
September 29
The first domestic radio sets come to stores in the United States; a Westinghouse radio costs $10.
Adolf Hitler makes his first public appearance in Austria, with speeches in Vienna, Innsbruck and Salzburg.
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1920_9 | Section: October (2):
October – English writer Agatha Christie's first novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, appears in the U.S., introducing her long-running Belgian detective character Hercule Poirot in the setting of an English country house. (The book is published in the U.K. in 1921.)
October 3 – The Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race first runs in Paris.
October 4 – The Mannerheim League for Child Welfare, a Finnish non-governmental organization, is founded on the initiative of Sophie Mannerheim.
October 9 – Polish–Lithuanian War: Polish troops take Vilnius.
October 10 – Carinthian Plebiscite: A large part of Carinthia Province votes to become part of Austria, rather than Yugoslavia.
October 14 – A peace treaty between the Soviet and the Finnish governments is concluded at Tartu.
October 16 – Polish–Soviet War: After the Polish army captures Tarnopol, Dubno, Minsk and Dryssa, the ceasefire is enforced.
October 18 – Thousands of unemployed demonstrate in London; 50 are injured.
October 26 – Álvaro Obregón is announced as the elected president of Mexico.
October 27
The League of Nations moves its headquarters to Geneva, Switzerland.
Baron Louis De Geer the Younger becomes the new prime minister of Sweden.
October 30 – The Communist Party of Australia is founded in Sydney.
October 31 – Dr. Frederick Banting of Ontario first records his insight on how to isolate insulin for the treatment of diabetes; the first successful human trial of insulin will occur 15 months later.
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1920_10 | Section: November (2):
November 2
1920 United States presidential election: Republican U.S. senator Warren G. Harding defeats Democratic governor of Ohio James M. Cox and Socialist Eugene V. Debs, in the first national U.S. election in which women have the right to vote.
In the United States, KDKA AM of Pittsburgh (owned by Westinghouse) starts broadcasting as a commercial radio station. The first broadcast is the results of the presidential election.
Meiji Shrine, one of many landmark spots in Tokyo, is officially built in Japan.
November 11 – In London, The Cenotaph is unveiled and The Unknown Warrior is buried in Westminster Abbey; while in Paris the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is consecrated beneath the Arc de Triomphe.
November 12 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo.
November 13 – The White Army's last units and civilian refugees are evacuated from the Crimea onboard 126 ships, "Wrangel's fleet" (the remnants of the Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet), to Turkey, Tunisia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, accompanied by wide-scale civilian massacres. The total number of evacuees amounts to approximately 150,000 people, of which 20% are civilians.
November 14 – The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra holds its first concert, in Alberta.
November 15 – In Geneva, the first assembly of the League of Nations is held.
November 16 – Queensland and Northern Territory Aviation Services (Qantas) is founded by Hudson Fysh and Paul McGinness.
November 17 – The council of the League of Nations accepts the constitution for the Free City of Danzig.
November 20 – Prince Arthur of Connaught is appointed the 3rd Governor-General of South Africa.
November 21 – Irish War of Independence: Bloody Sunday – The Irish Republican Army (IRA), on the instructions of Michael Collins, shoot dead the "Cairo gang", 14 British undercover agents in Dublin, most in their homes. Later this day in retaliation, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary open fire on a crowd at a Gaelic Athletic Association football match in Croke Park, resulting in 14 deaths with 60 wounded. Three men are shot this night in Dublin Castle "while trying to escape".
November 28
Irish War of Independence: Kilmichael Ambush – The flying column of the 3rd Cork Brigade of the Irish Republican Army, led by Tom Barry, ambushes two lorries carrying men of the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary at Kilmichael, County Cork, killing 17 (with 3 of its own men also dying), which leads to official reprisals.
FIDAC (French: Fédération Interalliée des Anciens Combattants, English: The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) is established in Paris at the initiative of veterans from World War I, predominantly pacifists, joined by associations of veterans from France, the United Kingdom, United States, Belgium, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Italy and Serbia.
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1920_11 | Section: December (2):
December – The first edition of the Poems of the English war poet Wilfred Owen, killed in action in 1918, appears in London, introduced by his friend Siegfried Sassoon. Only five of Owen's verses having been published in his lifetime, the collection introduces his work to many readers. It includes the 1917 poems "Anthem for Doomed Youth" and "Dulce et Decorum est", one of the best-known poetic condemnations of war.
December 1 – The Mexican Revolution effectively ends with a new regime coming to power.
December 3 – Following more than a month of the Turkish–Armenian War, the Turkish-dictated Treaty of Alexandropol is concluded.
December 7 – The first draft of the Mandate for Palestine is submitted to the League of Nations.
December 5 – A referendum in Greece is favorable to the reinstatement of the monarchy.
December 10 – Irish War of Independence: Martial law is declared in Counties Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary by the British authorities.
December 11 – Burning of Cork in Ireland: British forces set fire to some 5 acres (20,000 m2) of the centre of Cork, including the City Hall, in reprisal attacks, after a British auxiliary is killed in a guerilla ambush.
December 13 – Confectionery company Haribo is founded in Bonn, Germany.
December 15–22 – The Brussels Conference establishes a timetable for German war reparations, intended to extend for over 42 years.
December 16
An 8.2 Richter scale Haiyuan earthquake causes a landslide in Gansu Province, China, killing 273,000.
Finland joins the League of Nations.
December 17 – South Africa is granted a League of Nations Class C mandate over South West Africa.
December 22 – The 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR adopts the GOELRO plan, the major scheme for the economic development of the country.
December 23
The United Kingdom and France ratify the border between French-held Syria and British-held Palestine.
The Government of Ireland Act 1920, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, receives Royal Assent from George V, providing for the partition of Ireland into Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure of home rule.
December 25 – The Rosicrucian Fellowship's spiritual healing temple The Ecclesia is dedicated at Mount Ecclesia, Oceanside, California.
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1921_0 | 1921 (MCMXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1921st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 921st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1921, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1921_0 | Section: January (2):
January 2
The Association football club Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, from Belo Horizonte, is founded as the multi-sports club Palestra Italia by Italian expatriates in Brazil.
The Spanish liner Santa Isabel breaks in two and sinks off Villa Garcia, Mexico, with the loss of 244 of the 300 people on board.
January 16 – The Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine holds its founding congress in Ľubochňa.
January 17 – The first recorded public performance of the illusion of "sawing a woman in half" is given by English stage magician P. T. Selbit at the Finsbury Park Empire variety theatre in London.
January 20 – British K-class submarine HMS K5 sinks in the English Channel; all 57 on board are lost.
January 21 – The full-length silent comedy drama film The Kid, written, produced, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin (in his Tramp character), with Jackie Coogan, is released in the United States.
January 25 – Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci is righted in Taranto Harbour.
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1921_1 | Section: February (2):
February 12 – Red Army invasion of Georgia: The Democratic Republic of Georgia is invaded by forces of Bolshevist Russia.
February 19 – The French Third Republic and Second Polish Republic form a defensive alliance.
February 20 – The Young Communist League of Czechoslovakia is founded.
February 21
1921 Persian coup d'état: Rezā Khan and Zia'eddin Tabatabaee stage a coup d'état in Qajar dynasty Iran.
Conference of London of 1921–1922 convenes in an attempt to resolve problems arising from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
February 23 – The moderately conservative public official Oscar von Sydow takes over the Swedish premiership from Baron Louis De Geer the Younger.
February 25 – Red Army invasion of Georgia: The Red Army enters the Georgian capital Tbilisi and occupies the country, installing a new government and proclaiming the Georgian Soviet Republic.
February 27 – A Socialist congress at Vienna ends with the International Working Union of Socialist Parties founded.
February 28 – The Kronstadt rebellion is initiated by sailors of the Soviet Navy's Baltic Fleet.
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1921_2 | Section: March (2):
March – The Group Settlement Scheme in Western Australia begins.
March 1
The city of Kiryū, located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, is founded.
The Australia national cricket team, led by Warwick Armstrong, becomes the first to complete a whitewash of the touring England team in The Ashes, something that will not be repeated for 86 years.
March 4 – Inauguration of Warren G. Harding as 29th President of the United States.
March 5 – Irish War of Independence: Clonbanin ambush: A force of about 100 Irish Republican Army members attacks a British Army convoy of 40 soldiers, killing several, including Brigadier General Cumming.
March 6 – The Allied Powers force Germany to pay war reparations.
March 8
Spanish Premier Eduardo Dato e Iradier is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in Madrid.
Allied forces occupy Düsseldorf, Ruhrort and Duisburg.
March 9 – Cilicia Peace Treaty is signed between the French Third Republic and the Turkish National Movement in an attempt to end the Franco-Turkish War.
March 12 – The İstiklâl Marşı (Independence March), the Turkish national anthem, is officially adopted.
March 13 – Occupation of Mongolia: The Russian White Army captures Mongolia from China; Roman von Ungern-Sternberg declares himself ruler.
March 14 – Armenian Soghomon Tehlirian assassinates Mehmed Talaat, former Interior Minister of the Ottoman Empire, in Charlottenburg, Berlin.
March 16
Treaty of Moscow establishes friendly relations between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
Six Irish Republican Army men of the Forgotten Ten are hanged in Mountjoy Prison, Dublin.
March 17
The Red Army crushes the Kronstadt rebellion, and a number of sailors flee to Finland.
Marie Stopes opens the first birth control clinic in the British Empire in London, UK.
The Second Polish Republic adopts the March Constitution.
March 18 – The second Peace of Riga ends the Polish–Soviet War. A permanent border is established between the Polish and Soviet states.
March 20 – Upper Silesia votes for re-annexation to Germany.
March 21
The New Economic Policy starts in Soviet Russia.
Irish War of Independence: Headford Ambush – The Irish Republican Army kills at least 9 British Army troops.
March 24 – The 1921 Women's Olympiad (the first international women's sports event) begins in Monte Carlo.
March 31
Abkhazia becomes the Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia.
The British government formally returns the coal mines from wartime control to their private owners, who demand wage cuts; in response, the Miners' Federation of Great Britain calls on its partner trade unions in the Triple Alliance to join it in strike action, leading in turn to the government declaring a state of emergency for the first time under the Emergency Powers Act 1920. On April 1, a lockout of striking coal miners begins.
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1921_3 | Section: April (2):
April 11 – The Emirate of Transjordan is created under British Mandate, with Abdullah I as emir.
April 15 – "Black Friday" in Britain: transport union members of the 'Triple Alliance' refuse to support national strike action by coal miners.
April 20 – Ferenc Molnár's play Liliom is first produced in English on Broadway. The play would later be adapted as the musical Carousel.
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1921_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1–7 – Jaffa riots: Riots at Jaffa, Mandatory Palestine result in 47 Jewish and 48 Arab deaths.
May 2–July 5 – Third Silesian Uprising: Poles in Upper Silesia rise against the Germans.
May 3 – The province of Northern Ireland is created within the United Kingdom.
May 5
London Schedule of Payments sets out the World War I reparations payable by the German Weimar Republic and other countries considered successors to the Central Powers – 132 billion gold marks ($33 trillion), in annual installments of 2.5 billion.
Chanel No. 5 perfume launched by Coco Chanel.
Only 13 paying spectators attend the football match between Leicester City and Stockport County F.C. in England, the lowest attendance in The Football League's history.
May 6 – The German-Soviet Provisional Agreement is signed: Germany recognises the Soviet government in the RSFSR.
May 14–15 – The major May 1921 geomagnetic storm occurs.
May 14–17 – Violent anti-European riots occur in Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt.
May 16 – The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia is founded.
May 19 – The Emergency Quota Act is passed by the United States Congress, establishing national quotas on immigration. Because this drastically limits immigration from Eastern Europe, Jews emigrating from there begin to prefer Palestine as a destination rather than the U.S.
May 22 – In the first golf international between the two countries, the United States beats the United Kingdom 9 rounds to 3.
May 23–July 16 – The Leipzig War Crimes Trials are held in Germany.
May 24 – 1921 Irish elections: In the first Northern Ireland general election for the new Parliament of Northern Ireland, Ulster Unionists win 40 out of 52 seats. The dominant-party system here will last for fifty years.
May 25 – Irish War of Independence: The Irish Republican Army occupies and burns The Custom House in Dublin, the centre of local government in Ireland. Five IRA men are killed, and over 80 are captured by the British Army which surrounds the building.
May 26 – A general strike begins in Norway.
May 31–June 1 – Tulsa Race Massacre (Greenwood Massacre): Mobs of white residents attack black residents and businesses in Greenwood District, Tulsa, Oklahoma. The official death toll is 36, but later investigations suggest an actual figure between 100 and 300. 1,250 homes are destroyed and roughly 6,000 African Americans imprisoned in one of the worst incidents of mass racial violence in the United States.
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1921_5 | Section: June (2):
June 3 – The death penalty is abolished in Sweden.
June 10 – Paris declaration: Representatives of the three states of Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus (the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics) proclaim their independence, establishing a customs union and military alliance, not internationally recognized.
June 15
Compagnie Générale Transatlantique's liner SS Paris (1916) makes her maiden voyage from Le Havre to New York.
29-year-old African American Bessie Coleman obtains her pilot's licence in France and becomes the first black woman to have a pilot's licence.
June 21 – The International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) is established as an agency of the League of Nations; it continues in this form until April 19, 1946.
June 22–July 12 – The Third Congress of the Communist International takes place.
June 27 – The first signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Providence.
June 28
The Constitutional Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes passes the Vidovdan Constitution, despite a boycott of the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties.
The coal strike in the United Kingdom ends with the Miners' Federation of Great Britain obliged to accept pay cuts.
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1921_6 | Section: July (2):
July 1
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is founded.
The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is given, in Paris, France; the recipient is a newborn child.
July 2 – U.S. President Warren Harding signs a joint congressional resolution, declaring an end to America's state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.
July 4 – A new conservative government is formed in Italy by Ivanoe Bonomi.
July 11
The Irish War of Independence ends under the terms of the truce (signed on 9 July) which becomes effective at noon between the British Army and the Irish Republican Army.
The Red Army captures Mongolia from the White Army and establishes the Mongolian People's Republic.
July 14 – A Massachusetts jury finds Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti guilty of first degree murder following a widely publicized trial whose verdict will spark protests around the world.
July 17 – The Republic of Mirdita is proclaimed near the Albanian-Serbian border, with Yugoslav support.
July 21
Rif War: Battle of Annual – Spanish troops are dealt a crushing defeat at the hands of Abd el-Krim in Morocco.
Edward Harper, the "father of broadcasting" in Ceylon, arrives in Colombo to take up his post as Chief Engineer of the Ceylon Telegraph Department.
July 23 – 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party opens in Shanghai.
July 26 – U.S. President Warren G. Harding receives Princess Fatima of Afghanistan who is escorted by imposter Stanley Clifford Weyman.
July 27 – Researchers at the University of Toronto, led by biochemist Frederick Banting, announce the discovery of the hormone insulin.
July 29 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of the Nazi Party in Germany.
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1921_7 | Section: August (2):
August 5 – The first radio baseball game is broadcast: Harold Arlin announces the Pirates-Phillies game from Forbes Field over Westinghouse KDKA in Pittsburgh.
August 11
Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness strikes while he is vacationing; on August 25 he is diagnosed with polio and aged 39 becomes permanently disabled.
The temperature reaches 39 degrees Celsius in Breslau; the heat wave continues elsewhere in Europe as well.
August 23 – King Faisal I of Iraq is crowned in Baghdad.
August 24 – R38-class airship ZR-2 explodes on her fourth test flight near Kingston upon Hull, England, killing 44 of the 49 Anglo-American crew on board.
August 25 – The Battle of Blair Mountain, the largest labor uprising in United States history and the country's largest peacetime armed uprising, begins in Logan County, West Virginia as part of the Coal Wars, continuing until September 2.
August 26
Rising prices cause major riots in Munich.
Following the assassination of former Finance Minister Matthias Erzberger by right-wing terrorists, the German government declares martial law.
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1921_8 | Section: September (2):
September 1 – Poplar Rates Rebellion: Nine members of the borough council of Poplar, London, are arrested.
September 8 – Margaret Gorman, 16, wins the Golden Mermaid trophy at a beauty pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey; officials later dub her the first Miss America.
September 13 – White Castle hamburger restaurant opens in Wichita, Kansas, foundation of the world's first fast food chain.
September 21 – The Oppau explosion occurs at BASF's nitrate factory in Oppau, Germany; 500–600 are killed.
September 28 – Sauerländer Heimatbund is founded in Meschede, Germany.
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1921_9 | Section: October (2):
3 October
Simko, the leader of the Shikak tribe, killed the Iranian commander Colonel Mohammad Taqi Pessian by having his head cut off in the Battle of Jafarabad (1921), which was the first incident of his rebellion.
October 5
The World Series baseball game in North America is first broadcast on the radio, by Newark, New Jersey, station WJZ, Pittsburgh station KDKA, and a group of other commercial and amateur stations throughout the eastern United States.
Constitution of Liechtenstein granted by Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, making the country a constitutional monarchy.
October 7
During his first rebellion, Simko Shikak launched an attack on the Savujbulak district of Mahabad in 1921. With a force of approximately 3,900, he attacked the Gendarmes, killing 400 of them and looting the local population.
October 8 – The first Sweetest Day is staged in Cleveland, Ohio.
October 10 – Teaching at the University of Szeged begins, in the Kingdom of Hungary.
October 11 – The Irish Treaty Conference opens in London.
October 13
The Treaty of Kars is signed between the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian Socialist Soviet Republics in Transcaucasia, establishing common boundaries.
Swedish Social Democratic party leader Hjalmar Branting becomes yet again Prime Minister, after strong general election gains for his party.
October 19 – 'Bloody Night' (Noite Sangrenta): A massacre in Lisbon claims the lives of Portuguese Prime-Minister António Granjo and other politicians.
October 20 – Treaty of Ankara signed between the French Third Republic and the Government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, ending the Franco-Turkish War.
October 21 – George Melford's wildly successful silent film The Sheik, which will propel its leading actor Rudolph Valentino to international stardom, premieres in Los Angeles.
October 24 – In the continuing Rif War, the Spanish Army defeats rifkabyl rebels in Morocco.
October 29 – In the United States:
Construction of the Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath Project in Oregon, is completed.
Centre College's American football team, led by quarterback Bo McMillin, defeats Harvard University 6–0, to break Harvard's five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this is called "football's upset of the century."
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1921_10 | Section: November (2):
November 4 – After a speech by Adolf Hitler in the Hofbräuhaus in Munich (Germany), members of the Sturmabteilung ("brownshirts") physically assault his opposition.
November 9 – The National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista or PNF) is founded in Italy.
November 11 – During an Armistice Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, the Tomb of the Unknowns is dedicated by Warren G. Harding, President of the United States.
November 14 – The Spanish Communist Party is founded.
November 23 – In the United States, the Sheppard–Towner Act is signed by President Harding, providing federal funding for maternity and child care.
November – Hyperinflation is rampant in Germany, where 263 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar, more than 20 times greater than the 12 marks needed in April 1919.
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1921_11 | Section: December (2):
December 1 – Rising prices cause riots in Vienna.
December 6
The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, is signed in London.
Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman to be elected to the Canadian Parliament.
December 13 – In the Four-Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, the Empire of Japan, United States, United Kingdom, and French Third Republic agree to recognize the status quo in the Pacific.
December 23 – Visva-Bharati College is founded by Rabindranath Tagore in Santiniketan, Bengal Presidency, British India.
December 29 – William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes Canada's tenth prime minister; he will serve for three non-consecutive terms until 1948.
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1922_0 | 1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1922nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 922nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 22nd year of the 20th century, and the 3rd year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1922, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. |
1922_0 | Section: January (2):
January 7 – Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64–57 votes.
January 10 – Arthur Griffith is elected President of Dáil Éireann, the day after Éamon de Valera resigns.
January 11 – The first successful insulin treatment of diabetes is made, by Frederick Banting in Toronto.
January 15 – Michael Collins becomes Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State.
January 26 – Italian forces occupy Misrata, Libya; the reconquest of Libya begins.
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1922_1 | Section: February (2):
February 6
Pope Pius XI (Achille Ratti) succeeds Pope Benedict XV, to become the 259th pope.
The Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty is signed between the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Italy. Japan returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China.
February 8
President of the United States Warren G. Harding introduces the first radio in the White House.
In the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Cheka becomes the Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie (GPU), a section of the NKVD.
February 10–17 – Modern Art Week in São Paulo marks the start of Modernism in Brazil.
February 14
Finnish Minister of the Interior Heikki Ritavuori is assassinated by Ernst Tandefelt.
Baragoola, the last of the Binngarra class Manly ferries, is launched at Balmain, New South Wales.
February 15 – The inaugural session of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) is held in The Hague.
February 26 – Leser v. Garnett: The Supreme Court of the United States rebuffs a challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote on the same terms as men.
February 28 – The Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence by the United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt, and grants the country nominal independence, reserving control of military and diplomatic matters.
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1922_2 | Section: March (2):
March 2
An ice mass breaks the Oder Dam in Breslau.
The British Civil Aviation Authority is established.
March 4 – The silent horror film Nosferatu is premièred at the Berlin Zoological Garden in Germany.
March 10 – Mahatma Gandhi is arrested in Bombay for sedition.
March 13 – Edward, Prince of Wales, inaugurates the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College in Dehradun, India, marking a capitulation of the Governor General and Secretary of State for India to growing pressure for Indianization of the officer cadre of the Indian Army.
March 15 – With Egypt having gained self-government from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt.
March 16 – The Rand Rebellion, which began as a strike by white South African mine workers on 28 December 1921 and became open rebellion against the state, is suppressed.
March 18 – In British India, Mahatma Gandhi is sentenced to six years in prison for sedition (he serves only two).
March 20 – The USS Langley is commissioned as the first United States Navy aircraft carrier.
March 22 – Radio station WLW in Cincinnati begins broadcasting.
March 23 – Queensland, Australia, abolishes the Legislative Council (Upper House).
March 26 – The German Social Democratic Party is founded in Poland.
March 31 – Six die in the Hinterkaifeck murders north of Munich.
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1922_3 | Section: April (2):
April 1 – South African Railways takes control of all railway operations in South West Africa.
April 3 – Joseph Stalin is appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.
April 7 – 1922 Picardie mid-air collision: The first midair collision between airliners occurs, between a Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.18 and a Grands Express Aériens Farman Goliath over Poix-de-Picardie, Amiens, France.
April 10 – Genoa Conference: The representatives of 34 countries convene to speak in Genoa, Italy about monetary economics, in the wake of World War I.
April 12 – The United Kingdom's Prince of Wales arrives in Yokohama aboard HMS Renown and rides by train to Tokyo, starting a one-month visit to Japan.
April 13 – The State of Massachusetts opens all public offices to women.
April 16 – The Treaty of Rapallo marks a rapprochement between the Weimar Republic and Bolshevik Russia.
April 24 – The first portion of the Imperial Wireless Chain, a strategic international wireless telegraphy network created to link the British Empire, is opened, from the UK to Egypt.
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1922_4 | Section: May (2):
May 8 – In Moscow, eight priests, two laymen and one woman are sentenced to death for opposition to the Soviet government's confiscation of church property.
May 18 – Sergei Diaghilev, Igor Stravinsky, Pablo Picasso, Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Erik Satie and Clive Bell dine together at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, their only joint meeting.
May 19 – The All-Russian Young Pioneer Organisation is established.
May 29 – British Liberal MP Horatio Bottomley is jailed for seven years for fraud.
May 30 – In Washington, D.C., United States, the Lincoln Memorial is dedicated.
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1922_5 | Section: June (2):
June 1
Bolshevik forces defeat Basmachi troops, under Enver Pasha.
The first issue of the magazine Krestyanka is published in Russia.
June 9 – Åland's Regional Assembly convenes for its first plenary session in Mariehamn, Åland; the day will be celebrated as Self-Government Day of Åland.
June 11 – Robert J. Flaherty's Nanook of the North, the first commercially successful feature-length documentary film, is premiered in the U.S.
June 14 – President of the United States Warren G. Harding makes his first speech on the radio.
June 22 – Irish Republican Army agents assassinate British Army field marshal Sir Henry Wilson in London; the assassins are sentenced to death on July 18.
June 24 – Weimar Republic foreign minister Walther Rathenau is assassinated; the murderers are captured on July 17.
June 26 – Louis Honoré Charles Antoine Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince Louis II of Monaco.
June 28
The Irish Civil War and Battle of Dublin begin when the Irish National Army, using artillery loaned by the British, begins to bombard the anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army forces occupying the Four Courts in Dublin. Fighting in Dublin lasts until July 5.
The Syrian Federation is constituted by arrêté of Henri Gouraud.
June 29 – Subhi Barakat becomes president of the Syrian Federation.
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1922_6 | Section: July (2):
July 11 – The Hollywood Bowl open-air music venue opens.
July 17 – The final signings of Treaty 11, an agreement between George V, King of Canada, and various Canadian First Nations, are conducted at Fort Liard.
July 20 – The German protectorate of Togoland is divided into the League of Nations mandates of French Togoland and British Togoland.
July 27 – The Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast is established within the Russian SFSR.
July – Hyperinflation in Germany means that 563 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar – more than double the 263 needed eight months before, dwarfing the mere 12 needed in April 1919, and even the 47 needed in December of that year.
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1922_7 | Section: August (2):
August 2 – The 1922 Swatow typhoon hits Shantou, China, killing more than 5,000 people.
August 22 – Irish Civil War: General Michael Collins is assassinated in West Cork.
August 23
Morocco revolts against the Spanish.
August 26
A Turkish large-scale attack opens against Greek forces in Afyon; Turkish victory is achieved on August 30.
August 28 – Japan agrees to withdraw its troops from Siberia.
August
Hyperinflation in Germany sees the value of the Papiermark against the dollar rise to 1,000.
The last hunted California grizzly bear is shot.
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1922_8 | Section: September (2):
September 3 – The Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, the world's third purpose-built motorsport race track, is officially opened at Monza in the Lombardy Region of Italy.
September 9 – Turkish forces pursuing withdrawing Greek troops enter İzmir, effectively ending the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).
September 11
The Sun News-Pictorial, a predecessor of the Melbourne, Australia, Herald Sun, is founded.
The Mandate of Palestine is approved by the Council of the League of Nations.
September 13 – The Gdynia Seaport Construction Act is passed by the Polish Parliament.
September 13–15 – The Great Fire of Smyrna destroys most of İzmir. Responsibility is disputed.
September 17 – Dutch cyclist Piet Moeskops becomes world champion sprinter.
September 18 – The Kingdom of Hungary joins the League of Nations.
September 24 (O. S. September 11) – 11 September 1922 Revolution in Greece.
September 29 – Drums in the Night (Trommeln in der Nacht) becomes the first play by Bertolt Brecht to be staged, at the Munich Kammerspiele.
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1922_9 | Section: October (2):
October – 3,000 German marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar – triple the figure three months ago due to hyperinflation.
October 1 – G. I. Gurdjieff opens his Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man at Fontainebleau, France.
October 3 – Rebecca Latimer Felton becomes the first female U.S. senator when Georgia's governor gives her a temporary appointment pending an election to replace Senator Thomas Watson, who has died suddenly.
October 11 – Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922 ends in Turkish victory.
October 15 – T. S. Eliot establishes The Criterion magazine, containing the first publication of his poem The Waste Land. This first appears in the United States later this month in The Dial (dated November 1), and is first published complete with notes in book form, by Boni and Liveright in New York in December.
October 18 – The British Broadcasting Company is formed.
October 25 – The Third Dáil enacts the Constitution of the Irish Free State.
October 27 – Southern Rhodesians reject union with South Africa in a referendum.
October 28
In Italy, the March on Rome brings the National Fascist Party and Benito Mussolini to power. Italy begins a period of dictatorship that lasts until the end of the Second World War.
The Red Army occupies Vladivostok.
Rose Bowl sports stadium officially opens in Pasadena, California.
October 31 – Benito Mussolini, 39, becomes the youngest ever Prime Minister of Italy.
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1922_10 | Section: November (2):
November 1
The Ottoman Empire is abolished after 600 years, and its last sultan, Mehmed VI, abdicates, leaving for exile, initially in Malta, on November 17.
A broadcast receiving licence with a fee of ten shillings is introduced in the United Kingdom.
November 4 – Discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun: in Egypt, English archaeologist Howard Carter and his men find the entrance to the pharaonic tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings.
November 12 – Sigma Gamma Rho (ΣΓΡ) Sorority, Incorporated is founded by seven educators in Indianapolis, Indiana. The group becomes an incorporated national collegiate sorority on December 30, 1929, when a charter is granted to the Alpha chapter at Butler University in Indianapolis.
November 14 – The British Broadcasting Company (BBC) begins radio service in the United Kingdom, broadcasting from station 2LO in London.
November 15
In the 1922 United Kingdom general election forced by the Conservatives' withdrawal from the coalition government, the Conservative Party wins an overall majority. Labour for the first time becomes the main opposition party, winning more seats than the divided Liberals. A dining club of newly elected Conservative Members of Parliament evolves the following year into the 1922 Committee.
1922 Guayaquil general strike: During a 3-day strike action in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador, police and military fire into a crowd, killing at least 300.
November 19 – Abdülmecid II, Crown Prince of the Ottoman Empire, is elected Caliph.
November 21 – Rebecca Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, formally becoming the first woman United States Senator.
November 24 – Popular author and anti-Treaty Republican Erskine Childers is executed by firing squad in Dublin, after conviction by an Irish Free State military court for the unlawful possession of a gun, a weapon presented to him by Michael Collins in 1920 as a gift.
November 26 – Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon become the first people to see inside KV62, the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, in over 3,000 years.
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1922_11 | Section: December (2):
December 5 – The British Parliament enacts the Irish Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new Constitution of the Irish Free State.
December 6 – The Irish Free State officially comes into existence. George V becomes the Free State's monarch. Tim Healy is appointed first Governor-General of the Irish Free State, and W. T. Cosgrave becomes President of the Executive Council.
December 9 – Gabriel Narutowicz is elected the first president of Poland.
December 11 – The trial of Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters ends at the Old Bailey in London, for the murder of Thompson's husband; both are found guilty and sentenced to hang.
December 16 – Gabriel Narutowicz, sworn on December 11 as first president of the Second Polish Republic, is assassinated by a right-wing sympathizer in Warsaw.
December 20 – Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on stage in Paris, with settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger and costumes by Coco Chanel.
December 27 – Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō becomes the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be commissioned.
December 30 – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Republic (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
December – The year ends with hyperinflation showing no sign of slowing down in Germany, with 7,000 marks now needed to buy a single American dollar.
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1923_0 | 1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1923rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 923rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 23rd year of the 20th century, and the 4th year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1923, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was relegated that February to use only by churches after Greece adopted the Gregorian calendar. |
1923_0 | Section: January (2):
January 1
Wahiduddin Ahmed, Bangladeshi academic (d. 2018)
Valentina Cortese, Italian actress (d. 2019)
Vulo Radev, Bulgarian film director (d. 2001)
Roméo Sabourin, Canadian World War II spy (d. 1944)
January 2
Abdel Aziz Mohamed Hegazy, 38th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2014)
Rachel Waterhouse, English historian and author (d. 2020)
January 3
Renato Guatelli, Italian partisan (d. 1944)
Hank Stram, American football coach, broadcaster (d. 2005)
January 4
Ricardo C. Puno, Filipino lawyer and politician (d. 2018)
Mohan Lall Shrimal, Indian chief justice
Wilfred Waters, English Olympic cyclist (d. 2006)
January 5
Virginia Halas McCaskey, American football team owner
Nat Neujean, Belgian sculptor (d. 2018)
Sam Phillips, American record producer (d. 2003)
January 6
Leah Chase, African-American chef, author and television personality (d. 2019)
Robert A. Chase, American surgeon and educator (d. 2024)
Norman Kirk, 29th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1974)
January 7
Gertrude Ehrlich, Austrian-born American mathematician
Joseph A. Hardy III, American businessman (d. 2023)
Hugh Kenner, Canadian literary critic (d. 2003)
Jean Lucienbonnet, French racing driver (d. 1962)
Johnny Macknowski, Russian-born American basketball player (d. 2024)
Héctor Mayagoitia Domínguez, Mexican chemical bacteriologist and politician (d. 2023)
January 8
Larry Storch, American actor (d. 2022)
Johnny Wardle, English cricketer (d. 1985)
January 11
Wright King, American actor (d. 2018)
Paavo Lonkila, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2017)
Ernst Nolte, German historian (d. 2016)
January 12
Ira Hayes, U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1955)
Sune Wehlin, Swedish pentathlete (d. 2020)
January 15 – Lee Teng-hui, Taiwanese politician, 4th President of the Republic of China (d. 2020)
January 16
Max Fink, American neurologist and psychiatrist
Anthony Hecht, American poet (d. 2004)
Antonio Riboldi, Italian Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
Walther Wever, German fighter ace (d. 1945)
January 17 – Francesc Badia Batalla, Spanish-born Andorran Bishop, Episcopal Véguier (d. 2020)
January 18 – Jan Ruff O'Herne, Dutch-Australian human rights activist (d. 2019)
January 19 – Jean Stapleton, American actress (All in the Family) (d. 2013)
January 20
Nora Brockstedt, Norwegian singer (d. 2015)
Slim Whitman, American country western musician (d. 2013)
January 21 – Prince Andrew Romanov, Russian-American artist and author (d. 2021)
January 22 – Diana Douglas, British-born American actress, mother of actor/producer Michael Douglas (d. 2015)
January 23
Horace Ashenfelter, American athlete (d. 2018)
Silvano Campeggi, Italian film poster designer (d. 2018)
Cot Deal, American major league baseball player, coach (d. 2013)
January 24 – Geneviève Asse, French painter (d. 2021)
January 25
Arvid Carlsson, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2018)
Rusty Draper, American singer (d. 2003)
Jacob Korevaar, Dutch mathematician
Dirk Bernard Joseph Schouten, Dutch economist (d. 2018)
January 26 – Anne Jeffreys, American actress, singer (d. 2017)
January 27 – Enrico Braggiotti, Monegasque banker (d. 2019)
January 28
Erling Lorentzen, Norwegian shipowner and industrialist (d. 2021)
Sante Spessotto, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (d. 1980)
January 29
Jack Burke Jr., American golfer (d. 2024)
Paddy Chayefsky, American writer (d. 1981)
Khir Johari, Malaysian politician (d. 2006)
January 31 – Norman Mailer, American novelist, journalist and dramatist (d. 2007)
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1923_1 | Section: February (2):
February 1
Stig Mårtensson, Swedish racing cyclist (d. 2010)
Gena Turgel, Polish author, Holocaust survivor and educator (d. 2018)
February 2
James Dickey, American poet, author (Deliverance) (d. 1997)
Red Schoendienst, American baseball player (d. 2018)
Liz Smith, American gossip columnist (d. 2017)
Clem Windsor, Australian rugby union player, surgeon (d. 2007)
February 3 – Edith Barney, American female professional baseball player (d. 2010)
February 4
Bonar Bain, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
Belisario Betancur, Colombian politician, 26th President of Colombia (d. 2018)
February 5
Dora Bryan, English actress (d. 2014)
Fatmawati, 1st First Lady of Indonesia (d. 1980)
Claude King, American country music singer and songwriter (d. 2013)
February 6
Gyula Lóránt, Hungarian footballer and manager (d. 1981)
Georges Pouliot, Canadian fencer (d. 2019)
Vija Vētra, Latvian dancer and choreographer
February 7
Egil Abrahamsen, Norwegian ships engineer (d. 2023)
George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, first grandchild of King George V (d. 2011)
William F. Stanton, American politician (d. 2024)
February 8 – Urpo Korhonen, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2009)
February 9 – Brendan Behan, Irish author (d. 1964)
February 10
Allie Sherman, American professional football coach (d. 2015)
Cesare Siepi, Italian opera singer (d. 2010)
February 11
Antony Flew, English philosopher and academic (d. 2010)
Rosita Fornés, Cuban-American actress (d. 2020)
Pamela Sharples, Baroness Sharples, English politician (d. 2022)
February 12
Knox Martin, American artist (d. 2022)
Franco Zeffirelli, Italian film, opera director (d. 2019)
February 13
Yfrah Neaman, Lebanese-born violinist (d. 2003)
Chuck Yeager, American test pilot, NASA official (d. 2020)
February 15
Marcel Denis, Belgian comics artist (d. 2002)
Ken Hofmann, American businessman (d. 2018)
February 16 – Samuel Willenberg, Polish-born Israeli sculptor, painter and last surviving member of the Treblinka extermination camp revolt (d. 2016)
February 17 – Jun Fukuda, Japanese film director (d. 2000)
February 18 – Allan Melvin, American actor (d. 2008)
February 20
Victor Atiyeh, American politician (d. 2014)
Forbes Burnham, Guyanese politician, 1st Prime Minister of Guyana and 2nd President of Guyana (d. 1985)
Robert Lucy, Swiss gymnast (d. 2009)
February 21
Wilbur R. Ingalls Jr., American architect (d. 1997)
William Winter, American politician (d. 2020)
February 22 – Norman Smith, English singer, record producer (d. 2008)
February 23
Ioannis Grivas, Greek judge, politician and 176th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2016)
rafael Addiego Bruno, Uruguayan politician and Interim President (d. 2014)
John van Hengel, American "Father of Food Banking" (d. 2005)
February 24 – David Soyer, American cellist (d. 2010)
February 27
Dexter Gordon, American jazz saxophone player, actor (d. 1990)
James Ross MacDonald, American physicist (d. 2024)
February 28
Jean Carson, American actress (d. 2005)
Charles Durning, American actor (d. 2012)
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1923_2 | Section: March (2):
March 2
Orrin Keepnews, American record producer (d. 2015)
Robert H. Michel, American Republican Party politician (d. 2017)
March 3 – Doc Watson, American folk guitarist, songwriter (d. 2012)
March 4
Russell Freeburg, American journalist and author
Piero D'Inzeo, Italian Olympic show jumping rider (d. 2014)
Sir Patrick Moore, British astronomer, broadcaster (d. 2012)
March 6
Ed McMahon, American television personality (d. 2009)
Wes Montgomery, African-American jazz musician (d. 1968)
March 7
Mahlon Clark, American musician (d. 2007)
Thomas Keating, American monk (d. 2018)
March 8 – Louk Hulsman, Dutch criminologist (d. 2009)
March 9
James L. Buckley, American politician, United States Senator (1971–77) (d. 2023)
Walter Kohn, Austrian-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2016)
William Lyon, American major general (d. 2020)
March 10 – Val Logsdon Fitch, American nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)
March 11
Agatha Barbara, Maltese politician (d. 2002)
Paul Muller, Swiss actor (d. 2016)
March 12
Hjalmar Andersen, Norwegian speed-skater (d. 2013)
Wally Schirra, American astronaut (d. 2007)
Mae Young, American wrestler (d. 2014)
March 14
Diane Arbus, American photographer (d. 1971)
Joe M. Jackson, American Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2019)
Celeste Rodrigues, Portuguese singer (d. 2018)
March 15
Lou Richards, Australian footballer (d. 2017)
Willy Semmelrogge, German actor (d. 1984)
March 19 – Oskar Fischer, East German politician (d. 2020)
March 21
Louis-Edmond Hamelin, Canadian geographer, author and academic (d. 2020)
Merle Keagle, American female professional baseball player (d. 1960)
Olive Nicol, Baroness Nicol, British politician, life peer (d. 2018)
Rezső Nyers, Hungarian politician (d. 2018)
Nirmala Srivastava, Indian founder of Sahaja Yoga (d. 2011)
March 22 – Marcel Marceau, world-renowned French mime (d. 2007)
March 24 – Murray Hamilton, American actor (d. 1986)
March 25
Lewis Elton, German-English physicist and researcher (d. 2018)
Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (d. 2003)
March 26
Romolo Catasta, Italian Olympic rower (d. 1985)
Baba Hari Dass, Indian yoga master, silent monk, and commentator (d. 2018)
Bob Elliott, American comedian (d. 2016)
March 27
Ulla Sallert, Swedish actress, singer (d. 2018)
Louis Simpson, Jamaican-born poet (d. 2012)
March 28
Thad Jones, American jazz musician (d. 1986)
Ine Schäffer, Austrian athlete (d. 2009)
March 29 – Geoff Duke, British motorcycle racer (d. 2015)
March 31
Don Barksdale, American basketball player (d. 1993)
Shoshana Damari, Yemenite-Israeli singer (d. 2006)
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1923_3 | Section: April (2):
April 2
Alice Haylett, American professional baseball player (d. 2004)
Gloria Henry, American actress (d. 2021)
Johnny Paton, Scottish football player, coach and manager (d. 2015)
G. Spencer-Brown, British mathematician (d. 2016)
April 4
Maximiano Tuazon Cruz, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2013)
Gene Reynolds, American actor (d. 2020)
Peter Vaughan, English actor (d. 2016)
April 5 – Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, President of South Vietnam (d. 2001)
April 8
George Fisher, American political cartoonist (d. 2003)
Edward Mulhare, Irish-born American actor (d. 1997)
April 10 – John Watkins, South African cricketer (d. 2021)
April 12 – Ann Miller, American actress and dancer (d. 2004)
April 13 – Don Adams, American actor, comedian (Get Smart) (d. 2005)
April 14
Lydia Clarke, American actress, photographer (d. 2018)
Roberto De Vicenzo, Argentine professional golfer, winner of the 1967 Open Championship (d. 2017)
April 15 – Douglas Wass, British civil servant (d. 2017)
April 17 – Étienne Bally, French sprinter (d. 2018)
April 19 – Sen Sōshitsu XV, Japanese hereditary master
April 20
Mother Angelica, American nun, founder of the Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN) (d. 2016)
Irene Lieblich, Polish-born painter (d. 2008)
April 22
Paula Fox, American writer (d. 2017)
Geoffrey Hattersley-Smith, English/Canadian geologist and glaciologist (d. 2012)
Bettie Page, American model (d. 2008)
Aaron Spelling, American television producer, writer (d. 2006)
April 23 – Dolph Briscoe, Governor of Texas (d. 2010)
April 24
Sir John Conant, 2nd Baronet, English aristocrat (d. 2024)
Bülent Ulusu, 18th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 2015)
April 25
Francis Graham-Smith, English astronomer, academic
Albert King, American musician (d. 1992)
Grant Munro, Canadian animator, filmmaker and actor (d. 2017)
April 27 – Lloyd F. Wheat, American lawyer and politician (d. 2004)
April 29 – Walter Deutsch, Austrian musicologist (d. 2024)
April 30
Al Lewis, American actor (The Munsters) (d. 2006)
Francis Tucker, South African rally driver (d. 2008)
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1923_4 | Section: May (2):
May 1
Frank Brian, American basketball player (d. 2017)
Fernando Cabrita, Portuguese football forward, manager (d. 2014)
Joseph Heller, American novelist (Catch-22) (d. 1999)
Billy Steel, Scottish footballer (d. 1982)
May 2
Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (d. 2008)
Paul Shooner, Canadian politician
May 3
Francis Bellotti, American lawyer and politician (d. 2024)
Francesco Paolo Bonifacio, Italian politician and jurist (d. 1989)
Alexander Harvey II, American judge (d. 2017)
May 4
Gillis William Long, American politician (d. 1985)
Assi Rahbani, Lebanese composer, musician, conductor, poet and author (d. 1986)
Eric Sykes, English actor (d. 2012)
May 5
Sergey Akhromeyev, Soviet marshal, former Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (d. 1991)
Ezekiel Guti, Zimbabwean pastor and archbishop (d. 2023)
Edit Perényi-Weckinger, Hungarian gymnast (d. 2019)
Konrad Repgen, German historian (d. 2017)
Richard Wollheim, English philosopher (d. 2003)
May 6
Josep Seguer, Spanish football defender, manager (d. 2014)
Archduchess Yolande of Austria (d. 2023)
May 7
Anne Baxter, American actress (d. 1985)
Jim Lowe, American singer-songwriter (d. 2016)
J. Mack Robinson, American businessman (d. 2014)
May 8
Louise Meriwether, American novelist, journalist and activist (d. 2023)
Yusof Rawa, Malaysian politician (d. 2000)
May 10 – Heydar Aliyev, 3rd President of Azerbaijan (1993–2003) (d. 2003)
May 11
Louise Arnold, American baseball player (d. 2010)
Eugenio Calabi, Italian-born American mathematician (d. 2023)
Fred McLafferty, American chemist (d. 2021)
May 12 – Mila del Sol, Filipino actress, entrepreneur and philanthropist (d. 2020)
May 13
Ruth Adler Schnee, German-American textile, interior designer (d. 2023)
John Pearce, Australian tennis player (d. 1992)
Betty Webb, code breaker at Bletchley Park during World War Two
May 14
Willis Blair, Canadian politician (d. 2014)
Alberto Ortiz, Uruguayan pentathlete
Adnan Pachachi, Iraqi Foreign Minister (d. 2019)
Mrinal Sen, Indian filmmaker (d. 2018)
May 15
Doris Dowling, American actress (d. 2004)
John Lanchbery, English composer (d. 2003)
Gholamreza Pahlavi, Persian prince (d. 2017)
May 16
Merton Miller, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
Lingam Suryanarayana, Indian surgeon
May 17
Anthony Eyton, English painter and educator
Peter Mennin, American composer, teacher and administrator (d. 1983)
David Wasawo, Kenyan zoologist, conservationist, and university administrator (d. 2014)
May 18 – Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2004)
May 19 – Peter Lo Sui Yin, Malaysian politician (d. 2020)
May 20 – Israel Gutman, Israeli historian (d. 2013)
May 21
Armand Borel, Swiss mathematician (d. 2003)
Dorothy Hewett, Australian writer (d. 2002)
Ara Parseghian, American football coach (d. 2017)
Evelyn Ward, American actress (d. 2012)
Vernon Biever, American photographer (d. 2010)
May 23
Ranajit Guha, Indian historian (d. 2023)
Kalidas Shrestha, Nepalese artist (d. 2016)
May 24 – Seijun Suzuki, Japanese filmmaker, actor and screenwriter (d. 2017)
May 25 – Bernard Koura, French painter (d. 2018)
May 26
James Arness, American actor (Gunsmoke) (d. 2011)
Roy Dotrice, English actor (d. 2017)
Horst Tappert, German television actor (d. 2008)
May 27
Henry Kissinger, German-born United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2023)
Sumner Redstone, American businessman (d. 2020)
Alfonso Wong, Hong Kong cartoonist (d. 2017)
May 28
György Ligeti, Hungarian composer (d. 2006)
N. T. Rama Rao, Indian (Telugu) film actor, politician (d. 1996)
T. M. Thiagarajan, Carnatic musicologist from Tamil Nadu in Southern India (d. 2007)
May 29
Edward H. Sims, American author
Eugene Wright, American jazz bassist (d. 2020)
May 30
Zdeněk Košta, Czech cyclist (d. 2022)
Jimmy Lydon, American actor, producer (d. 2022)
Dennis V. Razis, Greek oncologist
May 31
Robert O. Becker, American orthopedic surgeon (d. 2008)
Ellsworth Kelly, American artist (d. 2015)
Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (d. 2005)
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1924_0 | 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1924th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 924th year of the 2nd millennium, the 24th year of the 20th century, and the 5th year of the 1920s decade. |
1924_0 | Section: January (2):
January 12 – Gopinath Saha shoots Ernest Day, whom he has mistaken for Sir Charles Tegart, the police commissioner of Calcutta, and is arrested soon after.
January 20–30 – Kuomintang in China holds its first National Congress, initiating a policy of alliance with the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party.
January 21 – The Earl of Athlone is appointed Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, and High Commissioner for Southern Africa.
January 22 – Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
January 25 – The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, open in Chamonix, in the French Alps.
January 26 – Petrograd in the Soviet Union is renamed Leningrad; it will revert to Saint Petersburg in 1991.
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1924_1 | Section: February (2):
February 1 – The United Kingdom recognizes the Soviet Union.
February 5 – GMT: A radio time signal is broadcast for the first time, from the Royal Greenwich Observatory.
February 14 – The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR), based in the U.S. state of New York, is renamed International Business Machines (IBM).
February 22
Treaty of Rome: The Kingdom of Italy annexes the Free State of Fiume, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes absorbs Sušak.
Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast from the White House.
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1924_2 | Section: March (2):
March 3 – The Ottoman Caliphate, a remnant of the Ottoman monarchy abolished on November 1, 1922 and one of the historical claims of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad, comes to an end with the deposition of the Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty. This marks the end of an era, giving way to the drastic political transformations of Turkey introduced by reforms because of the President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
March 6 – İsmet İnönü forms a new government in Turkey (2nd government).
March 15 – Horacio Vásquez wins the Dominican Republic general election, becoming president, coinciding with the end of United States military occupation.
March 24 – Jean Sibelius conducts the world premiere of his Symphony No. 7 in Stockholm.
March 25 – The Second Hellenic Republic is proclaimed in Greece.
March 29 – In France, the Third Ministry of Raymond Poincaré begins.
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1924_3 | Section: April (2):
April 1
Adolf Hitler is sentenced to 5 years in Landsberg Prison in Germany for his participation in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch (he serves less than 9 months).
The first revenue flight for Belgium's Sabena Airlines takes place.
April 6 – Italian general election, 1924: Fascists win the elections in Italy with a two-thirds majority.
April 13 – The Greek republic referendum favors formation of the Second Hellenic Republic.
April 17 – Metro Pictures Corporation, Goldwyn Pictures and Louis B. Mayer Productions are merged to become Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
April 23 – The British Empire Exhibition opens in London; it is the largest colonial exhibition, with 58 countries of the empire dramatically represented.
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1924_4 | Section: May (2):
May 4 – The 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremonies are held in Paris, France.
May 8 – Lithuania signs the Klaipėda Convention with the nations of the Conference of Ambassadors, taking the Klaipėda Region from East Prussia and making it into an autonomous region.
May 10 – In the United States, J. Edgar Hoover is appointed head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
May 11 – Mercedes-Benz is formed by the merging of companies owned by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz.
May 26 – Harry Grindell Matthews attempts to demonstrate his "death ray" to the War Office in the United Kingdom.
May 30 – Italian socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti speaks out against Fascism. A few days later he is kidnapped and murdered in Rome.
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1924_5 | Section: June (2):
June 2 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.
June 5 – Ernst Alexanderson sends the first facsimile across the Atlantic Ocean, which goes to his father in Sweden.
June 7–16 – Rudolf Steiner delivers his Agriculture Course at Koberwitz beginning of the organic agriculture movement.
June 8 – George Mallory and Andrew Irvine are last seen "going strong for the top" of Mount Everest by teammate Noel Odell at 12:50 P.M. The two mountaineers are never seen alive again.
June 13 – In Hungary, a devastating tornado, "Wildkansas", strikes, in 3 hours leaving a 500–1500m wide and 70 km long path of destruction from landfall at Bia to its end near Vác, completely destroying the village of Páty. 9 people are killed, 50 injured and many left homeless by one of the strongest tornadoes ever not only in Hungary but in Europe, estimated as F4.
June 20 The FIDE was founded.
June 30 – J. B. M. Hertzog becomes the third Prime Minister of South Africa.
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1924_6 | Section: July (2):
July 10 – Paavo Nurmi of Finland wins the 1,500 and 5,000 m runs within two hours at the Paris Olympics.
July 12 – United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–24) comes to an end. The constitutional government headed by General Horacio Vázquez, elected in the elections held in March, is established.
July 19 – Napalpí massacre: Around 400 indigenous people of Toba ethnicity are massacred in Argentina.
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1924_7 | Section: August (2):
August 16 – The Dawes Plan is signed in Paris, temporarily resolving German reparations dispute.
August 28 – August Uprising: Georgia rises against rule by the Soviet Union in an abortive rebellion, in which several thousands die.
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1924_8 | Section: September (2):
September 9
The Hanapepe massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii.
The 8-hour work day is introduced in Belgium.
September 9–11 – The Kohat riots break out in India.
September 28 – U.S. Army pilots John Harding and Erik Nelson complete the first aerial circumnavigation of the globe. It has taken them 175 days and 74 stops before their return to Seattle.
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1924_9 | Section: October (2):
October – The skull of the Taung Child is discovered.
October 2 – The Geneva Protocol is adopted by the League of Nations Assembly as a means to strengthen the League, but later fails to be ratified.
October 6 – 1-RO begins regular radio broadcasting services in Italy.
October 9 – Municipal Grant Park Stadium, in Chicago, Illinois (now known as Soldier Field) is officially dedicated.
October 10 – Voting in federal elections becomes compulsory in Australia, after a private member's bill proposed by Tasmanian Nationalist senator Herbert Payne results in the passing of the Commonwealth Electoral (Compulsory Voting) Act 1924.
October 12–15 – Zeppelin LZ-126 makes a transatlantic delivery flight from Friedrichshafen, Germany, to Lakehurst, New Jersey.
October 15 – The first Surrealist Manifesto is published, in which André Breton defines the movement as "pure psychic automatism".
October 18 – Sweden's Prime Minister Ernst Trygger and his cabinet, is replaced by Hjalmar Branting and his third and last government.
October 19 – Abdul Aziz, founder of Saudi Arabia, declares himself protector of holy places in Mecca.
October 25
The British press publishes the Zinoviev letter, released the previous day by the Foreign Office. This purports to be a directive from Grigory Zinoviev, head of the Communist International in Moscow, to the Communist Party of Great Britain.
Authorities of the British Raj in India arrest Subhas Chandra Bose and jail him for the next 21⁄2 years.
October 27 – The Uzbek SSR joins the Soviet Union.
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1924_10 | Section: November (2):
November – The last known sighting of a California grizzly bear is recorded, by Colonel John R. White at Sequoia National Park.
November 4
Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming is elected as the first woman governor in the United States.
1924 United States presidential election: Republican Calvin Coolidge defeats Democrat John W. Davis and Progressive Robert M. La Follette Sr.
Stanley Baldwin becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom again
November 10 – The Trial of the 149 begins in Estonia, eventually resulting in the conviction of 129 communists, including several members of the Riigikogu.
November 19 – Major-General Sir Lee Stack, British Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Sirdar of the Egyptian Army, is shot in Cairo by a gang of Egyptian nationalist students, dying the following day.
November 21 – Ali Fethi Okyar forms a new government in Turkey (3rd government).
November 26 – The Mongolian People's Republic is proclaimed.
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1924_11 | Section: December (2):
December 1 – A Soviet-backed communist 1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt fails in Estonia.
December 19 – German serial killer Fritz Haarmann is sentenced to death for the murder and dismemberment of at least 24 young males in Hanover.
December 20 – In Germany, Adolf Hitler is released from Landsberg Prison after serving nine months for his crucial role in the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923.
December 24
1924 Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.34 crash: An airliner crashes soon after takeoff from London's Croydon Airport killing all eight people aboard. This leads to the first public inquiry into a civil aviation accident ever held in the United Kingdom.
Albania becomes a republic.
Babbs Switch fire: A flash fire at a Christmas celebration in a one-room schoolhouse in Babbs, Oklahoma, United States, kills 36 people, mostly small children.
December 30 – American astronomer Edwin Hubble announces that Andromeda, previously believed to be a nebula, is actually another galaxy, and that the Milky Way is only one of many such galaxies in the universe.
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1925_0 | 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1925th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 925th year of the 2nd millennium, the 25th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1920s decade. |
1925_0 | Section: January (2):
January 1 – The Syrian Federation is officially dissolved, the State of Aleppo and the State of Damascus having been replaced by the State of Syria.
January 3 – Benito Mussolini makes a pivotal speech in the Italian Chamber of Deputies which will be regarded by historians as the beginning of his dictatorship.
January 5 – Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor (Wyoming) in the United States. Twelve days later, Ma Ferguson becomes first female governor of Texas.
January 25 – Hjalmar Branting resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden because of ill health, and is replaced by the minister of trade, Rickard Sandler.
January 27–February 1 – The 1925 serum run to Nome (the "Great Race of Mercy") relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U.S. Territory of Alaska to combat an epidemic.
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1925_1 | Section: February (2):
February 25 – Art Gillham records (for Columbia Records) the first Western Electric masters to be commercially released.
February 28 – The 1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake strikes northeastern North America.
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Subsets and Splits