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687_25 | Non-geographic numbers
Non-geographic numbers have a three-digit prefix and a seven-digit number. They are usually represented as if the leading 0 prefix were part of the three-digit prefix (like with long-distance numbers), resulting in the format 0ppp-nnn-nnnn.
Some 0800 numbers are 6-digit only, For example, Ministry of Education has 0800-61-6161.
The currently allocated prefixes are:
0300: local-rate calls
0303: televoting, charged at local rate
0500: premium-rate telephone numbers for charity donations, with a maximum of R$ 30.00 per donation (the telephone number is assigned to a donation value) + R$ 0.50 for call costs.
0800: toll-free telephone numbers
0900: premium-rate telephone numbers
"3/400n-nnnn" numbers |
687_26 | A special case of non-geographic numbers are eight-digit numbers in the form 3/400n-nnnn. They are dialed as local numbers, without any trunk, carrier or area codes, and calls to them are always charged as local, regardless of where the answering call center physically is. In spite of this, there are some 300x/400x prefixes that direct calls as locations only in a specific geographic area within the area of operation of the company operating the service, or may even be used as typical local numbers. |
687_27 | Such numbers differ from 0300 numbers in that the latter in the past were not charged as local calls and had their own rates (not always really flat and sometimes more like premium-rate numbers), which by law must be informed when advertising the number. 0300 numbers are often used, for example, by low-cost airlines' reservation systems, whereas 400n-nnnn numbers are used by large but cost-conscious companies that do not wish to bear the full cost of a nationwide toll-free system, yet still do not want their customers to be put away by having to pay long-distance rates, and the "national" number system in these cases is based on the same number being contracted in all DDD areas of the country or eventually only in the areas where the company has the focus of its activity.. 3/400n-nnnn numbers are also often used by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) for standard dial-up access. |
687_28 | As of January 2009, 3/400n-nnnn numbers are not yet available for access from all area codes or localities due to the division of the cities in the DDD areas into local subareas generally limited to the municipality or the conurbated metropolitan area, requiring the typing of 0-xx-aa to call the number from landlines in the municipalities outside the local subarea to which the number special is associated. As a result, these numbers are associated with state capitals and their metropolitan regions or the largest city in the area. The company (especially in the case of ISPs) may also specify localities where the service will or will not be available, providing an alternative long-distance or toll-free number for such cases. For example, the country's largest bank, Banco do Brasil, offers the number 4004-0001 for its clients to access its home banking services in major cities (where most clients are) paying local rates, and the toll-free number 0800-729-0001 for clients elsewhere in the |
687_29 | country. |
687_30 | Example: In area 19 the prefix 4001 was located to Metropolitan Region of Campinas, therefore:
To call the number (19) 4001-2234 from a landline in Vinhedo (part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas): 4001 2234
To call the number (19) 4001-3579 from a payphone in Piracicaba (within area 19, but outside the metropolitan region of Campinas): 0 XX 19 4001 3579
To call the number (19) 4001-3456 from a cell phone working in Rio Claro (also outside the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, but also in area 19): 4001 3456
As explained, it is not necessary to dial the prefix 0-XX-AA from cell phones in the same area with which the destination number is associated, but it may be necessary to dial such prefix from landlines.
International calls |
687_31 | Outbound
Outbound international calls use a 00 trunk prefix, followed by the carrier selection code (same as in domestic long-distance calls) and the international telephone number. So, to call the international telephone number +cc-aa-nnnn-nnnn (where cc is the country code and aa the area code), one would dial 00-xx-cc-aa-nnnn-nnnn, where xx is the carrier selection code. Since international telephone numbers can have up to 15 digits, the maximum number of digits to be dialed is 19.
For example, to call the number 555-0123 in Washington, D.C. (area code 202), United States (country code 1), using TIM as the chosen carrier (selection code 41), one would dial 00 41 1 202 555 0123. |
687_32 | Again, selecting a carrier can be tricky, since they charge different rates, not all of them operate in all of Brazil, not all forward international calls, and some do not put calls through to some remote or rarely called countries. ANATEL's Web site had (cancelled March 2013) a useful on-line system (in Portuguese) where the standard rates of all available carriers could be compared for the particular international call one wanted to place.
There is a special exception for foreign visitors who are using international roaming in Brazil. They can use the standard dialing format to call abroad from Brazil (+cc-aa-nnnn-nnnn). |
687_33 | As of August 2016, Embratel is the only carrier offering operator-assisted international calls, by dialing 0800-703-2111. International telephone number inquiries can be made dialing 0800-703-2100 (same number as for domestic directory inquiries). Embratel also offers radio calls to sea vessels in Brazilian waters by dialing 0800-701-2141, in addition to INMARSAT service, which works like any regular international call and can be placed through any major long-distance carrier. |
687_34 | Inbound
Inbound international calls use +55 aa nnnn nnnn as the international telephone number, where aa is the two-digit Brazilian area code and nnnn nnnn is the 8-digit local number (9 digits for mobile numbers). This must be preceded by an international call prefix specific to the country where the call is being placed from (e.g., 011 from the U.S. and Canada, 00 from most other countries, or the actual "+" sign from many mobile networks). If the number in Brazil was supplied with an initial 0 and/or carrier selection codes, those must be omitted.
For example, to call the number 3210-9876 in São Paulo (area code 11) from the United States, one would dial 011 55 11 3210 9876. |
687_35 | Number portability
In September 2008, ANATEL started the use of number portability in Brazilian territory, but the existing rules of the numbering plan were kept. Fixed-line customers can keep their numbers when moving their address and/or when switching telephone companies within the same municipality, and mobile lines customers can keep their numbers provided they stay within the same local area (i.e., the portion of the area code where calls are charged as local).
See also
List of dialling codes in Brazil
References
ITU allocations list
External links
Anatel - Brazilian National Telecommunications Agency (in Portuguese)
List of all area codes (DDD codes) in Brazil (in Portuguese)
Brazil
Brazil communications-related lists |
688_0 | This is a list of compositions by Jan Ladislav Dussek.
Cataloging Dussek's compositions has a history of its own. Dussek's oeuvre has historically been difficult to organize, due in part to the number of publishers who originally published his work, and to the fact that some of his works were published by more than one publisher. Some works published by different publishers were assigned different opus numbers; sometimes different works were given then same opus number by different publishers. Dussek further complicated this by arranging works for different instrument combinations.
The Artaria Company published a thematic catalog of his works that is incomplete, prompting Howard Craw to develop a new thematic catalog in 1964. Works are numbered in the order they were written prefixed by "C" or "Craw"; works of dubious origin are listed in a separately numbered section prefixed by "Craw D". |
688_1 | Works
Craw 1 \ Keyboard Concerto in B-flat major (apparently lost)
Craw 2 \ Keyboard Concerto Op. 1 No. 1 in C major
Craw 3 \ Keyboard Concerto Op. 1 No. 2 in E-flat major
Craw 4 \ Keyboard Concerto Op. 1 No. 3 in G major
Craw 5 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 1 No. 1 in B-flat major (No. 32)
Craw 6 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 1 No. 2 in G major (No. 33)
Craw 7 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 1 No. 3 in C major (No. 34)
Craw 8 \ Overture to Le droit d'ainesse for keyboard in D major
Craw 9 \ Overture to Zémire et Azor for keyboard in D major
Craw 10 \ "General Suwarrow's March" arranged for piano in E-flat major
Craw 11 \ Piano Trio Op. 1 (1786) No. 1 (lost)
Craw 12 \ Piano Trio Op. 1 (1786) No. 2 (lost)
Craw 13 \ Piano Trio Op. 1 (1786) No. 3 (lost)
Craw 14 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 2 No. 1 in C major (No. 35)
Craw 15 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 2 No. 2 in F major (No. 36)
Craw 16 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 2 No. 3 in C minor (No. 37) |
688_2 | Craw 17 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 46 No. 1 in C major
Craw 18 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 46 No. 2 in F major
Craw 19 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 46 No. 3 in B-flat major
Craw 20 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 46 No. 4 in C major
Craw 21 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 46 No. 5 in D major
Craw 22 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 46 No. 6 in G major
Craw 23 \ Sonata for piano & flute Op. 51 No. 1 in G major (No. 45)
Craw 24 \ Sonata for piano & flute Op. 51 No. 2 in D major (No. 46)
Craw 25 \ Sonata for piano & flute Op. 51 No. 3 in C major (No. 47)
Craw 26 \ Easter Cantata in C major
Craw 27 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 1 No. 1 in C major (No. 38)
Craw 28 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 1 No. 2 in B-flat major (No. 39)
Craw 29 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 1 No. 3 in F major (No. 40)
Craw 30 \ Piano Trio Op. 2 No. 1 in C major
Craw 31 \ Piano Trio Op. 2 No. 2 in B-flat major
Craw 32 \ Piano Trio Op. 2 No. 3 in E minor |
688_3 | Craw 33 \ Keyboard Concerto Op. 3 in E-flat major
Craw 34 \ Piano Trio Op. 1 (1787) No. 1 (lost)
Craw 35 \ Piano Trio Op. 1 (1787) No. 2 (lost)
Craw 36 \ Piano Trio Op. 1 (1787) No. 3 (lost)
Craw 37 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 4 No. 1 in F major (No. 41)
Craw 38 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 4 No. 2 in E-flat major (No. 42)
Craw 39 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 4 No. 3 in F minor (No. 30)
Craw 40 \ Piano Sonatina in G major Op. 20 No. 1
Craw 41 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 5 No. 1 in G major (No. 43)
Craw 42 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 5 No. 2 in B-flat major (No. 44)
Craw 43 \ Keyboard Sonata Op. 5 No. 3 in A-flat major (No. 29)
Craw 44 \ Petit air connu varié for keyboard Op. 6 No. 1 in E-flat major
Craw 45 \ Petit air connu varié for keyboard Op. 6 No. 2 in F major
Craw 46 \ Petit air connu varié for keyboard Op. 6 No. 3 in A major
Craw 47 \ Petit air connu varié for keyboard Op. 6 No. 4 in D minor |
688_4 | Craw 48 \ Petit air connu varié for keyboard Op. 6 No. 5 in G minor
Craw 49 \ Petit air connu varié for keyboard Op. 6 No. 6 in G minor
Craw 50 \ Sonata for keyboard & flute Op. 7 No. 1 in C major (No. 48)
Craw 51 \ Sonata for keyboard & flute Op. 7 No. 2 in G major (No. 49)
Craw 52 \ Sonata for keyboard & flute Op. 7 No. 3 in E-flat major (No. 50)
Craw 53 \ Harp Concerto Op. 15 in E-flat major
Craw 54a \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 8 No. 1 in C major (No. 51)
Craw 54b \ Piano Trio Op. 20 No. 1 in C major
Craw 55a \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 8 No. 2 in F major (No. 52)
Craw 55b \ Piano Trio Op. 20 No. 3 in F major
Craw 56a \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 8 No. 3 in A major (No. 53)
Craw 56b \ Piano Trio Op. 20 No. 2 in A major
Craw 57 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 9 No. 1 in B-flat major (No. 1)
Craw 58 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 9 No. 2 in C major (No. 2)
Craw 59 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 9 No. 3 in D major (No. 3) |
688_5 | Craw 60 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 10 No. 1 in A major (No. 4)
Craw 61 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 10 No. 2 in G minor (No. 5)
Craw 62 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 10 No. 3 in E major (No. 6)
Craw 63 \ Duet for harp & piano Op. 11 in F major
Craw 64 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 12 No. 1 in F major (No. 54)
Craw 65 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 12 No. 2 in B-flat major (No. 55)
Craw 66 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 12 No. 3 in C major (No. 56)
Craw 67 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 13 No. 1 in B-flat major (No. 57)
Craw 68 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 13 No. 2 in D major (No. 58)
Craw 69 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 13 No. 3 in G major (No. 59)
Craw 70 \ Romance de Figaro for keyboard (lost)
Craw 71 \ Piano Sonata Op. 14 No. 1 in C major (No. 60)
Craw 72 \ Piano Sonata Op. 14 No. 2 in G major (No. 61)
Craw 73 \ Piano Sonata Op. 14 No. 3 in F major (No. 62)
Craw 74 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 16 No. 1 in C major (No. 63) |
688_6 | Craw 75 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 16 No. 2 in F major (No. 64)
Craw 76 \ Sonata for keyboard & violin Op. 16 No. 3 in G major (No. 65)
Craw 77 \ Keyboard Concerto Op. 14 in F major
Craw 78 \ Keyboard Concerto Op. 17 in F major
Craw 79 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 18 No. 1 in B-flat major (No. 66)
Craw 80 \ Piano Sonata Op. 18 No. 2 in A minor (No. 7)
Craw 81 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 18 No. 3 in E-flat major (No. 31)
Craw 82 \ Air de Calpigi varié for piano in C major
Craw 83 \ Variations for keyboard on a theme by Salieri (lost)
Craw 84 \ Favorite air varied for keyboard in B-flat major
Craw 85 \ Favorite air varied for keyboard in C major
Craw 86 \ Favorite air varied for keyboard in F major
Craw 87 \ "God Save the King" with variations for piano in C major
Craw 88 \ Sonata for keyboard & flute Op. 19,20 No. 1 in G major
Craw 89 \ Sonata for keyboard & flute Op. 19,20 No. 2 in C major
Craw 90 \ Sonata for keyboard & flute Op. 19,20 No. 3 in F major |
688_7 | Craw 91 \ Sonata for keyboard & flute Op. 19,20 No. 4 in A major
Craw 92 \ Sonata for keyboard & flute Op. 19,20 No. 5 in C major
Craw 93 \ Sonata for keyboard & flute Op. 19,20 No. 6 in E-flat major
Craw 94 \ Trio for piano, flute & cello Op. 21 in C major
Craw 95 \ "The Rosary" arranged for piano in B-flat major
Craw 96 \ Piano Sonata Op. 24 in B-flat major (No. 8)
Craw 97 \ Piano Concerto Op. 22 in B-flat major
Craw 98 \ "The Sufferings of the Queen of France" for keyboard Op. 23 in C minor
Craw 99 \ Favorite song arranged as a rondo for keyboard in F major
Craw 100 \ "Rosline Castle" with variations for piano in C minor
Craw 101 \ "Within a mile of Edinburgh" with variations for keyboard in B-flat major
Craw 102 \ Duet for harp & piano Op. 26 in F major
Craw 103 \ "Lord Howe's Hornpipe" arranged for piano in F major
Craw 104 \ Piano Concerto Op. 27 in F major
Craw 105 \ "Viotti's favorite polacca" arranged for piano in A major |
688_8 | Craw 106 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 1 in C major
Craw 107 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 2 in F major
Craw 108 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 3 in C major
Craw 109 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 4 in F major
Craw 110 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 5 in C major
Craw 111 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 6 in F major
Craw 112 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 7 in B-flat major
Craw 113 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 8 in G major
Craw 114 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 9 in B-flat major
Craw 115 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 10 in G major
Craw 116 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 11 in G minor
Craw 117 \ Leçon progressive for keyboard Op. 32 No. 12 in G major
Craw 118 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 28 No. 1 in C major (No. 67)
Craw 119 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 28 No. 2 in F major (No. 68) |
688_9 | Craw 120 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 28 No. 3 in B-flat major (No. 69)
Craw 121 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 28 No. 4 in D major (No. 70)
Craw 122 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 28 No. 5 in G minor (No. 71)
Craw 123 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 28 No. 6 in E-flat major (No. 72)
Craw 124 \ "Favorite Welsh air" arranged for piano in A major
Craw 125 \ Piano Concerto Op. 29 in C major
Craw 126 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 25 No. 1 in F major (No. 73)
Craw 127 \ Piano Sonata Op. 25 No. 2 in D major (No. 9)
Craw 128 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 25 No. 3 in G major (No. 74)
Craw 129 \ Harp Concerto Op. 30 in C major
Craw 130 \ Grand March in Alceste arranged for piano in G major
Craw 131 \ "Madame Del Caro's Hornpipe" arranged for piano in A major
Craw 132 \ Piano Trio Op. 31 No. 1 in B-flat major
Craw 133 \ Piano Sonata Op. 31 No. 2 in D major (No. 10)
Craw 134 \ Piano Trio Op. 31 No. 3 in C major
Craw 135 \ Prelude for piano Op. 31 No. 1 in B-flat major |
688_10 | Craw 136 \ Prelude for piano Op. 31 No. 2 in D major
Craw 137 \ Prelude for piano Op. 31 No. 3 in C major
Craw 138 \ "A Scotch air" arranged for piano in F major
Craw 139 \ "The Royal quick step" arranged for piano in G major
Craw 140 \ "Scythian Dance" arranged for piano in C minor
Craw 141 \ Piano Trio Op. 24 No. 1 in F major
Craw 142 \ Piano Trio Op. 24 No. 2 in D major
Craw 143 \ Piano Trio Op. 24 No. 3 in B-flat major
Craw 144 \ Sonata for piano 4 hands Op. 33 in C major
Craw 145 \ "Alla Tedesca" arranged for piano in b-flat major
Craw 146 \ "La Chasse" for piano in F major
Craw 147 \ Harp Sonata Op. 34 No. 1 in E-flat major
Craw 148 \ Harp Sonata Op. 34 No. 2 in B-flat major
Craw 149 \ Piano Sonata Op. 35 No. 1 in B-flat major (No. 11)
Craw 150 \ Piano Sonata Op. 35 No. 2 in G major (No. 12)
Craw 151 \ Piano Sonata Op. 35 No. 3 in C minor (No. 13)
Craw 152 \ The Naval Battle and Total Defeat for piano in D major
Craw 153 \ Piano Concerto Op. 40 in B-flat major |
688_11 | Craw 154 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 36 in C major (No. 75)
Craw 155 \ The favorite Romance of the Captive of Spilberg (opera, libretto by Prince Hoare)
Craw 156 \ Music composed for the Ceremony of the Victories for piano in D major
Craw 157 \ Favorite duet of Tink a Tink arranged for piano in G major
Craw 158 \ Piano Concerto in F major
Craw 159 \ Overture to Feudal Times in C major
Craw 160 \ Harp Sonatine I in C major
Craw 161 \ Harp Sonatine II in F major
Craw 162 \ Harp Sonatine III in G major
Craw 163 \ Harp Sonatine IV in B-flat major
Craw 164 \ Harp Sonatine V in F major
Craw 165 \ Harp Sonatine VI in E-flat major
Craw 166 \ Piano Sonata Op. 39 No. 1 in G major (No. 14)
Craw 167 \ Piano Sonata Op. 39 No. 2 in C major (No. 15)
Craw 168 \ Piano Sonata Op. 39 No. 3 in B-flat major (No. 16)
Craw 169 \ Piano Trio Op. 37 in E-flat major
Craw 170 \ Duet for harp & piano Op. 38 in E-flat major
Craw 171 \ "Poor Jonas" with variations for piano (lost) |
688_12 | Craw 172 \ Piano Quintet Op. 41 in F minor
Craw 173 \ Overture to Pizarro composed and arranged for piano in D minor
Craw 174 \ Favorite duet of "All shall leave" arranged for piano in G major
Craw 175 \ Favorite duet of "Adieu" arranged for piano in B-flat major
Craw 176 \ "Chi serba costanza" in B-flat major
Craw 177 \ Piano Sonata Op. 43 in A major (No. 17)
Craw 178 \ Piano Sonata Op. 44 in E-flat major (No. 18)
Craw 179 \ Piano Sonata Op. 45 No. 1 in B-flat major (No. 19)
Craw 180 \ Piano Sonata Op. 45 No. 2 in G major (No. 20)
Craw 181 \ Piano Sonata Op. 45 No. 3 in D major (No. 21)
Craw 182 \ Sonata for microchordon in B-flat major Op. 45
Craw 183 \ Harp Sonata in F major
Craw 184 \ Piano Sonata Op. 47 No. 1 in D major (No. 22)
Craw 185 \ Piano Sonata Op. 47 No. 2 in G major (No. 23)
Craw 186 \ Sonata for piano 4 hands Op. 48 in C major
Craw 187 \ Piano Concerto Op. 49 in G minor
Craw 188 \ Favorite duet polonoise for piano 3 hands in E-flat major Op. 50 |
688_13 | Craw 189 \ Duettino for harp & piano in C major
Craw 190 \ Duettino for harp & piano in F major
Craw 191 \ Waltz I for piano & violin or flute in G major
Craw 192 \ Waltz II for piano & violin or flute in B-flat major
Craw 193 \ Waltz III for piano & violin or flute in C major
Craw 194 \ Waltz IV for piano & violin or flute in A major
Craw 195 \ Waltz V for piano & violin or flute in B-flat major
Craw 196 \ Waltz VI for piano & violin or flute in F major
Craw 197 \ Piano Quartet in E-flat major Op. 56
Craw 198 \ "Ertönet laut ihr bebenden Saiten" in B-flat major
Craw 199 \ Fantasia & fugue for piano in F minor Op. 55
Craw 200 \ Canzonet Op. 52 No. 1 "Sehnsucht der Liebe" in C major
Craw 201 \ Canzonet Op. 52 No. 2 "Klage der Liebe" in A-flat major
Craw 202 \ Canzonet Op. 52 No. 3 "Hoffnung" in E-flat major
Craw 203 \ Canzonet Op. 52 No. 4 "Das Warum" in E-flat major
Craw 204 \ Canzonet Op. 52 No. 5 "Dauer der Liebe" in G major |
688_14 | Craw 205 \ Canzonet Op. 52 No. 6 "Eigensinn der Liebe" in B-flat major
Craw 206 \ Concerto for 2 pianos in B-flat major Op. 63
Craw 207 \ Sonata for piano 4 hands in C major
Craw 208 \ String Quartet Op. 60 No. 1 in G major
Craw 209 \ String Quartet Op. 60 No. 2 in B-flat major
Craw 210 \ String Quartet Op. 60 No. 3 in E-flat major
Craw 211 \ "Elégie harmonique sur la mort de Louis Ferdinand" Op. 61 (No. 24)
Craw 212 \ "La Consolation" for piano in B-flat major Op. 62
Craw 213 \ Lied in drei Noten B C D in B-flat major
Craw 214 \ Trio for piano, flute & cello Op. 65 in F major
Craw 215 \ Canon a 4: "Ha, ha, ich merke wohl" in B-flat major
Craw 216 \ Canon a 4: "Venerabilis Barba" in B minor
Craw 217 \ Canon a 3: "Weg mit Quart und Folio Bänden" in G major
Craw 218 \ Canon a 4: "Ach, wie soll ich das gestehen" in F minor
Craw 219 \ Canon a 4: "Mit Mädchen sich vertragen" in A major
Craw 220 \ Canon a 4: "Der Zornige" in G minor
Craw 221 \ Piano Sonata Op. 64 in A-flat major (No. 26) |
688_15 | Craw 222 \ Anglaise for piano in C major
Craw 223 \ Anglaise for piano in G major
Craw 224 \ Waltz for piano in C major
Craw 225 \ Waltz for piano in E-flat major
Craw 226 \ Andantino con variazioni for piano in A major
Craw 227 \ Fugue for piano 4 hands Op. 64 No. 1 in D major
Craw 228 \ Fugue for piano 4 hands Op. 64 No. 2 in G minor
Craw 229 \ Fugue for piano 4 hands Op. 64 No. 3 in F major
Craw 230 \ Sonata for piano 4 hands Op. 67 No. 1 in C major
Craw 231 \ Sonata for piano 4 hands Op. 67 No. 2 in F major
Craw 232 \ Sonata for piano 4 hands Op. 67 No. 3 in B-flat major
Craw 233 \ Notturno Concertante in E-flat major Op. 68
Craw 234 \ Duet for harp & piano Op. 74 in B-flat major
Craw 235 \ Variations for piano Op. 71 No. 1 in B-flat major
Craw 236 \ Variations for piano Op. 71 No. 2 in F major
Craw 237 \ Variations for piano Op. 71 No. 3 in C major
Craw 238 \ Piano Concerto Op. 70 in E-flat major
Craw 239 \ Duet for harp & piano Op. 72 in E-flat major |
688_16 | Craw 240 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 69 No. 1 in B-flat major (No. 76)
Craw 241 \ Sonata for piano & violin Op. 69 No. 2 in G major (No. 77)
Craw 242 \ Piano Sonata Op. 69 No. 3 in D major (No. 25)
Craw 243 \ Duet for harp & piano Op. 73 in F major
Craw 244 \ Variations for piano Op. 71 No. 4 in G major
Craw 245 \ Variations for piano Op. 71 No. 5 in C minor
Craw 246 \ Variations for piano Op. 71 No. 6 in B-flat major
Craw 247 \ Piano Sonata Op. 75 in E-flat major (No. 27)
Craw 248 \ Fantasia for piano in F major Op. 76
Craw 249 \ Romance favorite for piano in E-flat major
Craw 250 \ Duet for violins Op. 58 No. 1 (lost)
Craw 251 \ Duet for violins Op. 58 No. 2 (lost)
Craw 252 \ Duet for violins Op. 58 No. 3 (lost)
Craw 253 \ Duet for violins Op. 58 No. 4 (lost)
Craw 254 \ Duet for violins Op. 58 No. 5 (lost)
Craw 255 \ Duet for violins Op. 58 No. 6 (lost)
Craw 256 \ Messe Solemnelle in G major
Craw 257 \ Favorite air adapted for harp & piano in E-flat major |
688_17 | Craw 258 \ Favorite air adapted for harp & piano in B-flat major
Craw 259 \ Piano Sonata Op. 77 in F minor (No. 28)
Craw 260 \ Piano Trio Op. post No. 1 in E-flat major
Craw 261 \ Piano Trio Op. post No. 2 in B-flat major
Craw 262 \ Canon a 4: "Il Escorcismo della Podagra" in C minor
Craw 263 \ "The Brunswick March" for piano in D major
Craw 264 \ Harp Concerto in B-flat major
Craw 265 \ Harp Concerto in E-flat major (lost)
Craw 266 \ Harp Concerto in F major (lost)
Craw 267 \ Harp Concerto in C major (lost)
Craw 268-277 \ 6 Contredanses & 4 Waltzes by Mozart arr. for piano (lost)
Craw 278 \ "Fernando's Hochgesang an Clara" for piano in G major
Craw 279 \ "Lieli e amorosi" for tenor (lost)
Craw 280 \ "La mia testa" in C major
Craw 281 \ Moravian Waltz for piano in D major
Craw 282 \ Piano Sonata (No. 78) (lost)
Craw 283 \ Turkish March for piano in C major
Craw 284 \ Art of Playing the Piano Forte or Harpsichord
Craw 285 \ Méthode pour le Piano Forte et Doigté |
688_18 | Craw 286 \ Klavierschule von J. Pleyel
Craw 287 \ Pianoforte-Schule nach der Englischen Ausgabe |
688_19 | List of Piano Concertos by Dussek:
Op. 1-1 (Craw 2) \ Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major (1783)
Op. 1-2 (Craw 3) \ Piano Concerto No. 2 in E-flat major (1783)
Op. 1-3 (Craw 4) \ Piano Concerto No. 3 in G major (1783)
Op. 3 (Craw 33) \ Piano Concerto No. 4 in E-flat major (1787)
Op. 14 (Craw 77) \ Piano Concerto No. 5 in F major (1791)
Op. 17 (Craw 78) \ Piano Concerto No. 6 in F major (1792)
Op. 22 (Craw 97) \ Piano Concerto No. 7 in B-flat major (1793)
Op. 27 (Craw 104) \ Piano Concerto No. 8 in F major (1794)
Op. 29 (Craw 125) \ Piano Concerto No. 9 in C major (1795)
Op. 40 (Craw 153) \ Piano Concerto No. 10 in B-flat major (1799)
No opus number (Craw 158) \ Piano Concerto No. 11 in F major (1798?)
Op. 49 (Craw 187) \ Piano Concerto No. 12 in G minor (1801)
Op. 70 (Craw 238) \ Piano Concerto No. 13 in E-flat major (1810)
Piano Concerto in B-flat major Craw 1 (lost)
Piano Concerto Craw D7 (dubious)
Piano Concerto Craw D8 (dubious) |
688_20 | List of Harp Concertos by Dussek:
Craw 53 \ Harp Concerto Op. 15 (1789)
Craw 129 \ Harp Concerto Op. 30 (1795)
Craw 264 \ Harp Concerto in B-flat major
Craw 265 \ Harp Concerto in E-flat major (lost)
Craw 266 \ Harp Concerto in F major (lost)
Craw 267 \ Harp Concerto in C major (lost)
List of Concertos For Two Pianos by Dussek:
Craw 206 \ Concerto for 2 Pianos and Orchestra in B-flat major, Op. 63 (1805-06) |
688_21 | Works of dubious attribution
Craw D 1 \ Favorite air varied for harp in B flat major
Craw D 2 \ Favorite air varied for harp in C minor
Craw D 3 \ Andantino brillante with variation for harp in B flat major
Craw D 4 \ Italian air varied for harp & flute in B flat major
Craw D 5 \ Italian air varied for harp & flute in E flat major
Craw D 6 \ Italian air varied for harp & flute in C minor
Craw D 7 \ Harpsichord Concerto in A major
Craw D 8 \ Harpsichord Concerto in D major
Craw D 9 \ Nocturne russe for harp in E flat major
Craw D10 \ Favorite air arranged for harp in B flat major
Craw D11 \ Serenade in E flat major
Craw D12 \ Harp Sonata Op. 2 No. 1 in B flat major
Craw D13 \ Harp Sonata Op. 2 No. 2 in G major
Craw D14 \ Harp Sonata Op. 2 No. 3 in C minor
Craw D15–20 \ 6 Piano Sonatas
Craw deest \ Organ Voluntary on a theme by Handel
Notes
References
Dussek
Dussek |
689_0 | The Windermere Supergroup is a geological unit formed during the Ordovician to Silurian periods ~, and exposed in northwest England, including the Pennines and correlates along its strike, in the Isle of Man and Ireland, and down-dip in the Southern Uplands and Welsh Borderlands. It underlies much of north England's younger cover, extending south to East Anglia. It formed as a foreland basin, in a similar setting to the modern Ganges basin, fronting the continent of Avalonia as the remains of the attached Iapetus ocean subducted under Laurentia.
The supergroup comprises the Dent Group of turbiditic limestones, and the overlying series of shales, grits and greywackes of the Stockdale Group, Tranearth Group, Coniston Group and Kendal Group. Compression from the south east during the later Acadian orogeny (probably caused by the closure of the Rheic ocean) buckled the strata into anticlines and synclines and caused slaty cleavage in some sediment beds. |
689_1 | Before the Windermere: Basement terranes
To the north west of the unit lies the Cambro-Ordovician Skiddaw Group, a sequence that formed on the Avalonian continental margin, composed mainly of turbidites. Between the two, the Borrowdale Volcanic Group consists of tuffs erupted by an underlying calc-alkaline volcanic arc, active during the subduction of the Iapetus ocean crust.
The Windermere basin was formed by flexure. Prior to its formation, the Southern Uplands accretionary prism, flanking the edge of the Laurentian continent, was advancing towards Avalonia. The load of the mountains formed during this collision weighed down the Avalonian plate, causing the development of accommodation space.
Sedimentation begins: Filling the basin |
689_2 | Sedimentation began in the Caradoc (upper Ordovician, ). During the Llandovery, the Stockdale Supergroup is marked by a number of oxic-anoxic transitions, with black shales corresponding to transgressions - these may have helped to mitigate a runaway greenhouse effect. |
689_3 | The rate of sediment accumulation accelerated with time; it held fairly steady at a low ~50 metres per million years (m/Ma) until the Wenlock (mid Silurian, ), when it increased greatly, eventually reaching over 1000 m/Ma when the record is terminated by erosion in the Pridoli (terminal Silurian, ). This sudden upturn in deposition rate is a result of the increasing proximity of the Avalon mountain belt, which started to depress the plate from the Ordovician, but was not close enough to increase the sedimentary input until the Silurian. The latest phase of sedimentation reflected a change in the basin's state. Instead of being underfilled, and trapping all sediment that flowed into it, it became overfilled. This was reflected by a shallowing of water depth, as the basin silted up. This culminated with a transition to terrestrial conditions in the Přídolí. |
689_4 | Beyond the record: Postulated cover
Analysis of the clay mineral illite from a section across the Windermere Supergroup permits an estimate to be made of its maximum burial depth. Deposits at the surface today were once covered with 5–6 km of sediment; some of this would belong to faulted Windermere deposits, but it is postulated that the bulk of it was Old Red Sandstone, including molasse deposits laid down by alluvial fans on the flanks of the mountain belt, and probably lower energy fluvial (river) or aeolian (dune) deposits.
Modelling the basin's evolution |
689_5 | Sinclair's model of foreland basins has remained the state of the art for over a decade, and his four-stage model provides a good match for the Windermere supergroup. In the first stage, an orogenic wedge (here, the mountains of the Southern Uplands accretionary wedge) loads a passive margin, causing flexural subsidence and providing accommodation space. A "forebulge", caused by the rigidity of the crust flexing up behind the load, causes uplift and permits erosion. As the bulge moves backwards, it leaves shallow waters in its wake, which can be filled with carbonates, while hemipelagic sediments and turbidites continue to fill the deeper parts of the basin, leaving a "trinity" of facies --- this is stage 2. At a certain point, the deep water basin changes from an underfilled state, where accommodation space is created as fast as it is filled with flysch, to an overfilled one (stage 3). The orogenic wedge then provides a significant source of molasse sediments, with turbidites |
689_6 | and deltas prograding through the basin. The basin is eventually filled, and covered with fluvial and alluvial molasse (stage 4). |
689_7 | Matching the model |
689_8 | Stage 1 is hard to spot in the sedimentary record. The Dent Group, the oldest part of the supergroup, is a good match for the carbonate facies expected in the shallow waters of stages 2–3; accommodation space was created through thermal subsidence. The deeper water deposits of stage three are represented by the Stockdale and Tranearth groups, which display a steady deepening, as expected of sediments deposited in an underfilled basin, with a sedimentation rate high enough to preserve annual variation in places. (This signal is complicated by an overprinted signature of eustatic glaciations.) The end of stage three is represented by the Coniston Group, a series of sandy turbidites, with sediment supply from the north east (and controlled by basement faulting). The group is subdivided into formations, which each represent a turbidite lobe, and are separated by anoxic background sedimentation. The Kendal Group covers the transition into stage four, with pronounced shallowing up; |
689_9 | turbidites become thinner-bedded, and anoxic hemipelagics give way to oxygenated sediments, with storm beds becoming more and more common, and intertidal sediments topping the group. The missing Old Red Sandstone mentioned above formed the molasse sediments of stage 4. |
689_10 | Throughout the Silurian, until the beginning of Old Red Sandstone deposition, sedimentation rate increases steadily, reaching a peak of 1 mm a−1.
References
Geological supergroups
Geologic formations of the United Kingdom |
690_0 | Sir James Keating, or Ketyng (died ) was an Irish cleric and statesman of the fifteenth century. He was Prior of the Irish house of the Knights Hospitallers at Kilmainham, and a member of the Privy Council of Ireland. Despite his political eminence and clerical office, he was a man of ruthless character and violent temper, who once tried to murder a senior judge, and was later directly responsible for the death of his intended replacement as Prior. After a long and turbulent career, described by one historian as amounting to "thirty years of outrage, rapine and fraud", he was finally removed from the office of Prior in 1488 for his treason in supporting the Lambert Simnel Rebellion, and died in poverty a few years later.
Biography |
690_1 | He was born in Bree, County Wexford, to a prominent
landowning family who are recorded in Wexford from about 1250. He was the grandson of Sir Henry Keating, knight. Little is known of his early life. He joined the Order of Knights Hospitallers, rose rapidly through its ranks and in 1461 became Prior of the Order's Irish house at Kilmainham, in succession to
Thomas Talbot, having taken the trouble of travelling to Rhodes in 1459 to
canvass support for his appointment from his superiors.
Attempted murder of Sir Robert Dowdall |
690_2 | Soon after his appointment as Prior, he committed a crime which might well have ended his career, and even his life. At Pentecost 1462 Sir Robert Dowdall, the Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, went on a pilgrimage to the "holy well" at Clonliffe, in north Dublin. Keating attacked him with a sword, seemingly with every intention of killing him. The motive for the attack is unknown, although crimes of violence, even among the ruling class, were not uncommon in that era: twenty years earlier another senior Irish judge,
James Cornwalsh, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, had been murdered in a property dispute: his killers were later pardoned for the crime. |
690_3 | Keating was not, it should be said, the first Prior of Kilmainham to have a reputation for lawlessness: Thomas FitzGerald, who was removed from office as Prior in 1447, was a notably turbulent and litigious individual, who clashed with James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormonde and with Sir William Welles, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, whom he was accused of kidnapping. Prior Richard de Wirkeley, in the previous century, was another violent and controversial character who headed the Kilmainham house.
Keating was arrested and arraigned for trial before the Irish Parliament on a number of charges including attempted murder, but the charges were dropped on condition that he pay Dowdall 100 marks in damages (although it seems that he never did so). He probably owed his immunity from punishment to the influence of the powerful Anglo-Irish magnate Thomas FitzGerald, 7th Earl of Kildare, who acted as Keating's patron.
Prior of Kilmainham |
690_4 | For the next few years he seems to have run the Order smoothly enough. He was later accused of bankrupting the Irish house: in his defence he pointed out that in 1467 his superiors in Rhodes had increased the annual payment due to the Order's central fund from the Kilmainham house from £40 to £70 without consulting him. He argued that this increase took no account of the Irish house's ability to pay, and insisted that he had been simply unable to find the extra money. The charge of fraud made against him by later historians seems to be based on his general bad character,
rather than on his specific actions.
Politics |
690_5 | As Prior of Kilmainham he was entitled to sit in the Parliament of Ireland and on the Irish Privy Council, and thus able to play a key role in Irish politics. During the Wars of the Roses, the dynastic struggle between the rival branches of the Plantagenet dynasty, Keating in common with almost all the Anglo-Irish nobility favoured the House of York over the rival House of Lancaster. The victory of York over Lancaster, in the year Keating became Prior, increased his political standing. However he was in temporary disgrace when in 1467 King Edward IV sent the notoriously ruthless John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester (nicknamed "The Butcher of England") to be Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Worcester held a Parliament at Drogheda where he proceeded to deal mercilessly with those whom he regarded as his political enemies, including the Earl of Kildare, who fled abroad, and Keating, who was imprisoned.
Lord Grey as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland |
690_6 | His fortunes improved greatly after the House of Lancaster, which had briefly regained the throne in 1470-1, was finally crushed at the Battle of Tewkesbury in May 1471. Among the defeated Lancastrians who were executed for treason after Tewkesbury was Sir John Langstrother, Prior of the English Hospitallers. Keating by contrast was commended by the victorious Yorkists for his loyalty to their cause. Though not a founder member, he was later elected one of the knights of the Brotherhood of Saint George, the short-lived military order set up in 1470 for the defence of the Pale. In 1471 the Irish Parliament gave him leave to go abroad for two years, for what purpose is unclear. |
690_7 | In 1478 he clashed again with the English Crown when King Edward IV, in an effort to strengthen his control of Ireland, sent Lord Grey of Codnor to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant. The Anglo-Irish nobles, led by the immensely powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare and his father-in-law Baron Portlester, simply refused to recognize his authority: Keating, who had assumed the role of Constable of Dublin Castle, apparently without any legal right to it (Richard Archbold was later described as the "rightful Constable" and had letters patent for his appointment) played a key role in these events by refusing Lord Grey entry to the Castle. After a few months of political deadlock, the King yielded and Grey returned to England, leaving Keating and his allies triumphant. He was allowed to retain the office of Constable of Dublin Castle, despite the rival claim of Richard Archbold, on condition that he repair the drawbridge, which he had destroyed to impede Grey's entry. |
690_8 | Prior Marmaduke Lumley |
690_9 | The next threat to his position as Prior came from his own superiors in Rhodes, who were outraged by his refusal to give any assistance to the beleaguered Order against the Ottoman Empire during the Siege of Rhodes in 1480. In 1482 he was removed from office and replaced by an English member of the Order, Marmaduke Lumley, who obtained Papal approval for his election. Keating however was not a man to submit meekly to being deposed, and when Lumley landed at Clontarf, Dublin, Keating led a large force which captured and imprisoned him, and later put him in chains. Both the Papal Legate, Octavio de Palatio, and the Archbishop of Dublin, John Walton, expressed their outrage at Keating's conduct and demanded Lumley's release. In 1484 they sent a troop of soldiers to free him, but Keating, who was a trained soldier (like all his Order), defeated the opposing force. Lumley died in prison soon after. Keating was excommunicated for his actions, but true to his stubborn |
690_10 | character, simply ignored the excommunication. |
690_11 | Lambert Simnel |
690_12 | Keating ultimately fell from power as a result of the change of dynasty in England.
The downfall of the House of York at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, and the establishment of the Tudor dynasty under King Henry VII came as unwelcome news to the largely pro-Yorkist Anglo-Irish nobility. Led by the Earl of Kildare and Lord Portlester, they refused to accept the legitimacy of the new dynasty, and their resistance to Henry led to Keating's ruin. In 1487 Kildare, Portlester, Keating and their allies made the mistake of supporting the claims of the pretender Lambert Simnel, who claimed to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, the rightful heir of the House of York. Simnel was an imposter, but is known to have born a striking resemblance to the real Warwick, who was a prisoner in the Tower of London, where he remained until his execution in 1499. |
690_13 | Simnel was proclaimed King Edward VI and crowned in Dublin. He invaded England with a large army, only to be crushed at the Battle of Stoke Field. |
690_14 | Keating's ruin
Henry VII was remarkably merciful in victory: Simnel himself became a servant in the Royal Household, and almost all of the Anglo-Irish nobility received a royal pardon. The one notable exception was Keating, whose record of violence, and defiance both of the Crown and his own superiors, made it impossible for the King to trust him. Sir Richard Edgcumbe, the Crown official sent to Ireland accept the submission of the Anglo- Irish nobility, chose to regard him as the "prime instigator" of the rebellion, although most historians attach more importance to the roles of the Earl of Kildare and his father-in-law Lord Portlester. Despite repeated pleas to Edgcumbe on Keating's behalf, to which Edgcumbe responded with "right sharp words", he was refused a pardon and deprived of the office of Prior once more; he was also deprived of his office as Constable of Dublin Castle, which was restored to Richard Archbold, who had been |
690_15 | unlawfully excluded for several years. Showing all his old stubbornness, Keating refused to leave Kilmainham, but was finally ejected in 1491. He died in poverty soon afterwards. |
690_16 | Sources
Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921 London John Murray 1926
Brenan, M. J. Ecclesiastical History of Ireland Dublin John Coyne 1840
Chrimes, S. B. Henry VII Yale University Press 1999
Keating, J. Percy John Keating and his forbears Records of the American Catholic Historical Society Vol. XXIX (1918)
Moore, Thomas The History of Ireland Vol.3 London Longman Green 1846
Otway-Ruthven, A. J. History of Medieval Ireland New York Barnes and Noble reissue 1993
Ross, Charles Edward IV Eyre Methuen Ltd. 1994
Weir, Alison York and Lancaster-the Wars of the Roses Arrow Books 1996
Wright, G.N. Historical Guide to the City of Dublin London Baldwin Cradock and Joy 1825
Notes
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
15th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Christian clergy from County Wexford |
691_0 | The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog ( or ) is a dog breed which was developed in the Swiss Alps. The name Sennenhund refers to people called Senn or Senner, dairymen and herders in the Swiss Alps. Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are almost certainly the result of indigenous dogs mating with large mastiff-type dogs brought to Switzerland by foreign settlers. At one time, the breed was believed to have been among the most popular in Switzerland. It was assumed to have almost died out by the late 19th century, since its work was being done by other breeds or machines, but was rediscovered in the early 1900s.
The breed is large and heavy-boned with great physical strength, but is still agile enough to perform the all-purpose farm duties it was originally used for. Its breed standard calls for a black, white, and rust colored coat. |
691_1 | The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is sociable, active, calm, and dignified, and loves being part of the family. It is relatively healthy for its size and tends to have far fewer problems than more popular breeds in its size range. Among the four Sennenhunde, or Swiss mountain dogs, this breed is considered the oldest, and is also the largest.
History
Breed history
The origin of the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is not known. Beginning in 1515, the remote valleys of Switzerland were more or less isolated from world history for three centuries. Specific dog breeds were created by inbreeding, and puppies were given to neighbors and family members.
There are several theories regarding the origin of the four Sennenhund breeds. The most popular theory states the dogs are descended from the Molossus, a large mastiff-type dog, which accompanied the Roman Legions on their invasion of the Alps more than 2,000 years ago. |
691_2 | A second theory is that in 1100 BC, the Phoenicians brought a large dog breed with them to settlements in Spain. These dogs later migrated eastward and influenced the development of the Spanish Mastiff, Great Pyrenees, Dogue de Bordeaux, and Sennenhund breeds.
A third possibility is that a large dog breed was indigenous to central Europe during the Neolithic Period, when humans grew wild and domestic crops and used domesticated animals. Whether or not a domesticated large breed existed in the Alpine area when the Romans invaded, Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are almost certainly the result of the mating of native farm dogs with large Mastiff-type dogs brought to Switzerland by foreign settlers. The early ancestors of the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog were used by farmers, herdsmen and merchants in central Europe. The breed was bred as a draught dog to pull heavy carts, to guard and move dairy cattle, and as a watchdog and family companion.
Selective breeding |
691_3 | Selective breeding was based on a dog's ability to perform a particular function, such as pulling loads or guarding. The Swiss farmer needed a strong, multi-purpose dog capable of contributing to daily life on the farm. Large, sturdy and confident, the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is a draft and drover breed that is robust and agile enough to perform farm work in very mountainous regions. The breed was also used as a butcher's dog, having been "popular with butchers, cattle dealers, manual workers and farmers, who used them as guard dogs, droving or draught dogs and bred them as such." Its popularity as a draft dog led to the nickname "the poor man's horse". By the 19th century, the ancestors of the modern Greater Swiss Mountain Dog were widely used in central Europe by farmers and tradesmen.
Renewal of breed
Prevailing theory |
691_4 | At one time, the breed's ancestors were believed to have been among the most popular dogs in Switzerland. It was assumed that the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog had almost died out by the late 19th century, because their work was being done by other breeds or machines, but they were rediscovered in the early 1900s.
In 1908, on the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Swiss Kennel Club (Schweizerische Kynologische Gesellschaft or SKG), two short-haired Bernese Mountain Dogs were shown by Franz Schertenlieb to an advocate of the Swiss mountain dogs, geology professor Albert Heim (April 12, 1849 – August 31, 1937). Heim recognized them as representatives of the old, vanishing, large mountain dog, whose ancestors had been widely spread across Europe, and bred as guard dogs, draft dogs, and droving-cattle dogs. |
691_5 | Heim was a Sennenhund expert, and started to encourage breeders to take an interest in them. These efforts resulted in the re-establishment of the breed. In 1909, the dogs were recognized as a separate breed by the Swiss Kennel Club and entered as "Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund" in Volume 12 of the Swiss stud book. The first breed club was formed in 1912 to promote the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog. The Bernese Mountain Dog and the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog are two of four distinctive farm-type dogs of Swiss origin who were saved from extinction and revitalized by Schertenlieb in the late 1800s. |
691_6 | Secondary theory
There is little information about the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog written before 1907. Until 1913, it was only mentioned in reports by exhibition judges, such as Dr. Albert Heim, who is credited with introducing them into official dog breeding. Heim was sure that the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog was the most widely kept dog in the mountain areas of Switzerland between 1860 and 1870, but the prevailing theory asserts that within 30 years, it had nearly disappeared. Dr. Hans Raber commented on this discrepancy in his book, Die Schweizer Hunderassen: |
691_7 | This theory asserts that systematic breeding did not occur. Farmers did not typically take their in-season females to selected males, so breeding was left to chance. From the litter, puppies who were likable and looked suitable were chosen. Because of this strict selection, and because puppies were often kept in their original neighborhood, the appearance and character of the dogs remained stable. Practical matters were important when selecting the dog and dictated appearance. It isn't known how much attention was given to colors, but it is possible that irregularly or asymmetrically marked dogs were considered less desirable. |
691_8 | Although Heim has said that the big butcher dogs, Metzgerhund, became extinct after foreign imports became more popular, there is speculation over whether farmers would get an expensive foreign dog. In 1889 an International Dog Show was held in Winterthur, northern Switzerland; various Sennenhunde were exhibited. Raber is sure the dogs were present in 1900 as draft dogs for peddlers and people going to market, watch dogs for farmers and drover's dog for butchers; they were rarely tri-colored. Everywhere the dogs had short, rough coats; nearly all were brown, yellow or black with white and brown markings. Lons' description of the northern and central German butcher dog also fits the Sennenhunde at the beginning of pure breeding; this applies to the Austrian butcher dog of Linz, and the French and Belgian Matin. It is to their credit that Heim and Schertenleib selected one variation of the butcher dog – possible the most beautiful – and started it on the road to a pure breed. |
691_9 | In 1908 the Swiss mountain dog appeared for the first time in public. At a show in Langenthal, Switzerland, Franz Schertenleib – a breeder of the Berner – showed an extraordinarily strong, short-haired Berner Sennenhund. He had seen this dog and bought him as an oddity. He was eager to hear what the Langenthal judge, Professor Heim, would say about this short-haired Berner. Bello vom Schlossgut was beautifully marked, high, sturdy, and with attractive colors. Heim's first look saw the possibility of a new breed of Sennenhunde. He remembered having seen similar dogs in the 1860s in various parts of Switzerland. He said to Schertenleib, "The dog belongs in a different category; he is too gorgeous and thoroughbred to push him aside as a poor example of a Berner. He is an example of the old-time, almost extinct, butcher dog." Heim wrote in his judge's notes: "Bello is a marvelous, old Sennen (Butcher) hund of the large, almost extinct breed. Had he been entered under "other breeds" I |
691_10 | would have recognized him as grossen Sennenhund and awarded him first prize with pleasure. Since he was entered among the Durrbachs, I cannot give this interesting dog more than second prize. This dog is out of place here." |
691_11 | Heim gave Bello the name Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund and dismissed the first representative of a newly named breed from the ring. Heim wrote the first standard based on Bello, and Schertenleib started to search for other members of the new breed. He found two short-haired bitches and breeding began. The first Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs were stockier and rougher than the modern dogs; the skulls were wider than desirable today and showed a marked stop. Judging from old pictures, the coloring was bad; the black coat was mixed with yellow wool at the neck, flanks and rear.
20th-century development
Throughout the early 20th century, the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog population in Europe grew slowly, and it remains a rare breed both in its native Switzerland and the U.S. During World War II the breed was used by the Swiss Army as a draft dog. In 1945 over 100 puppies were registered, indicating the existence of about 350–400 dogs of the breed at that time. |
691_12 | The breed was first recognised internationally in 1939, when the Swiss Standard was first published by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. In 1968 the breed was imported into the U.S. In 1983 The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Club of America registry contained 257 dogs. In 1985, the breed was granted entrance to the American Kennel Club (AKC) Miscellaneous Group and in July 1995, the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog was officially granted full recognition in the AKC Working Group.
There are a number of Greater Swiss that have been noted in the media. Network, owned by Sun Microsystems CEO, Scott McNealy, served as their mascot. Mouse, a Greater Swiss Mountain Dog living in Austin, TX served as the mascot of Keep Austin Dog Friendly. Oscar the Grouch, a Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, was featured in the front page of The Wall Street Journal as he prepared to compete at the Westminster Dog Show. According to the AKC, Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are 88th in popularity as a breed. |
691_13 | Appearance
The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is a draft and drover breed; it is a large, heavy-boned dog with incredible physical strength. Despite being heavy-boned and well-muscled, the dog is agile enough to perform the all-purpose farm duties of the mountainous regions of its origin.
Coat
There is black on top of the dog's back, ears, tail and the majority of the legs. There should be rust on the cheeks, a thumb print above the eyes, and also rust should appear on the legs between the white and black. There should be white on the muzzle, the feet, the tip of the tail, on the chest, and up from the muzzle to pass between the eyes. Symmetry in markings and coloring are not a priority in the American Kennel Club standard for the breed. Function and temperament are prioritized as the dog must work. It is common to hear the phrase "the head doesn't pull the cart" or "markings don't pull the cart" to mean that cosmetic features are not highly valued. |
691_14 | The double coat has a dense outer coat of about long. Textures of the topcoat can range from short, straight and fine to longer, wavier and coarser. The under coat is thick and ranges from the preferred dark gray to light gray to tawny, and must be on the neck, but can be all over the body – with such a thick coat, Sennenhunde shed throughout the year and they have a major shedding once or twice a year.
While the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Standard calls for a black, white and rust dog; they do come in other colors which include blue, white and tan tri-color; and rust and white bi-color. On the blue tri-color dogs, blue replaces where black would be and tan replaces where the rust would normally be. On the rust bi-color dogs, the dog is solid rust and white markings with a total absence of black coloring. |
691_15 | Size
Males range between at the shoulder and females range between at the shoulder. There is no standard for weight in the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog; males tend to range between and females range between . Body length to height is approximately a 10 to 9 proportion; they are slightly longer than tall.
Conformation
Head
Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs have an animated and gentle expression. Their eyes are almond-shaped, vary in color from hazel to chestnut – dark brown is preferred – medium-sized, and neither deep-set nor protruding. Eyelids are close fitting and eyerims are black.
The medium-sized ears are set high, triangular in shape, gently rounded at the tip and hang close to the head when relaxed. When alert, the ears are brought forward and raised at the base. The top of the ear is level with the top of the skull. |
691_16 | The skull is flat and broad with a slight stop. The backskull and muzzle are approximately equal in length; the backskull is approximately twice the width of the muzzle. The muzzle is large, blunt and straight, and most often has a slight rise before the end. In adult dogs the nose leather is always black.
The lips are clean and as a dry-mouthed breed, flews are only slightly developed. They should not drool. The teeth meet in a scissors bite.
Neck, topline and body |
691_17 | The neck is of moderate length, strong, muscular and clean. The topline is level from the withers to the croup – the croup is the fused sacral vertebrae that form the roof of the pelvis and the first few vertebrae of the tail. The croup is long, broad and smoothly rounded to the tail insertion. The tail is thicker at the base, tapering to a point as it reaches the hocks; it is carried down in repose. When alert and in movement, the tail may be carried higher and curved slightly upward; it should not curl over the back. The bones of the tail should be straight.
The chest is deep and broad with a slightly protruding breastbone, with well-sprung ribs. The depth of the chest is approximately one-half the height of the dog at the withers, and the deepest point of the chest should lie between the elbows, not above them. |
691_18 | Forequarters
The shoulders of a Greater Swiss Mountain Dog are long, sloping, strong, moderately laid back, flat and well-muscled. Their forelegs are straight and strong.
A dog walks on its toes like a horse does; a dog's pastern and paws are analogous to the back of a human's hand and fingers, respectively. The pasterns slope very slightly, but are not weak. Feet are round and compact with well-arched toes; the feet turn neither in nor out. |
691_19 | Hindquarters
The thighs are broad, strong and muscular; broad, strong and muscular hindquarters, and proper angles between the stifles and hocks are essential for a draft dog to provide powerful rear-drive during movement. The breed standard 'bend of stifle' refers to where the upper and the lower thighs meet. The stifles are moderately bent and taper smoothly into the hocks. The hocks are well let down and straight when viewed from the rear. The hock joint corresponds to the human ankle and first short bones in the foot; the dog does not walk on the heel as people do. Feet are round and compact with well-arched toes; they turn neither in nor out. Dewclaws should be removed. |
691_20 | Gait
The gait of the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog should have movement with a level back. Their gait should have good reach in front with a powerful drive in the rear. Soundness, balance and efficiency which accompany correct structure and good condition are crucial factors in their movement, not speed. Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs were bred to work all day on a farm and need stamina. They are a large breed; because of their history as farm dogs in mountainous terrain, they are extremely agile and this is apparent in their gait. |
691_21 | Temperament
The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is happy with an enthusiastic nature and strong affinity to people and children. This breed is sociable, active, calm and dignified. While the breed does need exercise, they do not need a vast space. The breed often stands close to their owners, rarely straying far away without checking in. They will not be happy confined to kennel life; they want to enjoy their family. They crave attention and physical contact. Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are bold, faithful and willing workers and are eager to please. The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is confident in nature; the breed is gentle with children. They can be stubborn and determined. The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is an intelligent breed and is a quick learner. They can be difficult to housebreak, taking up to 6 months or more. |
691_22 | The activity level in the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is variable. They are capable of being athletic, but usually that activity is in bursts; they are active for short periods of time followed by napping. They want to be with their owners and to participate; their activity level most often matches the activity level of the family. As a working dog, they like having a job to do and enjoy participating in hiking, carting, obedience trials, herding, weight pulling and backpacking with their owners. |
691_23 | Being alert and vigilant, the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog is a good watchdog. They tend to notice everything in their surroundings and are quick to sound alarm. Faced with a threat, they will stand their ground and put on a show that will intimidate those unfamiliar with the dog. Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are accepting of a non-threatening stranger. They are confident and comfortable in unfamiliar locations, and are stable around strange noises and unfamiliar people. They are accepting of other dogs and species, and are reluctant to bite. |
691_24 | This giant breed matures slowly in both mind and body, taking anywhere from 2 to 3 years. The objective in training this dog is for the owner to build trust through humane methods. As youngsters, they can be quite boisterous and they do require steady and reliable training to develop manners and physical self-control. As with all large, active working dogs, this breed should be well socialized early in life with other dogs and people, and be provided with regular activity and training.
Health
For the most part, this breed is relatively healthy for their size; Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs have far fewer problems than more populous breeds in the similar size range. |
691_25 | Urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined as involuntary urination, and most often occurs in Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs as leaking of urine while sleeping; it is a non-life-threatening condition. It seems that more than 20% of the females are affected, usually after being spayed. Incontinence is occasionally found in males as well. Incontinence can occur for many reasons, such as a weak bladder sphincter – generally the most common cause in Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs – urinary tract infection, excessive water consumption, congenital structural defects and spinal cord disease. |
691_26 | Eyelash issues
The two most common eye issues that Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs face are distichiasis and entropion, with distichiasis being the most common issue. Distichiasis is the presence of extra eyelashes along the eyelid. Distichiasis has been reported in 19%, of the breed and in the vast majority of cases it is non-symptomatic and does not cause an issue for the dog. Extra eyelashes can be seen along the eyelid; sometimes extra eyelashes grow so that they irritate the eye. Treatment varies from vet to vet, some choosing to freeze the affected hair follicles and others choosing to use electrocautery. Most cases do not require any treatment.
Entropion, found in about 3% of the breed, is the rolling in of the eyelids, which causes the eyelashes to irritate the eye. Entropion is a condition that often requires surgery to fix, but once corrected causes no future issues for the dog. |
691_27 | Lick fit
Lick fit is the frantic licking in which Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs can be prone. This has been reported in 17% of the breed. When in the middle of a lick fit, the dog will lick anything they can — carpet, floors, walls — and will eat anything they can find, including grass, leaves, dirt, carpet, and will gulp air and swallow constantly. Their actions make it obvious they are in severe gastrointestinal discomfort. Many owners are able to prevent lick fits by ensuring the dog never has an empty stomach by frequent, smaller meals and large dog biscuits as between meal snacks. |
691_28 | Epilepsy
Idiopathic Epilepsy (IE) is the condition of frequent seizures with no identifiable cause. Seizures occur when nerve cells in the brain become hyperexcited and send rapid-fire messages to the body. Treatment of IE depends on the severity of the case and may involve daily administration of anticonvulsant drugs. IE is present in all Greater Swiss Mountain Dog lines; it typically surfaces between the ages of 1 to 3 years, but it can become evident as early as 12 months and as late as 5 years.
Abdominal health issues |
691_29 | Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV), also known as bloat, is the greatest killer of the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog. GDV occurs in deep-chested breeds and requires immediate veterinary care. It can be caused by wolfing down too much water, too much food too fast, exercise after eating, stress or unknown conditions. Symptoms are distended abdomen, excessive salivating, depression and lethargy. When GDV occurs it cuts off the esophagus, and blood supply to the heart is lessened causing low blood pressure as well as other cardiac problems; the dog can go into shock. Organ damage can occur as well and the stomach may rupture causing peritonitis to set in. If not treated, the dog may die. |
691_30 | The spleen is located in the left cranial abdomen and is held loosely in place by ligaments. Primary diseases of the spleen are splenic torsion and splenic tumors. Splenic torsion occurs when the spleen twists along the axis of the blood supply. Symptoms of splenic torsion include lethargy, abdominal distension and pale mucous membranes. One theory for the development of splenic torsion is that for dogs with chronic intermittent gastric dilatation, the dilation causes the spleen's ligaments to stretch and increases the spleen's mobility within the abdomen. The spleen becomes torsed because it is no longer anchored in its correct location. In a normal Greater Swiss Mountain Dog the spleen is smooth and uncreased; it is about by , and less than thick. Most of the spleens removed from Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are by and very thick. This size spleen is not an abnormal finding in this breed. It seems apparent that many dogs of the breed suffer enlarged spleens for no obvious reason |
691_31 | other than the spleen may have been constantly twisting, folding and unfolding. |
691_32 | Dysplasias
Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is the irregular formation of the joint that joins the femur – the longest bone in the body – to the hip socket. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint and the femoral head must fit well into the socket for the joint to function properly. Early signs of CHD include a reluctance to go up and down stairs or to jump; difficulty rising or lying down; and bunny hopping when running – both hind limbs move together. CHD is among the principal orthopedic diseases in the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog; it is rarely severe and crippling. Unless x-rays are taken many owners are not aware that they have a dysplastic dog. A goal for raising a Greater Swiss Mountain Dog from puppyhood is to feed them so they mature more slowly than smaller breeds to help avoid hip and other orthopedic problems in adulthood. |
691_33 | The form of Canine Elbow Dysplasia most often diagnosed in Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs appears to be a degenerative joint disease – a slowly progressive form of cartilage degeneration usually caused by trauma or abnormal wear on the joint. Evidence suggests that most dogs of this breed diagnosed with degenerative joint disease by x-rays of the elbows have the mildest form Grade I. They do not display clinical signs such as pain, stiffness, decreased range of motion or lameness. |
691_34 | Osteochondrosis is a disturbance in the normal development of cartilage; cartilage becomes abnormally thickened, and small fissures and cracks may develop. Dissecans is when cartilage becomes dissected resulting in cartilage flaps, which may remain attached or become loose and fall into the joint space. In Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs most of these cases occur in the shoulder joints and occasionally in elbows and hocks. Except for very mild cases without flap development, the clinical signs are persistent or intermittent lameness. The dog may be stiff after resting and the lameness is usually aggravated by exercise. It is diagnosed by x-rays, and treatment depends on the severity of the case. Mild cases without cartilage flaps may be treated and heal with several weeks of rest and treatment with medication and supplements. Many cases require surgery to remove the flaps and loose fragments, and scraping and smoothing of the defective surface. Surgical repair of the shoulder usually has |
691_35 | excellent results, surgical results involving other sites are not as predictable. |
691_36 | Lifespan
Heavier dogs such as the Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs tend to have shorter lifespans than medium- and small-sized dogs; longevity is inversely related to breed size. Two websites list the life expectancy for Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs at 10 to 11 years; another lists it as 8–10 years. A survey by the US breed club shows a median lifespan of 6.75 years. Dog lifespans may vary in different countries, even in the same breed. |
691_37 | Kennel club and pet registry recognition
The Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund, or Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, is recognised internationally by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI). They are in Group 2, Section 3 Swiss Mountain and Cattle Dogs; standards are dated March 25, 2003. The first standard was published not before February 5, 1939.
The American Kennel Club (AKC) fully recognized the breed in 1995, and classifies them in the Working Group.
The Canadian Kennel Club recognized the breed in 2006, and also places the breed in the Working Group.
The United Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1992; they place the breed in the Guardian Dog Group.
The Kennel Club, based in the United Kingdom, classifies the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog in the Working Group.
The Continental Kennel Club (CKC) lists the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog and provides minimal information about the breed.
The America's Pet Registry Inc. (APRI) does have a classified ad section for Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs. |
691_38 | The American Canine Registry (ACR) lists the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog as an acceptable breed under their American Canine Registry section.
As of May 2010 the breed is not recognised by the New Zealand Kennel Club or the Australian National Kennel Council. |
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