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680_13 | |align=center|42
|align=center |Round 5
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Filip Balaj (6) Tomáš Vestenický (6)
|-
|align=center|2018-19
|align=center|1st (Fortuna Liga)
|align=center |9/(12)
|align=center|32
|align=center|8
|align=center|10
|align=center|14
|align=center|42
|align=center|48
|align=center|34
|align=center |Quarter-finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Tomáš Vestenický (10)
|-
|align=center|2019-20
|align=center|1st (Fortuna Liga)
|align=center |12/(12)
|align=center|27
|align=center|7
|align=center|4
|align=center|16
|align=center|23
|align=center|36
|align=center|25
|align=center |Quarter-finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Milan Ristovski (12)
|-
|align=center|2020-21
|align=center|1st (Fortuna Liga)
|align=center bgcolor=red|12/(12)
|align=center|32
|align=center|7
|align=center|6
|align=center|19
|align=center|26
|align=center|55
|align=center|27
|align=center|Round 3
|align=center|
|align=center| |
680_14 | |align=center| Michal Faško (8)
|} |
680_15 | European competition history
UEFA-administered
Not UEFA-administered
Player records
Most goals
Notable players
Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for FC Nitra.
Past (and present) players who are the subjects of Wikipedia articles can be found here.
Former managers
References
External links
FC Nitra Ultras
Nitra
Sport in Nitra
Nitra
Nitra FC
1909 establishments in Slovakia |
681_0 | Janet McTeer (born 5 August 1961) is an English actress. In 1997, she won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, the Olivier Award for Best Actress, and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play for her role as Nora in A Doll's House (1996–1997). She also won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Mary Jo Walker in the 1999 film Tumbleweeds, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Hubert Page in the 2011 film Albert Nobbs.
McTeer made her professional stage debut in 1984, and was nominated for the 1986 Olivier Award for Best Newcomer for The Grace of Mary Traverse. Her other theatre roles include Yelena in Uncle Vanya (London), Veronique in God of Carnage (London & New York), and the title role in Mary Stuart (London & New York), which won her a second Drama Desk Award in 2009. |
681_1 | On television, she starred in the title role of Lynda La Plante's The Governor (1995–1996), and received an Emmy Award nomination for Into the Storm (2009) and a Golden Globe nomination for The White Queen (2013). She appeared opposite Glenn Close in the final season of the drama series Damages (2012). She also played the character Helen Pierce in Ozark (2017) and received an Emmy nomination for the role in 2021.
Her other film roles include Half Moon Street (1986), Hawks (1988), Wuthering Heights (1992), Carrington (1995), Velvet Goldmine (1998), Songcatcher (2000), The Intended (2002), As You Like It (2006), Tideland (2005), Cat Run (2011), The Woman in Black (2012), Maleficent (2014), The Divergent Series (2015–2016), and Me Before You (2016).
Early life |
681_2 | McTeer was born in Wallsend, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and spent her childhood in York. She attended the now defunct Queen Anne Grammar School for Girls, and worked at the Old Starre Inn, at York Minster and at the city's Theatre Royal. She performed locally with the Rowntree Players at Joseph Rowntree Theatre, then trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, beginning a successful theatrical career with the Royal Exchange Theatre after graduating. |
681_3 | Career
McTeer's television work includes the BBC production Portrait of a Marriage, an adaptation of Nigel Nicolson's biography of the same name in which she played Vita Sackville-West, and the popular ITV series The Governor written by Lynda La Plante. She made her screen debut in Half Moon Street, a 1986 film based on a novel by Paul Theroux. In 1991, she appeared in Catherine Cookson's The Black Velvet Gown, with Bob Peck and Geraldine Somerville; this won the International Emmy award for best drama. She appeared in the 1992 film version of Wuthering Heights (co-starring Juliette Binoche and Ralph Fiennes) and the 1995 film Carrington (which starred Emma Thompson and Jonathan Pryce) as Vanessa Bell. |
681_4 | In 1996, McTeer garnered critical acclaim – and both the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award and Critics' Circle Theatre Award – for her performance as Nora in a West End production of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House. The following year, the production transferred to Broadway, and McTeer received a Tony Award, a Theatre World Award, and the Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play.
During the show's run, McTeer was interviewed by Charlie Rose on his PBS talk show, where she was seen by American filmmaker Gavin O'Connor, who, at the time, was working on a screenplay about a single mother's cross-country wanderings with her pre-teenage daughter. He was determined that she star in the film. When prospective backers balked at her relative anonymity in the US, he produced the film himself. Tumbleweeds proved to be a 1999 Sundance Film Festival favourite, and McTeer's performance won her a Golden Globe as Best Actress and Academy Award and Screen Actors Guild nominations in the same category. |
681_5 | McTeer's screen credits include Songcatcher (with Aidan Quinn), Waking the Dead (with Billy Crudup and Jennifer Connelly), the dogme film The King Is Alive (with Jennifer Jason Leigh), The Intended (with Brenda Fricker and Olympia Dukakis), and Tideland, written and directed by Terry Gilliam. She also starred in the dramatisation of Mary Webb's Precious Bane. She has appeared in such British television serials as The Amazing Mrs Pritchard, Hunter, and Agatha Christie's Marple (episode: "The Murder at the Vicarage").
McTeer played Mary, Queen of Scots in Mary Stuart, a play by Friedrich Schiller in a new version by Peter Oswald, directed by Phyllida Lloyd. She acted opposite Harriet Walter as Queen Elizabeth I in London's West End in 2005, a role she reprised in the 2009 Broadway transfer. McTeer received a Tony Award nomination for her role in Mary Stuart, and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play. |
681_6 | 2008–present
In 2008, she starred in God of Carnage in the West End alongside Tamsin Greig, Ken Stott and Ralph Fiennes, at the Gielgud Theatre. She reprised her role on Broadway opposite Jeff Daniels from March to June 2010.
In 2009, she portrayed Clementine Churchill in the HBO feature Into the Storm about Sir Winston Churchill's years as Britain's leader during World War II. |
681_7 | In 2011, McTeer starred alongside Glenn Close in Albert Nobbs and with Daniel Radcliffe and Ciarán Hinds in The Woman in Black (based on the 1983 novel of the same name). Her role as Hubert Page in Albert Nobbs won McTeer critical acclaim and numerous award nominations, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. It was announced in November 2011 that McTeer had joined the cast of Damages (in the character of Kate Franklin) for its fifth and final season, reuniting her with her Albert Nobbs co-star Glenn Close. This was her first American television series. She played American novelist Mary McCarthy in Margarethe von Trotta's film Hannah Arendt. |
681_8 | In 2013 McTeer was cast as Jacquetta of Luxembourg, the mother of the title character in The White Queen, a British television drama series based on Philippa Gregory's best-selling historical novel series The Cousins' War. Her performance was applauded, with Sam Wollaston of The Guardian suggesting she stole the show. In December 2013, McTeer was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Jacquetta.
On 29 July 2013, it was announced that McTeer had joined the cast of The Honourable Woman, a BBC spy-thriller miniseries starring Maggie Gyllenhaal. In 2015, McTeer starred as Commander Kim Guziewicz in CBS comedy-drama Battle Creek, and filmed Exception based on The Kaiser's Last Kiss (in which she was due to portray Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz), set for a 2016 release. |
681_9 | In 2016, McTeer played Petruchio in the New York Public Theater Shakespeare in the Park all-female production of The Taming of the Shrew, directed again by Phyllida Lloyd. She co-starred alongside Liev Schreiber in Les Liaisons Dangereuses on Broadway, with McTeer cast as Marquise de Merteuil. The play ran from October 2016 to January 2017.
In 2018, she played Alisa Jones in the Marvel Television and Netflix production Jessica Jones. In September 2018, she took on the role of Sarah Bernhardt in Theresa Rebeck's Broadway play Bernhardt/Hamlet. She was nominated for the 2019 Tony Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Play.
McTeer portrays cartel attorney Helen Pierce on the Netflix crime drama Ozark.
Honours
McTeer was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours.
Personal life
McTeer has been married to poet and fashion consultant Joseph Coleman since 2010. They reside in Maine.
Filmography
Film |
681_10 | Television
Video games
References
External links
1999 interview re: Tumbleweeds
1999 Salon interview re: Tumbleweeds
2007 Guardian interview
God of Carnage review
Red Carpet Interview on Ms. Fabulous
1961 births
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Audiobook narrators
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Drama Desk Award winners
English film actresses
English radio actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
English voice actresses
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Actresses from Newcastle upon Tyne
Royal Shakespeare Company members
English Shakespearean actresses
Tony Award winners
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Northumberland
Actresses from York
Theatre World Award winners |
682_0 | Paper-based microfluidics are microfluidic devices that consist of a series of hydrophilic cellulose or nitrocellulose fibers that transport fluid from an inlet through the porous medium to a desired outlet or region of the device, by means of capillary action. This technology builds on the conventional lateral flow test which is capable of detecting many infections agents and chemical contaminants. The main advantage of this is that it is largely a passively controlled device unlike more complex microfluidic devices. Development of paper-based microfluidic devices began in the early 21st century to meet a need for inexpensive and portable medical diagnostic systems. |
682_1 | Architecture
Paper-based microfluidic devices feature the following regions:
Inlet: a substrate (typically cellulose) where liquids are dispensed manually.
Channels: hydrophilic sub-millimeter networks that guide liquid throughout a device.
Flow amplifiers: regions of varying geometry where the flow velocity is modified to impart a steady state flow of controllable velocity
Flow resistors: a capillary element used to impart a reduced flow velocity in order to control the residence time of a fluid in a microfluidic device
Barriers: hydrophobic regions that prevent fluid from leaving the channel.
Outlets: location where a chemical or biochemical reaction takes place. |
682_2 | Flow
The movement of fluid through a porous medium such as paper is governed by permeability (earth sciences), geometry and evaporation effects. Collectively these factors results in evaporation limited capillary penetration that can be tuned by controlling porosity and device geometry. Paper is a porous medium in which fluid is transported primarily by wicking and evaporation. The capillary flow during wetting can be approximated by Washburn's equation, which is derived from Jurin's Law and the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. The average velocity of fluid flow is generalized as, where is the surface tension, the contact angle, is the viscosity, and is the distance traveled by the liquid. More extensive models account for paper tortuosity, pore radius, and paper deformation. |
682_3 | Once the medium is fully wetted, subsequent flow is laminar and follows Darcy's Law. The average velocity of fluid flow is generalized as, where is the medium permeability and is the pressure gradient. One consequence of laminar flow is that mixing is difficult and based solely on diffusion, which is slower in porous systems.
Manufacturing
Microfluidic devices can be manufactured using variations of wax printing, inkjet printing, photolithography, flexographic printing, plasma treatment, laser treatment, etching (microfabrication), screen printing, Digital light processing (DLP) 3-D printer, and wax screening. Each technique aims to create hydrophobic physical barriers on hydrophilic paper that passively transport aqueous solutions. Biological and chemical reagents must then be deposited selectively along the device by either dipping the substrate into a reagent solution or locally spotting a reagent onto the substrate. |
682_4 | Wax printing
Wax printing uses a simple printer to pattern wax on paper in a desired design. The wax is then melted with a hotplate to create channels. This technique is fast and low cost, but has relatively low resolution due to the isotropy of the melted wax.
Inkjet printing
Inkjet printing requires coating paper in a hydrophobic polymer, and then selectively placing an ink that etches the polymer to reveal paper. This technique is low cost with high resolution, but is limited by the speed of placing one ink droplet at a time.
Photolithography
Photolithographic techniques are similar to inkjet printing, using a photomask to selectively etch a photoresist polymer. This technique has high resolution and is quick, but has high equipment and material costs. |
682_5 | DLP printing
This technique utilizes a DLP printing technique in which photo-curable resin polymers are exposed to lights to form hydrophobic boundaries of open microchannels in a porous paper. If the effects of evaporation are of concern in the specific application then two additional layers of the curable resin can be used on the top and bottom of the channel. Excess uncured resin is then cleaned off using ethanol. This technique has relatively low equipment costs and utilizes readily available materials making it a promising candidate for mass production of point of care diagnostic devices. |
682_6 | Plasma processing
In this technique, paper is first rendered hydrophobic using a hydrophobizing agent such as AKD or fluorocarbon plasma polymerization, and then O2 plasma etching with a mask is used to create hydrophilic patterns in the paper. One benefit of plasma based processes is that the complex designs and functionalities such as fully and semi-enclsoed channels, on-off flow switches, and fluid flow control channels can be incorporated relatively easily. However, cost of production is relatively higher than other fabrication methods.
Analytical applications |
682_7 | Mass spectrometry |
682_8 | Paper-spray ionization is being rapidly developed as an interface for micro paper-based analytical devices μPAD and mass spectrometry. The technique, first described by Graham Cooks group at Purdue, involves applying a voltage to a triangular sheet of wet paper near the inlet of a mass spectrometer. Although the exact mechanism is not well understood, two modes of operation can occur: a multicone spray at high flow rates, and a single cone spray that occurs when solvent has been depleted. This is part of a larger effort to combine complex microfluidic manipulations with mass spectral detection. Wax printing hydrophobic barriers is a common method for creating distinct flow channels within paper devices, and this has been extended to μPAD-MS to enhance ionization efficiency (by enabling focusing of the analyte stream) and enable reaction mixing by wax printing on the triangular paper surface. Chromatographic separations have also been demonstrated on μPADs prior to paper-spray |
682_9 | detection. Initially, paper-spray ionization was applied for the detection of small molecules, such as pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse. However, it has also been shown that paper-spray ionization can ionize large proteins while retaining non-covalent interactions. |
682_10 | Separation methods |
682_11 | Few analytical detectors are truly specific for a single species; therefore some type of separation step is often necessary prior to detection. Moreover, separation allows for detection of multiple analytes within a single platform. Separations based upon planar chromatography (TLC) are perhaps the easiest to implement, since many μPADs are constructed with chromatographic paper. Typically, the separation channel is defined by wax-printing two hydrophobic barriers. Electrochemical detection is perhaps most common, likely due to its ease of implementation, although colorimetry, chemiluminscence, and mass spectral detection have also been used in conjunction with paper-based chromatographic separations. Despite the ease of implementation, planar chromatography is hindered by relatively low plate height (i.e., poor separation efficiency). Since the Chakraborty group demonstrated the feasibility of electrokinetic flow on μPADs, several applications of electrophoretic separations on μPADs |
682_12 | have appeared in the literature. The Crooks group at UT-Austin successfully demonstrated that electrophoretic separations on μPADs could be accomplished at relatively low applied voltages compared to conventional electrophoretic devices due to the high field strengths that can be generated on very thin (180 μm) sheets of origami paper. Simpler separation methods can also be used on μPADs, for instance, the Henry group demonstrated the separation of plasma from whole blood using blood separation membranes. |
682_13 | Flow control
There are various ways to control the fluid flow in the channels. They include changing the channel width and length, altering the wettability of the paper, diverting some fluid through a parallel channel, or changing the viscosity of the fluid. The flow in PADs can be turned off with dissolvable sugar bridges, Corona discharge treatment to alter a coating on the paper from a hydrophobic to hydrophilic state, or the use of an expandable polymer triggered by the flow to close the flow path.
Electronic integration |
682_14 | Integration of microfluidic platforms and electronic components have the potential to generate micro total analysis systems (µTAS), which are devices that include and automate all essential steps for sample preparation and analysis. Paper electronics rely on functional structures like conductors to be fabricated on the surface of paper, but paper-based microfluidics rely on channels and barriers to be fabricated inside the substrate. This incompatibility led to a majority of µTAS being developed using traditional microfluidic platforms with polymer-based channels. However, in 2009, screen-printed electrodes were integrated into a paper-based microfluidic device to create a biosensor for glucose, lactate, and uric acid. This first report of electronic integration for paper-based microfluidics illustrated how this material can improve the design of these µTAS due its flexibility and low-cost. Coupling electronic components into the hydrophobic channels created on the paper-based |
682_15 | microfluidic devices are based upon physical and chemical integration techniques; these two strategies are discussed in the sections below. |
682_16 | Physical Integration |
682_17 | Physical integration methods adapt commonplace techniques (e.g., inkjet printing, pencil-on-paper, and screen printing) to create a network of conductive traces on paper. A promising physical technique is inkjet printing, which allows for conductive materials to be deposited in a precise and reproducible fashion onto paper. As a proof-of-concept, Ko et al. developed a paper-based electrical chip using a home office printer, an ink made of carbon nanotubes, and magazine paper. Similarly, silver nanoparticles were printed into microfluidic channels to sense changes in the permittivity of fluids, revealing information about concentration and mixing ratios. Research groups have found, however, that these nanoparticle containing inks can self-aggregate on the paper due to uneven drying, which leads to non-uniform coverage and non-linear responses. The pencil-on-paper technique is also a great example of electrical integration on paper-based microfluidics using inexpensive, common office |
682_18 | supplies. Here, graphitic circuitry is created on the paper-based microfluidic device by the analyst repeatedly sketching with a pencil. For example, this electrical integration method was used in a completely hand-drawn paper microfluidic device for point-of-care cancer screening. This solvent-free technique allows the potential to create improvised paper-based µTAS. However, pencil-on-paper can also lead to a non-uniform deposition of graphite, limiting the performance of these hand-drawn circuits. Another prominent physical integration method is screen printing, where ink is transferred onto areas of the paper-based microfluidic channels that are not blocked by a stencil. Dungchai et al. screen-printed carbon ink for the working and counter electrodes and silver/silver chloride ink as the reference electrode at the end of the microfluidic channel. Screen-printed electrodes on paper-based microfluidic devices have been used not only to develop biosensors for metabolites, but also to |
682_19 | detect bacteria and heavy metals in food and water. Other physical integration methods (spray/spin coating, blending, and vacuum filtration) have been developed for paper electronics, but have yet to be implemented in paper-based microfluidic devices. One extra interesting physical integration method is combining paper-based devices with a portable lightbox to create uniform and repeatable lighting environments. The lightbox can be controlled either manually or remotely by a cellphone. |
682_20 | Chemical Integration |
682_21 | Chemical integration uses reactions to functionalize paper devices and create electrical nanostructures. Chemical integration techniques can be classified into two groups: in situ seed growth and polymerization. In situ seed growth (i.e., growing an interconnected nanoparticle layer) is an effective method for generating electrodes on paper microfluidic devices since the analyst can control its architecture and size. In situ growth of gold and silver nanoparticles is the most ubiquitous method for chemical integration of electrical components on paper microfluidic devices due to their signal amplification and conductivity. The metal seed solution is prepared via a reduction reaction of the metal salt and some combination of reductants like sodium borohydride, trisodium citrate, ascorbic acid, and/or hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Then, nanoparticles are grown embedded into the fibers of the microfluidic device by dispersing the seed solution on the hydrophilic area of the paper, which |
682_22 | has been soaked in the reductant. Once the nanoparticles have grown, the device can be dried and characterized. The promise of in situ seed growth is that the nanoparticles are uniformly embedded on the platform and the embedded metal nanoparticles can also be further functionalized with substituents to increase the sensitivity of the microfluidic platform. For example, a paper-based microfluidic device was developed for both colorimetric and electrochemiluminescence sensing of lead by functionalizing palladium/gold nanoparticles with a lead-specific DNAzyme. In contrast, polymerization embeds conductive polymers, which have high energy density and electrical stability, into the fibers of the paper device. While this technique has been used in the development of paper electronics, its adoption in paper-based microfluidics has been slower than in-situ seed growth. One research group embedded p-toluenesulfonic acid doped polypyrrole (i.e., polymer) into the channels of their paper-based |
682_23 | microfluidic device, developing a self-powered paper circuit board when the channels were filled with a salt solution. Due to this polymerization technique, the paper microfluidic device could be folded using origami, allowing for both horizontal and vertical electroconductivity. |
682_24 | Applications |
682_25 | The main advantage of paper-based microfluidic devices over traditional microfluidics devices is their potential for use in the field rather than in a laboratory. Filter paper is advantageous in a field setting because it is capable of removing contaminants from the sample and preventing them from moving down the microchannel. This means that particles will not inhibit the accuracy of paper-based assays when they are used outdoors. Paper-based microfluidic devices are also small in size (approximately a few mm to 2 cm in length and width) compared to other microfluidic platforms, such as droplet-based microfluidic devices, which often use glass slides up to 75 mm in length. Because of their small size and relatively durable material, paper-based microfluidic devices are portable. Paper-based devices are also relatively inexpensive. Filter paper is very cheap, and so are most of the patterning agents used in the fabrication of microchannels, including PDMS and wax. Most of the major |
682_26 | paper-based fabrication methods also do not require expensive laboratory equipment. These characteristics of paper-based microfluidics make it ideal for point-of-care testing, particularly in countries that lack advanced medical diagnostic tools. Paper-based microfluidics has also been used to conduct environmental and food safety tests. The main issues in the application of this technology are the lack of research into the flow control techniques, accuracy, and precision, the need for simpler operator procedures in the field, and the scaling of production to meet the volume requirements of a global market. This is largely due to the focus in the industry on utilizing the current silicon based manufacturing channels to commercialized LOC technologies more efficiently and economically. |
682_27 | Paper-based microfluidics for diagnostics |
682_28 | The original goal for paper-based microfluidics (μPAD) was to make low-cost and user-friendly point-of-care (POC) devices that can be operated without the assistance of medical personnel or any other qualified specialist in resource-limited and rural areas. To achieve this goal, μPAD should fit the “Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment-free, Deliver” criteria, provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), which are the requirements for diagnostic testing for resource-constrained settings. However, in POC’s official “Guide to aid the selection of diagnostic tests'', it is stated that these criteria are generic and can be modified according to test application. The main problem of paper-based microfluidic diagnostics is that research in this field is directed on providing new concepts and ideas rather than on improving user acceptance and as a result, most μPAD devices are still unable to be interpreted by non-professional users. However, POC is |
682_29 | not the only application of paper-based microfluidics for diagnostics. Recently, a paper was employed in the production of more complicated microfluidic analytical devices, called lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices, which are also used in diagnostics. Using paper to make LOC devices instead of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glass can decrease cost and size while increasing portability. This allows LOC devices to become more accessible in resource-limited conditions. |
682_30 | Use of paper microfluidics in blood grouping |
682_31 | Recently, paper microfluidics was used in the fabrication of numerous immunological tests. Khan et al. in 2010 investigated a blood typing device based on the principle that red blood cell agglutination, triggered by specific antigeninteraction, drastically decreases blood wicking and transport on paper or chromatographic media. The concept was exhibited with a paper-based microfluidic device prototype, made from a filter paper shaped to a central zone with three extending channels. Each channel is treated with a different solution of antibody (Epiclone Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D). Since μPADs were purposely created for use in resource-shortage conditions, it is highly important to provide the capability to analyze real samples like non-pretreated human blood and urine. This device is constructed to analyze whole-blood samples, which is an important step to increase the user acceptance of paper-based microfluidic diagnostics. The analysis is based on the wicking behavior of blood or |
682_32 | antibody mixture on paper. Mixing blood samples with immunoglobulin M antibodies, specific for each blood group, causes agglutination of the red blood cells (RBC) by polymer bridging upon adsorption on the corresponding RBC antigens, and chromatographic separation of sample on the certain channel of the device occurs. Simultaneously, separation doesn’t happen on hands soaked in non-specific antibody and the blood sample is weakened as a uniform and stable solution. From the evident difference in the transport of solution and channel appearance, one can identify the separation effect for the determination of blood type. |
682_33 | Noiphung et al. at 2014 followed up an approach in paper-based microfluidic blood typing using antibodies to cause red blood cells agglutination, and the group designed a new paper-based analytical device (PAD) for blood grouping that can be used for the synchronous performation of Rh and forward and reverse ABO blood grouping on the same device. Forward grouping is a blood typing procedure whereby patient red blood cells are mixed with Anti-A and Anti-B reagents. On the other hand, reverse typing is a blood typing procedure where patient serum is mixed with reagent A cells and reagent B cells. The results should be the opposite of forward typing. The designed device has two sides: forward (F) side, made of chromatography paper with three channels spotted with 1.5 mL Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D antibody solutions each, and reverse (R) side, made with blood separation membrane and connected to A-type and B-type antibodies channels. The PAD is fabricated using a combination of wax |
682_34 | dipping technologies to join Whatman chromatography paper and blood separation membrane. The device included three wax-printed channels for forward grouping, two of which were also applied for reverse grouping. While R-side was capable for whole blood sample analysis, Noiphung’s group found that whole blood samples are too viscous to be directly applied on a paper-side of the device. During the experiment, it was determined that the optimal blood-water dilution ratio is 1:2. The blood typing was executed by measuring the ratio of red blood cells (RBC) and plasma transport distances. The accuracy of the proposed PADs in blood typing was 92%, 85%, 89%, 93%, and 96% for A, B, AB, O, and Rh+ blood types respectively. |
682_35 | Glucose detection |
682_36 | Paper-based microfluidic devices have been designed to monitor a wide variety of medical ailments. Glucose plays an important role in diabetes and cancer, and it can be detected through a catalytic cycle involving glucose oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and horseradish peroxidase that initiates a reaction between glucose and a color indicator, frequently potassium iodide, on a paper-based microfluidic device. This is an example of colorimetric detection. The first paper-based microfluidic device, developed by George Whitesides’ group at Harvard, was able to simultaneously detect protein as well as glucose via color-change reactions (potassium iodide reaction for glucose and tetrabromophenol blue reaction for the protein BSA). The bottom of the paper device is inserted into a sample solution prepared in-lab, and the amount of color change is observed. More recently, a paper-based microfluidic device using colorimetric detection was developed to quantify glucose in blood plasma. Blood |
682_37 | plasma is separated from whole blood samples on a wax-printed device, where red blood cells are agglutinated by antibodies and the blood plasma is able to flow to a second compartment for the color-change reaction. Electrochemical detection has also been used in these devices. It provides greater sensitivity in quantification, whereas colorimetric detection is primarily used for qualitative assessments. Screen-printed electrodes and electrodes directly printed on filter paper have been used. One example of a paper-based microfluidic device utilizing electrochemical detection has a dumbbell shape to isolate plasma from whole blood. The current from the hydrogen peroxide produced in the aforementioned catalytic cycle is measured and converted into concentration of glucose. |
682_38 | 3D devices for glucose detection |
682_39 | Whitesides’ group also developed a 3D paper-based microfluidic device for glucose detection that can produce calibration curves on-chip because of the improved fluid flow design. This 3D device consists of layers of paper patterned with microfluidic channels that are connected by layers of double-sided adhesive tape with holes. The holes in the tape permit flow between channels in alternating layers of paper, so this device allows for more complicated flow paths and enables the detection of multiple samples in a large number (up to ~1,000) of detection zones in the last layer of paper. More recently, 3D paper-based microfluidic devices assembled using origami were developed. Unlike Whitesides’ design, these devices utilize a single layer of patterned paper that is then folded into multiple layers before sample solution is injected into the device. Subsequently, the device can be unfolded, and each layer of the device can be analyzed for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. |
682_40 | This device is simpler and less expensive to fabricate than the aforementioned device using multiple layers of paper. Mixing between the channels in the different layers was not an issue in either device, so both devices were successful in quantifying glucose and BSA in multiple samples simultaneously. |
682_41 | Environmental and food safety tests |
682_42 | Paper-based microfluidic devices have several applications outside of the medical field. For example, paper-based microfluidics has been used extensively in environmental monitoring. Two recent devices were developed for the detection of Salmonella and E. coli. The latter device was specifically used to detect E. coli in seven field water samples from Tucson, Arizona. Antibody-conjugated polystyrene particles were loaded in the middle of the microfluidic channel, after the sample inlet. Immunoagglutination occurs when samples containing Salmonella or E. coli, respectively, come into contact with these particles. The amount of immunoagglutination can be correlated with increased Mie scattering of light, which was detected with a specialized smartphone application under ambient light. Paper-based microfluidics has also been used to detect pesticides in food products, such as apple juice and milk. A recent design used piezoelectric inkjet printing to imprint paper with the enzyme |
682_43 | acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the substrate indophenyl acetate (IPA), and this paper-based microfluidic device was used to detect organophosphate pesticides (AChE inhibitors) via a decrease in blue-purple color. This device is distinguished by its use of bioactive paper instead of compartments with pre-stored reagents, and it was demonstrated to have good long-term stability, making it ideal for field use. A more recent paper-based microfluidic design utilized a sensor, consisting of fluorescently labeled single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) coupled with graphene oxide, on its surface to simultaneously detect heavy metals and antibiotics in food products. Heavy metals increased fluorescence intensity, whereas antibiotics decreased fluorescence intensity. Recently, paper-based devices have become very attractive for making inexpensive, disposable and convenient analytical devices for the determination of reactive phosphate in water. These devices utilize the molybdenum blue protocol for |
682_44 | phosphate detection. |
682_45 | References
Microfluidics |
683_0 | Sale el Sol () is the ninth studio album by Colombian singer and songwriter Shakira, released on 19 October 2010, by Epic Records. The album marks a return to Shakira's signature Latin pop sound after the electropop record She Wolf (2009). The singer split the album into three musical "directions": a romantic side, a "rock and roll" side, and a "Latino, tropical" side. The latter two "directions" experiment with rock and merengue music, respectively. As co-producer, Shakira enlisted collaborators including Josh Abraham, El Cata, Gustavo Cerati, John Hill, Lester Mendez, and Residente from Calle 13. |
683_1 | Five singles were released from Sale el Sol. The lead single "Loca" peaked atop the record charts of Italy, Spain, and Switzerland and the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States. The third single, "Rabiosa," reached top ten positions in Austria, Belgium, Italy and Spain. The other singles achieved moderate chart success in Hispanic regions. Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour in late-2010 to promote the album. |
683_2 | At the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards ceremony, Sale el Sol won the award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album and was also nominated for Album of the Year. A success throughout Europe and Latin America, the album reached number one on the charts in Belgium, Croatia, France, Mexico, Portugal and Spain. In the United States, it debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart and at number one on both the Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums charts. Sale el Sol attained numerous record certifications in several regions across the globe, including multi-platinum certifications in Italy, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland and Poland, and diamond certifications in Brazil, France, Colombia and United States (Latin). |
683_3 | Background
In October 2009, Shakira released her eighth studio album, She Wolf. The composition of the record shifted from her more traditional Latin pop and pop rock styles, and was primarily an electropop album with combined elements of world and dancehall. The album was positively received by most music critics and was praised for its distinguished nature and Shakira's experimentation with electropop. Commercially, She Wolf was a success and topped charts and attained gold and platinum certifications in several South American and European territories. In May 2010, she wrote and recorded "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)", the official song of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which became a worldwide hit.
Production |
683_4 | Following the worldwide success of "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)", Shakira soon began work on her ninth studio album Sale el Sol. She decided to experiment with merengue music on the album, saying "I grew up listening to merengue—that was a big part of my life, and I was missing it." Merengue is recognized as the national music of the Dominican Republic and the singer travelled to the country to work with Dominican songwriter and record producer El Cata, resulting in songs like "Loca" and "Rabiosa". Shakira said that the recording of the two songs took place in "this tiny studio in the middle of nowhere", and that "it wasn't planned, I was just following my instincts. So this album is very genuine, and very personal as well". |
683_5 | Other collaborators on the album include American rapper and songwriter Armando Pérez, better known by his stage name Pitbull, Shakira's friend and frequent collaborator Luis Fernando Ochoa, René Pérez Joglar, better known by his stage name "Residente Calle 13", John Hill, Lester Mendez, Albert Menéndez, Tim Mitchell and Jorge Drexler. Shakira co-wrote and co-produced every track on the album, with the exception of "Islands". The recording of the album took place at locations such as The Bahamas, London, Barcelona and the Dominican Republic, and was engineered by Andros Rodriguez. |
683_6 | Armando Pérez, who co-wrote the tracks "Loca" and "Rabiosa", talked about Shakira's previous album She Wolf, saying "on the last album they tried to Americanize Shakira by giving her the big producers. Not that it was necessarily a bad thing, but it’s just not her". Talking about his collaboration with Shakira, El Cata revealed that she told him "You have something that makes me move". Cata responded by telling Shakira that "it was the percussion" and "Those sounds that you want, I have them in my studio.", which led to a recording session between the two. He appears as a featured artist on the Spanish version of "Loca". |
683_7 | René Pérez Joglar, who performs as the lead singer of Puerto Rican alternative hip hop band under the name of Residente, appears as a featured artist on the track "Gordita". He explained the conception of the song, in which he raps about the fact that "he liked Shakira better when – early in her career: she was chubbier, had dark hair and was a rock chick", by saying that "I told her (Shakira) it was a good idea to make fun of yourself. That way the haters can't say anything, because you already said it". British rapper Dizzee Rascal appears as a featured artist on the English version of "Loca". He said that he felt "honoured" that Shakira chose him for the song, by saying that "She's a bit of a trendsetter -- she does loads of different things on a major scale. You'd expect her to use an American rapper (for the song), but she chose me. It meant a lot".
Music and lyrics |
683_8 | Sale el Sol is considered to be Shakira's return to her "roots" and is a "fusion between rock and pop heavily influenced from Latino and Colombian music". Shakira said there are three "directions" of Sale el Sol: a romantic one, a "very rock and roll" one, and a "Latino, tropical" one. Explaining the romantic "direction" of the album, she said that it was something "which I hadn't tapped into for the past three years, but it suddenly came to me and I couldn't hold it back. So it’s [the album has] got songs that are very intense, very romantic ". Examples include ballads like "Antes de las Seis" ("Before Six O'Clock") and "Lo Que Mas" ("The Most"); in the former Shakira delivers "sad, emotional, and heartfelt vocals," while in the latter she sings over a piano and string-supplemented melody. About the rock and roll "direction" of the album, Shakira said "I started my career as a rock artist and then I kind of crossed over into pop, so it’s been fun to re-encounter that side of my |
683_9 | artistic personality". |
683_10 | The title track is an acoustic guitar-driven alternative rock and Latin pop-infused song, while "Devoción" ("Devotion") is a techno-influenced alternative rock track in which Shakira "beats all U2-inspired arena rockers at their own game," according to AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine. The "sultry, energetic, bass-laden" "Tu Boca" ("Your Mouth") finds influences from new wave music. "Islands" is a cover of the original song of the same name by English indie pop band The xx. Shakira adds a few house music elements to the original art pop song. |
683_11 | The "Latino" and tropical side of the album is prominently influenced by merengue music. The genre is characterized by the use of the accordion and the percussion instrument tambora. "Loca" ("Crazy"), is Shakira's interpretation of El Cata's song "Loca Con Su Tiguere", and is composed of horn-heavy merengue beats set over techno dance percussion beats. Similarly, "Rabiosa" ("Rabid") is Shakira's interpretation of El Cata's song "La Rabiosa", and is a fast-paced merengue-influenced dance track. In addition to merengue, songs like "Addicted to You", which features "bilingual lyrics, a very 70's chorus and Copacabana sounds", are influenced by reggaeton music. "Gordita" ("Chubby"), a duet between Residente Calle 13 and Shakira, is a cumbia and Latin rap hybrid. |
683_12 | Talking about the album's lyrical content, Shakira said that there are some songs "that are just to dance to in a club, that don’t have a big transcendence". In "Rabiosa", Shakira sings about her partner's sex appeal. "Loca" expresses Shakira's erratic and obsessive behaviour towards her lover, more so than his other leading lady. However, Shakira also said that there are some songs which "will remain in people’s hearts and people’s consciousness, sometimes forever". She described these tracks as "songs that have the power to feed people’s relationships and states of mind and states of spirit". According to Billboard, the title track is composed of "evocative and hopeful" lyrics which are dedicated to Argentine singer-songwriter and Shakira's friend Gustavo Cerati, who had been in a coma around the time of the release of the album. "Antes de las Seis" deals with issues of longing, regrets and loneliness. Shakira said these songs are written "in such a personal and intimate way that at |
683_13 | that moment. I'm not really thinking much. I'm just letting it all out". |
683_14 | Release and promotion
Sale el Sol was released worldwide on 19 October 2010. The album was made available for digital downloading on the iTunes Store on the same day. An English titled version of the album, The Sun Comes Out, was also released and contains exactly the same track list; the only difference being in the running order as the Spanish versions of "Loca" and "Rabiosa", featuring El Cata, are included as bonus tracks, while the English versions, featuring Dizzee Rascal and Pitbull, respectively, are included on the main track list. |
683_15 | Singles
"Loca" was chosen as the lead single from the album; the Spanish version, featuring El Cata, was released on 10 September 2010, while the English version, featuring Dizzee Rascal, was released on 13 September 2010. It became an international success. It peaked atop the charts of countries like France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. In the United States, the song peaked at number 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and also topped the Hot Latin Songs, Latin Pop Airplay, and Tropical Songs charts. "Loca" was certified double-platinum in Mexico and Spain by the Mexican Association of Phonograph Producers and the Producers of Spanish Music. It also attained platinum certifications in Italy and Switzerland. The accompanying music video for "Loca", directed by Jaume de Laiguana, was filmed in Barcelona, Spain, and features Shakira interacting with a beach crowd, and dancing in front of the sea wearing a golden bikini. |
683_16 | "Sale el Sol", the title track of the album, was released as the second single on 4 January 2011. The song charted very limitedly but managed to perform well in Mexico and Spain, peaking at numbers one and eight on the Monitor Latino and Spanish Singles Chart, respectively. It was certified gold in both countries. "Sale el Sol" peaked at numbers 10 and two on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Pop Airplay charts, respectively. The accompanying music video was directed by Jaume de Laiguana, and contains scenes of Shakira finding her way out of large maze and finally emerging outside to a sunny garden. |
683_17 | "Rabiosa" was chosen to be the third single off the album; both the Spanish and English versions of the song, featuring El Cata and Pitbull, respectively, were released on 8 April 2011. A commercial success, it topped the chart of Spain, and reached top ten positions in countries like Austria, Belgium, and Italy. A success on the Latin record charts in the United States, it peaked at number eight on both the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and Latin Pop Airplay chart, and also peaked at number 13 on the Tropical Songs chart. The song was certified double-platinum in Mexico, and platinum in Spain and Italy. The accompanying music video for the single, directed by Jaume De Laiguana, features Shakira enjoying an underground party while sporting a brown bob-cut wig; it also contains scenes of her poledancing while sporting her normal long blonde hair. |
683_18 | "Antes de las Seis" was released as the fourth single on 21 October 2011. It wasn't successful on singles chart but performed moderately well on airplay charts, topping the airplay chart in Spain and peaking at number four on the US Billboard Latin Pop Airplay chart. It is the only song from the album to miss the top 10 of the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. In 2013, "Antes de las Seis" was certified gold in Mexico. The live recording of Shakira's performance of the song during the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy concert show of The Sun Comes Out World Tour, taken from the live album Live from Paris, served as the accompanying music video for the single. |
683_19 | "Addicted to You" was released as the fifth and final single off Sale el Sol, on 13 March 2012. It became a success in Mexico, where it received a platinum certification, and Poland, where it topped the airplay chart. In the United States, it peaked at number nine on the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, and at number three on both the Latin Pop Airplay and Tropical Songs charts. The accompanying music video for "Addicted to You" was directed by Anthony Mandler, and features Shakira dancing in various locations, such as an "old Spanish style" town, a cathedral-like room, and a bathtub, while sporting different "high fashion" outfits.
Tour |
683_20 | To promote Sale el Sol, as well as She Wolf, Shakira embarked on The Sun Comes Out World Tour in late-2010. Shakira's official website first announced the three initial venues of the North American leg of the tour, on 3 May 2010,< and subsequently 22 more venues were listed. After a special tour preview show held in Montreal, Canada, on 15 September 2010, the North American leg of the tour commenced at Uncasville, Connecticut, on 17 September, and closed at Rosemont, Illinois, on 29 October 2010. The initial dates for the European leg of the tour were announced on 28 June 2010, and subsequently 22 more shows were listed. The European leg of the tour was planned to commence at Lyon, France, on 16 November, and end in London, England, on 20 December 2010. The tickets for the initial dates of the European leg were soon sold out, and Shakira extended the tour into 2011, beginning by announcing a show at Paris, France; venues at countries such as Croatia, Russia, Spain and Switzerland were |
683_21 | soon added. The Latin American leg of the tour was a part of the Pop Festival, which was heralded as an initiative to bring international music stars to Latin America. Initial tour dates for the leg were announced on 3 December 2010, and soon venues at countries like Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico were added to the tour dates. |
683_22 | The setlist of the tour was primarily composed of songs from Sale el Sol: "Antes de las Seis", "Gordita", "Loca", "Sale el Sol" and "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)". The stage was shaped like the letter "T" to enable the maximum number of viewers to see Shakira easily. A large screen was set behind the stage, on which various visuals, designed by entertainment branding agency Loyalkaspar, were projected. For the performances, Shakira mainly wore a mesh gold crop top coupled with skin-tight leather pants. Other attires Shakira wore during the concert shows included a hooded pink gown, a flamenco-skirt, and a feathery blue dress. |
683_23 | The concert shows were well-received by critics, many of whom praised the charisma Shakira displayed during the performances. Commercially, the tour was a success. It ranked at number 40 on Pollstar's 2010 year-end "Top 50 North American Tours" list as it grossed a total of $16.9 million in the continent, with total ticket sales amounting up to 524,723. In North America, the tour sold an average of 9,335 tickets, and a total of 205,271 tickets. The tour was a bigger success worldwide, ranking at number 20 on Pollstar's 2011 "Top 25 Worldwide Tours". Its total gross during its worldwide dates was of $53.2 million and ticket sales amounted up to 692,064. A live album of the show held at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, was released as Shakira: Live from Paris, on 5 December 2011.
Critical reception |
683_24 | At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Sale el Sol received an average score of 89 based on 5 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Carlos Quintana from About.com praised Shakira's experimentation with merengue and rock sounds on the album, noting that her "never ending innovative style giving us an indication of her artistic evolution and current musical interests", and that Sale el Sol "shows again why Shakira is one of the top Latin Pop artists in the world". Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic gave it a very positive review, complimenting Shakira's versatility in her "pan-global approach", and praising the album's simple and "breezy" nature, saying it "never once sounds disparate or overworked -- it's sunny and easy, its natural buoyancy disguising Shakira's range and skill -- but listen closely and it becomes apparent that nobody makes better pop records in the new millennium than she does". The Billboard review of the |
683_25 | album was also extremely positive, noting that its composition is "infinitely more memorable and unique than the singer's baffling 2009 set, She Wolf", and that it "manages to bridge the divide between the old and new Shakira with a spark that keeps you listening to the very end". |
683_26 | Michelle Morgante from Boston.com chose the merengue-influenced songs of Sale el Sol as "some of its strongest moments", and noted that the album is a "truer representation of the Shakira who has excited Latin America and propelled her onto the world stage". James Reed from The Boston Globe felt that while Sale el Sol "isn't as heady as She Wolf", it proves to be "another step forward for an artist who rarely looks back". Mikael Good from Entertainment Weekly termed Sale el Sol as a demonstration of "Shakira's boldly global mindset" and awarded it a perfect "A" grade. Jesus Yanez-Reyes from Northern Arizona News favoured the album's rock-influenced tracks and concluding that Sale el Sol "is one of Shakira’s best releases, with songs sure to become classics within the next year". Mikel Toombs from Seattle Post-Intelligencer said that the album features Shakira "at her most upbeat". Jennifer Schaffer from Stanford Daily called Sale el Sol a "fantastically diverse album with some awesome |
683_27 | collaborations and a truly impressive range of emotions", and commended Shakira's vocal delivery, saying "the sheer power of Shakira's vocal chords is clearly the focus of the album". Allison Stewart felt the album was a showcase for Shakira's "remarkable" voice, and concluded that while Sale el Sol is not "necessarily adventurous", it "provides a better showcase for Shakira's countless charms than its predecessors ever did". Carlos Macias from Terra USA, however, gave the album a mixed review and said it "delivers half the goods". |
683_28 | Accolades and recognition
Sale el Sol was included in AllMusic's "Favorite Albums of 2010" and "Favorite Latin Albums of 2010" year-end lists. At the 2011 Latin Grammy Awards ceremony, Sale el Sol was nominated for "Album of the Year" and "Best Female Pop Vocal Album", winning the award in the latter category. At the 2011 Billboard Music Awards Sale el Sol was nominated for "Top Latin Album", but lost it to Spanish singer-songwriter Enrique Iglesias's album Euphoria. At the 2011 Latin Billboard Music Awards, the album won the award for "Latin Digital Album of the Year", and Shakira won the award for "Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year, Female". At the 2011 Premios Juventud awards ceremony, the album was nominated for "Lo Toco Todo. CD Favorito" ("Your Favorite CD"). At the 2011 Premios Shock awards ceremony, it was nominated Album of the Year. |
683_29 | At the 2012 Premios Lo Nuestro awards ceremony, Sale el Sol won the award for "Pop Album of the Year". At the 2012 Premios Oye! awards ceremony, it was nominated for "Spanish Album of the Year". At the 2012 Premios Nuestra Tierra award ceremony, it was nominated "Best Album of the Year".
In December 2019, Allmusic included the album in their list of the decade's 200 best albums.
Billboard included Sale El Sol among the 50 best Latin albums of the 2010s decade, stating that with this album "Shakira showed that gender did not define success in any genre".
Commercial performance |
683_30 | The album was a success in Europe. In Austria, Sale el Sol entered and peaked at number three on the Austrian Albums Chart, spending a total of 44 weeks on the chart. In this region, it was certified platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for selling 20,000 units. The album debuted at number 15 on the Ultratop chart in the Dutch-speaking Flanders region of Belgium and jumped to its peak position of number eight the following week. It entered the chart at the same debut position in the French-speaking Wallonia region of the country but saw more success as it later peaked at number one, displacing French pop rock duo AaRON's album Birds in the Storm from the top spot. Sale el Sol became Shakira's first studio album to reach at number one in the region. In Flanders and Wallonia, the album charted for 55 and 54 weeks, respectively. The Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA) certified the album platinum for sales of 20,000 units. |
683_31 | After entering the French Albums Chart at number two, Sale el Sol peaked at number one for two consecutive weeks, propelled by the success of the lead single "Loca" in the country. It spent 17 consecutive weeks inside the top 10 and 113 weeks in the top 20, making it Shakira's longest charting album in the country. It finished as the 13th best-selling album of 2010 in France, with sales of 236,616 units. The album further sold 198,000 units in 2011, appearing at number 10 on the year-end chart and bringing its total sales to 425,000 units. In addition to being her first album to top the French Albums chart, Sale el Sol is also Shakira's highest-certified album in the country as it was certified diamond by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for sales of 500,000 units. It is one of the best-selling albums in France of all time. By contrast, Sale el Sol became the singer's lowest charting studio-album in Germany, peaking at number six on the Media Control Charts. |
683_32 | However, it achieved high sales in the country and was certified platinum by The Federal Association of Music Industry (BVMI) for having shipped 200,000 units in Germany. The album peaked at number four on the Hungarian Albums Chart and was certified platinum by the Association of Hungarian Record Companies for selling 10,000 units. |
683_33 | In Italy, it debuted at number three on the FIMI Albums chart and ascended to number one the following week. Sale el Sol was Shakira's second consecutive album to peak atop the Italian albums chart, after She Wolf topped the chart in 2009. Its stay inside the top 20 lasted for 19 weeks. The Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana (FIMI) certified the album platinum for sales of 60,000 units. Sale el Sol debuted atop the Portuguese Albums Chart — Shakira's first album to accomplish the feat in the country – and spent two weeks at number one. It was able to stay within the top 10 for 23 consecutive weeks. It was certified platinum by the Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa (AFP) for selling 15,000 units in Portugal. Sale el Sol was Shakira's first studio album since Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 (2005) to peak at number one on the Spanish Albums chart after it debuted at the top position. It spent a total of 63 weeks on the chart and was certified double-platinum by the Producers of Spanish Music |
683_34 | (PROMUSICAE) for shipments of 80,000 units. Sale el Sol entered and peaked at number two on the swiss-german Swiss Albums Chart, where it charted for 49 weeks in total., but it debuted at number-one on the Swiss Albums Chart from Romandie, the french-speaking part of Switzerland, where it stayed atop during three weeks. In Switzerland, it was certified double-platinum by IFPI for selling 40,000 units. |
683_35 | The album also enjoyed high-sales in South America. In Shakira's native country Colombia, it sold in excess of 200,000 units and was certified diamond by the Colombian Association of Phonograph Producers (ASINCOL). In Mexico, Sale el Sol debuted at number one on the Mexican Albums Chart, becoming the singer's second consecutive studio album to enter the chart at the top position. It also became her longest-charting album in the country, spending a total of 50 weeks. In this region, it was certified platinum and gold by the Mexican Association of Phonograph Producers (AMPROFON) for shipments of 90,000 units. In Canada, the album peaked at number 11 on the Canadian Albums Chart, spending a total of two weeks on the chart. Also, it was the 7th best selling album in Peru during the 2011. |
683_36 | In the United States, Sale el Sol debuted and peaked at number seven on the US Billboard 200 chart on the chart date of 6 November 2010. On the Latin Albums chart, Sale el Sol debuted at number one with first-week sales amounting up to 52,000 units, as compiled by Nielson SoundScan. It marked the highest debut for a Latin album for the year and was Shakira's fifth album to peak at number one. According to Billboard, 35% of its first-week sales were credited to strong digital sales. In total, Sale el Sol spent 170 weeks on the Top Latin Albums chart. On the Latin Pop Albums chart, it again peaked at number one and spent 300 weeks on the chart in total, the most among all the albums in the chart's history. The album was certified Diamond in the Latin field in 2018 by the Recording Industry Association of America signifying 600,000 album-equivalent units sold. Sale El Sol ranks at No. 14 among the most successful Latin albums of the 2010s decade in the United States.
Track listing |
683_37 | Notes
signifies a co-producer
signifies an additional producer
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic.
Shakira – art direction, composer, design, lyricist, producer, vocal arrangement, vocals (background)
Josh Abraham – producer
Eduardo Bergallo – engineer
Michael Brauer – mixing
Will Briere – mixing assistant
Lukas Burton – producer
Míguel Bustamante – assistant engineer
Calle 13 – composer
El Cata – composer, producer
Gustavo Celis – engineer, mixing
Gustavo Cerati – producer
Olgui Chirino – vocal arrangement, vocals (background)
Dave Clauss – engineer, mixing
Dalmata – guest appearance
Diplo – additional production
Dizzee Rascal – composer
Lindiwe Dlamini – vocals (background)
Thomas Dyani – vocals (background)
Ryan Gilligan – mixing assistant
John Hill – additional production, composer, producer
Mike Horner – mixing assistant
James McGorman – vocals (background) |
683_38 | Jim Jonsin – additional production
Nonhlanhla Kheswa – vocals (background)
Emile Kojidie – composer
Jaume Laiguana – art direction, design, photography
Alex Leader – engineer
Stephen Marcussen – mastering
Lester Mendez – composer, mixing, producer
Albert Menéndez – producer
Brenda Mhlongo – vocals (background)
T. Mitchell – composer
Mark Needham – mixing
Nejo – guest appearance
Jessica Nolan – A&R, project supervisor
Joel Numa – engineer, mixing
Luis Fernando Ochoa – arranger, producer
Oligee – producer
Ze Bell Jean Paul – composer
Pitbull – composer
Residente of Calle 13 – producer
Andros Rodriguez – engineer
Jonathan Shakhovskoy – additional production, engineer, mixing, vocal arrangement
Dooh Belly Eugene Victor – composer
Gucci Vump – additional production
Ed Williams – engineer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
All time charts
Certifications and sales
See also |
683_39 | 2010 in Latin music
List of best-selling albums in France
List of best-selling Latin albums
List of number-one Billboard Latin Albums from the 2010s
List of number-one Billboard Latin Pop Albums of 2010
List of number-one hits of 2010 (France)
List of number-one hits of 2010 (Italy)
List of number-one albums of 2010 (Mexico)
List of number-one albums of 2010 (Spain)
References
2010 albums
Epic Records albums
Sony Music Latin albums
Shakira albums
Latin Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album
Albums produced by Josh Abraham |
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