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677_30 | O'Neill founded O'Neill Communications in Princeton in 1986. He introduced his Local Area Wireless Networking, or LAWN, system at the PC Expo in New York in 1989. The LAWN system allowed two computers to exchange messages over a range of a couple hundred feet at a cost of about $500 per node. O'Neill Communications went out of business in 1993; the LAWN technology was sold to Omnispread Communications. As of 2008, Omnispread continued to sell a variant of O'Neill's LAWN system. |
677_31 | On November 18, 1991, O'Neill filed a patent application for a vactrain system. He called the company he wanted to form VSE International, for velocity, silence, and efficiency. However, the concept itself he called Magnetic Flight. The vehicles, instead of running on a pair of tracks, would be elevated using electromagnetic force by a single track within a tube (permanent magnets in the track, with variable magnets on the vehicle), and propelled by electromagnetic forces through tunnels. He estimated the trains could reach speeds of up to 2,500 mph (4,000 km/h) — about five times faster than a jet airliner — if the air was evacuated from the tunnels. To obtain such speeds, the vehicle would accelerate for the first half of the trip, and then decelerate for the second half of the trip. The acceleration was planned to be a maximum of about one-half of the force of gravity. O'Neill planned to build a network of stations connected by these tunnels, but he died two years before his |
677_32 | first patent on it was granted. |
677_33 | Death and legacy
O'Neill was diagnosed with leukemia in 1985. He died on April 27, 1992, from complications of the disease at the Sequoia Hospital in Redwood City, California. He was survived by his wife Tasha, his ex-wife Sylvia, and his four children. A sample of his incinerated remains was buried in space. The Celestis vial containing his ashes was attached with vials of other Celestis participants to a Pegasus XL rocket and launched into Earth orbit on April 21, 1997. It re-entered the atmosphere in May 2002.
O'Neill directed his Space Studies Institute to continue their efforts "until people are living and working in space". After his death, management of SSI was passed to his son Roger and colleague Freeman Dyson. SSI continued to hold conferences every other year to bring together scientists studying space colonization until 2001.
O'Neill's work informs the company Blue Origin founded by Jeff Bezos, which wants to build the infrastructure for future space colonization. |
677_34 | Henry Kolm went on to start Magplane Technology in the 1990s to develop the magnetic transportation technology that O'Neill had written about. In 2007, Magplane demonstrated a working magnetic pipeline system to transport phosphate ore in Florida. The system ran at a speed of 40 mph (65 km/h), far slower than the high-speed trains O'Neill envisioned. |
677_35 | All three of the founders of the Space Frontier Foundation, an organization dedicated to opening the space frontier to human settlement, were supporters of O'Neill's ideas and had worked with him in various capacities at the Space Studies Institute. One of them, Rick Tumlinson, describes three men as models for space advocacy: Wernher von Braun, Gerard K. O'Neill, and Carl Sagan. Von Braun pushed for "projects that ordinary people can be proud of but not participate in". Sagan wanted to explore the universe from a distance. O'Neill, with his grand scheme for settlement of the Solar System, emphasized moving ordinary people off the Earth "en masse". |
677_36 | The National Space Society (NSS) gives the Gerard K. O'Neill Memorial Award for Space Settlement Advocacy to individuals noted for their contributions in the area of space settlement. Their contributions can be scientific, legislative, and educational. The award is a trophy cast in the shape of a Bernal sphere. The NSS first bestowed the award in 2007 on lunar entrepreneur and former astronaut Harrison Schmitt. In 2008, it was given to physicist John Marburger.
As of November, 2013, Gerard O'Neill's papers and work are now located in the archives at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
Publications
Books
Papers |
677_37 | Patents
O'Neill was granted six patents in total (two posthumously) in the areas of global position determination and magnetic levitation.
Satellite-based vehicle position determining system, granted November 16, 1982
Satellite-based position determining and message transfer system with monitoring of link quality, granted May 10, 1988
Position determination and message transfer system employing satellites and stored terrain map, granted June 13, 1989
Position determination and message transfer system employing satellites and stored terrain map, granted October 23, 1990
High speed transport system, granted February 1, 1994
High speed transport system, granted July 18, 1995
See also |
677_38 | Konstantin Tsiolkovskii (1857–1935) wrote about humans living in space in the 1920s
J. D. Bernal (1901–1971) inventor of the Bernal sphere, a space habitat design
Rolf Wideröe (1902–1996) filed for a patent on a particle storage ring design during World War II
Krafft Ehricke (1917–1984) rocket engineer and space colonization advocate
John S. Lewis, wrote about the resources of the Solar System in Mining the Sky
Marshall Savage, author of The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps
Spome
Space architecture
Space-based solar power
Notes
References
Books
Articles
Videos
The Vision of Gerard K. O'Neil 30 min testimony about what ordinary people can do about space
5 min presenting space habitats and solar power satellites
Other references |
677_39 | Further reading
McCray, W. Patrick. The Visioneers: How a Group of Elite Scientists Pursued Space Colonies, Nanotechnologies, and a Limitless Future (Princeton University Press; 2012) 328 pages; Focuses on O'Neill and the MIT-trained engineer Eric Drexler in a study of exploratory science.
External links
Life of Gerard O'Neill at Space Studies Institute
The High Frontier: The untold story of Gerard K. O'Neill documentary film (2019)
Paul R Marcano dedicated his album Islands in Space to Gerard K. O'Neill vinyl record (1981) |
677_40 | 1927 births
1992 deaths
Military personnel from New York City
American astronomers
20th-century American physicists
Deaths from cancer in California
Cornell University alumni
Deaths from leukemia
Futurologists
Particle physicists
Accelerator physicists
Writers from Brooklyn
Space advocates
Space burials
Swarthmore College alumni
Princeton University faculty
Stanford University faculty
United States Navy sailors
Scientists from New York City
Fellows of the American Physical Society |
678_0 | The University of Missouri–Kansas City (UMKC) is a public research university in Kansas City, Missouri. UMKC is part of the University of Missouri System and one of only two member universities with a medical school. As of 2015, the university's enrollment exceeded 16,000 students. It is the largest university and third largest college in the Kansas City metropolitan area. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".
History |
678_1 | Lincoln and Lee University
The school has its roots in the Lincoln and Lee University movement first put forth by the Methodist Church and its Bishop Ernest Lynn Waldorf in the 1920s. The proposed university (which was to honor Abraham Lincoln and Robert E. Lee) was to be built on the Missouri–Kansas border at 75th and State Line Road, where the Battle of Westport (the largest battle west of the Mississippi River during the American Civil War) took place. The centerpiece of the school was to be a National Memorial marking the tomb of an unknown Union soldier and unknown Confederate soldier. Proponents of the school said it would be a location "where North met South and East met West." The Methodist interest reflected the church's important role in the development of the Kansas City area through the Shawnee Methodist Mission which was the second capital of Kansas. |
678_2 | As the Methodists started having problems piecing together the necessary property, other civic leaders including J.C. Nichols began pushing to create a cultural center on either side of Brush Creek, just east of the Country Club Plaza. According to this plan the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art and Kansas City Art Institute would be built north of Brush Creek around the estate of The Kansas City Star publisher William Rockhill Nelson and a private nonsectarian University of Kansas City (initially proposed as a junior college) would be built south of the creek. In addition, a hospital would be constructed around the estate of Kansas City Journal-Post publisher Walter S. Dickey. The hospital was never built.
In 1930, after the Methodists had brought the Kansas City Dental School into their fold, the two plans were merged. The new school was to be called "Lincoln and Lee, the University of Kansas City." and plans were underway to develop it into a four-year school. |
678_3 | The university was built on a plot, southeast of the Nelson mansion. William Volker had purchased and donated this land for the University of Kansas City. The original Volker purchase did not include the Dickey mansion itself. Dickey died unexpectedly in 1931 and Volker acquired it to be the first building.
University of Kansas City
The two groups were to squabble back and forth, with Ernest H. Newcomb attempting to mediate. The Church did not maintain its ties and the Lincoln and Lee name was abandoned.
The school announced that it would start if 125 students enrolled. The target was met, and the University of Kansas City, or "KCU" for short, held its first classes in October 1933 with a faculty of 17 and a student enrollment of 264. |
678_4 | The campus (now expanded to ) is called the Volker Campus. The Dickey mansion is now Scofield Hall. The second building on the campus, the library, was named for Newcomb. A Carl Milles fountain on Brush Creek opposite the Nelson Gallery is called the Volker Fountain.
The University of Kansas City grew quickly, and soon incorporated other existing local private institutions of higher learning. The Kansas City School of Law, which was founded in the 1890s and located in downtown Kansas City, merged into the university in 1938. The Kansas City-Western Dental College followed in 1941 and the Kansas City College of Pharmacy merged in 1943. This was followed by the Kansas City Conservatory of Music in 1959. During this period, the university also established the School of Administration in 1953, the School of Education in 1954, and the Division for Continuing Education in 1958. |
678_5 | University of Missouri–Kansas City
On July 25, 1963, at the urging of alumnus Hilary A. Bush, the university became part of the University of Missouri System and $20 million of assets including 23 buildings were transferred to the University of Missouri. At the time of the acquisition, KCU had 3,300 students (2,000 full-time) and 175 full-time faculty.
At the same time, the University of Missouri acquired the Normandy Residence Center in St. Louis to form the University of Missouri–St. Louis. The acquisitions of the two schools were different in that the privately owned University of Kansas City could be donated to Missouri while the University of Missouri had to buy the St. Louis campus (although for a nominal $60,000) because the St. Louis campus had been purchased for a junior college in a bond election by the public Normandy, Missouri School District. |
678_6 | At the time of acquisition Missouri already owned the campuses in Columbia and Rolla. Accordingly, the university's name was changed to the University of Missouri–Kansas City.
After this, UMKC established the School of Graduate Studies in 1964, the School of Medicine in 1970, the School of Nursing in 1980, the School of Basic Life Sciences in 1985 (which was renamed the School of Biological Sciences in the mid-1990s), and the School of Computing and Engineering in 2001.
In 2012, the school conducted studies on whether to rename the school back to the University of Kansas City (but still remaining in the University of Missouri system). In November 2012, the school decided against the change noting at the time, "while prospective students and the community at large had strong interest in the name change, several other important groups — current students, faculty/staff, and alumni — do not favor a name change at this time." |
678_7 | In the mid and late 2010s, UMKC came under fire for corruption and cover ups that alleged a pursuit of outside money above all else. Critics highlighted examples in the management school and pharmaceutical school including a faculty member who required international students to perform personal tasks for him and false information used to rank the business school.
Chancellors
Presidents (when the school was independent)/Chancellors (when the school became part of the University of Missouri system) of the school are: |
678_8 | <li>Ernest H. Newcomb, executive secretary, 1933–1936
<li>John Duncan Spaeth, president, 1936–1938
<li>Clarence Decker, president, 1938–1953
Roy Rinehart, interim, 1953
<li>Earl J. McGrath, president, 1953–1956
<li>Richard M. Drake, president (initially interim), 1956–1961
<li>Carleton F. Scofield, president 1961–1963, chancellor 1963–1965 (becomes part of University of Missouri System)
<li>Randall M. Whaley, chancellor, 1965–1967
Hamilton B.G. Robinson, interim, 1967–1968
<li>James C. Olson, chancellor, 1968–1976
Wesley J. Dale, interim, 1976–1977
<li>George A. Russell, chancellor, 1977–1992
<li>Eleanor Schwartz, chancellor, 1992–1999
Gordon Lamb, interim, February 1999–March 2000
<li>Martha Gilliland, chancellor, April 1, 2000 – January 1, 2005
Elson Floyd, interim via system president capacity, January 2005–February 2005
Steven Lehmkuhle, interim, March 2005–December 2005
<li>Guy Bailey, chancellor, January 2006–July 2008 |
678_9 | <li>Leo Morton, chancellor (initially interim) August 2008 – 2017
Barbara A. Bichelmeyer, interim, October 2017-June 2018
<li>C. Mauli Agrawal, chancellor, June 2018–present |
678_10 | Academics
Academic units
Today, the academic divisions of UMKC are as follows:
the College of Arts and Sciences
the Conservatory of Music and Dance
the Henry W. Bloch School of Management
the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
the School of Computing and Engineering
the School of Dentistry
the School of Education
the School of Law
the School of Medicine
the School of Nursing and Health Studies
the School of Pharmacy
the School of Graduate Studies
The School of Medicine is regionally known for its six-year post-secondary program, wherein a student spends only six years obtaining both a Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Medicine degree. The school is located away from the main campus on Hospital Hill, where it is connected to Truman Medical Center, a large research hospital. |
678_11 | The School of Law is one of four law schools in Missouri (St. Louis University School of Law, University of Missouri School of Law, and Washington University School of Law are the others). It is one of only seven American law schools to have educated both a President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (Charles Evans Whittaker). Truman attended but did not graduate from the law school and never practiced law. The schools that actually have had President-Supreme Court graduates who practiced law are Yale Law School, Harvard Law School, Columbia Law School, the University of Virginia School of Law, the William & Mary Law School and the University of Cincinnati College of Law. |
678_12 | The university is the home of New Letters, a preeminent literary magazine, as well as the nationally syndicated public radio program New Letters on the Air. For over 50 years, UMKC has broadcast live, taped and syndicated programming over KCUR, the university's radio station and NPR affiliate.
In 2004, the Fungal Genetics Stock Center moved to UMKC where it is in the School of Biological Sciences. The FGSC was founded in 1960 and is supported by the US National Science Foundation. The FGSC distributes research materials around the world and is part of the World Federation for Culture Collections. Collaborators include researchers at the Broad Institute and the US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute.
UMKC Theatre is considered to have one of the stronger M.F.A. programs in acting in the country. In 2017, 2018, and 2019 the MFA costume design program was ranked in the top 10 best costume design schools in the country by The Hollywood Reporter, respectively. |
678_13 | The university is the site where the Supplemental Instruction program was established and developed.
Rankings
In 2014, Princeton Review named the University of Missouri–Kansas City a "Best Value" public university, for the third consecutive year. In the 2015 U.S. News and World Report Best Colleges rankings, UMKC is ranked 189th in the National Universities category. Many of the individual graduate programs have been ranked higher. The pharmacy school is ranked 37th, Public Affairs graduate programs are ranked 73rd, the Nonprofit Management emphasis within the MPA program is ranked 15th, the school of nursing is ranked 79th, the school of Law is ranked 104th and the school of education is ranked 162nd. |
678_14 | Campuses |
678_15 | UMKC is spread across multiple locales; the main Volker Campus, home to the majority of university operations, is located in Kansas City, Missouri Rockhill neighborhood, east of the Country Club Plaza, and adjacent to both the Stowers Institute for Medical Research and the Linda Hall Library. In 2017 the university, in collaboration with Truman Medical Center, Children's Mercy Hospital, the Missouri Health Department, the Jackson County Medical Examiners Office, and the Missouri Department of Mental Health Behavioral Medicine, formed the UMKC Health Sciences District on Hospital Hill. This district is a first-in-the-nation partnership between local and state governments, the university, and these nationally recognized healthcare faculties, designed to promote collaboration in research, innovation, education, grant funding, and community outreach, for the advancement of health and wellness in the greater Kansas City metropolitan area. Also in 2017, the university announced plans to |
678_16 | expand its metropolitan identity with the construction of a downtown Campus for the Arts, located near the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts. |
678_17 | Volker Campus
UMKC has two campuses in Kansas City. Most of UMKC's main campus (Volker campus) is inside a square formed by Volker Boulevard (north), Oak Street (west), 53rd Street (south) and Troost (east). The "Hospital Hill" campus houses the health sciences academic departments.
Directly across Troost from UMKC is Rockhurst University, a Jesuit university.
Hospital Hill Campus
The Hospital Hill Campus houses the School of Nursing, the School of Medicine, the School of Dentistry, and the School of Pharmacy.
Buildings
Cockefair Hall
Cockefair, (pronounced coke-fair), is located on Rockhill across from Flarsheim Hall. It was built in 1950 and is named for former faculty member Carolyn Cockefair who was a humanities professor at UMKC. The building currently houses the departments of History, English, and Philosophy.
Biological Sciences Building |
678_18 | Built in 1972, the Biological Sciences Building is located north of the Spencer Chemistry Building and east of Katz Hall. The building houses offices, classrooms, and research laboratories of the School of Biological Sciences. The school offers undergrad, grad, and doctoral degrees in the life sciences. The Biological Sciences Building and Spencer Chemistry Building are connected on four of its floors; in addition to this, the south stairwell on the basement floor of the Biological Sciences Building is the north stairwell of the Spencer Chemistry Building.
Spencer Chemistry Building
The building, located at 51st & Rockhill, was built in 1972 using funds donated by Helen Spencer. The purpose of the building was to nurture scientific advancement at UMKC. It currently houses the main office of the Chemistry Department as well as several chemistry laboratories and classrooms. Spencer Chemistry Building and the Biological Sciences Building are connected on four of its floors.
The Quad |
678_19 | The majority of UMKC's students regularly attend classes in buildings on the Quad. These buildings are Flarsheim Hall, Newcomb Hall, Manheim Hall, Royall Hall, Haag Hall, and Scofield Hall.
Flarsheim Hall
Flarsheim Hall was built in 1999, and is the largest building on UMKC's campus. The Chemistry, Physics and Geosciences departments, as well as the School of Computing and Engineering, are located in Flarsheim Hall. The hall was named after Robert H. Flarsheim, who left a $9 million endowment to the university in his estate. Flarsheim Hall is located on the northeast corner of the Quad.
Newcomb Hall
Newcomb Hall (built in 1936) was named after the first manager of the university, Ernest H. Newcomb. Originally designed to house the library, Newcomb Hall is now home to offices, the University Archives, the Western Historical Manuscript Collection and the Edgar Snow Collections. Newcomb Hall is located on the extreme west edge of the quad.
Manheim Hall |
678_20 | Manheim Hall, along with Newcomb Hall were the first two buildings originally built for the university. It is named for Ernest Manheim, a professor of sociology, who taught at the university and founded its sociology program. Currently, Manheim Hall houses offices. It is connected to Royall Hall by a second-floor walkway. Manheim is located on the southwest corner of the Quad.
Royall Hall
Royall Hall was built in 1968 and is almost exclusively classrooms. Two large lecture halls are on the ground floor, and an astronomical observatory is on the roof. Also on the ground floor is a lounge area with an Einstein Bros. Bagels. Royall Hall is connected to both Manheim and Haag Halls, and to a five-level parking structure across the street. Royall Hall is located on the south end of the Quad.
Haag Hall |
678_21 | Haag Hall (pronounced Hāg), built in 1937, contains offices and classrooms including the departments of mathematics and communication studies. Its most recognizable features are the large murals stretching along the main stairwell. Haag Hall is connected to both Royall and Flarsheim Halls. Haag Hall is located on the southeast corner of the Quad.
Scofield Hall
Scofield Hall was built in 1912, and was originally a private residence. In 1931, William Volker acquired it and donated it to the university. It was named after Carleton Scofield, who was chancellor of the university when it merged with the University of Missouri System. The Arts & Sciences advising office as well as the Language Resource Center and the Department of Foreign Languages & Literatures are located in Scofield Hall. Scofield Hall is located on the north end of the Quad.
Katz Hall |
678_22 | Completed in 1965, Katz Hall is named in honor of Isaac and Michael Katz, founders of a major Kansas City drug store chain. The building currently houses the Department of Architecture, Urban Planning + Design's offices and classrooms and was once the location for the School of Pharmacy. The Pharmacy School has now moved to the Health Sciences Building on UMKC's Hospital Hill campus, approximately four miles north of the Volker Campus.
University Center and Atterbury Student Success Center
The University Center (known to students and alumni as the "U-Center") was built in 1961. The student dining hall is located here, as is Pierson Auditorium, an often used site for career fairs or luncheons. In 2012, the University Center underwent renovations and was rededicated as the Atterbury Student Success Center. It was specifically designed to promote student academic success.
Swinney Recreation Center |
678_23 | Swinney Recreation Center was built in 1941, and was gifted to the university by E. F. Swinney. There are five basketball courts, an Olympic-sized swimming pool, racquetball and squash courts, weight-training center, soccer field, and indoor and outdoor tracks at the recreation center. Along with the Kansas City Club and the Pembroke Hill School, Swinney is one of only three locations in Kansas City containing squash courts. University students, faculty and staff have privileges at Swinney, and paid memberships are open to others.
Fine Arts Building
The Fine Arts Building was built in 1942 and remodeled in 1975. Currently, the Art and Art History departments use the building. Student works are often displayed in the building's UMKC Gallery of Art.
Epperson House |
678_24 | Epperson House is located south of 52nd St. between Oak and Cherry. The Tudor-Gothic structure was completed in 1923 at a cost of $450,000. Originally built as a private residence, Epperson House contained 48 rooms, six bathrooms, elevators, a swimming pool, and a billiard room, spread throughout it four floors. The residence was built by Uriah S. Epperson, who was a banker, industrialist, and philanthropist who amassed significant wealth from insurance and meat-packing industries. The building was donated to the university in 1942 for use as a men's dormitory until 1956. Epperson is well known for its apparent hauntings, which earned it a spot on Unsolved Mysteries as one of the top five haunted houses in the United States.
James C. Olson Center for the Performing Arts |
678_25 | Known on campus simply as the PAC (Performing Arts Center), this building partially houses the Conservatory of Music and Dance and the Department of Theatre, as well as the Kansas City Repertory Theatre. The PAC, designed by Kivett and Myers, opened in 1979 and contains White Recital Hall, Helen F. Spencer Theatre, and a black box theatre space, Studio 116.
Proposed new downtown arts campus
A proposal for a new downtown arts campus got a funding boost on June 26, 2013, with a $20 million challenge grant from the Muriel McBrien Kauffman Foundation, but an additional $70 million needs to be raised. The backers say a new campus will increase the profile of the university's arts programs and the new performing arts facility. The first phase involves moving the university's Conservatory of Music and Dance to a location in the Crossroads District. Other programs would be moved in subsequent phases.
Housing
Cherry Hall |
678_26 | Begun in 1955, Cherry Street Hall, located at 5030 Cherry Street, was a more traditional-style dormitory on the UMKC Volker campus. It housed approximately 300 students in 168 single, double and triple rooms with each floor being separated by gender and sharing a communal bathroom. Cherry Street Hall was often regarded by students as having better opportunities for social interaction than Oak Street. In August 2009, Cherry Street Hall was closed as a student residence. In May 2011 the Psychology Department moved into the newly renovated Cherry Hall.
Twin Oaks Apartments |
678_27 | Formerly located at 5000 Oak Street, Twin Oaks Apartments was acquired by the university in 1998 to house students who desired more independent living than the dormitory could provide. In the years since, however, the buildings had begun to show their ages. In 2002, the university decided it would be more cost-effective to demolish Twin Oaks and build a new residence hall in its place. UMKC stopped renting to new prospective tenants in 2005, and to current tenant extended a grace period for them to locate new housing. The buildings were completely vacant by July 2006. In September 2006, the Kansas City Fire Department used Twin Oaks in a firefighters training program. Demolition by wrecking ball followed in November 2006 and was completed in early 2007.
Oak Street Hall |
678_28 | Completed in 2004, Oak Street Hall is located at 5051 Oak Street. The five-story building houses approximately 559 students in single room and suite-style two-bedroom suites. The ground level is a large common lobby with a kitchen, laundry facility, music practice rooms, pool tables and a widescreen television set. On floors 2–5, kitchenettes, vending machines, quiet study rooms and social lounges comprise the common areas. Oak Hall was set as the quality standard for the UMKC 30-year Master Plan.
Oak Place Apartments |
678_29 | The Oak Place Apartments are located at 5050 Oak Street on land once occupied by the demolished Twin Oaks Apartments. Twin Oaks construction on Oak Place was started in 2007 and Oak Place was opened to students in August 2008. Oak Place consists of two four story apartment complexes separated by an above ground parking structure. Oak Place houses around 500 students in 1, 2, and 4 bedroom suite style apartments, each complete with a kitchen. Common areas include lounge areas, an academic room, and 1 computer lab in each building.
Herman and Dorothy Johnson Hall |
678_30 | Herman and Dorothy Johnson Hall is the latest residence hall on the UMKC Volker Campus and is located to the immediate north of Oak Place Apartments. Construction was started in June 2008 and the hall opened in August 2009. The four story hall houses up to 328 students in the traditional dormitory style with suites of single and double occupancy rooms with their own shared suite bathroom. Johnson Hall has gender-segregated by floor housing. Common areas include music practice rooms, a computer lab, laundry rooms, and outdoor green space. The building was designed by Mackey Mitchell Architects of St. Louis, Missouri.
Student activities |
678_31 | Greek life
Greek Life at the University of Missouri–Kansas City is administered by the Office of Student Involvement's Fraternity and Sorority Affairs. UMKC is home to 26 Greek Letter Organizations (8 social fraternities, 8 social sororities, and 10 professional fraternities). Although the Greek population is relatively small (4.5% of the overall student population), it maintains a proud heritage, and several chapters have received awards from their organization's international offices. |
678_32 | Greek Life at UMKC traces its origins to 1936, with the establishment of the Bounders Fraternity. The Bounders was the first social organization recognized by the University of Kansas City, and the fraternity originated many of UMKC's school traditions. The Bounders even led the push for the removal of university president Clarence Decker. Decker's resignation in 1953 opened the door for both intercollegiate athletics and national Greek organizations on campus. In 1956, the Bounders petitioned Delta Chi and received a charter. Delta Chi became the first national fraternity to charter on the UMKC campus. The Delta Rho chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha was founded four years earlier, in 1952; however, it was originally chartered at nearby Rockhurst University and did not submit its charter for official recognition by UMKC until 1963.
Traditions
Hobo Day and Bum Friday |
678_33 | One of the best known traditions in the history of UMKC was Hobo Day, later known as Bum Friday. The campus-wide event was created as Hobo Day, and it first occurred on May 8, 1935, to celebrate the end of the spring semester. Students dressed as hobos throughout the day, and various events and competitions took place. The day started with the Hobo parade, and then everyone gathered in the quad where university president Clarence Decker would read a proclamation that he was cancelling classes and turning the university over to the students. President Decker was an appropriate master of ceremonies for the day, as he had lived the life of a hobo during a portion of his younger years. Events throughout the day included beard growing contests, pie eating contests, glee club performances, skits satirizing campus life, car rallies, talent shows, and athletic contests. The Bum Friday Queen and the Most Fascinating Man were crowned, and the day ended with a dance in which students switched |
678_34 | out their bum attire for formal wear. Awards for the daytime activities were presented at the dance. A bonfire closed out the evening. In 1951, Hobo Day was renamed Bum Friday, although the activities essentially remained the same. In 1982, the Student Life Office put a stop to Bum Friday and replaced it with "Roo Fest", which lacked many of the activities and traditions of Bum Friday and its predecessor, Hobo Day. |
678_35 | The Bounder Bells
Alumni members of the former Bounders Fraternity raised nearly $30,000 in donations for the purchase of a Van Bergen 49-bell carillon. The Bounder Bells was dedicated on the UMKC campus in May 1989. The carillon is located in the tower of the Swinney Recreation Center. The bells controlled by an electronic keyboard, and they ring on the hour. The bells can also can be programmed to play melodies.
Notable alumni and faculty
Athletics
UMKC's mascot is Kasey Kangaroo (originally drawn by Walt Disney). Historically, UMKC athletics had used the identity of UMKC Kangaroos, but the short form "Roos" was widely used both within and outside of the program. On July 1, 2019, the athletic program officially rebranded itself as the Kansas City Roos. |
678_36 | The school's colors are old gold and royal blue. It is a member of the NCAA's Division I Summit League, having rejoined that conference on July 1, 2020, after seven years in the Western Athletic Conference. The men's and women's basketball teams play at Swinney Recreation Center. UMKC sponsors 16 sports for both men and women at the intercollegiate level.
The department sponsors: men's basketball, women's basketball, men's soccer, women's soccer, softball, men's tennis, women's tennis, women's golf, men's golf, volleyball, men's indoor and outdoor track & field, women's indoor and outdoor track & field, men's cross country and women's cross country.
In April 2007, the school dropped its Co-Ed Rifle Program in order to add women's soccer and men's baseball. Women's soccer was added to the institution for the 2009–2010 school year.
References
External links
Kansas City Athletics website |
678_37 | Educational institutions established in 1933
1933 establishments in Missouri
University of Missouri-Kansas City |
679_0 | The economy of Switzerland is one of the world's most advanced and highly-developed free-market economies. The service sector has come to play a significant economic role, particularly the Swiss banking industry and tourism. The economy of Switzerland ranks first in the world in the 2015 Global Innovation Index and third in the 2020 Global Competitiveness Report. According to United Nations data for 2016, Switzerland is the third richest landlocked country in the world after Liechtenstein and Luxembourg. Together with the latter and Norway, they are the only three countries in the world with a GDP per capita (nominal) above US$70,000 that are neither island nations nor ministates.
History
19th century |
679_1 | Switzerland as a federal state was established in 1848. Before that time, the city-cantons of Zurich, Geneva, and Basel in particular began to develop economically based on industry and trade, while the rural regions of Switzerland remained poor and underdeveloped. |
679_2 | While a workshop system had been in existence throughout the early modern period, the production of machines began in 1801 in St. Gallen, with the third generation of machines imported from Great Britain. But in Switzerland, hydraulic power was often used instead of steam engines because of the country's mountainous topography and lack of significant deposits of coal. By 1814, hand weaving had been mostly replaced by the power loom. Both tourism and banking began to develop as economic factors at about the same time. While Switzerland was primarily rural, the cities experienced an industrial revolution in the late 19th century, focused especially on textiles. In Basel, for example, textiles, including silk, were the leading industry. In 1888, women made up 44% of wage earners. Nearly half the women worked in the textile mills, with household servants the second largest job category. The proportion of women in the workforce was higher between 1890 and 1910 than it was in the late 1960s |
679_3 | and 1970s. |
679_4 | Railways played a major part in industrialization; the first railway opened in 1847, between Zurich and Baden. Despite the competition between private players, Switzerland was covered with more than 1000 km of track by 1860. Nevertheless, the network was barely coordinated because of the decentralised system.
20th century
The industrial sector began to grow in the 19th century with a laissez-faire industrial/trade policy, Switzerland's emergence as one of the most prosperous nations in Europe, sometimes termed the "Swiss miracle", was a development of the mid 19th to early 20th centuries, among other things tied to the role of Switzerland during the World Wars.
Switzerland's total energy consumption, which was dropping from the mid 1910s to the early 1920s, started to increase again in the early 1920s. It stagnated during the 1930s before falling again during the early 1940s; but rapid growth started once again in the mid 1940s. |
679_5 | In the 1940s, particularly during World War II, the economy profited from the increased export and delivery of weapons to Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and other European countries. However, Switzerland's energy consumption decreased rapidly. The co-operation of the banks with the Nazis (although they also co-operated extensively with the British and French) and their commercial relations with the Axis powers during the war were later sharply criticised, resulting in a short period of international isolation of Switzerland. Switzerland's production facilities were largely undamaged by the war, and afterwards both imports and exports grew rapidly.
In the 1950s, annual GDP growth averaged 5% and Switzerland's energy consumption nearly doubled. Coal lost its rank as Switzerland's primary energy source, as other imported fossil fuels, such as crude and refined oil and natural and refined gas, increased. |
679_6 | In the 1960s, annual GDP growth averaged 4% and Switzerland's total energy consumption nearly doubled again. By the end of the decade oil provided over three-quarters of Switzerland's energy. |
679_7 | In the 1970s the GDP growth rate gradually declined from a peak of 6.5% in 1970; GDP then contracted by 7.5% in 1975 and 1976. Switzerland became increasingly dependent on oil imported from its main suppliers, the OPEC cartel. The 1973 international oil crisis caused Switzerland's energy consumption to decrease in the years from 1973 to 1978. In 1974 there were three nationwide car-free Sundays when private transport was prohibited as a result of the oil supply shock. From 1977 onwards GDP grew again, although Switzerland was also affected by the 1979 energy crisis which resulted in a short-term decrease in Switzerland's energy consumption. In 1970 industry still employed about 46% of the labor force, but during the economic recession of the 1970s the services sector grew to dominate the national economy. By 1970 17.2% of the population and about one quarter of the work force were foreign nationals, though job losses during the economic recession decreased this number. |
679_8 | In the 1980s, Switzerland's economy contracted by 1.3% in 1982 but grew substantially for the rest of the decade, with annual GDP growth between about 3% and 4%, apart from 1986 and 1987 when growth decreased to 1.9% and 1.6% respectively.
Switzerland's economy was marred by slow growth in the 1990s, having the weakest economic growth in Western Europe. The economy was affected by a three-year recession from 1991 to 1993, when the economy contracted by 2%. The contraction also became apparent in Switzerland's energy consumption and export growth rates. Switzerland's economy averaged no appreciable increase (only 0.6% annually) in GDP. |
679_9 | After enjoying unemployment rates lower than 1% before 1990, the three-year recession also caused the unemployment rate to rise to its all-time peak of 5.3% in 1997. In 2008, Switzerland was in second place among European countries with populations above one million in terms of nominal and purchasing power parity GDP per capita, behind Norway (see list). Several times in the 1990s, real wages decreased since nominal wages could not keep up with inflation. However, beginning in 1997, a global resurgence in currency movement provided the necessary stimulus to the Swiss economy. It slowly gained momentum, and peaked in the year 2000 with 3.7% growth in real terms.
2000s |
679_10 | In the early 2000s recession, being so closely linked to the economies of Western Europe and the United States, Switzerland could not escape the slowdown in these countries. After the worldwide stock market crashes in the wake of the 9/11 terrorism attacks, there were more announcements of false enterprise statistics and exaggerated managers' wages. The rate of GDP growth dropped to 1.2% in 2001; 0.4% in 2002; and minus 0.2% in 2003. This economic slowdown had a noticeable impact on the labour market.
Many companies announced mass dismissals and thus the unemployment rate rose from its low of 1.6% in September 2000 to a peak of 4.3% in January 2004, although well below the European Union (EU) rate of 9.2% at the end of 2004.
On 10 November 2002 the economics magazine Cash suggested five measures for political and economic institutions to implement to revive the Swiss economy: |
679_11 | 1. Private consumption should be promoted with decent wage increases. In addition to that, families with children should get discounts on their health insurance.
2. Switzerland's national bank should revive investments by lowering interest rates. Besides that, monetary institutions should increasingly credit consumers and offer cheaper land to be built on.
3. Switzerland's national bank was asked to devalue the Swiss Franc, especially compared to the Euro.
4. The government should implement the anti-cyclical measure of increasing budget deficits. Government spending should increase in the infrastructure and education sectors. Lowering taxes would make sense in order to promote private household consumption.
5. Flexible work schedules should be instituted, thus avoiding low demand dismissals. |
679_12 | These measures were applied with successful results while the government strove for the Magical Hexagon of full employment, social equality, economic growth, environmental quality, positive trade balance and price stability. The rebound which started in mid-2003 saw growth rate growth rate averaging 3% (2004 and 2005 saw a GDP growth of 2.5% and 2.6% respectively; for 2006 and 2007, the rate was 3.6%). In 2008, GDP growth was modest in the first half of the year while declining in the last two quarters. Because of the base effect, real growth came to 1.9%. While it contracted 1.9% in 2009, the economy started to pick up in Q3 and by the second quarter of 2010, it had surpassed its previous peak. Growth for 2010 was 2.6% |
679_13 | The stock market collapse of 2007-2009 deeply affected investment income earned abroad. This translated to a substantial fall in the surplus of the current account balance. In 2006, Switzerland recorded a 15.1% per GDP surplus. It went down to 9.1% in 2007 and further dropped to 1.8% in 2008. It recovered in 2009 and 2010 with a surplus of 11.9% and 14.6% respectively. Unemployment peaked in December 2009 at 4.4%. In August 2018 the unemployment rate was 2.4%.
The chart below shows the trend of the gross domestic product of Switzerland at market prices:
Data
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2020 (with IMF staff estimtates in 2021–2026). Inflation below 2% is in green.
Economic sectors |
679_14 | The Swiss economy follows the typical developed country model with respect to the economic sectors. Only a small minority of the workers are involved in the primary or agricultural sector (1.3% of the population, ) while a larger minority is involved in the secondary or manufacturing sector (27.7% ). The majority of the working population are involved in the tertiary or services sector of the economy (71.0% ).
While most of the Swiss economic practices have been brought largely into conformity with the European Union's policies, some trade protectionism remains, particularly for the small agricultural sector. |
679_15 | Watches
Switzerland is a leading exporter of high-end watches and clocks. Swiss companies produce most of the world's high-end watches: in 2011 exports reached nearly 19.3 billion CHF, up 19.2% over the previous year. Watch manufacturing is mostly located around the Jura mountains, in the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Bern, and Jura. Notable watchmaking firms include Rolex, Patek Philippe, Swatch, or Richemont.
The watches go to Asia (55%), Europe (29%), Americas (14%), Africa and Oceania (both 1%).
In 2011, Switzerland led the world by exporting over US$20 billion value of all types of watches, followed by Hong Kong, at under US$10 billion. China exported the highest number of watches by far in 2011.
Industrial sector |
679_16 | Switzerland has an extensive industrial sector, with globally competitive companies in various industrial sectors. Most noticeably, food processing like Nestlé, machines and robot manufacturers such as ABB, Bobst SA and Stadler Rail, chemicals for industrial and construction use like Sika AG, or military equipment such as Ruag.
Switzerland also has one of the most competitive pharmaceutical industries in the world. Major Swiss pharmaceutical companies include Novartis and Roche.
Agriculture
Switzerland is extremely protective of its agricultural industry. High tariffs and extensive domestic subsidisations encourage domestic production, which currently produces about 60% of the food consumed in the country.
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Switzerland is subsidising more than 70% of its agriculture compared to 35% in the EU. The 2007 Agricultural Program increased subsidies by CHF 63 million to CHF 14.092 billion. |
679_17 | Protectionism acts to promote domestic production, but not to reduce prices or the cost of production, and there is no guarantee the increased domestic production is actually consumed internally; it may simply be exported, to the profit of the producers. 90 to 100% of potatoes, vegetables, pork, veal, cattle and most milk products are produced in the country. Beyond that, Swiss agriculture meets 65% of the domestic food demand. In 2016 the Swiss government spent about 5.5% of its total budget (over CHF 3.5 billion) on supporting food production. |
679_18 | The first reform in agricultural policies was in 1993. Among other changes, since 1998 Switzerland has linked the attribution of farm subsidies with the strict observance of good environmental practice. Before farmers can apply for subsidies, they must obtain certificates of environmental management systems (EMS) proving that they: "make a balanced use of fertilizers; use at least 7% of their farmland as ecological compensation areas; regularly rotate crops; adopt appropriate measures to protect animals and soil; make limited and targeted use of pesticides." 1,500 farms are driven out of business each year. But the number of organic farms increased by 3.3 percent between 2003 and 2004, and organic sales increased by 7 percent to $979 million. Moreover, Swiss consumers consider less important the drawback of higher prices for organic food compared to conventional locally produced food.
Trade |
679_19 | The CIA World Factbook estimates Switzerland's 2011 exports at $308.3 billion and the 2010 exports at $258.5 billion. Imports are estimated to be $299.6 billion in 2011 and $246.2 billion in 2010. According to the World Factbook numbers, Switzerland is the 20th largest exporter and the 18th largest importer.
The United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database has lower numbers for Switzerland's exports and imports. The UN calculates exports at $223.5 billion in 2011 and $185.8 billion in 2010. The value of all imports in 2011 was $197.0 billion and in 2010 it was $166.9 billion.
Switzerland's largest trading partner is Germany. In 2017, 17% of Switzerland's exports and 20% of its imports came from Germany. The United States was the second largest destination of exports (10% of total exports) and the second largest source of imports (7.8%). China was the third largest destination of exports (9.2%) but only provided 4.8% of imports. |
679_20 | The next largest destinations of exports include India (7.3%), France (5.4%), Hong Kong (5.4%), the United Kingdom (4.5%) and Italy (4.4%). Other major sources of imports include: Italy (7.6%), the United Kingdom (7.1%), France (6.0%), China (mentioned above), the United Arab Emirates (3.7%) and Hong Kong (3.4%). |
679_21 | As a developed country with a skilled labor force, the majority of Swiss exports are precision or 'high tech' finished products. Switzerland's largest specific SITC categories of exports include medicaments (13%), heterocyclic compounds (2.2%), watches (6.4%), orthopaedic appliances (2.1%), and precious jewellery (2.5%). While watches and jewellery remained an important part of the economy, in 2017 about 24% of Swiss exports were gold bullion or coins. Agricultural products that Switzerland is famous for such as cheese (0.23%), wine (0.028%), and chocolate (0.35%) all make up only a small portion of Swiss exports. Switzerland is also a significant exporter of arms and ammunition, and the third largest for small calibers which accounted for 0.33% of the total exports in 2012. |
679_22 | Switzerland's main imports include gold (21%), medicaments (7.4%), cars (4.0%), precious jewellery (3.7%), and other unclassified transactions (18%). While Switzerland has a long tradition of manufacturing cars, there are currently no large-scale assembly line automobile manufacturers in the country.
Tourism
Switzerland has highly developed tourism infrastructure, especially in the mountainous regions and cities, making it a good market for tourism-related equipment and services. |
679_23 | 14% of hotels were in Grisons, 12% each in the Valais and Eastern Switzerland, 11% in Central Switzerland and 9% in the Bernese Oberland. The ratio of lodging nights in relation to resident population ("tourism intensity", a measure for the relative importance of tourism to local economy) was largest in Grisons (8.3) and Bernese Oberland (5.3), compared to a Swiss average of 1.3. 56.4% of lodging nights were by visitors from abroad (broken down by nationality: 16.5% Germany, 6.3% UK, 4.8% USA, 3.6% France, 3.0% Italy) |
679_24 | The total financial volume associated with tourism, including transportation, is estimated to CHF 35.5 billion (as of 2010) although some of this comes from fuel tax and sales of motorway vignettes. The total gross value added from tourism is 14.9 billion. Tourism provides a total of 144,838 full time equivalent jobs in the entire country. The total financial volume of tourist lodging is 5.19 billion CHF and eating at the lodging provides an additional 5.19 billion. The total gross value added of 14.9 billion is about 2.9% of Switzerland's 2010 nominal GDP of 550.57 billion CHF.
Banking and finance
In 2003, the financial sector comprised an estimated 11.6% of Switzerland's GDP and employed approximately 196,000 people (136,000 of whom work in the banking sector); this represents about 5.6% of the total Swiss workforce. |
679_25 | Swiss neutrality and national sovereignty, long recognized by foreign nations, have fostered a stable environment in which the banking sector was able to develop and thrive. Switzerland has maintained neutrality through both World Wars, is not a member of the European Union, and was not even a member of the United Nations until 2002. Currently an estimated 28 percent of all funds held outside the country of origin (sometimes called "offshore" funds) are kept in Switzerland. In 2009 Swiss banks managed 5.4 trillion Swiss Francs. |
679_26 | Most of the financial sector is centred in Zurich and Geneva. Zurich specialises in banking (UBS, Credit Suisse, Julius Baer) as well as insurance (Swiss Re, Zurich insurance), whilst Geneva specialises in wealth management (Pictet Group, Lombard Odier, Union Bancaire Privée), and commodity trading, trade finance, and shipping (Cargill, Mediterranean Shipping Company, Louis Dreyfus Company, Mercuria Energy Group, Trafigura, Banque de Commerce et de Placements).
The Bank of International Settlements, an organization that facilitates cooperation among the world's central banks, is headquartered in the city of Basel. Founded in 1930, the BIS chose to locate in Switzerland because of the country's neutrality, which was important to an organization founded by countries that had been on both sides of World War I. In May 2006, foreign banks operating in Switzerland managed 870 billion Swiss francs worth of assets. In 2014, this number was estimated to be 960 billion Swiss francs. |
679_27 | Connection to illegal activities
Swiss banks have served as safe havens for the wealth of dictators, despots, mobsters, arms dealers, corrupt officials, and tax cheats of all kinds.
Commodities trading
Switzerland is a major hub for commodities trading, globally. The range of products traded either physically or financially include agriculture, minerals, metals and oil/energy. This has enabled some types of organization in commodities trading to be involved in corruption and operate with little or no transparency or oversight.
Workforce |
679_28 | The Swiss economy is characterised by a skilled and generally 'peaceful' workforce. One quarter of the country's full-time workers are unionised. Labour and management relations are amicable, characterised by a willingness to settle disputes instead of resorting to labour action. They take place between trade unions and branch associations, that are themselves often grouped in Union of Employers, like the Fédération patronale vaudoise or the Fédération des Entreprises Romandes Genève. About 600 collective bargaining agreements exist today in Switzerland and are regularly renewed without major problems. However, there is no country-wide minimum wage across sectors, but some collective bargaining agreement may contain minimum wage requirements for specific sectors or employers. A May 2014 ballot initiative which would have required a Swiss minimum wage to 22 Swiss francs an hour (corresponding to a monthly income of about 4000 Swiss francs) failed to pass, gaining only 23.7% support on |
679_29 | the ballot. |
679_30 | On 27 September 2020 voters in the Canton of Geneva approved a minimum wage of 23 Swiss franc per hour or about 4,000 per month. |
679_31 | With the peak of the number of bankruptcies in 2003, however, the mood was pessimistic. Massive layoffs and dismissals by enterprises resulting from the global economic slowdown, major management scandals and different foreign investment attitudes have strained the traditional Swiss labour peace. Swiss trade unions have encouraged strikes against several companies, including Swiss International Air Lines, Coca-Cola, and Orange. Total days lost to strikes, however, remain among the lowest in the OECD.
A study estimated that Switzerland will have a short fall of hundreds of thousands of workers by 2030.
Income and wealth distribution
In 2013 the mean household income in Switzerland was CHF 120,624 (c. USD 134,000 nominal, US$101,000 PPP), the mean household income after social security, taxes and mandatory health insurance was CHF 85,560 (c. USD 95,000 nominal, US$72,000 PPP).
The OECD lists Swiss household gross adjusted disposable income per capita US$32,594 PPP for 2011. |
679_32 | As of 2016, Switzerland had the highest average wealth per adult, at $561,900. The top 1% richest persons own 35% of all the wealth (2015).
This development was tied to the exchange rate between the US Dollar and the Swiss franc, which caused capital in Swiss francs to more than double its value in dollar terms during the 2000s and especially in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, without any direct increase in value in terms of domestic purchasing power.
The high average wealth is determined by the few who are extremely wealthy; the median (50th percentile) wealth of a Swiss adult is five times lower than the average, at US$100,900 (US$70,000 PPP as of 2011).
The Statistical Office defines the majority of the population as “neither rich nor poor and the average Swiss earns just enough to afford the high cost of living in Switzerland”.
Economic policy
Terrorism |
679_33 | Through the United States-Swiss Joint Economic Commission (JEC), Switzerland has passed strict legislation covering anti-terrorism financing and the prevention of terrorist acts, marked by the implementation of several anti-money laundering procedures and the seizure of al-Qaeda accounts.
European Union |
679_34 | Apart from agriculture, there are minimal economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland. In the wake of the Swiss voters' rejection of the European Economic Area Agreement in 1992, the Swiss Government set its sights on negotiating bilateral economic agreements with the EU. Four years of negotiations culminated in Bilaterals, a cross-platform agreement covering seven sectors: research, public procurement, technical barriers to trade, agriculture, civil aviation, land transport, and the free movement of persons. Parliament officially endorsed the Bilaterals in 1999 and it was approved by general referendum in May 2000. The agreements, which were then ratified by the European Parliament and the legislatures of its member states, entered into force on June 1, 2002. The Swiss government has since embarked on a second round of negotiations, called the Bilaterals II, which will further strengthen the country's economic ties with the organisation. |
679_35 | Switzerland has since brought most of their practices into conformity with European Union policies and norms in order to maximise the country's international competitiveness. While most of the EU policies are not contentious, police and judicial cooperation to international law enforcement and the taxation of savings are controversial, mainly because of possible side effects on bank secrecy.
Swiss and EU finance ministers agreed in June 2003 that Swiss banks would levy a withholding tax on EU citizens' savings income. The tax would increase gradually to 35% by 2011, with 75% of the funds being transferred to the EU. Recent estimates value EU capital inflows to Switzerland to $8.3 billion.
Institutional membership
Switzerland is a member of a number of international economic organizations, including the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. |
679_36 | International comparison
Regional disparities
Source:
See also
List of Swiss cantons by GDP
Taxation in Switzerland
Science and technology in Switzerland
Swiss labour law
Merchant Marine of Switzerland
Economy of Europe
State capitalism
Dirigisme
Corporatism
Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH
2000-watt society
Swiss National Bank
Banking in Switzerland
Notes and references
Notes
References
Further reading
Katzenstein, Peter J. "Capitalism in one country? Switzerland in the international economy." International Organization (1980): 507- 540. Online
Milward, Alan S, and S. B. Saul, eds. The economic development of continental Europe: 1780–1870 (1973) online; pp 296–298, 453–463.
Pfister, Christian. "Climate and economy in eighteenth-century Switzerland." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 9.2 (1978): 223-243 online.
Trampusch, Christine, and André Mach, eds. Switzerland in Europe: Continuity and change in the Swiss political economy (Taylor & Francis, 2011). |
679_37 | External links
OECD's Switzerland country Web site and OECD Economic Survey of Switzerland
SWISS MARKET IND
Swiss Federal Statistical Office
Gross Domestic Product Growth - Switzerland
Swiss Economic Forecasts
swissinfo.ch business news and articles
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Switzerland
The Swiss Labour Law and Swiss employment contract
Tariffs applied by Switzerland as provided by ITC's Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland
Switzerland |
680_0 | FC Nitra is a Slovak association football club, playing in the town of Nitra. Established in 1909, FC Nitra is one of the oldest football clubs in Slovakia.
History
Czechoslovak era
Nitra were promoted and relegated 4 times from the Czechoslovak First League with their longest stay being 5 years (1979–1984, 1986–1991). Nitra came close to clinching the title in 1962 only to lose out by 3 points to Dukla Prague. This year was most successful in club history because they reached also Mitropa Cup final. Another successful period was end of 80s when Nitra stayed on top positions in Czechoslovak First League (in 1989 they reached 3rd place) with players like Michal Hipp, Ľubomír Moravčík, Ladislav Molnár, Peter Palúch, Jozef Majoroš, Róbert Tomaschek, Miroslav Sovič. FC Nitra was the first football professional club in the former Czechoslovakia. |
680_1 | Slovak era
Nitra was involved in the inaugural Slovakian championship in 1994 but was relegated to the second division after their first season. The following season they were promoted back to the first division, only for the same fate to occur and were again relegated. Roller coaster seasons became somewhat of an FC Nitra speciality during the early 90s, until the promotions stopped in 2001 where fans had to wait five long seasons before seeing their club again return to the top flight where they finished with a respectable fifth place. This was mainly due to the work of head coach Ivan Galád, who took control of the team in the winter of 2004, guiding the team to a fourth-place finish in the second division. |
680_2 | Róbert Rák became the top goal scorer both in the second division in the 2004/2005 season and (together with Erik Jendrišek) in the first division in the 2005/2006 season. In the beginning of the next season he was transferred to MFK Ružomberok. Galád coached the team very defensively (as according to his words no good striker was in the team). Galád lost his job after not much good results of the team at the end of 2006/2007 season (many losses and draws). The former Czech player Pavel Hapal was named as the head coach of the team for the 2007/2008 season. His way of coaching brought almost immediately very good results and the team finished 3rd (the best in the history of the club). After the season Hapal decided to leave the club to accept an offer from the top Czech club FK Mladá Boleslav. Pavel Malura, another coach from the Czech Republic, has taken the job. In spring 2009 the new manager Petar Kurčubić was appointed. |
680_3 | In 2021 after the club was relegated from the top flight, they did not obtain a licence for the league below and so were further demoted another level.
Events timeline
1909 – Founded as Nyitrai ÖTTSO
1911 – Renamed Nyitrai TVE
1919 – Renamed Nyitrai SC
1921 – Renamed SK Nitra
1923 – Renamed AC Nitra
1948 – Renamed Sokol Nitra
1949 – Renamed ZSJ Sokol spojene zavody Nitra
1949 – Renamed ZK KP Nitra
1953 – Renamed DSO Slavoj Nitra
1956 – Renamed TJ Slovan Nitra
1966 – Again Renamed AC Nitra
1976 – Renamed TJ Plastika Nitra
1989 – First European qualification, 1990
1990 – Renamed FC Nitra
Honours |
680_4 | Domestic
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak First League (1925–1993)
Runners-Up (1): 1961–62
Third place (1): 1988-89
1.SNL (1st Slovak National football league) (1969–1993)
Winners (3): 1978–79, 1985–86, 1991–92
Slovakia
Slovak League (1993–Present)
Third place (1): 2007–08
Slovenský Pohár (Slovak Cup) (1961–Present) 1
Runners-up (4): 1974–75, 1982–83, 1986–87, 1990–91
Slovak Second Division (1993–Present)
Winners (3): 1994–95, 1997–98, 2004–05
Runners-Up (2): 2000–01, 2016-17
Czechoslovak and Slovak Top Goalscorer
The Czechoslovak League top scorer from 1944–45 until 1992–93. Since the 1993–94 Slovak League Top scorer.
1Shared award
European
Mitropa Cup 2
Runners-up: 1961
Intertoto Cup
Winners (3): 1972, 1973, 1980
Sponsorship
Current squad
Updated 5 August 2021
Out on loan
Current technical staff
Updated 25 March 2021
Results |
680_5 | League and Cup history
Slovak League only (1993–present)
{|class="wikitable"
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| Season
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| Division (Name)
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| Pos./Teams
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| Pl.
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| W
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| D
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| L
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| GS
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| GA
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"| P
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"|Slovak Cup
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;" colspan=2|Europe
! style="color:#1B1B1B; background:#69D2E7;"|Top Scorer (Goals)
|-
|align=center|1993–94
|align=center|1st (Mars Superliga)
|align=center bgcolor=red|12/(12)
|align=center|32
|align=center|12
|align=center|3
|align=center|17
|align=center|39
|align=center|46
|align=center|27 |
680_6 | |align=center|Round 3
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1994–95
|align=center|2nd (1. liga)
|align=center bgcolor=green|1/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|19
|align=center|5
|align=center|6
|align=center|58
|align=center|29
|align=center|62
|align=center|Round 2
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Prochászka (13)
|-
|-
|align=center|1995–96
|align=center|1st (Mars Superliga)
|align=center|11/(12)
|align=center|32
|align=center|7
|align=center|5
|align=center|20
|align=center|30
|align=center|59
|align=center|26
|align=center|Round 1
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Norbert Hrnčár (7)
|-
|align=center|1996–97
|align=center|1st (Mars Superliga)
|align=center bgcolor=red|16/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|5
|align=center|5
|align=center|20
|align=center|22
|align=center|48
|align=center|20
|align=center|Round 1
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
|align=center|1997–98
|align=center|2nd (1. liga) |
680_7 | |align=center bgcolor=green|1/(16)
|align=center|34
|align=center|20
|align=center|8
|align=center|6
|align=center|73
|align=center|36
|align=center|68
|align=center|Round 2
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Peter Hodúr (18)
|-
|align=center|1998–99
|align=center|1st (Mars Superliga)
|align=center|12/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|7
|align=center|7
|align=center|16
|align=center|28
|align=center|48
|align=center|28
|align=center|Round 2
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Marián Klago (8)
|-
|align=center|1999–00
|align=center|1st (Mars Superliga)
|align=center bgcolor=red|13/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|8
|align=center|4
|align=center|18
|align=center|24
|align=center|44
|align=center|28
|align=center|Round 2
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Róbert Jež (4) Jozef Jelšic (4)
|-
|align=center|2000–01
|align=center|2nd (1. Liga)
|align=center|2/(18)
|align=center|34
|align=center|21
|align=center|3
|align=center|10
|align=center|77 |
680_8 | |align=center|27
|align=center|66
|align=center|Round 1
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Mário Breška (23)
|-
|align=center|2001–02
|align=center|2nd (1. Liga)
|align=center|7/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|12
|align=center|7
|align=center|11
|align=center|41
|align=center|34
|align=center|43
|align=center|Round 1
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Jozef Jelšic (17)
|-
|align=center|2002–03
|align=center|2nd (1. Liga)
|align=center|12/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|11
|align=center|5
|align=center|14
|align=center|36
|align=center|29
|align=center|38
|align=center|Quarter-finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Jozef Jelšic (15)
|-
|align=center|2003–04
|align=center|2nd (1. Liga)
|align=center|4/(16)
|align=center|30
|align=center|15
|align=center|3
|align=center|12
|align=center|45
|align=center|32
|align=center|48
|align=center|Round 2
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Róbert Rák (13)
|-
|align=center|2004–05 |
680_9 | |align=center|2nd (1. Liga)
|align=center bgcolor=green|1/(16)
|align=center|36
|align=center|21
|align=center|6
|align=center|3
|align=center|49
|align=center|16
|align=center|69
|align=center|Round 2
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Róbert Rák (27)
|-
|align=center|2005–06
|align=center|1st (Corgoň Liga)
|align=center|5/(10)
|align=center|36
|align=center|12
|align=center|9
|align=center|15
|align=center|42
|align=center|48
|align=center|45
|align=center|Semi-finals
|align=center| UI
|align=center| 2.R ( Dnipro)
|align=center| Róbert Rák (21)
|-
|align=center|2006–07
|align=center|1st (Corgoň Liga)
|align=center|6/(12)
|align=center|28
|align=center|9
|align=center|4
|align=center|15
|align=center|21
|align=center|33
|align=center|31
|align=center|Quarter-finals
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Andrej Hesek (6)
|-
|align=center|2007–08
|align=center|1st (Corgoň Liga)
|align=center bgcolor=tan|3/(12)
|align=center|33
|align=center|17
|align=center|6 |
680_10 | |align=center|10
|align=center|40
|align=center|26
|align=center|57
|align=center|Quarter-finals
|align=center| UI
|align=center| 1.R ( Neftçi Baku)
|align=center| Andrej Hesek (5) Jan Gruber (5)
|-
|align=center|2008–09
|align=center|1st (Corgoň Liga)
|align=center|11/(12)
|align=center|33
|align=center|9
|align=center|8
|align=center|16
|align=center|34
|align=center|53
|align=center|35
|align=center|Round 2
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Róbert Rák (9)
|-
|align=center|2009–10
|align=center|1st (Corgoň Liga)
|align=center|4/(12)
|align=center|33
|align=center|14
|align=center|6
|align=center|13
|align=center|42
|align=center|40
|align=center|48
|align=center|Round 3
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Róbert Rák (18)
|-
|align=center|2010–11
|align=center|1st (Corgoň Liga)
|align=center|8/(12)
|align=center|33
|align=center|11
|align=center|7
|align=center|15
|align=center|30
|align=center|51
|align=center|40
|align=center|Quarter-finals |
680_11 | |align=center| EL
|align=center| Q1 ( ETO Győr)
|align=center| Róbert Rák (9)
|-
|align=center|2011–12
|align=center|1st (Corgoň Liga)
|align=center|8/(12)
|align=center|33
|align=center|9
|align=center|12
|align=center|12
|align=center|33
|align=center|39
|align=center|39
|align=center|Round 3
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Vratislav Gajdoš (5)
|-
|align=center|2012–13
|align=center|1st (Corgoň Liga)
|align=center|10/(12)
|align=center|33
|align=center|11
|align=center|6
|align=center|16
|align=center|39
|align=center|54
|align=center|36
|align=center|Round 3
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Cléber (11)
|-
|align=center|2013–14
|align=center|1st (Corgoň Liga)
|align=center bgcolor=red|12/(12)
|align=center|33
|align=center|6
|align=center|8
|align=center|19
|align=center|33
|align=center|63
|align=center|26
|align=center|Round 2
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Cléber (7)
|-
|align=center|2014–15
|align=center|2nd (DOXXbet Liga) |
680_12 | |align=center|5/(24)
|align=center|22
|align=center|8
|align=center|7
|align=center|7
|align=center|26
|align=center|25
|align=center|31
|align=center|Round 5
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Matúš Paukner (21)
|-
|align=center|2015–16
|align=center|2nd (DOXXbet Liga)
|align=center|7/(24)
|align=center|30
|align=center|13
|align=center|7
|align=center|10
|align=center|54
|align=center|36
|align=center|46
|align=center|Round 4
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Matúš Paukner (17)
|-
|align=center|2016–17
|align=center|2nd (DOXXbet liga)
|align=center bgcolor=green|2/(24)
|align=center|30
|align=center|18
|align=center|5
|align=center|7
|align=center|57
|align=center|32
|align=center|59
|align=center|Round 5
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center| Filip Balaj (20)
|-
|align=center|2017-18
|align=center|1st (Fortuna Liga)
|align=center |7/(12)
|align=center|31
|align=center|10
|align=center|12
|align=center|9
|align=center|28
|align=center|27 |
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