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674_9 | V2001
V Stage: Texas, Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Charlatans, Foo Fighters, Coldplay, David Gray, Faithless, Placebo, Embrace, Neil Finn, Nelly Furtado, Idlewild, The Spooks, Powderfinger, Jimmy Barnes, Witness
WTV Stage:, Muse, Toploader, JJ72, The Divine Comedy, Shed Seven, Doves, Wheatus, Public Image Limited, Starsailor, Ben Folds, Nina Persson, Spearhead, Webb Brothers, Phoenix, Turin Brakes, Snow Patrol, Ed Harcourt, Ben's Symphonic Orchestra, Lifehouse (Hylands Park only), Santa's Boyfriend (Weston Park only)
JJB Puma Arena: Kylie Minogue, Ian Brown, The Avalanches, Grandaddy, Mos Def, Tricky, Alabama 3, Sparklehorse, Zero 7, Rea and Christian, Atomic Kitten (Weston Park only both days), Red Snapper (Hylands Park only both days), Hooverphonic, Alfie, Big Dog, The Bush The Tree And Me, Relish
Slinky Dance Tent: Daniel Bailey, Andy Passman, Garry White, Scott Nuskool, Matt Cassar, Marc Vedo, Dave Lea, John Dale |
674_10 | V2002
V Stage: Stereophonics, The Chemical Brothers (switched to V Stage), Alanis Morissette, Primal Scream, Nickelback, Gomez, Supergrass, Starsailor, Elvis Costello, Counting Crows, The Bluetones, Kosheen, Mull Historical Society, Beverley Knight, Ed Harcourt, Rhianna
NME Stage: Basement Jaxx, Manic Street Preachers (replaced Travis), Ian Brown, Doves, The Beta Band, Idlewild, Sigur Rós, Elbow, My Vitriol, The Coral, Halo, The Donnas, Athlete, Seafood, The Burn, Phantom Planet (Hyland Park only), The Leaves, Crescent, Longview
JJB Puma Stage: Badly Drawn Boy, Groove Armada, Turin Brakes, Soft Cell, Paul Heaton, Lamb, Stereo MCs, Röyksopp, McAlmont and Butler, Sugababes, Gemma Hayes, Custom, Damien Rice, Ashton Lane, Kid Galahad, Venus Hum, Montana High Rise, Rachel Mari Kimber |
674_11 | Strongbow Golden Dance Arena: Stanton Warriors, David Holmes, Adam Freeland, Unkle, Plump DJs, DJ Touché, Ali B, Medicine, Dean Wilson, Pete Bromley, James Camm, Sounds, Freestylers, Tayo, Complete Communion, Dean Wilson |
674_12 | V2003
V Stage: Coldplay, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Foo Fighters, David Gray, Ash, Queens of the Stone Age, The Hives, PJ Harvey, The Cardigans, Morcheeba, Reel Big Fish, Inspiral Carpets, Echo & the Bunnymen, Skin, Eisley, Tom McRae
NME Stage: Feeder, Underworld, Turin Brakes, The Coral, Killing Joke, Tim Burgess, Athlete, Evan Dando, Damien Rice, The Distillers, The Bees Shack, The Basement, Spearhead, Martin Grech, Haven, Futureheads, The Stands, Rachel Mari Kimber, The Zutons
JJB Puma Arena: Lemon Jelly, Kosheen, Moloko, Asian Dub Foundation, Goldfrapp, Appleton, David Holmes, Mint Royale, Misteeq, Dirty Vegas, I Am Kloot, Gus Gus, Slovo, Jamie Cullum, Uncut, Amy Winehouse, The Rainband, Just Jack, Bell X-1, Speedway, Mankato
Strongbow Golden Shower Arena: Jon Carter (Hyland Park only), Jacques Lu Cont (Weston Park only), Way Out West, Junior Sanchez, Freq Nasty, West London Deep, Freestylers, Themroc, Barry Ashworth, Will White, Tayo |
674_13 | V2004
V Stage, Muse, The Strokes, Dido, Pixies, The Charlatans, N.E.R.D, Faithless, The Thrills, Pink, Badly Drawn Boy, Athlete, Snow Patrol, The Divine Comedy, Jamie Cullum, Big Brovaz, Kosheen
NME Stage, Kings of Leon, Massive Attack, Embrace, Starsailor, Elbow, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Keane, Scissor Sisters, Dashboard Confessional, The Zutons, The All-American Rejects, Fountains of Wayne, The Killers, Mull Historical Society, Hal, Goldie Lookin Chain, Thirteen Senses, Chikinki, 10,000 Things, Kasabian, Blacklight
JJB Puma Arena, Basement Jaxx, Primal Scream, Kelis, Groove Armada, Amy Winehouse, Beverley Knight, The Human League, Audio Bullys, Jamelia, Roni Size, Freestylers, Kristian Leontiou, Aqualung, Josh Ritter, Phoenix, Chicane, Rodrigo y Gabriela, Fried, Backlight, Headway |
674_14 | New Band Stage: The Bees, Delays, Hope of the States, The Stands, Longview, The Concretes, Tim Booth, South, Easyworld, InMe, The Dead 60s, The Infadels, The Crimea, Thea Gilmore, Cath Davey, Jerry Fish & The Mudbug Club, Kevin Mark Trail, Rooster, Polly Paulsuma, The Casuals, Colour of Fire, Magnet, Mohair, Stateless |
674_15 | V2005
The 10th V Festival took place from Saturday 20 August to Sunday 21 August 2005, headlining with Oasis, Franz Ferdinand, and Scissor Sisters. Performing acts included:
Chelmsford Saturday/Staffordshire Sunday:
V Stage: Oasis, The Streets, Maroon 5, The Zutons, Jet, The La's, Goldie Lookin Chain, The Stands, Vulcan
Channel 4 Stage: The Chemical Brothers, Doves, Kaiser Chiefs, The Bravery, Good Charlotte, KT Tunstall, The Magic Numbers, The Departure, Tom Vek, Road To V Winner
JJB Puma Arena: Texas, Robert Plant, Sonic Youth, The Polyphonic Spree, Lucie Silvas, The Proclaimers, The Presidents of the United States of America, Tom Baxter, Emilíana Torrini, Tara Blaise
Chelmsford Sunday/Staffordshire Saturday: |
674_16 | V Stage: Scissor Sisters, Franz Ferdinand, Embrace, Athlete, Joss Stone, Tony Christie, Idlewild, Rooster
Channel 4 Stage: The Prodigy, The Hives, The Music, Turin Brakes, The Ordinary Boys, Thirteen Senses, I Am Kloot, The Frames, El Presidente, No Hope In New Jersey
JJB Puma Arena: Ian Brown, The Roots, Dizzee Rascal, Goldfrapp, Natasha Bedingfield, Jem, Estelle, BodyRockers, k-os, Tyler James
Volvic Stage (across the weekend): Super Furry Animals, Nine Black Alps (replaced 22-20s), The Kooks, Kubb, Morning Runner, Stephen Fretwell, Róisín Murphy, Ray LaMontagne, Tooty Reynolds
V2006
The 11th V Festival took place on Saturday 19 August and Sunday 20 August.
Tickets for the festival went on sale on Monday 27 February, exclusively to Virgin Mobile customers, and went on general sale on Friday 3 March. |
674_17 | There were complaints from festival-goers in 2006 due to the excessive price of food and merchandise, and lack of prior information about the band schedules, the only timetable available being a programme sold at the festival. Despite knowing the numbers attending, the print run of programmes was sold out.
The "Road To V" competition for 2006 was won by Bombay Bicycle Club and Keith. |
674_18 | V Stage: Radiohead, Morrissey, Faithless, Paul Weller, Beck, Keane, Bloc Party, Sugababes, Hard-Fi, The Magic Numbers, The Dandy Warhols, Kubb, Gavin DeGraw, The Divine Comedy, The Dead 60s, Daniel Powter
Channel 4 Stage: Razorlight, The Charlatans, Starsailor, James Dean Bradfield, Delays, The Feeling, Morning Runner, The Rifles, Dogs, Kasabian, Editors, The Ordinary Boys, We Are Scientists, The Cardigans, Orson, Kula Shaker, Biffy Clyro, The Saw Doctors
JJB/Puma Arena: Groove Armada, Rufus Wainwright, The Beautiful South, Gomez, Nerina Pallot, Imogen Heap, Richard Hawley, Bic Runga, Lily Allen, Mutemath, The Boy Least Likely To, Fatboy Slim, The Go! Team, Girls Aloud, Kano, Echo & the Bunnymen, Xavier Rudd, Matt Willis, Shack, Phoenix, Pure Reason Revolution, Rushmore |
674_19 | Virgin Mobile Social: The Cooper Temple Clause, The Dears, Bell X1, The Pipettes (Weston Park only), The Crimea, Oceansize, Liam Frost and the Slowdown Family, Jim Noir, Lorraine, James Morrison, Butch Walker, The Grates, The Dodgems, Love Bites, Sandi Thom, Mew, Regina Spektor, My Morning Jacket, Matisyahu (Hylands Park Only), Art Brut, The Young Knives, Captain, The Upper Room, Paolo Nutini, Seth Lakeman, Director, Milk Teeth |
674_20 | V2007
The line-up for V Festival 2007 was revealed on Virgin Radio on Monday 26 February 2007 and tickets went on sale on 1 March.
The line-up was as follows: |
674_21 | V Stage: The Killers, Foo Fighters, Kasabian, Snow Patrol, Vulcan, James, Pink, The Fratellis, Kanye West, KT Tunstall, Paolo Nutini, James Morrison, Editors, The Goo Goo Dolls, The Proclaimers and Just Jack.
Channel 4 Stage: The Kooks, Manic Street Preachers, Lily Allen, Mika, Guillemots, The Hours, Basement Jaxx, The Coral, Babyshambles, Jet, The Fray, The Cribs and Captain, as well as Road To V winners Rosalita and The Brightlights. Foo Fighters also performed an acoustic set under the name 606.
JJB/Puma Arena: Damien Rice, Corinne Bailey Rae, Iggy Pop & The Stooges, Lemar, Willy Mason, Rilo Kiley, McFly, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Mutya Buena, Seth Lakeman. Primal Scream, Happy Mondays, Jarvis Cocker, Ocean Colour Scene, Dizzee Rascal, Sinéad O'Connor, Beverley Knight, Martha Wainwright, Glenn Tilbrook & The Fluffers, Jesse Malin and Chungking. |
674_22 | Virgin Mobile Union: Graham Coxon, Robyn, Stephen Fretwell, Bedouin Soundclash, Air Traffic, The Rumble Strips, Remi Nicole, Cherry Ghost, Tiny Dancers, Unklejam, Passenger, The Dodgems, Rodrigo Y Gabriela, Boy Kill Boy, Plan B, The Holloways, Mr Hudson & The Library, Mumm-Ra, Switches, The Wombats, Ghosts, The Hoosiers, Pop Levi and Rebecca. |
674_23 | Amy Winehouse was supposed to play but cancelled due to admittance into rehab. She was replaced by Happy Mondays. Babyshambles were four hours late for their set at Weston Park after being held up by traffic. Robyn replaced The Bravery.
V2008
Tickets went on general sale on 7 March 2008 at 10am, and sold out in 90 minutes.
On 26 June 2008 at 10am, extra tickets for both venues went on sale.
V2009
Tickets for V 2009 went on general sale on 6 March 2009. A limited number of tickets went on sale at 10am on 19 August 2008, following the end of the 2008 festival. Weekend tickets were priced at £132.50 (no camping) and £152.50 (with camping) for the weekend. On 2 March 2009 NME confirmed The Killers and Oasis as headliners. However, Oasis did not perform in Chelmsford due to frontman Liam Gallagher having viral laryngitis. Oasis split-up as a band just weeks later, making their Staffordshire show their last.
The event was held on 22 & 23 August 2009. |
674_24 | V2010
The 2010 lineup for V Festival was officially announced on 11 March 2010 through the festival's site and on Absolute Radio. The headliners for both days were Kings of Leon and Kasabian. Tickets went on sale on 5 March 2010 at 9am, with Virgin Media customers pre-sale tickets being available on 2 March, and Essex residents tickets being available on 4 March from 9am. General sale tickets became available at 9am on 5 March 2010. Organisers said they sold out in record time, just one and a half hours. Cheryl Cole was supposed to headline the Arena but had to cancel due to Malaria.
Line Up according to the official V Festival programme.
V2011
Pendulum headlined the 4Music stage but Primal Scream closed the stage.
V2012
The final line-up for V Festival 2012 was announced on Tuesday 7 August. In contrast to previous years, some tickets remained on sale until the week of the festival. |
674_25 | Nicki Minaj cancelled her appearance at this weekend's festival because of damage to her vocal cords. LMFAO was moved up to headliner spot whilst DJ Fresh performed in LMFAO's place.
In the week running up to V Festival both Frank Ocean and Dappy were removed from the line up due to undisclosed reasons, they were replaced by The Charlatans and Wiley.
Performers such as Sean Lock and Milton Jones appeared in The Glee Club Comedy Tent.
Pop Artist James Wilkinson was appointed Official Artist to the V Festival. The first person to be appointed in 16 years of the Festival. url=https://www.nme.com/photos/v-festival-2012-in-photos/280661/1/1#14
V Festival 2013
At the 2013 V Festival, Beyoncé made only her second and third European festival appearances of the calendar year. The other main stage headliner was Kings Of Leon, with headliners on other stages including Jamie Cullum, Basement Jaxx and former Swedish House Mafia DJ Steve Angello. |
674_26 | For the 2013 festival, one stage was renamed: the stage previously known as 'Virgin Media Undercover Tent' now became known as 'Futures Stage'. A poster released by the organisers initially seemed to suggest that the stage previously known as '4Music Stage' had been renamed as 'Stage 2', leading to speculation that Channel 4 had ended their sponsorship of the event, however a revised version of the poster released later reinstated the original name of the stage. |
674_27 | Multiple changes were made to the bill in the days leading up to the festival. Beady Eye were scheduled to headline opposite Beyoncé on the 4Music Stage, however they had to cancel all live shows through August 2013 because of the hospitalisation of member Gem Archer. Thus, their headlining slot on the 4Music Stage was taken over by Steve Angello, whose own previous headlining slot on The Arena Stage was taken over by Ocean Colour Scene. Ocean Colour Scene had themselves previously been scheduled to play an earlier timeslot on the main stage on the opposite day - that slot was taken over by Scouting For Girls, whose previous slot on the 4Music Stage was in turn taken over by previously-unannounced act Reverend and The Makers. In unrelated developments, Little Mix were removed from the line-up for undisclosed reasons, and their fellow The X Factor winner James Arthur also cancelled his appearance the very day before the festival, citing a throat infection. Finally, on the official V |
674_28 | Festival lanyard offered to festival attendees upon their arrival on site, it was confirmed that four previously-unannounced acts had been added to the Futures Stage - these were James Bay, Hero Fisher, Gamu Nhengu and Paul McCartney's son James McCartney. |
674_29 | The majority of the line-up, with day and stage splits, was announced on 30 May 2013. With the Comedy Stage line-up announced later, as well as the changed outlines above, the full bill ended up as follows:
V Festival 2014
The 2014 V Festival was the first to be staged with the new shareholders Live Nation and new broadcaster and sponsor MTV, took place over the weekend of 16–17 August 2014. The main stage headliners were Justin Timberlake and The Killers, as announced at 8pm on Monday 3 March 2014, with tickets on general release the following Friday morning. Other high-profile bookings included Paolo Nutini and Ed Sheeran, who had between them released the two biggest-selling albums of the year up to the festival, and festival debutants included Chic featuring Nile Rodgers, Janelle Monáe and Kodaline.
* Hylands Park only
**Weston Park Only |
674_30 | Manic Street Preachers had to cancel their show at Chelmsford due to being delayed in Budapest, Hungary at the airport after the Sziget Festival.
V Festival 2015
Lineup
V Festival 2016
Lineup
Most of the line up was released on 22 February 2016.
V Festival 2017
The 2017 V Festival Line Up was announced on 31 March 2017 with more acts added on 2 April 2017 and the full lineup poster on 20 April.
Lineup
V Festival 2020
The 2020 V Festival was announced, alongside the headliners, on 5 August 2020.
However, this festival went on hiatus caused by COVID-19 pandemic and a virtual one was held in its place, with performances from the festival's sets being broadcast by ITV2.
It returns in 2021.
Lineup |
674_31 | Criticisms and reputation
The festival was noted for its commercial nature in comparison with other British music festivals. The V Festival received criticism for charging £10 to buy a programme - the only way festival-goers can see what time artists are performing - while others have mentioned the fact burgers cost £7 and water bottles are sometimes confiscated at the entrance, costing up to £2 once inside the grounds. Buying four crates on site would cost a person the same price as a ticket. Some fans have referred to the organisers of the event as 'greedy'.
Despite this, the New Statesman argues that the commercial nature has some advantages:
"Yet there are undeniable advantages to the [commercial] environment. V is a remarkably non-threatening festival, with few of the rougher edges prevalent at other large-scale gatherings." |
674_32 | The Evening Standard gave the 2009 festival 3/5 stars after headliners Oasis pulled out of the Hylands Park leg of the festival due to illness. Furthermore, approximately 800 people were injured, mainly due to falls causing sprains and ankle injuries.
In 2012, during Cher Lloyd's performance, the crowd booed and a bottle filled with urine was thrown at her, causing Lloyd to walk off stage. She came back on to finish her set but another bottle was thrown and she ended her set early.
See also
List of historic rock festivals
List of music festivals in the United Kingdom
V Festival (Australia)
Virgin Festival
Virgin Radio
References
External links
V Festival Forum
Official Virgin Group site
Virgin Corporate Site V Page
V Festival Tickets information
V Festival coverage on Channel 4
Working at V Festival |
674_33 | Music festivals established in 1996
Music festivals in Essex
Music festivals in Staffordshire
F
Recurring events disestablished in 2017
Rock festivals in England
Chelmsford
1996 establishments in England
2017 disestablishments in England |
675_0 | 2raumwohnung (; meaning: 2-Room Apartment) are a German electro-pop duo that was formed in 2000 in Berlin. Its two members are singer, Inga Humpe, and her life partner, Tommi Eckart. They reached the high point of their career to date with the album "36 Grad" ("36 Degrees"), which remained in the German music charts for a total of 33 weeks. Their most successful single has been the album's eponymous title song. 2raumwohnung have also appeared internationally, e.g. at Expo 2010 and as a DJ team. The band releases its music on their own record label it-sounds.
History
2raumwohnung first met in East Berlin where they both settled shortly after German reunification in 1990. The band's first appearance was in Sternradio in 2001, a legendary club at Alexanderplatz. Before their formation as a band, the duo had been collaborating as a studio project, releasing their music under a pseudonym. |
675_1 | Recordings from that period were used in advertisements, such as for Imperial Tobacco's "Cabinet" brand ("Wir trafen uns in einem Garten" ("We Met in a Garden")) and for HypoVereinsbank. The latter used the song "2 von Millionen von Sternen" ("Two Out of Millions of Stars") as a jingle in a TV advertisement for the introduction of the Euro, although the wider public remained unaware of the song's performers at that point in time. |
675_2 | The group released its debut album under the title "Kommt zusammen" ("Come Together") on July 2, 2001. It included a total of 13 songs and was ultimately released by Goldrush on the record label BMG. The reviews were mostly positive and ranged from a "new feeling of lightness" to "esoteric children's disco". Due to successful sales, a remixed version of "Kommt zusammen", which combined house and electro elements, was also produced in January 2002. "In wirklich" ("In Real") appeared in September of the same year and furthered the band's success that had been established with the debut album. Although some critics felt it was lacking the characteristic charm of their previous album, it nevertheless quickly rose to #5 in the German charts. 2raumwohnung had the following to say during the release of "In wirklich": |
675_3 | "In wirklich" earned 2raumwohnung the German Dance Award for "Best Album". Their next album, "Es wird Morgen" ("It Will Be Tomorrow" / "It Will Be Morning"), soon followed in August 2004, contained twelve songs and was sold in three different CD editions. Reviewers felt the songs echoed the musical stylings of the '80s. Reviewers also felt that 2raumwohnung exhibited an impressive musical maturity, even though a certain lack of relevance was simultaneously mentioned. The record was performed live on tour throughout Germany and various neighboring European countries, with Jansen and Kowalski appearing as the opening act. The summer album, "Melancholisch schön" ("Melancholically Beautiful"), followed in 2005 and featured twelve of the band's most well-known songs, which were re-recorded and remixed in Bossa Nova style. The album included "Sexy Girl", a single that had been previously released on "Kommt zusammen", where it had become somewhat popular nationwide. In 2005, 2raumwohnung |
675_4 | also received the Goldene Stimmgabel for "Best Duo". |
675_5 | In February 2007, following after a short break, 2raumwohnung composed two singles with Peter Plate from Rosenstolz and producer Ulf Leo Sommer for the album "36 Grad". With the first single, "Besser geht's nicht" ("It Can't Get Any Better Than This"), the duo made it into the top thirty of the German charts for the first time. The song was also featured in an AOK commercial. The second single, "36 Grad" ("36 Degrees"), was even more successful and placed directly in the top ten of the charts. It became a massive summer hit in 2007 and continues to be frequently played during the summer on national radio. Inga Humpe compared the song to George Michael's "Last Christmas", stating that it has maintained its summer popularity throughout the years, with ongoing possibilities of re-recordings and remixes. One such re-recording of "36 Grad" was produced in 2008 for the record Rhythms del Mundo, in which 2raumwohnung collaborated with Cuban musicians. Other German bands featured on this |
675_6 | record included Rosenstolz, Culcha Candela, Ich + Ich and Jan Delay. |
675_7 | "36 Grad" has been 2raumwohnung's most commercially successful album to date, entering the charts on #7 and reaching #63 in the 2007 year end charts. Various remixes of the album's songs were produced with Paul van Dyk and Oliver Huntemann, among others. During the summer of 2007 and leading up to the tour for "36 Grad", it became known that Inga Humpe and Tommi Eckart were planning to live separately from each other. At that time, they were still living together in Berlin's Mitte district. Both artists spoke publicly about their age and the necessary distance without which their creativity was at risk. The tour covered a total of 17 cities, including Berlin, Cologne and Munich, as well as Vienna und Zurich. 2raumwohnung subsequently released a live "36 Grad" video DVD that included both the entire concert at Berlin's Columbia Hall as well as performances from 2003 to 2005. |
675_8 | Although a new record was not released in 2008, "Lasso" finally came out in August 2009. The name was chosen with reference to Orlando di Lasso. The album contained a total of 13 songs, including the singles "Wir werden sehen" ("We Will See") and "Rette mich später" ("Save Me Later"). Although Lasso could not quite match the success that "36 Grad" had acquired, reviewers saw the album as an expression of "Berliners' sense of and approach to life in understandable musical language". Inga Humpe admitted in an interview that the urban jungle has significantly influenced "Lasso". 2raumwohnung also went on tour with the album (Lasso Tour 2009), along with German-American-Persian musician Malakoff Kowalski. Furthermore, a remix album of Lasso appeared in 2010, in collaboration with Paul Kalkbrenner, Blake Baxter and Abe Duque, among others. |
675_9 | In 2010, 2raumwohnung had two guest appearances in the television soap opera GZSZ. The episodes were aired on February 12 and 15, with 2raumwohnung performing both "36 Grad" and "Rette mich später" in the so-called Mauerwerk. The appearance helped promote the new album and the following tour. In addition to television, 2raumwohnung have also found their way into contemporary German literature: specifically, in Oliver Bendel's "Nachrückende Generationen" ("Coming Generations"). In the novel, there is a scene of a boy dancing to the song "Wir sind die anderen" ("We Are The Others"). In addition, the band received the "Kulturpreis"-award (a cultural award) by Berliner Zeitung in January 2010. In 2011, 2raumwohnung played Gustav Mahler's 5th Symphony together with the Frankfurt Radio Symphony Orchestra conducted by the composer Moritz Eggert. The purpose of this collaboration, called "Music Discovery Project", aimed to merge different musical worlds. |
675_10 | On September 6, 2013, the album "Achtung fertig" ("Ready Set") was released. It was produced in Los Angeles, among other places, and the first single "Bei dir bin ich schön" ("With You I'm Beautiful") was released in August of the same year. During the release of the album, the song "Ich mag's genau so" ("I Like It Just Like That") was provided as a free download. The videos for these two songs were shot by actor Henning Gronkowski. In October and November 2013 and in March 2014, 2raumwohnung went on tour with "Achtung fertig" throughout Germany, Austria, Luxembourg and Switzerland. The concerts received mixed reviews by critics.
Inga Humpe |
675_11 | Humpe grew up in Herdecke on the Ruhr, where her parents owned a pastry shop. After graduating from high school, she began her studies in Art History and Comparative Literature at the RWTH Aachen in 1975. The following year, she switched to the Free University of Berlin. Occasionally she attended acting courses at the Max Reinhardt School. Following her first musical projects, she founded the punk band Neonbabies in the late 1970s, in which she was active as a singer until 1983. Humpe became known to a larger public as a member of the group DÖF with their hit "Codo". In the second half of the 1980s she recorded two albums in a duo with her sister Annette Humpe.
Tommi Eckart |
675_12 | Eckart was born in West Berlin and spent parts of his childhood in Munich. Together with colleagues, he founded the punk band Alternative Arschlöcher. His collaboration with Andreas Dorau began in the late 1980s and lasted into the 1990s. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Eckart moved to East Berlin, where he lived in a former wiretapped apartment of the Ministry of State Security. In 1992, he and Ralf Hertwig from Palais Schaumburg founded the trance projects Transform and Perry & Rhodan, releasing the single "The Beat Just Goes Straight On & On" (Rising High Records) in 1993, among others. Eckart also worked with Klaus Löschner.
Awards
Dance Music Award 2003: Best Album for "In wirklich"
Dance Music Award 2005: Best Album for "Es wird Morgen"
Goldene Stimmgabel 2005: Best Duo
Musikexpress Style-Award 2010: Best Performer Domestic
B.Z. Kulturpreis 2010
Discography
Albums
Singles |
675_13 | Miscellaneous
In April 2008, 2raumwohnung and about 200 other artists signed an open letter of the German Music Industry Association to chancellor Angela Merkel, which was published in the Süddeutsche Zeitung and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung newspapers, among others. In the letter they argued in favor of increased protection of intellectual property, which was being prejudiced by file sharing in particular. In the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, 2raumwohnung and other artists initiated another open letter and a held a vigil in front of the Federal Chancellery, with the aim of phasing-out nuclear power without delay. |
675_14 | 2raumwohnung have repeatedly represented German music at major international events, such as a concert on the German National Day at Expo 2010 in Shanghai, along with other artists such as Nobelpenner and Konrad Chef. In June 2010, at the invitation of the Goethe Institute and the German Embassy in Pretoria, 2raumwohnung were guests at the FIFA World Cup 2010 in South Africa. They appeared together with Frank Dellé at the Soccer Meets Culture event.
The pseudonym 2raumwohnung was developed due to the fact that the two artists did not want to be associated with music for commercials. Working in this field was frowned upon in certain circles. The duo initially used the spelling "Zweiraumwohnung", but later changed this since the corresponding domain had already been registered. |
675_15 | 2raumwohnung have been active throughout their career as a DJ team, appearing in New York City among other cities. In 2008, they played as part of Moguai & Friends at Weststadthalle in the city of Essen, and on Munich's Praterinsel during the Smirnoff Experience in 2003 (also with Moguai).
References
External links
German musical duos
German pop music groups
Musical groups from Berlin
Musical groups established in 2000
2000 establishments in Germany
Pop music duos
Male–female musical duos |
676_0 | This is an alphabetized list by surname of musicians who have made notable use of Ibanez guitars.
A-E |
676_1 | Tosin Abasi (born 1983) guitarist who formed the instrumental progressive metal band Animals as Leaders, has had a signature guitar created for him by Ibanez that's branded as the Tosin Abasi Ibanez guitar.
Joey Allen (born 1964) is the guitarist from Warrant, along with Erik Turner. He used various custom RG models during the Cherry Pie era.
Tom Angelripper (born 1963) bassist for Sodom used an Ibanez Destroyer Bass
Reginald Arvizu, also known as "Fieldy", (born 1969) plays a signature Ibanez model, the K-5, for Grammy Winning nu-metal band, Korn.
Jennifer Batten (born 1957) former guitarist for Michael Jackson, was an Ibanez endorser in late 1980s. She had some custom models made for her which were different from any other Ibanez production models, and also sported Floyd Rose tremolos instead of the then newborn Edge.
Reb Beach (born 1963) guitarist for Winger was an Ibanez endorser in early 1990s, he also had his own production model, the RBM Reb Beach Model. |
676_2 | George Benson (born 1943) is a renowned jazz guitarist and Grammy Award winning Pop and R&B singer. Benson plays and endorses the signature Ibanez GB series guitar.
Wes Borland (born 1975) guitarist for Limp Bizkit has owned many Ibanez guitars, including a custom 4-string baritone guitar, although he no longer endorses them. He was mainly noted for playing an Ibanez RG7 CST which had selectable piezo and magnetic pickups, only 18 of these were made in 1999. Borland has a signature Yamaha guitar, but has been seen playing a Jackson with the reformed Limp Bizkit.
Jake Bowen (born 1983) is one of three guitarists from progressive metal band Periphery. He uses his signature model JBM100 with signature DiMarzio Titan pickups, as well as some 7/8 string Ibanez RG.
Coy Bowles (born 1979) is the guitarist for the Zac Brown Band. He has an electric signature model, the CBM100, and uses other Ibanez models. |
676_3 | Chris Broderick (born 1970) was the lead guitarist for Megadeth from 2008 to 2014, also formerly of Jag Panzer and Nevermore. His main guitar was a 7-string RG model. During the recording of Endgame, he started using 6-string Ibanez S series guitars, which are painted with artwork from various Megadeth albums. This is because Dave Mustaine didn't want Broderick to use his 7-strings in the studio. He has since switched to Jackson Guitars.
JB Brubaker (born 1984) of August Burns Red has a signature JBBM model.
Stephen Bruner (born 1984) was the bass guitarist for Suicidal Tendencies, and has worked with artists such as Snoop Dogg, Erykah Badu, Flying Lotus and Kamasi Washington (among others). He has released two full-length solo albums as well as an EP. He uses a custom 6-string Ibanez Artcore bass.
Rob Buck (1958 - 2000) was an American musician and founding member for the alternative rock band 10,000 Maniacs. He played an AE40 acoustic guitar, both black and green sunburst. |
676_4 | Dino Cazares (born 1966) is the guitarist for Los Angeles-based industrial metal group Fear Factory, Divine Heresy and Asesino. He uses custom made Xiphos 7-strings and RG-2228 8 strings for both studio and live performances.
John Christ (born 1965) is a musician best known as the original guitarist for the metal band Danzig. He played Ibanez guitars during the 1990s.
Greg Christian (born 1966), the bassist for thrash metal band Testament, was an Ibanez Road Bass endorser during the band's early career. He was pictured with a Road Bass in the Ibanez catalog for 5 consecutive years (1989 thru 1993). Christian is no longer an Ibanez endorser and now plays Music Man basses.
Davide Civaschi (born 1962) guitarist for the Italian rock band Elio e le Storie Tese and long time Ibanez endorser. He was the first Italian guitarist to have a signature guitar built for him by Ibanez, the RGTH57 Cesareo Model. |
676_5 | Adam Clayton (born 1960) bassist for the Irish rock band U2. He typically uses Ibanez or Fender basses.
Phil Collen (born 1957) is the lead guitarist of the band Def Leppard. He played Ibanez Destroyer guitars before switching to Jackson.
Brian Correll (born 1955), lead guitarist for Dennis Yost & The Classic IV, during the last 5 years of the band he used 2 early Ibanez 350Dx's.
Sharlee D'Angelo (born 1973) is the bassist for the metal band Arch Enemy, as well as the classic rock/AOR band The Night Flight Orchestra, the stoner metal band Spiritual Beggars and the blackened thrash/speed metal band Witchery. D'Angelo has also been in various bands in the past, either as a studio session player or full member. These include Mercyful Fate, Dismember and King Diamond. He switched to Ibanez in 2005. Ibanez now produces the Sharlee D'Angelo signature basses, called the SDB2 and SDB3, which is tuned to D'Angelo's preferred C standard (Low to High – C,F,Bb,Eb). |
676_6 | Mike D'Antonio (born 1973) is best known as the bass guitarist and founder of metal band Killswitch Engage and of the band Overcast. D'Antonio uses his signature Ibanez basses and an EBS bass rig. |
676_7 | F-J |
676_8 | Stéphan Forté (born 1978) is the lead guitarist and the main composer for the French progressive neo-classical metal band Adagio. He also releases albums as a solo artist. After playing Lâg Guitars for 12 years he switched to Ibanez in 2014. His signature model was presented at NAMM 2015 built by LACS.
Doyle Wolfgang Von Frankenstein (born 1964) is the former lead guitarist of the Misfits. He played an Ibanez Iceman during the Danzig era of the Misfits. He then began making his own guitars called Annihilators which he scaled off of the Iceman.
Marty Friedman (born 1962) was the lead guitarist for pioneering American thrash metal band Megadeth. Friedman played a signature Ibanez MFM model.
John Frusciante (born 1970) of the Red Hot Chili Peppers used the Ibanez RG250DX during the recording of their 1989 album Mother's Milk. |
676_9 | Frank Gambale (born 1958) is an Australian jazz fusion guitarist renowned for his use of the sweep picking technique. Gambale had a signature range of Ibanez FGM series guitars, but has since left Ibanez and signed a deal with Yamaha.
Rocky George (born 1964) is the former lead guitarist for the California-based hardcore punk/thrash metal outfit Suicidal Tendencies, and current lead guitarist for Fishbone. He played Ibanez RG series guitars.
Paul Gilbert (born 1966) is the lead guitarist for heavy metal band Racer X and also the original guitar player for the hard rock band Mr. Big. Gilbert plays and endorses his Ibanez PGM model. Gilbert previously had the FRM signature models. |
676_10 | Paul Gray (b. 1972 d. 2010) swapped his longtime association with Warwick basses for a customized version of the ATK bass series, the PGB1. He was impressed with the ATK bass after he bought one from a pawn shop and told Ibanez that he would endorse them if they put the ATK series back into production. He switched to his signature model shortly before recording of the Slipknot album All Hope Is Gone and used them until his death in 2010.
James Hewitt (born 1991) is the lead guitarist for metal/rap band Hacktivist and formerly of Invocation and Exist Immortal. Hewitt is endorsed and plays RG 8 and 7 string models, Universe 7 string and a custom 8 string with a Floyd Rose tremolo.
Allan Holdsworth (born 1946) was an Ibanez endorser from 1984 to 1987, when he switched to Steinberger. During the Ibanez period, Holdsworth had his own production model, the AH10 signature model. |
676_11 | Dexter Holland (born 1965) is the rhythm guitarist of punk rock band The Offspring and has played Ibanez guitars for most of the band's existence. He currently uses a custom diamond plate RG with a custom Jägermeister logo on the twelfth fret, as well as DiMarzio Super Distortion pickups, though he used to use a brown and green custom RG and has been seen with a custom Purple RG.
Gary Holt (born 1964) and Rick Hunolt (born 1963), both guitarists for thrash metal band Exodus, used Ibanez guitars during their early career. They were pictured with RGs in a 1993 Ibanez catalog.
Peter Iwers (born 1975) is the former bass player of the Swedish band In Flames. Ibanez has created a series of Peter Iwers signature basses which go by the designation of PIB and are tuned (low to high) B♭,C,F,B♭,E♭. The PIB1 was based on the Ibanez SR Prestige 5 which Iwers was using at the time. |
676_12 | Bane Jelić (born 1967) is one of the most prominent rock and metal guitarists from Serbia, author of several solo instrumental albums, currently performing with Osvajači. He uses Ibanez RG2228-GK and RG1527-RB models.
John 5 (born 1971), although a notable Fender Telecaster player, made use of the Ibanez AX Series and was an Ibanez Endorser during his time with Marilyn Manson. |
676_13 | K-P |
676_14 | Jessica Kaptcianos (born 1984) is a singer-songwriter, musician and former music therapist for the FLLAC Educational Collaborative (now known as Keystone Educational Collaborative). She plays an AES10EAM acoustic guitar.
Eric Krasno (born 1977) is the guitarist for the bands Soulive, Lettuce, and Tedeschi Trucks Band. He is a member of Fyre Dept., where he has recorded or produced numerous artists. Krasno plays his signature EKM model guitars.
Denny Laine (born 1944) was the rhythm guitarist from the band Wings from 1971 to 1981. During the Wings Over the World tour and the live film Rockshow he used an Ibanez 2670 double neck.
Larry LaLonde (born 1968) is the lead guitarist from the band Primus. During the Sailing the Seas of Cheese era, he used a custom Ibanez guitar (as seen in the video for "Jerry Was a Race Car Driver"), which he has either lost or had stolen from him. He now uses Fender Guitars. |
676_15 | Herman Li (born 1976) is the lead guitarist of power metal band Dragonforce. He has used stock Ibanez S models, but currently uses his own signature line, Ibanez E-Gen.
Kiko Loureiro (born 1972) of bands such as Angra and Megadeth uses the Ibanez Kiko100 from his signature line of guitars.
Phil Lynott (1949–1986) of Thin Lizzy used an Ibanez Roadster RS900 bass guitar.
Ken Macy (born 1983) is an American musician, and singer-songwriter who currently resides in Florida and is best known for his hits such as "Going California" and "I'll Be Your Fire". In 2021, he released his first single from his recent album "Campfire Songs" titled "Back Roads". He plays an AW200CE acoustic guitar. |
676_16 | Daron Malakian (born 1975) is the lead guitarist for System of a Down. During the System of a Down era, Daron played IC200's and IC300's on stage. During the Toxicity era, Malakian played a variation of the Ibanez Iceman ICX, with custom artwork designed by his father, then a special edition "DMM1" was released by Ibanez. The DMM1 featured more artwork by Malakian's father, Vartan Malakian (born 1947). After using Gibson guitars for 5 years, Daron switched back to Ibanez and began using an Iceman again.
Claudio Marciello (born 1963) is the guitarist from the Argentine heavy metal band Almafuerte. His main guitar is a 1978 Ibanez CN-250.
Meshuggah guitarists Fredrik Thordendal (born 1970) and Mårten Hagström (born 1971), from Sweden, are Ibanez endorsers, and were the first to use Ibanez 8-string models. They use custom 8-string models, RG and Iceman guitars, all with 30" scale necks and have signature models. |
676_17 | Pat Metheny (born 1954) is an influential American jazz guitarist significant for his use of 12-string electric guitar and his use of digital signal processing. He plays an Ibanez PM120 signature series guitar.
Chris Miller (born 1989) of the UK band You Me at Six uses his signature model, the CMM2.
Steve Miller (born 1943) was one of the most prominent Ibanez users during the 1970s.
Vinnie Moore (born 1964) was one of the first Ibanez endorsers in the shredding era of the 1980s. He had his own signature production model, the VMM, though it was halted about one year later.
Bob Mothersbaugh (born 1952) played a custom Ibanez "Spud" guitar with custom electronic effects on Devo's 1980 album Freedom of Choice and the subsequent tour. The guitar was lost in the early 1990s, but recovered, restored, and used on Devo's 2009 tour, and in music videos and TV appearances to promote their 2010 album Something for Everybody |
676_18 | Bob Mould (born 1960) played an Ibanez Rocket Roll Snr (based on the 1958 Gibson Flying V) almost exclusively throughout the career of Husker Du in the 1980s.
James Murphy (born 1967), a metal guitarist best known for his work with notable bands such as Death, Obituary and Testament, has used Ibanez guitars almost exclusively throughout his career.
Mike Mushok (born 1970) is the lead guitarist of the hard rock group Staind that has sold more than 15 million albums as of 2007. Mushok played an Ibanez MMM signature model. Mushok recently switched to using a signature baritone model made by PRS.
Adam Nitti (born 1970) is a Grammy winning bassist, recording artist, and music educator. Nitti has performed with Kenny Loggins, Carrie Underwood, Michael McDonald, Al Green, Chris Tomlin, Casting Crowns, and the London Symphony Orchestra. He uses his signature ANB models, available in 4, 5, and 6-string varieties. |
676_19 | Bradley Nowell (b. 1968 d. 1996) was the lead guitarist and singer for the band Sublime until his death in 1996 due to a heroin overdose while on tour. He played an Ibanez S470.
Andy Partridge (born 1953) is a singer, songwriter, guitarist and founder of XTC and their psychedelic offshoot, The Dukes of Stratosphear. Since the band's first album in 1977, he has played a 1975 Ibanez Artist, featured on every album and almost every song, including "My Brown Guitar" (which appears on the band's last album, Wasp Star (Apple Venus Volume 2)).
John Petrucci (born 1967) is the guitarist of the American progressive metal band Dream Theater. From the beginning of the band's career in 1985 until 2000, John Petrucci used his Ibanez signature model, the JPM100 – with both 6 and 7 strings. |
676_20 | Q-Z
Lee Ritenour (born 1952) Grammy Award-winning Jazz Guitarist, Had his own Ibanez LR10 model from 1982 to 1986.
Omar Rodríguez-López (born 1975) is the guitarist and composer for the progressive-rock band The Mars Volta. He uses a custom ORM1 Ibanez guitar. |
676_21 | Joe Satriani (born 1956) is a renowned rock guitarist, collaborating, recording and touring with artists such as Alice Cooper, Mick Jagger, Yngwie Malmsteen and Steve Vai. Satriani plays a signature series Ibanez JS Series electric guitar, and he has a signature acoustic line.
John Scofield (b 1951) is an American jazz guitarist and composer, who has played and collaborated with Miles Davis, Joe Henderson, Charles Mingus, Joey DeFrancesco, Herbie Hancock, Pat Metheny, Bill Frisell, Pat Martino, Mavis Staples, Phil Lesh, Billy Cobham, Medeski Martin & Wood, George Duke, Jaco Pastorius, John Mayer, and many other artists. Scofield had played a 1981 Ibanez AS-200 as his main guitar for over 20 years.
Marco Sfogli (born 1980) is a session player from Italy who has played with James LaBrie, Jordan Rudess, Matt Guillory, John Macaluso, and many others. Sfogli uses Ibanez Guitars exclusively, and in 2017 his signature model was released. |
676_22 | James "Munky" Shaffer (born 1970) is the lead guitarist of the Grammy Award winning nu metal group Korn and plays an Ibanez Apex (formerly K7), a specially designed seven-string electric guitar.
Sami Yli-Sirniö (born 1972), lead guitarist of Kreator has endorsed Ibanez for a long time. He has been given an L.A. Custom Shop model.
Alex Skolnick (born 1968), guitarist for Testament, was an Ibanez endorser in early 1990s. He still plays Ibanez, though he does not endorse them anymore. He now plays ESP Guitars.
Paul Stanley (born 1952) is a rock guitarist from the band Kiss Stanley plays signature Ibanez PS guitars, which are similar to an Ibanez Iceman.
Cat Stevens (born 1948) is a British singer-songwriter and musician best known for his hits, such as "Moonshadow", "Peace Train", "Wild World" and "Father and Son". He plays an AEL2012E 12-string acoustic guitar. |
676_23 | Meic Stevens (born 1942) Welsh-language folk singer and guitarist, played a rare Ibanez AE 1000 VV (vintage violin) acoustic guitar at several music festivals. This guitar also features on the cover of the "An Evening with Meic Stevens" CD (2007, Sunbeam Records, SBRCD5033), recorded live at the Halfmoon, Putney, London in 2007.
Nita Strauss (born 1986), guitarist for Alice Cooper, first female artist to get an Ibanez signature model, called the "Jiva"
Dave Swift (born 1964) is a British bassist best known for his work on the BBC2 Television program Later... with Jools Holland as part of Jool's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra. Swift has played for an array of renowned artists, from George Benson and Chaka Khan to Eric Clapton and Paul Simon. He uses Ibanez SR and BTB basses. |
676_24 | Mick Thomson (born 1973) is the lead guitarist of the 9-member band Slipknot. He mainly plays 2 custom Ibanez MTM1 guitars (one red, tuned B F# B E G# C#, and one white, tuned A E A D# G C). His Ibanez guitars have "SEVEN" inscribed on the fretboard.
Andy Timmons (born 1963) is an American guitarist who has played in the bands Danger Danger, Pawn Kings, and Andy Timmons Band (ATB). He plays his Ibanez AT300AV Signature model.
Sam Totman (born 1979) is a British guitarist from DragonForce. He uses the Ibanez Iceman, and has his own signature line, the STM.
Michael Trongone (born 2001) is an American student who currently attends the FLLAC Educational Collaborative (now known as Keystone Educational Collaborative) and is a talented singer, artist and musician. He plays a V70CETBS and an EW2012ASENT acoustic guitar.
Erik Turner (born 1964) is a guitarist from Warrant, along with Joey Allen (born 1964). He used various custom RG models during the Cherry Pie era. |
676_25 | Steve Vai (born 1960) is Grammy Award winning guitarist and composer recording with artists and groups such as Frank Zappa, David Lee Roth, Whitesnake and Meat Loaf. Vai designed the Ibanez Universe and JEM electric guitars, and has a series of acoustic guitars.
Eddie Van Halen (1955–2020), guitarist and founder of the American hard rock band Van Halen, used a 1975 Korina Ibanez Destroyer for the recording of its first album Van Halen, which also features on the cover of their third album, Women and Children First.
Gerald Veasley (born 1955) is an American jazz bass guitarist. He uses his signature GVB36 model.
Paul Waggoner (born 1979) is the guitarist of the bands Between The Buried And Me, Prayer for Cleansing, and Lamb of God. He has a signature line, the PWM series.
Tom G. Warrior (born 1963), guitarist and vocalist for the influential extreme metal band Celtic Frost, plays the Iceman model and is seen playing the H.R. Giger signature Iceman model. |
676_26 | Kevin 'Noodles' Wasserman (born 1963) is the lead guitarist for American punk rock group The Offspring and plays his Ibanez signature NDM series guitar.
Bob Weir (born 1947) was a founding member of the Grateful Dead and began playing Ibanez guitars in the mid-1970s during the recording of Blues for Allah. He played a custom Ibanez 2681 until the mid-1980s, when he switched to Modulus Guitars.
Brian "Head" Welch (born 1970) played Ibanez seven string guitars (including his signature K7) throughout his career with KoRn and plays his signature Ibanez Komrad 7 string guitar and custom Ibanez 6-string baritone guitars on his solo project.
Mark White (born 1962) bass player of the Spin Doctors plays an Ibanez ATK rainbow-colored bass.
Verdine White (born 1953) bassist with Earth, Wind, & Fire played an Ibanez VWB-1 signature bass.
Gary Willis (born 1957) is an American bassist and composer as the co-founder of the jazz fusion band Tribal Tech. He uses his GWB signature line. |
676_27 | Jay Noel Yuenger (born 1966) from White Zombie, used ICJ100WZ – Yuenger's signature guitar, was in production in 1996–1999. |
676_28 | References
Ibanez |
677_0 | Gerard Kitchen O'Neill (February 6, 1927 – April 27, 1992) was an American physicist and space activist. As a faculty member of Princeton University, he invented a device called the particle storage ring for high-energy physics experiments. Later, he invented a magnetic launcher called the mass driver. In the 1970s, he developed a plan to build human settlements in outer space, including a space habitat design known as the O'Neill cylinder. He founded the Space Studies Institute, an organization devoted to funding research into space manufacturing and colonization.
O'Neill began researching high-energy particle physics at Princeton in 1954, after he received his doctorate from Cornell University. Two years later, he published his theory for a particle storage ring. This invention allowed particle accelerators at much higher energies than had previously been possible. In 1965 at Stanford University, he performed the first colliding beam physics experiment. |
677_1 | While teaching physics at Princeton, O'Neill became interested in the possibility that humans could survive and live in outer space. He researched and proposed a futuristic idea for human settlement in space, the O'Neill cylinder, in "The Colonization of Space", his first paper on the subject. He held a conference on space manufacturing at Princeton in 1975. Many who became post-Apollo-era space activists attended. O'Neill built his first mass driver prototype with professor Henry Kolm in 1976. He considered mass drivers critical for extracting the mineral resources of the Moon and asteroids. His award-winning book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space inspired a generation of space exploration advocates. He died of leukemia in 1992. |
677_2 | Birth, education, and family life
O'Neill was born in Brooklyn, New York on February 6, 1927, to Edward Gerard O'Neill, a lawyer, and Dorothy Lewis O'Neill (née Kitchen). He had no siblings. His family moved to Speculator, New York when his father temporarily retired for health reasons. For high school, O'Neill attended Newburgh Free Academy in Newburgh, New York. While he was a student there he edited the school newspaper and took a job as a news broadcaster at a local radio station. He graduated in 1944, during World War II, and enlisted in the United States Navy on his 17th birthday. The Navy trained him as a radar technician, which sparked his interest in science. |
677_3 | After he was honorably discharged in 1946, O'Neill studied physics and mathematics at Swarthmore College. As a child he had discussed the possibilities of humans in space with his parents, and in college he enjoyed working on rocket equations. However, he did not see space science as an option for a career path in physics, choosing instead to pursue high-energy physics. He graduated with Phi Beta Kappa honors in 1950. O'Neill pursued graduate studies at Cornell University with the help of an Atomic Energy Commission fellowship, and was awarded a Ph.D. in physics in 1954.
O'Neill married Sylvia Turlington, also a Swarthmore graduate, in June 1950. They had a son, Roger, and two daughters, Janet and Eleanor, before their marriage ended in divorce in 1966. |
677_4 | One of O'Neill's favorite activities was flying. He held instrument certifications in both powered and sailplane flight and held the FAI Diamond Badge, a gliding award. During his first cross-country glider flight in April 1973, he was assisted on the ground by Renate "Tasha" Steffen. He had met Tasha, who was 21 years younger than him, previously through the YMCA International Club. They were married the day after his flight. They had a son, Edward O'Neill. |
677_5 | High-energy physics research
After graduating from Cornell, O'Neill accepted a position as an instructor at Princeton University. There he started his research into high-energy particle physics. In 1956, his second year of teaching, he published a two-page article that theorized that the particles produced by a particle accelerator could be stored for a few seconds in a storage ring. The stored particles could then be directed to collide with another particle beam. This would increase the energy of the particle collision over the previous method, which directed the beam at a fixed target. His ideas were not immediately accepted by the physics community. |
677_6 | O'Neill became an assistant professor at Princeton in 1956, and was promoted to associate professor in 1959. He visited Stanford University in 1957 to meet with Professor Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky. This resulted in a collaboration between Princeton and Stanford to build the Colliding Beam Experiment (CBX). With a US$800,000 grant from the Office of Naval Research, construction on the first particle storage rings began in 1958 at the Stanford High-Energy Physics Laboratory. He figured out how to capture the particles and, by pumping the air out to produce a vacuum, store them long enough to experiment on them. CBX stored its first beam on March 28, 1962. O'Neill became a full professor of physics in 1965. |
677_7 | In collaboration with Burton Richter, O'Neill performed the first colliding beam physics experiment in 1965. In this experiment, particle beams from the Stanford Linear Accelerator were collected in his storage rings and then directed to collide at an energy of 600 MeV. At the time, this was the highest energy involved in a particle collision. The results proved that the charge of an electron is contained in a volume less than 100 attometers across. O'Neill considered his device to be capable of only seconds of storage, but, by creating an even stronger vacuum, others were able to increase this to hours. In 1979, he, with physicist David C. Cheng, wrote the graduate-level textbook Elementary Particle Physics: An Introduction. He retired from teaching in 1985, but remained associated with Princeton as professor emeritus until his death.
Space colonization
Origin of the idea (1969) |
677_8 | O'Neill saw great potential in the United States space program, especially the Apollo missions. He applied to the Astronaut Corps after NASA opened it up to civilian scientists in 1966. Later, when asked why he wanted to go on the Moon missions, he said, "to be alive now and not take part in it seemed terribly myopic". He was put through NASA's rigorous mental and physical examinations. During this time he met Brian O'Leary, also a scientist-astronaut candidate, who became his good friend. O'Leary was selected for Astronaut Group 6 but O'Neill was not. |
677_9 | O'Neill became interested in the idea of space colonization in 1969 while he was teaching freshman physics at Princeton University. His students were growing cynical about the benefits of science to humanity because of the controversy surrounding the Vietnam War. To give them something relevant to study, he began using examples from the Apollo program as applications of elementary physics. O'Neill posed the question during an extra seminar he gave to a few of his students: "Is the surface of a planet really the right place for an expanding technological civilization?" His students' research convinced him that the answer was no. |
677_10 | O'Neill was inspired by the papers written by his students. He began to work out the details of a program to build self-supporting space habitats in free space. Among the details was how to provide the inhabitants of a space colony with an Earth-like environment. His students had designed giant pressurized structures, spun up to approximate Earth gravity by centrifugal force. With the population of the colony living on the inner surface of a sphere or cylinder, these structures resembled "inside-out planets". He found that pairing counter-rotating cylinders would eliminate the need to spin them using rockets. This configuration has since been known as the O'Neill cylinder. |
677_11 | First paper (1970–1974) |
677_12 | Looking for an outlet for his ideas, O'Neill wrote a paper titled "The Colonization of Space", and for four years attempted to have it published. He submitted it to several journals and magazines, including Scientific American and Science, only to have it rejected by the reviewers. During this time O'Neill gave lectures on space colonization at Hampshire College, Princeton, and other schools. The Hampshire lecture was facilitated by O'Leary, by now an assistant professor of astronomy and science policy assessment at the institution; in 1976, he joined O'Neill's research group at Princeton. Many students and staff attending the lectures became enthusiastic about the possibility of living in space. Another outlet for O'Neill to explore his ideas was with his children; on walks in the forest they speculated about life in a space colony. His paper finally appeared in the September 1974 issue of Physics Today. In it, he argued that building space colonies would solve several important |
677_13 | problems: |
677_14 | He explored the possibilities of flying gliders inside a space colony, finding that the enormous volume could support atmospheric thermals. He calculated that humanity could expand on this man-made frontier to 20,000 times its population. The initial colonies would be built at the Earth-Moon and Lagrange points. and are stable points in the Solar System where a spacecraft can maintain its position without expending energy. The paper was well received, but many who would begin work on the project had already been introduced to his ideas before it was even published. The paper received a few critical responses. Some questioned the practicality of lifting tens of thousands of people into orbit and his estimates for the production output of initial colonies. |
677_15 | While he was waiting for his paper to be published, O'Neill organized a small two-day conference in May 1974 at Princeton to discuss the possibility of colonizing outer space. The conference, titled First Conference on Space Colonization, was funded by Stewart Brand's Point Foundation and Princeton University. Among those who attended were Eric Drexler (at the time a freshman at MIT), scientist-astronaut Joe Allen (from Astronaut Group 6), Freeman Dyson, and science reporter Walter Sullivan. Representatives from NASA also attended and brought estimates of launch costs expected on the planned Space Shuttle. O'Neill thought of the attendees as "a band of daring radicals". Sullivan's article on the conference was published on the front page of The New York Times on May 13, 1974. As media coverage grew, O'Neill was inundated with letters from people who were excited about living in space. To stay in touch with them, O'Neill began keeping a mailing list and started sending out updates on |
677_16 | his progress. A few months later he heard Peter Glaser speak about solar power satellites at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. O'Neill realized that, by building these satellites, his space colonies could quickly recover the cost of their construction. According to O'Neill, "the profound difference between this and everything else done in space is the potential of generating large amounts of new wealth". |
677_17 | NASA studies (1975–1977)
O'Neill held a much larger conference the following May titled Princeton University Conference on Space Manufacturing. At this conference more than two dozen speakers presented papers, including Keith and Carolyn Henson from Tucson, Arizona.
After the conference Carolyn Henson arranged a meeting between O'Neill and Arizona Congressman Mo Udall, then a leading contender for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. Udall wrote a letter of support, which he asked the Hensons to publicize, for O'Neill's work. The Hensons included his letter in the first issue of the L-5 Society newsletter, sent to everyone on O'Neill's mailing list and those who had signed up at the conference. |
677_18 | In June 1975, O'Neill led a ten-week study of permanent space habitats at NASA Ames. During the study he was called away to testify on July 23 to the House Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications. On January 19, 1976, he also appeared before the Senate Subcommittee on Aerospace Technology and National Needs. In a presentation titled Solar Power from Satellites, he laid out his case for an Apollo-style program for building power plants in space. He returned to Ames in June 1976 and 1977 to lead studies on space manufacturing. In these studies, NASA developed detailed plans to establish bases on the Moon where space-suited workers would mine the mineral resources needed to build space colonies and solar power satellites. |
677_19 | Private funding (1977–1978)
Although NASA was supporting his work with grants of up to $500,000 per year, O'Neill became frustrated by the bureaucracy and politics inherent in government-funded research. He thought that small privately funded groups could develop space technology faster than government agencies. In 1977, O'Neill and his wife Tasha founded the Space Studies Institute, a non-profit organization, at Princeton University. SSI received initial funding of almost $100,000 from private donors, and in early 1978 began to support basic research into technologies needed for space manufacturing and settlement. |
677_20 | One of SSI's first grants funded the development of the mass driver, a device first proposed by O'Neill in 1974. Mass drivers are based on the coilgun design, adapted to accelerate a non-magnetic object. One application O'Neill proposed for mass drivers was to throw baseball-sized chunks of ore mined from the surface of the Moon into space. Once in space, the ore could be used as raw material for building space colonies and solar power satellites. He took a sabbatical from Princeton to work on mass drivers at MIT. There he served as the Hunsaker Visiting Professor of Aerospace during the 1976–77 academic year. At MIT, he, Henry H. Kolm, and a group of student volunteers built their first mass driver prototype. The eight-foot (2.5 m) long prototype could apply 33 g (320 m/s2) of acceleration to an object inserted into it. With financial assistance from SSI, later prototypes improved this to 1,800 g (18,000 m/s2), enough acceleration that a mass driver only 520 feet (160 m) long could |
677_21 | launch material off the surface of the Moon. |
677_22 | Opposition (1977–1985) |
677_23 | In 1977, O'Neill saw the peak of interest in space colonization, along with the publication of his first book, The High Frontier. He and his wife were flying between meetings, interviews, and hearings. On October 9, the CBS program 60 Minutes ran a segment about space colonies. Later they aired responses from the viewers, which included one from Senator William Proxmire, chairman of the Senate Subcommittee responsible for NASA's budget and an aggressive critic of government failure. His response was: "It's the best argument yet for chopping NASA's funding to the bone .... I say not a penny for this nutty fantasy". He successfully eliminated spending on space colonization research from the budget. In 1978, Paul Werbos wrote for the L-5 newsletter, "no one expects Congress to commit us to O'Neill's concept of large-scale space habitats; people in NASA are almost paranoid about the public relations aspects of the idea". When it became clear that a government-funded colonization effort |
677_24 | was politically impossible, popular support for O'Neill's ideas started to evaporate. |
677_25 | Other pressures on O'Neill's colonization plan were the high cost of access to Earth orbit and the declining cost of energy. Building solar power stations in space was economically attractive when energy prices spiked during the 1979 oil crisis. When prices dropped in the early 1980s, funding for space solar power research dried up. His plan had also been based on NASA's estimates for the flight rate and launch cost of the Space Shuttle, numbers that turned out to have been wildly optimistic. His 1977 book quoted a Space Shuttle launch cost of $10 million, but in 1981 the subsidized price given to commercial customers started at $38 million. A 1985 accounting of the full cost of a launch in 1985 raised this as high as $180 million per flight. |
677_26 | O'Neill was appointed by United States President Ronald Reagan to the National Commission on Space in 1985. The commission, led by former NASA administrator Thomas Paine, proposed that the government commit to opening the inner Solar System for human settlement within 50 years. Their report was released in May 1986, four months after the Space Shuttle Challenger broke up on ascent.
Writing career
O'Neill's popular science book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space (1977) combined fictional accounts of space settlers with an explanation of his plan to build space colonies. Its publication established him as the spokesman for the space colonization movement. It won the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science that year, and prompted Swarthmore College to grant him an honorary doctorate. The High Frontier has been translated into five languages and remained in print as of 2008. |
677_27 | His 1981 book 2081: A Hopeful View of the Human Future was an exercise in futurology. O'Neill narrated it as a visitor to Earth from a space colony beyond Pluto. The book explored the effects of technologies he called "drivers of change" on the coming century. Some technologies he described were space colonies, solar power satellites, anti-aging drugs, hydrogen-propelled cars, climate control, and underground magnetic trains. He left the social structure of the 1980s intact, assuming that humanity would remain unchanged even as it expanded into the Solar System. Reviews of 2081 were mixed. New York Times reviewer John Noble Wilford found the book "imagination-stirring", but Charles Nicol thought the technologies described were unacceptably far-fetched. |
677_28 | In his book The Technology Edge, published in 1983, O'Neill wrote about economic competition with Japan. He argued that the United States had to develop six industries to compete: microengineering, robotics, genetic engineering, magnetic flight, family aircraft, and space science. He also thought that industrial development was suffering from short-sighted executives, self-interested unions, high taxes, and poor education of Americans. According to reviewer Henry Weil, O'Neill's detailed explanations of emerging technologies differentiated the book from others on the subject.
Entrepreneurial efforts |
677_29 | O'Neill founded Geostar Corporation to develop a satellite position determination system for which he was granted a patent in 1982. The system, primarily intended to track aircraft, was called Radio Determination Satellite Service (RDSS). In April 1983 Geostar applied to the FCC for a license to broadcast from three satellites, which would cover the entire United States. Geostar launched GSTAR-2 into geosynchronous orbit in 1986. Its transmitter package permanently failed two months later, so Geostar began tests of RDSS by transmitting from other satellites. With his health failing, O'Neill became less involved with the company at the same time it started to run into trouble. In February 1991 Geostar filed for bankruptcy and its licenses were sold to Motorola for the Iridium satellite constellation project. Although the system was eventually replaced by GPS, O'Neill made significant advances in the field of position determination. |
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