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The U.S. Army's purpose in contracting for this prototype weapon was to provide replacement options for the M16 rifle after the XM29 program ran into problems. The goal was a weapon that was cheaper, lighter, and more effective than the M16 and M4 series of weapons. The XM8 was not just one weapon but a system which could be reconfigured with appropriate parts to be any one of several variants from a short-barreled personal defense weapon to a bipod-equipped support weapon. It also included an integrated optical sight and IR laser aiming module/illuminator. The XM8 was based on the rifle module of Alliant Techsystems's XM29 OICW project, of which the weapon mechanisms were the responsibility of H&K. Following the indefinite delay of the Objective Individual Combat Weapon program, the U.S. Army requested that the contractors design stand-alone weapons from the XM29's kinetic energy and high explosive modules.
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The first 30 XM8 prototypes were delivered by November 2003 for preliminary testing. Later, at least 200 developmental prototypes were procured. Among the complaints during testing was that the battery life was too low for the weapon's powered sight system and some ergonomics issues. Two other key issues were reducing the weapon's weight and increasing the heat resistance of the handguard, which would start to melt after firing too many rounds. The main testing was largely completed, and the army pushed for funding for a large field test. However, in 2004 Congress denied $26 million funding for 7,000 rifles to do a wide scale test fielding of the XM8 in 2005. At that time, the rifle still had developmental goals that were incomplete, primarily associated with the weapon's weight; the battery life had been extended, and a more heat-resistant plastic handguard added. The earliest product brochure lists the target weight for the carbine variant at with the then current prototype at .
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The weight of the carbine prototype had since grown to according to a brochure released by HK and General Dynamics in January 2005.
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During the same period, the Army came under pressure from other arms makers to open up the XM8 to competition. The main argument was that the weapon that was being adopted was a substantially different system than for the original competition that ATK and H&K had actually won (see XM29). Other issues were that the army has a legislated obligation to prefer U.S.-based manufacturers, and that a previous agreement with Colt Defense required the army to involve Colt in certain small-arms programs. The XM8 program was put on hold in 2004. The exact reason why this happened is a matter of debate; some combination of the aforementioned technical issues, funding restrictions, and outside pressure being involved.
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In 2005, the Army issued a formal Request for Proposals (RFP) for the OICW Increment One family of weapons. This RFP gave manufacturers six months to develop and deliver prototype weapons with requirements very similar to the XM8 capabilities, but with the addition of a squad automatic weapon (SAW) configuration. No XM8 prototypes have been shown that actually match the capabilities of the M249 (e.g. fast barrel replacement, high sustained rate of fire, belt feed). The OICW Increment One requirement for the SAW includes fast barrel replacement and high sustained rate of fire, but leaves the ammunition feed choice up to the manufacturer.
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Funding for the M320 grenade launcher, a single-shot underbarrel grenade launcher similar to the M203 that was originally intended for the XM8, was approved. The launcher is heavier than the M203, but does offer some advantages. The XM320 was designed for use with the existing inventory of M16s and M4s and is also compatible with the XM8. It can also be used as a stand-alone weapon. As of July 19, 2005, the OICW Increment One RFP was put on an eight-week hold, with an indication given that the program was being restructured as a joint procurement program. On October 31, 2005, the OICW Increment One RFP was cancelled. In an article in Jane's Defence Weekly, April 26, 2006 (Vol 43, page 30) it is stated that "The US Army has again delayed the procurement of its future infantry weapons, this time for more than five years, and is working to field two interim guns in the meantime".
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General Dynamics was involved in latter stages and H&K had plans to produce the rifle at a plant in Georgia. H&K was British-owned at the start of the project, but was later bought back by a group of German investors. Engineering work was done at facilities in the United States and Germany. Near cancellation The U.S. military's XM8 program was almost canceled in the autumn of 2005 after being suspended earlier that year, but was limited to the use of Marines. Had this program not been specified, the XM8 system may have faced competition from weapons such as from the FN SCAR, Bushmaster ACR and HK416. It was later altered and entered as a candidate for the SCAR competition but was unsuccessful.
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Further testing In autumn 2007 the XM8 was compared to other firearms in a 'dust test'. The competition was based on two previous tests that were conducted in summer 2006 and summer 2007 before the latest test in the autumn of 2007. In the summer 2007 test, M16 rifles and M4 carbines recorded a total of 307 stoppages. In the autumn 2007 test, the XM8 recorded only 127 stoppages in 60,000 total rounds while the M4 carbine had 882. The FN SCAR had 226 stoppages and the HK416 had 233. The difference between the XM8, HK416, and FN SCAR was not statistically significant when correcting for the less reliable STANAG magazine. However, the discrepancy of 575 stoppages between the summer and autumn 2007 tests of the M4 had officials looking into possible causes for the change such as different officials, seasons, and inadequate sample pool size but have stated that the conditions of the test were ostensibly the same. Design
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The XM8 is a selective-fire 5.56mm assault rifle, firing from a closed rotary bolt. Its design and functioning is similar to that of the Heckler & Koch G36 assault rifle, of which it is a derivative. Materials and weight The materials used to build the XM8 are almost entirely composites, with the notable exception of the cold-hammer-forged steel barrel. Preliminary tests in desert and arctic conditions have shown the XM8 to be a rugged weapon, though some complaints arose. Much of the expected cost and weight savings are from the weapon's electronic sight. The baseline XM8 carbine (with its integrated sight), for example, can be compared to an M4 carbine with a host of previous-generation electronic add-ons like the AN/PEQ-2, Aimpoint CompM2, Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight, and/or BUIS. Without the advantage of the next-generation combined electronics sight, the XM8 would be both heavier and more expensive than the firearms it was intended to replace.
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Accessories
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The XM8 abandoned the standard Picatinny rail for attachment of weapon accessories, in favor of a new standard referred to as PCAP (Picatinny Combat Attachment Points), small oval holes on the forward grip. (A variant was designed with MIL-STD-1913 rails — XM8 R; and some early XM8 prototypes had rails.) PCAP is not backwards compatible with currently fielded attachments that use MIL-STD-1913 rails without using an adapter. The benefit of PCAP, however, is the precision of the accessory's connection with the body of the weapon; accessories utilizing Picatinny rails often need adjustment if they are removed and reattached. Additionally, most standard accessory functionality is built into the XM8. Where functionality was missing, it was anticipated that accessories would be redesigned to utilize PCAP. In the new OICW Increment One competition, the army has left the choice of attachment technology up to the manufacturer, with requirements built into the RFP as to the ability of sights
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to maintain their zero.
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The M4 carbine barrel is and the XM8 barrel is but the rifles have the same overall length. Although a shorter barrel generally results in lower muzzle velocity, Polygonal rifling partially compensates for the loss of velocity from a shorter barrel. An electronic round counter was proposed for the XM8. The system would have tracked the number of rounds fired and the date and time of each shot. The data would then be accessed wirelessly by a device like a PDA. Another benefit would be to monitor unauthorized weapon use or corroborate field reports. Other features included completely ambidextrous controls and an integrated red dot/3x optical zoom scope (later changed to a red dot/1x sight). However the designated marksman configuration used a 3.5x magnification scope. Variants
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For much of its life, four different models were proposed: a compact PDW (personal defense weapon) with a barrel, a carbine with a barrel, a sniper and automatic rifle variant, both with barrels. In addition a Light machine gun with a 100-round dual drum Beta C-Mag is proposed. Accessories such as optical sights, a grenade launcher, and a bipod were integrated using a new system which allows for precision attachment (so that, for example, scopes do not have to be readjusted each time they are attached). Like the M4 and M16, the XM8 was chambered for the standard 5.56×45mm NATO round and was normally equipped with a 30-round plastic box magazine also used in the G36. Although, this meant that the magazine housing was not compatible with M4 and M16's metal STANAG magazine without using an adaptor. A 100-round dual drum Beta C-Mag style magazine could also be used.
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One of the XM8's unique features was its modularity. In addition to attachments mentioned above, this modularity allowed for quick repairs, barrel length changes, and even caliber changes in the field. Along with its basic components, the XM8 would have complemented the XM29, with such features as identical accessory mounts. The number and type of variants in the family varied over its lifetime, this overview with three main versions is based from a press release in the early 2000s. XM8 compact carbine: barrel, PDW configuration, collapsing stock or buttcap; muzzle velocity XM8 carbine with XM320 grenade launcher: barrel; muzzle velocity Automatic rifle: barrel, muzzle velocity Designated marksman rifle: barrel, integrated folding bipod, 4X sight, 30/100-round magazine; muzzle velocity s Light machine gun: heavy barrel with integrated folding bipod, rate of fire 600-750 rpm
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Usage While the XM8 fell out of favor with the U.S. Armed Forces, Heckler & Koch sought to market the rifle globally. In the meantime, the Malaysian Armed Forces expressed interest in using the rifle and by 2007 openly stated its intention to purchase the XM8 rifle. By 2010, the Royal Malaysian Navy special unit PASKAL began using the XM8 along with other Heckler & Koch assault rifles including the HK416 and G36. See also Adaptive Combat Rifle, modular rifle system. AN-94 Barrett REC7 Beretta ARX160 FN SCAR XM25 CDTE References External links Picatinny article from 2004 about XM8 (.mil) Defense-Update.com article on XM8 Global Security.org article about XM8 HKsystems.com overview Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2003 5.56 mm assault rifles Abandoned military projects of the United States XM8 Post–Cold War weapons of Germany Trial and research firearms of Germany Modular firearms
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Hunts Point is a neighborhood located on a peninsula in the South Bronx of New York City. It is the location of one of the largest food distribution facilities in the world, the Hunts Point Cooperative Market. Its boundaries are the Bruckner Expressway to the west and north, the Bronx River to the east, and the East River to the south. Hunts Point Avenue is the primary street through Hunts Point. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community District 2, and its ZIP Code is 10474. The neighborhood is served by the New York City Police Department's 41st Precinct. NYCHA property in the area is patrolled by P.S.A. 7 at 737 Melrose Avenue located in the Melrose section of the Bronx. History European colonization
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Hunts Point was populated by the Wecquaesgeek, a Munsee-speaking band of Wappinger people, until European settler colonizers first arrived in 1663. At this time, Edward Jessup and John Richardson arrived on the peninsula and displaced the people indigenous to the area through land purchase. After Jessup died, his widow, Elizabeth, entrusted the land to Thomas Hunt Jr., her son in-law for whom the area is named. In the years between the Hunts' inheritance and 1850, several other wealthy landowning families occupied the peninsula. Legend has it that George Fox (1624–1691), founder of the Society of Friends (commonly known as Quakers), preached in the area in 1672. William H. Fox, a descendant of the Quaker leader, and his wife Charlotte Leggett, owned much of the land that is now Hunts Point.
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As time passed and more New Yorkers became aware of Hunts Point, more City dwellers flocked to the area between 1850 and 1900. Later, the property wound up in the hands of Fox's and Leggett's son-in-law, H.D. Tiffany, a member of the family that owned the famous jewelry and decorative arts store Tiffany & Co. now on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. Fox, Tiffany and Leggett Streets derive their names from these former landowners. In 1909, the Fox mansion was demolished. Industry Hunts Point's status as a home and vacation spot to the city's elite came to an abrupt end in the period following World War I. At this time, IRT Pelham Line () was built along Southern Boulevard. Apartment buildings replaced mansions, streets replaced meadows and Hunts Point became a virtual melting pot for the City's masses.
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Aside from being a period of residential growth for Hunts Point, the 20th century has also been a time of industrial expansion for the peninsula. As more people moved to the area, the city's business owners began to realize the advantages of locating to Hunts Point. Among these advantages were the convenient access to the Tri-State region, the existing rail lines running through the Hunts Point area and the abundance of space available for the development of industrial and commercial activity.
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This discovery led to an influx of businesses to the area. As the momentum of incoming businesses increased, the reputation of Hunts Point grew accordingly among business circles. With the openings of the New York City Produce market in 1967 and Hunts Point Meat Market in 1974, and culminating with the designation of Hunts Point as an In-Place-Industrial Park in 1980, Hunts Point has grown into a successful economic zone. The Hunts Point Industrial Park hosts over 800 businesses providing an array of products and services to points throughout the world.
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The second half of the 20th century, however, proved a difficult time for the district's residential community. Characterized by frequent arson and mass abandonment from the 1960s through the 1990s, this period marked a low point in the area's history. Living conditions became so difficult that almost 60,000 residents, approximately two-thirds of the population in Bronx Community District 2, left the neighborhood during the 1970s. The first full-service post office did not open in the neighborhood until 2001. Demographics The Hunts Point peninsula has a population of 8,684. It is a low-income residential neighborhood largely made up of Puerto Ricans, with smaller numbers of African Americans, Dominicans, Mexicans, and other Latin Americans. Hunts Point has one of the highest concentrations of Hispanics in all of New York City. Almost half of the population lives below the federal poverty line.
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Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Hunts Point and Longwood was 27,204, an increase of 2,062 (8.2%) from the 25,142 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 1.3% (342) White, 22.2% (6,049) African American, 0.2% (65) Native American, 0.7% (187) Asian, 0.0% (1) Pacific Islander, 0.2% (63) from other races, and 0.7% (192) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 74.6% (20,305) of the population.
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The entirety of Community District 2, which comprises Hunts Point and Longwood, had 56,144 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 78.9 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 28% are between the ages of between 0–17, 29% between 25–44, and 21% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 12% and 10% respectively.
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As of 2017, the median household income in Community Districts 1 and 2, including Melrose and Mott Haven, was $20,966. In 2018, an estimated 29% of Hunts Point and Longwood residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eight residents (12%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 58% in Hunts Point and Longwood, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Hunts Point and Longwood are gentrifying. Land use and terrain Hunts Point is a peninsula located at the confluence of the Bronx River and the East River, which is actually a tidal strait connecting Upper New York Bay to the Long Island Sound. The total land area is approximately .
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The land area in Hunts Point is dominated by industry. There is a small but dense residential pocket that occupies the high ground in the northern half of the peninsula along Hunts Point Avenue. It consists primarily of older pre-war architecture apartment buildings with a smaller number of semi-detached multi-unit row houses. The area includes a recently developed park by the riverside, called the Hunts Point Riverside Park. The New York City Department of City Planning designated a Special Hunts Point District in 2004 to incorporate zoning changes to encourage growth of the food distribution center while protecting the residential neighborhood. Parks Hunts Point Riverside Park was spearheaded by Majora Carter in 2000, and after several iterations, won the 2009 Rudy Bruner Award for Excellence in Public Spaces. Joseph Rodman Drake Park is now recognized as the site of a burial ground for enslaved African-Americans.
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The largest park in Hunts Point is the Barretto Point Park on the East River waterfront. It offers piers for fishing, sites for launching canoes and kayaks, and a floating swimming pool during the summer. There are also volleyball and basketball courts, a small amphitheater, and restroom facilities.
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Hunts Point Food Distribution Center Hunts Point is home to one of the largest food distribution centers in the world, covering . The Produce and Meat Distribution Center were opened along the Bronx river in 1967 and 1974, respectively. In 2005, Hunts Point became the site for New York City's New Fulton Fish Market, which replaced the 180-year-old fish market formerly located in downtown Manhattan. Over 800 industrial businesses, employing over 25,000 workers, are located on the peninsula. A large concentration of food wholesalers, distributors, and food processing businesses are located in the New York City zoned industrial business park. Below are some of the facilities that make up the Food Distribution Center in Hunts Point:
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The New York City Terminal Market carries fresh fruit and vegetables from 49 states and 55 foreign countries. The market consists of four buildings, each one-third of a mile in length. More than 65 fruit and vegetable wholesalers own and operate the coop, which has of warehouse space. Each year approximately 2.7 billion pounds of produce are sold from the Market which as recently as 1998 posted $1.5 billion in revenues. The market caters to the largest ethnically diverse region in the world with an estimated population that exceeds 15 million people (New York metropolitan area). The Hunts Point Cooperative Market handles the production, processing, distribution and sale of meat, poultry and related products. Spread over , the market's six main buildings offer of refrigerated space. More than 50 independent wholesale food companies operate facilities here. In 2002, a state-of-the art, refrigerated warehouse was added to accommodate the ever-expanding needs businesses.
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In November 2001, shortly before leaving office, former New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani broke ground for the new Fulton Fish Market building in Hunts Point. Nearly four years after the structure was completed, which cost $85 million to build, 55 businesses moved into a complex, located within the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center. The facility generates an estimated $1 billion in yearly revenue, as it allows seafood distributors to store their goods in a temperature controlled warehouse with ease of access to NYC, New Jersey and Connecticut.
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Detention centers
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Spofford Juvenile Center was formerly the New York City Department of Juvenile Justice's (DJJ) only Secure Detention center.<ref>The New York Times: "2 Escape Bus Heading to Juvenile Detention Center in Bronx"</ref> The facility started as the Youth House for Boys and Youth House for Girls in the mid-1940s, and it moved to Hunts Point in 1957. The Youth House soon became known as Spofford Juvenile Center. On August 1, 1998, it was vacated by the DJJ; earlier that year, on January 18, the city announced that the Horizon Juvenile Center, in the Mott Haven neighborhood of the Bronx, and the Crossroads Juvenile Center, in Brownsville, Brooklyn, would be opened to replace the Spofford facility. However, ultimately, Spofford was not closed, but was instead renamed Bridges Juvenile Center in 1999. In early 2011, Bridges was closed by the city. In announcing the closure, the Correctional Association of New York recognized that the facility had "a history of poor conditions and brutality
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against children." It was reckoned as the juvenile counterpart of Attica Correctional Facility, which in turn has long been reckoned as the toughest adult prison in New York. The prison detention center was torn down in 2019 for a large, mixed use development to include over 700 housing units.
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The Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center (VCBC) is an 800-bed barge offshore of Hunts Point, currently used as part of the New York City Department of Corrections. It is designed to handle inmates from medium- to maximum-security in 16 dormitories and 100 cells. It was opened in 1992 and was named for Vernon C. Bain, a warden who died in a car accident. It has been used by the city of New York as a prison, but has also temporarily held juvenile inmates. Public housing There is one New York City Housing Authority low-income housing development located in Hunts Point, Hunts Point Avenue Rehab, which includes thirteen rehabilitated tenement buildings, 4 and 5 stories tall. Institutions and organizations
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Non-profits There are several non-profits operating in this section of the South Bronx, most notably the Hunts Point Economic Development Corporation (HPEDC), Sustainable South Bronx (SSBx), THE POINT Community Development Corporation, Rocking the Boat, City Year, Legal Aid Society, Bronx Neighborhood Office, Mothers on the Move, Youth Ministries for Peace and Justice, Children's Bible Fellowship sponsored Revolution Church, Iridescent, the Hunts Point Alliance for Children, and South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation (SoBRO). Real Life Church, who has fed over 1,200 people in two years on Thanksgiving Day.
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The Hunts Point Economic Development Corporation (HPEDC) was established in 1988 as a not-for-profit economic development corporation with the aim of improving and enhancing the challenging Hunts Point business environment. Josephine Infante is the founder and executive director of HPEDC, which has worked with public and private agencies to obtain federal empowerment and empire state incentives to revitalize the Hunts Point industrial zone. Since HPEDC has monitored more than five hundred million dollars in public works projects, and worked with the city to relocate of the Fulton Fish Market in Manhattan to Hunts Point and thus consolidate the Hunts Point Food Distribution Center as a major generator of jobs in the Bronx. HPEDC partnered with the police to relocate the infamous "Fort Apache" 41st Precinct to a more central location in the community. In 1995 HPEDC successfully lobbied NYNEX to accelerate the investment of $51 million to upgrade telephone system for fiber optic lines
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underground. In 2005, the city and HPEDC inaugurated an employment and training center for Hunts Point. Despite no available records reflecting the training center's actual number of successful job placements, a permanent workforce program was approved for Hunts Point starting 2008. The Southern Boulevard Business Improvement District (BID), signed into law at the end of 2007, is a plan where commercial businesses join together with property owners to develop and underwrite the cost of additional services to the retail area.
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The Legal Aid Society has provided free civil legal services to needy residents from its Bronx Neighborhood Office for over 20 years. It specializes in housing, government benefits, and matrimonial law. Rocking the Boat uses traditional wooden boat building and on-water education to help over 2,000 youth develop into empowered and responsible adults by assisting them in dealing with everyday realities that are often not addressed at home or in school. Five levels of community and youth development programs operate during the fall and spring academic semesters and over the summer. Rocking the Boat holds community rowing events on Fridays and Saturdays. Rocking the Boat's Hunts Point riverside site is located at the Jose E. Serrano Riverside Campus for Arts and the Environment, adjacent to Lafayette Park on the Bronx River.
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South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation (SoBRO) was founded in 1972 by a group of business executives and community leaders. Their mission was to reverse the flight of businesses and jobs from the South Bronx and rebuild the community. At the time it was known for burned out buildings, crime, poverty and drugs. SoBRO expanded its mission to address more aspects of community development: assisting local businesses to get started and grow, training residents according to the needs of employers, offering opportunities for youth to learn and develop, and creating affordable housing and commercial space that reverses blight in the community. SoBRO has been active in the neighboring Port Morris Industrial Business Zone for years helping businesses to secure government contracts and incentives, acquire low-interest loans, and expand their services and capacity.
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Sustainable South Bronx (SSBx) is an environmental justice organization, founded by Majora Carter, has brought government, corporate, and foundation money into the area to build two new waterfront parks along the Bronx River at Lafayette Avenue, and along the East River at the end of Tiffany Street, providing the first formalized waterfront access in 60 years. In addition, SSBx runs the Bronx Environmental Stewardship Training (BEST) program, which takes qualifying students through 10 weeks of intensive training covering everything from tree pruning and climbing to OSHA brownfield remediation to green roof installation and maintenance to estuary restoration to job/life skills. This program aims to give local residents a personal and financial stake in the management of their local environment. In December 2006, Mitsubishi Corporation contributed $150,000 to expand the program. In 2005, above their offices in the historic American Banknote Building SSBx built the SSBx Cool and
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Greenroof Demonstration Project, the first such roof in New York City. In 2007, SSBx launched the for-profit SmartRoofs, a green roof installation business.
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The Hunts Point Alliance for Children (HPAC) is a community-based organization, serving the families that live in the 10474 zip code. The mission of the Hunts Point Alliance for Children is to work with families and local organizations and schools to support the educational progress of the children of Hunts Point. HPAC serves two functions, first, to bring the seven neighborhood schools and nine child-serving non-profit organizations together in an Alliance. Secondly, HPAC provides direct educational enrichment and support services to Hunts Point families in four areas: Early Childhood Education, Youth Development, Academic Support and Education Transition Counseling, and Family Support Services.
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The POINT Community Development Corporation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to youth development, culture, and economic revitalization of the Hunt Point section of the Bronx. Their mission is to encourage the arts, local enterprise, responsible ecology, and self-investment in the Hunts Point community.
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Prior to 2010, Per Scholas—a nonprofit that provides tuition-free technology training to unemployed or underemployed adults for careers as IT professionals—was also located in Hunts Point, within the American Bank Note building. Cultural institutions An urban arts scene is emerging in Hunts Point, with cultural institutions such as THE POINT Community Development Corporation, the Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance (BAAD), and MUD/BONE STUDIO 889. BAAD was formerly located in the historic Bank Note Building and have now since relocated to 2474 Westchester Avenue.Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance THE POINT, which is located in a former bagel factory, provides performance art space, visual art galleries, after-school programs in the visual and performing arts for schoolchildren in the community, and community organizing around environmental improvement and infrastructure development in the neighborhood.
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Media In 2006, an online news outlet The Hunts Point Express began reporting on Hunts Point and Longwood. It is written by students at Hunter College, edited by journalism professor Bernard L. Stein, and also appears in a print edition that is available for free at community centers, clinics, and stores throughout the neighborhood. Police and crime Hunts Point and Longwood are patrolled by the 41st Precinct of the NYPD, located at 1035 Longwood Avenue. The 41st Precinct ranked 67th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 151 per 100,000 people, Hunts Point and Longwood's rate of violent crimes per capita is greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 1,036 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole.
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The 41st Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 73.3% between 1990 and 2020. The precinct reported 5 murders, 32 rapes, 197 robberies, 266 felony assaults, 149 burglaries, 294 grand larcenies, and 109 grand larcenies auto in 2020. The 41st Precinct was located at 1086 Simpson Street until 1993. During the 1980s, crime reached such a level that the Simpson Street building became known by the police as "Fort Apache", as was later immortalized in a 1981 movie named for it. The Simpson Street building currently houses the Bronx Detectives Bureau.
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Hunts Point has suffered from crime and poverty for many years and was once part of the poorest congressional district in the country, with almost half of the population living below the poverty line. Due to the lucrative drug trade in the area, many drug addicts reside in the community. The neighborhood has also been notorious for its prostitution industry since the 1980s. HBO has made four documentaries about prostitution in Hunts Point, Hookers at the Point'', the most recent in April 2002. In 2008, a local news station released a two-part documentary on the life of several drug-addicted sex workers living on the streets of the neighborhood. Fire safety Hunts Point contains a New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire station, Engine Co. 94/Ladder Co. 48/Battalion 3, at 1226 Seneca Avenue.
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Health , preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in Hunts Point and Longwood than in other places citywide. In Hunts Point and Longwood, there were 101 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 36.2 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Hunts Point and Longwood has a relatively high population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 14%, slightly higher than the citywide rate of 12%.
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The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Hunts Point and Longwood is , more than the city average. Fifteen percent of Hunts Point and Longwood residents are smokers, which is higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Hunts Point and Longwood, 42% of residents are obese, 20% are diabetic, and 38% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 26% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%. Eighty-two percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 72% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," lower than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Hunts Point and Longwood, there are 20 bodegas. The nearest hospital is NYC Health + Hospitals/Lincoln in Melrose.
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Post office and ZIP Code Hunts Point is covered by the ZIP Code 10474. The United States Postal Service operates the Hunts Point Station at 800 Manida Street. Education Hunts Point and Longwood generally have a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city . While 16% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 41% have less than a high school education and 43% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 26% of Bronx residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Hunts Point and Longwood students excelling in math rose from 24% in 2000 to 26% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 28% to 32% during the same time period.
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Hunts Point and Longwood's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is more than the rest of New York City. In Hunts Point and Longwood, 35% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, higher than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 58% of high school students in Hunts Point and Longwood graduate on time, lower than the citywide average of 75%. Schools The Bronx Charter School for the Arts, the Bronx Lighthouse Charter School, Hyde Leadership Charter School, the South Bronx Classical Charter School, and UA Bronx Studio School for Writers and Artists are located in Hunts Point. In September 2011, Hyde Leadership Charter School opened on Hunts Point Avenue, the first college preparatory high school to open in Hunts Point in nearly 30 years.
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Other schools include the John V. Lindsay Wildcat Academy Charter School, MS201 Theatre Arts & RSCH (As of 2008, it is now known as MS 424), P352 at 201 Vida Bogart School, PS 352, PS 48 Joseph R Drake, St. Ignatius School and Wildcat Second Opportunity School. IS 217, the School of Performing Arts, is also located in Hunts Point on Tiffany Street. Library The New York Public Library operates the Hunts Point branch at 877 Southern Boulevard. The Hunts Point library, a Carnegie library designed by Carrère and Hastings in the Italian Renaissance style, was opened in 1929. It was the last Carnegie library built for the New York Public Library system and is a New York City designated landmark. Transportation The following New York City Subway stations serve Hunts Point: Longwood Avenue () Hunts Point Avenue () Whitlock Avenue ()
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The following MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Hunts Point: to Co-op City and Bay Plaza Shopping Center (via Bruckner Blvd and Story Avenue) and Bx6 Select Bus Service to Washington Heights or Hunts Point Cooperative Market (via Hunts Point Avenue) to Longwood or Hunts Point Cooperative Market (via Longwood Avenue and Tiffany Street) References External links Bronx Community Board 2 The Hunts Point Express Hunts Point in Forgotten NY Hunts Point Produce Market Neighborhoods in the Bronx Populated coastal places in New York (state) Historical red-light districts in the United States Red-light districts in New York (state)
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Moses Fleetwood "Fleet" Walker (October 7, 1856 – May 11, 1924) was an American professional baseball catcher who, historically, was credited with being the first black man to play in Major League Baseball (MLB). A native of Mount Pleasant, Ohio, and a star athlete at Oberlin College as well as the University of Michigan, Walker played for semi-professional and minor league baseball clubs before joining the Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association (AA) for the 1884 season.
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Though research by the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) indicates William Edward White was the first African-American baseball player in the major leagues, Walker, unlike White (who passed as a white man and self-identified as such), was the first to be open about his black heritage, and to face the racial bigotry so prevalent in the late 19th century United States. His brother, Weldy, became the second black athlete to do likewise later in the same year, also for the Toledo ball club. Walker played just one season, 42 games total, for Toledo before injuries entailed his release.
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Walker played in the minor leagues until 1889, and was the last African-American to participate on the major league level before Jackie Robinson broke baseball's color line in 1947. After his baseball career, he became a successful businessman and inventor. As an advocate of black nationalism, Walker also jointly edited a newspaper, The Equator, with his brother. He published a book, Our Home Colony (1908), to explore ideas about emigrating back to Africa. He died in 1924 at the age of 67. Biography
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Early life Moses Fleetwood Walker was born in 1856 in Mount Pleasant, a working-class town in Eastern Ohio that had served as a sanctuary for runaway slaves since 1815. Its population included a large Quaker community and a unique collective of former Virginian slaves. Walker's parents, Moses W. Walker and Caroline O' Harra, were both mixed race. According to Walker's biographer David W. Zang, his father came to Ohio from Pennsylvania, likely a beneficiary of Quaker patronage, and married O'Harra, who was a native of the state, on June 11, 1843. When Walker was three years old, the family moved 20 miles northeast to Steubenville where Mr Walker senior became one of the first black physicians of Ohio, and later a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church. There, Walker's fifth or sixth sibling, his younger brother Weldy, was born the same year. Walker and Weldy attended Steubenville High School in the early 1870s, just as the community passed legislation for racial integration.
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As an adult, Walker enrolled at Oberlin College in 1878, where he majored in philosophy and the arts. At Oberlin, Walker proved himself to be an excellent student, especially in mechanics and rhetoric, but by his sophomore year, he was rarely attending classes. How Walker first came to play baseball is uncertain: according to Zang, the game was popular among Steubenville children, and while in Oberlin's preparatory program Walker became the prep team's catcher and leadoff hitter. Oberlin men played baseball as early as 1865—including a “jet black” first baseman whose presence meant Walker was not the college's first black baseball player—with organized clubs that engaged in intense matchups. Walker gained stardom and mentions in the school newspaper, The Oberlin Review, for his ball handling and ability to hit long home runs.
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In 1881, Oberlin lifted their ban on off-campus competition. Walker, joined by Weldy who enrolled in the class of 1885, played on the baseball club's first inter-collegiate team. By Oberlin pitcher Harlan Burket's account, Walker's performance in the season finale persuaded the University of Michigan to recruit him to their own program. Transfer regulations at the time were generally informal and recruiting players from opposing teams was not unusual. Accompanying Walker was his pregnant girlfriend, Arbella Taylor, whom he married a year later. Michigan's baseball club had been weakest behind the plate; the team had gone as far as to hire semi-professional catchers to fill the void. With Walker, the team performed well, finishing with a 10–3 record in 1882. He mostly hit second in the lineup and is credited with a .308 batting average (BA).
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During his time at Michigan, Walker was paid by the White Sewing Machine Company of Cleveland to play for their semi-professional ball club in August 1881. Walker's presence was controversial when the team arrived for a game in Louisville, Kentucky, the first place to have a major issue with his race. As the team arrived in the early morning of the game, Walker was turned away from the Saint Cloud Hotel. More issues arose during game time: members of the Louisville Eclipse protested Walker's participation; Cleveland relented and held him out of the lineup. After one inning, his substitute claimed his hands were too badly bruised to continue, and Walker hesitantly walked on to the field for warm-ups. Louisville again protested and refused to resume play until Cleveland's third baseman volunteered to go behind the plate. Baseball career
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In mid-1883, Walker left his studies at Michigan and was signed to his first professional baseball contract by William Voltz, manager of the Toledo Blue Stockings, a Northwestern League team. As a former sportswriter for the Cleveland Plain Dealer, Voltz watched Walker play for Oberlin; his signing reunited Walker with his former battery-mate Burket. Though Walker hit in decent numbers, recording a .251 BA, he became revered for his play behind the plate and his durability during an era where catchers wore little to no protective equipment and injuries were frequent. The Blue Stockings' ball boy recalled Walker “occasionally wore ordinary lambskin gloves with the fingers slit and slightly padded in the palm; more often he caught barehanded”. Nonetheless, he played in 60 of Toledo's 84 games during their championship season. At the core of the team's success, one sportswriter at Sporting Life pointed out, were Walker and pitcher Hank O'Day, which he considered “one of the most
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remarkable batteries in the country”.
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Walker's entrance into professional baseball caused immediate friction in the league. Before he had the opportunity to appear in a game, the executive committee of the Northwestern League debated a motion proposed by the representative of the Peoria, Illinois club that would prohibit all colored ball players from entering the league. After intense arguments, the motion was dropped, allowing Walker to play. On August 10, 1883, in an exhibition against the Chicago White Stockings, Chicago's manager Cap Anson refused to play if Walker was in the lineup. In response, Charlie Morton, who replaced Voltz as Toledo's manager at mid-season, challenged Anson's ultimatum by not only warning him of the risk of forfeiting gate receipts, but also by starting Walker at right field. Anson is alleged to have said “We’ll play this here game, but won’t play never no more with the nigger in”. The White Stockings won in extra innings 7–6.
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The Blue Stockings' successful season in the Northwestern League prompted the team to transfer as a unit to the American Association, a major league organization, in 1884. Walker's first appearance as a major league ballplayer was an away game against the Louisville Eclipse on May 1, 1884; he went hitless in three at-bats and committed four errors in a 5–1 loss. Throughout the 1884 season, Walker regularly caught for ace pitcher Tony Mullane. Mullane, who described the rookie ball player as “the best catcher I ever worked with”, purposefully threw pitches that were not signaled just to cross up the catcher. Walker's year was plagued with injuries, limiting him to just 42 games in a 104-game season. For the season, he had a .263 BA, which was top three in the league, but Toledo finished eighth in the pennant race. The rest of the team was also hampered by numerous injuries: circumstances led to Walker's brother, Weldy, joining the Blue Stockings for six games in the outfield.
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Toledo's team, under financial pressure at season's end, worked to relieve themselves of their expensive contracts. Not yet fully recovered from a rib injury sustained in July, Walker was released by the Blue Stockings on September 22, 1884. During the offseason, Walker took a position as a mail clerk, but returned to baseball in 1885, playing in the Western League for 18 games. For the second half of 1885, he joined the baseball club in Waterbury for 10 games. When the season ended, Walker reunited with Weldy in Cleveland to assume the proprietorship of the LeGrande House, an opera theater and hotel. According to Zang, Walker could afford the business venture after commanding a $2,000 contract as a major leaguer. Though he could no longer negotiate such a salary, his skills were still highly attractive to teams: Walker returned to Waterbury in 1886 when the team joined the more competitive Eastern League.
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Despite a lackluster season for Waterbury, Walker was offered a position with the defending champion Newark Little Giants, an International League team. Together, with pitcher George Stovey, Walker formed half of the first African-American battery in organized baseball. Billed as the “Spanish battery” by fans, Stovey recorded 35 wins in the season, while Walker posted career highs in games played, fielding percentage, and BA. Walker followed Newark's manager Charlie Hackett to the Syracuse Stars in 1888. Although he slumped at the plate during his two years playing for the Stars, he was popular among Syracuse fans, so much so that Walker was their unofficial spokesman and established business ties in the city. On August 23, 1889, Walker was released from the team; he was the last African-American to play in the International League until Jackie Robinson. Later life
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Walker stayed in Syracuse after the Stars released him, returning to a position in the postal service. Around this time, a former Syracuse University professor, Dr. Joel Gibert Justin, had been experimenting with firing artillery shells with gunpowder rather than compressed air, culminating in his failed invention the "Justin Gun". Fascinated, Walker designed and patented an outer casing in 1891 that remedied Justin's failure. The first of his four patented inventions, Walker invested in the design with hopes it would be in great demand, but the shell never garnered enough interest.
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On April 9, 1891, Walker was involved in an altercation outside a saloon with a group of four white men exchanging racial insults. Members of the group, including bricklayer Patrick "Curly" Murray, approached Walker and reportedly threw a stone at his head, dazing him. Walker responded by fatally stabbing Murray with a pocket knife. A compliant Walker surrendered to police, claiming self-defense, but was charged with second-degree murder (lowered from first-degree murder). On June 3, 1891, Walker was found not guilty by an all-white jury, much to the delight of spectators in the courthouse. He returned to Steubenville to, again, work for the postal service, handling letters for the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad.
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On June 12, 1895, Walker's wife Arabella died of cancer at 32 years old; he remarried three years later to Ednah Mason, another former Oberlin student. The same year, Walker was found guilty of mail robbery and was sentenced to one year in prison which he served in Miami County and Jefferson County Jail. After his release during the turn of the century, Walker jointly owned the Union Hotel in Steubenville with Weldy, and managed the Opera House, a movie theater in nearby Cadiz. As host to opera, live drama, vaudeville, and minstrel shows at the Opera House, Walker became a respected businessman and patented inventions that improved film reels when nickelodeons were popularized. In 1902, the brothers explored ideas of black nationalism as editors for The Equator, although no copies exist today as evidence. Walker expanded upon his works about race theory in The Equator by publishing the book Our Home Colony (1908). Regarded as “the most learned book a professional athlete ever wrote”,
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Our Home Colony shared Walker's thesis on the victimization of the black race and a proposal for African-Americans to emigrate back to Africa.
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Ednah died on May 26, 1920. Widowed again, Walker sold the Opera House and managed the Temple Theater in Cleveland with Weldy. On May 11, 1924, Walker died of lobar pneumonia at 67 years of age. His body was buried at Union Cemetery-Beatty Park next to his first wife. Legacy
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Although Jackie Robinson is very commonly miscredited with being the first African-American to play major league baseball, Walker held the honor among baseball aficionados for decades. In 2007, researcher Pete Morris discovered that another ball player, the formerly enslaved William Edward White, actually played a single game for the Providence Grays around five years before Walker debuted for the Blue Stockings. Despite these findings, baseball historians still credit Walker with being the first in the major leagues to play openly as a black man. On the subject of White, John R. Husman wrote: “He played baseball and lived his life as a white man. If White, who was also of white blood, said he was white and he was not challenged, he was white in his time and circumstances”. Like Robinson, however, Walker endured trials with racism in the major leagues and was thus the first black man to do so.
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Walker was inducted into the Oberlin College Hall of Fame in 1990. In 2021, indie-folk artist Cousin Wolf released a song entitled "Moses Fleetwood Walker" as part of an album called "Nine Innings." References Bibliography External links Negro League Baseball Players Association Baseball Hall of Fame Fleetwood Walker Honor Bill
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1856 births 1924 deaths Major League Baseball catchers 19th-century baseball players Toledo Blue Stockings players Toledo Blue Stockings (minor league) players Waterbury (minor league baseball) players Cleveland Forest Cities players Waterbury Brassmen players Newark Little Giants players Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players Oconto (minor league baseball) players Oberlin College alumni University of Michigan alumni African-American baseball players Baseball players from Ohio People from Mount Pleasant, Ohio Sportspeople from Steubenville, Ohio People acquitted of murder Burials at Union Cemetery-Beatty Park Baseball in Syracuse, New York African-American inventors 19th-century American inventors 20th-century African-American writers Deaths from pneumonia in Ohio 20th-century American male writers African-American male writers
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The following species in the genus Salix are recognised by Plants of the World Online:
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Salix × aberrans A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix abscondita Lacksch. Salix acmophylla Boiss. Salix acutifolia Willd. – violet willow Salix aegyptiaca L. Salix aeruginosa E.Carranza Salix alatavica Kar. ex Stschegl. Salix alaxensis (Andersson) Coville – Alaska willow Salix alba L. – white willow Salix alexii-skvortzovii A.P.Khokhr. Salix × algista C.K.Schneid. Salix alpina Scop. – alpine willow Salix × altobracensis H.J.Coste Salix × ambigua Ehrh. Salix × amoena Fernald Salix × ampherista C.K.Schneid. Salix amplexicaulis Bory & Chaub. Salix amygdaloides Andersson – peachleaf willow Salix anatolica Ziel. & D.Tomasz. Salix × angusensis Rech.f. Salix annulifera C.Marquand & Airy Shaw Salix anticecrenata Kimura Salix apennina A.K.Skvortsov Salix apoda Trautv. Salix appendiculata Vill. Salix × arakiana Koidz. Salix arbuscula L. – mountain willow Salix arbusculoides Andersson – littletree willow Salix arbutifolia Pall. Salix arctica Pall. – Arctic willow Salix arctophila Cockerell
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Salix × argusii B.Boivin Salix argyracea E.L.Wolf Salix argyrocarpa Andersson Salix arizonica Dorn Salix armeno-rossica A.K.Skvortsov Salix arrigonii Brullo Salix × aschersoniana Seemen Salix athabascensis Raup Salix atopantha C.K.Schneid. Salix atrocinerea Brot. – grey willow Salix aurita L. – eared willow Salix × austriaca Host Salix austrotibetica N.Chao Salix babylonica L. – Babylon willow, Peking willow Salix baileyi C.K.Schneid. Salix balansae Seemen Salix balfouriana C.K.Schneid. Salix × balfourii E.F.Linton Salix ballii Dorn Salix bangongensis Z.Wang & C.F.Fang Salix barclayi Andersson – Barclay's willow Salix barrattiana Hook. – Barratt's willow Salix bebbiana Sarg. – beaked willow Salix × beckiana Beck Salix berberifolia Pall. Salix bhutanensis Salix bicolor Ehrh. ex Willd. Salix bikouensis Y.L.Chou Salix blakii Goerz Salix blinii H.Lév. Salix × boettcheri Seemen Salix bonplandiana Kunth – Bonpland willow, ahuejote Salix boothii Dorn – Booth's willow Salix borealis Fr.
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Salix boseensis N.Chao Salix × boulayi F.Gérard Salix brachycarpa Nutt. – barren-ground willow Salix brachypoda (Trautv. & C.A.Mey.) Kom. Salix × brachypurpurea B.Boivin Salix breviserrata Flod. Salix breweri Bebb – Brewer's willow Salix brutia Brullo & G.Spamp. Salix × buseri Favrat Salix cacuminis A.K.Skvortsov Salix caesia Vill. Salix calcicola Fernald & Wiegand – limestone willow Salix × calliantha Jos.Kern. Salix calyculata Hook.f. ex Andersson Salix cana M.Martens & Galeotti Salix candida Flüggé ex Willd. – sage willow Salix × canescens Willd. Salix caprea L. – goat willow Salix × capreola A.Kern. ex Andersson Salix capusii Franch. Salix cardiophylla Trautv. & C.A.Mey. Salix carmanica Bornm. Salix caroliniana Michx. – coastal plain willow Salix cascadensis Cockerell Salix caspica Pall. Salix cathayana Diels Salix caucasica Andersson Salix cavaleriei H.Lév. Salix × cernua E.F.Linton Salix chaenomeloides Kimura Salix chamissonis Andersson Salix characta C.K.Schneid.
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Salix × charrieri Chass. Salix chevalieri Seemen Salix cheilophila C.K.Schneid. Salix chienii Cheng Salix chikungensis C.K.Schneid. Salix chilensis Molina Salix chlorolepis Fernald Salix cinerea L. – grey sallow Salix clathrata Hand.-Mazz. Salix × coerulescens Döll Salix coggygria Hand.-Mazz. Salix columbiana Argus – Columbia River willow Salix coluteoides Mirb. Salix commutata Bebb – undergreen willow Salix × confinis A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix × conifera Wangenh. Salix contortiapiculata P.I Mao & W.Z.Li Salix cordata Michx. – heartleaf, sand dune willow Salix × cottetii A.Kern. Salix crataegifolia Bertol. Salix × cremnophila Kimura Salix cupularis Rehder Salix daguanensis P.I Mao & P.X. He Salix daliensis C.F.Fang & S.D.Zhao Salix daltoniana Andersson Salix dalungensis Z.Wang & P.Y.Fu Salix daphnoides Vill. Salix delavayana Hand.-Mazz. Salix delnortensis C.K.Schneid. – del Norte willow Salix denticulata Andersson Salix × devestita Arv.-Touv. Salix × dichroa Döll
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Salix dibapha C.K.Schneid. Salix × digenea Jos.Kern. Salix discolor Muhl. – American willow, pussy willow Salix disperma Roxb. ex D.Don Salix dissa C.K.Schneid. Salix divergentistyla C.F.Fang Salix divaricata Pall. Salix doii Hayata Salix dolichostachya Flod. Salix donggouxianica C.F.Fang Salix × doniana Sm. Salix driophila C.K.Schneid. Salix drummondiana Barratt ex Hook. – Drummond's willow Salix dshugdshurica A.K.Skvortsov Salix × dutillyi Lepage Salix eastwoodiae Cockerell ex A.Heller – Eastwood's willow Salix × ehrhartiana Sm. Salix eleagnos Scop. Salix × erdingeri A.Kern. Salix × eriocataphylla Kimura Salix × eriocataphylloides Kimura Salix eriocephala Michx. – heartleaf willow Salix erioclada H. Lév. & Vaniot Salix eriostachya Wall. ex Andersson Salix ernestii C.K.Schneid. Salix erythrocarpa Kom. Salix × erythroclados Simonk. Salix × euerata Kimura Salix × euryadenia Ausserd. ex A.Kern. Salix euxina I.V.Belyaeva Salix excelsa S.G.Gmel. Salix exigua Nutt. – sandbar willow
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Salix famelica (C.R.Ball) Argus Salix fargesii Burkill Salix farriae C.R.Ball Salix fedtschenkoi Goerz Salix × finnmarchica Willd. Salix flabellaris Andersson Salix floccosa Burkill Salix floridana Chapm. Salix × flueggeana Willd. Salix foetida Schleich. ex DC. Salix × forbesiana Druce Salix × forbyana Sm. Salix fragilis L. Salix × friesiana Andersson Salix × fruticosa Döll Salix fruticulosa Andersson Salix fulvopubescens Hayata Salix fuscescens Andersson – Alaska bog willow Salix futura Seemen Salix × gaspensis C.K.Schneid. Salix geyeriana Andersson Salix gilgiana Seemen Salix × gillotii A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix glabra Scop. Salix × glatfelterii C.K.Schneid. Salix glauca L. – northern willow Salix glaucosericea Flod. Salix gmelinii Pall. Salix gonggashanica C.F.Fang & A.K.Skvortsov Salix gooddingii C.R.Ball – Goodding willow Salix gracilior (Siuzew) Nakai Salix gracilistyla Miq. Salix × grahamii Borrer ex Baker Salix × grayi C.K.Schneid. Salix guinieri Chass. & Goerz
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Salix gussonei Brullo & G.Spamp. Salix × hapala Kimura Salix hartwegii Benth. Salix hastata L. Salix × hatusimae Kimura Salix × hayatana Kimura Salix × hebecarpa (Fernald) Fernald Salix hegetschweileri Heer Salix helvetica Vill. – Swiss willow Salix herbacea L. – dwarf willow Salix × hermaphroditica L. Salix × hiraoana Kimura Salix × hirsutophylla A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix × hirtii Strähler Salix × hisauchiana Koidz. Salix hookeriana Barratt ex Hook. – Hooker's willow Salix × hostii A.Kern. Salix × hudsonensis C.K.Schneid. Salix hukaoana Kimura Salix humboldtiana – Chile willow Salix humilis Marshall – upland willow Salix × ikenoana Kimura Salix iliensis Regel Salix integra Thunb. Salix interior Rowlee Salix × intermedia Host Salix × inticensis Huter Salix ionica Brullo, F.Scelsi & G.Spamp. Salix irrorata Andersson Salix × iwahisana Kimura Salix jaliscana M.E.Jones Salix × jamesensis Lepage Salix japonica Thunb. Salix × japopina Kimura Salix jejuna Fernald – barrens willow
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Salix jenisseensis (F.Schmidt) Flod. Salix jepsonii C.K.Schneid. – Jepson's willow Salix × jesupii Fernald Salix juparica Goerz ex Rehder & Kobuski Salix jurtzevii A.K.Skvortsov Salix kalarica (A.K.Skvortsov) Vorosch. Salix × kamikotica Kimura Salix kangensis Nakai Salix karelinii Turcz. ex Stschegl. Salix × kawamurana Kimura Salix khokhriakovii A.K.Skvortsov Salix kirilowiana Stschegl. Salix kitaibeliana Willd. Salix kochiana Trautv. Salix koeieana A.K.Skvortsov Salix × koidzumii Kimura Salix × koiei Kimura Salix koriyanagi Kimura ex Goerz Salix × krausei Andersson Salix krylovii E.L.Wolf Salix × kudoi Kimura Salix kusanoi (Hayata) C.K.Schneid. Salix kuznetzowii Laksch. ex Goerz Salix laevigata Bebb – red willow Salix laggeri Wimm. Salix × lambertiana Sm. Salix lanata L. – woolly willow Salix lapponum L. – downy willow Salix lasiandra Benth. Salix lasiolepis Benth. – arroyo willow Salix × latifolia J.Forbes Salix × laurentiana Fernald Salix × laurina Sm. Salix ledebouriana Trautv.
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Salix ledermannii Seemen Salix × leiophylla A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix lemmonii Bebb – Lemmon's willow Salix × leucopithecia Kimura Salix ligulifolia (C.R.Ball) C.R.Ball ex C.K.Schneid. – strapleaf willow Salix lindleyana Wall. ex Andersson Salix × lintonii A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix × litigiosa A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix × lochsiensis D.J.Tennant Salix longiflora Wall. ex Andersson Salix longistamina Z.Wang & P.Y.Fu Salix lucida Muhl. – shining willow Salix luctuosa H.Lév. Salix × ludibunda A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix × ludificans F.B.White Salix ludlowiana A.K.Skvortsov Salix lutea Nutt. – yellow willow Salix × lyonensis D.J.Tennant Salix maccalliana Rowlee Salix magnifica Hemsl. Salix × margaretae Seemen Salix × margarita F.B.White Salix × mariana Wol. Salix × maritima Hartig Salix martiana Leyb. Salix × matsumurae Seemen Salix × meikleana D.J.Tennant Salix melanopsis Nutt. – dusky willow Salix mesnyi Hance Salix mexicana Seemen Salix × meyeriana Rostk. ex Willd.
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Salix michelsonii Goerz ex Nasarow Salix microphylla Schltdl. & Cham. Salix microstachya Turcz. ex Trautv. Salix × microstemon Kimura Salix mielichhoferi Saut. Salix miyabeana Seemen Salix × mollissima Hoffm. ex Elwert Salix monochroma C.R.Ball Salix × montana Host Salix monticola Bebb Salix mucronata Thunb. Salix muliensis Goerz Salix × multinervis Döll Salix myricoides Muhl. Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. – dark-leaved willow Salix myrsinites L. – whortle-leaved willow Salix myrtillacea Andersson Salix myrtillifolia Andersson Salix myrtilloides L. – swamp willow Salix × myrtoides Döll Salix nakamurana Koidz. Salix nasarovii A.K.Skvortsov Salix × nasuensis Kimura Salix × neuburgensis Erdner Salix niedzwieckii Goerz Salix nigra Marshall – black willow Salix niphoclada Rydb. Salix nipponica Franch. & Sav. Salix nivalis Hook. Salix × notha Andersson Salix nummularia Andersson Salix nuristanica A.K.Skvortsov Salix obscura Andersson Salix × obtusifolia Willd. Salix × oleifolia Vill.
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Salix olgae Regel Salix × onychiophylla Andersson Salix opsimantha C.K.Schneid. Salix oreinoma C.K.Schneid. Salix oreophila Hook.f. ex Andersson Salix orestera C.K.Schneid. – Sierra willow, gray-leafed Sierra willow Salix oritrepha C.K.Schneid. Salix oropotamica Brullo, F.Scelsi & G.Spamp. Salix ovalifolia Trautv. Salix pantosericea Goerz Salix paradoxa Kunth Salix paraplesia C.K.Schneid. Salix × peasei Fernald Salix pedicellaris Pursh – bog willow Salix pedicellata Desf. Salix × pedionoma Kimura Salix × pedunculata Fernald Salix pellita (Andersson) Bebb Salix × peloritana Prestandr. ex Tineo Salix × pendulina Wender. Salix pentandra L. – bay willow Salix pentandrifolia Sennikov Salix × permixta Jeanne Webb Salix × perthensis Druce Salix petiolaris Sm. – slender willow Salix petrophila Rydb. Salix × phaeophylla Andersson Salix phlebophylla Andersson Salix phylicifolia L. – tea-leaved willow Salix pierotii Miq. Salix × pithoensis Rouy Salix planifolia Pursh – planeleaf willow
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Salix plocotricha C.K.Schneid. Salix polaris Wahlenb. – polar willow Salix prolixa Andersson – MacKenzie's willow Salix pseudocalyculata Kimura Salix pseudodepressa A.K.Skvortsov Salix × pseudodoniana Rouy Salix × pseudoglauca Andersson Salix pseudomedemii E.L.Wolf Salix pseudomonticola C.R.Ball Salix pseudomyrsinites Andersson Salix × pseudopaludicola Kimura Salix pseudopentandra (Flod.) Flod. Salix pseudospissa Goerz ex Rehder & Kobuski Salix pseudowallichiana Goerz ex Rehder & Kobuski Salix psilostigma Andersson Salix pulchra Cham. Salix × punctata Wahlenb. Salix purpurea L. – purple willow Salix pycnostachya Andersson Salix pyrenaica Gouan Salix pyrifolia Andersson – balsam willow Salix pyrolifolia Ledeb. Salix qinghaiensis Y.L.Chou Salix × quercifolia Sennen ex Goerz Salix radinostachya C.K.Schneid. Salix raupii Argus Salix rectijulis Ledeb. ex Trautv. Salix recurvigemmata A.K.Skvortsov Salix rehderiana C.K.Schneid. Salix × reichardtii A.Kern.
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Salix reinii Franch. & Sav. ex Seemen Salix repens L. – creeping willow Salix reptans Rupr. Salix reticulata L. – net-leaved willow Salix retusa L. Salix × retusoides Jos.Kern. Salix rhamnifolia Pall. Salix rhododendroides C.Wang & C.Y.Yu Salix richardsonii Hook. – possible synonym of Salix lanata Salix riskindii M.C.Johnst. Salix rockii Goerz ex Rehder & Kobuski Salix rorida Laksch. Salix rosmarinifolia L. – rosemary-leaved willow Salix rotundifolia Trautv. Salix × rubella Bebb ex Rowlee & Wiegand Salix × rubra Huds. Salix × rubriformis Tourlet Salix × rugulosa Andersson Salix rupifraga Koidz. Salix × sadleri Syme Salix sajanensis Nasarow Salix salviifolia Brot. Salix salwinensis Hand.-Mazz. ex Enander Salix saposhnikovii A.K.Skvortsov Salix saxatilis Turcz. ex Ledeb. Salix × saxetana F.B.White Salix × schaburovii I.V.Belyaeva Salix × schatilowii R.I.Schröd. ex Dippel Salix × schatzii Sagorski Salix × schneideri B.Boivin Salix × scholzii Rouy Salix × schumanniana Seemen
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Salix schwerinii E.L.Wolf Salix sclerophylla Andersson Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook. – Scouler's willow Salix × secerneta F.B.White Salix × semimyrtilloides A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix × seminigricans A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix × semireticulata F.B.White Salix × semiviminalis E.L.Wolf Salix × sendaica Kimura Salix × sepulcralis group – hybrid willows Salix × sepulcralis 'Chrysocoma' – golden weeping willow Salix sericea Marshall – silky willow Salix sericocarpa Andersson Salix × seringeana Gaudin Salix serissima (L.H.Bailey ex Arthur) Fernald – autumn willow Salix serpillifolia Scop. Salix × sesquitertia F.B.White Salix sessilifolia Nutt. Salix setchelliana C.R.Ball Salix shiraii Seemen Salix × sibyllina F.B.White Salix sieboldiana Blume Salix × sigemitui Kimura Salix sikkimensis Andersson Salix silesiaca Willd. Salix silicicola Raup Salix × simulatrix F.B.White Salix × sirakawensis Kimura Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong. – Sitka willow Salix × sobrina F.B.White
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Salix songarica Andersson Salix spathulifolia Seemen Salix × speciosa Host Salix sphaeronymphe Goerz Salix sphenophylla A.K.Skvortsov Salix staintoniana A.K.Skvortsov Salix starkeana Willd. Salix stolonifera Coville Salix stomatophora Flod. Salix × straehleri Seemen Salix × strepida J.Forbes Salix × subglabra A.Kern. Salix subopposita Miq. Salix × subsericea Döll Salix suchowensis W.C.Cheng Salix × sugayana Kimura Salix sumiyosensis Kimura Salix taiwanalpina Kimura Salix × tambaensis Koidz. & Araki Salix × taoensis Goerz ex Rehder & Kobuski Salix taraikensis Kimura Salix tarraconensis Pau Salix taxifolia Kunth – yewleaf willow Salix × taylorii Rech.f. Salix tengchongensis C.F.Fang Salix tenuijulis Ledeb. Salix × teplouchovii R.I.Schröd. ex Wolkenst. Salix × tetrapla Walk. Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Salix × thaymasta Kimura Salix thomsoniana Andersson Salix thorelii Dode Salix thurberi Rowlee Salix tianschanica Regel Salix tibetica Goerz ex Rehder & Kobuski
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Salix × tomentella A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix tonkinensis Seemen Salix tracyi C.R.Ball Salix triandra L. – almond willow Salix triandroides W.P.Fang Salix tschujensis (Bolsch.) Baikov Salix tschuktschorum A.K.Skvortsov Salix turanica Nasarow Salix turczaninowii (Laksch.) Salix × turfosa A.Camus & E.G.Camus Salix turnorii Raup Salix × turumatii Kimura Salix tweedyi (Bebb) C.R.Ball Salix tyrrellii Raup Salix tyrrhenica Brullo, F.Scelsi & Spamp. Salix udensis (Wimm.) Trautv. & C.A.Mey. Salix uralicola I.V.Belyaeva Salix uva-ursi Pursh – bearberry willow Salix variegata Franch. Salix vestita Pursh – silky willow Salix × viciosorum Sennen & Pau Salix viminalis L. – common osier Salix vinogradovii A.K.Skvortsov Salix vulpina Andersson Salix × waghornei Rydb. Salix waldsteiniana Willd. Salix × wiegandii Fernald Salix wilhelmsiana M.Bieb. Salix × wimmeri A.Kern. Salix wolfii Bebb Salix × woloszczakii Zalewski Salix × wrightii Andersson Salix wuxuhaiensis N.Chao Salix × wyomingensis Rydb.
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Salix xanthicola K.I.Chr. Salix zangica N.Chao
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References Salix Salix
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Richard Bede McCosker (born 11 December 1946) is a former Australian cricketer. McCosker played in 25 Test matches and 14 One Day Internationals in a career spanning 1975 to 1982, playing as a right hand batsman. He is well remembered for playing in the 1977 Centenary Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground after he had his jaw broken by a bouncer off Bob Willis in the 1st innings. In the second innings he batted at number ten in bandages with his jaw wired shut, making 25, and 54 for the ninth wicket in partnership with Rod Marsh. Australia won the match by 45 runs. He also played in the World Series Cricket team, and was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1976. He is depicted by Aidan March in the Channel 9 series Howzat! Kerry Packer's War. Career McCosker was born in Inverell. He moved to Sydney aged 21 to work in a bank. It took him six years to graduate from grade cricket to the NSW side. He was selected as 12th man for NSW in 1973-74
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He scored a century in his debut first class game. Test Debut McCosker started the 1974-75 brilliantly scoring 682 runs. He was picked in the Australian side for the fourth test against England replacing Wally Edwards. He scored 80 in the first innings, but was injured and did not bat in the second. In the fifth test he made 35 and 11. In the 6th he scored 0 and 76. He was picked in the squad to tour England to play the World Cup and a four-test series. 1975 Ashes In the World Cup, McCosker scored 73 against Sri Lanka. 0 against the West Indies, 15 against England in the semi final and 7 in the final. McCosker's scores in the first three tests of the 1975 ashes were 59, 29 and 79, and 0 and 95 not out. He was 95 not out with one day to play the test was abandoned due to the pitch being vandalised. In the fourth test however he managed to score 127, his debut test century.
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1975-76 Season At the beginning of the 1975–76 season McCosker was appointed captain of NSW when Doug Walters was injured. McCosker scored 1 and 2 in the first test against the West Indies. He followed this with 0 and 13 and 4 and 22. McCosker was dropped in favour of Graham Yallop. "I am sure Rick is good enough to fight his way back into the team", said Greg Chappell. "He'll appreciate the break after 12 months of high-pressure international cricket". However he was back in the team for the 6th test making 21 and 109. He made 0 in a one-day international against the West Indies. 1976-77 Season Against Pakistan, McCosker made 65 and 42, 0 and 105, and 8 and 8. In New Zealand he made 37 and 77 not out in the first test and 84 in the second.
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Centenary Test In the first innings he hooked a ball for four, then broke his jaw off a Bob Willis bouncer when he got out. In the second innings Australia were in a strong-ish position but McCosker went out to bat with a broken jaw. He scored 25 putting on 54 with Rod Marsh in a ten wicket stand. The runs would prove crucial when Australia won by 45 runs. "One of the Indians would have done that," said McCosker later. "One of the Englishmen would have done that. Randall in his innings, he got sconed by Lillee. He just got up and continued to bat. So you just do it... If you get kicked off a horse, you get back on again. Also because it was such a big match and such a big crowd, I wanted to be a part of it. And do something. Not just sit in the dressing room. Anyway, the guys would have been pretty sick of the sight of me in the change room. It was pretty ugly." 1977 Ashes McCosker toured England in 1977. His jaw had to be rewired.
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During the tour it came out that he had signed to play World Series Cricket. In the first test he scored 23 and, . 2 and 0, 51 and 107, 27 and 12 and 32. World Series Cricket McCosker played two series of World Series Cricket. This included going on the 1978 tour of the West Indies, replacing Ian Davis. On that tour he broke a finger but recovered to score 95 in a one-day international. McCosker later said he enjoyed World Series Cricket. "I played a standard of cricket that I don't think I would have played otherwise", he said. "It was such a strenuous program of cricket at such a high standard over a long period of time. It was professional ... I like the ideals of amateurism, but that doesn't pay the bills and provide you with a future.. Probably the worst thing was being barred from playing Sheffield Shield cricket". Post World Series Cricket 1979-80 McCosker was appointed NSW captain at the start of the 1979–80 season.
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He was recalled to the Australian test side for the first Test against the West Indies and in the one day team. He made 1 in an ODI and 14 and 33 in the test. He was dropped but scored 123 against WA in a Shield game and another century against Tasmania. McCosker was recalled to the test side when Bruce Laird was injured for the second test against England. He made 1 and 41. He was kept on for the third test and made 33 and two. It was McCosker's last Test for Australia. In one day games he made one, 44 and 95 against the West Indies. McCosker announced himself unavailable for the 1980 tour of Pakistan. He was overlooked for the 1980 tour of England, even though pundits had thought he would be selected.
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1980-81 McCosker was kept as NSW captain for the 1980–81 season. He played well for NSW, taking part in a 319 run partnership with John Dyson against WA, and thought he was an "outside chance" of making the test team. It did not happen - McCosker was overlooked for selection on the 1981 tour of England as well. 1981-82: International Recall McCosker was appointed captain of NSW for 1981-82 initially just for one game. By this stage he was living and working in Newcastle. McCosker ended up captaining NSW for the whole season. McCosker had a strong season, scoring five centuries by December including a century in each innings against Victoria. McCosker was back in the Australian one day team in 1981–82, replacing an injured Graeme Wood. He scored 20 against the West Indies, 13 against Pakistan, and 18 against the West Indies.