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1480_7 | Setup
Setup and configuration is kept to a bare minimum because of the bottom-up approach utilized in the self-organizing network. There is no notion of a coordinator or network manager entity compared to technologies such as Zigbee or WirelessHART. This reduces the effort spent on setup and maintenance.
Autonomy
When MyriaNed is used for specific applications, the ultimate implementation is based on a large set of autonomous devices which make their own autonomous decisions (e.g. controlling actuators) based on the available information that travels through the network by gossiping dissemination. The sum of all individual behaviors of the network nodes reflect the emergent behavior of the system as a whole, which is the systems application.
Costs
MyriaNed has an extremely small stack, uses low calculation power and does not need a large amount of energy. Therefore, it can be run on a simple microcontroller and small sized battery. This makes the costs of a single node very low. |
1480_8 | DevLab members work with a single chip solution in which the radio and microcontroller are integrated. This chip with an attached battery is smaller than a 2 euro coin.
Installation and expansion of networks using the MyriaNed protocol is very cost efficient as well. There is no need for addressing and the information in the network is synchronized over time with added nodes. Therefore, no additional costs have to be made (like gateways/setup/bridges) in order to install or expand the network.
Applications
Because of the structure of MyriaNed there is no need for different profiles for market applications. Different applications can run next to each other without interfering. Instead they will only help each other by increasing the density of the network. Every DevLab member is free to use MyriaNed in whatever market they want. This has resulted in many interoperable devices in completely different applications. |
1480_9 | Present implementations
Chess Wise, one of the companies behind DEVLAB, used the MyriaNED technology as an early base for Mymesh, their network protocol. This technology is used to connect, control and analyze thousands of devices simultaneously within demanding environments.
See also
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
WirelessHART
DASH7
EnOcean
ZigBee
Z-Wave
References
External links
Wireless
Network protocols |
1481_0 | Alicia Kay Hollowell-Dunn (born February 29, 1984) is an American, former collegiate four-time All-American, retired professional softball pitcher and assistant coach. She played college softball at Arizona Wildcats softball from 2003 to 2006, collecting 144 career wins and 1,768 strikeouts, both top-10 NCAA career records. She currently holds the Arizona Wildcats records for career strikeouts, shutouts and innings pitched, in addition to the Pac-12 Conference wins and strikeout ratio records. Hollowell won the 2006 Women's College World Series. |
1481_1 | She was drafted fifth overall by the Arizona Heat in the National Pro Fastpitch but went on to play for the Akron Racers in 2007, leading them to the championship series before serving as an alternate for the United States women's national softball team at the 2008 Summer Olympics. For her collegiate career, Hollowell is one of five NCAA Division I pitchers to win 100 games, strikeout 1,000 batters, with a sub-1.00 ERA and average double digit strikeouts. Hollowell has been named by Tucson, Arizona sportswriters as #6 Best Arizona Wildcat Softball Player; voted by Arizona fans as the #1 Best Pitcher; selected #10 Best Division I Pitcher by the NCAA. Finally she was named a pitcher on the Pac-12 All-Century Team. |
1481_2 | Fairfield High School
Hollowell holds the national high school record for strikeouts in a single game with 61, collected in a 30-inning game against Woodland High School that started on May 25, was suspended, then concluded four days later on May 29; she took 364 pitches to accomplish the feat, five more than opposing pitcher Kelly Anderson, and gave up just 10 hits. Her performance bettered DeeDee Weiman's previous record of 53 strikeouts in a 29-inning game between Cerritos Gahr High School and Lakewood St. Joseph High School in 1986; in that same game, Lisa Fernandez struck out 48 batters (the fourth best high school outing) for Lakewood. |
1481_3 | Hollowell also holds the Fairfield High School records for strikeouts in a career and strikeouts in a season. She earned the MVP Award all four years of her high school career, as well as being named First-Team All-State and All-Conference. She was also named the Gatorade State Player of The Year for 2001–2002, the Gatorade National Softball Player of The Year for 2002, and the State Player of The Year also in 2002.
Finally, for Hollowell's career, she currently ranks top-5 with national high school records in strikeouts (2,238, first place); season strikeouts (641 & 636 in 2000 and 2001); perfect games (14); no-hitters (43); shutouts (111) and ERA (0.08).
University of Arizona |
1481_4 | 2003: Freshman Year
Hollowell earned Pac-10 Newcomer of the Year along with all-conference honors and a First-Team All-American selection. Her season total of 394 strikeouts topped the school record of 366, set by Jennie Finch the previous season; her total of 40 wins also broke Becky Lemke's previous school rookie record of 25 and was the best total nationally in 2003, while both totals led the Pac-10. She also tied the school season record for shutouts, a career best. |
1481_5 | Hollowell made her official debut with a two-hit shutout, fanning 11 vs. the FAU Owls on January 31. She also pitched three no-hitters in her opening season, the first coming on February 8 vs. Wisconsin Badgers. Beginning on February 22 with a run-rule win of the Virginia Cavaliers, Hollowell had the longest scoreless inning streak of her career: 59.1 innings pitched, over 11 games (6 complete) and 10 wins. The streak was snapped in 5–2 win vs. the Cal State Fullerton Titans on March 22 when they scored in the third inning. Hollowell won back-to-back games against the No. 1 UCLA Bruins on April 5–6, going 14-innings and surrendering just one run, 6 hits and four walks. |
1481_6 | Hollowell led the Wildcats to a No. 1 seed at the World Series with her 38–3 win-loss record. In her debut at the Women's College World Series, Hollowell pitched all of Arizona's games and left with a 2–2 record, falling in the semifinals. In her third game against California Golden Bears she struck out 17 in a 3–2 loss, her best showing at the WCWS until 2006. Hollowell was also a WCWS All-Tournament Team honoree. |
1481_7 | 2004: Sophomore Year
Hollowell broke her own school records for strikeouts and wins with career bests 508 and 41 respectively. She earned Pac-10 "Pitcher of the Week" honors 5 times, for the weeks of February 17 – February 23, February 24 – March 1, March 2 – March 8, March 16 – March 22 and May 11 – May 16. Hollowell also repeated all-season honors including Pac-10 Pitcher of the Year for achieving the pitching Triple Crown, leading the conference in wins, ERA and strikeouts (was the fourth pitcher to earn the distinction). Her career best strikeout ratio of 12.1 led the NCAA Division I. Hollowell was also named one of three finalists for USA Softball Collegiate Player of the Year and the Honda Sports Award for softball. |
1481_8 | Holowell threw two no-hitters, including one perfect game, a 6–0 win over the Indiana Hoosiers on March 6. In that game, she struck out a career and school best 20 of 21 batters faced to break Becky Lemke's single-game school record of 19 from March 11, 2000. In doing so, she also set the NCAA second-most strikeouts overall for a regulation game, behind only Michele Granger's total of 21 from 1991. This game also began an 18 consecutive strikeout streak: Hollowell finished the game fanning 13 straight batters. In a win over the UTEP Miners on March 7, she got a save by throwing a perfect inning and striking out all three batters faced. In her second no-hitter against the Missouri Tigers on March 12, she began the game striking out the first two batters before the streak ended with a ground ball to the mound. The perfect game was just the third in University of Arizona history, and the first since April 18, 1993; Hollowell was also only the second pitcher in UA history to throw a |
1481_9 | perfect game, as the preceding two had both been pitched by Susie Parra, in 1992 and 1993. In addition, she also would throw 19 consecutive hitless innings over the same period as this perfect game. On February 29 to begin the streak, she got a win over Stanford Cardinal and closed out the game with 1.1 hitless innings. Against Missouri, she would also throw two hitless innings in the second match-up of the series before retiring the first two Tigers in the finale on March 14 to complete the feat; both of the streaks were career highlights. Finally, around all of this, Hollowell also put together a career best 32 consecutive game wins streak (NCAA 5th best) from opening day on February 6 until it was snapped in a one-run loss to the Oregon Ducks on April 25. For the streak, Hollowell collected 389 strikeouts and maintained a 0.73 ERA and allowed 80 hits and 48 walks in 209.0 innings. |
1481_10 | 2005: Junior Year
Hollowell threw 8 no-hitters (tied second for an NCAA season and the Junior Class records), three of them perfect games (also an NCAA season and Junior Class record), within her first 16 starts of the 2005 season. Hollowell again earned all-season honors from both the Pac-10 and the NCAA, as a Second Team honoree. She led the conference in ERA for a second consecutive season.
In one of Hollowell's no-hit performances vs. the Louisiana Tech Lady Techsters, she recorded her 1,000th career strikeout on February 26. The next day, she passed Jennie Finch's school record of 1,028 career strikeouts in a 1–0 win over Baylor Bears on February 27. Hollowell and Cat Osterman combined for 34 strikeouts at 11 and 23 respectively on March 17 for an NCAA top-10 record; the Wildcats lost 1–0. On April 2, she won her 100th career game in a 4–2 victory over the California Golden Bears. |
1481_11 | Arizona and Hollowell made it back to the World Series but a title remained elusive. In game three for the Wildcats, Cat Osterman and the Texas Longhorns waged an 11-inning battle where Hollowell was brought in to relieve starter Leslie Wolfe, and the two combined for 30 strikeouts (a new WCWS record for combined strikeouts) before Arizona was sent home. Tracy Compton and Lisa Ishikawa of UCLA and Northwestern respectively held the record at 28 from 1984; the new record was tied in 2011. |
1481_12 | 2006: Senior Year
Hollowell earned her final all-season honors and was again a finalist for National Player of the Year to accompany four no-hitters and a career best WHIP. Hollowell won her 120th career NCAA Division I game on February 25, beating Ohio State Buckeyes to tie Britni Sneed and Sarah Dawson for 6th place on the all-time wins list; on March 3, she beat Long Beach State 49ers to pass Sneed and Dawson and take sole possession of 6th place. She then beat the Baylor Bears in 5-innings on March 10 to record her 124th win and tie Nancy Evans' school record for fifth place on the all-time list. Two days later, she beat Baylor again to pass Evans and take over 5th place. Her 125th victory also gave her the career wins record for the Arizona Wildcats. |
1481_13 | On April 14, Hollowell and Arizona State Sun Devils sophomore Katie Burkhart dueled for 10 innings, combining for the NCAA Division I single game 4th most combined strikeouts, at 15 and 22 respectively for a total of 37; Arizona lost 4–2. The combined total now stands 5th all-time for a single game. |
1481_14 | Hollowell recorded her 130th and 131st career wins on April 30, beating Washington 2–0 and 10–1 to tie and surpass Keira Goerl for 4th place on the all-time list as well as ownership of the Pac-10 career record. She picked up her 140th career win, beating the Oregon State Beavers 3–2 in 9 innings on opening day at the Women's College World Series to pass Rhonda Wheatley for sole possession of third place for all-time wins. In games two and four at the WCWS, Hollowell beat Cat Osterman 2–0 (the first time in her career) and Monica Abbott 6–0 behind a 14-strikeout, two-hit shutout that eliminated Tennessee. The two pitchers and their teams defeated and eliminated the Wildcats the year prior at the World Series. |
1481_15 | She won her 143rd career game by shutting out the Northwestern Wildcats 8–0 in Game One of the NCAA WCWS Championship on June 5. She won her 144th career game in a second consecutive shutout against Northwestern, 5–0, to finish her college career by winning the 2006 NCAA World Series crown, along with the "Most Outstanding Player" Award and another WCWS All-Tournament selection. Hollowell struck out 13 batters (matching fellow Wildcat Parra's 7-inning 1994 championship game record and setting it in the NCAA new format's deciding game) to reach a total of 64, cracking Debbie Doom's previous series record of 62 from 1982, the total still ranks third. Hollowell would graduate with the distinction of being the first pitcher in the top-10 NCAA Division I strikeouts list to claim a national title; it was the seventh championship for the University of Arizona. |
1481_16 | Overall, Hollowell is tops in Arizona Wildcats career wins, strikeouts, shutouts, innings pitched and strikeout ratio. She also ranks top-10 in ERA. Hollowell is the wins and strikeout ratio queen for the newly named Pac-12 and ranks top-10 in virtually every other career pitching record. Finally, the Wildcat stands fourth in wins, perfect games (4) and no-hitters (17), 6th in strikeouts and shutouts and 7th in strikeout ratio (11.0) for an NCAA Division I career all-time.
Hollowell's prolific career at the WCWS includes an 8-5 record with 138 strikeouts, four shutouts, allowing 11 earned runs, 62 hits and 28 walks for a 0.74 ERA and 0.86 WHIP, averaging 9.2 strikeouts. |
1481_17 | USA National Team
Hollowell was selected early in 2004 to the USA Elite Team and competed at Canada Cup, Champions Cup and the World University Games in September. Altogether Hollowell collected 111 strikeouts, 0.96 ERA in 79.2 innings pitched. Her 62 strikeouts at Canada Cup remains a team-high record. She also recorded a perfect game at University Games, at the time it was the second for any USA Team.
In 2005 Hollowell was named to the National USA Softball Team for the summer. She recorded 6 strikeouts in 3.2 innings, allowing no earned runs at the ISF World Cup of Softball. Team USA earned the silver medal.
Again Hollowell made the roster after her senior season with the Wildcats and pitched 6 more strikeouts allowing no earned runs in 5-inning win at the World Cup. She brought home her first gold medal in late 2006.
The 2007 season with Team USA, Hollowell did not play in any games but won both at World Cup and the Pan American Games. |
1481_18 | During the Bound 4 Beijing Tour, Hollowell held a 4–0 record with 42 strikeouts, 0.00 ERA in 23 innings and 8 appearances on the mound. She was later named an alternate for the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Professional career
Hollowell was drafted in the first round of the 2006 National Pro Fastpitch Senior Draft, the 5th overall pick by the now defunct Arizona Heat. Hollowell took time to finish her studies at Arizona and serve as an Undergraduate Assistant Coach before she eventually signed on with the Akron Racers for the 2007 season. |
1481_19 | Following her tryout at the USA National Women's Softball camp for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Hollowell made her professional debut on June 21, 2007 against the Rockford Thunder and fellow USA teammate and college rival Cat Osterman; she struck out 12 batters in the 7-inning win. In her lone season, she posted a 6–5 record, 70 strikeouts in 70.1 innings pitched with 15 runs on 50 hits and 18 walks issued; Hollowell led her team to second place in the regular season standings and a spot at the Championship Series. The Racers lost both of their starting games, including one to championship runner-up Rockford Thunder. |
1481_20 | Personal
Hollowell has coached at two universities since 2007. That year, she was an assistant at Arizona. In August 2009, the University of California, Davis hired her as an assistant coach. Hollowell rejoined the Arizona Wildcats in 2011 in an operational role. She was promoted to Assistant Coach in the later half of the 2012 season and aims to continue her efforts.
Hollowell was named to ESPN Rise's All-Decade Team in 2009.
Hollowell was inducted into the University of Arizona's Athletic Hall of Fame on November 4, 2011.
In the fall of 2014, Hollowell left the Wildcat program to pursue other goals outside softball.
Career statistics
References
Links
NCAA Division I softball career wins list
NCAA Division I softball career strikeouts list
NCAA Division I softball career -1.00 ERAs list |
1481_21 | External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20120923065626/http://www.arizonawildcats.com/sports/w-softbl/ariz-w-softbl-body.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20120920075839/http://pac-12.com/Sports/Softball.aspx
1984 births
Living people
Arizona Wildcats softball players
Pan American Games competitors for the United States
People from Fairfield, California
People from Suisun City, California
Softball players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Softball players from California
Women's College World Series Most Outstanding Player Award winners
21st-century American women |
1482_0 | PMB is a fully featured open source integrated library system. It is continuously developed and maintained by the French company PMB Services.
Features
PMB follows the rules of the library science. The software provides 4 essential features :
the library management,
the watch and the documentary products,
the publication of editorial content
the electronic document management.
It provides an integrated portal of news and management of Web 2.0 content and is the only ILS that doesn't use a third-party CMS for the management of the portal.
It is multilingual (100% English & French, 80% Spanish and Italian) and even supports Arabic (translation and UTF8 support) since its 3.0.5 version of November 2006. The latest 4.2 version of July 2015 includes a watch unit (Watch&Share) and allows geo-referencing of the collections and several other improvements to the software.
Size |
1482_1 | The software is used with collections up to around 500 000 records. Tests are done with 2 million records to show its capacity to manage bigger collections. It is regularly installed in public libraries networks of 10 to 15 sites.
Interoperability
PMB allows to use the Z39.50 protocol (in order to import bibliographic records that can be directly integrated in the database from different servers). It manages the UNIMARC cataloguing format and the ISO 2709 record exchange format. It also includes the XML data format. PMB is also OAI server and client. The user's database can be connected to an LDAP directory or any other base of users reachable by web services. It has an API allowing to integrate it into an existing information system. The integration of PMB into a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is functional in many French academies.
Units/Modules |
1482_2 | PMB is divided in two modules: the management module and the portal module (or OPAC). The management module includes specific functions for the librarian: circulation (loan/return), catalogue, authorities, editions, SDI (Selective Dissemination of the Information and the watch module Watch&Share), acquisitions, CMS and administration. PMB comes with a user request management feature since 2009. It can, moreover, be completed by the preset addition of an extensions module. At the start, the software was providing a specialized user interface on the catalogue : the OPAC. An improvement to the software in 2012 added a CMS feature offering the ability to make highly customizable portals.
Requirements
It is a web application, based on a web server platform (Apache, Microsoft IIS) + PHP + MySQL or MariaDB, which can therefore work on Linux, Mac OS X or Microsoft Windows .
PMB has its own search engine, supporting phonetic searches without needing any complementary search engine. |
1482_3 | PMB is written using PHP programming language. It requires:
PHP
Apache web server
MySQL database
Web browser
Documentary languages
PMB can integrate different sorting plans: DEWEY, UDC, PCDM or any other custom sorting plan. It includes the management of several thesauri, a feature that is actually in use with thesauri such as: PRISME, BDSP, MOTBIS, DELPHES, Thesaurus du Management, Vie culturelle, etc. It comes with a management of concepts allowing it to respect the ISO 25964-1 standard and therefore the use of indexation languages like RAMEAU or MeSH. It also allows the total implementation of the FRBR model.
Users
PMB is used by big institutions such as local communities, ministries, the constitutional council, regional councils, metro-poles, the Academy of Rennes and every documentation center of Brittany.
Many public libraries networks, secondary schools, the ONISEP (a French work and study information institute) and the INSEE have chosen the software PMB. |
1482_4 | The group Radio France has joined the community of PMB users in 2015 for an FRBR migration of its library (including musical partitions).
PMB also equips private groups such as law offices, Grandes écoles, internationally known fashion groups etc.
According to the annual survey of Livres-Hebdo, PMB was the third Integrated library system in France in 2005 in terms of number of installations with 165 installations. Next years' surveys showed the fast progression of the free software in many structures. Since 2011, PMB Services refuses to take part to this survey : the numbers given to Marc Maisonneuve weren't correctly reused and there was an amalgam made with the software BCDI, yet not a free software. |
1482_5 | On 1 January 2015, there was more than 6 000 operational installations in the world, for collections sizes going from 300 records to 500 000. Big companies such as Alstom or Orange S.A. now use more free solutions such as PMB. Since 2012, the software is running in a higher education network in Belgium, HENAM-HENALLUX, with more than 400 000 online searchable records.
In France, PMB Services claims to have more than 1 800 clients. The company's official website lists most of them and links their online catalogues. |
1482_6 | History |
1482_7 | In its early beta versions, the software was called PhpMyBibli. It has been launched by François Lemarchand (director of the Library of Agneaux) in October 2002. The cataloguing and the application's base have been created during the autumn 2002, followed a bit later by the serials management module. In 2003, Eric Robert, an IT engineer fighting for the free software joins PMB founder François Lemarchand. He then develops the loan module, the Unimarc imports, the statistic files and the Z39.50 client. It is in December 2003, for a presentation at an international conference in Rabat that the 1.0 version was released. PMB then officially becomes an integrated library system (ILS). The OPAC (the user interface) appeared this year too, developed by Gautier Michelin and Christophe Bliard. The most involved developers at this date (Eric Robert, Gautier Michelin and Florent Tétart) then created the company PMB Services to professionalize the software and to offer the services necessary for |
1482_8 | interested libraries or companies. The society provides services like training and installation of the software (local or hosted) along with all the support services needed to implement the software: local installation or SaaS mode, migration or recovery of data, set up, training, construction and design of the portal. The first library to be equipped with PMB was the library of Bueil-en-Touraine (in France). The version 4.1 has been downloaded more than 38 000 times. The 4.2 is available since 24 July 2015 and has been downloaded 2272 times on 15 September. |
1482_9 | Development
PMB was initially licensed under GNU General Public License, which ensures the free availability of the software. Wiki, mailing lists and BerliOS hosting facilities allow communication between PMB developers and users. PMB is now licensed under CECILL free licence, that ensures legal security in France and other countries with similar legal systems.
See also
List of free and open source software packages
Notes
References
External links
PMB Website
Bibliography
Library automation
PHP software
Free library and information science software |
1483_0 | The Algerian Space Agency (), (ASAL) was established on in Bouzareah, Algiers. The agency is in charge of the Algerian space program. ASAL has flown five different satellites.
Objectives
ASAL targets to :
Propose to the Government the elements of a national strategy in the field of space activity and ensure their implementation;
Establish a space infrastructure to strengthen national capacities;
Implement the annual and multi annual programs to develop national space activities related to the various sectors concerned and to ensure the monitoring and evaluation;
Propose to the Government best suited to national concerns and provide space systems, on behalf of the state, their design, implementation and operation;
Provide the Government a policy of bilateral and multilateral cooperation geared to national needs;
Monitoring and evaluation of the commitments arising from the obligations of the state in regional and international agreements in the fields of space activity. |
1483_1 | Composition
The Algerian Space Agency consists of a central structure and four operational entities that are: Center of Space Techniques (CTS), Space Applications Center (SAC), Satellite Development Center (SDC), and Telecommunications Systems Operating Center (TSOC) .
International cooperation
In order to achieve the objectives set out under the National Space Program, the Algerian Space Agency has carried out bilateral and multilateral cooperation actions with space forces on the one hand and emerging countries on the other And developing countries.
Bilateral cooperation
Regarding bilateral cooperation, the Algerian Space Agency signed: |
1483_2 | 3 government cooperation agreements signed with Argentina (CONAE), France (CNES), and Ukraine (NSAU);
A non-government cooperation agreement signed with UK based Wisscom Aerospace in March 2018;
Memorandums of Understanding and Cooperation with space agencies of Russia (Roscosmos), China (CNSA), the United Kingdom (UK Space Agency), Germany (DLR), India (ISRO), Syria (GORS) and Argentina (CONAE);
In addition, 3 governmental agreements are being finalized, with Russia (Roscosmos), South Africa (SANSA) and China (CNSA).
Multilateral cooperation
Concerning multilateral cooperation, the Algerian Space Agency has undertaken the following actions:
Under the United Nations
Since the accession of Algeria to the Committee on the Pacific Uses of the Outer Space (COPUOS) of the Nations in 2002, Algeria has ratified three agreements, namely the Atmospheric Space Treaty, the Space Liability Convention and the Registration Convention. |
1483_3 | As such, the Algerian space agency actively participates regularly in the activities initiated by the United Nations Office of Space Affairs, notably through:
The presidency of the Scientific and Technical Committee under a framework of the Agency during the biennium 2008-2009;
The signing of a cooperation agreement between the Algerian Space Agency and the Office for Outer Space Affairs (UN-BAS) for the establishment in Algeria of the United Nations regional support office for disaster management And emergency response on the basis of the UN-SPIDER space tool to cover the North African sub-region.
The organization in Algiers international seminars in collaboration with the UN-DOWN:
The use of space technologies for the prevention and management of natural disasters" in May 2005;
International Space Law and National Legislation" in March 2006;
Climate Change and Adaptation in Africa - The Role of Space Technologies in October 2007. |
1483_4 | The Algerian Space Agency also participates, on behalf of Algeria, in the various subsidiary organs of the United Nations, including the Board of Directors of the African Regional Center for Science Technologies in the Space of Nations (CRASTE).
It is in this capacity that the agency was designated for the organization of the 5th session of the Board of Directors of the Center held on 26 June 2012 in Algiers.
In the African context
Algeria, represented by the Algerian space agency, is invited to all conferences and debates around the use of space technologies for sustainable development.
It is as the agency: |
1483_5 | To participate in the four African Conference on Space Science and Technology in 2005 in Abuja (Nigeria) in 2007 in Cape Town (South Africa), in 2009 in Algiers (Algeria) and in 2011 in Mombasa (Kenya), as well as At the 62nd International Astronautical Congress in 2011 in South Africa where she contributed to the animation of two African Space Leaders Round Table and From Space to Earth Challenges and Opportunities.
To organized the 3rd African Conference on Space Science and Technology for Sustainable Development 7 to 9 December 2009 in Algiers.
Algeria, South Africa and Nigeria initiated in 2004, on the sidelines of the work of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) in Vienna, a constellation of satellite observation satellites (ARMC), which culminated in the signing of the ARMC agreement between Algeria, South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria, on 7 December 2009 in Algiers. |
1483_6 | This constellation project aims to contribute to the knowledge and the rational management of the resources essential to the consolidation of the process of development and the fight against poverty initiated through the NEPAD through the daily coverage in images and the provision of services at a lower cost In a very short time.
In the framework of the Arab league
At the initiative of Algeria, a project for the construction of an Earth Observation Satellite (ASEO) was approved at the 17th Summit of Arab Heads of State held in Algiers in March 2005. Since its launch, this project has been the subject of several stages of discussions and validation as well technical as political and institutional.
National Space Program |
1483_7 | Adopted by the Algerian Government on November 28, 2006 and spanning 15 years (2006–2020), with a review every 5 years, the National Space Program (NSP) is the reference instrument for space policy: it is an instrument for the government support for sustainable development and strengthening of national sovereignty.
NSP Application Action Program
Eighty-six (86) projects were selected. They mainly use the use of satellite remote sensing, satellite positioning (GPS, Glonas, Galileo in perspective), space telecommunications services, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), offering to different national sectors Powerful tools for decision-making. These projects are based on: national competences; space systems, national and international image providers and operational entities within the Algerian Space Agency. |
1483_8 | Satellites
Alsat-1 is the first of a series of 05 microsatellite launched under the DMC (Disaster Monitoring Constellation) for the time period of 2002-2005. The objective of the mission is to provide medium resolution multispectral images for monitoring natural disasters as well as other thematic remote sensing applications.
Alsat-1B is a satellite designed for agricultural and disaster monitoring. It was launched on the Indian ISRO PSLV-C35 mission on Monday, September 26, 2016.
Alsat-2A was successfully launched from the Sriharikota site near Chennai (South-East of India) on 12 July 2010, as an Algerian Earth observation satellite . Since its launch, Alsat-2A has provided nearly 30,000 images.
Alsat-2B is similar to Alsat-2A, but integrated in Algeria within the small satellite development center (UDPS) in Oran.
Alsat-1N contains amateur radio payloads and was launched on the Indian ISRO PSLV-C35 mission at 0342 GMT on Monday, September 26, 2016. |
1483_9 | Alcomsat-1 : is the first Algerian communication satellite, it was successfully launched Sunday afternoon, carried by Chinese launcher Long March 3B, from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center.
See also
List of government space agencies
National Space Program (Algeria)
References
External links
Official website
Details for Alsat satellite program on wmo-sat.info
Space agencies
Science and technology in Algeria
Organizations established in 2002
2002 establishments in Algeria |
1484_0 | Paul Poiret (20 April 1879 – 30 April 1944, Paris, France) was a French fashion designer, a master couturier during the first two decades of the 20th century. He was the founder of his namesake haute couture house. His contributions to his field have been likened to Picasso's legacy in 20th-century art. |
1484_1 | Early life and career
Poiret was born on 20 April 1879 to a cloth merchant in the poor neighborhood of Les Halles, Paris. His older sister, Jeanne, would later become a jewelry designer. Poiret's parents, in an effort to rid him of his natural pride, apprenticed him to an umbrella maker. There, he collected scraps of silk left over from the cutting of umbrella patterns, and fashioned clothes for a doll that one of his sisters had given him. While a teenager, Poiret took his sketches to Louise Chéruit, a prominent dressmaker, who purchased a dozen from him. Poiret continued to sell his drawings to major Parisian couture houses, until he was hired by Jacques Doucet in 1898. His first design, a red cloth cape, sold 400 copies. He became famous after designing a black mantle of tulle over a black taffeta, painted by the famous fan painter Billotey. The actress Réjane used it in a play called Zaza, the stage then becoming a typical strategy of Poiret's marketing practices. |
1484_2 | In 1901, Poiret moved to the House of Worth, where he was responsible for designing simple, practical dresses, called "fried potatoes" by Gaston Worth because they were considered side dishes to Worth's main course of "truffles". The "brazen modernity of his designs," however, proved too much for Worth's conservative clientele. When Poiret presented the Russian Princess Bariatinsky with a Confucius coat with an innovative kimono-like cut, for instance, she exclaimed, "What a horror! When there are low fellows who run after our sledges and annoy us, we have their heads cut off, and we put them in sacks just like that." This reaction prompted Poiret to fund his own maison. |
1484_3 | Career expansion
Poiret established his own house in 1903. In his first years as an independent couturier, he broke with established conventions of dressmaking and subverted other ones. In 1903, he dismissed the petticoat, and later, in 1906, he did the same with the corset. Poiret made his name with his controversial kimono coat and similar, loose-fitting designs created specifically for an uncorseted, slim figure.
Poiret designed flamboyant window displays and threw sensational parties to draw attention to his work. His instinct for marketing and branding was unmatched by any other Parisian designer, although the pioneering fashion shows of the British-based Lucile (Lady Duff Gordon) had already attracted tremendous publicity. In 1909, he was so famous, Margot Asquith, wife of British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, invited him to show his designs at 10 Downing Street. The cheapest garment at the exhibition was 30 guineas, double the annual salary of a scullery maid. |
1484_4 | Poiret's house expanded to encompass interior decoration and fragrance. In 1911, he introduced "Parfums de Rosine," named after his daughter, becoming the first French couturier to launch a signature fragrance, although again the London designer Lucile had preceded him with a range of in-house perfumes as early as 1907. In 1911 Poiret unveiled "Parfums de Rosine" with a flamboyant soiree held at his palatial home, attended by the cream of Parisian society and the artistic world. Poiret fancifully christened the event "la mille et deuxième nuit" (The Thousand and Second Night), inspired by the fantasy of a sultan's harem. His gardens were illuminated by lanterns, set with tents, and live, tropical birds. Madame Poiret herself luxuriated in a golden cage. Poiret was the reigning sultan, gifting each guest with a bottle of his new fragrance creation, appropriately named to befit the occasion, "Nuit Persane." His marketing strategy, played out as entertainment, became the talk of Paris. |
1484_5 | A second scent debuted in 1912 – "Le Minaret," again emphasizing the harem theme. |
1484_6 | In 1911, publisher Lucien Vogel dared photographer Edward Steichen to promote fashion as a fine art in his work. Steichen responded by snapping photos of gowns designed by Poiret, hauntingly backlit and shot at inventive angles. These were published in the April 1911 issue of the magazine Art et Décoration. According to historian Jesse Alexander, the occasion is "now considered to be the first ever modern fashion photography shoot," in which garments were imaged as much for their artistic quality as their formal appearance. A year later, Vogel began his renowned fashion journal La Gazette du Bon Ton, which showcased Poiret's designs, drawn by top illustrators, along with six other leading Paris designers – Louise Chéruit, Georges Doeuillet, Jacques Doucet, Jeanne Paquin, Redfern, and the House of Worth. However, notable couture names were missing from this brilliant assemblage, including such major tastemakers as Lucile, Jeanne Lanvin and the Callot Soeurs. |
1484_7 | Also in 1911, Poiret launched the École Martine, a home decor division of his design house, named for his second daughter. The establishment provided artistically inclined, working-class girls with trade skills and income. |
1484_8 | In 1911 Poiret leased part of the property at 109 Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré to his friend Henri Barbazanges, who opened the Galerie Barbazanges to exhibit contemporary art.
The building was beside Poiret's 18th century mansion at 26 Avenue d'Antin.
Poiret reserved the right to hold two exhibitions each year.
One of these was L'Art Moderne en France from 16 to 31 July 1916, organized by André Salmon.
Salmon called the exhibition the "Salon d'Antin".
Artists included Pablo Picasso, who showed Les Demoiselles d'Avignon for the first time, Amedeo Modigliani, Moïse Kisling, Manuel Ortiz de Zárate and Marie Vassilieff.
Poiret also arranged concerts of new music at the gallery, often in combination with exhibitions of new art.
The 1916 Salon d'Antin included readings of poetry by Max Jacob and Guillaume Apollinaire, and performances of work by Erik Satie, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Georges Auric. |
1484_9 | Collapse of the Poiret fashion house |
1484_10 | Early in World War I, Poiret left his fashion house to serve the military. When he returned in 1919, the business was on the brink of bankruptcy. New designers like Chanel were producing simple, sleek clothes that relied on excellent workmanship. In comparison, Poiret's elaborate designs seemed dowdy and poorly manufactured. (Though Poiret's designs were groundbreaking, his construction was not – he aimed only for his dresses to "read beautifully from afar.") In 1922, he was invited to New York to design costumes and dresses for Broadway stars. He took his top designer (France Martano) and an entourage with him, enjoying the elegant life at sea (see photos). New York City, however, was not home and he soon returned to Paris leaving his top designer there in his stead. Back in Paris, Poiret was increasingly unpopular, in debt, and lacking support from his business partners. He soon left the fashion empire he had established. In 1929, the house was closed, its leftover stock sold by the |
1484_11 | kilogram as rags. When Poiret died in 1944, his genius had been forgotten. His road to poverty led him to odd jobs, including work as a street painter, selling drawings to customers of Paris cafes. At one time, the 'Chambre syndicale de la Haute Couture' discussed providing a monthly allowance to aid Poiret, an idea rejected by Worth, at that time president of the group. Only his friend and one of his right hand-designers from his pre-WWI era, France Martano (married name: Benureau), helped him in his era of poverty, when most of Parisian society had forgotten him. At the end of his life, he dined regularly in her family's Paris apartment and she ensured he was not wanting for food. (He'd previously erased her from his memoirs as, after designating her as his long-term replacement to design for Broadway in 1922, he was infuriated that she became an independent couturier upon her return to Paris.) His friend Elsa Schiaparelli prevented his name from encountering complete oblivion, and |
1484_12 | it was Schiaparelli who paid for his burial. |
1484_13 | Aesthetic and legacy
Poiret's major contribution to fashion was his technique of draping fabric, an alternative to the more popular tailoring and use of patterns. Poiret was influenced by both antique and regional dress, and favoured clothing cut along straight lines and decorated with rectangular motifs. The structural simplicity of his clothing represented a "pivotal moment in the emergence of modernism" generally, and "effectively established the paradigm of modern fashion, irrevocably changing the direction of costume history. |
1484_14 | Poiret is associated with the decline of corsetry in women's fashion and the invention of the hobble skirt, and once boasted "yes, I freed the bust, but I shackled the legs." Poiret was not the only one responsible for the change in women's supportive garments, however, and the diminished role of corsetry was a result of various factors. Poiret is often described as an Orientalist, and his creations often drew inspiration from various Eastern styles which were at odds with other fashionable Edwardian modes. In 1911, he held an extravagant fancy-dress ball, 'The 1002nd Night', inspired by the tales of the One Thousand and One Nights, to which he dressed as a Sultan bearing a whip and encouraged guests to dress in Orientalist styles, including harem pants and "lampshade" tunics similar to the one worn by his wife. |
1484_15 | Poiret's fashion designs feature prominently in the collections of fashion museums worldwide, and have been displayed in many exhibitions over the years. One such exhibition was "Paul Poiret and Nicole Groult, The Masters of Art Deco Fashion" (Paul Poiret et Nicole Groult, Maîtres de mode Art Déco) at Palais Galliera in Paris in 1986.
In May 2005, the fashion designer Azzedine Alaïa exhibited Denise Poiret's wardrobe in a show called "Free Creativity" (La Création en Liberté) in his showroom before it was auctioned. Denise Poiret's personal sartorial collection broke sales records: in particular, an auto coat that Paul Poiret had designed for her in 1914 went under the hammer for 110,000 Euros.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York purchased many pieces at this auction sale, which was the core of the first American retrospective on the dressmaker from May to August 2007, entitled Paul Poiret: King of Fashion. |
1484_16 | In 2011, this show traveled to the Kremlin in Russia to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Paul Poiret's visit to Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
Additionally, Poiret's perfumes, the Parfums de Rosine, are preserved in several cultural institutions, including the Osmothèque in Versailles.
In 2013, the Musée International de la Parfumerie in Grasse showcased the pioneering perfume branch of Poiret in an exhibition entitled Paul Poiret: Couturier Perfumer.
Personal life
In 1905, Poiret married Denise Boulet, a provincial girl; they would later have five children together. Denise, a slender and youthful woman, was Poiret's muse and the prototype of la garçonne. In 1913, Poiret told Vogue, "My wife is the inspiration for all my creations; she is the expression of all my ideals." The two later were divorced, in 1928 after twenty-three years of marriage, in a proceeding that was far from amicable due to Poiret's many affairs. |
1484_17 | Brand revival
Commercially inactive since 1933, the Poiret brand has attracted the interest of many. Several owners shared the rights to the brand name until the Luxembourg-based company Luvanis, which specializes in reviving dormant brands, acquired the global trademark rights to Paul Poiret in the early 2010s. Luvanis, now the sole owner of Poiret, asked the London investment bank Savigny Partners to find the most suitable entrepreneur.
The South-Korean fashion and luxury conglomerate Shinsegae International, which also distributes the brands of Givenchy, Céline, Brunello Cucinelli, and Moncler, was thus chosen to reawaken Poiret after a long, careful selection process. Luvanis, convinced by Shinsegae's ambition, creative vision, and respect for the heritage of Poiret, sold it the rights to the brand name in 2015. |
1484_18 | After mounting press speculations, Shinsegae officially confirmed in January 2018 the international relaunch of Poiret from Paris with Belgian businesswoman Anne Chapelle at its helm, and Paris-based Chinese couturiere Yiqing Yin as its artistic director. Poiret is expected to show its first new collection in March 2018 after a 90-year hiatus.
See also
1900s in fashion
1910s in fashion
History of fashion design
List of Orientalist artists
Orientalism
References
External links
Official website of Paul Poiret
Paul Poiret on Vogue
Paul Poiret, King of Fashion exhibition – The Metropolitan Museum of Art – New York City
Poiret garment photographs, 1925-1927 from The Irene Lewisohn Costume Reference Library at the Costume Institute, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
French fashion designers
1879 births
1944 deaths
1900s fashion
1910s fashion
History of clothing (Western fashion)
French military personnel of World War I
Orientalist painters |
1485_0 | , trading as Isuzu (, ), is a Japanese commercial vehicle and diesel engine manufacturing company headquartered in Tokyo. Its principal activity is the production, marketing and sale of Isuzu commercial vehicles and diesel engines.
The company also has a number of subsidiaries and joint ventures, including UD Trucks, Anadolu Isuzu (a Turkish joint venture with Anadolu Group), Sollers-Isuzu (a Russian joint venture with Sollers JSC), SML Isuzu (an Indian venture formerly known as Swaraj Mazda), Jiangxi Isuzu Motors (a Chinese joint venture with Jiangling Motors Company Group), Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia, Isuzu Malaysia (Isuzu HICOM), Isuzu UK, Isuzu South Africa, Isuzu Philippines, Taiwan Isuzu Motors, Isuzu Vietnam, Isuzu Motors India and BYD Isuzu. |
1485_1 | Isuzu has assembly and manufacturing plants in Fujisawa which has been there since the company was founded under earlier names, as well as in the Tochigi and Hokkaidō prefectures. Isuzu-branded vehicles are sold in most commercial markets worldwide. Isuzu's primary market focus is on commercial diesel-powered truck, buses and construction, while their Japanese competitor Yanmar focuses on commercial-level powerplants and generators.
Isuzu diesel engines are used by dozens of vehicle manufacturers, including General Motors.
When written in Chinese characters, the name Isuzu () translates into English as "fifty bells".
History |
1485_2 | Isuzu Motors' history began in 1916, when Tokyo Ishikawajima Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Ltd. planned a cooperation with the Tokyo Gas and Electric Industrial Company to build automobiles. The next step was taken in 1918, when a technical cooperation with Wolseley Motors Limited was initiated, yielding exclusive rights to the production and sales of Wolseley vehicles in East Asia from knock-down kits. In 1919 came the first ever Japan-produced passenger car, a Wolseley model, the Fifteen A9 15/40 НР at the Tokyo Ishikawajima Shipyard at the Fukagawa Factory. The Wolseley sourced CP truck followed two years later; 550 of these were built by 1927. In 1923 Japan was devastated by the Kanto earthquake which made the fledgling transportation infrastructure that was heavily reliant on government-owned railroads unusable due to the twisted tracks. Heavy construction vehicles were imported from the United States companies GMC and Ford to aid in recovery and reconstruction, and the |
1485_3 | company sought to contribute by producing locally built construction and heavy duty vehicles. In 1927 the company introduced its 2-ton load capacity "Sumida P-type truck" equipped with an A6 engine and a 1-ton vehicle "Sumida M-type No. 1 bus" equipped with an A4 engine. The name "sumida" was used from the Sumida River as the factory at Fukagawa was close by. |
1485_4 | In 1929 IHI Corporation, separated part of its manufacturing business and merged with DAT Automobile Manufacturing Inc. (a predecessor of Nissan) and changed its name to Jidosha Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Automobile Industries Co., Ltd.) The names used for the products of this company, marketed as "Sumida" and "Chiyoda", have special significance in Japan. Chiyoda is a district in Tokyo where the Imperial Palace is located, and Sumida refers to a river that flows through Tokyo approximately west of the Imperial Palace. In 1934 the Tsurumi Factory opened under company name Automobile Industry Co., Ltd. and in 1937 Automobile Industries was reorganized and formed into a new company, Tokyo Automobile Industries Co., Ltd. and was founded with a capital of ¥1,000,000. The company continued to manufacture heavy duty trucks and passenger busses, realizing the need to modernize the transportation infrastructure of Japan, and was one of the primary manufacturers for the Imperial Japanese Army along |
1485_5 | with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and had a corporate allegiance to the Yasuda Zaibatsu. One of the vehicles it produced for the war effort was the Sumida M.2593 armored personnel carrier. In 1942, Hino Heavy Industries was split off from Tokyo Automobile Industries, becoming a separate corporation. After the Second World War, the company was finally renamed to Isuzu (after the Isuzu River) in 1949, following a meeting with the Japanese Government's Ministry of Trade and Industry (MITI). |
1485_6 | Etymology
The word Isuzu translated into English means "fifty bells"—hence the focus on "bell" in both the later Bellel and the Bellett. The name was used from the Isuzu River that flows near to the Ise Grand Shrine, one of Japan's most sacred and revered shrines. |
1485_7 | Post World War history
Truck and bus production of the TX40 and TU60 series and the Isuzu Sumida bus resumed in 1945, with the permission of the occupation authorities. and has remained the primary focus of manufacture for the company, along with diesel engine production. In 1958 a factory was built at Fujisawa, Kanagawa, and in 1959 the Isuzu Elf was introduced as a medium duty cab over commercial truck which is still in production, and was also shared with the Isuzu Journey bus. Isuzu continued to maintain its market presence by providing commercial vehicles by introducing the Isuzu TY in 1966. The company is one of the primary manufacturers of commercial duty trucks and busses for public transportation, to include the Isuzu Cubic, Isuzu Gala and the Isuzu Erga along with the Isuzu Giga. |
1485_8 | Corporate Partnerships |
1485_9 | Beginning in 1953 the Hillman Minx passenger car is produced under license of Rootes Group giving the company a passenger car to compete with other Japanese manufacturers, realizing that their resources were limited and therefore sought out international partnerships. The Minx remained in production until 1962, after the 1961 introduction of Isuzu's first passenger car, the Bellel, and later the sports coupe Isuzu 117 Coupé. Being a small producer making cars which were somewhat too large and pricey for the Japanese market at the time, Isuzu spent some time looking for a commercial partner. Under pressure from MITI, who were attempting to limit the number of automobile manufacturers in Japan, a cooperation with Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru) began in 1966. This joint sales-service collaboration was seen as the first step towards an eventual merger. The Subaru 1000 was even shown in Isuzu's 1967 annual vehicle brochure, as a suitable complement to the larger Isuzu lineup. This tie-up |
1485_10 | was over by 1968, when an agreement with Mitsubishi was formed. This ended even more quickly, by 1969, and the next year an equally short-lived collaboration was entered with Nissan. A few months later, in September 1971, what was to prove a more durable capital agreement was signed with General Motors. |
1485_11 | Linking with General Motors |
1485_12 | While the company had a long relationship with GM going back to the 1920s, the first investment of GM taking a 34% stake in Isuzu was seen in 1972, when the Chevrolet LUV became the first Isuzu-built vehicle to be sold in the United States. To symbolize the new beginning, Isuzu also developed a new logo for 1974, with two vertical pillars as stylized representations of the first syllable in いすゞ ("Isuzu"). In 1974 Isuzu introduced the Gemini, which was co-produced with General Motors as the T-body Chevrolet Chevette. A modified version was sold in the United States as Buick's Opel by Isuzu, and in Australia as the Holden Gemini. As a result of the collaboration, certain American GM products were sold to Japanese customers through Isuzu dealerships. Holden's Statesman was also briefly sold (246 examples) with Isuzu badging in Japan during the seventies. Isuzu exports also increased considerably as a result of being able to use GM networks, from 0.7% of production in 1973 to 35.2% by |
1485_13 | 1976; this while overall production increased more than fourfold in the same period. As a result of the GM joint venture, Isuzu engines were also used by existing GM divisions (some USA-market Chevrolet automobiles had Isuzu powertrains e.g. the Chevette and early S10/S15 trucks manufactured prior to 1985). |
1485_14 | In 1981 Isuzu began selling consumer and commercial vehicles under their own brand in the United States. The Isuzu P'Up was the first model sold to consumers as an Isuzu, rather than as a Chevrolet or Buick, along with the Isuzu Piazza sports car. Isuzu's then president Toshio Okamoto then initiated a collaboration with small-car expert Suzuki to develop a global small car for GM, the S-car. A three-way agreement of co-ownership was signed in August 1981, with Isuzu and Suzuki exchanging shares and General Motors taking a 5% share of Suzuki. Following on from this, in 1985 Isuzu and GM established the IBC Vehicles venture in the United Kingdom, producing locally built versions of Isuzu and Suzuki light vans (the Isuzu Fargo and Suzuki Carry); to be sold in the European market under Vauxhall's Bedford brand. During this period Isuzu also developed a worldwide presence as an exporter of diesel engines, with their powerplants in use by Opel/Vauxhall, Land Rover, Hindustan, and many |
1485_15 | others. Two Isuzu model lines (Gemini, Impulse) were marketed as part of the Geo division (Spectrum, Storm) when it was initially launched as a Chevrolet subsidiary. In the domestic Japanese market, OEM deals with other manufacturers were entered to aid the poorly performing passenger car arm. It led to the badging of Suzukis, beginning in 1986, and Subaru small commercial vehicles as Isuzus (Geminett, Geminett II). This OEM tie-up occurred alongside the establishment of SIA (Subaru-Isuzu Automotive), an American joint venture with Fuji Heavy Industries (the parent company of Subaru). Shortly afterwards, the Lafayette, Indiana plant became operational. |
1485_16 | Contraction begins
Isuzu ended US sales of the Impulse (Geo Storm) in 1992, and the following year it stopped exporting the Stylus (the basis for the Geo Spectrum), the last Isuzu-built car sold in the US.
In 1993 Isuzu began a new vehicle exchange program with Honda, whereby Honda sold the Isuzu Rodeo and Isuzu Trooper as the Honda Passport and Acura SLX, respectively. In return Isuzu began selling the Honda Odyssey as the Isuzu Oasis. Thus, Honda's lineup gained two SUVs, and Isuzu's lineup gained a minivan. In the Japanese market, the Gemini (Stylus) was now a rebadged Honda Domani and the Aska (originally based on the GM J-car) was a Honda Accord. |
1485_17 | Isuzu's United States sales reached a peak in 1996 after the introduction of the Isuzu Hombre pickup, a badge-engineered GM truck (using the sheetmetal of the Brazil-market Chevrolet S10). Isuzu resurrected the beloved Amigo in 1998, before changing the name of the 2-door convertible to Rodeo Sport in 2001 in an attempt to associate it with the better selling 4-door Rodeo. The new Axiom launched in 2001, with the fictional salesman Joe Isuzu from 1980s advertising campaigns brought back to promote it. Isuzu sales began to slide due to the aging of the Rodeo and Trooper, and poor management and a lack of assistance from GM. The Rodeo Sport was discontinued in 2003, while production of the Rodeo and Axiom ceased a year later. By this point sales in North America had slowed to just 27,188, with the discontinued Rodeo and Axiom making up 71% of that total. |
1485_18 | In 1998 GM and Isuzu formed DMAX, a joint venture to produce diesel engines. GM raised its stake in Isuzu to 49% the following year, effectively gaining control of the company, and quickly followed this up by appointing an American GM executive to head Isuzu's North American Operations. This marked the first time a non-Japanese executive had held such a high position at Isuzu. In 2001 GM and Isuzu announced plans to share distribution networks and for Chevrolet to market an Isuzu product.
The production version of the heralded VehiCROSS was introduced to the US in 1999, but met with mixed reviews, as its high pricetag, unique styling and two-door configuration did not seem to meet with market demands. Production of the VehiCROSS and other sport utility vehicles, including the Trooper, ended in 2001 as part of a major financial reorganization which eliminated almost 10,000 jobs. GM had been pushing the company to focus exclusively on producing commercial vehicles and engines. |
1485_19 | The number of Isuzu dealerships in the US began a rapid decline, and by 2005 had only 2 models: the Ascender (a re-badged GMC Envoy) and the i-series pickup truck (a rebadged Chevrolet Colorado). At this point, Isuzu in the US was primarily a distributor of medium duty trucks such as the N-series, sourced both from Japan and US plants in Janesville, Wisconsin and Flint, Michigan. Isuzu had 290 light-vehicle dealers in the US in August 2006, and sold an average of just two Ascenders per dealer per month, and rumors of Isuzu's withdrawal from the US market were rampant. Plans to introduce a new Thai-built SUV for 2007 were shelved when Isuzu Motors Limited decided that a new SUV would be too risky, instead proceeding with the launch of the i-series trucks. Despite extremely low sales figures of 12,177 passenger vehicles for 2005 (with leftover Axiom and Rodeos making up 30% of this), Isuzu Motors America announced its first profit in years, mainly due to restructuring cuts. |
1485_20 | In early 2002, Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru's parent company) bought Isuzu's share of Lafayette, Indiana plant, and Subaru Isuzu Automotive (SIA) became Subaru of Indiana Automotive. After 8 years of heavy Honda Passport sales and light Isuzu Oasis sales, Honda and Isuzu cooperatively ended their vehicle exchange agreement in 2001. The Oasis was dropped, and Honda replaced the Passport with the Pilot. 2001 was Isuzu's last year for passenger vehicles in Canada, as Isuzus in Canada were mostly sold at Saturn-Saab dealerships. In late 2002 Isuzu initiated a recapitalization and debt-for-equity conversion plan to stave off a bankruptcy. GM acquired 20% of DMAX, 60% of Isuzu Motors Polska and Isuzu Motors Germany, and the rights to three types of diesel engine technology from Isuzu. by paying 50 billion yen (about US$425 million). GM also paid 10 billion yen (about US$85 million) for a 12% stake in the recapitalized company. GM wrote off its investment in Isuzu in 2001. |
1485_21 | Production of the 7-passenger Ascender ended in February 2006 with the closure of GM's Oklahoma City Assembly plant, leaving Isuzu with the 5-passenger Ascender, built in Moraine, Ohio and the low-selling i-Series as its only retail products. The company sold just 1,504 vehicles in North America in the first two months of 2006. GM ended its equity investment in Isuzu and sold all its shares to Mitsubishi Corporation, Itochu and Mizuho Corporate Bank; both GM and Isuzu claimed the companies would continue their relationship, but there was no word as of April 12, 2006 on the effect this would have on DMAX operations. |
1485_22 | In June 2006 Isuzu and GM agreed to establish a joint venture called "LCV Platform Engineering Corporation (LPEC)" to develop a new pickup. Isuzu said it would use its engineering expertise to develop the pickup and GM would develop derivatives based on the integrated platform. Mitsubishi Corp became Isuzu's largest shareholder in October 2006, after it converted all the preferred shares in Isuzu it had held since 2005 into common stock, increasing its shareholding from 3.5% to 15.65%. |
1485_23 | In November 2006 Toyota purchased 5.9% of Isuzu, becoming the third largest shareholder behind Itochu and Mitsubishi Corporation, and the two companies agreed to study possible business collaboration focusing on the areas of R&D and production of diesel engines, related emissions-control, and other environmental technologies. In January 2007 Isuzu and General Motors updated the LCV range with a 3.0 litre common rail diesel engine that had far more torque and power than its predecessor. In August 2007 Isuzu and Toyota agreed to develop a 1.6-liter diesel engine for use in Toyota vehicles sold in European markets. At this point, details of development, production and supply of the diesel engine were still under discussion, but in principle, Isuzu would play the leading role, with production scheduled to begin around 2012. |
1485_24 | On January 30, 2008 Isuzu announced its complete withdrawal from the US market, effective January 31, 2009. It would continue to provide support and parts. The decision was due to lack of sales. Some of the lack of sales was blamed on consumer experiences with low quality engines and service. Isuzu had been experiencing a slow decline since the late 1990s. In less than 10 years, they had gone from selling a complete line of cars, trucks, and SUVs, into being a specialized SUV maker, and finally selling only a pair of rebadged, General Motors Trucks. The company continued to sell commercial vehicles in the US.
Isuzu and Toyota shelved development of a clean diesel engine in December 2008. |
1485_25 | On January 29, 2009, Isuzu and GM announced that they were in talks to transfer the operation of the medium-duty truck production line in Flint, Michigan to Isuzu for a five-year period. In June, however, GM announced that these talks failed to reach an agreement, and GM instead ceased production of the Chevrolet Kodiak and GMC Topkick vehicles on 31 July 2009.
In July 2016, Isuzu and Mazda agreed to collaborate to produce the next-generation pickup trucks for Mazda outside of North America.
Isuzu’s plant in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh began operations in 2016.
In August 2018, Toyota sold off its 5.9% stake in Isuzu.
In December 2019, Isuzu announced that it had signed a non-binding memorandum of understanding which would eventually see Volvo sell UD Trucks to them. In November 2020, the companies announced that they have signed the "final agreements", making the memorandum of understanding binding. In April 2021, Isuzu completed UD Trucks acquisition. |
1485_26 | In March 2021, Isuzu, Hino, and Hino's parent Toyota announced the creation of a strategic partnership between the three companies. Toyota acquired a 4.6% stake in Isuzu while the latter plans to acquire Toyota shares for an equivalent value. The three companies said they would form a new joint venture by April called Commercial Japan Partnership Technologies Corporation with the aim of developing fuel cell and electric light trucks. Toyota would own an 80% stake in the venture while Hino and Isuzu would own 10% each.
Market presence |
1485_27 | In most of Asia and Africa, Isuzu is known primarily for trucks of all sizes, after Isuzu dropped all sales of sedans and compact cars in the late 1990s due to plummeting sales. In the days when Isuzu sold passenger cars, they were known for focusing on the diesel-engined niche. In 1983, for instance, long before the explosion in diesel sales, diesels represented 63.4% of their passenger car production. In 2009, Isuzu abandoned the United States consumer market due to lack of sales. Isuzu as a corporation has always been primarily a manufacturer of small to medium compact automobiles and commercial trucks of sizes medium duty and larger, but markets around the world show different needs. |
1485_28 | Isuzu Motors America discontinued the sale of passenger vehicles in the United States on January 31, 2009. The company explained to its dealers that it had not been able to secure replacements for the Isuzu Ascender and Isuzu i-Series that would be commercially viable. Isuzu sold 7,098 cars in the year 2007. This action did not affect Isuzu's commercial vehicle or industrial diesel engine operations in the United States. Isuzu has a contract with Budget Truck Rental to manufacture their rental trucks, shared with Ford, GMC, and Navistar International.
In Australia, Isuzu was for many years a major supplier of light commercial and domestic vehicles to Holden (General Motors). However, by 2008, Holden was sourcing few Isuzus. At this time Isuzu began to sell the D-Max under the Isuzu name. |
1485_29 | Isuzu's entry in the Thai market proved to be one of its most successful. Its presence in the country began in 1966 when it established a manufacturing facility for pick-up trucks in the Samuthprakarn province with a capacity of 155,000 units per year. The automaker quickly became a market leader so that by 2002, the company transferred its production base from its original location in Fujisuwa, Japan to Thailand. Isuzu claimed the largest share of the Thai commercial vehicle market, outperforming its competitors for at least 23 years. By 2006, the company transferred to an industrial zone in Chachoengsao province to support further production expansion. By 2017, Isuzu has been exporting pick-up trucks, with shipments reaching North America, Latin America, Australia, and Japan. In the same year, it announced that its profit climbed 7 percent and has doubled its annual truck production to meet overseas demands.
Subsidiaries and joint ventures |
1485_30 | Japan
The Fujisawa Plant was built and opened for production November 1961. It is located at 8 Tsuchidana, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, and is still producing commercial vehicles for domestic Japanese use and international exports. The Toghichi Plant, located at Hakuchu, Ohira-Machi, Tochigi, Tochigi, is where the engines are currently built. There was a factory at Tono Machi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa Pref. that closed March 2005 that manufactured passenger vehicles.
Mimamori-kun online service
Mimamori-kun, which means to watch, monitor, or observe in Japanese (literally "Mr. Watcher"), is a commercial vehicle telematics service developed by Isuzu Motors for monitoring and tracking commercial vehicle operations and movements in Japan. The service uses GPS satellite tracking services, and began February 2004. It is connected to the internet and provides government mandated driver activity logs, and records how long the driver was on-duty and how much time was spent driving. |
1485_31 | The service also records when the driver took lunch breaks, where the truck stopped and for how long, and when the driver logged off for his duty shift. The service has been modified for personal use in Japan to keep track of family members, to include elderly members of health status and location of children for safety purposes.
Some of the main features include the wireless Internet Digital Tachograph, the first of its kind in Japan, combined with hands-free communication, voice guidance, and text messages displayed from the dispatch office. The system also has a password-enabled vehicle theft prevention feature that will not let the vehicle start without the driver having entered a password. |
1485_32 | International operations
DMAX (engines) - former joint venture with General Motors in United States for production of diesel engines
Ghandhara Industries - joint venture in Pakistan - trucks, buses
Guangzhou Automobile Group Bus - joint venture in China - buses
HICOM Automotive Manufacturers (Malaysia) - joint venture in Malaysia - trucks, SUVs
Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines - joint venture at Kairouan, Tunisia - trucks, SUVs
Isuzu (Anadolu) - joint venture in Turkey - trucks, buses
Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia - joint venture in Indonesia - trucks, SUVs
Isuzu HICOM Malaysia - joint venture in Malaysia - trucks, SUVs
Isuzu Commercial Truck of America, Inc.
Isuzu Malaysia - joint venture in Malaysia - trucks, SUVs
Isuzu Motors de México - joint venture in Mexico - trucks, buses
Isuzu Motors Polska - former joint venture in Poland - diesel engines, taken over by General Motors
Isuzu Motorsports - Australia and Thailand |
1485_33 | Isuzu Philippines - joint venture in the Philippines - trucks, SUVs
General Motors De Portugal-FMAT S.A. at Tramagal near Abrantes (Assembling company of all Bedford and Isuzu medium to heavy diesel trucks and 4X4 Pickup models since the 1960s then vehicles are sent for sale in Portugal and Spain)
The assembling of Isuzu commercial trucks is carried out by the Az Universal Motors which is part of the AzGroup in Azerbaijan.
Isuzu Motors Saudi Arabia - joint venture in Saudi Arabia - trucks, SUVs
Isuzu Truck (UK) - at the former IBC factory Dunstable, England - trucks, SUVs
Isuzu Truck South Africa - joint venture in South Africa - trucks
Isuzu Vietnam - joint venture in Vietnam - trucks, SUVs
Jiangxi Isuzu - joint venture in China - trucks, SUVs
Qingling Motors - joint venture in China - trucks, SUVs
SML Isuzu - joint venture in India, formerly Swaraj Mazda
Sollers-Isuzu - joint venture in Russia - trucks
Thai Rung Union Car - Thailand - assembles SUVs |
1485_34 | Former international operations
Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. - former joint venture in United States, interest sold to Subaru - cars, SUVs
Zexel - Japan - auto components, now part of Bosch
Taiwan Isuzu Motors - former joint venture in Taiwan, disbanded in 2016 - trucks
Isuzu Diesel Engines / Power Train division
Diesel engines are a major part of the Isuzu Motor's business with over 20 million engines worldwide. The diesel power division, known as the PowerTrain Division, of Isuzu Motors America, is located in Plymouth, Michigan.
North American Master Distributors
Southwest Products - Covering California, Nevada and Arizona.
United Engines
Mack Boring Parts
M & L Engine
Isuzu Diesel powered equipment
Ag Equipment
Harrington Seed Destructor
Construction equipment
Paving equipment produced by CRAFCO. It manufacturers a variety of paving equipment that is powered by Isuzu diesel engines.
Passenger, bus and commercial vehicles |
1485_35 | Current passenger vehicles
2002–present, D-Max- pickup truck, a top selling diesel sold in the majority of Isuzu markets (excluding Japan and North America).
2013–present MU-X - SUV, successor of Isuzu MU-7, developed from D-Max.
Current commercial vehicles
Como - light commercial van (rebadged Nissan Caravan)
Elf - light duty truck (N-series)
Erga - low deck heavy duty bus
Erga-J - heavy duty bus
Erga Mio - low deck medium duty bus
Forward - medium duty truck (F-series)
Giga - heavy duty truck (C-series, E-series)
Gala - heavy duty bus
Gala Mio - medium duty bus
Journey - light duty bus
Journey-J - medium duty bus
Reach - commercial van offering over 35 percent better fuel efficiency, assembled by Utilimaster Corporation.
Traga/Traviz - light commercial vehicle
UD Trucks vehicles
From April 2021 onwards, UD Trucks' products are part of the Isuzu company lineup. |
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