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1555_19 | Roanoke's main campus is relatively self-contained with most academic buildings and residence halls built around three quadrangles: the John R. Turbyfill Front Quad, the Back Quad (central campus), and the Athletic Quad, which surrounds the college's newest athletic facilities and residence halls. The campus is lined with brick sidewalks and has been recognized for its landscaping and views of the surrounding mountains. The largest Rock Elm in the United States is located near the library. The only Alice Aycock sculpture in Virginia is on the Back Quad.
Architecture |
1555_20 | The campus architecture is a blend of traditional collegiate and modern styles. The Administration Building, constructed in 1848 with bricks made on-site, and six other buildings, Miller Hall, Trout Hall, Bittle Hall, Monterey House, West Hall, and the Old Salem Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Two of these buildings, the Administration Building and Monterey House, were built by the Deyerle brothers, Joseph and Benjamin Deyerle. The designers of some of the other historic buildings are unknown, but may have also included members of the Deyerle family.
Fintel Library, Colket Student Center, and most residence halls have the traditional style of the older structures. Other newer buildings are more modern; these include Antrim Chapel, the science complex comprising Trexler Hall, Massengill Auditorium, and the Life Science Building, the fine arts building named F. W. Olin Hall, and C. Homer Bast Physical Education and Recreational Center. |
1555_21 | National Register of Historic Places
Seven college buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The buildings, with year of construction, are:
The Administration Building (1848)
Miller Hall (1857)
Trout Hall (1867)
Bittle Hall (1879)
Monterey House (1853)
West Hall (former Roanoke County Courthouse, now owned by the college and named for an alumnus, Francis T. West) (1910)
The Post Office (former Salem city post office, now owned by the college) (1923)
Residence halls
Approximately 70% of the student body resides on campus. Residence halls for freshman students include Bartlett Hall, Smith Hall, Crawford Hall, Marion Hall, Blue Ridge Hall, Shenandoah Hall, and Tabor Hall. Upperclass students reside in Afton Hall, Chalmers Hall, Wells Hall, Yonce Hall, Fox Hall, Catawba Hall, Augusta Hall, Caldwell Hall, Beamer Hall, Ritter Hall, Chesapeake Hall, New Hall, and Elizabeth Hall. |
1555_22 | Wells Hall, Yonce Hall, and Fox Hall, known collectively as "The Sections", are Roanoke's most notable residence halls. Located on the Back Quad, the buildings were constructed in six stages from 1910 to 1958.
President's House
The President's House is in a residential district approximately one-half-mile north of the Roanoke campus on North Market Street. The colonial revival mansion, one of the largest private homes in the area, was constructed in the late 1930s. It was purchased in the mid-1950s by John P. Fishwick, president of the Norfolk and Western Railway and a Roanoke & Harvard Law School alumnus, and was acquired by the college in 1968. Presidents Kendig, Fintel, Gring, O'Hara, and Maxey have lived in the house.
In April 2011, the President's House and its garden were opened to the public during Virginia's Historic Garden Week. Selection of sites to participate is very competitive; only five Roanoke Valley residences were featured in 2011.
Elizabeth Campus |
1555_23 | Additional college facilities, mostly residence halls and athletic fields, are located on the site of Elizabeth College, a Lutheran women's college that closed in 1922. The area, approximately two miles east of the main campus, is referred to as Elizabeth Campus. Houses for Kappa Alpha Order, Pi Kappa Alpha, Pi Lambda Phi and Sigma Chi are on Elizabeth Campus along with Elizabeth Hall, a large residence hall with apartments for non-freshman students.
College Avenue – Main Street
Roanoke acquired three office buildings on College Avenue across from West Hall in 2005–06. The buildings have been renovated to provide classroom and office space for various college departments. With the acquisitions, the Roanoke campus occupies both sides of College Avenue from Main Street north to the traditional campus entrance. |
1555_24 | In 2013, Roanoke purchased two Main Street buildings: the Bank Building, located on the corner of College Avenue and Main Street across from West Hall, and the Old Salem Post Office, located on the corner of Main and Market Streets. Roanoke had leased the bank building for several years preceding the purchase and will continue to use it for academic purposes. The post office building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is the seventh building on the Roanoke campus listed on the national register; it will be renovated for academic use.
Recent construction |
1555_25 | Roanoke opened a new 200-bed residence hall in 2012; the building, the college's second LEED certified building, completes the third quadrangle along with Kerr Stadium and Caldwell, Beamer, and Ritter Halls. The college previously completed an eight-court competition tennis complex on the Elizabeth Campus and a large parking lot on the main campus; the projects replaced existing facilities and made land available for the new residence hall. In addition, McClanahan Hall on the Elizabeth Campus reopened in 2012 as the Sigma Chi house; the Sigma Chi house on the main campus was razed and is now green space. |
1555_26 | Roanoke's most recent major project opened in 2016; the Morris M. Cregger Center is a multi-purpose athletic and recreation center with a 2,500 seat performance arena (basketball and volleyball), a 200-meter indoor track and field facility, athletic department and faculty offices, classrooms, fitness and workout facilities, and a sports medicine clinic. The center is on the north side of campus; Bowman Hall, a large residence hall that opened in 1965, was razed to make land available. Kerr Stadium was incorporated as a part of the western facade so the two facilities form a unified complex; the center overlooks the stadium.
Roanoke, in anticipation of future growth, has purchased a significant number of private homes on Market Street adjacent to campus, which will provide land for expansion.
Athletics |
1555_27 | Roanoke is an NCAA Division III school competing in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference. The college fields varsity teams (known as "Maroons"; the college's athletic colors are maroon and gray) in nine men's and ten women's sports. Roanoke is particularly noted for the strength of its men's lacrosse program and women's track and field.
Roanoke teams have won two national championships: the 1972 NCAA Division II men's basketball championship and the 1978 Division II men's lacrosse championship. In 2001, Roanoke student Casey Smith won an individual national championship in the Division III women's 10,000m track and field event. In 2009, student Robin Yerkes secured Roanoke's fourth national championship when she won an individual championship in the Division III women's 400m track and field event. Yerkes is the most decorated athlete ever to graduate from Roanoke, earning 12 All-American honors in multiple events. |
1555_28 | Roanoke teams have won 101 conference championships (as of May 2013; 47 in men's sports, 54 in women's sports) since the college joined the ODAC as a founding member in 1976. Roanoke has won more conference championships than any other ODAC school in men's lacrosse (18), women's basketball (13), women's lacrosse (10) and softball (8). Roanoke and Hampden–Sydney College are tied for the most conference championships in men's basketball (10).
Notable alumni
Business
John P. Fishwick – president (ret), Norfolk and Western Railway
John McAfee – software entrepreneur; founder of McAfee
John A. Mulheren – Wall Street trader and philanthropist; provided funding for the construction of several Roanoke College buildings
David C. Robinson – movie producer; vice president, Morgan Creek Productions
Stuart T. Saunders – founding chairman, Penn Central Railroad; appeared on the cover of Time in 1968
Education |
1555_29 | Frankie Allen – college basketball player and coach
R. H. W. Dillard – award-winning poet and author; long-time professor of English and creative writing at Hollins University
Carl W. Gottschalk – professor of medicine, University of North Carolina; notable kidney researcher
Lewis Lancaster – Buddhist scholar; professor emeritus, University of California, Berkeley; past president, University of the West
Vernon Mountcastle – neuroscientist who discovered and characterized the columnar organization of the cerebral cortex
Carol Miller Swain – African-American author; Pulitzer Prize nominee in 2002; professor at Vanderbilt University and board member of the National Endowment for the Humanities
Government |
1555_30 | Frederick C. Boucher – United States Representative, Virginia's 9th congressional district, 1983–2011
Walter M. Denny – United States Representative, Mississippi's 6th congressional district, 1895–97
Henry H. Fowler – United States Treasury Secretary, 1965–68
Kim Kyu-shik – Korean independence leader; represented Korea at the Paris peace conference at the end of World War I
James W. Marshall – United States Representative, Virginia's 9th congressional district, 1893–95
George Warwick McClintic – Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, 1921–42
Park Hee Byung – Korean independence leader; worked to end the Japanese annexation of Korea
E. J. Pipkin – member, Maryland State Senate, 2003–13; candidate for United States Senate, 2004
Richard Harding Poff – United States Representative, Virginia's 6th congressional district, 1953–72; Justice, Supreme Court of Virginia, 1972–88
Sam Rasoul - member, Virginia House of Delegates, 2014–present |
1555_31 | Anthony D. Sayre - Justice, Supreme Court of Alabama, 1909-31
Robert Spellane – member, Massachusetts House of Representatives, 2001–11
Frank S. Tavenner, Jr. – United States Attorney, United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, 1940–45
James C. Turk – Judge, United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, 1972-2014
James P. Woods – United States Representative, Virginia's 6th congressional district, 1918–23 |
1555_32 | Other
Walter Compton – radio and television broadcaster and executive
W. A. R. Goodwin – rector of Bruton Parish Church who assisted John D. Rockefeller, Jr. with the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg; known as the "Father of Colonial Williamsburg"
Thomas David Gordon - Reformed theologian, writer, and professor at Grove City College
Tom T. Hall - country music artist, attended Roanoke following military service via the G.I. Bill.
John Pirro - lacrosse player
Ruth Randall - Biographer of Mary Todd Lincoln
Theodore Schneider – Bishop of the Metropolitan Washington, D.C. Synod, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, 1995–2007
David C. Shanks, US Army major general
Roanoke and the railway |
1555_33 | The Norfolk and Western Railway, now Norfolk Southern Corporation, has provided career opportunities for many Roanoke alumni; the NWR was headquartered in Roanoke until 1982 and is a major employer in western Virginia. Roanoke graduates who have advanced to leadership positions include Stuart T. Saunders and John Fishwick, former presidents of the NWR; John R. Turbyfill, retired vice-chairman, NSC; John S. Shannon, retired executive vice president, NSC; and William T. Ross, Sr., retired assistant vice president, NWR.
Roanoke has strong historic ties to the railway due in part to its alumni connections. The NWR named a Pullman car "Roanoke College" in honor of the college and Fishwick's Salem residence is now the college President's House. Saunders and Turbyfill served as chairman of Roanoke's board of trustees. In 2007, David R. Goode, retired chairman, NSC, endowed Roanoke's Center for Learning and Teaching in honor of his father, sister, and brother-in-law, all Roanoke graduates. |
1555_34 | References
External links
Roanoke College – website
Roanoke College Maroons – Athletics
Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia
Private universities and colleges in Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Salem, Virginia
University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Educational institutions established in 1842
Lutheranism in Virginia
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Education in Salem, Virginia
Tourist attractions in Salem, Virginia
Schools in Salem, Virginia
1842 establishments in Virginia |
1556_0 | Throughout its history, the United Kingdom has been a major producer and source of musical creation, drawing its early artistic basis from church music and the ancient and traditional folk music and instrumentation of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. Each of the four countries of the United Kingdom has its own diverse and distinctive folk music forms, which flourished until the era of industrialisation when it began to be replaced by new forms of popular music, including music hall and brass bands. Many British musicians have influenced modern music on a global scale, and the United Kingdom has one of the world's largest music industries. Global music widely developed by British acts include pop, rock, as well as subgenres of the genre; avant-funk, new wave, acid jazz, neo soul, trip hop, dubstep and industrial. |
1556_1 | In the 20th century, influences from the music of the United States, including blues, jazz, and rock and roll, became entrenched in the United Kingdom. The "British Invasion"—spearheaded by Liverpool band the Beatles, often regarded as the most influential band of all time—saw British rock bands become highly influential around the world in the 1960s and 1970s. Pop music, a term which originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for "rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced", was developed by British artists like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, whom among other British musicians led rock and roll's transition into rock music. Subgenres of rock developed or invented by British acts include progressive rock, raga rock, psychedelic rock, art rock, hard rock, space rock, heavy metal, glam rock, gothic rock, and ska punk.
Background and classical music |
1556_2 | Music in the British Isles, from the earliest recorded times until the Baroque and the rise of recognisably modern classical music, was a diverse and rich culture, including sacred and secular music and ranging from the popular to the elite. Each of the major nations of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales retained unique forms of music and of instrumentation, but British music was highly influenced by continental developments, while British composers made an important contribution to many of the major movements in early music in Europe, including the polyphony of the Ars Nova and laid some of the foundations of later national and international classical music. Musicians from the British Isles also developed some distinctive forms of music, including Celtic chant, the Contenance Angloise, the rota, polyphonic votive antiphons and the carol in the medieval era. |
1556_3 | Church music and religious music were profoundly affected by the Protestant Reformation which affected Britain from the 16th century, which curtailed events associated with British music and forced the development of distinctive national music, worship and belief. English madrigals, lute ayres and masques in the Renaissance era led particularly to English language opera developed in the early Baroque period of the later seventeenth century. In contrast, court music of the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, although having unique elements remained much more integrated into wider European culture. |
1556_4 | The Baroque era in music, between the early music of the Medieval and Renaissance periods and the development of fully fledged and formalised orchestral classical music in the second half of the eighteenth century, was characterised by more elaborate musical ornamentation, changes in musical notation, new instrumental playing techniques and the rise of new genres such as opera. Although the term Baroque is conventionally used for European music from about 1600, its full effects were not felt in Britain until after 1660, delayed by native trends and developments in music, religious and cultural differences from many European countries and the disruption to court music caused by the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Interregnum. Under the restored Stuart monarchy the court became once again a centre of musical patronage, but royal interest in music tended to be less significant as the seventeenth century progressed, to be revived again under the House of Hanover. |
1556_5 | British chamber and orchestral music drew inspiration from continental Europe as it developed into modern classical music. The Baroque era in British music can be seen as one of an interaction of national and international trends, sometimes absorbing continental fashions and practices and sometimes attempting, as in the creation of ballad opera, to produce an indigenous tradition. However, arguably the most significant British composer of the era, George Frideric Handel, was a naturalised German, who helped integrate British and continental music and define the future of the classical music of the United Kingdom that would be officially formed in 1801. 2006 |
1556_6 | Musical composition, performance and training in the United Kingdom inherited European classical traditions of the eighteenth century (above all, in Britain, from the example of Handel) and saw a great expansion during the nineteenth century. Romantic nationalism encouraged clear national identities and sensibilities within the countries of the United Kingdom towards the end of the nineteenth century, producing many composers and musicians of note and drawing on the folk tradition. These traditions, including the cultural strands drawn from the United Kingdom's constituent nations and provinces, continued to evolve in distinctive ways through the work of such composers as Arthur Sullivan, Gustav Holst, Edward Elgar, Hubert Parry, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten, Michael Tippett and Peter Maxwell Davies. Notable living English classical composers include Harrison Birtwistle, Michael Nyman, James MacMillan, Jeremy Peyton Jones, Gavin Bryars, Andrew Poppy, Judith Weir, Sally |
1556_7 | Beamish and Anna Meredith. |
1556_8 | Timeline of British classical music, and its preceding forms
Folk music
Each of the four countries of the United Kingdom has its own diverse and distinctive folk music forms. Folk music flourished until the era of industrialisation when it began to be replaced by new forms of popular music, including music hall and brass bands. Realisation of this led to three folk revivals, one in the late-19th century, one in the mid-20th century and one at the start of the 21st century which keeps folk music as an important sub-culture within society.
English folk music |
1556_9 | England has a long and diverse history of folk music dating back at least to the medieval period and including many forms of music, song and dance. Through three periods of revival from the late nineteenth century much of the tradition has been preserved and continues to be practiced. It led to the creation of a number of fusions with other forms of music that produced subgenres such as British folk rock, folk punk and folk metal and continues to thrive nationally and in regional scenes, particularly in areas such as Northumbria and Cornwall.
Gaels folk music
Northern Irish folk music
Ireland, including Northern Ireland, has vibrant folk traditions. The popularity of traditional instruments such as fiddles has remained throughout the centuries even as analogues in Great Britain died out. Perhaps the most famous modern musician from Northern Ireland influenced by folk tradition is Van Morrison.
Scottish folk music |
1556_10 | Scottish folk music includes many kinds of songs, including ballads and laments, sung by a single singer with accompaniment by bagpipes, fiddles or harps. Traditional dances include waltzes, reels, strathspeys and jigs. Alongside the other areas of the United Kingdom, Scotland underwent a roots revival in the 1960s. Cathy-Ann McPhee and Jeannie Robertson were the heroes of this revival, which inspired some revolutions in band formats by groups like The Clutha, The Whistlebinkies, The Boys of the Lough and the Incredible String Band.
Welsh folk music |
1556_11 | Wales is a Celtic country that features folk music played at twmpathau (communal dances) and gwyl werin (music festivals). Welsh music also includes male voice choirs and songs accompanied by a harp. Having long been subordinate to English culture, Welsh musicians in the late 20th century had to reconstruct traditional music when a roots revival began. This revival began in the late 1970s and achieved some mainstream success in the UK in the 1980s with performers like Robin Huw Bowen, Moniars and Gwerinos.
Early British popular music |
1556_12 | In the sense of commercial music enjoyed by the people, British popular music can be seen to originate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the arrival of the broadside ballad, which were sold cheaply and in great numbers until the nineteenth century. Further technological, economic and social changes led to new forms of music in the 20th century, including the brass band, which produced a popular and communal form of classical music.<ref name=Herbert2000>T. Herbert, The British Brass Band: a Musical and Social History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 4-5.</ref> Similarly, the music hall sprang up to cater for the entertainment of new urban societies, adapting existing forms of music to produce popular songs and acts. In the 1930s, the influence of American Jazz led to the creation of British dance bands, who provided a social and popular music that began to dominate social occasions and the radio airwaves.
Modern British popular music |
1556_13 | Pioneering and developments
Britain has influenced popular music disproportionately to its size, due to its linguistic and cultural links with many countries, particularly the United States and many of its former colonies like Australia, South Africa, and Canada, and its capacity for invention, innovation and fusion, which has led to the development of, or participation in, many of the major trends in popular music. Forms of popular music, including folk music, jazz, rapping/hip hop, pop and rock music, have particularly flourished in Britain since the twentieth century. |
1556_14 | In the early-20th century, influences from the United States became most dominant in popular music, with young performers producing their own versions of American music, including rock n' roll from the late 1950s and developing a parallel music scene. During the early 1960s, the British Invasion, led by The Beatles, further entrenched British performers as major drivers of the development of pop and rock music. According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the term "pop music" "originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced". The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's "earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience [...] since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, ABBA [a Swedish act], etc." Since then, rock music and |
1556_15 | popular music contributed to a British-American collaboration, with trans-Atlantic genres being exchanged and exported to one another, where they tended to be adapted and turned into new movements. |
1556_16 | Britain's most significant contribution to popular music during the 20th century was towards the expansion of rock music. Progressive rock was predicated on the "progressive" pop groups from the 1960s who combined rock and roll with various other music styles such as Indian ragas, oriental melodies and Gregorian chants, like the Beatles and the Yardbirds. According to AllMusic, the emergence of psychedelic rock in the mid-1960s resulted from British bands who made up the British Invasion of the US market. Many of the top British bands during the 1960s experienced art school during their youth, and espoused an approach based on art and originality—which came to create art rock. As a diverging act to the popular pop rock of the early 1960s, the Rolling Stones pioneered the gritty, heavier-driven sound that came to define hard rock. Heavy metal was created by British musicians, including acts like Black Sabbath and Deep Purple. Glam rock, which was developed in the United Kingdom in the |
1556_17 | early 1970s, was performed by musicians who wore outrageous costumes, makeup, and hairstyles, particularly platform shoes and glitter—this is widely associated with David Bowie. Rolling Stone argued that the Sex Pistols, a prominent punk rock band, came to spark and personify one of the few truly critical moments in pop culture—the rise of punk during the 1970s. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, when many bands began disassociating themselves from punk. Gothic rock emerged from post-punk in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s by bands including Siouxsie and the Banshees, Joy Division, Bauhaus, and the Cure. Other subgenres of rock invented by or radically changed by British acts include blues rock, ska, British folk rock, folk punk, shoegaze, and Britpop. |
1556_18 | Post-rock era |
1556_19 | In addition to advancing the scope of rock music, British acts developed avant-funk and neo soul and created acid jazz. Whilst disco is an American form of music, British pop group Bee Gees were the most prominent performers of the disco music era in the mid-to-late 1970s, and came be to known as the "Kings of Disco" by media outlets. The Second British Invasion, which derived from the British Invasion of the US in the 1960s, consisted of music acts from the United Kingdom that became popular in the United States during the early-to-mid 1980s primarily due to the cable music channel MTV. These synthpop and new wave associated acts often featured on the American pop charts, and according to Rolling Stone, brought "revolution in sound and style". New Pop became an umbrella term used by the music industry to describe young, mostly British, androgynous, and technologically oriented artists such as Culture Club and Eurythmics. Additionally, Boy George of Culture Club was a leading figure |
1556_20 | in the new romantic movement which became a major part in the Second British Invasion of the US. British rock bands, most notably Def Leppard and Iron Maiden, also became part of the renewed popularity of British music. Newsweek magazine ran an issue which featured Scottish singer Annie Lennox of Eurythmics and Boy George on the cover of its issue with the caption Britain Rocks America – Again, while Rolling Stone would release an "England Swings: Great Britain invades America's music and style. Again." issue in November 1983. Pop-star George Michael was one of the most popular acts of the MTV Generation, cementing this position with his hugely successful Faith album in 1987. |
1556_21 | During most of the 1990s, Cool Britannia—a period of increased pride in the culture of the United Kingdom, inspired by the 1960s Swinging Sixties—was coined due to the success of the girl band Spice Girls and Britpop acts Blur and Oasis, which led to a renewed feeling of optimism in the United Kingdom following the pessimistic tone of the 1970s and 1980s. The electronic subgenres trip hop, dubstep, and industrial originated in Britain during the 1990s. During the 21st century, blue-eyed soul came to be dominated by British singers, including Amy Winehouse, Duffy and most notably Adele, who has broken several sales and chart records. Adele has won more Grammy Awards than any other woman who was born outside the US. This wave of popular British soul singers led to a consideration of whether a third British Invasion was taking place—this time a soul invasion—(in contrast to the 1960s rock and pop, and 1980s new wave and synthpop invasions). English singer Ed Sheeran was the foremost |
1556_22 | folk-orientated artist of the 2010s; the Official Charts Company named him artist of the decade, with the most combined success in the UK album and singles charts in the 2010s. Globally, Spotify named Sheeran the second most streamed artist of the decade. London formed English-Irish pop boy band One Direction were one of the biggest teen idols of the 2010s. Little Mix, a pop girl group and the winner of the eight series of the British version of The X Factor, established themselves as the UK's biggest girl group and one of the best-selling girl groups in the world. Cher Lloyd was popular in the early 2010s. Another British pop singer is Rita Ora. |
1556_23 | Immigration musical impact
Highlighting the influence of immigrants in the United Kingdom during the 21st century, British African-Caribbean people created grime, Afrobeats, and afroswing. Grime has been described as the "most significant musical development within the UK for decades." In addition, British Asians have popularised Bhangra within the South Asian diaspora.
See also
Culture of the United Kingdom
List of music festivals in the United Kingdom
Notes |
1556_24 | References
Mthembu-Salter, Gregory and Peter Dalton. "Lovers and Poets -- Babylon Sounds". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 457–462. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
Ritu, DJ. "One Way Ticket to British Asia". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East, pp 83–90. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books.
Liudmila Kovnatskaya. English music in the 20th century. Sources and periods of development''. Moscow: Sovietsky Kompozitor, 1986. 216 pp.
External links
Audio clips: Traditional music of the United Kingdom. Musée d'ethnographie de Genève. Accessed November 25, 2010.
Some traditional sea shanties
British music history |
1557_0 | Chamique Shaunta Holdsclaw (born August 9, 1977) is an American former professional basketball player in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) most recently under a contract with the San Antonio Silver Stars. She announced her retirement from the Los Angeles Sparks on June 11, 2007, though she eventually came out of retirement to play with the Atlanta Dream for the 2009 WNBA Season. Holdsclaw was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2018.
High school years
Holdsclaw grew up playing basketball. While attending Christ the King Regional High School in Queens, New York, she played for the school's women's basketball team, and led them to four straight New York State Championships in basketball. Holdsclaw was named a High School All-American by the Women's Basketball Coaches Association (WBCA). She participated in the WBCA High School All-America Game in 1995, scoring eight points. |
1557_1 | College years
Holdsclaw went to the University of Tennessee from 1995 to 1999, where she played under coach Pat Summitt and helped to lead the Lady Vols to the women's NCAA's first ever three consecutive Women's Basketball Championships in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The 1998 championship was Tennessee's first ever undefeated season at 39–0 and also set an NCAA record for the most wins ever in a season. She also helped lead Tennessee to two SEC regular season titles in 1998 and 1999 and to three SEC tournament championships in 1996, 1998 and 1999. |
1557_2 | At Tennessee, Holdsclaw was a four-time Kodak All-America, one of only six women's basketball players to earn the honor (along with teammate Tamika Catchings, Cheryl Miller of USC, Ann Meyers of UCLA, Lynette Woodard of Kansas and LaToya Thomas of Mississippi State.) Holdsclaw finished her career with 3,025 points and 1,295 rebounds, making her the all-time leading scoring and rebounder at Tennessee in men's or women's history, the all-time leading scorer and rebounder in SEC women's history, and the all-time leading scorer and rebounder in the NCAA tournament women's history with 470 points and 197 rebounds. She was also only the fifth women's basketball player in NCAA history to have 3,000 points (a list including Jackie Stiles of Southwest Missouri State, Patricia Hoskins of Mississippi Valley State, Lorri Bauman of Drake, Cheryl Miller of USC, and Cindy Blodgett of Maine). She is also one of five women's collegiate basketball players to ever accumulate over 2,000 points, 1,000 |
1557_3 | rebounds, 300 assists and 300 steals (a list that includes teammate Tamika Catchings, Cheryl Miller of USC, Sophia Young of Baylor, and Armintie Price of Mississippi.) In 1998, Holdsclaw received the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States. Holdsclaw also won the Naismith trophy for player of the year twice, in 1998 and 1999 and posted a 131–17 win/loss record during her remarkable career as a Lady Vol. In 2000, she was named Naismith's Player of the Century for the 1990s and was also part of an ESPY award given to the Lady Vols as Co-Team of the Decade for the 1990s. In 1996, 1997 and 1998, Holdsclaw was named to the Final Four All Tournament team. |
1557_4 | In 2006, Holdsclaw was named to a women's collegiate basketball silver anniversary team for being picked as one of the 25 greatest players of the past 25 years. She was also picked as one of the 5 greatest players in the SEC of the past 25 years.
Holdsclaw is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.
WNBA career
In the 1999 WNBA Draft, Holdsclaw was selected by the Washington Mystics 1st overall. After this selection, Chamique gained the distinction of being the first, and only, female athlete to appear on the cover of SLAM Magazine. Furthermore, Chamique was pictured in a New York Knicks jersey, implying that perhaps she was good enough to play in the NBA. |
1557_5 | In her first season, she was named the Rookie of the Year, the first number one draft pick to win that honor. She was also a starter in the inaugural WNBA All-Star Game that same year. She averaged 16.9 points and 7.9 rebounds per game in her first season. The next year, Holdsclaw was named to the Olympic team, helping to lead them to a gold medal.
During her subsequent seasons in the WNBA, Holdsclaw continued to improve her numbers. In 2002, despite missing several games with an ankle injury, Holdsclaw averaged a double-double per game with 19.9 points and 11.5 rebounds. By 2003, she was averaging 20.5 points and 10.9 rebounds per game. On July 24, 2004, however, she failed to show up for a game against Charlotte, played one more game in reserve and then did not play the rest of the season including the entire playoffs.
On March 21, 2005, Holdsclaw was traded to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for DeLisha Milton-Jones. |
1557_6 | In May 2006, Holdsclaw took a sudden two-week leave from playing for the Sparks, but later clarified that this was due to the serious illnesses of her father and stepfather. As of late June, she was averaging 14.4 points per game and 7 rebounds per game.
On June 11, 2007, only a few weeks into the 2007 WNBA season, she surprisingly announced she was retiring and did not immediately provide any explanation as to her sudden departure.
On December 17, 2008, the Atlanta Dream traded the 13th pick in the 2009 WNBA Draft to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for the rights to Holdsclaw. Holdsclaw stated she definitely considered a return to the WNBA if healthy, and did. Holdsclaw was a constant part of the team's offense and a starter that season, despite an injury that kept her out several games toward the end of the season. However, she returned just in time for one game in the playoffs. The Dream lost to the Detroit Shock. |
1557_7 | On May 19, 2010, she was released from the Dream after requesting a trade and did not report to the team. Two days later, she signed with the San Antonio Silver Stars.
WNBA Career Statistics
Regular season |
1557_8 | |-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1999
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 31 || 30 || 34.2 || .437 || .172 || .773 || 7.9 || 2.4 || 1.2 || 0.9 || 16.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2000
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 32 || 32 || 35.3 || .465 || .256 || .680 || 7.5 || 2.5 || 1.5 || 0.6 || 17.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2001
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 29 || 29 || 33.6 || .400 || .239 || .682 || 8.8 || 2.3 || 1.5 || 0.5 || 16.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2002
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 20 || 20 || 31.7 || .452 || .393 || .830 || style="background:#D3D3D3"| 11.6° || 2.3 || 1.0 || 0.3 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|19.9°
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2003
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 27 || 27|| 35.1 || .425 || .171 || .903 || style="background:#D3D3D3"|10.9° || 3.3 || 1.3 || 0.6 || 20.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2004
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington |
1557_9 | | 23 || 22 || 34.8 || .402 || .412 || .803 || 8.3 || 2.4 || 1.7 || 0.8 || 19.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2005
| style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles
| 33 || 33 || 35.8 || .480 || .231 || .788 || 6.8 || 3.2 || 1.2 || 0.5 || 17.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2006
| style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles
| 25 || 0 || 29.5 || .470 || .200 || .884 || 6.1 || 2.2 || 1.4 || 0.4 || 15.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2007
| style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles
| 5 || 5 || 30.0 || .492 || .667 || .833 || 5.6 || 3.0 || 1.2 || 0.6 || 15.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2009
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 25 || 25 || 28.3 || .414 || .200 || .839 || 4.4 || 2.2 || 1.4 || 0.3 || 13.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2010
| style="text-align:left;"| San Antonio
| 29 || 29 || 29.0 || .494 || .355 || .806 || 5.3 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 0.3 || 13.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|11 years, 4 teams |
1557_10 | | 279 || 252 || 32.9 || .443 || .262 || .794 || 7.6 || 2.5 || 1.3 || 0.5 ||16.9 |
1557_11 | Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2000
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 2 || 2 || 37.5 || .448 || .000 || 1.000 || 5.5 || 0.5 || 1.5 || 0.5 || 15.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2002
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 5 || 5 || 34.6 || .449 || .182 || .733 || 8.6 || 3.2 || 2.0 || 0.6 || 18.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2005
| style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles
| 2 || 2 || 39.0 || .519 || 1.000 || .400 || 5.0 || 1.0 || 2.0 || 0.0 || 15.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2006
| style="text-align:left;"| Los Angeles
| 3 || 1 || 14.7 || .333 || .500 || .000 || 3.7 || 1.3 || 0.3 || 0.7 || 4.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2009
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 1 || 0 || 13.0 || .250 || .000 || 1.000 || 3.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 3.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|5 years, 3 teams
| 13 || 10 || 29.5 || .442 || .250 || .725 || 6.0 || 1.8 || 1.4 || 0.5 || 13.2 |
1557_12 | USA Basketball
Holdsclaw was a member of the National team who traveled to Berlin, Germany in July and August 1998 for the FIBA World Championships. The USA team won a close opening game against Japan 95–89, then won their next six games easily. In the quarterfinals, Holdsclaw scored 20 points to help team advance. After trailing late in the final game, the USA held on to win the gold medal 71–65. Holdsclaw averaged 10.9 points per game, third highest on the team.
Holdsclaw continued with the National team to the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia. The USA won all eight games, including the gold medal game against host Australia to win the gold medal, although Holdsclaw had a stress fracture in her right foot and was unable to compete.
Awards and honors |
1557_13 | 1997—Naismith College Player of the Year
1997—Associated Press Women's College Basketball Player of the Year
1997—USBWA Women's National Player of the Year
1997—Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball
1997—WBCA Player of the Year
1998—Naismith College Player of the Year award
1998—Associated Press Women's College Basketball Player of the Year
1998—USBWA Women's National Player of the Year
1998—Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball
1998—WBCA Player of the Year
1998—The Honda-Broderick Cup winner for all sports.
International career
Europe
2004–2005: Ros Casares Valencia
2006–2007: TS Wisla Can-Pack Kraków, championship, MVP of the finals; season's average: 17.9 points per game
2007–2008: Lotos PKO BP Gdynia
2008–2009: TS Wisla Can-Pack Kraków
Chamique Holdsclaw Foundation
Today, Chamique works as a Mental Health Advocate. |
1557_14 | Personal life
Holdsclaw wrote in her autobiography Breaking Through: Beating the Odds Shot after Shot (2012, ) that she had suffered depression during her professional basketball career, and attempted suicide on one occasion.
Atlanta police issued an arrest warrant for Holdsclaw on November 15, 2012 after Holdsclaw allegedly attacked her ex-girlfriend's car with a baseball bat and shot at the car. The owner of the car, fellow WNBA player Jennifer Lacy, was uninjured. It was announced on February 27, 2013, that Holdsclaw was being indicted for the November shooting in Atlanta. It is a six-count indictment charging her with aggravated assault, criminal damage and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Holdsclaw was released from jail after posting a $100,000 bond and a court date was not set. |
1557_15 | Holdsclaw pleaded guilty June 14, 2013 to aggravated assault, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony and other charges. She was sentenced to three years' probation and ordered to perform 120 hours of community service and pay a $3,000 fine under the plea agreement. Holdsclaw's attorney Ed Garland said his client "felt that to honestly accept what her actions were was best for everyone concerned".
Documentary filmmaker Rick Goldsmith produced a film on Holdclaw's life and battle with mental illness called Mind/Game: The Unquiet Journey of Chamique Holdsclaw which aired on Logo TV on May 3, 2016.
Vital statistics
Position: Forward
Height: 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
College: University of Tennessee
Teams: Washington Mystics, Los Angeles Sparks, Atlanta Dream and San Antonio Silver Stars
Joined the WUBA Lady Generals in 2013
See also |
1557_16 | List of NCAA Division I women's basketball players with 2,500 points and 1,000 rebounds
List of NCAA Division I women's basketball career scoring leaders
List of NCAA Division I women's basketball season scoring leaders
Notes
External links
Associated Press article about Holdsclaw's depression
Southern lady generals
Mind/Game: The Unquiet Journey of Chamique Holdsclaw at kovnocommunications.org. |
1557_17 | 1977 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Poland
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American women's basketball players
James E. Sullivan Award recipients
Lesbian sportswomen
LGBT basketball players
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT sportspeople from the United States
Los Angeles Sparks players
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Parade High School All-Americans (girls' basketball)
People from Astoria, Queens
Power forwards (basketball)
Sportspeople from Queens, New York
Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball players
Washington Mystics draft picks
Washington Mystics players
Women's National Basketball Association All-Stars
Women's National Basketball Association first overall draft picks
Basketball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from New York City
Atlanta Dream players
Ros Casares Valencia players |
1557_18 | 21st-century LGBT people
United States women's national basketball team players |
1558_0 | The Headbangers are a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Mosh (Charles Warrington) and Thrasher (Glenn Ruth). As the name of the team implies, their gimmick is that they are a pair of metalheads, complete with heavy metal related T-shirts, kilts, piercings, goatees, shaved heads, and black face paint.
History |
1558_1 | Beginning (1994–1996) |
1558_2 | They were both trained by Larry Sharpe in New Jersey in the early 1990s. Warrington and Ruth teamed up in 1994 as the Spiders in their home state, New Jersey, for the National Wrestling Alliance. They made an Eastern Championship Wrestling appearance in June 1994, losing to The Bad Breed (Axl and Ian Rotten). Also they worked for United States Wrestling Association (USWA) feuding with the Rottens and The Eliminators. They had a brief stint in Dallas for the NWA in 1995. Later that year they moved down to Tennessee in Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW). It was there that they changed their gimmicks to the Headbangers. Their slogan was "Real men wear skirts." During their time in SMW, they feuded with The Rock 'n' Roll Express (Ricky Morton and Robert Gibson) and The Thugs (Tracy Smothers and Tony Anthony), and later sided with Jim Cornette and Terry Gordy in their feud with Brad Armstrong over the SMW Heavyweight Championship. By the end of the year, SMW folded and they returned to United |
1558_3 | States Wrestling Association. In December 1995, they debuted as jobbers in the WWF as the Spiders, the Arachnoids, and even used their real names. On an episode of Monday Night Raw they got a World Tag Team Title shot against the Smoking Gunns. Afterwards, they continued working for the USWA and the independent circuit. |
1558_4 | World Wrestling Federation (1996–2000)
WWF Tag Team Champions
The team debuted on WWF television on the November 24, 1996 episode of Superstars under their Headbangers gimmick defeating Alex Porteau and
Aldo Montoya. Shortly after that, they began wearing nuns' clothing and billed as the Flying Nuns (a play on the television show of the same name), Sister Angelica and Mother Smucker. They were also humorously billed as hailing from a monastery in the Himalayas. On an episode of Shotgun Saturday Night, Brother Love showed up to manage the Nuns. After the Nuns defeated The Godwinns, Love renamed them the Sisters of Love. The gimmick was short-lived, but they kept the skirts when they returned to being The Headbangers in January 1997. They later had T-shirts with the phrase "Real men wear skirts" and occasionally wore sports bras over their shirts. The duo often carried a boombox to the ring, and on one occasion, Mosh vomited during an interview. |
1558_5 | Throughout 1997, The Headbangers (who were Tweeners), feuded with The Godwinns, as well as Doug Furnas and Phil Lafon, often finding themselves on the losing end. They faced The Legion of Doom during their surprise return match on February 24 to a double countout. At WrestleMania 13, The Headbangers won a four-way elimination match for a shot at the WWF Tag Team Championship. The team was seen on New York's WABC-TV in June, which re-aired on WWF programming.
The Headbangers won the vacant Tag Team title at Ground Zero: In Your House after Mosh pinned Owen Hart, thanks to run-in interference by Steve Austin. Mosh and Thrasher would lose the titles to the Godwinns at Badd Blood: In Your House in October. They faced The New Age Outlaws in their debut match as a team on October 20 and frequently challenged them into the following the year for the Tag Team title. |
1558_6 | The two are seen backstage playing with Bret Hart's son, Blade, in the 1998 documentary film Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows. The footage depicts events from the previous year.
Both Mosh and Thrasher entered the 1998 Royal Rumble and both lasted over 10 minutes before Mosh was eliminated by Kurrgan and Thrasher by Steve Austin. On February 17, 1998, The Headbangers won the NWA World Tag Team Championship from The Rock 'n' Roll Express, which aired on the February 23 edition of Raw Is War. They feuded with The Quebecers and the Oddities throughout the year and become the first Maryland Championship Wrestling Tag Team Champions on August 18 defeating Jimmy Cicero and Julio Sanchez in the finals of a tournament. |
1558_7 | Split and Reunion
The Headbangers were both meant to compete in the 1999 Royal Rumble, but Thrasher suffered a (legitimate) knee injury and was shelved while Mosh was (kayfabe) attacked backstage by Mabel as a way to write both men off television. While Thrasher was injured, Mosh would be repackaged as Beaver Cleavage and then Chaz, performed in singles competition and began having problems with his on-screen girlfriend, Marianna Komlos. He was kayfabe arrested on an episode of Sunday Night Heat in September after Komlos claimed he hit her. After Chaz's match on October 5, Glenn Ruth (Thrasher) showed GTV footage of Mariana applying makeup to create the effect of wounds. This proved her accusations false, and The Headbangers subsequently reunited. They then took on a gimmick where they dressed as the opponents that they feuded with, such as the Dudley Boyz and Mean Street Posse. The duo later turned heel and began to dress in drag, which included wearing breast cones. |
1558_8 | Mosh entered in the 2000 Royal Rumble alone eliminated by Rikishi; however, The Headbangers continued performing in tag team and singles matches. Both men participated in the Hardcore battle royal at WrestleMania 2000 where Thrasher held the title for 43 seconds defeating Joey Abs. The team continued battling the likes of Too Cool and T & A until July 2000. After being together for six long years, they separated, and Mosh joined D'Lo Brown as Chaz to form Lo Down. Thrasher focused on his singles career and was taken off WWF TV and the main roster later that month.
Glenn Ruth was released from the WWF in December 2000, after working several months in their developmental territory Power Pro Wrestling in Memphis, and Charles Warrington was released from the WWF in August 2001. |
1558_9 | Criticism by WWE
Years after their departure from the company, The Headbangers have borne the brunt of criticism by WWE media. One example can be found in a 2007 article in WWE Magazine about the history of WWE champions. The article criticized wrestlers who are considered not worthy of winning a belt they held. The Headbangers were included in this article for their supposedly poor Tag Team Championship reign. The article suggested that the team had the titles by default since it was "in between the eras of The Smoking Gunns and the New Age Outlaws."
WWE's Raw 15th Anniversary magazine also includes a list of 15 superstars who "overstayed" their welcomes in the company. This has The Headbangers at #2, behind only Scott Steiner. However, in 2010 WWE added the team to their "Where Are They Now?" section of WWE.com. |
1558_10 | Independent circuit (2011–present)
Mosh and Thrasher reunited on the independent circuit in 2011. They are members of the NWA Ring Warriors roster. They wrestled for Juggalo Championship Wrestling multiple times. On August 12, 2011, The Headbangers were in the battle royal won by Zach Gowen. On December 17, 2011, The Headbangers defeated Necro Butcher and Mad Man Pondo. December 31, 2011, The Headbangers lost to Shockwave The Robot and 2 Tuff Tony. The Headbangers then lost two ten-man tag team matches while teaming with Bull Pain, Jake Manning and Colt Cabana. |
1558_11 | Mosh and Thrasher appeared on the Ring of Honor pay-per-view Best in the World on June 24, 2012 as the masked tag team Guardians of Truth, managed by the Truth Martini. They lost to the Briscoe Brothers. Later on, the two would unmask themselves and go on to compete as The Headbangers. They then competed on the Independent Circuit. In March 2013, both Headbangers were present during a WWE Smackdown taping. On June 18, 2013, The Headbangers defeated The South Side Playaz Club (Craig Steele and Joe Hardway) at PWS Dream on 6th Anniversary iPPV.
The Headbangers made their debut for Championship Wrestling Entertainment (CWE) competing in a triple threat match at Wrestlefest 2015. In 2016 they made their debut for Fighting Evolution Wrestling. On March 31, 2017 they defeated Cryme Tyme at Fighting Evolution Wrestling in Orlando, Florida. Later that same year they went Australia to wrestle for World Series Wrestling and feuded with The Basso Brothers. |
1558_12 | Return to WWE (2016)
The duo made their first appearance as a team in WWE since 2000 on the August 30, 2016 episode of SmackDown Live as heels and participants of the SmackDown Tag Team Championship tournament, losing against Heath Slater and Rhyno in the first round. They returned on the November 1 episode of SmackDown, losing to The Usos in a Survivor Series qualifying match. Then they were seen again on the November 15th 900th episode of SmackDown, teaming with other heel tag teams. |
1558_13 | Championships and accomplishments
Atomic Revolutionary Wrestling
ARW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Coastal Championship Wrestling
CCW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Fighting Evolution Wrestling
FEW Tag Team Championship (2 times, current)
Figure Wrestling Federation
FWF Tag Team Championship (1 time, current)
Heartland Wrestling Association
HWA Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Heroes And Legends Wrestling
HLW Tag Team Championship (1 time, current)
Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance
IPWA Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Insane Championship Wrestling
ICW Streetfight Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Main Event Championship Wrestling
MECW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Maryland Championship Wrestling
MCW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
New England Wrestling Federation
NEWF Tag Team Championship (3 times)
Texas Wrestling Alliance
TWA Tag Team Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Association
WWA Tag Team Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Federation |
1558_14 | NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time)
WWF Hardcore Championship (1 time) – Thrasher
WWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) |
1558_15 | See also
Cross-dressing
References
Cross-dressing
Independent promotions teams and stables
Smoky Mountain Wrestling teams and stables
United States Wrestling Association teams and stables
WWE World Tag Team Champions
WWE teams and stables |
1559_0 | Zachary Tyler "Zach" Donohue (born January 8, 1991) is an American ice dancer. With Madison Hubbell, he is a two-time 2022 Winter Olympics medalist, a three-time World medalist, the 2018 Grand Prix Final champion, the 2014 Four Continents champion, and a three-time U.S. national champion (2018–2019, 2021).
With former partner Piper Gilles, he won three medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series.
Personal life
Donohue was born January 8, 1991, in Hartford, Connecticut, and was raised in Madison, Connecticut. He was home-schooled through high school.
Early career
Donohue began learning to skate in 2001. In the 2005–2006 season, he competed with Sara Bailey. The following season, he skated with Kaylyn Patitucci. Having placed fifth on the novice level at the Eastern Sectional Championships, they did not advance to the 2007 U.S. Championships. |
1559_1 | With Lili Lamar, Donohue placed fifth in the junior category at the 2008 Eastern Sectional Championships. Their result was insufficient to advance to the 2008 U.S. Championships.
Partnership with Gilles
Donohue teamed up with Piper Gilles ahead of the 2008–2009 season. Making their international debut, they won gold at the 2008–09 ISU Junior Grand Prix event in Ostrava, Czech Republic. They took silver at their second assignment, in Cape Town, South Africa. Their results qualified them for the 2008–09 Junior Grand Prix Final in South Korea, but they withdrew before the competition due to an injury to Gilles. They won the junior bronze medal at the 2009 and 2010 U.S. Championships.
Gilles/Donohue were selected to compete for the United States at the 2010 World Junior Championships. They placed ninth out of a field of 34 teams. They announced the end of their partnership in May 2010. |
1559_2 | Partnership with Aronow
Donohue teamed up with Alissandra Aronow in 2010. They trained in Canton, Michigan, under the coaching team of Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva, and competed in the senior ranks. They ended their partnership shortly after the 2011 U.S. Championships.
Hubbell and Donohue
2011–2012 season
On May 12, 2011, U.S. Figure Skating announced Donohue's new partnership with Madison Hubbell. The two decided to train at the Detroit Skating Club under the guidance of the coaching team of Pasquale Camerlengo, Anjelika Krylova, and Natalia Annenko-Deller.
Hubbell/Donohue made their international debut at the 2011 Nebelhorn Trophy, winning the gold medal. After taking bronze at the 2012 U.S. Championships, they were selected to compete at two ISU Championships; they placed fifth at the 2012 Four Continents in Colorado Springs, Colorado, and tenth at the 2012 World Championships in Nice, France. |
1559_3 | 2012–2013 season
Hubbell/Donohue took bronze at the 2012 Finlandia Trophy and then competed at two Grand Prix events. They placed fifth at the 2012 Skate Canada International and fourth at the 2012 Trophée Éric Bompard (second in the free dance). After finishing fourth at the 2013 U.S. Championships, they were not selected for any ISU Championships.
2013–2014 season: Four Continents gold
After sustaining a concussion in June 2013, Hubbell spent six weeks recuperating. She attributed the injury to "lack of focus, as painful as that is to admit. I finished twizzles, I did my 3-turn, and I fell off my heel." |
1559_4 | Hubbell/Donohue won gold at the 2013 Nebelhorn Trophy, placed fourth at the 2013 Skate America, and won their first Grand Prix medal, bronze, at the 2013 Skate Canada International. After placing fourth at the 2014 U.S. Championships, they were assigned to the 2014 Four Continents Championships and finished ahead of Piper Gilles / Paul Poirier to take the gold medal. Hubbell/Donohue were first alternates for the 2014 World Championships but did not take the slot made available when Meryl Davis / Charlie White withdrew; Hubbell had sustained a torn labrum in her left hip and underwent surgery in March 2014.
2014–2015 season
Hubbell/Donohue won bronze at both of their Grand Prix events, the 2014 Skate Canada International and 2014 Trophée Éric Bompard, and then took bronze at the 2015 U.S. Championships. They placed tenth at the 2015 World Championships in Shanghai, China. |
1559_5 | On April 13, 2015, Hubbell/Donohue announced that they had started training with Marie-France Dubreuil and Patrice Lauzon at the Centre Gadbois in Montreal.
2015–2016 season
In November 2015, Hubbell/Donohue won their first Grand Prix title, taking gold at the 2015 Trophée Éric Bompard in Bordeaux as a result of their first place in the short dance, ahead of Canada's Piper Gilles / Paul Poirier. The second day of competition was cancelled due to the November 2015 Paris attacks. After winning bronze at the 2015 NHK Trophy, the two qualified to their first Grand Prix Final, where they finished sixth.
Hubbell/Donohue took the bronze medal at the 2016 U.S. Championships. They placed fourth at the 2016 Four Continents Championships in Taipei and sixth at the 2016 World Championships in Boston. |
1559_6 | 2016–2017 season
Ranked third in both segments at the 2017 U.S. Championships, Hubbell/Donohue remained national bronze medalists for a third consecutive year. In February, they placed fourth in the short dance, sixth in the free, and fourth overall at the 2017 Four Continents Championships in Gangneung, South Korea.
In March, Hubbell/Donohue won a small bronze medal for their short dance at the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki, Finland. They dropped to 9th overall after placing 10th in the free dance.
2017–2018 season: World silver
Hubbell/Donohue began their season with gold at the 2017 CS U.S. International Classic. After taking bronze at the 2017 Skate Canada International and silver at the 2017 NHK Trophy, they qualified to their third consecutive Grand Prix Final. They finished fourth at the event in Nagoya, Japan. |
1559_7 | At the 2018 U.S. Championships, Hubbell/Donohue placed second behind Maia and Alex Shibutani in the short dance and then second to Madison Chock / Evan Bates in the free dance. They won their first national title by a margin of 0.19 over the Shibutanis and 0.52 over Chock/Bates. All of the ice dancing medalists were named to the U.S. Olympic team.
Hubbell/Donohue were not selected for the team event but competed in the individual ice dancing event. In the short dance, they placed third, behind training mates Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir and Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron, and 0.02 points ahead of the Shibutanis. In the free dance, Donohue put both hands down in the middle of a sliding move, which constituted a technical fall. As a result, they finished fifth in the free dance, and fourth overall, 4.90 points behind the bronze medalists, the Shibutanis.
In March, Hubbell/Donohue won silver at the 2018 World Championships in Milan, having placed second in both segments. |
1559_8 | 2018–2019 season: World bronze
Beginning the season again with a win at the U.S. Classic, Hubbell and Donohue were assigned to consecutive Grand Prix events, the 2018 Skate America and 2018 Skate Canada International. They won gold at both events, becoming the first team to qualify for the Grand Prix Final. After victory at Skate Canada International, Hubbell observed "we wanted to challenge ourselves to become champions in difficult situations and we knew that it was going to be really challenging to do two grand prixs back to back at the beginning of the season." At the Grand Prix Final, they placed first in both programs and won the title. |
1559_9 | At the 2019 U.S. Championships, facing a returning Chock/Bates, they won their second straight national title. They next competed at the 2019 Four Continents Championships, placing first in the rhythm dance with a new personal best. In the free dance, they unexpectedly dropped to fourth place following multiple errors, including receiving only a base level on their stationary lift after it was deemed non-stationary. As a result, they finished off the podium, behind Chock/Bates, Kaitlyn Weaver / Andrew Poje, and Gilles/Poirier. Hubbell commented after "certainly we would rather it happens here than the Worlds." |
1559_10 | Hubbell/Donohue placed fourth in the rhythm dance at the 2019 World Championships, but overtook Alexandra Stepanova / Ivan Bukin in the free dance to place third overall, winning the bronze. Hubbell called it "our strongest performance this season", saying that their "goal was to do our best performance and the rest we can't control, and that was really what we have achieved." They next were part of the gold medal-winning Team USA at the 2019 World Team Trophy, concluding their season. |
1559_11 | 2019–2020 season: Four Continents bronze
For the musical-themed rhythm dance, Hubbell/Donohue chose to skate a Marilyn Monroe program, a longtime goal of Hubbell's. Hubbell/Donohue were again assigned to the same consecutive events for the Grand Prix. They became two-time Skate America champions with a total of 209.55 points, after placing first with a personal best of 84.97 points in the rhythm dance and second in the free dance with a score of 124.58, 0.08 points behind the free dance score of silver medalists Stepanova/Bukin. Donohue was suffering from bronchitis at the time of the event, and commented that he hoped to have "two working lungs" by their next competition the following week. At 2019 Skate Canada International the following week, they narrowly led after the rhythm dance, 0.63 points ahead of Gilles/Poirier. They placed second in the free dance, and took the silver medal, in what was considered a significant upset loss. |
1559_12 | Qualifying to the Grand Prix Final, Hubbell/Donohue placed second in the rhythm dance. Third in the free dance after having revised nine of the program elements in the interim since Skate Canada International, they won the bronze medal overall.
Entering the 2020 U.S. Championships seeking to win a third consecutive title, they placed second in the rhythm dance, with Donohue slightly losing balance at one point in the Finnstep pattern and their lift being graded at only a level 3. They finished second in the free dance as well, struggling after they came out of their dance spin facing the wrong direction, prompting Hubbell to comment that it was "probably one of the hardest performances, not enjoyable." They won the silver medal behind Chock/Bates. |
1559_13 | Returning to the Four Continents Championships after the disappointment of the previous year, Hubbell/Donohue won the rhythm dance again, albeit by a margin of only 0.03 over Chock/Bates, and 2.03 points ahead of Gilles/Poirier in third. In the free dance, both made errors in their twizzle sequence, and they dropped to third place, winning the bronze medal. Hubbell admitted afterward that "our free dance has been a rocky one for us this season." They were assigned to compete at the World Championships in Montreal, but these were cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
1559_14 | 2020–2021 season: World silver
Hubbell and Donohue recruited former training partner and double-Olympic champion Scott Moir as one of their choreographers for the new season, planning to regain momentum lost in the previous year which they attributed in part to losing confidence in their programs after their loss at Skate Canada. With the ISU assigning the Grand Prix based mainly on training location to minimize international travel, Hubbell/Donohue were nevertheless assigned to the 2020 Skate America in Las Vegas and crossed the border to compete. They won the event for the third consecutive year. |
1559_15 | Hubbell/Donohue returned to the United States again for the 2021 U.S. Championships, also held in Las Vegas. They placed second in the rhythm dance, 0.44 points behind Chock/Bates, who had not competed at Skate America due to injury. They won the free dance, skating cleanly while Chock/Bates had a twizzle error, and took their third national title. They were named to the American team for the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm. |
1559_16 | The World Championships were held in a bubble without an audience, and Hubbell/Donohue's training partners and four-time World champions Papadakis/Cizeron declined to attend due to illness and lack of training time, leading to a very contested podium. Hubbell/Donohue placed second in the rhythm dance, two points behind Sinitsina/Katsalapov of Russia and narrowly ahead of Chock/Bates. They were third in the free dance, behind Sinitsina/Katsalapov and Canada's Gilles/Poirier, but remained in second overall by 0.36 points over Gilles/Poirier and won their second silver medal. Their placement combined with Chock/Bates' fourth qualified three berths for American ice dance teams at the 2022 Winter Olympics.
2021–2022 season: Olympic silver and bronze
Hubbell/Donohue announced heading into the 2021–22 season that it would be their last before retiring. They won the 2021 U.S. Classic as their opening assignment, which for this season was not part of the Challenger series. |
1559_17 | On the Grand Prix, Hubbell/Donohue began at 2021 Skate America, competing against primary domestic rivals Chock/Bates. They won both segments of the competition to take the gold medal, their fourth consecutive at the event, and prevailing over Chock/Bates by 1.31 points. Donohue remarked afterward on his "overwhelming gratitude, being our last Skate America and four consecutive wins for us, it means quite a lot, especially to be able to have a live audience" following the pandemic restrictions in the preceding year and a half. They were initially assigned to the 2021 Cup of China as their second Grand Prix, but following its cancellation they were reassigned to the 2021 Gran Premio d'Italia. With training partners Papadakis/Cizeron also assigned to the event, Hubbell/Donohue were the presumptive silver medalists, and finished second in both segments of the competition despite a late-program flub on their free dance choreographic lift. Hubbell joked afterward "we made a mistake at the |
1559_18 | end but sometimes you jump in the air and you hit your partner in the crotch." Their results qualified them to the Grand Prix Final, but it was subsequently cancelled due to restrictions prompted by the Omicron variant. |
1559_19 | Seeking to defend their title at the 2022 U.S. Championships, Hubbell/Donohue placed second in the rhythm dance due to errors, ending up 2.55 points behind Chock/Bates. They went on to win the free dance, but remained in second place overall. Hubbell said "we wanted to end our career here at the U.S. Championships with a performance that felt present and we're both very satisfied with how we skated. I think stepping off the ice, we knew we were content with what we put out there." They were subsequently named to the American Olympic team. |
1559_20 | Hubbell/Donohue began the 2022 Winter Olympics as the American entries in the rhythm dance segment of the Olympic team event. They scored a new personal best of 86.56 to win the segment, securing ten points for the American team and notably prevailing over reigning World champions Sinitsina/Katsalapov of the ROC. Donohue, pleased with the results, said that "opening up our Olympics this way is really an honor." Team USA won the silver medal, Hubbell and Donohue's first Olympic medal. In the ice dance event, they finished in third place in the rhythm dance with another new personal best score of 87.13. Third in the free dance as well despite a deduction for an extended lift, they won the bronze medal.
Programs
With Hubbell
With Gilles
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
With Hubbell
With Gilles
With Lamar
With Patitucci
Detailed results
Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships.
With Hubbell |
1559_21 | References
External links
1991 births
Living people
American male ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in figure skating
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Hartford, Connecticut |
1560_0 | Sangiran is an archaeological excavation site in Java in Indonesia. According to a UNESCO report (1995) "Sangiran is recognized by scientists to be one of the most important sites in the world for studying fossil man, ranking alongside Zhoukoudian (China), Willandra Lakes (Australia), Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), and Sterkfontein (South Africa), and more fruitful in finds than any of these."
The area comprises about 56 km² (7 km x 8 km). It is located in Central Java, about 15 kilometers north of Surakarta in the Solo River valley. Administratively, Sangiran area is divided between 2 regencies: Sragen (districts of Gemolong, Kalijambe, and Plupuh) and Karanganyar (district of Gondangrejo). An important feature of the site is the geology of the area. Originally a dome was created millions of years ago through tectonic uplifts. The dome was then eroded exposing beds within the dome which are rich in archeological records. |
1560_1 | History
1883: The Dutch paleoanthropologist Eugène Dubois undertook preliminary fieldwork at Sangiran. However Dubois did not find many fossils of interest so he shifted his attention to Trinil in East Java where he found significant discoveries.
1934: The anthropologist Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald started to examine the area. During excavations in the next years fossils of some of the first known human ancestors, Pithecanthropus erectus ("Java Man", now reclassified as part of the species Homo erectus), were found here. About 60 more human fossils, among them the enigmatic "Meganthropus", have since been found. Sangiran 2, for example, was discovered by von Koenigswald at the site. In addition, there are considerable numbers of remains of the animals that these primitive humans hunted, and of others that merely shared the habitat. |
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