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1560_2 | 1977: The Indonesian Government designated an area of 56 km2 around Sangiran as a Daerah Cagar Budaya (Protected Cultural Area).
1988: A modest local site museum and conservation laboratory were set up at Sangiran.
1996: UNESCO registered Sangiran as a World Heritage Site in the World Heritage List as the Sangiran Early Man Site.
2011: The current museum and visitors' centre was opened by the Minister for Education and Culture on 15 December.
2012: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited the museum in February accompanied by 11 cabinet ministers.
Over time, following the initial work by Dubois and von Koenigswald at Sangiran, other scholars including Indonesian archeologists undertook work at the site. Indonesian scholars included Teuku Jacob, Etty Indriati, Sartono, Fachroel Aziz, Harry Widianto, Yahdi Zaim, and Johan Arif. |
1560_3 | Sangiran museum
A modest museum existed at Sangiran for several decades before a modern, well-functioning museum and visitors' centre was opened in December 2011. The new building, a modern museum, contains three main halls with extensive displays and impressive dioramas of the Sangiran area as it was believed to be around 1 million years ago. Several other centres are under construction as well (early 2013) so that by 2014 it is expected that there will be four centres at different places within the overall Sangiran site. The four planned centres are:
Krikilan: the existing site with the main visitors centre and museum.
Ngebung: to contain a history of the discovery of the Sangiran site.
Bukuran: to provide information about the discovery of prehistoric human fossils at Sangiran.
Dayu: to present information about the latest research. |
1560_4 | The current museum and visitors' centre has three main halls. The first hall contains a number of dioramas which provide information about the early humans and animals which existed at the Sangiran site around 1 million years ago. The second hall, which is more extensive, presents much detailed material about the wide variety of fossils found at Sangiran and about the history of exploration at the site. The third hall, in a separate impressive presentation, contains a large diorama which provides a sweeping view of the overall area of Sangiran, with volcanoes such as Mount Lawu in the background and humans and animals in the foreground, as it is imagined to have been around 1 million years ago. Several of the presentations in this third hall draw on the work of the internationally-known paleontological sculptor Elisabeth Daynes. |
1560_5 | Access
Access to the Sangiran museum is gained by travelling around 15 km north from Surakarta along the main road towards the central Java town of Purwodadi. The turnoff to the museum, just past the small market town of Kalioso, leads along a sealed road which winds through a relatively poor rural area for around 4 km before reaching the final short entry road to the visitors centre to the right. Total travel time from Surakarta, depending on traffic conditions along the crowded Surakarta-Purwodadi road, is about 45-60 mins. There are frequent buses along the route from Surakarta to Purwodadi which will drop passengers off at the turnoff on request. Local informal motorcycle taxi drivers will ferry visitors along the remaining 4 km for a modest charge. The museum can be reached conveniently by Trans-Java Toll Road. (The museum is open from 8.00am to 4.00pm each day except for Mondays when the museum is closed.) |
1560_6 | Social and other issues
Development of the overall Sangiran site has not been without controversy. Uncontrolled digging and illegal trade in fossils has occurred on various occasions since the site was first discovered. For a considerable period, villagers in the area frequently dug up and sold fossils to local buyers. Following the enactment of national Law No. 5 of 1992 on cultural heritage objects, there were stronger controls on these activities. However, illegal activities have sometimes continued to occur in recent years. In 2010, for example, an American citizen claiming to be a scientist was arrested near Sangiran while travelling in a truck containing 43 different types of fossils in boxes and sacks with an estimated market value of $2 million.
More recently, there has been discussion in the Indonesian media about the way that the development of the Sangiran site has failed to bring any significant tangible benefits to the rural communities in the local area. |
1560_7 | See also
Homo floresiensis
Liang Bua Cave site in Flores
List of fossil sites
List of human evolution fossils
Meganthropus
Mojokerto child (another Javanese Homo erectus fossil)
Prehistoric Asia
Prehistoric Indonesia
Solo Man (refers to the Ngandong site in Java)
Trinil fossil site in Java. |
1560_8 | External links
UNESCO World Heritage Centre Sangiran Early Man Site details.
Notes about the site at Best Travel Guides: Sangiran
360° Panorama of Sangiran museum on World heritage tour
Accommodation information about Sangiran Museum
An international conference about Sangiran: Man, Culture and Environment in Pleistocene Times was held in Surakarta (Solo) in September 1998
A booklet prepared by Dr Etty Indriati from Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta provides a useful guide to the site in Indonesian. See Etty Indriati, Warisan budaya dan munusia purba Indonesia Sangiran [Cultural heritage and ancient Indonesian man Sangiran], PT Citra Aji Parama, Yogyakarta, 2009. This booklet, along with other notes, may be purchased at the entry to the museum.
References
Archaeological sites in Indonesia
World Heritage Sites in Indonesia
Prehistoric Indonesia
Cultural Properties of Indonesia in Central Java
Archaeological museums in Indonesia
Museums in Central Java
Homo erectus sites |
1561_0 | The 2013–14 season was Futbol Club Barcelona's 114th in existence and the club's 83rd consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football. This was the first and only season under head coach Gerardo Martino.
Kit
Season overview |
1561_1 | June
On 3 June, Brazilian Neymar was officially presented as a Barcelona player to more than 50,000 fans at Camp Nou. He joined the squad after the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup in Brazil. On 20 June, after spending the previous season on loan to Mallorca, it was officially announced that Andreu Fontàs will be joining Celta de Vigo for a sum of €1 million. Barça will retain a buy-back clause in addition to the player's rights in any future transfer. While at Celta, Fontàs will be reunited with former Barcelona B coach Luis Enrique, whom he managed between 2008 and 2010. On 28 June, it was announced that Santos will participate in the 2013 edition of the Joan Gamper Trophy on 2 August at the Camp Nou. Santos' participation was agreed upon Barça signing Neymar. |
1561_2 | July |
1561_3 | On 6 July, Bojan was officially loaned to Ajax with an option for a second year loan spell. Bojan explained that conversations with Johan Cruyff had influenced his decision to move to Ajax, as well as the opportunity to play in the UEFA Champions League. On 8 July, Barcelona announced the transfer of Spanish international forward David Villa to Atlético Madrid for a reported fee of €5.1 million and reserve the right to 50% of any future sale of the player. Villa, who joined Barça in the summer of 2010, played 119 times and scored 48 goals and leaves the club after three seasons and eight trophies won. On 15 July, Barcelona announced that midfielder Thiago will be joining German champions Bayern Munich, where he joins his former Barcelona coach Pep Guardiola, for €25 million. The transfer also stipulates that the two clubs will play a friendly sometime within the next four seasons. The 22-year-old leaves after two season with the first team. On 16 July, it was announced that midfielder |
1561_4 | Sergio Busquets agreed to a contract extension with the club for a further five years until 2018, with an option of an additional year. Busquets' buyout clause remains set at €150 million. On 19 July, Barcelona President Sandro Rosell officially announced the resignation of current manager Tito Vilanova. Vilanova will not be able to perform his managerial duties as he undergoes further treatment for his illness. During the press conference, Rosell announced, "After evaluating the results from the routine check-ups, which Tito Vilanova underwent this week, he was presented with the option to continue treatment to control his illness which will make it impossible to continue his responsibilities as the first team manager of the senior side." As a result, Barça rescheduled their pre-season match against Lechia Gdańsk in Poland to 30 July. On 23 July, former Newell's Old Boys manager Gerardo Martino was officially announced as the new coach of Barcelona and is subsequently signed a |
1561_5 | two-year contract with the club. The appointment makes Martino, nicknamed "Tata", the fourth Argentine to coach Barça after Helenio Herrera, Roque Olsen and César Luis Menotti. |
1561_6 | August
On 1 August, Cristian Tello extended his contract with Barcelona until 30 June 2018, with a set buyout clause of €25 million.
On 18 August, Barcelona won their first match of the La Liga season thrashing Levante 7–0, with goals coming from Alexis Sánchez, Dani Alves and Xavi and braces by Lionel Messi and Pedro. On 25 August, Barça defeated Málaga with a single goal from Adriano before the half-time break. On 28 August, Barça won the 2013 Supercopa de España at the Camp Nou. The 0–0 scoreline at Camp Nou, meant that the 1–1 draw from the first leg at the Vicente Calderón was enough to win the trophy on the away goals rule, with the winning goal coming from Neymar's 66th-minute header. |
1561_7 | September |
1561_8 | On 1 September, Barcelona made it three wins in a row to ensure top spot on the league table, after a hard-fought victory against Valencia. Messi's first half hat-trick, together with a match saving performance by Víctor Valdés, was enough to see Barça win at the Mestalla for the first time since 2011. On 14 September, Barcelona defeated Sevilla 3–2 at Camp Nou with a 94th-minute winner from Alexis Sánchez. On 18 September, Barcelona defeated Ajax 4–0 at home in their first group match of the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League with a hat-trick from Messi and one goal from Gerard Piqué. With the three goals, Messi took his career tally to 62 goals in the Champions League leaving him nine goals short of former Real Madrid forward and record marksman Raúl. He also became the first player to score four hat-tricks in the Champions League, whilst also netting his 24th such treble for Barça. On 21 September, Barcelona defeated Rayo Vallecano 0–4 at Campo de Vallecas. A hat-trick from Pedro, one |
1561_9 | from Cesc Fàbregas and another great performance from Valdés, who saved his second penalty in two consecutive matches, gave Barça the three points. This match also marked the first time since 7 May 2008 against Real Madrid where Barcelona did not finish the match with a higher percentage of possession than the opponent. Breaking a streak of 315 matches in a row. On 24 September, Barcelona continued its hot start to the league campaign with a 4–1 victory over Real Sociedad at home. On September 28, Barcelona defeated newly promoted side Almería on the road with a 0–2 scoreline. With the victory, Barça set a team record with seven wins from the first seven matches in the league. Messi scored his league leading eight goal of the season but was substituted seven minutes later with muscle problems in his right leg. It was confirmed Messi will be out for two to three weeks with a tear to his biceps femoris in his right leg. |
1561_10 | October |
1561_11 | On 1 October, Barcelona defeated Scottish club Celtic at Celtic Park with a 0–1 scoreline to stay at top of Group H in the Champions League. Fàbregas' goal gave Barça the win, a year after last season's defeat in the same fixture. On 5 October, Barcelona made it eight out of eight in their record breaking start to the league season with a 4–1 win over Real Valladolid at Camp Nou. Goals by Xavi, Neymar and a brace by Sánchez turned the result around after Valladolid's Javi Guerra opener in the tenth minute. On 19 October, Barcelona drop their first points of the season after a goalless draw with Osasuna at El Sadar that draw mean Barça failed to match La Liga's best ever start to a season and put an end to an eight-game winning run. On 22 October, Barcelona failed to clinch a spot in knockout rounds of the Champions League against Milan after a 1–1 draw in Italy. Messi goal equaled the result after Robinho opener in the ninth minute. With the draw, Barça stayed top of Group H with |
1561_12 | seven points, two more than Milan. On 26 October, the first Clásico of the season was contested at the Camp Nou with Barça securing a 2–1 victory over their great rivals. Strikes from Neymar and a spectacular Sánchez second gave Barça the win that leaves them six points clear of Real Madrid. On 29 October, Barcelona defeated Celta de Vigo 3–0 at Balaídos with goals from Sánchez and Fàbregas to keep Barça undefeated in the league. |
1561_13 | November |
1561_14 | On 1 November, Barcelona defeated Espanyol 1–0 at Camp Nou and won the first derby of the season the only goal came from Alexis Sánchez. On 6 November, Barcelona defeated Milan 3–1 at Camp Nou and qualified for the Knockout Rounds of the Champions League with two match days left. Messi returned to scoring with a brace after going four games without a goal. Busquets added another to send Barça through to the last 16. On 10 November, Barcelona defeated Real Betis 1–4 at the Benito Villamarín with scores from Neymar, Pedro and two from Fàbregas to put Barça three points ahead of Atlético Madrid in La Liga. Messi picked up an injury and will be sidelined for 6 to 8 weeks with a tear in his left hamstring. On 23 November, Barcelona defeated Granada 4–0 at Camp Nou. Barça overcome their injury woes to beat Granada with two penalty goals from Iniesta, and Fàbregas, while Sánchez and Pedro scored the others. On 26 November, Barcelona suffered their first defeat of the season, a 2–1 loss to |
1561_15 | Ajax at the Amsterdam Arena. With the loss, Barça fell one victory short of equaling their best start to a season. |
1561_16 | December |
1561_17 | On 1 December, Barcelona lost to Athletic Bilbao at the San Mamés by a score of 1–0. This was Barcelona's second loss in a week and their first in the league. On 6 December, Barcelona started their Copa del Rey campaign with a victory in Cartagonova with a 1–4 win over Cartagena. Goals from Fàbregas, and Dongou, and a brace by Pedro, gave Barça the first leg victory. On 11 December, Barcelona defeated Celtic 6–1 at Camp Nou and secured the top spot in the group thanks to goals from Piqué, Pedro, Neymar (3) and Tello. On 14 December, Barcelona defeated Villarreal 2–1 at Camp Nou two goals from Neymar gave Barça the victory. On 17 December, Barcelona qualify for the Round of 16 of the Copa del Rey after defeating 3-0 Cartagena at the Camp Nou Pedro, Mariano (o.g.) and Neymar scored for Barça. On 22 December, Barcelona defeated Getafe 2–5 at the Coliseum Alfonso Pérez a hat-trick from Pedro and a brace from Fàbregas gave Barça the victory over Getafe, who led 2–0 after 14 minutes. With |
1561_18 | the win, Barça stays top of the league into the holiday break and ends 2013, leading La Liga wire-to-wire. |
1561_19 | January |
1561_20 | On 5 January, Barcelona won their first match of the year against newly promoted side Elche, with a 4–0 score. A hat-trick from Sánchez, including a goal from a free kick, and another from Pedro, gave Barça the win at home.
On 8 January, Barcelona defeated Getafe 4–0 in the first leg of the Round of 16 of the Copa del Rey. Braces from Fàbregas and Messi gave Barça half a ticket to the quarter-finals.
On 11 January, Barcelona were held to a scoreless draw by Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón a gripping game between the two league leaders ended without score.
On 16 January, Barcelona qualify for the Quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey after defeating 2-0 Getafe at the Coliseum Alfonso Pérez a brace from messi gave Barça the win and Xavi features in his 700th match for the team. |
1561_21 | On 19 January, Barcelona drew their second league match in a row. A 1–1 draw against Levante at the Ciutat de València saw Gerard Piqué scoring the only goal. On 22 January, Barcelona defeated Levante 4–1 in the first leg of the Quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey three days after the draw in the league an own goal from Juanfran and a hat-trick from Cristian Tello gave Barça the win at the Ciutat de València.
On 26 January, Barcelona defeated Málaga 3–0 at Camp Nou goals from Piqué, Pedro and Sánchez gave Barça the victory.
On 29 January, Barcelona qualified for the Semi-finals of the Copa del Rey after defeating Levante 5–1 at the Camp Nou; Adriano, Puyol, Sánchez (2) and Fàbregas scored for Barça. |
1561_22 | February
On 1 February, Barcelona lost their first match at home after being defeated at Camp Nou by Valencia with a scoreline of 2–3, where Sánchez and Messi scored for Barça, while Jordi Alba was sent off with a second yellow. On 5 February, Barcelona defeated Real Sociedad 2–0 at Camp Nou in the first leg of the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey. goals from Busquets and Zubikarai (o.g.) gave Barça half a ticket to the final.
On 9 February, Barcelona defeated Sevilla 4–1 at Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, goals coming from Sánchez, Fàbregas and a brace by Messi to
give Barça the top spot in the league. |
1561_23 | On 12 February, Barcelona reached to their 35th Copa del Rey final after a 1–1 drew against Real Sociedad at Anoeta. On 15 February, Barcelona trashed Rayo Vallecano 6–0 at Camp Nou with goals coming from Adriano, Sánchez, Pedro, Neymar and a brace by Lionel Messi. On 18 February, Barcelona defeated Manchester City at the Etihad Stadium with a 0–2 win in their Champions League first leg encounter to move closer to qualifying for the quarter-finals. Messi and Dani Alves scored for Barça.
On 22 February, Barcelona lost to Real Sociedad at the Anoeta by a score of 3–1. |
1561_24 | March
On 9 March, Barcelona defeated Almería 4–1 at Camp Nou; goals from Sánchez, Messi, Xavi and Puyol gave Barça the win.
On 8 March, Barcelona lost to Real Valladolid at the José Zorrilla by a score of 1–0. This was Barcelona's second away loss in a row. On 12 March, Barcelona qualified for the quarter-finals of the Champions League after defeating Manchester City 2–1 at Camp Nou. Messi and Dani Alves scored for Barça.
On 16 March, Barcelona trashed Osasuna 7–0 at Camp Nou with goals coming from Sánchez, Iniesta, Tello, Pedro and a hat-trick by Lionel Messi.
On 23 March, the second Clásico of the season was contested at the Santiago Bernabéu with Barça securing a 3–4 victory over their great rivals. A hat-trick from Messi and a lone goal by Iniesta gave Barça the win that leaves them one point off of league leaders Real Madrid. |
1561_25 | On 26 March, Barcelona defeated Celta Vigo 3–0 at Camp Nou. A brace from Neymar and a lone goal by Messi gave Barça the win. Valdés picked up an injury and will be sidelined for the rest of the season.
On 29 March, Barcelona defeated Espanyol 0–1 at Cornellà de Llobregat and won the second derby of the season, with the only goal coming from Messi. |
1561_26 | April
On 1 April, Barcelona drew in the first leg of the quarter-finals of the Champions League. The match against Atlético Madrid at the Camp Nou ended with a 1–1 draw. Neymar scored the goal for Barcelona. |
1561_27 | On 2 April, Barcelona was sanctioned by FIFA for international transfers of minors over various periods between 2009 and 2013. The sanction consisted in a transfer ban at both national and international level for two complete and consecutive transfer periods, together with a fine of CHF 450,000. FIFA's regulations dictate that international transfers regarding minors are only accepted in three scenarios—the player's parents have moved to another country for non-related reasons; the move takes place within the European Union if the player is aged between 16 and 18, or the player's home is less than 50 kilometres from the national border being crossed. However, it was temporarily lifted until the appeal process, giving the club the chance to purchase players in the summer transfer window of 2014, |
1561_28 | May
On 17 May, in a game where they needed to defeat Atlético Madrid (who eliminated them from the UEFA Champions League in the quarterfinals earlier in the year) to be crowned champions of La Liga for the 23rd time, they drew after Atlético defender Diego Godín headed in the equalizer in the 49th minute, giving Atlético the championship.
Players
Squad information
From the youth system
Transfers in
Total spending: €70.1 Million
Transfers out
Total income: €31 million
Expenditure: €39.1 million
Technical staff
Statistics
Squad, appearances and goals
Goal scorers
Last updated: 17 May 2014
Disciplinary record
Includes all competitive matches. Players listed below made at least one appearance for Barcelona first squad during the season.
Pre-season and friendlies
Competitions
Supercopa de España
La Liga
League table
Results by round
Matches
Copa del Rey
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
UEFA Champions League
Group stage |
1561_29 | Knockout phase
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Copa Catalunya
References
Spanish football clubs 2013–14 season
2013–14 UEFA Champions League participants seasons
2013-14
2013–14 in Catalan football |
1562_0 | June Lake is a census-designated place in Mono County, California. It is located against the southern rim of the Mono Basin, south of Lee Vining, at an elevation of 7654 feet (2333 m).
The majority of the developed community is spread narrowly along a five-mile stretch of California State Route 158, which is also known as the June Lake Loop Road, or in the populated areas, Boulder Drive. The Mono County Community Development Department defines June Lake's planning area to encompass the entire June Lake Loop, including the section of U.S. Route 395 between the north and south junctions of the Loop Road.
The population was 629 at the 2010 census. In the summer that can grow by 2500 visitors: fishermen, campers, tourists, backpackers, and other outdoors enthusiasts. The ZIP Code is 93529. |
1562_1 | Geology and geography
The June Lake Loop is situated against the west rim of the Great Basin and Range Province, abutting the steep eastern escarpment of the Sierra Nevada. Rush Creek originates from an alpine watershed just north of the headwaters of the San Joaquin River, and south of the Tuolumne River, then flows northeast, becoming the major tributary to the great inland sea, Mono Lake. |
1562_2 | June Lake's looped valley, often described as a horseshoe-shaped canyon, was formed by glacial action. The Rush Creek glacier split in two when it encountered the resistant rock of what is now known as Reversed Peak. The main glacier flowed toward the north creating the Rush Creek Canyon. Another glacial branch turned south and east but its flow was impeded and eventually stopped as the granitic bedrock on this southern branch created an uphill path toward the volcanic area of the Mono Craters. When the glacier receded it left behind terminal moraine material in the area now known as Oh! Ridge.
A basin which had been carved out just west of the ridge is filled with spring water, creating June Lake and nearby Gull Lake. The overflow from these spring-fed lakes flows back toward the mountain range and thus is named Reversed Creek. Reversed Creek reaches a confluence with Rush Creek and flows through Silver Lake and Grant Lake, completing the "loop" to the Mono Basin. |
1562_3 | One notable geologic feature is the perched boulder, a glacial erratic next to the June Lake Fire Station. This boulder, a well-known landmark of the area, is 18 feet tall and weighs 150 tons. It was carried and deposited by glacial action to its present position. |
1562_4 | June Lake contains several distinct community areas. The main Village is between the southwestern end of June Lake, with the smaller Gull Lake on the northwest. The Village is the commercial core, with a post office, community center, library, restaurants, lodging, stores and offices, as well as mixed residential use. The West Village/Rodeo Grounds area lies on the North and West sides of Gull Lake. These areas are sites of more recent development including a baseball field, condominiums, and some larger homes. Over ninety acres of vacant land in this area are currently involved in a specific plan process. June Mountain Ski Area, adjacent to the Rodeo Grounds property, is owned and operated by Mammoth Mountain LLC under a use permit from the Inyo National Forest. Down canyon and closer to the dramatic eastern scarp of the Sierra Nevada are the Petersen, Williams, and Clark Tracts: then directly at the base of Carson Peak are the Dream Mountain and Silver Lake Meadow areas as well |
1562_5 | as the Rush Creek Power House. These "down canyon" areas are primarily single-family residential although several commercial nodes exist containing retail, lodging, dining and other services. There are also several outlying inhabited areas which are under lease from the Forest Service. These include the June Lake Junction and Pine Cliff Resort to the northeast of June Lake; Silver Lake Resort; the Silver Lake Recreation Residence Tract; and the Grant Lake Campground and Marina. At the northern Junction of the Loop road with U.S. Highway 395 is the Cain Ranch, on property owned by the City of Los Angeles. |
1562_6 | According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 8.8 square miles (22.7 km2), 90.99% of it land, and 9.01% of it water.
Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and mostly dry summers (with a few thunderstorms in late summer), and cold, snowy winters with no average monthly temperatures above . According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, June Lake has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps. |
1562_7 | History
The June Lake Loop has attracted fishermen, hunters, and hikers since the late 19th century. Its first inhabitants were the Paiute Indians of the Mono Basin. Although there was abundant mining activity in adjacent areas, the prospectors of the late 19th century found little of interest here. The area remained roadless, and was recognized only for its scenic and recreational value. During the decline of the mining era, interest developed in the new technology of Hydroelectric Energy. By 1915 a roadway was constructed up Rush Creek to just past Silver Lake, and a rail tramway system was moved from a defunct mine at nearby Bodie into the steep and rugged mountains above for the construction of two dams to provide Hydroelectric Power. The Rush Creek Hydroelectric Project was a significant step in the development of Hydroelectric Power in the State of California, and the Rush Creek Power House began producing electricity for distant cities in 1916. |
1562_8 | The initial construction project continued through 1917, and during this time an employee named Roy Carson started the Loop's first private resort, known as Carson's Camp. The resort was a tent camp until 1920 when the first cabin was completed. A year later, after the completion of the first cabin another two cabins were erected in 1921. The new, larger cabin contained a dining room and a small area for a post office. This cabin is still in use as a store and restaurant for the historic Silver Lake Resort. Circa 1924 the U.S. Forest Service constructed another unpaved roadway from a point along U.S. Highway 395 to June Lake. Eventually Power Station employees and fishermen continued the road to connect with the road in the Silver Lake area. The road from the June Lake Junction made June Lake automobile accessible and made development in that area possible. Housing tracts were formed in between June and Gull Lakes and also near Fern Creek and Silver Lake. Boulder Lodge, on the shore |
1562_9 | of June Lake, was the second resort to be built in the June Lake Loop. In 1927 the Ed J. Seymour Company announced the construction of June Lake Lodge, (now a timeshare hotel known as the Heidelberg Inn) on the hillside overlooking June and Gull Lakes. The Lodge was to be operated in conjunction with a fish hatchery and fox farm, and included fifty rooms, a restaurant and bar, and a large four-sided fireplace in the lobby. June Lake Lodge opened in May 1928, and the hatchery produced an average of 1,000,000 small fish every year, distributed to the surrounding area's lakes and creeks. The fox farm was located near what is now the Pine Cliff area. Other camps and lodges sprung up, including Gull Lake Lodge, Fern Creek Lodge, Camp Culver, and Cherokee Lodge. Due to a larger volume of travel on Highway 395 a land lease permit was issued to the Carrington family so that they could create a service station with a repair shop and lunch room at the June Lake Junction. They called it |
1562_10 | "Crater Garage and Lunch Room". With the expansion of the community and its new permanent residents the necessity for a Post Office and school arose. The first United States Post Office in June Lake was established on October 1, 1927, and the first school in 1933. The school was run out of Fern Creek Lodge and the first teacher Mrs. Romana Power earned $1500.00 for a year. |
1562_11 | During this period, automobile touring had become quite fashionable, and with the completion of the Tioga Pass Road, June Lake became a popular destination and way point for those traveling between Yosemite and Southern California. Notably, many Los Angeles area dignitaries and Hollywood celebrities made their way here. Film star Wallace Beery built a cabin on a small island in Silver Lake. Beery was also an aviator and known to land his plane on the meadow area adjacent to the lake. Names such as Clark Gable, Charlie Chaplin, Betty Grable, Sally Rand and others graced the guest register at the June Lake Lodge. Subsequently, film director Frank Capra and cartoonist Walter Lantz also had cabins at Silver Lake, and their families continue to visit. |
1562_12 | The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power since 1923 had been seeking to purchase water rights in the Mono Basin to increase the capabilities of their aqueduct system. And, by 1935, the Mono Basin Project was underway. Water was captured from nearby Parker Creek, Walker Creek and Lee Vining Creek and diverted to Rush Creek at Grant Lake, where a large earthfill dam was constructed. An eleven-mile tunnel was dug under the Mono Craters to deliver this water to another new reservoir at Crowley Lake. This water project was approaching its completion by the time the Second World War began. |
1562_13 | The Loop's population swelled appreciably during those years, as a temporary company-town settlement was developed at the East Portal of the tunnel, about two miles from Grant Lake. Most of the supervisors, private contractors, foremen, and City specialists for the aqueduct project found lodging in June Lake. Restaurants, bars and dance halls proliferated, along with some gambling activity and a bawdy house or two. Glen Colton's "Tiger" Bar was established in 1932 and still holds one of the State of California's two longest standing alcoholic beverage licenses. |
1562_14 | By the summer of 1940 the June Lake Fire District in conjunction with the United States Forest Service constructed the first municipal water system for the June Lake Village area. Inmate labor was utilized during this construction, and what was known as a "Spike Camp" was established to house those workers.
It was also during this time that the sport of skiing was becoming popular in the United States, and by around 1937 there was an organized race called the "Silver Skis." Participants started near the Fish Hatchery, hiking to the top of 10,866 foot Carson Peak and skiing back down. By 1940, a group of local businessmen established the June Lake Winter Sports Association, building and operating a 2200-foot rope tow ski area with a vertical rise of 600 feet, including first aid, ski instruction and repair, light lunches, and entertainment. |
1562_15 | The ski lift was powered by a small private hydroelectric plant on Fern Creek, as no commercial electricity was yet available. Another private generation facility was established at the Carson's Camp/Silver Lake Resort. The California Electric Power Company finally constructed local distribution lines and established power service to the Loop area in 1946. Prior to that time oil lanterns were used, and refrigeration was accomplished by sawing blocks of ice from the surface of June Lake during winter, storing them for future use in a large ice house located on shore next to the boat landings. |
1562_16 | By the 1950s June Lake had two competing grocery markets: Louie's Market which had been in business for 20 years and was owned and operated by Louis and Pauline Prole and their daughters Louise and Jocelyn and the newer June Lake General Store owned by Al and Jean Matlaf. Louie's Market had a wide variety of services including a bakery, ice cream fountain, groceries, necessities, hardware, cold storage for local fisherman and hunters as well as a deli and meat counter. Louis was a trucker and brought in his own supplies to keep the cost down; he also knew produce and only the best would do for his customers and friends. During the long haul, he would often stop along 395 and deliver fresh produce to the locals, many of whom still remember him with a smile. There were also numerous other services including service stations; automotive repair and towing; sport and tackle shops; hardware and dry goods; even an arcade featuring pinball machines and the like. June Lake at the time was |
1562_17 | one of the more important commercial centers of the Eastern Sierra region. A new, larger school with a teacher's residence had been constructed near the Rodeo Grounds. In 1955, motel owner Edward Krause and associate Frank Roberts established one of the earliest Community Antenna Cable systems, making June Lake the only town in the area to offer television to its motel guests. |
1562_18 | The ski area had been unable to survive during the WWII years, but in late 1958 the Forest Service announced its intention to offer a permit for a new ski area at June Mountain. W.C. "Bud" Hayward obtained the use permit and built a full-service ski area with a double chairlift and T-Bar, which opened in February 1961. During his tenure as owner of the ski resort until 1986, Hayward expanded the terrain and facilities including the addition of a rope tow, poma lift, and three additional double chairs.
The community of June Lake retained its commercial vitality through the 1970s, with the addition of a banking branch, hardware and paint store, welder, auto body repair, art and pottery galleries, and more. Since that time however, there has been a steady economic decline marked by the growth and boom of the nearby Town of Mammoth Lakes, which drew most of the commercial activities away from its outlying communities.
Demographics |
1562_19 | 2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that June Lake had a population of 629. The population density was 71.6 people per square mile (27.7/km2). The racial makeup of June Lake was 534 (84.9%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 7 (1.1%) Native American, 2 (0.3%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 78 (12.4%) from other races, and 8 (1.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 137 persons (21.8%).
The Census reported that 627 people (99.7% of the population) lived in households, 2 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. |
1562_20 | There were 290 households, out of which 57 (19.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 149 (51.4%) were married couples living together, 8 (2.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 7 (2.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 23 (7.9%) unmarried couples, and 0 (0%) homosexual partnerships. 97 households (33.4%) were made up of individuals, and 21 (7.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16. There were 164 families (56.6% of all households); the average family size was 2.77.
The population was spread out, with 116 people (18.4%) under the age of 18, 38 people (6.0%) aged 18 to 24, 180 people (28.6%) aged 25 to 44, 225 people (35.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 70 people (11.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.2 males. |
1562_21 | There were 820 housing units at an average density of 93.4 per square mile (36.1/km2), of which 157 (54.1%) were owner-occupied, and 133 (45.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 8.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 11.7%. 327 people (52.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 300 people (47.7%) lived in rental housing units. |
1562_22 | 2000
The 2000 United States Census reported the population of June Lake to be 613. For 2003, the California Department of Finance estimated the population to be 626. In 2000, 4% of the population was under 5 years old, 17% were from 5 to 17, 71% were from 18 to 64, and 8% were over 65. The median age was 41.4. Sixty-six percent of the households were owner occupied and 34% were rented. Only 615 of June Lake's 1,187 parcels have been developed. June Lake's population is highly seasonal: 223 households are full-time residences and 571 are part-time. Including seasonal visitors, June Lake may have a temporary population of 2,900.
The Mono County General Plan provides for an additional 3,970 dwelling units in June Lake. |
1562_23 | Community |
1562_24 | June Lake is known as a quaint resort community, with an authentic hometown atmosphere. The chief industry is tourism, with lodging and vacation rentals ranging from cottages and cabins to motels and full-service resorts. The newest addition to the town is the Double Eagle Resort and Spa. This property offers luxurious accommodations along with a pool, Jacuzzi, fitness center, massage therapy, a restaurant and bar. Other places to stay include: Boulder Lodge, Gull Lake Lodge, The Haven, Four Seasons, Silver Lake Resort, Reverse Creek Lodge, Lake Front Cabins, June Lake Villager Inn, June Lake Pines Cottages, Whispering Pines, June Lake Motel, Heidelberg Inn, the Knoll Haus, Fern Creek Lodge, and Big Rock Resort. There are also Vacation Homes and Condominiums available for transient occupancy. During the fair weather months, the June Lake Loop offers RV camping at: Silver Lake Resort RV Park, Pine Cliff Resort, June Lake RV Park, Golden Pine RV Park, and Grant Lake Marina. There are |
1562_25 | also public Campgrounds on the lands of the Inyo National Forest at Oh! Ridge, June Lake, Gull Lake, Reversed Creek, and Silver Lake. |
1562_26 | Groceries are available at the June Lake General Store, as well as the smaller Fern Creek Store, Silver Lake Resort, and at the June Lake Junction, which also has gasoline and diesel fuel. The town offers dining at the Carson Peak Inn, Tiger Bar and Café, Eagles Landing Restaurant, Ohanas, Silver Lake Café, Alpine Deli and Pizza, and The Lift. A number of galleries and gift locations feature local artists' works, including pottery and wood carvings. Access to the lakes for boat launching is provided at two marinas on June Lake and one each on Gull Lake, Silver Lake, and Grant Lake. Sporting goods and winter ski rentals are provided at Ernie's Tackle Shop. |
1562_27 | From December through April, the June Mountain Ski Area is the center of activity for June Lake. In addition to its 500+ acres of ride able terrain for all abilities and types of skiers and snowboarders, the ski resort features breakfast and lunch in the Grand Chalet with a commanding view of the lakes below and the entire Mono Basin. There are also equipment rentals, a winter sports school, as well as sport shop which also features gifts and souvenirs. |
1562_28 | Local jobs are generally service or retail related, although there are some contractors including builders, electricians and plumbers. Many residents commute to work in Lee Vining, Mammoth Lakes, or even further to Bridgeport or Bishop. Over fifty percent of all private residences in June Lake, however, are second homes. Most of these part-time occupants are here during summer months, leaving their June Lake homes dark for the winter. Historically, June Lake's summer residents have comprised a vital and active part of community life.
During winter, the majority of the workforce for the June Mountain Ski Resort is housed at employee housing facilities in Mammoth and provided with daily bus transportation by their employer.
Tourism and activities |
1562_29 | Because the community is built on hills and meadows in this subalpine valley surrounded by high mountain peaks, it has been dubbed the "Switzerland of California." The area is most famous for its trout fishing, which occurs in many modes: trolling or still fishing the lakes from a boat, float tubing, or shore fishing the many lakes and streams. Bait fishing is productive and popular, as are spin casting with lures and fly fishing. Rush Creek below the Grant Lake Dam is restricted to catch-and-release. The lakes are cool in temperature but swimming is possible in the midsummer months. There is a swimming beach on June Lake near the Oh! Ridge campground. Speed boats are restricted on the smaller lakes but speedboats and personal watercraft are allowed on Grant Lake, making waterskiing and wakeboarding also possible. Hiking is a favorite pastime of the area: June Lake offers many trails that lead into the nearby back country of the Ansel Adams Wilderness Area. Most of the hikes, |
1562_30 | including Fern Lake, Reversed Peak, and Agnew Lake are strenuous and vertical, with the exception of the Parker Lake Trail which is a 2-mile hike that only climbs 400 feet in elevation. The Frontier Pack Train at Silver Lake offers equestrian day rides, as well as backcountry trips. Ample opportunities exist for mountaineering, climbing and bouldering activities, mountain or road bicycling, off-highway vehicle travel, photography, bird watching, and more. In Autumn, an abundance of Aspen groves change from green to gold and red hues as winter approaches. Winter brings snow and cold temperatures, but there are many sunny days during which skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing, ice skating, snowmobiling, sledding and snow play, cross country skiing, snowshoeing, and winter mountaineering and touring may be enjoyed. |
1562_31 | Education
June Lake is in the Eastern Sierra Unified School District. The local June Lake Elementary School was abandoned and torn down in the 1970s, and school bus transportation is provided to Lee Vining. Children attend Lee Vining Elementary School. High School students may attend Lee Vining High School, or alternatively, the Eastern Sierra Academy, if they qualify. Some parents seek inter-district transfers to the Mammoth Unified School District. June Lake has a public library.
Fire Protection District
June Lake is the seat of the June Lake Fire Protection District, which was established in 1939. The fire protection district covers an area of approximately , including not only June Lake but also the nearby unincorporated areas of Pine Cliff, June Lake Junction, and the down canyon area of the June Lake Loop from the June Lake Village to Silver Lake. The District maintains two fire houses. |
1562_32 | Public Utility District
June Lake is also the seat of the June Lake Public Utility District, which was established in 1947. The June Lake Public Utility District provides water and sewer service to an area of within the June Lake Loop. The water supply is based on diversion rights, split between the Village and Down Canyon areas of June Lake, totaling approximately per day. Distribution is effected by of pipes.
References
External links
Junelakeloop.com
Junelakeloop.org
Junemountain.com
Ocregister.com
Dfg.ca.gov
Actc.org
Skiresort.de
Census-designated places in Mono County, California
Populated places in the Sierra Nevada (United States) |
1563_0 | Fidel Valdez Ramos (; born March 18, 1928), popularly known as FVR and Eddie, is a retired Filipino general and politician who served as the 12th president of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998. He is the only career military officer who reached the rank of five-star general/admiral de jure who rose from second lieutenant up to commander-in-chief of the armed forces. During his six years in office, Ramos was widely credited and admired by many for revitalizing and renewing international confidence in the Philippine economy. At age , he is currently the oldest living former Philippine president.
He ascended the ranks in the Philippine military early in his career and became Chief of the Philippine Constabulary and Vice Chief-of-Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines during the term of President Ferdinand Marcos. |
1563_1 | During the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution, Ramos was hailed as a hero by many Filipinos for his decision to break away from the administration of President Marcos and pledge allegiance and loyalty to the newly established government of President Corazon Aquino.
Prior to his election as president, Ramos served in the cabinet of President Corazon Aquino, first as chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), and later as Secretary of National Defense from 1986 to 1991. He was credited for the creation of the Philippine Army's Special Forces and the Philippine National Police Special Action Force.
Since his retirement, he has remained active in politics, serving as adviser to his successors.
Early life and education |
1563_2 | Fidel Ramos was born on March 18, 1928, in Lingayen, Pangasinan and grew up in Asingan town during his childhood. His father, Narciso Ramos (1900–1986), was a lawyer, journalist and five-term legislator of the House of Representatives, who eventually rose to the position of Secretary of Foreign Affairs. As such, Narciso Ramos was the Philippine signatory to the ASEAN declaration forged in Bangkok in 1967, and was a founding member of the Liberal Party. According to Fidel Ramos's biography in his presidential inauguration in 1992, Narciso Ramos also served as one of the leaders of the anti-Japanese guerrilla group the Maharlika founded by Ferdinand Marcos. His mother, Angela Valdez (1905–1978), was an educator, woman suffragette, and member of the respected Valdez clan of Batac, Ilocos Norte, making him a second degree cousin to former Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos. |
1563_3 | He received elementary education in a Lingayen public school. Ramos began secondary education at the University of the Philippines High School in the City of Manila, and continued in the High School Department of Mapúa Institute of Technology. He graduated high school from Centro Escolar University Integrated School in 1945. He later on obtained his degree in Civil Engineering at National University in Manila. He was Top 8 in the Civil Engineering Board Exam in 1953. Afterwards he went to the United States as he received an appointment to the United States Military Academy, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Military Engineering degree. He also earned his master's degree in civil engineering at the University of Illinois. He also holds a master's degree in National Security Administration from the National Defense College of the Philippines and a master's degree in Business Administration from Ateneo de Manila University. In addition, he received a total of 29 honorary |
1563_4 | doctorate degrees. |
1563_5 | Marriage
He married Amelita Martinez on October 21, 1954, and together they have five daughters: Angelita Ramos-Jones, Josephine Ramos-Samartino, Carolina Ramos-Sembrano, Cristina Ramos-Jalasco and Gloria Ramos.
Military career |
1563_6 | Early career
Ramos went to the United States Military Academy at West Point where he graduated in 1950. Ramos was a member of the Philippines' 20th Battalion Combat Team of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) that fought in the Korean War. He was an Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon Leader. Ramos was one of the heroes of the Battle of Hill Eerie, where he led his platoon to sabotage the enemy in Hill Eerie. He was also in the Vietnam War as a non-combat civil military engineer and Chief of Staff of the Philippine Civil Action Group (PHILCAG). It was during this assignment where he forged his lifelong friendship with his junior officer Maj. Jose T. Almonte, who went on to become his National Security Advisor throughout his administration from 1992 to 1998. |
1563_7 | Ramos has received several military awards including the Philippine Legion of Honor (18 March 1988 and 19 July 1991), the Distinguished Conduct Star (1991), the Distinguished Service Star (20 May 1966, 20 December 1967, and 3 August 1981), Philippine Military Merit Medal (23 May 1952), the U.S. Military Academy Distinguished Graduate Award and Legion of Merit (1 August 1990), and the French Legion of Honor.
During his stint at the Philippine Army, Ramos founded the Philippine Army Special Forces. And then, he was named as the commander of the Army's 3rd Division based in Cebu City, Cebu.
Martial Law and the EDSA Revolution
Ramos was head of the Philippine Constabulary, then a major service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, that functioned as the country's national police until 1972, when Ferdinand Marcos imposed Martial Law. |
1563_8 | In 1975, all civic and municipal police forces in the country were integrated by decree, and it became known as the Integrated National Police (INP), which was under the control and supervision of the Philippine Constabulary. As head of the PC, Ramos was ex officio the INP's first concurrent Director-General. Martial Law was formally lifted nine years later on January 17, 1981, but Marcos retained absolute powers. |
1563_9 | Due to his accomplishments, Ramos was one of the candidates to the position of Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1981, as replacement to the retiring General Romeo Espino who was the longest serving chief of staff. Ramos lost to General Fabian Ver a graduate of the University of the Philippines, who Marcos appointed to the top military post. Instead Ramos, a cousin of Marcos was named AFP Vice-Chief of staff in 1982, and promoted to the rank of three-star general. On May 12, 1983, a new unit in the former Philippine Constabulary was organized and named as the Philippine Constabulary Special Action Force as a requirement of General Order 323 of Philippine Constabulary Headquarters. Fidel Ramos and Gen. Renato de Villa were the founders of the unit. De Villa tasked Col. Rosendo Ferrer and Gen. Sonny Razon to organize a Special Action Force. After which, a training program called the SAF Ranger Course, was used to train the 1st generation of SAF troopers, which |
1563_10 | numbered 149. Of that number, 26 were commissioned officers with the rest were enlisted personnel recruited from a wide range of PC units such as the defunct PC Brigade, the Long Range Patrol Battalion (LRP), the K-9 Support Company, PC Special Organized Group, the Light Reaction Unit (LRU) of PC METROCOM, the Constabulary Off-shore Action Command (COSAC) and other PC Units. Later on, they changed the name of the course to the SAF Commando Course. |
1563_11 | On 8 August 1983, during a speech in Camp Crame to commemorate Philippine Constabulary Day, Marcos announced his removal of Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile from the chain of command, and the creation of a new arrangement with himself as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces replacing AFP Chief of Staff Gen. Ver. Marcos also removed the operational control of the Integrated National Police from the Philippine Constabulary under Gen. Ramos and transferred it under the direct control of Gen. Ver; the Constabulary then had only administrative supervision over the INP. |
1563_12 | When Ver was implicated in the August 21, 1983 assassination of former opposition Senator Benigno Aquino Jr., Ramos became acting AFP Chief of Staff until Ver's reinstatement in 1985 after he was acquitted of charges related to the killing. Ramos at this time also formed the Special Action Force of the Philippine Constabulary to deal with so-called "terrorist-related" crimes. Ramos later admitted he completely knew of the tortures committed during martial law, of which he had participated in. |
1563_13 | On 22 February 1986, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile protested alleged fraud committed by Marcos in the 1986 snap elections, withdrawing support and triggering the non-violent People Power Revolution. General Ramos later also defected and followed Enrile into Camp Crame, and the duo shifted their fealty to Corazón Aquino, the widow of Senator Aquino and Marcos' main election rival. On 25 February, the "EDSA Revolution" reached its peak when Marcos, along with his family and some supporters, fled into exile in Hawaii with the assistance of the United States government, ending his 20-year rule, leaving Aquino to accede as the country's first female President.
Combat record
When belittled by the press regarding his combat record, Ramos responded with trademark sarcasm (July 31, 1987): |
1563_14 | Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and Secretary of National Defense
After Aquino assumed the Presidency, she appointed Ramos as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (1986-1988), and later Secretary of National Defense as well as Chairman of the National Disaster Coordinating Council (1988-1991). During this time, Ramos personally handled the military operations that crushed nine coup attempts against the Aquino government. During Ramos' presidency, the National Unification Commission was created, and its chairman Haydee Yorac, together with Ramos, recommended to President Aquino to grant amnesty to the rebel military officers of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) led by Col. Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan and Capt. Proceso Maligalig.
1992 presidential election |
1563_15 | In December 1991, Ramos declared his candidacy for president. However, he lost the nomination of the then-dominant party Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) to House Speaker Ramon Mitra, Jr. Days later, he bolted from the party LDP and cried foul and founded his own party, the Partido Lakas Tao (People Power Party), inviting Cebu Governor Emilio Mario Osmeña to be his running mate as his vice presidential candidate. The party formed a coalition with the National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD) of Senator Raul Manglapus and the United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines (UMDP) of Ambassador Sanchez Ali. Ramos and Osmeña, together with Congressman (later House Speaker) Jose de Venecia, campaigned for economic reforms and improved national security and unity. |
1563_16 | He won the seven-way race on May 11, 1992, narrowly defeating popular Agrarian Reform Secretary Miriam Defensor Santiago. His running mate, Governor Osmeña, lost to Senator Joseph Estrada as vice president. Despite winning, he garnered only 23.58% of the vote, the lowest plurality in the country's history. The election results were marred by allegations of fraud as Santiago was leading the race for the first five days of counting but became second after a nationwide energy black-out, putting Ramos in first place. International media were already calling Santiago as the president-elect but withdrew because of the sudden change in positions. Santiago filed an electoral protest, but it was eventually junked by the Supreme Court. The quote, "Miriam won in the elections, but lost in the counting" became popular nationwide. These allegations were resurrected when WikiLeaks, in September 2011, released US Embassy reports that Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi contributed Php5 million to finance |
1563_17 | Ramos's campaign. Philippine election laws prohibit accepting contribution from foreigners. |
1563_18 | Presidency
At the time of his accession in 1992, he was the first and only Protestant elected President of the majority-Catholic country and the only Filipino officer in history to have held every rank in the Philippine military from Second Lieutenant to Commander-in-Chief. He is also the third oldest person at the age of 64 to assume the presidency following current President Rodrigo Duterte and Sergio Osmeña.
The first three years of his administration were characterised by an economic boom, technological development, political stability and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people. He advocated party platforms as outline and agenda for governance. He was the first Christian Democrat to be elected in the country, being the founder of Lakas-CMD (Christian-Muslim Democrats Party). He was one of the most influential leaders and the unofficial spokesman of liberal democracy in Asia.
Domestic policies |
1563_19 | Power Crisis |
1563_20 | The Philippines then was experiencing widespread blackouts due to huge demand for electricity and antiquity of power plants, the abolishment of the Department of Energy and discontinuation of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant during the Aquino administration. During his State of the Nation address on July 27, 1992, he requested that the Congress enact a law that would create an Energy Department that would plan and manage the Philippines' energy demands. Congress not only created an Energy Department but gave him special emergency powers to resolve the power crisis. Using the powers given to him, Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct power plants within 24 months. Ramos issued supply contracts that guaranteed the government would buy whatever power the IPPs produced under the contract in U.S. dollars to entice investments in power plants. This became a problem during the East Asian Financial Crisis when the demand for electricity contracted and the |
1563_21 | Philippine peso lost half of its value. |
1563_22 | Ramos personally pushed for the speedy approval of some of the most expensive power deals, and justified signing more contracts despite warnings from within the government and the World Bank that an impending oversupply of electricity could push up prices, a situation that persists in the Philippines up to the present. Individuals linked to Ramos lobbied for the approval of some of the contracts for independent power producers (IPPs), which came with numerous other deals, including lucrative legal, technical, and financial consultancies that were given to individuals and companies close to the former president. Among the deals tied to IPP projects were insurance contracts in which companies made millions of dollars in commissions alone. All the IPP contracts came with attractive incentives and guarantees. Every contract was designed to give IPP creditors some degree of comfort in financing ventures that would usually involve huge capital and risks. Most IPPs were funded by foreign |
1563_23 | loans secured with a form of government guarantee or performance undertaking, which meant that the Philippine government would pay for the loans if the IPPs defaulted. The Ramos government continued signing IPP contracts even after the power crisis had been considered solved by the end of 1993. The World Bank came up with a report in 1994 warning that power rates may rise if the government continued to enter into more IPP contracts that would mean excess power. The World Bank questioned the ambitious projections of the government on economic growth and power demand from 1994 to 1998. It also warned that the power generated by private utilities' IPPs could duplicate those of the National Power Corporation and create an overcapacity. The World Bank said that the factors create considerable uncertainty in power demand, like substantial overcapacity, particularly under take-or-pay conditions, would require considerable tariff increases that would be unpopular with the public. It was said |
1563_24 | that, presidents since Corazon Aquino catered mostly to the needs of big business for power and allowed the private sector to profit from this lucrative industry rather than craft an energy plan that would meet the needs of the Filipinos. |
1563_25 | The country was considered risky by investors due to previous coup attempts by military adventurists led by Gregorio Honasan, and experienced blackouts at an almost daily basis lasting 4–12 hours during the term of President Aquino. The low supply of power and perceived instability had previously held back investments and modernization in the country. Under Ramos, the Philippines was a pioneer in the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) scheme where private investors are invited to build certain government projects (i.e. tollways, powerplants, railways, etc.), make money by charging users, and transfer operation to the government after a set amount of time.
Economic reforms |
1563_26 | During his administration, Ramos began implementing economic reforms intended to open up the once-closed national economy, encourage private enterprise, invite more foreign and domestic investment, and reduce corruption. Ramos was also known as the most-traveled Philippine President compared to his predecessors with numerous foreign trips abroad, generating about US$20 billion worth of foreign investments to the Philippines. To ensure a positive financial outlook on the Philippines, Ramos led the 4th Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Leaders' Summit in the Philippines in November 1996.
Under his administration, the Philippines enjoyed economic growth and stability. The Philippine Stock Exchange in the mid-1990s was one of the best in the world and his visions of 'Philippines 2000' that led the country into a newly industrialized country in the world and the "Tiger Cub Economy in Asia". |
1563_27 | Philippines 2000 Five-Point Program:
Peace and Stability
Economic Growth and Sustainable Development
Energy and Power Generation
Environmental Protection
Streamlined Bureaucracy
Death penalty
While campaigning for the presidency, Fidel Ramos declared his support for reinstating the death penalty. Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1987, making the Philippines the first Asian country to do so. In 1996 Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the electric chair (method used from 1923 to 1976, making Philippines the only country to do so outside U.S.) "until the gas chamber could be installed". However, no one was electrocuted or gassed, because the previously used chair was destroyed earlier and the Philippines adopted the method of lethal injection. Some people were put to death by this means, until the death penalty was abolished again in 2006. |
1563_28 | Peace with separatists
Ramos, a military general himself, made peace with the rebel panels. He was instrumental in the signing of the final peace agreement between the government and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) led by Nur Misuari in 1996.
Although he battled Communist rebels as a young lieutenant in the 1950s, Ramos made a bold move when he signed into law the Republic Act 7636, which repealed the Anti-Subversion Law. With its repeal, membership in the once-outlawed Communist Party of the Philippines became legal.
Foreign policies
Spratly Islands |
1563_29 | In early 1995, the Philippines discovered a primitive Chinese military structure on Mischief Reef in the Spratly Islands, one hundred and thirty nautical miles off the coast of Palawan. The Philippine government issued a formal protest over China's occupation of the reef and the Philippine Navy arrested sixty-two Chinese fishermen at Half Moon Shoal, eighty kilometers from Palawan. A week later, following confirmation from surveillance pictures that the structures were of military design, President Fidel Ramos had the military forces in the region strengthened. He ordered the Philippine Air Force to dispatch five F-5 fighters backed by four jet trainers and two helicopters, while the navy sent two additional ships. The People's Republic of China had claimed that the structures were shelters for fishermen but these small incidents could have triggered a war in the South China Sea. |
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