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1832_35 | Weiman did not play a minor league game in 2020 since the season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For the 2021 season, he returned to Indianapolis. He missed playing time in August due to injury. Over 35 relief appearances, Weiman went 5-0 with a 4.76 ERA and 45 strikeouts over innings.
Eddy Yean
Eddy Yean (born July 25, 2001) is a Dominican professional baseball pitcher in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization.
The Nationals signed Yean as an international amateur free agent out of the Dominican Republic in July 2017, giving him a $100,000 signing bonus. After beginning his professional career in the Dominican Summer League in 2018, Yean advanced to Class A Short Season ball in 2019, pitching for the Auburn Doubledays. In 2020, MLB Pipeline rated Yean as the Nationals' sixth-best prospect overall and forecast that he would continue rising as a prospect. |
1832_36 | Yean pitches right-handed, releasing the ball from a three-quarters arm slot. He employs a two-seam fastball up to as his primary pitch. He also throws a slider and a changeup.
On December 24, 2020, Yean along with Wil Crowe were traded to the Pittsburgh Pirates in exchange for Josh Bell.
Full Triple-A to Rookie League rosters
Triple-A
Double-A
High-A
Low-A
Rookie
Foreign Rookie
References
Minor league players
Lists of minor league baseball players |
1833_0 | The Organization of American States (OAS; , , ; OEA) is an international organization that was founded on 30 April 1948 for the purposes of solidarity and co-operation among its member states within the Americas. Headquartered in the US capital, Washington, D.C., the OAS has 34 members, which are independent states in the Americas. Since the 1990s, the organization has focused on election monitoring. The head of the OAS is the Secretary General; the incumbent is Uruguayan Luis Almagro.
History |
1833_1 | Background |
1833_2 | The notion of an international union in the New World was first put forward during the liberation of the Americas by José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar who, at the 1826 Congress of Panama (still being part of Colombia), proposed creating a league of American republics, with a common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly. This meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia (comprising the modern-day countries of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela), Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, The United Provinces of Central America, and Mexico but the grandly titled "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation" was ultimately ratified only by Gran Colombia. Bolívar's dream soon floundered with civil war in Gran Colombia, the disintegration of Central America, and the emergence of national rather than New World outlooks in the newly independent American republics. Bolívar's dream of inter-American unity was meant to unify Hispanic American |
1833_3 | nations against external powers. |
1833_4 | The pursuit of regional solidarity and cooperation again came to the forefront in 1889–1890, at the First International Conference of American States. Gathered together in Washington, D.C., 18 nations resolved to found the International Union of American Republics, served by a permanent secretariat called the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics (renamed the International Commercial Bureau at the Second International Conference in 1901–1902). These two bodies, in existence as of 14 April 1890, represent the point of inception to which the OAS and its General Secretariat trace their origins.
At the fourth International Conference of American States (Buenos Aires, 1910), the name of the organization was changed to the Union of American Republics and the Bureau became the Pan American Union. The Pan American Union Building was constructed in 1910, on Constitution Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C.
Foundation |
1833_5 | In the mid-1930s, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt organized an inter-American conference in Buenos Aires. One of the items at the conference was a "League of Nations of the Americas", an idea proposed by Colombia, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic. At the subsequent Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, 21 nations pledged to remain neutral in the event of a conflict between any two members. The experience of World War II convinced hemispheric governments that unilateral action could not ensure the territorial integrity of the American nations in the event of external aggression. To meet the challenges of global conflict in the postwar world and to contain conflicts within the hemisphere, they adopted a system of collective security, the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) signed in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro. |
1833_6 | The ninth International Conference of American States was held in Bogotá between March and May 1948 and led by United States Secretary of State George Marshall, a meeting which led to a pledge by members to fight communism in the western hemisphere. This was the event that saw the birth of the OAS as it stands today, with the signature by 21 American countries of the Charter of the Organization of American States on 30 April 1948 (in effect since December 1951). The meeting also adopted the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, the world's first general human rights instrument.
The transition from the Pan American Union to OAS would have been smooth if it had not been for the assassination of Colombian leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. The Director General of the former, Alberto Lleras Camargo, became the Organization's first Secretary General. The current Secretary General is former Uruguayan minister of foreign affairs Luis Almagro. |
1833_7 | Modern day |
1833_8 | The OAS conducted an audit of the 2019 Bolivian general election, which opposition supporters argued was fraudulent. The OAS report contended that the results were marred by "clear manipulation" and significant irregularities leading to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis. Bolivian president Evo Morales resigned soon after, having lost the confidence of the country's military in what he described as a coup. Some media outlets debated whether it should be referred to as a coup. On 21 December, the Technical Mission of Electoral Experts sent by the European Union published a 67-page report made similar observations and conclusions to that of the OAS. They noted that "there were minutes with an unusually high number of null votes, blank votes and a hundred percent participation of voters in a series of polling stations" and highlighted the general failure of the TSE to declare these irregularities. Studies commissioned by the American left-leaning think tank CEPR, argued that the OAS |
1833_9 | report's statistical analysis was inaccurate and unreliable. The author of the OAS's vote return analysis stated that the CEPR's explanation of the results was implausible. The organization has been criticized by Mexico and the CEPR for their perception of interference into the internal affairs of Bolivia. The OAS observed the subsequent 2020 Bolivian general election stating there was no evidence of fraud. The New York Times concluded that there was some fraud, but that it was unclear how much or if it was sufficient to change the result of the election, and suggested the initial analysis by the OAS was flawed. |
1833_10 | Milestones
Significant milestones in the history of the OAS since the signing of the Charter have included the following:
1959: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights created.
1959: Inter-American Development Bank created.
1960: First application of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance against the regime of Rafael Trujillo in Dominican Republic
1961: Charter of Punta del Este signed, launching the Alliance for Progress.
1962: OAS suspends Cuba.
1969: American Convention on Human Rights signed (in force since 1978).
1970: OAS General Assembly established as the Organization's supreme decision-making body.
1979: Inter-American Court of Human Rights created.
1991: Adoption of Resolution 1080, which requires the Secretary General to convene the Permanent Council within ten days of a coup d'état in any member country.
1994: First Summit of the Americas (Miami), which resolved to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas by 2005. |
1833_11 | 2001: Inter-American Democratic Charter adopted.
2009: OAS revokes 1962 suspension of Cuba.
2009: OAS suspends Honduras due to the coup which ousted president Manuel Zelaya.
2010: The OAS intervened in the Haiti 2010 presidential election, demanding that the third-place candidate be permitted to participate in a runoff election with the first-place candidate, using flawed statistics to suggest the second place showing of the left-wing candidate, Jude Célestin, was invalid.
2011: OAS lifts the suspension of Honduras with the return of Manuel Zelaya from exile.
2017: Venezuela announces it will begin the process to leave the OAS in response to what it alleged was OAS interference in Venezuela's political crisis. |
1833_12 | 2019: During the Venezuelan presidential crisis, the President of the National Assembly Juan Guaidó, recognized by the National Assembly as the acting president, expressed his desire for Venezuela to remain a member of the OAS. the OAS voted to recognize Gustavo Tarre Briceño as Venezuela's delegate in April, the National Assembly's representative to the OAS.
2020: OAS concluded that the 2019 Bolivian general election was fraudulent. |
1833_13 | Goals and purpose
In the words of Article 1 of the Charter, the goal of the member nations in creating the OAS was "to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence." Article 2 then defines eight essential purposes:
To strengthen the peace and security of the continent.
To promote and consolidate representative democracy, with due respect for the principle of non-intervention.
To prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure the pacific settlement of disputes that may arise among the member states.
To provide for common action on the part of those states in the event of aggression.
To seek the solution of political, judicial, and economic problems that may arise among them.
To promote, by cooperative action, their economic, social, and cultural development. |
1833_14 | To eradicate extreme poverty, which constitutes an obstacle to the full democratic development of the peoples of the hemisphere.
To achieve an effective limitation of conventional weapons that will make it possible to devote the largest amount of resources to the economic and social development of the member states. |
1833_15 | Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, the return to democracy in Latin America, and the thrust toward globalization, the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following: |
1833_16 | Strengthening democracy: Between 1962 and 2002, the Organization sent multinational observation missions to oversee free and fair elections in the member states on more than 100 occasions. The OAS also works to strengthen national and local government and electoral agencies, to promote democratic practices and values, and to help countries detect and defuse official corruption.
Working for peace: Special OAS missions have supported peace processes in Nicaragua, Suriname, Haiti, and Guatemala. The Organization has played a leading part in the removal of landmines deployed in member states and it has led negotiations to resolve the continents' remaining border disputes (Guatemala/Belize; Peru/Ecuador). Work is also underway on the construction of a common inter-American counter-terrorism front. |
1833_17 | Defending human rights: The agencies of the inter-American human rights system provide a venue for the denunciation and resolution of human rights violations in individual cases. They also monitor and report on the general human rights situation in the member states.
Fostering free trade: The OAS is one of the three agencies currently engaged in drafting a treaty aiming to establish an inter-continental free trade area from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego.
Fighting the drugs trade: The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission was established in 1986 to coordinate efforts and crossborder cooperation in this area. |
1833_18 | Promoting sustainable development: The goal of the OAS's Inter-American Council for Integral Development is to promote economic development and combating poverty. OAS technical cooperation programs address such areas as river basin management, the conservation of biodiversity, preservation of cultural diversity, planning for global climate change, sustainable tourism, and natural disaster mitigation. |
1833_19 | Organizational structure
The Organization of American States is composed of an Organization of American States General Secretariat, the Permanent Council, the Inter-American Council for Integral Development, and a number of committees.
The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States consists of six secretariats.
Secretariat for Political Affairs
Executive Secretariat for Integral Development
Secretariat for Multidimensional Security
Secretariat for Administration and Finance
Secretariat for Legal Affairs
Secretariat for External Relations
The various committees of the Organization of American States include:
The Committee on Juridical and Political Affairs
The Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Affairs
The Committee on Hemispheric Security
The Committee on Inter-American Summits Management and Civil Society Participation in OAS Activities |
1833_20 | The various commissions of the Organization of American States include:
Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM)
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (CIDH)
Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL)
Funding
The OAS has two funds, one for the General Secretariat, and one for specific programs and initiatives. The General Assembly asks for contributions from each member country based on its capacity to pay. In 2018 the General Secretariat's budget was $85 million of which the US contributed $50 million. In 2017 the US contributed $17 million to the fund for specific programmes which was almost a third of the total contributions for that year.
General Assembly
The General Assembly is the supreme decision-making body of OAS. It convenes once every year in a regular session. In special circumstances, and with the approval of two-thirds of the member states, the Permanent Council can convene special sessions. |
1833_21 | The Organization's member states take turns hosting the General Assembly on a rotating basis. The states are represented at its sessions by their chosen delegates: generally, their ministers of foreign affairs, or their appointed deputies. Each state has one vote, and most matters—except for those for which the Charter or the General Assembly's own rules of procedure specifically require a two-thirds majority—are settled by a simple majority vote.
The General Assembly's powers include setting the OAS's general course and policies by means of resolutions and declarations; approving its budget and determining the contributions payable by the member states; approving the reports and previous year's actions of the OAS's specialized agencies; and electing members to serve on those agencies.
Membership and adhesions
All independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS. Upon its foundation in 1948, there were 21 members, most of them in Latin America: |
1833_22 | The later expansion of the OAS included Canada and the newly independent nations of the Caribbean. Members with later admission dates (sorted chronologically):
(member since 1967)
(1967)
(1969)
(1975)
(1977)
(1979)
(1979)
(1981)
(1981)
(1982)
(1984)
(1990)
(1991)
(1991)
Notes
Canada and the OAS
Although Canada was a founding member of the League of Nations in 1919 and has joined international organizations since that date, it chose not to join the OAS when it was first formed, despite its close relations with the United States. Canada became a Permanent Observer in the OAS on 2 February 1972. Canada signed the Charter of the Organization of American States on 13 November 1989 and this decision was ratified on 8 January 1990. |
1833_23 | In 2004–2005, Canada was the second largest contributor to the OAS, with an annual assessed contribution representing 12.36 percent of the OAS Regular Budget (US$9.2 million) and an additional C$9 million in voluntary contributions to specific projects. Shortly after joining as a full member, Canada was instrumental in the creation of the Unit for the Promotion of Democracy, which provides support for the strengthening and consolidation of democratic processes and institutions in OAS member states.
Sanctions against the Dominican Republic during Trujillo regime |
1833_24 | During the 6th Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of American States (OAS) in Costa Rica, from 16 to 20 August 1960, a conviction against the State of the Dominican Republic was agreed to unanimously. The penalty was motivated because the foreign ministers checked the veracity of the claim that the Rafael Trujillo regime had sponsored an attack against Rómulo Betancourt, at that time, constitutional president of Venezuela. The meeting was attended by foreign ministers from 21 American nations, including Cuba, which at that time had not yet been expelled from the inter-American system.
All countries, including the United States and Haiti, broke off diplomatic relations with the Dominican Republic. Additionally an economic blockade that affected the exports of sugar was applied, which at that time was the pillar of the Dominican economy. |
1833_25 | It was the first application of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, which had been adopted at the OAS on 29 July 1960.
Status of Cuba
The current government of Cuba was excluded from participation in the Organization under a decision adopted by the Eighth Meeting of Consultation in Punta del Este, Uruguay, on 31 January 1962. The vote was passed by 14 in favor, with one against (Cuba) and six abstentions (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Mexico). The operative part of the resolution reads as follows: |
1833_26 | This meant that the Cuban nation was still technically a member state, but that the current government was denied the right of representation and attendance at meetings and of participation in activities. The OAS's position was that although Cuba's participation was suspended, its obligations under the Charter, the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, etc. still hold: for instance, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights continued to publish reports on Cuba's human rights situation and to hear individual cases involving Cuban nationals. However, this stance was occasionally questioned by other individual member states. |
1833_27 | The resolution to exclude Cuba was controversial when it was adopted, and the reintegration of Cuba into the inter-American system has remained a frequent source of contention among the countries of the hemisphere ever since. Cuba's position was stated in an official note sent to the Organization "merely as a courtesy" by Minister of Foreign Affairs Dr. Raúl Roa on 4 November 1964: "Cuba was arbitrarily excluded ... The Organization of American States has no juridical, factual, or moral jurisdiction, nor competence, over a state which it has illegally deprived of its rights." The reincorporation of Cuba as an active member regularly arose as a topic within the inter-American system for instance, it was intimated by the outgoing ambassador of Mexico in 1998but most observers did not see it as a serious possibility while the present government remained in power. Since 1960, the Cuban administration had repeatedly characterized the OAS as the "Ministry of Colonies" of the United States |
1833_28 | of America. Fidel Castro and his brother Raúl attacked the OAS as a "Yankee bordello" and "instrument of imperialist domination" and vowed that Cuba would never join, although OAS rescinded the nation's expulsion in 2009 and invited it to apply for readmission. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez promised to veto any final declaration of the 2009 Summit of the Americas due to Cuba's exclusion. |
1833_29 | On 17 April 2009, after a "trading of warm words" between the administrations of U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban leader Raúl Castro, OAS Secretary General José Miguel Insulza said he would ask the 2009 General Assembly to annul the 1962 resolution excluding Cuba. |
1833_30 | On 3 June 2009, foreign ministers assembled in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, for the OAS's 39th General Assembly, passed a vote to lift Cuba's suspension from the OAS. The United States had been pressuring the OAS for weeks to condition Cuba's readmission to the group on democratic principles and commitment to human rights. Ecuador's Foreign Minister Fander Falconí said there will be no such conditions. "This is a new proposal, it has no conditions—of any kind," Falconí said. "That suspension was made in the Cold War, in the language of the Cold War. What we have done here is fix a historic error." The suspension was lifted at the end of the General Assembly, but, to be readmitted to the Organization, Cuba will need to comply with all the treaties signed by the Member States, including the Inter-American Democratic Charter of 2001. A statement issued by the Cuban government on 8 June 2009 stated that while Cuba welcomed the Assembly's gesture, in light of the Organization's historical |
1833_31 | record "Cuba will not return to the OAS." |
1833_32 | Suspension of Honduras (2009–2011)
Following the expulsion of its President Manuel Zelaya, Honduras' membership of the Organization was suspended unanimously at midnight on 5 July 2009. The de facto government had already announced it was leaving the OAS hours earlier; this was not, however, taken into account by the OAS, which did not recognize that government as legitimate. An extraordinary meeting had been conducted by the OAS in Washington, D.C., with Zelaya in attendance. The suspension of Honduras was approved unanimously with 33 votes (Honduras did not vote). This was the first suspension carried out by the OAS since that of Cuba in 1962.
After Zelaya's return to Honduras in 2011, the country was re-admitted to the Organization on 1 June 2011 with 32 votes in favor and 1 (Ecuador) against. Venezuela expressed some reservations. |
1833_33 | Status of Venezuela
On 28 April 2017, Venezuela notified the OAS of its denunciation of the Charter of the OAS, which as per Article 143 would lead to the withdrawal of Venezuela from the OAS effective two years from the date of notification. During this period, the country did not plan on participating in the OAS.
During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela Juan Guaidó, who was recognized by the National Assembly as the acting president, sent a letter to the OAS Secretary General annulling the previous denunciation of the OAS Charter, and expressing his desire for Venezuela to remain a member of the OAS. The National Assembly designated a special envoy as representative to the OAS, lawyer Gustavo Tarre Briceño, who the OAS voted to recognize as Venezuela's delegate in April. |
1833_34 | Status of Nicaragua
On 7 November 2021, Nicaragua held a general election which saw President Daniel Ortega re-elected to a fourth term in office. In a vote by the OAS Permanent Council, 25 member states voted in favour of a resolution condemning the election, whilst 7 countries abstained, including Mexico, Honduras and Bolivia. The motion stated that the election was "not free, fair or transparent and lack[s] democratic legitimacy" and also instructed the Permanent Council to undertake an assessment of the situation and "take appropriate action". |
1833_35 | In response to this criticism, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Denis Moncada announced on 19 November that Nicaragua would depart from the OAS. Moncada called the bloc "an instrument of interference and intervention" and accused it of "facilitating the hegemony of the United States with its interventionism over the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean." According to Article 143 of the Founding Charter of the OAS, the process to withdraw from the organization takes two years after its announcement.
Permanent observers
As of 31 January 2014, there are 69 permanent observer countries including the four countries with territory or territories in the Americas—Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom; as well as the European Union.
Official languages |
1833_36 | The Organization's official languages are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and English. The Charter, the basic instrument governing OAS, makes no reference to the use of official languages. These references are to be found in the Rules of Procedure governing the various OAS bodies. Article 51 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly, the supreme body of the OAS, which meets once a year, states that English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish are the four official languages. Article 28 stipulates that a Style Committee shall be set up with representatives of the four official languages to review the General Assembly resolutions and declarations. Article 53 states that proposals shall be presented in the four official languages. The Rules of Procedure and Statutes of other bodies, such as the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CIDI), the Permanent Executive Committee of the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CEPCIDI), the Inter-American Commission of Women |
1833_37 | (CIM), the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Juridical Committee (CJI), technical bodies of the OAS, also mention the four official languages in which their meetings are to be conducted. Policy is therefore dictated through these instruments that require use of the four official languages at meetings. |
1833_38 | Although a number of other languages have official status in one or more member states of OAS (Dutch in Suriname; Haitian Creole alongside French in Haiti; Quechua and Aymara in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia; Guaraní in Paraguay), they are not official languages of the Organization.
Specialized agencies
The OAS has five specialized agencies:
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
(IIN)
Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM)
Pan-American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH)
(IICA)
See also
African Union
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
European Union
Flag of the Organization of American States
Organization of Ibero-American States
Regional integration
Rio Group
Rio Pact
Statues of the Liberators
Union of South American Nations
Young Americas Business Trust
References
External links |
1833_39 | OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression
Outdoor sculpture at the OAS headquarters building.
OAS Lifts Ban On Cuba After 47 Years by Portia Siegelbaum, CBS News, 3 June 2009.
Cuba's Fidel Castro Calls OAS a "U.S. Trojan Horse" by Xinhua, 4 June 2009.
The Organization of American States in Haiti: Election Monitoring or Political Intervention?, from the Center for Economic and Policy Research, October 2011.
International diplomatic organizations
International organizations based in the Americas
International political organizations
United States–South American relations
Organizations established in 1948
United Nations General Assembly observers
1948 establishments in the United States
Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
1948 establishments in Colombia
Anti-communist organizations |
1834_0 | In American politics, a conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views, or with views that are conservative compared to the positions taken by other members of the Democratic Party. Traditionally, conservative Democrats have been elected to office from the Southern states, rural areas, the Rust Belt, and the Midwest.
Prior to 1964, both parties had influential liberal, moderate, and conservative wings. During this period, conservative Democrats formed the Democratic half of the conservative coalition. After 1964, the conservative wing assumed a greater presence in the Republican Party, although it did not become the mainstay of the party until the nomination of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The Democratic Party retained its conservative wing through the 1970s with the help of urban machine politics. |
1834_1 | After 1980, the Republicans became a mostly right-wing party, with conservative leaders such as Newt Gingrich, Trent Lott, and Tom DeLay. The Democrats, while keeping their liberal base intact, grew their centrist wing, the New Democrats, in the 1990s, with leaders such as Bill Clinton, Al Gore, and Evan Bayh. In addition to the New Democrat Coalition, which represents the moderate wing of the Democratic Party, the Blue Dog Coalition represents centrist conservative Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives.
History
1876–1964: Solid South |
1834_2 | The Solid South describes the reliable electoral support of the U.S. Southern states for Democratic Party candidates for almost a century after the Reconstruction era. Except for 1928, when Catholic candidate Al Smith ran on the Democratic ticket, Democrats won heavily in the South in every presidential election from 1876 until 1964 (and even in 1928, the divided South provided most of Smith's electoral votes). The Democratic dominance originated in many Southerners' animosity towards the Republican Party's role in the Civil War and Reconstruction. |
1834_3 | 1874–1896: Rise of agrarian populism
In 1896, William Jennings Bryan won the Democratic Party nomination by adopting many of the Populist Party's proposals as his own. He also won the Populist nomination. Conservative Democrats opposed him, especially in the Northeast where "Gold Democrats" were most active. "Gold Democrats" were supporters of Grover Cleveland, the hero of conservative Democrats. They formed the National Democratic Party (United States) and nominated John M. Palmer (politician), former governor of Illinois, for president and Simon Bolivar Buckner, former governor of Kentucky, for vice-president. They also nominated a few other candidates, including William Campbell Preston Breckinridge for Congress in Kentucky, but they won no elections.
1932–1948: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal coalition |
1834_4 | The 1932 election brought about a major realignment in political party affiliation. Franklin D. Roosevelt forged a coalition of labor unions, liberals, Catholics, African Americans, and southern whites. Roosevelt's program for alleviating the Great Depression, collectively known as the New Deal, emphasized only economic issues, and thus was compatible with the views of those who supported the New Deal programs but were otherwise conservative. This included the Southern Democrats, who were an important part of FDR's New Deal coalition. |
1834_5 | There were a few conservative Democrats who came to oppose the New Deal, including Senator Harry F. Byrd, Senator Rush Holt Sr., Senator Josiah Bailey, and Representative Samuel B. Pettengill. The American Liberty League was formed in 1934, to oppose the New Deal. It was made up of wealthy businessmen and conservative Democrats including former Congressman Jouett Shouse of Kansas, former Congressman from West Virginia and 1924 Democratic presidential candidate, John W. Davis, and former governor of New York and 1928 Democratic presidential candidate Al Smith. In 1936, former U.S. Assistant Secretary of War, Henry Skillman Breckinridge ran against Roosevelt for the Democratic nomination for president. John Nance Garner, of Texas, 32nd Vice President of the United States under Roosevelt, a conservative Southerner, broke with Roosevelt in 1937 and ran against him for the Democratic nomination for president in 1940, but lost.
Political anomalies during the Great Depression |
1834_6 | During the Roosevelt administration, several radical populist proposals which went beyond what Roosevelt was willing to advocate gained in popularity. It is notable that all four of the main promoters of these proposals, Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Francis Townsend, and Upton Sinclair, were originally strong New Deal supporters but turned against Roosevelt because they believed the New Deal programs didn't go far enough. Like the New Deal programs, these populist proposals were based entirely on single economic reforms, but did not take a position on any other issue and were therefore compatible with those holding otherwise conservative views. Some historians today believe that the primary base of support for the proposals of Coughlin, Long, Townsend, and Sinclair was conservative middle class whites who saw their economic status slipping away during the Depression. |
1834_7 | A different source of conservative Democratic dissent against the New Deal came from a group of journalists who considered themselves classical liberals and Democrats of the old school, and were opposed to big government programs on principle; these included Albert Jay Nock and John T. Flynn, whose views later became influential in the libertarian movement.
1948–1968: Segregationist backlash |
1834_8 | The proclamation by President Harry S. Truman and Minneapolis Mayor Hubert Humphrey of support for a civil rights plank in the Democratic Party platform of 1948 led to a walkout of 35 delegates from Mississippi and Alabama. These southern delegations nominated their own "States Rights Democratic Party" (a/k/a "Dixiecrat Party") nominees with South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond leading the ticket (Thurmond would later represent South Carolina in the U.S. Senate, and join the Republicans in 1964). The Dixiecrats held their convention in Birmingham, Alabama, where they nominated Thurmond for president and Fielding L. Wright, governor of Mississippi, for vice president. Dixiecrat leaders worked to have Thurmond-Wright declared the "official" Democratic Party ticket in Southern states. They succeeded in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina; in other states, they were forced to run as a third-party ticket. Preston Parks, elected as a presidential elector for Truman in |
1834_9 | Tennessee, instead voted for the Thurmond-Wright ticket. Leander Perez attempted to keep the States Rights Party alive in Louisiana after 1948. |
1834_10 | Similar breakaway Southern Democratic candidates running on states' rights and segregationist platforms would continue in 1956 (T. Coleman Andrews), and 1960 (Harry F. Byrd). None would be as successful as the American Independent Party campaign of George Wallace, the Democratic governor of Alabama, in 1968. Wallace had briefly run in the Democratic primaries of 1964 against Lyndon Johnson, but dropped out of the race early. In 1968, he formed the new American Independent Party and received 13.5% of the popular vote, and 46 electoral votes, carrying several Southern states. The AIP would run presidential candidates in several other elections, including Southern Democrats (Lester Maddox in 1976 and John Rarick in 1980), but none of them did nearly as well as Wallace.
1980–1999 |
1834_11 | After 1968, with desegregation a settled issue, conservative Democrats, mostly Southerners, managed to remain in the United States Congress throughout the 1970s and 1980s. These included Democratic House members as conservative as Larry McDonald, who was also a leader in the John Birch Society. During the administration of Ronald Reagan, the term "boll weevils" was applied to this bloc of conservative Democrats, who consistently voted in favor of tax cuts, increases in military spending, and deregulation favored by the Reagan administration but were opposed to cuts in social welfare spending.
Boll weevils was sometimes used as a political epithet by Democratic Party leaders, implying that the boll weevils were unreliable on key votes or not team players. Most of the boll weevils either retired from office or (like Senators Phil Gramm and Richard Shelby) switched parties and joined the Republicans. Since 1988, the term boll weevils has fallen out of favor. |
1834_12 | Some Democratic leaders during the 1980s did turn toward conservative views, albeit very different from the previous incarnations of southern Democrats. In 1988, Joe Lieberman defeated Republican U.S. Senate incumbent Lowell Weicker of Connecticut by running to the right of Weicker and receiving the endorsements of the Moral Majority and the National Rifle Association. Colorado governor Richard Lamm, and former Minnesota Senator and presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy both took up immigration reduction as an issue. Lamm wrote a novel, 1988, about a third-party presidential candidate and former Democrat running as a progressive conservative, and Lamm himself would go on to unsuccessfully seek the nomination of the Reform Party in 1996. McCarthy began to give speeches in the late 1980s naming the Internal Revenue Service, the Federal Communications Commission, and the Federal Election Commission as the three biggest threats to liberty in the United States. |
1834_13 | Arthur Schlesinger Jr., known during the 1950s and 1960s as a champion of "Vital Center" ideology and the policies of Harry S. Truman and John F. Kennedy, wrote a 1992 book, The Disuniting of America critical of multiculturalism. Jerry Brown, meanwhile, would adopt the flat tax as a core issue during the 1992 Democratic primaries. Bill Clinton, the winner of the 1992 Democratic nomination, ran as a New Democrat and a member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council, distancing himself from the party's liberal wing.
2001–present
During the 2006 midterm elections, the Democratic Party ran moderates and even a few conservative Democrats for at-risk Republican seats. The Blue Dog Democrats gained nine seats during the elections. The New Democrats had support from 27 of the 40 Democratic candidates running for at-risk Republican seats. |
1834_14 | In South Carolina in 2008, the Democratic candidate for United States Senator was Bob Conley, a traditional Catholic and a former activist for the presidential candidacy of Ron Paul. Conley failed in his bid to defeat Republican Lindsey Graham, receiving 42.4 percent of the vote.
In his 2010 campaign for reelection, Walter Minnick, U.S. Representative for Idaho's 1st congressional district, was endorsed by Tea Party Express, an extremely rare occurrence for a Democrat. Minnick was the only Democrat to receive a 100% rating from the Club for Growth, an organization that typically supports conservative Republicans. Minnick lost to Raúl Labrador, a conservative Republican, in the general election.
In the 2018 House of Representatives elections, the Democratic Party nominated moderate to conservative candidates in many contested districts and won a majority in the chamber. In the aftermath of the elections, the Blue Dog Coalition expanded to 27 members.
Congressional caucuses |
1834_15 | Blue Dog Coalition
The Blue Dog Coalition was formed in 1995 during the 104th Congress to give members from the Democratic Party representing conservative-leaning districts a unified voice after Democrats' loss of Congress in the 1994 Republican Revolution. The Coalition consists of centrist and conservative Democrats.
The term "Blue Dog Democrat" is credited to Texas Democratic U.S. Representative Pete Geren (who later joined the Bush administration). Geren opined that the members had been "choked blue" by Democrats on the left. It is related to the political term "Yellow Dog Democrat", a reference to Southern Democrats said to be so loyal they would even vote for a yellow dog before they would vote for any Republican. The term is also a reference to the "Blue Dog" paintings of Cajun artist George Rodrigue of Lafayette, Louisiana. |
1834_16 | The Blue Dog Coalition "advocates for fiscal responsibility, a strong national defense and bipartisan consensus rather than conflict with Republicans". It acts as a check on legislation that its members perceive to be too far to the right or the left on the political spectrum. The Blue Dog Coalition is often involved in searching for a compromise between liberal and conservative positions. As of 2014, there was no mention of social issues in the official Blue Dog materials.
New Democrat Coalition
The New Democrat Coalition is a caucus within the House of Representatives founded in 1997 by Representatives Cal Dooley, Jim Moran, and Tim Roemer. The Coalition supported the "third way" policies of then-President Bill Clinton. The Coalition consists of moderate, centrist Democrats and center-left Democrats. The group is known as fiscally moderate and pro-business, and is positioned to the left of the Blue Dog Coalition. |
1834_17 | Ideology and polls
According to a 2015 poll from the Pew Research Center, 54% of conservative and moderate Democrats supported same-sex marriage in 2015. This figure represented an increase of 22% from a decade earlier.
In 2019, the Pew Research Center found that 47% of Democratic and Democratic-leaning registered voters identify as liberal or very liberal, 38% identify as moderate, and 14% identify as conservative, or very conservative.
Current officeholders
United States Senators
Joe Manchin, United States Senator from West Virginia (Since 2010), Chair of the Senate Energy Committee (Since 2021), and Ranking Member of Senate Energy Committee (2019–2021)
Kyrsten Sinema, United States Senator from Arizona (Since 2019) |
1834_18 | United States Representatives
Sanford Bishop, United States Representative from Georgia's 2nd congressional district (Since 1993)
Jim Cooper, member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee's 5th congressional district (2003–) and Tennessee's 4th congressional district (1983–1995).
Jim Costa, member of the United States House of Representatives from California's 16th congressional district (2013–) and California's 20th congressional district (2005–2013), member of the California Senate from the 16th district (1995–2002), and member of the California State Assembly from the 30th district (1978–1994).
Henry Cuellar, member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 28th congressional district (2005–), 102nd Texas Secretary of State (2001), and member of the Texas House of Representatives (1987–2001).
Josh Gottheimer, member of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey's 5th congressional district (2017–), attorney, and writer. |
1834_19 | Stephanie Murphy, member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida's 7th congressional district (2017–).
Kurt Schrader, member of the United States House of Representatives from Oregon's 5th congressional district (2009–), member of the Oregon Senate from the 20th district (2003–2008), and member of the Oregon House of Representatives from the 23rd district (1997–2003).
David Scott, member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 13th congressional district (2003–), Chair of the House Agriculture Committee (2021–), member of the Georgia State Senate from the 36th district (1983–2003), and member of the Georgia House of Representatives (1975–1983). |
1834_20 | Governors
John Bel Edwards, Governor of Louisiana (2016–).
Former officeholders |
1834_21 | Presidents of the United States
Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States (1829–1837), United States Senator from Tennessee (1797–1798, 1823–1825), 1st Territorial Governor of Florida (1821), Justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court (1798–1804), and member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee's at-large congressional district (1796–1797), and major general in the United States Army, United States Volunteers, and Tennessee Militia. |
1834_22 | Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States (1853–1857), United States Senator from New Hampshire (1837–1842), member of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire's at-large congressional district (1833–1837), Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives (1831–1833), member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from Hillsborough (1829–1833), Town Meeting Moderator for Hillsborough, New Hampshire (1829–1836), brigadier general in the United States Army (1847–1848), and colonel in the New Hampshire Militia (1831–1847). |
1834_23 | Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (1865–1869), 16th Vice President of the United States (1865), United States Senator from Tennessee (1875, 1857–1862), Military Governor of Tennessee (1862–1865), 15th Governor of Tennessee (1853–1857), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 1st congressional district (1843–1853), Mayor of Greeneville, Tennessee (1834–1835), and brigadier general in the United States Army (1862–1865).
Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (1885–1889) and (1893–1897), 28th Governor of New York (1883–1885), 35th Mayor of Buffalo, New York (January 2, 1882November 28, 1882), 12th Sheriff of Erie County, New York, (1871–1873). He was a pro-business Bourbon Democrat and fiscal conservative. |
1834_24 | Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States (1913–1921), Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913). He began his political career as a conservative Democrat before embracing some aspects of progressivism. Despite the progressivism of some of his policies as governor and president, he actively opposed the economic advancement and social integration of African-Americans. |
1834_25 | Vice Presidents of the United States |
1834_26 | John C. Calhoun, 7th Vice President of the United States (1825–1832), United States Senator from South Carolina (1845–1850), 16th United States Secretary of State (1844–1845), 10th Secretary of War (1817–1825), Member, United States House of Representatives from South Carolina's 6th District (1811–1817). He was a supporter of slavery, state sovereignty and a proponent of the theory of nullification. |
1834_27 | John Nance Garner, 32nd Vice President of the United States (1933–1945), Member, United States House of Representatives from 15th District of Texas (1903–1933), 39th Speaker of the House of Representatives (1931–1933), House Minority Leader (1929–1931), Leader, House Democratic Caucus (1929–1933), Member, Texas House of Representatives from Texas 91st District (1899–1903), County Judge, Uvalde County Texas (1893–1896). He supported the poll tax. Although he served as vice president under Franklin D. Roosevelt, he turned against Roosevelt during his second term, taking a more conservative stance on several issues.
Thomas A. Hendricks, 21st Vice President of the United States (1885), 16th Governor of Indiana (1873–1877), United States Senator from Indiana (1863–1869), and member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana's 6th congressional district (1853–1855) and Indiana's 5th congressional district (1851–1853). |
1834_28 | United States Governors
George Wallace, 45th Governor of Alabama (1983–1987, 1971–1979, and 1963–1979), First Gentleman of Alabama (1967–1968), member of the Alabama House of Representatives from Barbour County (1946–1952), and presidential nominee for the American Independent Party in the 1968 presidential election.
Lurleen Wallace, 46th Governor of Alabama (1967–1968), First Lady of Alabama (1963–1967).
Bill Ritter, 41st Governor of Colorado (2007–2011) and District Attorney of Denver (1995–2005). Ritters has aligned himself with the left wing of the Democratic Party, supporting abortion rights and funding, universal healthcare, environmental protection, a progressive energy policy, raising taxes, and welfare, but strongly opposed same-sex marriage, illegal immigration, and labor unions as well as supporting a tough-on-crime policy.
James E. Broome, 3rd Governor of Florida (1853–1857). |
1834_29 | C. Farris Bryant, 34th Governor of Florida (1961–1965), Director of the Office of Emergency Planning (1966–1967), Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (1953–1954), and member of the Florida House of Representatives from Marion County (1946–1956).
Chauncey Sparks, 41st Governor of Alabama (1943–1947).
Lester Maddox, 75th Governor of Georgia (1967–1971), 7th Lieutenant Governor of Georgia (1971–1975), presidential nominee for the American Independent Party in the 1976 presidential election.
Joan Finney, 42nd Governor of Kansas (1991–1995), 33rd Kansas State Treasurer (1975–1991). Former Republican (before 1974). She was anti-abortion.
Francis T. Nicholls, 28th Governor of Louisiana (1888–1892, 1877–1880), brigadier general in the Confederate States Army (1861–1865), and 2nd lieutenant in the United States Army (1855–1856).
Ross Barnett, 53rd Governor of Mississippi (1960–1964). |
1834_30 | John Bell Williams, 55th Governor of Mississippi (1968–1972), member of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi's 3rd congressional district (1963–1968), Mississippi's 4th congressional district (1953–1963), and Mississippi's 7th congressional district (1947–1953).
George B. McClellan, 24th Governor of New Jersey (1878–1881), Commanding General of the United States Army (1861–1862), major general in the United States Army (1846–1857), and presidential nominee for the Democratic Party in the 1864 presidential election. His term as governor was marked by careful, conservative management. |
1834_31 | Samuel J. Tilden, 25th Governor of New York (1875–1876), member of the New York State Assembly from Manhattan's 18th district (1872) and Manhattan's at-large, multi-member district (1846–1847), Chair of the New York Democratic Party (1866–1874), Corporation Counsel of New York City (1843–1844), and presidential nominee for the Democratic Party in the 1876 presidential election. He was a conservative "hard money" Democrat.
William H. Murray, 9th Governor of Oklahoma (1931–1935), member of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma's 4th congressional district (1915–1917) and Oklahoma's at-large congressional district (1913–1915), 1st Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (1907–1909), and member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives (1907–1909).
Bob Casey Sr., 42nd Governor of Pennsylvania (1987–1995), 45th Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1969–1977), and member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from the 22nd district (1963–1968). |
1834_32 | Duncan Clinch Heyward, 88th Governor of South Carolina, (1903–1911).
George Bell Timmerman Jr., 105th Governor of South Carolina (1955–1959) and 76th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina (1947–1951).
Phil Bredesen, 48th Governor of Tennessee (2003–2011), and 66th Mayor of Nashville (1991–1999).
James E. Ferguson, 26th Governor of Texas (1915–1917), First Gentleman of Texas (1933–1935, 1925–1927), and presidential nominee for the American Party in the 1920 presidential election.
Miriam A. Ferguson, 29th and 32nd Governor of Texas (1925–1927, 1933–1935) and First Lady of Texas (1915–1917). She was a fiscal conservative.
Coke R. Stevenson, 35th Governor of Texas (1941–1947), 31st Lieutenant Governor of Texas (1939–1941), Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives (1933–1939), and member of the Texas House of Representatives from the 86th district (1929–1939). |
1834_33 | John Connally, 39th Governor of Texas (1963–1969), 61st United States Secretary of the Treasury (1971–1972), 56th United States Secretary of the Navy (1961), and lieutenant commander in the United States Navy. Joined the Republican Party in 1973. |
1834_34 | United States Senators
Mark Pryor, United States Senator from Arkansas (2003–2015), 53rd Attorney General of Arkansas (1999–2003), and member of the Arkansas House of Representatives (1991–1995).
Joe Lieberman, United States Senator from Connecticut (1989–2013), Chair of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee (2007–2013, 2001–2003, 2001), 21st Attorney General of Connecticut (1983–1989), member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 10th district (1973–1981) and 11th district (1971–1973), and vice presidential nominee for the Democratic Party in the 2000 presidential election. Became an Independent in 2006.
Zell Miller, United States Senator from Georgia (2000–2005), 79th Governor of Georgia (1991–1999), 8th Lieutenant Governor of Georgia (1975–1991), member of the Georgia State Senate from the 50th district (1963–1965) and 40th district (1961–1965), and sergeant in the United States Marine Corps (1953–1956). |
1834_35 | Herman Talmadge, United States Senator from Georgia (1957–1981), Chair of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry (1971–1981), and 71st Governor of Georgia (1948–1955 and 1947).
Joe Donnelly, United States Senator from Indiana (2013–2019) and member of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana's 2nd congressional district (2007–2013).
Wendell Ford, United States Senator from Kentucky (1974–1999), Senate Minority Whip (1995–1999), Senate Majority Whip (1991–1995), 53rd Governor of Kentucky (1971–1974), 45th Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky (1967–1971), and member of the Kentucky Senate from the 8th district (1966–1967).
Mary Landrieu, United States Senator from Louisiana (1997–2015), Chair of the Senate Energy Committee (2014–2015), Chair of the Senate Small Business Committee (2009–2014), Treasurer of Louisiana (1988–1996), and member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1980–1988). |
1834_36 | Ben Nelson, United States Senator from Nebraska (2001–2013), 37th Governor of Nebraska (1991–1999), and Director of the Nebraska Department of Insurance (1975–1976).
Kent Conrad, United States Senator from North Dakota (1992–2013, 1987–1992), Chair of the Senate Budget Committee (2007–2013, 2001–2003), and 19th Tax Commissioner of North Dakota (1981–1986).
Heidi Heitkamp, United States Senator from North Dakota (2013–2019), 28th Attorney General of North Dakota (1992–2000), and 20th Tax Commissioner of North Dakota (1986–1992).
Arlen Specter, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (1981–2011), Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee (2005–2007), Chair of the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee (2003–2005, 1997–2001), Chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee (1995–1997), 19th District Attorney of Philadelphia (1966–1974), and first lieutenant in the United States Air Force (1951–1953). Republican from 1965 to 2009. |
1834_37 | Strom Thurmond, United States Senator from South Carolina (1956–2003, 1954–1956), president pro tempore emeritus of the United States Senate (2001–2003) president pro tempore of the United States Senate (2001, 1995–2001, 1981–1987), Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee (0995–1999), Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee (1981–1987), 103rd Governor of South Carolina (1947–1951), member of the South Carolina Senate from Edgefield County (1933–1938), and presidential nominee for the State's Rights Democratic Party in the 1948 presidential election. Joined the Republican Party in 1964.
Lloyd Bentsen, United States Senator from Texas (1971–1993), 69th United States Secretary of the Treasury (1993–1994), Chair of the Senate Finance Committee (1987–1993), member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 15th congressional district (1948–1955), and vice presidential nominee for the Democratic Party in the 1988 presidential election. |
1834_38 | John H. Overton, United States Senator from Louisiana (1933–1948), Member United States House of Representatives, 8th District, Louisiana (1931–1933). Originally a supporter of Huey Long, while in the Senate, he generally voted with the Conservative Coalition.
Absalom Willis Robertson, Unites State Senator from Virginia (1946–1966), Member, United States House of Representatives, Virginia At Large District (1933–1935), 7th District (1935–1946), Commonwealth Attorney, Rockbridge County, Virginia (1922–1928). He was a Dixiecrat and member of the Conservative Coalition who opposed Civil Rights.
James Eastland, United States Senator from Mississippi (1941) and (1943–1978).
John C. Stennis, United States Senator from Mississippi (1947–1989).
Harry F. Byrd, United States Senator from Virginia (1933–1965), Governor of Virginia (1926–1930). |
1834_39 | Harry F. Byrd, Jr., United States Senator from Virginia (1965–1983), Virginia State Senate 24th District (1958–1965), Virginia State Senate, 25th District (1948–1958). He was a Democrat before 1970 and an independent after 1970.
Richard Russell, Jr., United States Senator from Georgia (1933–1971), 66th governor of Georgia (1931–1933). Russell was a founder of the conservative coalition.
Pat McCarran, United States Senator from Nevada (1933–1954), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada (1917–1919) Associate Justice, Supreme Court of Nevada (1913–1917), Nye County, Nevada District Attorney (1907–1909), Member, Nevada Assembly, Washoe County (1903–1905).
W. Lee O'Daniel, United States Senator from Texas (1941–1949), 34th Governor of Texas (1939–1941). He endorsed the Texas Regulars. |
1834_40 | Rush Holt, Sr., United States Senator from West Virginia (1935–1941), Member, West Virginia House of Delegates (1931–1935), 1942–1953), (1954–1955). He was ranked the third most conservative Democrat serving in the Senate from 1932 and 1977. He was a Democrat before 1944 and a Republican afterward.
Howell Heflin, United States Senator from Alabama (1979–1997), Chairman, Senate Ethics Committee (1987–1992), 24th Chief Justice, Alabama Supreme Court (1971–1977).
Allen J. Ellender, United States Senator from Louisiana (1937–1972), President Pro Tempore, United States Senate (1971–1972), Chairman, Senate Committee on Agriculture (1955–1971), Chairman, Senate Committee on Appropriations (1971–1972), 54th Speaker of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1932–1936), He voted with the Conservative Coalition 77% of the time. He signed the Southern Manifesto in 1956. |
1834_41 | John L. McClellan, United States Senator from Arkansas (1943–1977), Member, United States House of Representative from the 6th District, Arkansas (1935–1939).
Spessard Holland, United States Senator from Florida (1946–1971), 28th Governor of Florida (1941–1945), Member Florida Senate, 7th District (1932–1940).
George S. Houston, United States Senator from Alabama (03-04-1879–12-31-1879), 24th Governor of Alabama (1874–1878), Member, United States House of Representatives, Alabama 5th District (1843–1849) and (1851–1861), Alabama At Large District (1841–1843), Chairman, House Democratic Caucus (1859–1861). He was a Bourbon Democrat. |
1834_42 | Carter Glass, United States Senator from Virginia (1920–1946), President Pro-Tempore of the Senate (1941–1945), Chairman, Senate Appropriation Committee (1933–1946), 47th Secretary of the Treasury (1918–1920), member, United States House of Representatives from 6th District of Virginia (1902–1918), Chairman, House Banking Committee (1913–1918), Member, Virginia State Senate, District 20 (1899–1902). He was a member of the Conservative Byrd Machine who opposed the New Deal and supported States Rights and fiscal conservatism.
John S. Barbour, Jr., United States Senator from Virginia (1889–1892),Member United States House of Representatives, Virginia 8th District of Virginia (1881–1887). He was the founder of a conservative political machine, later known as the Byrd Organization, which dominated Virginia politics for 80 years. |
1834_43 | Wade Hampton III, United States Senator from South Carolina (1879–1891), 77th Governor of South Carolina (1877–1879), Member, South Carolina State Senate from Richland County, South Carolina (1858–1961), Member, South Carolina General Assembly from Richland County (1852–1858). He was a leader among Redeemers, the Southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats.
Lucius Q. C. Lamar, United States Senator from Mississippi (1877–1885), Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1888–1893). Lamar was a Southern Redeemer who later became known for his advocacy of racial reconciliation.
Edward R. Burke United States Senator from Nebraska (1935–1941), Member, United States House of Representatives (1933–1935), Member, Omaha Board of Education (1927–1930), originally a supporter of the First New Deal, he opposed the Second New Deal, Franklin D. Roosevelt's court packing plan, elements of his foreign policy and opposed his reelection in 1940. |
1834_44 | Clyde R. Hoey, United States Senator from North Carolina (1945–1954), 59th Governor of North Carolina (1937–1941), Member, United States House of Representatives from North Carolina's 9th District (1919–1921), Member, North Carolina State Senate (1902–1904), Member, North Carolina House of Representatives (1898–1902). He was a conservative and a segregationist.
David Worth Clark, United States Senator from Idaho (1939–1945), member, United States House of Representatives from Idaho's Second District (1935–1939).
James A. Reed, United States Senator from Missouri (1911–1929), Mayor of Kansas City, Missouri (1904–1906), city councilor, Kansas City, (1897–1998), county prosecutor Jackson County, Missouri (1898–1900). He opposed the League of Nations and supported immigration reform to exclude Asian and African immigration. |
1834_45 | David I. Walsh, United States Senator, Massachusetts (1926–1947), 46th Governor of Massachusetts (1914–1916), 43rd Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1913–1914). He was an isolationist member of the America First Committee.
John M. Palmer (politician), United States Senator from Illinois (1891–1897), 15th Governor of Illinois (1869–1873), he was a conservative Bourbon Democrat, who was the presidential candidate of the Bourbon Democratic National Democratic Party (United States) in 1896.
Willis Smith, United States Senator from North Carolina (1950–1953), North Carolina House of Representatives (1928–1932), when he ran for the Senate in 1950, the liberal wing of the party opposed him, but he was aided by conservative Jesse Helms. |
1834_46 | Thomas E. Watson, United States Senator from Georgia (1921–1922), member United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 10th District (1891–1893), he was vice-presidential candidate of the left-wing Populist Party in 1896, and its candidate for president in 1904 and 1908. Although he was originally a left-wing Populist, in his later career he moved to the right and denounced socialism and became a white supremacist. |
1834_47 | Members of the U.S. House of Representatives
Dale Alford, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas 5th District (1959–1963), Member, Little Rock School Board (1955–1959)
William Barksdale, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi At Large District (1853–1955) and 3rd District (1855–1861). He was killed at the Battle of Gettysburg.
John Barrow, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 12th congressional district (2005–2015).
Iris Faircloth Blitch, Member of United States House of Representatives from Georgia's 8th District (1955–1963), Member, Georgia Senate (1947–1949) and (1953–1954), Member, Georgia House of Representatives (1947–1949), Georgia Democratic Party National Committee member (1948–1954). She was a signer of the 1956 Southern Manifesto. In 1964, she changed her party affiliation from Democrat to Republican and endorsed Barry M. Goldwater for president. |
1834_48 | Dan Boren, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma's 2nd district (2005–2013) and Member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives from the 28th district (2002–2004)
Glen Browder, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama's 3rd district (1989–1997), Secretary of State of Alabama (1987–1989) and Member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1983–1986)
Bill Brewster, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma's 3rd district (1991–1997), and Oklahoma House of Representatives (1983 – 1990)
Scotty Baesler, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky's 6th district (1993–1999), Mayor of Lexington, Kentucky (1981 – 1993) and Judge of the Fayette County District Court (1979 – 1981) |
1834_49 | Martin Dies, Jr., Member, United States House of Representatives, Texas 2nd District (1931–1945) and Texas At Large District (1953–1959), Chairman, House Committee Investigating Un-American Activities (1936–1944). A conservative, he was a signer of the Southern Manifesto.
William Jennings Bryan Dorn, Member, United States House of Representatives, South Carolina 3rd District (1947–1949) and (1951–1974), Chairman, United States Veterans Affairs Committee (1973–1974), Member, South Carolina State Senate from Greenwood County (1941–1942), Member, South Carolina House of Representatives, Greenwood county (1939–1940), He was a signer of the Southern Manifesto. In 1966, it was reported that the conservative Liberty Lobby had given him a "Statesman of the Republic" award for his conservative voting record. |
1834_50 | Walter Flowers, Member, United States House of Representatives, Alabama 5th District (1969–1973), 7th District (1973–1979), a conservative Democrat, he was national chairman of George Wallace's campaign for president in 1972.
John Flynt, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia 4th District (1954–1965) and 6th District (1965–1979), Member, Georgia House of Representatives (1947–1948). He was considered one of the most conservative Democrats in the House in his time.
Ezekiel C. Gathings, Member of the United States House of Representatives from the Fourth District of Arkansas (1939–1969), Chairman of the House Select Committee on Current Pornographic Materials in 1952, member, Arkansas Senate, 32nd District (1935–1939. He was a conservative segregationist. |
1834_51 | Pete Geren, United States Secretary of the Army (2007–2009), United States Under Secretary of the Army (2006–2007), Acting United States Secretary of the Air Force (2005), Member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 12th district (1989–1997)
Ralph Hall, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Texas 4th District (1981–2015), Chairman of House Science Committee (2011–2013), Member, Texas Senate, 9th District (1963–1973), county judge, Rockwell County, Texas (1950–1962). He described himself as a conservative Democrat, until 2004, when he switched to Republican. |
1834_52 | Burr Harrison, Member of the United States House of Representatives from 7th District of Virginia (1946–1963), member Virginia State Senate, 25th District (1940–1943). He was a member of the conservative Byrd Organization who supported Massive Resistance to desegregation and was a signer of the Southern Manifesto against the Supreme Court decision requiring desegregation of public schools.
F. Edward Hebert, Member of the United States House of Representatives from the 1st District of Louisiana (1941–1977), Chairman, Armed Services Committee (1971–1975). He was an opponent of desegregation and signed the Southern Manifesto. He served on the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
Andy Ireland, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida's 8th District (1977–1983) and 10th District (1983–1993). He was a Democrat until 1984, when he switched to Republican. |
1834_53 | Laurence M. Keitt, Member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina 3rd District (1856–1860)
Dan Lipinski, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois's 3rd district (2005–2021)
Alexander Long, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio's 2nd District (1863–1865), Member, Ohio House of Representatives from Hamilton County (1846–1850). Elected as a "free-soil" Democrat, he became a "copperhead" opponent of the Civil War, who supported states' rights and opposed emancipation and suffrage for African-Americans.
Speedy Long, Member of the United States House of Representatives from the 8th District of Louisiana (1965–1973), District Attorney for the 28th Judicial District of Louisiana (1973–1985), he was an outspoken segregationist.
Bill Orton, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah's 3rd district (1991–1997) |
1834_54 | John Otho Marsh, Jr., Member of the United States House of Representatives from the 7th District of Virginia (1963–1971), Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs (1973–1979), Counselor to the President (1974–1977), 14th Secretary of the Navy (1981–1989). He was a Democrat until the 1980s and a Republican afterwards.
Ben McAdams, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah's 4th congressional district (2019–2021), Mayor of Salt Lake County (2013–2019), and Member of Utah Senate (2009–2012).
Jim Matheson, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah's 2nd congressional district (2001–2013) and Member of the United States House of Representatives from Utah's 4th congressional district (2013–2015).
Larry McDonald, Member, United States House of Representatives, Georgia, 7th District (1975–1983), second president of the John Birch Society beginning in 1983. |
1834_55 | Otto Passman, Member, United States House of Representatives, Louisiana 5th District (1947–1977). He was known for his opposition to Foreign Aid spending.
Collin Peterson, Chair of the House Agriculture Committee (2007–2011; 2019–2021), Member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota's 7th district (1991–2021)
Samuel B. Pettengill, Member, United States House of Representatives, Indiana Second District, (1933–1939), Indiana 13th District (1931–1933), Although he served in Congress as a Democrat, he later switched to Republican and was elected Chairman of the Republican National Finance Committee in 1942. He was the author of several conservative books.
Lewis F. Payne, Jr., Member of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia's 5th district (1988–1997)
Mike Ross, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas's 4th district (2001–2013) |
1834_56 | John E. Rankin, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi 1921–1953. A strong anti-communist, he was one of the founders of the House Un-American Activities Committee. Although he originally supported some New Deal legislation, he later supported the Conservative Coalition.
John Rarick, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana 6th District (1967–1975). Ran for president in 1980 on the American Independent Party ticket.
L. Mendel Rivers, Member, United States House of Representatives from South Carolina 1st District (1941–1970), member, South Carolina House of Representatives, Charleston County (1934–1936). He was an ardent segregationist, a supporter of law and order politics and a war hawk during the Vietnam Conflict. |
1834_57 | Tommy F. Robinson, Member, United States House of Representatives from Arkansas 2nd District, (1985–1991), sheriff, Pulaski County, Arkansas (1981–1984). In Congress, he often clashed with Democratic leadership and was identified with the Boll Weevil faction of the Democratic party. In 1989, he switched his party affiliation from Democrat to Republican, saying the Democratic party had become too liberal.
Armistead I. Selden Jr., Member, United States House of Representative from Alabama's 6th District (1953–1963), At Large (1963–1965), and 5th District (1965–1969), Member, Alabama House of Representatives (1951–1952), United States Ambassador to Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa (1974–1978), United States Ambassador to New Zealand (1974–1979), United States Ambassador to Samoa (1974–1979). He was originally a Democrat until 1979, when he switched to Republican. |
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