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Undertanding the History and Symbols of Easter - Wednesday, March 19, 2008 The early Christians began remembering the Resurrection every Sunday following its occurrence. In A.D. 325, the Council of Nicaea set

Undertanding the History and Symbols of Easter - Wednesday, March 19, 2008 The early Christians began remembering the Resurrection every Sunday following its occurrence. In A.D. 325, the Council of Nicaea set aside a special day just to celebrate the Resurrection. The problem with an official day was deciding whether the Resurrection should be celebrated on a weekday or always on a Sunday. Many felt that the date should continue to be based on the timing of the Resurrection during Passsover. Once Jewish leaders determined the date of Passover each year, Christian leaders could set the date for Easter by figuring three days after Passover. Following this schedule would have meant that Easter would be a different day of the week each year, only falling on a Sunday once in awhile. Other believed since the Lord rose on a Sunday and this day had been set aside as the Lord’s Day, this was the only possible day to celebrate His resurrection. As Christianity drew away from Judaism, some were reluctant to base the Christian celebration on the Jewish calendar. Finally the Council decided Easter should be celebrated on the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox. Since the date of the vernal equinox changed from year to year, calculating the proper date can be difficult. This is still the method used to determine Easter today, which is why some years we have Easter earlier than other years. Since Easter is a celebration of Jesus’ Resurrection, you would think there wouldn’t be room for paganism. However Easter is one of the holidays most intertwined with pagan symbolism and ritual. The origin of the word easter isn’t certain. The Vernerable Bede, an eighth-century monk and scholar, suggested that the word may have come from the Anglo-Saxon Eeostre or Eastre – a Teutonic goddess of spring and fertility. Recent scholars haven’t been able to find any reference to the goddess Bede mentioned and consider the theory discredited. Another possibility is the Norse eostur, eastur, or ostara, which meant “the season of the growing sun” or “the season of new birth.” The word east comes from the same roots. In this case, easter would be linked to the changing of the season. A more recent and complex explanation comes from the Christian background of Easter rather than the pagan. The early Latin name for the week of Easter was hebdomada alba or “white week,” wh

Posted Thursday, June 17, 2010 While an estimated 60,000 barrels a day of oil gush into the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, energy companies in Ohio remain eager to access the latest fuel deposit within the Rust

Posted Thursday, June 17, 2010 While an estimated 60,000 barrels a day of oil gush into the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, energy companies in Ohio remain eager to access the latest fuel deposit within the Rust Belt. Over 50 trillion cubic feet of natural gas can be found within the Marcellus Shale formation. It has the potential to be a gold mine, but at what risk to the surrounding community and environment? Thursday morning host Dan Moulthrop and guests discuss the science, the technology, and the risks of drilling for natural gas. Please follow our community discussion rules when composing your comments. Could you have your guests cover what is required to maintain a gas wells once they are drilled. Please address the legendary strong-arm tactic of the oil and gas companies used to acquire leases from land owners. In some areas if 60% of owners in an area are willing to lease their land, the other 40% are required to accept leases. For some reason they invited the gas company back on again and not NEOGAP who is the only Ohio group who specializes in factual unbiased health and safety information and education initiatives. We are even building websites with MIT to desiminate information the state does not make readily available! To answer your question Robert please see contact us on www.neogap.org See how friends in New York state are reacting to the threat of fracking. Risks to Ohio: -275,000 oil and gas wells covering 75% of Ohio -

In computing, rebooting is the process by which a running computer system is restarted, either intentionally or unintentionally. Reboots can be either cold (alternatively known as hard) whereby the power to the system is physically turned off and back

In computing, rebooting is the process by which a running computer system is restarted, either intentionally or unintentionally. Reboots can be either cold (alternatively known as hard) whereby the power to the system is physically turned off and back on again, causing an initial boot of the machine, or warm (alternatively known as soft) where the system restarts without the need to interrupt the power. The term restart is used to refer to a reboot when the operating system closes all programs and finalizes all pending input and output operations before initiating a soft reboot. Cold vs. warm reboot Technical sources describe two contrasting forms of reboot known as cold reboot (also cold boot, hard reboot or hard boot) and warm reboot (also soft reboot) although the definition of these forms slightly vary between sources. According to Jones, Landes, Tittel (2002), Cooper (2002), Tulloch (2002) and Soper (2004), on IBM PC compatible platform, a cold boot is a boot process in which the computer starts from a powerless state. All except Tulloch (2002) also mention that in cold boot, system performs a power-on self-test (POST). In addition to the power switch, Cooper (2002) and Soper (2004) also state that reset button may commence a cold reboot. Jones, Landes, Tittel (2002) contradicts this assertion and states that a reset button may commence either a cold or warm reboot, depending on the system. Microsoft Support article 102228 also confers that although the reset button is designed to perform a cold reboot, it may not disconnect the power to the motherboard – a state that does not correspond to the cold boot definition given above. According to Jones, Landes, Tittel (2002):509, both the operating system and third-party software can initiate a cold boot; the restart command in Windows 9x initiates a cold reboot, unless Shift key is held. Extracting a definition for warm boot, however, proves more challenging. All aforementioned sources indicate that a warm boot is initiated by pressing Ctrl + Alt + Delete key combination; all except Tulloch (2002) mention that a warm reboot does not perform POST. Jones, Landes, Tittel (2002) specifies that for a warm reboot to occur, BIOS must be the recipient of the key combination. Microsoft Support article 102228 takes a more technical approach and defines a warm boot a result of invoking INT 19h, a BIOS interrupt call; the Ctrl + Alt + Delete key combination is only one of the ways. According to Grimes (2001), malware may prevent or subvert a warm boot by intercepting Ctrl + Alt + Delete key combination and prevent it from reaching BIOS. Windows NT family of operating systems also does the same and reserves the key combination for its own use. Soper (2004) asserts that Windows restart command initiates a warm boot, thus contradicting Jones, Landes, Tittel (2002) that believes the same action performs a cold boot. The Linux family of operating systems support an alternative to warm boot - the Linux kernel has optional support for kexec, a system call which transfers execution to a new kernel and skips hardware or firmware reset. The entire process occurs independently of the system firmware. The kernel being executed does not have to be a Linux kernel. Outside the domain of IBM compatible PCs, the types of boot may not apply. According to Sue Loh of Windows CE Base Team, Windows CE devices support three types of boots: Warm, cold and clean. A warm boot discards "program memory" area. A cold boot also discards the contents of "storage memory" area (also known as "object store"). A clean boot erases all forms of storage memories for the device. However, since these areas do not exist on all Windows CE devices, users are only concerned with two forms of reboot: One that resets the volatile memory and one that wipes the device clean and restores factory settings. For example, for a Windows Mobile 5.0 device, the former is a cold boot and the latter is a clean boot. The term "restart" is used by Microsoft Windows and Linux family of operating system (including but not limited to Ubuntu and Linux Mint) to denote an operating system-assisted reboot. In a restart, the operating system ensures that all pending I/O operations are gracefully ended before commencing a reboot. Users may deliberately initiate a reboot. Rationale for such action may include: - Troubleshooting: Rebooting may be used by users, support staff or system administrators as a technique to work around bugs in software, for example memory leaks or processes that hog resources to the detriment of the overall system, or to terminate malware. While this approach does not address the root cause of the issue, resetting a system back to a good, known state may allow it to be used again for some period until the issue next occurs. - Switching operating systems: On a multi-boot system without a hypervisor, a reboot is required to switch between installe

The Great Fish War: An Example Using a Dynamic Cournot-Nash Solution AbstractIn recent years there have been numerous international conflicts about fishing rights. These conflicts are wider in scope than those captured by the model presented in this paper. Yet the

The Great Fish War: An Example Using a Dynamic Cournot-Nash Solution AbstractIn recent years there have been numerous international conflicts about fishing rights. These conflicts are wider in scope than those captured by the model presented in this paper. Yet the model sheds lights on the economic implications of these conflicts as well as on the implications of other duopolistic situations in which the decisions of the participants affect the evolution of an underlying population of interest. Our model has two basic features: the underlying population changes as a result of the actions of both participants, and each participant takes account of the other's actions. This strategic aspect is studied, for an example, by using the concept of a Cournot-Nash equilibrium in which each participant's reaction depends on the stock of fish and not on previous behavior. Thus, the model is a discrete-time analog of a differential game. The paper examines the dynamic and steady-state properties of the fish population that results from the participants' interactions. Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the I

US (12/4/2012) - High cholesterol is an issue for many men and women, who may or may not know that excessive cholesterol in the blood can increase a person's risk of cardiovascular disease. That's a genuine concern for

US (12/4/2012) - High cholesterol is an issue for many men and women, who may or may not know that excessive cholesterol in the blood can increase a person's risk of cardiovascular disease. That's a genuine concern for many people, as the American Heart Association notes that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Statistics Canada reports that heart disease accounted for 21 percent of all deaths in 2008 (the most recent year for which statistics were available), placing it behind only cancer among the leading causes of death in Canada. The link between high cholesterol and cardiovascular disease has long since been established, but the good news is that even men and women with considerably high cholesterol levels can greatly reduce their risk of one day developing cardiovascular disease. Some may need the help of prescription medication to lower their cholesterol, while others might only need to make certain lifestyle changes to lower their cholesterol. Men and women should discuss a plan of attack to lower their cholesterol levels with a physician, who will determine if medication should be a part of the plan. Even if medication is a factor, the following are some lifestyle changes men and women with high or moderate cholesterol levels can make to reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease. * Shed those extra pounds. According to the Mayo Clinic, losing as little as 5 to 10 percent of your body weight can greatly reduce cholesterol levels. There are a number of ways to lose weight, but the most successful way to lose weight and keep it off typically involves adopting a more active lifestyle and coupling that with a healthy diet. The AHA recommends 30 minutes of physical activity each day. This can include any number of activities that get you off the couch and exercising, including walking, biking, swimming, and jogging. An additional benefit of exercising to lose weight is that it can raise your so-called "good" cholesterol (also known as high-density lipoprotein, or HDL), which can protect you against a heart attack. Many medical experts believe HDL carries cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver, where the cholesterol is then passed from the body. * Embrace heart-healthy foods. One of the more effective, yet often most difficult, ways to lower cholesterol is to make dietary changes, forgoing unhealthy fare for more heart-friendly foods. The idea of changing one's diet does not appeal to many people, but a more heart-healthy diet does not have to be devoid of taste. You can still eat red meat and dairy products, but keep them to a minimum, as both red meat and dairy can raise your "bad" cholesterol. Also known as low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, bad cholesterol can combine with other substances to form plaque, a thick, hard deposit that can narrow the arteries and make them less flexible, increasing one's risk of heart attack and stroke. Red meat and dairy tend to have a good deal of saturated fat, which the Mayo Clinic suggests should account for less than 7 percent of your daily caloric intake. There are many ways to make more heart-healthy dietary choices, some of which include selecting whole grains (including whole wheat pasta and whole wheat flour), loading up on fruits and vegetables that are high in fiber (which can lower cholesterol) and choosing entrees for foods that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as certain types of fish, which help lower LDL cholesterol. * Stop smoking. Smokers have a surefire way to reduce their cholesterol, though some may find it more difficult than making any dietary changes. Quitting smoking has an almost immediate impact on the health of your heart, which is at a lower risk of attack within 24 hours of quitting smoking. Within one year of quitting, your risk of heart attack is half that of someone who continues to smoke, and in 15 years your risk of heart disease will be similar to that of someone who has never smoked. In addition, quitting smoking may improve your HDL cholesterol level. Though it might not be easy, quitting smoking might be the most effective way to improve your cholesterol levels while lowering your risk for cardiovascular disease. More information about lowering your cholesterol is available at www.heart.org Copyright 2013 SurfKY News Group, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. |< Prev||Next >|

Where did I park my spacecraft?July 5th, 2012 in Astronomy & Space / Space Exploration Researchers have developed a method to determine the location of a spacecraft within one hundred metres, even if the spacecraft is several hundred million kilometres

Where did I park my spacecraft?July 5th, 2012 in Astronomy & Space / Space Exploration Researchers have developed a method to determine the location of a spacecraft within one hundred metres, even if the spacecraft is several hundred million kilometres from Earth. In addition to spacecraft-spotting, the same technique can be applied to study the atmosphere of our neighbouring planets or the structure of the planets interior using radio telescopes. Thus, for example, researchers have discovered water in some of Saturns moons and have searched for thunderstorms in Mars. While working on his dissertation, Guifré Molera Calvés wanted to make good use of the state-of-the-art infrastructure available at Metsähovi Radio Observatory. He exploited radio telescopes and VLBI-processing hardware to study a broad variety of space phenomena. During this work, he developed a unique method for processing the data captured by VLBI radio telescopes for radio spectroscopy purposes. Researchers at Metsähovi, in collaboration with the JIVE Institute in the Netherlands, developed a new method for determining the position and speed of a spacecraft with extreme precision, comparable to GPS accuracy. The researchers can figure out the exact location where a space probe has parked itself on a planets orbit. To determine this, they only need the signal transmitted by the spacecraft itself and a natural cosmic source, such as a star or a planet, as a reference. When tracking the Venus Express satellite with the help of 10 antennas, we managed to estimate its location with the precision of a few hundred metres. And this is for an object that is 200 million kilometres away from the Earth! Molera enthuses. The precision of the result is on a scale of about one to a billion. Finding a needle in a haystack is easy in comparison. Space agencies benefit from the precise determination of the spacecrafts location and speed in the most critical operations in a planetary mission: the approach and insertion into the orbit around the planet, the descent through the atmosphere, and finally the landing. Another novel approach for this method is the study of the composition of a planets interior and its gravitational field. The rotation of a planet and the orbit of the spacecraft depend on whether the planets core is solid with hard rock or filled with liquid magma. We could make the analogy with how an egg spins depending whether its cooked or still raw, Molera explains Every object, including the planets and moons in our Solar System, emits a unique spectral signature at several radio frequencies. The spectral signature depends on the molecular composition of the object. The radio telescopes can capture these microwave signals for radio spectroscopy purposes. In his dissertation, Molera developed a unique method for processing this data. Using his method

|Basic Information||Biotope classification||Ecology||Habitat preferences and distribution||Species composition||Sensitivity||Importance| Image Steve Morris - LMU.Sm e.g. Salicornia sp. pioneer saltmarsh Image width ca

|Basic Information||Biotope classification||Ecology||Habitat preferences and distribution||Species composition||Sensitivity||Importance| Image Steve Morris - LMU.Sm e.g. Salicornia sp. pioneer saltmarsh Image width ca 5 m in foreground. Image copyright information LS.LMp.Sm recorded () and expected () distribution in Britain and Ireland (see below) EC Habitats Directive UK Biodiversity Action Plan |National importance||Not available| |Habitat Directive feature (Annex 1)||Estuaries Salt marshes are an important resource for wading birds and wildfowl. They act as high tide refuges for birds feeding on adjacent mudflats, as breeding sites for waders, gulls and terns and as a source of food for passerine birds particularly in autumn and winter. In winter, grazed salt marshes are used as feeding grounds by large flocks of wild ducks and geese (see ecological relationships). For example, Packham & Willis (1997) suggested that the UK coastline supported 1.5 -2 million waders during winter, which probably represented 50% of the European population. Packham & Liddle (1970) listed 250 species of birds that fed on the Cefni saltmarsh and adjacent tidal flats. Areas with high structural and plant diversity, particularly where freshwater seepage's provide a transition from fresh to brackish conditions, are particularly important for invertebrates. Salt marshes also provide sheltered nursery sites for several species of fish (Anon, 1999n). Saltmarsh collects litter and detritus, from the resident population of plants and animals, and brought down rivers or in with the tides. The action of bacteria and invertebrates breaks down the detritus into particulate or dissolved organ

The power of first impressions We size each other up instantly, based on everything from clothing colour to first name to face shape. These first impressions have an enduring social impact, says Anna Brooks. There is no doubt the human animal is an inherently

The power of first impressions We size each other up instantly, based on everything from clothing colour to first name to face shape. These first impressions have an enduring social impact, says Anna Brooks. There is no doubt the human animal is an inherently social one. Success in our work and social lives heavily depends on how effectively we interact with others — how smoothly we conduct ourselves within the social sphere. We unconsciously tap into pre-formed 'expectancies' of human behaviour and impose them onto incoming sensory data in order to help us quickly understand the nuances of the ever-changing social situations in which we operate. The speed at which we size up new acquaintances is one of the most impressive aspects of human social capabilities. In his 2005 book Blink: The power of thinking without thinking, Malcolm Gladwell uses the term 'thin slicing' to describe the almost instantaneous process that occurs when we're introduced to someone new. Within seconds we not only judge this new acquaintance, but are ourselves judged in return. Relatively basic characteristics — like gender, age, race and physical attractiveness — are not the only classifications we make. Lasting impressions are also formed of personality traits like how dominant, trustworthy and competent we are. Such a process, Gladwell argues, is an adaptive response to a world of unprecedented richness with respect to social information. The range of human behaviours over which impression forming exerts influence is vast — hiring, firing, dating and voting behaviours all are susceptible. Within that context, science may be able to teach us some significant lessons. To what extent could an awareness of the mechanics of impression formation help us mediate its impact? Can knowledge help us retrospectively override our 'thin slice' tendencies? What has science taught us so far? Psychologists have traditionally led the charge in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of impression formation. Researchers like Alexander Todorov of Princeton University have produced data in the lab that have confirmed that social judgments of traits such as trustworthiness and dominance are based on mere glimpses of facial features. And these judgments are made with relative consistency. Within that context, the 1772 assertion of Johann Lavater — a Swiss poet and physiognomist (a practitioner who judges an individual's personality via their external appearance) — that "whether they are or are not sensible of it, all men are daily influenced by physiognomy" appears remarkably prescient. More contentiously, some ingenious work by the University of St Andrews' David Perrett suggests the possibility that such associations between appearance and personality are actually informative — our instantaneous judgment of a person's personality is often correct. So whilst physiognomy in its original form has been roundly debunked as a pseudo-science akin to phrenology, there is now credible evidence that on some measures facial features are indeed an informative 'tell'. Perrett argues the mechanism for this may be a form of self-fulfilling prophecy — facial features associated with trustworthiness, for example, may contribute to the individual being treated as honest, which may in turn shape his or her behaviour towards that particular trait. Taking a broader view, faces are just one piece of the impression formation puzzle. We actually exploit an impressively disparate array of information sources to inform our social judgments. Body odour, speech patterns and clothing colour (red T-shirts make a sporting team opponent more dominant) are just some of the features that appear to play a role. The phonetic properties of given names may also influence first impressions. In an extension of the fascinating field of nominative determinism (where one's given name has been shown to correlate with behavioural outcomes) — those with the initial 'F', for example, are more likely to score Fs in academic exams. Researchers investigating the mechanisms of impression formation have only just begun to scratch the surface. Much work remains outstanding in the process of identifying exactly how it is that we'size one another up'. What is already clear, however, is that despite its multif

The Victoria and Albert Museum's collections spans over a thousand years of art in virtually every medium, from many parts of the world. Visitors to the museum encounter a treasure house of amazing and beautiful objects. The Museum was established in 1852,

The Victoria and Albert Museum's collections spans over a thousand years of art in virtually every medium, from many parts of the world. Visitors to the museum encounter a treasure house of amazing and beautiful objects. The Museum was established in 1852, following the enormous success of the Great Exhibition the previous year. The founding principle of the originator, Sir Henry Cole, was to make works of art available to all, to educate the working people and to inspire British designers and manufacturers. Profits from the Exhibition we

Introduction / History A warm and hospitable people, the Wassulu of West Africa claim to originate from the Futa Jalon (Fulani) of Guinea. They tell various stories of their past. One oral account says that the Wassulu

Introduction / History A warm and hospitable people, the Wassulu of West Africa claim to originate from the Futa Jalon (Fulani) of Guinea. They tell various stories of their past. One oral account says that the Wassulu once lived among the Malinke, but in time were told to leave because of their pride and boastfulness about their many possessions. Though the historical accounts of the group's origin and of how they lost their original language vary, the fact that they speak a form of Bamanakan (Bambara) indicates the influence the Bamana (Bambara) people had as the Wassulu settled near them. Wassulu-Bamanakan is also closely related to other Northern Mande languages (Jula and Maninka) found in West Africa. Simply stated, the Wassulu have adopted some of the culture and language of the people they once lived among, while retaining their ethnic identity, thus forming a new people group with their own set of beliefs, traditions, and language. What are their lives like? As with many people groups, geopolitical borders do not define the area inhabited by the Wassulu people. The Wassulu region expands from the southwest corner of Mali, to the northwest corner of Ivory Coast and the northeast part of Guinea. Their villages are often remote and some are inaccessible by car at the peak of the rainy season. Like many West Africans, they live a simple lifestyle depending on locally grown crops to feed themselves with little dependency on food items brought into their region. Corn is an important grain in their diet, particularly in Mali. Peanuts, mangoes, and citrus fruits are found in some areas. Cotton is also grown, primarily for export. What are their beliefs? Though historical facts are at times obscure, the spiritual needs of the Wassulu people are clear and unchanged. Islam was introduced among the Wassulu in the late 1800s. Although there is strong evidence of Muslim practices in their villages, many of the Wassulu also continue to follow traditional African religious beliefs and practices. This mixture of practices is commonly referred to as folk Islam. The number of Wassulu Christians is believed to be a very small percentage of the population. Christians of other people groups live among the Wassulu in some regions, but often there are cultural barriers that inhibit a natural sharing of the Gospel. Prayer Points * Pray for lay pastor "F," who resides in Bamako, the capital of Mali. As a descendent of Wassulu grandparents, God has given him a passion for his ancestral people. Praise God that funding has been provided to assist him in making monthly visits to the Wassulu region of Mali in order to lead chronological Bible storying in key Wassulu villages. * Pray specifically for Chief M of Village B who has heard all of the chronological Bible stories and has a clear vision of who Jesus is in a dream. Pray that the Holy Spirit will not let Chief M rest until he boldly confesses that Jesus is indeed The Way! * Join in praying also for Chief Z in Village Y as well as the religious and cultural leaders in the Wassulu region. Some have come to hear the stories; pray that their hearts will be pierced as they hear the Truth. * Pray for the churches in the U.S. that are partnering to take on the strategy coordinator role for reaching the Wassulu for Christ. * Pray that they will seek God at every step as they work with Pastor F and the few believers to ignite the flame of passion for Christ among the Wassulu.

'End of passwords' predictions are premature - Cambridge boffin Nice fresh well-salted hash will keep them healthy Advances in the power of computers won't automatically make passwords obsolete, according to a top computer science researcher. Joseph Bon

'End of passwords' predictions are premature - Cambridge boffin Nice fresh well-salted hash will keep them healthy Advances in the power of computers won't automatically make passwords obsolete, according to a top computer science researcher. Joseph Bonneau, a postgrad researcher at Cambridge University, looked into the perceived wisdom that runs along these lines: "Since computers are getting exponentially faster, yet the human brain is constant, then password crackers will eventually beat human memory." Remarks such as this are often made when the latest advances in increasingly powerful graphics processors for password cracking or similar stories hit the news. Bonneau doesn't dispute that password cracking is getting faster or that easily guessable or reused passwords are toast. Instead he disputes the idea that well thought out, complex passwords stored using a sufficiently robust hash function with proper salting have had their day. A hash function is a mathematical process that takes a "message" and forms a message digest or hash from it. Storing plain text passwords as part of an online authentication system is an obviously bad idea. If a website is broken into and the pas

We’ve been getting a lot of questions about megapixels lately. Stuff like, “How many do I need?” and “Will my photos be sharper with more?” and “Will more megapixels improve the quality of my images?”

We’ve been getting a lot of questions about megapixels lately. Stuff like, “How many do I need?” and “Will my photos be sharper with more?” and “Will more megapixels improve the quality of my images?” Well, here’s the scoop! First, how they are determined - So, you’ve found a camera that has 5.0 megapixels and you’re wondering exactly how they arrived at that number. Did they just grab it out of the digital ether, or is there some math you’re missin’ out on? Well, the term “megapixel” simply means 1 million pixels. So, that means a 5 MP camera can capture 5 million pixels at its highest quality setting. The more of these pixels you capture, the larger you can print your image. Stop and re-read that last sentence! It’s the main reason for wanting more megapixels. Alright then, how many MP are you going to need to print the size photos you want to print? Well, it depends on how large you want to print and at what resolution. Now, stick with me here… For the most part, photo-quality ink jet printers do well with 200 DPI, although 300 DPI is usually considered “photo quality”. I can almost never tell the difference. I’ve seen “OK” results at lower resolutions than mentioned above, but 200 DPI or better always makes a nice print for me. So, we’ll use that number as the minimum and plug it into the following equation: In order to print a 4×6 at 200 DPI, you need to take the length and multiply it by the resolution, then do the same with the width. Next multiply those results. Don’t worry, this is much easier than it sounds: 4 (width) x 200 (resolution) = 800 6 (length) x 200 (resolution) = 1200 Those are your minimum width and length pixel counts. To print a 200 DPI photo quality 4×6, you would need an image that was 800 x 1200 pixels. Now, to determine how many MP this is: 800 x 1200 = 960,000 – Round up to 1,000,000. Not too bad. Now we know a 1 MP camera can make a good 4×6 print at 200 DPI. Now, if you want a 300 DPI print, you’ll find after re-running the numbers

The Half and Half Tank This tends to be the most common set-up needed, which is half water and half land-mass aquarium set-up. This can be achieved in several ways, the easiest of which is to fill a tank with

The Half and Half Tank This tends to be the most common set-up needed, which is half water and half land-mass aquarium set-up. This can be achieved in several ways, the easiest of which is to fill a tank with water and put in large land-masses such as giant rocks. Special separators can be made or bought to divide water and land masses within a tank as well. One visitor writes: I found that my frogs really needed a half & half tank, so I went to the local pet store to buy a divider. The only one that they carried was $75.00. I have limited resources so I made one myself. Heres how: I measured the width of my aquarium and went to a hardware store to have a piece of glass cut, that width and about 4 1/2 inches high. I secured it to my aquarium with aquarium sealant. I was worried that my frogs would cut their bellies as they climbed out of the water so I took a piece of airline tubing, the length of the glass piece, and split it along the side and glued it to the top of the glass with the sealant. I hope that it sounds as easy as it was, it only took a few minutes. Best of all it cost under $4.00, which leaves more money for crickets and stuff! The size of tank you will need largely depends on the type of frog you will be housing in it. Smaller anurans do well in smaller sized tanks, but as the number of specimens increases, so does the tank size requirement. For example, small treefrogs can do well in as

Is Popcorn Bad for Your Teeth?: A Dental Perspective on this “Healthy Snack” Posted on Oct 29, 2012 by DentalVibe Who doesn't love popcorn? Whether watching a movie, hanging out with friends, or

Is Popcorn Bad for Your Teeth?: A Dental Perspective on this “Healthy Snack” Posted on Oct 29, 2012 by DentalVibe Who doesn't love popcorn? Whether watching a movie, hanging out with friends, or taking a stroll through the county fair, it's a treat we can't get enough of. They might call it "popcorn" because of the way it's made, but we like to think of it as the snack we can't stop pop-ping into our mouths! But is popcorn good for you? Actually, there isn't a clear-cut answer to that. Where the waistline is concerned, popcorn is naturally a high-fiber, low-calorie, low-fat, sugar-and-sodium-free food, which means it's a great weight loss snack. That's plain popcorn, though. Whether Popcorn is a Healthy Snack Depends on How You Define "Healthy" Much of the popcorn we buy pre-packaged from vending machines, refreshment carts, or grocery stores is loaded with fat, salt, butter, grease, and other flavor-enhancing agents that pack on the calories, sodium, and more. Movie theater popcorn is notoriously unhealthy. While there are some exceptions, most cinemas use coconut oil with heavy butter to make their popcorn, and then offer additional condiments as optional toppings. The result can add up to several days' worth of recommended calories and fat in a single popcorn bag. Popcorn & Oral Health: What's Good for the Waist may not be Good for the Teeth But what about on the dental side of the health spectrum? While plain, air-popped corn can be a healthy snack in other regards, popcorn is unfortunately rather damaging to the teeth. The sugars and carbohydrates that occur naturally in popcorn interact with the bacteria found naturally in the mouth, producing lactic acid that wears away at a tooth's enamel. While plenty of snacks cause that same reaction, popcorn produces more lactic acid than most. Within just a few minutes of eating popcorn, the acid is already wearing away at the teeth. The more popcorn you eat and the longer it stays in your mouth, the more substantial the effect. Dental Pain and Other Problems Caused by Popcorn Could Become Serious Popcorn kernels can also easily become lodged between teeth or in between a rear tooth and the gums. This can quickly result in cracked teeth or abscesses that lead to pain, infection, and even cancer. Should infection take hold, it can spread to the bloodstream and affect the entire body. So does that mean you should never eat popcorn again? Like most things in life, moderation is probably best. Eat popcorn on rare occasions and in small amounts, and always make sure you pay attention to labels so you can avoid the most fattening kind

Management of multiple sclerosis The most common initial course of the disease is the relapsing-remitting subtype, which is characterized by unpredictable attacks (relapses) followed by periods of relative remission with no new signs of disease activity. After

Management of multiple sclerosis The most common initial course of the disease is the relapsing-remitting subtype, which is characterized by unpredictable attacks (relapses) followed by periods of relative remission with no new signs of disease activity. After some years, many of the people who have this subtype begin to experience neurologic decline without acute relapses. When this happens it is called secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Other, less common, courses of the disease are the primary progressive (decline from the beginning without attacks) and the progressive-relapsing (steady neurologic decline and superimposed attacks). Different therapies are used for patients experiencing acute attacks, for patients who have the relapsing-remitting subtype, for patients who have the progressive subtypes, for patients without a diagnosis of MS who have a demyelinating event, and for managing the various consequences of MS. The primary aims of therapy are returning function after an attack, preventing new attacks, and preventing disability. As with any medical treatment, medications used in the management of MS may have several adverse effects, and many possible therapies are still under investigation. At the same time different alternative treatments are pursued by many patients, despite the paucity of supporting, comparable, replicated scientific study. This article focuses on therapies for standard MS; borderline forms of MS have particular treatments that are excluded. - 1 Acute attacks - 2 Disease-modifying treatments - 3 Managing the effects of MS - 4 Therapies under investigation - 5 Alternative treatments - 6 Further reading - 7 Notes and references Administration of high doses of intravenous corticosteroids, such as methylprednisolone, is the routine therapy for acute relapses. This is administered over a period of three to five days, and has a well-established efficacy in promoting a faster recovery from disability after an attack. There is however insufficient evidence to indicate any significant impact on long-term disability of corticosteroid treatments. Steroids administered orally have a similar effective

This artist's conception illustrates a storm of comets around a star near our own, called Eta Corvi. Evidence for this barrage comes from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, whose infrared detectors picked up indications that one or more comets was

This artist's conception illustrates a storm of comets around a star near our own, called Eta Corvi. Evidence for this barrage comes from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, whose infrared detectors picked up indications that one or more comets was recently torn to shreds after colliding with a rocky body. This story was updated at 5:36 p.m. EDT. Icy comets could be bombarding a nearby alien star system in a storm similar to the one thought to have brought water and other life-forming ingredients to Earth several billion years ago, a new study reveals. NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope studied a nearby bright star called Eta Corvi, which is located approximately 60 light-years away in the northern sky, and found signs that comets could be pelting the alien system. The infrared telescope spotted a band of dust around Eta Corvi that strongly matches the chemical makeup of an obliterated giant comet, said Carey Lisse, senior research scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Phy

Researchers can now study replication of Hepatitis C virus genotypes 3 and 4 in cultured cells, described in 2 articles in the January issue of Gastroenterology. These new tools will improve our understanding of how they cause liver disease

Researchers can now study replication of Hepatitis C virus genotypes 3 and 4 in cultured cells, described in 2 articles in the January issue of Gastroenterology. These new tools will improve our understanding of how they cause liver disease, and could lead to new treatments. HCV leads to chronic infection and advanced liver diseases in most infected adults. It is a positive-strand RNA virus that replicates its genome with the help of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. There are 6 major HCV genotypes. Genotypes 1 and 2 are the most prevalent in North America, Europe, and Japan, and are the most highly studied. However, other genotypes have specific characteristics. Genotype 3a infection can cause hepatic steatosis, and is more resistant to treatment with telaprevir and boceprevir. Genotype 4 is prevalent in the Middle East and many African countries, and is becoming more common in central and northern Europe; it accounts for 93% of HCV infections in Egypt, and 5%–15% of infections in several European countries. HCV replicons—almost-complete viral RNA sequences that can replicate autonomously in cells—are important for studying viral replication and were essential for the development of many current drugs against the infection. However, only replicons for HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, and 2a have been developed. The first efficient HCV cell culture system was based on genotype 1b-derived subgenomic replicons (see below figure). Mohsan Saeed et al. recovered an almost complete HCV genotype 3a genome from the serum of a patient with post-transplantation recurrent HCV infection. The isolate, which they named S310, contained a 5′UTR (nucleoties 1−339), an open reading frame encoding 3021 amino acides (nucleotides 340−9402), and a 3′UTR (nucleotides 9403−9654). Only the last 44 nucleotides of the X-region (9611−9654) were not recovered. They used this genome to construct a replicon, and showed that it replicated in a human liver cell line. Importantly, replicons in these cells accumulated adaptive, replication-enhancing mutations in nonstructural proteins (NS)3, NS5A, and NS5B—at similar or even identical positions as previously reported for HCV genotype 1b isolates. When Saeed et al. tested the effects of different anti-HCV drugs, they found that interferon (IFN)-a caused a dose-dependent decreased in replication, as it does for all other HCV genotypes. The protease inhibitor BILN-2061 was more effective against replicons from genotypes 1b and 2a than 3a, and the non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor JTK-109 was more potent against genotype 1b and 3a. However, the nucleoside polymerase inhibitor PSI-6130 equally inhibited all genotypes. Betty Peng et al. synthesized and transcribed a genotype 4a subgenomic replicon and transfected new Huh-7–derived cell line. As for the genotype 3a replicon, the 4a replicon acquired adaptive mutations in the NS3, but also in 4A, which allowed the cells it to stably replicate in the cells. In an editorial that accompanies the articles, Volker Lohmann and Ralf Bartenschlager explain that the availability of only a few H

Welcome back - this week our insults are in full swing! My fifth period class is really taking a shine to these things, actually thinking critically about the words and how they work/fit together. If you are unfamiliar with my Shakespearean Insults

Welcome back - this week our insults are in full swing! My fifth period class is really taking a shine to these things, actually thinking critically about the words and how they work/fit together. If you are unfamiliar with my Shakespearean Insults, I post one each day in full-blown Shakespeare text, have the students generate their own meaning on whiteboards, share and then we discuss them together. Yesterday fifth period did so well that I decided to give them a second one…against my better judgement. The first one: Thou spongy, ill-nurtured moldwarp morphed into a discussion on what constituted an actual insult. "How is that insulting? How is being a mole insulting? They’re just animals!" "But they burrow underground…and look like giant tics!" I replied, aghast. "Ms. Hamilton, don’t hate on the mole…" "Ok…well, perhaps this one will change your mind about Shakespearean insults: thou art a gleeking, brazen-faced, flax-wench." Now…a more experienced teacher might have omitted the term ‘wench’ because we all know where that one went…needless to say I’ve learned this lesson in a painfully obvious way. "Ms. Hamilton, can I write ‘hoe’ on my whiteboard?" WHAT?! How is that even an ‘okay’ question?! While I loved the fact t

By Robert Bazell, NBC News Chief science correspondent It is with profound sadness that I note the death of someone who was a model for what health activism could accomplish, as well as a reliable source for many stories for me and other reporters.

By Robert Bazell, NBC News Chief science correspondent It is with profound sadness that I note the death of someone who was a model for what health activism could accomplish, as well as a reliable source for many stories for me and other reporters. Martin Delaney died this morning in San Francisco of liver cancer. His activism began in the late 1970s when he realized how few resources were available for someone suffering hepatitis B, as he was. When HIV/AIDS appeared, he took on the battle against that scourge and founded an organization called Project Inform. He worked to provide the best information to those who suffered and to prod the government and drug companies to find better treatments. With great bravery, he faced down the forces of ignorance who wanted to deny that HIV is the cause of AIDS. Early on in the epidemic, many top researchers acknowledged that Marty, who had no formal science training, knew far more about the details of the disease than they did. Marty's knowledge and activism led him to seats on the panels of government that made key decisions about AIDS drugs. Last week, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious disease presented him with the director's special recognition award. "Millions of people are now receiving life-saving antiretroviral medications from a treatment pipeline that Marty Delaney played a key role in opening and expanding," said NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "Without his tireless work and vision, many more people would have perished from HIV/AIDS."

On this day in 1806, the United States and Spain signed an agreement establishing the Neutral Ground. After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 the United States and Spain were unable to agree on the boundary between Louisiana and Texas. In 180

On this day in 1806, the United States and Spain signed an agreement establishing the Neutral Ground. After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 the United States and Spain were unable to agree on the boundary between Louisiana and Texas. In 1806, in order to avert an armed clash, Gen. James Wilkinson and Lt. Col. Simón de Herrera, the American and Spanish military commanders respectively, entered into an agreement declaring the disputed territory Neutral Ground. The boundaries of the Neutral Ground were never officially described beyond a general statement that the Arroyo Hondo on the east and the Sabine River on the west were to serve as boundaries. Ownership of the strip was awarded the United States by the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1821. On this day in 1960, singer Johnny Horton died in a car accident in Milano, Texas. Though he was born in Los Angeles in 1925, Horton grew up in East Texas and graduated from high school in Gallatin. He attended junior college in Jacksonville and Kilgore and eventually went to Seattle University. He worked in the fishing industry in California and Alaska but embarked on a country music singing career in 1950. In 1955 Horton joined the Louisiana Hayride under the stage name “The Singing Fisherman.” Recognized for his honky tonk sound, he scored his first hit “Honky Tonk Man” in 1956 and achieved his first number-one country recording with “When It’s Springtime in Alaska” several years later. The singer had crossover appeal on both country

Marcus, Eva Mary (1999) A Comparative study on Huck's and Scout's character development as seen through their changing attitudes towards southern racism in Mark Twain's the adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Harper Lee's to. Bachelor thesis,

Marcus, Eva Mary (1999) A Comparative study on Huck's and Scout's character development as seen through their changing attitudes towards southern racism in Mark Twain's the adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Harper Lee's to. Bachelor thesis, Petra Christian University.Full text not available from this repository. The classic, award winning novels. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and To Kill A Mockingbird have always been questioned as proper reading for children and young adults since both books mostly refer to the uncomfortable issue of racism in the south. Such serious undercurrents within the novels, however, are presented through the perspective of the main children characters, Huck and Scout. Within the boundaries of the setting of time, place and society, they are acquainted with two different forms of racism: slavery and segregation. Through a sequence of initiation process, they eventually oppose the society's value of racism. From the topic presented in this thesis, the wri

Centuries of underwater volcanic activity have blanketed the ocean floor in precious metals. Now, with the aid of the world's most powerful excavation machines, a company called Nautilus Minerals is set to begin extracting those metals from the first large-scale deep

Centuries of underwater volcanic activity have blanketed the ocean floor in precious metals. Now, with the aid of the world's most powerful excavation machines, a company called Nautilus Minerals is set to begin extracting those metals from the first large-scale deep-sea mine. The Toronto-based firm teamed up with the deep-sea trencher specialist Soil Machine Dynamics to build three remotely operated machines. Hybrids of land excavators, sea robots, and vacuum cleaners, they will work together to harvest rock from the seafloor, smash it into bits, and then send it to the surface. Last year, Nautilus won a 20-year lease from Papua New Guinea to mine in the Bismarck Sea. The company's first customer, Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group of China, has already claimed

- Recorder Online - http://www.berthoudrecorder.com - Public Star Night at the Little Thompson Observatory Posted By Editor On October 5, 2011 @ 8:54 pm In Our Natural World | Comments Disabled

- Recorder Online - http://www.berthoudrecorder.com - Public Star Night at the Little Thompson Observatory Posted By Editor On October 5, 2011 @ 8:54 pm In Our Natural World | Comments Disabled Friday, October 21, 2011, 7 – 11 PM Public Star Night at the Little Thompson Observatory, 850 Spartan Ave at Berthoud High School (park east of the high school; directions are posted at www.starkids.org). Space weather refers to conditions on the Sun and in the space environment that can influence the performance and reliability of space-borne and ground-based technological systems, and can endanger human life or health. Space weather takes the form of episodic mass ejections—or “solar tsunamis”—from the Sun, sporadic showers of energetic particles and bursts of radiation associated with solar flares, and intermittent high-speed streams of magnetized solar wind plasma that buffet the Earth’s magnetosphere and induce geomagnetic storms and create the beautiful aurora. Our rapidly evolving high-tech global economy has become increasingly vulnerable to the disruptive impacts of space weather on satellite telecommunications, GPS-based navigation and timing, transpolar commercial aviation, and the human exploration and commercial utilization of space. NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center is the Nation’s official source for space weather alert

Potential cognitive decline biomarker identified for earlier disease diagnosis Researchers from the Department of Neurology at NYU Langone Medical Center identified for the first time that changes in the tissue located at the junction between the outer and inner layers of the brain,

Potential cognitive decline biomarker identified for earlier disease diagnosis Researchers from the Department of Neurology at NYU Langone Medical Center identified for the first time that changes in the tissue located at the junction between the outer and inner layers of the brain, called "blurring", may be an important, non-invasive biomarker for earlier diagnosis and the development of new therapies for degenerative brain conditions, such as multiple sclerosis. The study was published in the Journal of Neuroscience. "The findings are significant because this is the first time we have mapped the distinct relationship between blurring of the boundary in the left hemisphere, where verbal language skills are managed, and the impact that changes in this area have on cognitive ability," said Karen Blackmon, PhD, research assistant professor, Department of Neurology and lead author of the study. "The fact that this occurs in healthy brains and appears to be connected with a person's cognitive function has significant implications for our ability to diagnose brain disease earlier and for the potential development of new therapies."... Read More - http://bit.ly/vEUi88

Can Monk Seals Find a Berth on Noah’s Ark? Must we triage the world’s biodiversity? An ecologist asks if it’s worth trying to save a species caught in an ‘extinction vortex,’ in this case monk seals,

Can Monk Seals Find a Berth on Noah’s Ark? Must we triage the world’s biodiversity? An ecologist asks if it’s worth trying to save a species caught in an ‘extinction vortex,’ in this case monk seals, by culling Galapagos sharks that have their own survival issues. The “extinction vortex” is all too familiar in the world of endangered species: Extremely small populations often become vulnerable to new threats, precipitating a downward spiral toward extinction. But in a world of limited resources, I wonder about society’s obligation to intervene where there is little chance for reversing downward trends. A case in point is the critically endangered monk seal, which is declining toward extinction in one of the most pristine marine wilderness areas on earth. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the northwest Hawaiian Islands is the largest marine protected area in the US. The monument, established in 2006 by President George W. Bush, has been heralded as a conservation success and the reserve teems with a diversity of marine organisms. With this intact ecosystem has come the recovery of top predators—sharks. But in an unintended consequence, shark predation has been implicated as a primary cause of the decline of the monk seal. Most of the remaining 1,000 Hawaiian monk seals live in the monument, and their numbers are in precipitous decline. Their populations became so small that sex ratios skewed towards males, creating social dysfunction and male aggression. That aggression seemed to peak in 1997, which was also the first time researchers observed sharks eating an intriguing new source of food that they continue to rely on today—drowned seal pups in the water. Should humans intervene to reverse this extinction vortex and to help monk seals recover within their “restored” habitat? This raises a clear question about “conservation triage”: Do we want an ecosystem with a viable population of monk seals, or do we want to maintain the virtues of having a marine ecosystem with a full complement of apex predators? In its answer to that question, the National Marine Fisheries Service is proposing to cull Galapagos sharks in areas of the monument with a particular problem, such as the French Frigate Shoals. The rationale is that removing a few “nuisance” sharks who have learned to hunt for monk seals will reduce early mortality of monk seals, which is very high in their first two years of life. The hope is that this would stabilize monk seal populations—and still maintain a viable shark population and a diverse community structure within the monument. Is it scientifically and ethically defensible to kill a few sharks to save monk seals from extinction? Without intervention, monk seals will likely become extinct before my children grow up to see them. On the other hand, there is no guarantee that culling sharks will lead to the seals’ recovery. A sustained program to remove sharks likely will reduce their take in localized areas, perhaps enough for juvenile monk seals to survive. But, there also is a chance that culling will hurt the viability of the shark population, which is already suffering globally through bycatch. While scientists hypothesize that only a few sharks—those “nuisance animals”—are eating monk seals, supporting data are sparse, and other species such as tiger sharks are known to prey upon monk seals. This build-up of predators in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands and the complexity of the ecosystem may make controlling shark predation impractical. A careful evaluation of the costs and benefits of different management options (e.g., shark predation mitigation, translocation or captive breeding of monk seals) is needed to identify the greatest likelihood of success given societal preferences, logistical, and financial constraints. As a society, are we prepared to accept that our proverbial Noah’s ark is perhaps not large enough to bring all of the world’s species into the future of our children? More importantly, do we have the proper ethical code in place to justly triage the planet’s declining biodiversity?

Password Best practices from Microsoft (Updated: January 21, 2005) What do you use as your password: your birthday? Your dog's name? A word from the dictionary? Or a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers

Password Best practices from Microsoft (Updated: January 21, 2005) What do you use as your password: your birthday? Your dog's name? A word from the dictionary? Or a combination of upper and lower case letters and numbers? If you've chosen the latter, you've made the right choice. Do you use the same password for multiple accounts? That is also not a good idea. Have you written down your passwords in a place where someone can find it such as your middle desk drawer. Or maybe you have put it on a yellow stickie and it's attached to your computer, or desktop or Outlook rollodex? Not a good idea. Do you share your password with close friends? Spouses? Children? Again, this is a bad idea. To keep personal data safer, take a look at the article written by Microsoft that covers password best practices. The article is located at: http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/windowsserver2003/library/ServerHelp/e903f7a2-4def-4f5f-9480-41de6010fd29.mspx. Keeping your password safe and secret! Return to Top

How to Use Progressive Verb Tenses in English English progressive verb tenses describe ongoing actions in the present, past or future. What’s the difference between each pair of simple tense forms? Not a whole lot unless you are a grammarian.

How to Use Progressive Verb Tenses in English English progressive verb tenses describe ongoing actions in the present, past or future. What’s the difference between each pair of simple tense forms? Not a whole lot unless you are a grammarian. People often interchange present and progressive forms without creating any problems. But shades of difference in meaning do exist. The present progressive form often implies a process: Alexei is axing the proposal to cut down the national forest. (is axing is in present progressive form) Michael and Lulu are skiing far too fast toward that cliff. (are skiing is in present progressive form) The single-word form of the present tense may be used for things that are generally true at the present time but not necessarily happening right now. For example: Ollie attends wrestling matches every Sunday. If you call Ollie on Sunday, you’ll get this annoying message he recorded on his answering machine because he’s at the arena (attends is in present tense). You may also get this message on a Thursday (or on another day) and it is still correct, even though on Thursdays Ollie stays home to play chess. Now read this sentence: Ollie is playing hide-and-seek with his dog Spot. This sentence means that right now (is playing is in the progressive form of the present tense), as you write or say this sentence, Ollie is running around the living room looking for Spot, who is easy to find because he ran through that tray of fluorescent paint. The difference between the plain past tense and the past progressive tense is pretty much the same as in the present tense. The single-word form often shows what happened in the past more generally. The progressive form may pinpoint action or a state of being at a specific time or occurring in the past on a regular basis. Gulliver went to the store and bought clothes for all his little friends. This sentence means that at some point in the past Gulliver whipped out his charge card and finished off his Christmas list (went and bought are in past tense). While Gulliver was shopping, his friends were planning their revenge. This sentence means that Gulliver shouldn’t have bothered because at the exact moment he was spending his allowance, his friends were deciding what time to pour ink into his lunchbox (was shopping and were planning are in the progressive form of the past tense). Gulliver was shopping until he was dropping, despite his mother’s strict credit limit. This sentence refers to one of Gulliver’s bad habits, his tendency to go shopping every spare moment (was shopping and was dropping are in the progressive form of the past tense). The shopping was repeated on a daily basis, over and over again. (Hence, Gulliver’s mom imposed the strict credit limit.) You won’t find much difference between future and future progressive. The progressive gives you slightly more of a sense of being in the middle of things. For example: The actor will be playing Hamlet with a great deal of shouting. The actor's actions in the sentence above may be a little more immediate than The actor will play Hamlet with a great deal of shouting. In the first example, will be playing is in the progressive form of the future tense. In the second example, will play is in future tense.

German-foreign-language and foreign-German town directory for all of the German Empire in the Treaty of Versailles by the 28. June 1919 ceded territories of Alsace-Lorraine einschlieβlich : with an appendix :

German-foreign-language and foreign-German town directory for all of the German Empire in the Treaty of Versailles by the 28. June 1919 ceded territories of Alsace-Lorraine einschlieβlich : with an appendix : List of village of Austrian Silesia to Poland ceded lands. This entire three-part local directory is the only official printed work is in this area. Posts Tagged ‘ Orstverzeichnis ’ admin | February 21st, 2011 | Category: Digital Library, Reference | Comments Off

Resolution is part of the Academic Word List. It is important for students in college and university. - (countable) A resolution is a formal decision, often after a vote. - The U.S. may be willing to support a Security Council

Resolution is part of the Academic Word List. It is important for students in college and university. - (countable) A resolution is a formal decision, often after a vote. - The U.S. may be willing to support a Security Council resolution backing the return of inspectors to Iraq. - (uncountable) Resolution is the amount of detail that you can see in an image. - This camera is cheaper, but, of course, the resolution is much lower. - (countable) A resolution is a solution to a disagreement or difficul

(UNIROW-STITMA.NET) While in schools, there are several methods which can be used to help in many things. Choosing the right answer in exam probably is the most helpful method for students. Exams probably is the nightmare for

(UNIROW-STITMA.NET) While in schools, there are several methods which can be used to help in many things. Choosing the right answer in exam probably is the most helpful method for students. Exams probably is the nightmare for almost all students. they always afraid whenever teachers said “today, we will have an exam”. Actually there is a way out to solve the problem. It was easy and require less skills. Using this technique will make the student able to answer any questions including really difficult questions. Let’s read the tips. in Exam, teacher always give students a paper filled with questions and ask them to answer it within limited times such as one hour or more. Student have to answer the questions as quick as possible while carefully check it for wrong answer more than once. Most of the times, they will run out of times and not all questions were answered. In fact, their answers didn’t always correct which mean they get low score in exam. To counter that problem, here are tips to choose the right answer in exam. - Don’t just think about a question and it answer while reading the text in exam. Just give a tick on every question and any possible answer. It mean quickly read the answer and tick one or two similar questions. For fifty questions, it will only take less than five minutes. - When the first step done, Do the second stage. Read all questions once more again from beginning and carefully answer the question. You’ll see the tick that was done in first step. Choose the right answer based on your opinion. If you really don’t know the answer, examine the tick from first step and choose one of them. To choose the right answer, it is simple. Teacher always give clue for the answer in their questions. Basically if there are two or more questions with the same subject, one of them is the right answer. Between all of possible answer, compare it with any possible WRONG answer. One of the text combination in wrong answer is the important key. Let’s read the explanation below: Question: What student do while in school? (a). Study at garden. (b). Study in market. (c). Play in class. (d). Painting in class. (e). Study in class. How to answer: First. Do the first step. There are three answer with word ‘CLASS’. Give all of them a mark. It means one of them could be the answer. (A and B) was added as WRONG’ answer. Next, Do the second step. Between all three possible answer (C,D and E), compare it with the ‘WRONG’ answer (A and B). there are the same word in wrong answer. “STUDY” was available in both of it. Take the word ‘STUDY’ and add it to the three possible answer and voila, the answer was found. Correct answer is (E) as it uses the word STUDY (available in wrong answer). Both (C and D) were eliminated due to no similarity with wrong answer. This technique always work as the pattern in questions remain like that all the times. Both tips above were always work in local schools. However, it may not work for foreign schools. Kindly share any of your opinions about it in the comment form below. Sharing the tips surely will help another readers as well.

A sonogram is the image of a part of the body that is viewed during an ultrasonography (also called ultrasound) examination. Ultrasonography is an imaging technique in which high-frequency (ultrasound) sound waves are sent to a part

A sonogram is the image of a part of the body that is viewed during an ultrasonography (also called ultrasound) examination. Ultrasonography is an imaging technique in which high-frequency (ultrasound) sound waves are sent to a part of your body. Echoes of the ultrasound waves bouncing off the tissues of your body are displayed as images (i.e., the sonogram) on a viewing screen. The best way to understand what an ultrasound examination (also called exam) does is to first understand what it does not do. Ultrasound exams are not a substitute for mammography (i.e., mammograms), nor are ultrasound exams recognized as a general screening tool for cancer. Instead, an ultrasound exam is most often used in conjunction with other tests. For example, if a mammogram shows some sort of abnormality, or if a doctor has felt something unusual during a clinical exam, an ultrasound exam may be used to determine whether the abnormality is solid (such as either a benign fibroadenoma or a cancer) or fluid-filled (such as a benign cyst). The sonogram results will help the doctor distinguish between a solid and a fluid-filled abnormality. However, the sonogram results of an ultrasound exam cannot determine whether a solid abnormality is cancerous, nor can the sonogram results of an ultrasound exam detect calcifications. In addition, ultrasonography of the breast is a common screening technique used in women under age 30. A young woman's breast tissue tends to be very dense and full of milk glands. On a mammogram, dense breast tissue looks white, which makes it almost impossible to see any benign (non-cancerous) or cancerous growths, which also would be read as white. Many doctors say that trying to find a tumor in the midst of dense gland tissue in a mammogram can be like finding a polar bear in a snowstorm. Sonograms from ultrasonography offer a better glimpse of young patients' breast tissue. Also, the sonogram results seen during ultrasonography are used to guide biopsy needles to exact spots in the breast where anything suspicious has been located.

The narrator of the memoir that covers twenty-six years of her life. Catalina escapes a convent at the age of fifteen and lives her life as a man, joining the army and inciting violence both on and off the battlefield. Although

The narrator of the memoir that covers twenty-six years of her life. Catalina escapes a convent at the age of fifteen and lives her life as a man, joining the army and inciting violence both on and off the battlefield. Although Catalina does not exhibit significant emotional growth during this time, she is weighed down by the secret that she keeps—that of her biological gender—and much of the focus of her memoir is the price she pays to keep this secret. Catalina also explores her conflicting feelings about the church and God, as well as her intense patriotism toward her native country, Spain. in-depth analysis of Catalina. Captain don Miguel de Erauso Catalina’s father, a native-born resident of San Sebastian, Spain. Captain de Erauso is genuinely anguished by Catalina’s flight from the convent and resolutely searches for her, even going to the king’s secretary for assistance. He does not recognize Catalina when he sees her dressed as a page, but expresses great concern for her. María Pérez de Galarraga y Arce Catalina’s mother, sister to the prioress of the convent that Catalina is placed in at the age of four. María does not recognize Catalina when she sees her, now age fifteen and dressed as a man, at mass. Captain Miguel de Erauso Catalina’s brother, the secretary to Governor Alonso de Ribera. Miguel cares about his family deeply, although he does not recognize Catalina when she joins his company. He is a loyal Basque, expressing great concern for Catalina merely because of her Basque hometown, and exhibits great enthusiasm and depth of feeling during his short appearance in Catalina’s memoir. Eventually, Catalina unknowingly kills him during a duel. Catalina’s relationship with him is the closest relationship in her life. Agustín de Carvajal (“The Bishop”) The Augustin

To submit a comment, contact [email protected] Description found in Archives Place of creation excudebat Joannes Janssonius Original can be viewed in the presence o f an early cartographic archivist. Credit: Library

To submit a comment, contact [email protected] Description found in Archives Place of creation excudebat Joannes Janssonius Original can be viewed in the presence o f an early cartographic archivist. Credit: Library and Archives Canada. Prime meridian runs down the center

Norodom of Cambodia |King of Cambodia| |King Norodom in Military Uniform 1863, Outer Court of Grand Palace.| |Coronation||1863 (1st time) 1868 (2nd time) |62 sons

Norodom of Cambodia |King of Cambodia| |King Norodom in Military Uniform 1863, Outer Court of Grand Palace.| |Coronation||1863 (1st time) 1868 (2nd time) |62 sons and daughters| |House||House of Norodom| Angkor Borei, Cambodia |Died||24 April 1904 Norodom I (Khmer: ព្រះបាទនរោត្តម, Ang Vatthey) (February 1834 – 24 April 1904) ruled as king of Cambodia from 1860 to 1904. He was the eldest son of King Ang Duong, who ruled on behalf of Siam, and half-brother of Prince Si Votha as well as the half-brother of King Sisowath. Norodom was considered to be the first modern Khmer king. He was credited with saving Cambodia from disappearing altogether. In 1863, to prevent the two powerful neighbours, Vietnam and Siam, from swallowing Cambodia altogether he invited France to make Cambodia its protectorate. However, he sent many letters to Siam claiming French Admiral de la Grandière had forced him into signing a false treaty. Many Cambodians believed that this brilliant act and his shrewdness did actually save Cambodia from disappearing. When he was born, Cambodia was under Vietnamese (Annamese) and Siamese rule. The two powers had partitioned the country between them, but the royal family, being related to the Siamese, remained in the Siamese zone, as the Vietnamese were more authoritarian than the Siamese. Nonetheless, Vietnam and Siam frequently fought wars over Cambodian territory. The royal capital of Cambodia was in Oudong (named for the first King of Ayutthaya), but the main center of the area was the capital of Siam in Bangkok. Prince Norodom was sent by his father to study in Bangkok, where he studied Siamese (Thai), Politics, Military, Buddhist scriptures and the ancient Pali language. Norodom is cognate with Narottama in Sanskrit which means best (Uttama) of men (Nara). His title is Preah Karuna Preah Norodom Borom Ream Tevaeata. When he died, he was given the posthumous name of Preah Karuna Preah Sovannakot, meaning The King who rests inside the Golden Urn. In 1850, Norodom and his half-brother Prince Sisowath was sent to study in Bangkok by their father Ang Duong, which they have been patronized by the royal family of Siam. In 1857, Norodom (also known as Prince Phirom Borirak in Siam) served in the Royal Siamese Army as a military adviser, which later he was awarded the Order of the White Elephant. In 1860, when King Ang Duong died, Norodom became his successor but remained uncrowned because the Siamese royal court refused to release the Cambodian royal regalia, which made Norodom only adviser of the Siamese king. At the same time, King Norodom inherited a major Cham rebellion against Khmer rule which his father began to put down but died before he could defeat them. In 1862, Norodom lost control over the region, abandoned the capital of Oudong and fled to safety in Battambang (though the capital was still at Oudong). He later fled Cambodia altogether and went into exile in Bangkok. Seeing that the Siamese and Vietnamese overlords had gotten Cambodia into civil strife. In 1863 Siamese royal court decided to appoint Norodom as ruler of Cambodia, The Coronation was held in Bangkok at the Wat Phra Chetuphon, but Siamese still keep the royal Cambodian regalia in Bangkok, Siamese also let Norodom resided in Battambang that was easily for Siamese control. after Vietnamese became French protectorates, the French forced King Norodom to return to Oudong in 1867 and sign a treaty of protection with France. This transferred the country from Siamese to French colonial rule. Cambodia thus became an independent French protectorate, though it was highly autonomous. With Cambodia a French Protectorate, the Siamese royal court agreed to sent royal Cambodian regalia and let Norodom be crowned king under French Protectorate. In 1868 Norodom was crowned again, the coronation being supervised jointly by the French and Siamese officials. Nonetheless, the young king began his rule over a country in civil turmoil. The Siamese and the Vietnamese had traditionally treated Cambodia as a buffer state, but France encroached on both Siamese and Vietnamese territory. However, the country was weak and subject to the power struggles between France and Siam. Not only were there rebel groups intent on getting the S

The UK's carbon dioxide emissions fell by 1.5 per cent in 2007, according to the Department for Energy and Climate Change. Figures for 2007 also revealed that output of all six greenhouse gases, including methane and nit

The UK's carbon dioxide emissions fell by 1.5 per cent in 2007, according to the Department for Energy and Climate Change. Figures for 2007 also revealed that output of all six greenhouse gases, including methane and nitrous oxide, was down 1.7 per cent on 2006 levels. The greatest CO2 savings were made by homes improving efficiency and business cutting energy, although certain sectors such as transport saw an increase in emissions. The statistics put the UK well ahead of its target under the Kyoto Protocol to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions were down 22 per cent down on 1990 levels in 2007. But there are more domestic stri

Childhood Depression Clues Found in Play How Preschoolers Play Can Indicate the State of Their Emotional Health With early diagnosis, childhood depression can be more effectively treated -- which for preschool-aged kids often involves individual and family counseling as well

Childhood Depression Clues Found in Play How Preschoolers Play Can Indicate the State of Their Emotional Health With early diagnosis, childhood depression can be more effectively treated -- which for preschool-aged kids often involves individual and family counseling as well as "play therapy," in which the child is encouraged to draw or act out feelings of despair. What causes childhood depression to occur? It may be a family tradition, says Luby. "Most studies indicate that depression runs in families, but it's not clear whether it's primarily caused by genetics or environment." But others believe that childhood depression is extremely rare in a typical nurturing and functioning family and can usually be traced to a specific cause. "The type of depression that seems to come out of nowhere usually doesn't kick in until about age 8 or 9," says Glen R. Elliott, MD, PhD, director of the Children's Center at Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute at the University of California, San Francisco. "In children this young, there is usually a significant disruption in the child's environment -- a divorce, the death of a parent, moving to a new location, or something like that. If not, we typically look to see if the child has been neglected or abused." When preschoolers suffer a family death, divorce, or other situational trauma, they should be expected to display depressive symptoms. But these symptoms usually resolve after several weeks. "You may need some help helping your child adjust -- and play can be very useful," Elliott tells WebMD. "Letting kids draw what happened and then thinking about other possible endings may be helpful. For instance, after the earthquakes here in which some children lost their families, that therapy was used and proved to be very beneficial. But if you see a sudden change in a preschooler's behavior or overall involvement in play or other activities that cannot be explained, it may be something to worry about."

ATP mentor training/The mentoring relationship The mentoring relationship The relationship between mentor and protégé may require explanation. Especially if the mentor is another adolescent the protégé may expect the relationship with the mentor to have the same characteristics as a

ATP mentor training/The mentoring relationship The mentoring relationship The relationship between mentor and protégé may require explanation. Especially if the mentor is another adolescent the protégé may expect the relationship with the mentor to have the same characteristics as a friendship. A mentor might want to explain that the mentoring relationship is independent of the type of personal relation and is guided by moral obligations and responsibilities of the mentor instead. What a protégé should understand is that the mentor may be offering a kind of friendship, possibly depending on future behavior of the protégé, but that the mentoring relationship itself neither rejects nor affirms a friendship between mentor and protégé. A mentor who belongs to the social environment of a protégé is referred to as natural mentor. A natural mentor who has formally accepted mentoring responsibilities is referred to as a formal mentor or program mentor instead. A program mentor who enters into a relationship with the protégé beyond mentoring duties can become a natural mentor when the formal assignment ends. Psychology of the relationship It appears to be a desirable attitude to accept others as authorities in personal matters, because the effect on the personality of an adolescent can be to learn to be open for well-intentioned advice; the alternative are people who may be difficult to reach. Consequently the mentor should aim for a relationship where the mentor becomes an authority in personal matters, but that authority can only be granted by the protégé; it can not be demanded, at least not reliably. Beginning a new mentoring relationship Recommended reading for new mentors is the Learn to Mentor Toolkit: The toolkit contains useful worksheets and advice, especially for new mentoring relationships but also for existing mentoring relationships. - DuBois, David L.; Michael J. Karcher (2005). Handbook of Youth Mentoring. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 0761929770. http://books.google.com/books?id=TtdR-GCYOw4C. - Learn to Mentor Toolkit (PDF) |This resource has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. You are advised to consider the possibility of extraterrestrial intellectual property rights claims that do require mentoring duties in compensation ("either mentoring or trouble with extraterrestrials"). Content released into the public domain may be used for any purpose without attribution, including commercial activities and creation of derivative works.

In spite of record GDP growth in the Philippines, over 26% of citizens live in poverty. About a third of the 90 million Filipino population lives on less than US$2 a day, one of the highest levels of poverty in Southeast

In spite of record GDP growth in the Philippines, over 26% of citizens live in poverty. About a third of the 90 million Filipino population lives on less than US$2 a day, one of the highest levels of poverty in Southeast Asia. Yet 9 out of 10 Filipinos have a powerful tool at their fingertips – the mobile phone. Mobile phones are valuable devices – but they are just devices. It is the content that can be delivered through the device that can significantly impact a person’s life. Mobile applications have changed our lives – the way we communicate, the way we work, and have fun. Globally, over 1 million Smartphone apps can be downloaded with a tap of a finger at negligible cost. But today, most mobile applications are designed for those who have and not those in poverty or at risk that have the most to gain from SMS or Smartphone apps that can help elevate themselves. Local citizens know their community, cultural sensitivities, and the challenges facing their family. There is nothing new about attempting to foster innovation from the ground-up. But today we can create the necessary ecosystem to realize bottom-up creativity and accelerate creative ideas for tackling local societal problems. This June, AppBridge, an Initiative of the World Economic Forum, began piloting the Ideas & Apps Challenge Competition in the Philippines. The goal of the Challenge is to engage local citizens (by region) to identify local problems in the education, health, job-skill training or financial literacy space, and propose ideas for or build mobile applications to address these local problems. About 50,000 Information Technology and Computer Science students graduate from schools in the Philippines every year. Yet, only 8% are finding jobs. Six 17-23-year-olds from Cebu, Philippines had an idea for address

This poster gives facts on how drugs affect the teen brain and the body. The accompanying teaching guide includes lessons, discussion questions, and student activities about drug addiction and how drug abuse affects decision making. Click on the links below to download and print copies

This poster gives facts on how drugs affect the teen brain and the body. The accompanying teaching guide includes lessons, discussion questions, and student activities about drug addiction and how drug abuse affects decision making. Click on the links below to download and print copies of the poster and complete teaching guide. Poster: The Teen Brain: Under Construction (PDF) The teen brain is still developing, so it is particularly vulnerable to the effects of drugs. Drugs interfere with the teen brain’s natural development, affecting not only the brain, but the entire body. Check out the poster and accompanying student article to learn more about how drugs affect the brain and the body. Teaching Guide: Th

C. A Model for the Jet Kinematics In this section I derive various constraints on the jet kinematics, and build a possible model for the jet. Some ingredients of the model have already been discussed in Section 2.A., where morph

C. A Model for the Jet Kinematics In this section I derive various constraints on the jet kinematics, and build a possible model for the jet. Some ingredients of the model have already been discussed in Section 2.A., where morphological considerations lead to a picture where the inner jet represents a high Mach number supersonic flow (knots D, E, F, and I), the jet's Mach number is reduced (slowed) at shocks in the transition region (knots A, B, and C), and finally the outer jet (knots G, H, lobes, etc.) is a region of unstable subsonic flow. In section 2.C. we presented evidence for apparent motions in the jet, and these can be used to constrain both the speed and direction of motion for these features. Since it is possible that the visible "patterns" in the jet and the jet "fluid" move with different speeds (e.g., Lind and Blandford 1985), we consider the pattern and fluid speeds, pattern and fluid, separately. The usual relationship for superluminal motion (Blandford and Königl 1979b), can be used to derive constraints on the pattern speed pattern and angle between the direction of motion and the line of sight from the observed speed obs, where all speeds are in units of the velocity of light. For example, the observed speeds of knot A, and the fastest features in knots B and D, yield lower limits on pattern of 0.48c, 0.78c, and 0.95c, and lower limits on the Lorentz factor pattern of 1.1, 1.6, and 3.2, respectively. The observed speeds here for knots A and B are not large enough to constrain, but the speed for the fast region of knot D requires D < 37° ± 5°, where the uncertainty results from the formal uncertainty on the observed proper motion. Since this feature in knot D is seen to move directly away from the nucleus, it seems reasonable to assume its motion is along the jet axis, and hence the jet axis is positioned within about 37° of the line of sight (jet axis ~ 37°). An additional constraint can be garnered from the sharp feature or "edge" seen in knot A. Presumably this edge is a two-dimensional structure seen apparently edge-on. To see this sharp edge, the photons traveling toward the observer must remain within the plane of the structure as both they, and the two-dimensional structure itself, move. This constraint requires pattern ~ cos (Biretta, Owen, and Hardee 1983; Eichler and Smith 1983); otherwise, relativistic aberration will cause the plane containing the two-dimensional structure to appear less "edge-on," or even "face-on." A more generalized geometry might allow the plane containing the edge to be at some angle 90° + to the jet axis (Reid et al. 1989; BOC89) and the resulting constraint is The observed angle between the edge and the jet axis measured on the plane of the sky is ~ 72°, suggesting || could be at least 18°; we will adopt || 30° as a limiting value. This constraint from the aberration of knot A is plotted in Figure 21, along with constraints from the observed proper motion of knot A's edge and the fast feature in knot D. The two constraints for knot A's edge result in 35° and pattern ~ 0.4 for knot A. Assuming the jet axis is straight between knots D and A, and combining their constraints, we estimate that the jet axis is about 40° from the line-of-sight (jet axis ~ 40°). Figure 21. Constraints on the angle between the jet axis and line-of-sight () and pattern speed of jet features (pattern) derived from (a) observed motion of knot A edge at obs = 0.457c, (b) appearance of sharp edge in knot A together with relativistic aberration (|| < 30°), and (c) observed motion of fast feature in knot D at obs = 3.0c. The knot A constraints together require > 35°, while that from knot D requires < 54°. Taken together these yield ~ 40°. So far we have considered only the pattern speeds of features in the jet. The more interesting parameter is the speed of the jet fluid itself. Here the arguments are unfortunately less direct. Non-relativistic numerical simulations of jets (e.g., Norman, Winkler, and Smarr 1984) have found that the fluid speed tended to be at least twice that of the visible patterns. From the derived pattern speeds pattern 0.5 in much of the jet, this would appear to imply at least fluid 0.5, and perhaps fluid ~ 1 if relativistic effects can be ignored. Other indirect evidence can be taken from statistical studies of superluminal quasars, where Cohen (1990) finds similar mean values for the Lorentz factors of the fluid and pattern. We also note that "scissor effects," which are sometimes cited as a possible cause of pattern > fluid (e.g., Hardee and Norman 1989; Fraix-Burnet 1990), must be relatively unimportant in the M87. A scissor effect might be created, for example, at the intersection of a pair of shock waves. While the individual waves might move slowly, their intersection p

AS A matter of national policy, Canada actively solicits immigrants and has done so for years. The public supports this and the default political assumption is in support of continued immigration. According to a recent poll, only a third of Canadians believe immigration is

AS A matter of national policy, Canada actively solicits immigrants and has done so for years. The public supports this and the default political assumption is in support of continued immigration. According to a recent poll, only a third of Canadians believe immigration is more of a problem than an opportunity, far fewer than any other country included in the survey. Rather, Canadians are concerned about "brain waste" and ensuring that foreign credentials are appropriately recognised and rewarded in the job market? Being an immigrant is also no barrier to being a proper Canadian; in parliamentary elections earlier this month, 11% of the people elected were not native. This warm embrace isn't just a liberal abstraction; 20% of Canadians are foreign-born. It's well-known that Canada is an outlier among immigrant nations, but it is nonetheless interesting to consider in reference to the ongoing and heated debate about immigration in the United States. Why is Canadian public opinion so different from views in United States? At a conference yesterday, Jeffrey Reitz, a sociologist at the University of Toronto, cited two big explanations for the difference. The first was that Canadians are convinced of the positive economic benefits of immigration—to the extent that towns under economic duress are especially keen to promote immigration, because they believe immigrants will create jobs. Even unemployed Canadians will stoutly insist that immigrants do not take work away from the native born. This makes sense, as most immigrants to Canada are authorised under a "points" system tied to their credentials and employment potential. About half of Canadian immigrants have bachelor's degrees. They may have a higher unemployment rate than native-born workers, Mr Reitz said, and they benefit from programmes and services created specially for immigrants, such as language training. But the preponderance of evidence suggests that Canada's immigrants, being high-skilled, are net contributors. Mr Reitz's second explanation was that Canadians see multiculturalism as an important component of national identity. In one public opinion poll, Mr Reitz said, multiculturalism was deemed less important than national health care but more important than the flag, the Mounties, and hockey. Irene Bloemraad, a sociologist at the University of California at Berkeley, picked up this theme. There wasn't such a thing as a purely Canadian passport, she said, until 1947. Canada was, psychosocially, very much a part of the British commonwealth until quite recently. When it came time to create a distinctively Canadian identity, the country included a large and vocal Francophone minority (as well as a considerable number of first peoples). The necessity of bilingualism contributed to a broader public commitment to multiculturalism, which persists today. Other factors allow Canada to be more inviting. The country has little reason to worry about illegal immigration. Like the United States, it shares a long southern border with a country suffering from high levels of crime, unemployment and income inequality. But there aren't millions of Americans yearning to get into Canada. To put it another way, the United States's buffer zone from the eager masses is a shallow river. Canada's is the United States. That reduces unauthorised migration to Canada and eases public anxiety about it. Canada also has a smaller population and lower birth rate than the United States—it needs immigrants for population growth. Incidentally, the emphasis on multiculturalism points to an interesting normative distinction between the United States and Canada. The United States supports pluralism and in some respect this leads to similar structures in the two countries. (Ms Bloemraad mentioned that both the United States and Canada have unusually robust legal protections against discrimination, for example.) But in the United States, you rarely hear somebody advocate for immigration on the grounds that it adds to the social fabric of the country. When the normative argument arises here, it has a humanitarian dimension. I would posit that in the United States, identity is a right, not a value. Still, looking at Canada, we can extrapolate a few things for the United States. The first is that, as we've previously discussed here, the United States really should be more open to high-skilled immigrants. They're good for the economy, and an uptick in demonstrably uncontroversial immigrants might mitigate anxiety about the group as a whole. Another is that while there may be benefits to the tacit acceptance of undocumented immigration—the United States acquires an immigrant labour force without making any accommodations for the population—there are also foregone opportunities. One of these, compared to the Canadian approach, is in the United States's ability to foster integration through language training or other settlement programmes.

Don't throw away those bifocals just yet, but scientists have developed prototype spectacles that change prescriptions with the flick of a switch. The new glasses could benefit people suffering from presbyopia, a condition in which faraway objects are in

Don't throw away those bifocals just yet, but scientists have developed prototype spectacles that change prescriptions with the flick of a switch. The new glasses could benefit people suffering from presbyopia, a condition in which faraway objects are in focus but those nearby appear blurry. Presbyopia is a natural, age-associated progressive loss, and scientists estimate that about 90 percent of people over 45 suffer from it. Many scientists believe presbyopia is caused by reduced elasticity of the eye's lens over time. Eventually the cornea — and other eye muscles that change lens shape to focus — can't overcome the lens' rigidity. Doctors commonly prescribe bifocals, which have a small window on the bottom half to correct close-range vision. But bifocals can cause eye strain, because a wearer has to constantly shift line of sight and the field of vision is limited. Each lens consists of two flat glass plates with a hair-thin layer of shape-shifting liquid crystal sandwiched between. One of the plates is covered in small, transparent electrodes. When a current runs through the electrodes, it causes the liquid crystals to rearrange and mimic the nearby focusing power of a human eye lens. The transformation takes about a second. "When it's on, it has focusing power that can be used for reading," Li told LiveScience. "When it's off, it has no focusing power — it's just like a piece of glass — and can be used for driving and seeing far-off things." To make the change, users would flick a switch on a small battery pack that could attach to their belts or fit in pockets. Li expects this setup to be commercially available in less than five years. Eventually, the battery and switch could be incorporated into the glasses frame. The next step, Li said, would be to add sensors that would change the lens automatically, eliminating the need for a switch. This research is detailed in the April 3 online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © 2006 Imaginova Corp. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broa

When we make judgments about Japan's concern to increase whaling, we ought to remember the past stories as some of our kin have not been blameless and righteous in caring for animals and our environment. I was searching for information about whaling in

When we make judgments about Japan's concern to increase whaling, we ought to remember the past stories as some of our kin have not been blameless and righteous in caring for animals and our environment. I was searching for information about whaling in the Pacific but could not find any direct references to whaling in the Fiji area, though no doubt this was part of the story, together with the foreigners coming to Fiji to exploit the resources of sandalwood and beche-de-mer. Some of the crew of whalers most certainly found themselves shipwrecked in Fiji waters and were the ancestors of many Fiji nationals today. Alan Moorehead's book The Fatal Impact, an account of the invasion of the South Pacific 1767-1840, was published in 1966 and has some stories about whaling. Whalers came from Le Havre in France, Hull in England, New Bedford and Nantucket in America and the main whaling stations were in Hawaii, Tahiti, Bay of Islands in New Zealand, eastern coast of Australia at Sydney and the Derwent Estuary in Hobart. It is hard to believe that the whaling ships from Nantucket were owned by Quakers! Why? It was for the money as whale-oil was worth a lot. They could hardly justify their passion for whaling just to get corset -bones or umbrella spikes! Conditions on board were appalling with minimal pay, rotten food, rats, cockroaches, continual dampness, sickness, danger and death. Perhaps a lad wanting adventure so signed up. Others wanted to escape a situation, even from the penal colonies in Australia. Melville referred to Australia when he wrote 'The whaleship is the true mother of that now mighty colony' saving settlers from starvation with the gift of ships biscuits! Omoo and of course Moby Dick reveal the sordidness of life on whaling ships. Once the South Pacific was decimated of whales through the indiscriminate harpooning of males, females and young, the fisheries collapsed until about fifty years later when steam-driven whalers broke through the ice of Antarctica and the slaughter continued. By the 1930s up to 37,000 whales were killed every year. It is only in very recent years that people have been concerned about a whale sanctuary and a moratorium on killing these beautiful creatures.

Today, a new look at an old fire. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. The great Chicago fire began around nine

Today, a new look at an old fire. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. The great Chicago fire began around nine on the windy Sunday evening of Oct. 8th, 1871. It didn't burn itself out until Monday night. Rainfall had been only 28 percent of normal that summer, and Chicago's population had recently grown by a factor of ten. Thirty years earlier, the modern balloon-frame house had come out of Chicago. That's the wooden structure with light joists and cross-members that we use in houses today. Chicago had become an overcrowded, wood-built, bone-dry city with a poor The fire destroyed over three square miles of city, killed 250 people, and left 100,000 homeless. If one thing hadn't started the fire, another would've. But, still, we wonder what did start it. My 1970 Encyclopaedia Britannica says the cause was unknown. My 1897 Britannica says the cause was an overturned lamp. When I was young, the great urban legend told how the fire began when Mrs. O'Leary milked her cow, and the cow kicked over her Now Richard Bayles, who works for the Chicago Title Insurance Company, has gone back into his company's old files looking for Mrs. O'Leary. He found that she lived in a small rear house off Dekoven Street. Behind her house was a barn where she kept five cows. She sold milk to the neighborhood. Bayles has gone through testimony from the hearing after the Pegleg Sullivan, a young man with a wooden leg, testified he'd been on the far side of Dekoven Street and seen fire break out in the O'Leary barn -- nothing about Mrs. O'Leary or cows kicking lanterns. Sullivan had a lot to say about that night. He told how he'd run across the street to the barn and released the animals. But old insurance maps show a house and a high fence blocking Sullivan's view of the barn. And are we to believe he ran 200 feet on a wooden leg, then fought his way through the fire in the barn? Sullivan also testified that he went to the barn every evening to feed his mother's cow -- also in Mrs. O'Leary's barn. So Sullivan had been in the barn himself. Bayles thinks he started the fire by dropping his pipe -- or maybe by kicking over a In any case, Mrs. O'Leary had been home in bed when the fire started. But the fire department ended the hearings quickly -- before it could come out that they'd been taking bribes. They'd been looking after places that could afford bribe money at the expense of Mrs. O'Leary's working-class As for Mrs. O'Leary: the myth about the kicked lantern grew as the tabloid press went after her. She finally had to flee to Michigan. In those days, it was the Irish who occupied the lowest rung on the social ladder, and Mrs. O'Leary made a good target. But Chicago really burned because all the factors favored a fire -- and no one was paying I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston, where we're interested in the way inventive minds

For the last couple of months, the Allergy Consumer Report has been talking a lot about humidity, home dehumidifiers and why it is important for allergy and asthma sufferers to maintain proper humidity levels in their homes, basements and

For the last couple of months, the Allergy Consumer Report has been talking a lot about humidity, home dehumidifiers and why it is important for allergy and asthma sufferers to maintain proper humidity levels in their homes, basements and crawlspaces. In Why Dehumidification is So Important for Allergy Sufferers, we outlined dehumidification's role in curbing mold problems and dust mite populations, and in improving overall air quality within the home. As discussed in The Effects of Humidity on the Human Body, high humidity has a marked effect on us whether or not we have allergies or asthma. Too much moisture in indoor air also can cause problems for your home itself. Relative humidity indoors that is too high causes moisture to collect in your home's wood, insulation, siding, and drywall. And as if this is not enough, there is another major household problem that can arise when indoor humidity levels remain Termites, An Overview Termites pose a sometimes disastrous threat to the homes they invade. One colony of termites can consume over two feet of wood per year. Consider this: where there is one colony, there are most likely others. Some estimates place the cost of termite damage at over a billion dollars nationally per year. Termite infestation is more likely in certain areas of the country, as this Termite Infestation Map shows. Termites live in a social structure similar to that of ants and bees. Their colonies consist of a king and queen, soldiers who guard the nest, workers, and reproductives. Most species live underground in tunnels called galleries. They will eat anything that contains cellulose. Wood, which contains a large amount of cellulose, is their favorite meal. All termites have very thin layers of skin, which is the reason humidity is very important for their comfort and survival. They would dry out very quickly and die if they were exposed to the elements. Hence, termites love humidity. In fact, they seal up their colonies in order to preserve humidity within the colony. This preservation of humidity helps worker termites avoid the loss of moisture from their bodies. Worker termites have the thinnest skin, and they will almost never venture out of their nests unless humidity levels are close to 100 percent. Termites and Humidity Termites often enter the home through cellars or basements, which tend to be the more humid areas of the home. If you notice that humidity is making any part of the wood in these areas of your home damp, this is a cause for serious concern. Not only do termites like high levels of moisture and tend to gravitate toward those areas, but they also enjoy what the humidity does to the wood itself. Humidity causes wood decay making it easier for the termites to get in the home. Control Humidity to Help Prevent Termites Here are some ways to reduce the likelihood of a termite invasion, courtesy of - Identify and fix all water leaks in your home, both internal and external. Leaks provide termites with readily available water source. Eliminating termites' water source eliminates one of their requirements for survival. - Remove any brush or heavy growth from around your home. Vegetation can create areas of intense moisture. - Eliminate any standing or pooling water from around your home. Water removal prevents any seepage into the wood of your home. - Store all excess building materials and firewood away from the house. Remember that wood is termites' primary food source. Scrap wood touching the ground is an open invitation to hungry termites. If your property is not large enough for wood storage away from the house, create barriers beneath the wood to prevent direct contact with the soil where termites live. Thick concrete slabs or heavy-duty metal stands can be used to raise the wood off of the ground. - Use treated lumber for any wooden structures that will have direct contact with the ground. The chemicals in treated lumber do not guarantee that termites will not invade the wood, but they can act as a deterrent for decks and patios. Home improvement centers now offer concrete supports that raise the wooden support beams for decks and patios off the ground. This is a great way to avoid wood-to-ground contact. - Avoid using mulch near your home. Mulch provides hungry termites with both a food source and a water source. The qualities of mulch that make it attractive for use in the garden are the very qualities that attract termites. If mulch is placed near the exterior of your home, it is only a small step for a colony to move into your walls. As an alternative to wood mulch, try using one of the newer rubber mulches now available at your local home improvement center or pine

Your doctor may recommend oxygen therapy if you have a low blood oxygen level. Normally, your lungs absorb oxygen from the air and transfer it into your bloodstream. Some acute (short-term) and chronic (ongoing) diseases and conditions can prevent you

Your doctor may recommend oxygen therapy if you have a low blood oxygen level. Normally, your lungs absorb oxygen from the air and transfer it into your bloodstream. Some acute (short-term) and chronic (ongoing) diseases and conditions can prevent you from getting enough oxygen. You may receive oxygen therapy if you're in the hospital for a serious condition that prevents you from getting enough oxygen. Once you've recovered from the condition, the oxygen will likely be stopped. Some diseases and conditions that may require short-term oxygen therapy are: Long-term home oxygen therapy might be used to treat some diseases and conditions, such as: Clinical trials are research studies that explore whether a medical strategy, treatment, or device is safe and effective for humans. To find clinical trials that are currently underway for Oxygen Therapy, visit www.clinicaltrials.gov. December 26, 2012 Benefits of higher oxygen, breathing device persist after infancy By the time they reached toddlerhood, very preterm infants originally treated with higher oxygen levels continued to show benefits when compared to a group treated with lower oxygen levels, according to a follow-up study by a research network of the National Institutes of Health that confirms earlier network findings, Moreover, infants treated with a respiratory therapy commonly prescribed for adults with obstructive sleep apnea fared as well as those who received the traditional therapy for infant respiratory difficulties, the new study found. November 20, 2013 Gary H. Gibbons New NHLBI Program Trains Scientists to Bring More Science Out of the Lab and into the Patient Care Marketplace The NHLBI updates Health Topics articles on a biennial c

Hi Guys! I am new to JSP. I need a clarification. What is the pourpose of using the name attribute in the <jsp:getProperty> tag? Though the name of the bean has been set in the begining of the

Hi Guys! I am new to JSP. I need a clarification. What is the pourpose of using the name attribute in the <jsp:getProperty> tag? Though the name of the bean has been set in the begining of the JSP file in the <jsp:useBean name="DemoBean1" class="DemoBean">, what is the pourpose of using the <jsp:getProperty name="DemoBean1" property="UserName"> tag? Will there be any major differnce if I do not specify the name attribute in the <jsp:getProperty > tag? The "name" attribute stands for the name of an object (usually an instance of a bean) as declared in a <jsp:useBean> element. <jsp:getProperty name="DemoBean1" property="UserName"> instructs the container to get the property "UserName" of the bean "De

The Screening Instruments For Targeting Educational Risk have long been used by professionals who are supporting the educational access and achievement of children with hearing loss. The Preschool SIFTER (1996), Elementary SIFTER (1989), and the Secondary

The Screening Instruments For Targeting Educational Risk have long been used by professionals who are supporting the educational access and achievement of children with hearing loss. The Preschool SIFTER (1996), Elementary SIFTER (1989), and the Secondary SIFTER (2004) all have scoring grids that allow student performance to be compared with typical age peer learners. The SIFTERs are for screening only and are sensitive to changes in performance from school quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year. It is recommended that every student participating in the mainstream have a SIFTER completed in the fall (October) and the spring (May) and that student’s with emerging concerns or recent intensive interventions also ‘be SIFTER’ed’ mid-year (January). The spring SIFTER is usually very meaningful when used as part of inservicing the new mainstream teacher the following fall. As the graph indicates, about 10% of children with age-appropriate language skills at age 4 develop a gap in learning by the time they are age 7 – and probably many more develop gaps by grades 3 – 6. Unless someone is purposely monitoring classroom performance over time, emerging gaps can and will be missed! Response to Intervention (RtI) measures may lack sensi

Warp speed ahead: OSU readies new planetarium Astronomy department's 3-D space simulator replaces 1968 equipment An image of the Milky Way is projected on the new dome inside the renovated planetarium. After World

Warp speed ahead: OSU readies new planetarium Astronomy department's 3-D space simulator replaces 1968 equipment An image of the Milky Way is projected on the new dome inside the renovated planetarium. After World War II drew to a close, a new conflict — the Cold War — began. By the late 1950s, space became one of the arenas in this war as the United States and the Soviet Union each sought to prove the superiority of its technology, military firepower and, by extension, political-economic system. This space race fueled a renewed interest in science in America. There was more money for improving math and science classes in schools, and by the late 1960s, there was a nationwide frenzy to build planetariums. In 1968, Ohio State opened a state-of-the-art planetarium in Smith Laboratory with 81 seats, a 30-foot dome theater and a Spitz A3P star ball projector that at $19,500 was a bargain at the time. The impressive-looking contraption used a powerful bulb inside a hollow sphere to project light through lenses and pinholes to create stars. A series of gears turned and rotated the machine to simulate Earth’s movement. For years, the OSU planetarium wowed capacity audiences, inspired generations of schoolchildren to think about careers in science and engineering and transported astronomy students to the farthest reaches of the universe. “Scientists were heroes back then,” said Bradley Peterson, chairman of OSU’s astronomy department. In recent years, the school has struggled to lure young audiences used to today’s high-tech, digital special effects, Peterson said. Most of the equipment in the planetarium was built before Neil Armstrong walked on the moon. The physical state of the planetarium didn’t help. The HVAC system was frequently on the fritz, the roof leaked and more than a dozen seats were roped off with yellow caution tape because they were unsafe. “It become this ratty, nasty old place that we were at risk of having to close down if we didn’t do something soon,” said Richard Pogge, an OSU astronomy professor. In 2011, the college learned that it had about $300,000 left over from paying off some debt early. It decided the money should go to give the planetarium a much-needed makeover. A group of professors and graduate students scoped out the latest technology and quickly fell in love with the SciDome XD, manufactured by Spitz, a Pennsylvania company that has made planetarium projectors since 1946. Ohio State closed the planetarium in June 2012 and stripped the room to its concrete foundation for what would turn out to be a $620,000, top-to-bottom renovation. There’s new carpeting; lights; air conditioning and heating; scarlet-and-gray theater seating; and the state’s first nano-seam dome, which has no overlapping panels, allowing incredible depth and realism to projections. The 3-D computerized space simulator packs more than twice the pixel power of an average HD television and allows viewers to leave Earth, soar through the solar system, land on planets, explore galaxies and study the sun and other stars in real time as if flying through time and space. All in digital surround sound. Beyond interactive astronomy demonstrations, the SciDome XD also can display the planetarium equivalent of IMAX films about subjects on everything from weather and marine biology to life sciences and chemistry. “It has a lot of whiz-bang features,” said Kate Grier, who recently earned her doctoral degree in astronomy and, for a year, is serving as the planetarium’s director. The roof on Smith Lab also has been fixed, and a new observation deck has been built for the 12-inch Meade LX200 telescope housed up there. Ohio State’s old star ball has been donated to the Perkins Observatory in Delaware, where director Tom Burns said he hopes to give it new life. Ohio State will unveil the improvements this week and will hold a grand re-opening ceremony on Oct. 12 — International Astronomy Day. The event will feature a free show that will begin at 3 p.m. and a show every half hour until 9 p.m. There also will be a star party on the roof of Smith Lab starting at 7:30 p.m. “As the flagship university for the state, Ohio State should have a good planetarium,” said Dale Smith, former president of the International Planetarium Society and an astronomy professor and planetarium director at Bowling Green State University. Many other schools, including Bowling Green, the University of Toledo and Youngstown State recently have or are renovating their planetariums because of advancements in digital technology, he said. “Full-dome video is the technological wave of the future, and everyone wants it,” Smith said. Ohio State’s project is being paid for by the astronomy department, College of Arts and Sciences and private donations, including a $100,000 gift from an astronomy alumnus. The University of Toledo installed the world’s first SciDome XD two years ago as part of a $350,000 planetarium renovation. “We were slowly dying, and the renovation project literally saved our program,” said Michael Cushing, who directs Toledo’s Ritter Planetarium. Ohio State plans to offer special group

Should Columbus Day be renamed? A new movement is under way that calls for renaming Columbus Day to Exploration Day. Organizers have setup a website at http://explorationdayusa.org. They're calling on Americans to petition Congress and the White House

Should Columbus Day be renamed? A new movement is under way that calls for renaming Columbus Day to Exploration Day. Organizers have setup a website at http://explorationdayusa.org. They're calling on Americans to petition Congress and the White House to change the holiday's name. Columbus Day first became a federal holiday in 1937. Hawaii, Alaska and South Dakota don't recognize Columbus Day. Exploration Day organizers said the new name would celebrate all exploration and address the concerns of people who oppose celebrating Columbus. "Exploration Day covers the depth and breath of America’s rich history of exploration, research and discovery. Thus, Exploration Day will be something that unites rather than divides," said organizers. What do you think? Should we change the name of the holiday? Add your comment in the box below or on the KCCI Facebook page. Copyright 2012 by KCCI All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. An obstruction or hindrance. - n. A weight, such as a block, attached to the leg of an animal to hinder movement. - n

from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. An obstruction or hindrance. - n. A weight, such as a block, attached to the leg of an animal to hinder movement. - n. A heavy, usually wooden-soled shoe. - transitive v. To obstruct movement on or in; block up: Heavy traffic clogged the freeways. - transitive v. To hamper the function or activity of; impede: "attorneys clogging our courts with actions designed to harass state and local governments” ( Roslyn L. Anderson and Patricia L. Irvin). - intransitive v. To become obstructed or choked up: The pipes had clogged with rust. - intransitive v. To thicken or stick together; clot. - intransitive v. To do a clog dance. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. A type of shoe with an inflexible, often wooden sole sometimes with an open heel. - n. A blockage. - n. A shoe of any type. - v. To block or slow passage through (often with 'up'). from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English - n. That which hinders or impedes motion; hence, an encumbrance, restraint, or impediment, of any kind. - n. A weight, as a log or block of wood, attached to a man or an animal to hinder motion. - n. A shoe, or sandal, intended to protect the feet from wet, or to increase the apparent stature, and having, therefore, a very thick sole. Cf. Chopine. - transitive v. To encumber or load, especially with something that impedes motion; to hamper. - transitive v. To obstruct so as to hinder motion in or through; to choke up. - transitive v. To burden; to trammel; to embarrass; to perplex. - intransitive v. To become clogged; to become loaded or encumbered, as with extraneous matter. - intransitive v. To coalesce or adhere; to unite in a mass. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. A block or mass of anything constituting an encumbrance. - n. Specifically— A block of wood or other material fastened to an animal, as by a rope or chain to its leg, to impede its movements. - n. A block of wood fastened to or placed under the wheel of a vehicle to serve as a brake in descending a hill. - n. Hence Any encumbrance; anything that hinders motion or action, physical or moral, or renders it difficult; a hindrance or impediment. - n. Same as clog-almanac. - n. A cone of the pine or other coniferous tree. - n. A kind of shoe with a very thick sole and high heels, worn either alone or as an overshoe. - n. Hence A similar shoe used in the modern clog-dance. - n. A clog-dance. - n. In coal-mining, a short piece of timber placed between a prop and the roof which it helps to support. - To impede the movements of; encumber; hamper; hobble, as by a chain, a rope, a block of wood, or the like: as, to clog a bullock to prevent it from leaping fences; to clog a wheel. - To restrain; confine. - To choke up; obstruct so as to hinder passage through: as, to clog a tube; to clog a vein. - Figuratively, to throw obstacles in the way of; encumber; hinder; burden; trammel; hamper: as, to clog commerce with restrictions. - Synonyms To shackle, fetter, restrain, cumber, embarrass, restrict. - To become loaded, encumbered, or choked up with extraneous matter. - To coalesce; unite and adhere in a cluster or mass; stick together. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - n. any object that acts as a hindrance or obstruction - v. impede with a clog or as if with a clog - n. footwear usually with wooden soles - v. coalesce or unite in a mass - n. a dance performed while wearing shoes with wooden soles; has heavy stamping steps - v. fill to excess so that function is impaired - v. dance a clog dance - v. impede the motion of, as with a chain or a burden - v. become or cause to become obstructed Middle English, block attached to an animal's leg.(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) Middle English clog ("weight attached to the leg of an animal to impede movement") (Wiktionary)

My dad always told me, as I’m sure many dads told their sons, to always take care of your things. Of course when you’re in the free-willing youth mindset, taking care of your things is the last of your concerns.

My dad always told me, as I’m sure many dads told their sons, to always take care of your things. Of course when you’re in the free-willing youth mindset, taking care of your things is the last of your concerns. And it should be that way, you’ve got girls and pimples to worry about. However, as time shortly catches up with us and we decide to buy our own pair of boots one day with our own money, that saying sets in. As long as there have been shoes, the people wearing them have found themselves searching for ways to care for them and make them last. What might start with the best materials and the best shoemaker will most certainly always be put to the test with a combination of wear and weather. Before 1900, your basic shoe polish was made from ashes, tallow (a rendered form of beef or mutton fat), and beeswax. This combination would give leather boots some serious water resistance, which would soon be followed with the addition of “shine” or “blacking” being added into the polish. This happened sometime around the 1700′s. With the start of the industrial revolution, factory production of shoes was in full swing. More workers mean more feet, mean more shoes. Because of this, the 1800s saw an increase in street corner shoe shiners, especially in cities like New York and Chicago, as well as the production of shoe shining products. By the 1900s, shoe shining was in full swing with shoe shining stations placed throughout cities, inside and out. In fact, during a period in New York, early in the administration of Commissioner Robert Moses, shoe shining stations were targeted to “reduce clutter” on sidewalks and parks. Most bootblacks and show shiners were eliminated around City Hall Park and Union Square. 1906 was a big year for shoe shiners everywhere. On a day just like today, a Scottish-born Australian man by the name of William Ramsay started to manufacture and distribute a shoe polish called Kiwi. The choice of the name KIWI as a trademark was a tribute to William’s wife who was a native of New Zealand, home of the Kiwi bird and New Zealand’s national emblem. During Ramsay’s visit to New Zealand he had noticed the quaint, wingless birds with their crisp, glossy plumage. The kiwi bird design looked good on the small round tin, and the name was easy to see and attractive to look at. By 1924, KIWI polish was being sold in more than 50 countries. During WWI and WWII, shoe polish became a high-demand item because of all of the boots used during the wars. Up until the 1960s and 1970s, shoe polish was a high demand item. Kiwi created an international b

This item is available under a Creative Commons License for non-commercial use only As graphics technology has improved in recent years, more and more importance has been placed on the behavior of virtual characters in applications set in virtual worlds in areas such as games,

This item is available under a Creative Commons License for non-commercial use only As graphics technology has improved in recent years, more and more importance has been placed on the behavior of virtual characters in applications set in virtual worlds in areas such as games, movies and simulations. The behavior of virtual characters should be believable in order to create the illusion that these virtual worlds are populated with living characters. This has led to the application of agent-based modeling to the control of these virtual characters. There are a number of advantages of using agent-based modeling techniques which include the fact that they remove the requirement for hand controlling all agents in a virtual environment, and allow agents in games to respond to unexpected actions by players. Mac Namee, B.:Agent Based Modeling in Computer Graphics and Games In the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, (Meyers, R.A. ed) Springer, 2009.

Most people agree that health is a prized commodity. Yet there is a wide range of opinions as to just what health is. Health is often described by its many benefits. It may be greater vitality and energy to one person. To another, health

Most people agree that health is a prized commodity. Yet there is a wide range of opinions as to just what health is. Health is often described by its many benefits. It may be greater vitality and energy to one person. To another, health may be increased confidence and inner peace. Other individuals may consider health to be strength, longevity, or fewer aches and pains. The good news is that health is all of those things and much more. Health gives each one of us the freedom to move about and to accomplish the goals we have set for ourselves. It allows us to enjoy relationships and to live full and fulfilling lives. THERE’S A FUNGUS AMONG US! The intestinal tract is inhabited by billions of beneficial or "friendly" bacteria, called pro-biotics (for life), together with several strains of candida yeast and some parasites in a ratio of approximately 85 to 15. These bacteria and yeasts work... Click here to read more Unfortunately, health seems more elusive all the time. Though abundant information abounds, it is more difficult than ever to sort fact from fiction. Many supposed health products and programs are designed as marketing schemes; and we are pummeled with advertising rather than liberating education. More of us are persuaded that we need to do something to protect and promote health. Feeling we have to take action, we often embrace one philosophy or another but we are basically taking a shot in the dark as far as our most precious commodity goes. Here is a staggering fact - an estimated two-thirds of all debilitating diseases including cancer, heart disease, type II diabetes, hypertension and obesity are directly related to nutrition and lifestyle choices. The more science discovers about good health, the more we discover that many illnesses are preventable. A deficiency in a single basic nutrient that goes uncorrected will shut down the immune system and disrupt homeostasis (balance) no matter how much fad supplements the person is consuming. Chronic low-level health problems, such as back fatigue, joint inflammation, connective tissue trauma, muscle spasm, obesity, sexual decline, fungal infections and other disorders are being caused or exacerbated by a nutritional deficiency. This downward spiral in “life force” is insidious because it occurs gradually over a prolonged period of time. Many individuals live their entire lives in this compromised state. It is also well established that the intake of specific nutrients can help accelerate the healing process and provide above normal healing rates. Studies have also proven that and individual recovering from major trauma, tissue damage and/or inflammation requires 30 to 55 percent more calories of specific nutrition than normal. Our mental, emotional and physical endurance is completely dependent on our bodies. If we want to be sure our bodies give us trouble-free performance then we must contribute to learning and doing what is most important for health that has no bounds, is total and complete.

1995 Pioneer Water Polo Player/Contributor FOR THE RECORD: Father of Hungarian water polo; established the educational and organizational system which led to Hungary's dominance of water polo. Known as "Uncle Komi" to his countrymen,

1995 Pioneer Water Polo Player/Contributor FOR THE RECORD: Father of Hungarian water polo; established the educational and organizational system which led to Hungary's dominance of water polo. Known as "Uncle Komi" to his countrymen, Bela Komjadi was the wonderful master of Hungarian Water Polo. He was a born trainer who knew and understood everything about water polo. He was considered to be an unselfish, hard working man ready to do anything for his players. From his birth in 1892, Komjadi was all water polo. In 1928, Komjadi's leadership ignited Hungary's appetite for Olympic water polo medals which they won at every Game through 1980. When the game was introduced in Hungary in 1897, a goal was usually scored by touching the goal with the ball in hand. Komjadi invented the "air pass," the technique in which the player smoothly and directly passes the ball through the air to another player or i

We're in Florida. -- Vice President Dan Quayle explaining why he had just purchased four peaches (and no citrus fruits -- for which Florida is famous) at a Publix supermarket in Oakland Park, Florida. Georgia (which IS famous

We're in Florida. -- Vice President Dan Quayle explaining why he had just purchased four peaches (and no citrus fruits -- for which Florida is famous) at a Publix supermarket in Oakland Park, Florida. Georgia (which IS famous for peaches) did not gain from the transaction, however; the peaches were from Chile. (T

Figuring out how to prove the geometrization conjecture for non-Haken manifolds stumped mathematicians for more than two decades. Finally, in 2002, Perelman set forth his proof, which drew on areas of mathematics

Figuring out how to prove the geometrization conjecture for non-Haken manifolds stumped mathematicians for more than two decades. Finally, in 2002, Perelman set forth his proof, which drew on areas of mathematics far removed from those studied by most of Thurston’s followers. (Along the way, Perelman’s proof settled the century-old Poincaré conjecture, leading the Clay Mathematics Institute in 2010 to offer him a million-dollar prize — which he promptly rejected, for rather complicated reasons.) Perelman’s landmark proof achieved Thurston’s dream of unifying topology and geometry. Now every topological question about three-manifolds had its geometric counterpart, and vice versa. But Perelman’s theorem left unresolved many important questions about what kinds of three-manifolds can exist. In classifying compact two-manifolds (surfaces), mathematicians were able not only to show that each surface could be endowed with a geometric structure, but also to make a complete list of every possible two-manifold. In dimension three, such a list was lacking. Seven of the eight three-dimensional geometries — all but hyperbolic geometry — are fairly easily understood, and even before Perelman’s work, three-manifold topologists had arrived at a complete description of the types of manifolds that can admit one of these seven geometries. Such shapes are relatively simple and few. But just as with surfaces, in dimension three it turns out that most manifolds are in fact hyperbolic. Mathematicians had a much more tenuous grasp of the vast range of possibilities for hyperbolic three-manifolds than they had for the other seven geometries. “Of the eight kinds of geometry, the hyperbolic manifolds are the most mysterious and rich,” said Nicolas Bergeron, of the Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris. Perelman’s result told mathematicians that hyperbolic manifolds were indeed the final frontier — the only kind of three-manifold left to understand. But it didn’t tell them what these hyperbolic shapes actually look like. Once again, mathematicians were able to turn to Thurston’s seminal paper for guidance. On his famous list of questions were many conjectures about the features of hyperbolic three-manifo

Storm Water - Overview We all know how important water is to sustaining life and maintaining a healthy environment but clean water is sometimes taken for granted. We need clean water to stay healthy and we prefer to drink a glass of purified water instead of turb

Storm Water - Overview We all know how important water is to sustaining life and maintaining a healthy environment but clean water is sometimes taken for granted. We need clean water to stay healthy and we prefer to drink a glass of purified water instead of turbid, dirty water. In a similar manner, aquatic life and organisms are healthier living in clean creeks and rivers instead of polluted waterways. A healthy environment promotes healthy lives...ours and theirs. For example, excess sediment in creeks and rivers occupies spaces in gravel where fish lay their eggs for protection from strong currents and predators. The absence of those crevices leads to a declining fish population. Earth’s water is approximately 97% ocean salt water. The other 3% is contained as freshwater in glaciers and ice caps, groundwater, lakes and rivers, soil, and the atmosphere. We actually have less than 1% of Earth’s water available to us for all the planet’s uses. Lack of clean water and population growth contribute to limited water supplies and increased treatment costs. Please use water wisely. The Hydrologic Cycle, also known as the Water Cycle, consists of the following processes: condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, evaporation, and transpiration. Moist air rising to the sky from Earth’s surface and water bodies cools and becomes water vapor, which condenses to form clouds. This moisture is contained within clouds until it returns to the surface as precipitation in the form of rain, snow or hail. Precipitation falls to the surface and infiltrates the soil or flows over the ground as runoff. Groundwater and surface runoff flow into streams, rivers and the ocean. As water bodies become heated by the Sun, moisture returns to the atmosphere through evaporation while plants return water to the atmosphere by transpiration. And the cycle continues. A watershed is an area of land that catches and drains precipitation to a common body of water such as a river, lake or ocean. Watershed boundaries are usually designated by high points of natural terrain such as ridges or hilltops and include natural and artificial drainage systems such as ditches and storm drains. For example, rain water may land on a hillside but not get absorbed into the soil thus creating runoff. This runoff travels downslope to a low point then enters a drainage system (maybe a swale or storm drain) and travels downstream where it’s discharged to a major water body (a lake or a river). Sonoma County has two major watersheds. Water in the northern part of the county drains to the Pacific Ocean, mostly through the Russian River, while water in the southern part of the county drains to San Pablo Bay, mostly through Sonoma Creek and the Petaluma River. Small or local watersheds are often part of larger or regional watersheds which can cross county, state or national boundaries. In the United States, all water east of the Rockies drains to the Atlantic Ocean while all water west of the Rockies drains to the Pacific Ocean. No matter where you are, you live in a watershed. The watersheds in Sonoma County are part of larger, regional watersheds too. Each watershed has its own regulating State agency responsible for the water resources within their regions. Sonoma County’s northern and southern watersheds are regulated by the North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board and the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, respectively. The County of Sonoma has a responsibility to both Water Boards and a Storm Water Management Program has been established to protect and enhance the water quality of our watersheds. It is a program designed to be used in cooperation with the public and governmental agencies to reduce the amount of storm water pollutants entering our waterways. Storm water runoff occurs when rainfall flows over the ground. Impervious surfaces like parking lots, rooftops and streets prevent storm water from naturally soaking into the ground. More impervious surfaces means more storm water runoff entering the County’s storm drain system which includes curb inlets, underground pipes, road side ditches, creeks, streams, and rivers. Non-point source pollution is caused from pollutants of varying origins and occurs when storm water runoff picks up and carries debris, chemicals, dirt and other pollutants into our storm drain system. Anything that enters our storm drain system is discharged untreated into the waterbodies we use for swimming, fishing, recreation and drinking water. Some common pollutants found in storm drains and creeks include: motor oil, yard clippings, fertilizers, pesticides, milky water from paint, soapy water from car washing, eroded sediment and concrete by-products from construction projects and litter. Because all runoff cannot be captured and treated like sewage, the best prospect for cleaner water is to prevent runoff from becoming polluted in the first place. Storm drains and sanitary sewers are two separate systems. A storm drain system is designed to prevent flooding by collecting surface runoff through various inlets (like curb openings and parking lot grates) and conveyance systems (like ditches, swales and pipes) then discharging to a natural waterway (like a creek or river). Storm drains are also known as storm sewers. The water in the storm drain system does not receive any treatment. Anything located outside that can be washed away by water has the potential to enter a storm drain system and our waterways. This includes motor oils in driveways, pet waste on lawns and soapy wa

Ask NIH to cut taxpayer funding for cruel sex experiments on animals! News reports tell us the casualties of war, and monuments are erected to honor fallen soldiers, but the nonhuman victims of war—the animals who are shot, burned, poisoned, and

Ask NIH to cut taxpayer funding for cruel sex experiments on animals! News reports tell us the casualties of war, and monuments are erected to honor fallen soldiers, but the nonhuman victims of war—the animals who are shot, burned, poisoned, and otherwise tormented in military experiments and training exercises—are never recognized, nor is their suffering widely publicized. Military experiments on animals can be painful, repetitive, costly, and unreliable, and published experiments and internal documents obtained from the armed forces reveal that U.S. military agencies test all manner of weaponry on animals, from bombs to biological, chemical, and nuclear agents. Animals Tormented for Military Training For decades, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) has studied the effects of ballistics on animals (in so-called “wound labs”) as a method of training medics and soldiers to treat traumatic injuries. Because of pressure from PETA, Congress prohibited the use of dogs and cats in these training exercises in the 1980s.(1) However, the DOD continues to conduct trauma and chemical-casualty training exercises in which thousands of animals each year are critically injured and used as “stand-ins” for wounded soldiers. A member of the U.S. Navy Hospital Corps told The New York Times that instructors “shot [a pig] twice in the face with a 9-millimeter pistol, and then six times with an AK-47 and then twice with a 12-gauge shotgun. And then he was set on fire.”(2) In 2008, the San Antonio Express-News described a trauma course in which the legs of 990 living goats were broken and then amputated with a scissor-like tree-trimming

Monopoly Capitalism in a Dependent Economy: The Indian Case KARL MARX, in one of his early writings, defines capital as "the governing power over labour and his products. The capitalist possesses this power, not on account

Monopoly Capitalism in a Dependent Economy: The Indian Case KARL MARX, in one of his early writings, defines capital as "the governing power over labour and his products. The capitalist possesses this power, not on account of his personal or human qualities, but in as much as he is the owner of capital. His power is the purchasing power of capital....5?l Marx also points out: "Every individual capital is a larger or smaller concentration of means of production, with a corresponding command over a larger or smaller labour army...with the increasing mass of wealth which functions as capital, accumulation increases the concentration of that wealth in the hands of individual capitalists. The growth of social capital is effected by the growth of many individual capitals. All other circumstances remaining the same, individual capitals, and with them the concentration of the means of production increase in such proportion as they form aliquot parts of the total social capital.992 In other words, concentration of capital is dependent upon the extent of capital accumulation in an economy. For example, concentration of capital would generally be higher in the Japanese economy than in, say, the Indian economy because of the higher overall capital accumulation in the former. Thus concentration simply means here growth in the size of productive units which will normally increase with economic growth. According to Marx, "Two points characterise this kind of concentration which grows directly out of, or rather is identical witli, accumulation. First, the increasing concentration of the social means of production in the hands of individual capitalists is, other things remaining equal, limited by the degree of increase in social wealtli. Second: the part of social capital domiciled in each particular sphere of production is divided among many capitalists who face one another as independent commodity producers competing with each other.... Besides other causes, the division of property among capitalist families plays a great part in this.'^3 Marx then goes on to make a distinction between concentration and centralisation of capital. Centralisation of capital, which really refers to the distribution of the means of production in an economy, is, ^Department of Economics. North Bengal University, West Bengal

The meteorite was found near and was named after Vermillion, Marshall County, Kansas. It was found by two farmers while planting on a grain field in 1991. It was recognized as a meteorite and first described in 1995

The meteorite was found near and was named after Vermillion, Marshall County, Kansas. It was found by two farmers while planting on a grain field in 1991. It was recognized as a meteorite and first described in 1995. The Vermillion meteorite is classified as a pyroxene pallasite because it contains pyroxene as an accessory mineral and shares a distinct oxygen isotop

Before discussing the differences between descriptive and inferential statistics, we must first be familiar with two important concepts in social science statistics: population and sample. A population is the total set of individuals, groups, objects, or events that the researcher is studying

Before discussing the differences between descriptive and inferential statistics, we must first be familiar with two important concepts in social science statistics: population and sample. A population is the total set of individuals, groups, objects, or events that the researcher is studying. For example, if we were studying employment patterns of recent U.S. college graduates, our population would likely be defined as every college student who graduated within the past one year from any college across the United States. A sample is a relatively small subset of people, objects, groups, or events, that is selected from the population. Instead of surveying every recent college graduate in the United States, which would cost a great deal of time and money, we could instead select a sample of recent graduates, which would then be used to generalize the findings to the larger population. Descriptive statistics includes statistical procedures that we use to describe the population we are studying. The data could be collected from either a sample or a population, but the results help us organize and describe data. Descriptive statistics can only be used to describe the group that is being studying. That is, the results cannot be generalized to any larger group. Descriptive statistics are useful and serviceable if you do not need to extend your results to any larger group. However, much of social sciences tend to include studies that give us “universal” truths about segments of the population, such as all parents, all women, all victims, etc. Inferential statistics is concerned with making predictions or inferences about a population from observations and analyses of a sample. That is, we can take the results of an analysis using a sample and can generalize it to the larger population that the sample represents. In order to do this, however, it is imperative that the sample is representative of the group to which it is being generalized. To address this issue of generalization, we have tests of significance. A Chi-square or T-test, for example, can tell us the probability that the results of our analysis on the sample are representative of the population that the sample represents. In other words, these tests of significance tell us the probability that the results of the analysis could have occurred by chance when there is no relationship at all between the variables we studied in the population we studied. Frankfort-Nachmias, C. & Leon-Guerrero, A. (2006). Social Statistics for a Diverse Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

I'm going to share with you some of Jan Kochanski's poetry from the book, Poets and Poetry of Poland. Jan was a 16th century poet who was born in Sycyna, near Radom, Poland, in

I'm going to share with you some of Jan Kochanski's poetry from the book, Poets and Poetry of Poland. Jan was a 16th century poet who was born in Sycyna, near Radom, Poland, in 1530. He traveled through Europe and after his return to Poland he served in high offices of the kings until 1574 when he retired to become a country squire on his estate. In 1575 he married Dorota Podlodowska, with whom he had seven children. He died August 22, 1584. The first of his poetry I will share with you is Tales of St. John's Eve (which we know as the summer solstice). "In Poland, as in most Catholic countries, Saint John's Day is a time of great festivity, and in the evening the Poles are accustomed in meadows, and particularly by the side of rivers, to light barge fires, and to dance around them sin

This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure.(June 2009) This article is incomplete. Please help to improve the article, or

This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure.(June 2009) This article is incomplete. Please help to improve the article, or discuss the issue on the talk page.(June 2009) Literary cycles are groups of stories grouped around common figures, often (though not necessarily) based upon mythical figures or loosely on historic ones. Cycles which deal with an entire country are sometimes referred to as matters. A fictional cycle is often referred to as a mythos. The Japanese literary concept of sekai (世界, lit. "world") bears strong similarities to that of a cycle. Those surrounding Minamoto no Yoshitsune and the Soga brothers are likely the most popularly reproduced. This literature-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Barsham signifies the residence of Bar. Siward Bar is mentioned in Domesday Book as holding East Beckham in Norfolk of the Conqueror; and Sier Bar had the lordship of Sheringham, in the same

Barsham signifies the residence of Bar. Siward Bar is mentioned in Domesday Book as holding East Beckham in Norfolk of the Conqueror; and Sier Bar had the lordship of Sheringham, in the same county. In the reign of Edward the Confessor, Leustann, the priest, held Barsham under Gurth, the brother of Harold; but at the time of the Norman survey, the manor and advowson were the property of Robert de Vallibus, or Vaux, who held them of Roger Bigot, as capital lord. The manor is described as one leuca and a half in length, but only half a one in breadth. As a wide tract of meadows was at that period covered with water, and consequently not included in the survey, this mensuration accords with the present extent of the upland portion of the manor; taking the leuca at a mile and a half. It appears to have been a flourishing village; its value had doubled since the time of Edward the Confessor: it had a mill, a well-endowed church, and paid 30d. gelt, while Beccles was rated at only sixteen. (fn. 1) The family of Vaux was long enfeoffed of this lordship, and held a large estate in the neighbourhood; for in 1235, Henry de Vallibus had free-warren in his manors of Barsham, Ringsfield, and Ilketshall. (fn. 2) Soon after this period the lordship of Barsham passed to a family that assumed its surname from the village. In 1274, when Beccles was returned to the Crown as belonging to the Abbot of Bury, Radulphus, the son of Robert de Barsham, was one of the jury empanneled. (fn. 3) This family appears to have obtained some degree of eminence, for the arms of Sir William de Barsham were placed, among others, in the great east window of the chancel belonging to the conventual church of the Austin Friars in Norwich. About this period Oliver de Tintamet possessed a small estate in this parish, for which he rendered homage. (fn. 4) In 1321, Robert de Barsham, and Robert his son, presented to the church, and were the last of their family who held any interests here. In 1342, Laurence Mounk presented, but if he were lord, his tenure must have been brief; for in 1348, we find Sir Peter atte Tye, or Sir Peter at the Eye, or island, lord and patron. He married Dionesia, widow of Sir Edward Charles, of Kettleburgh. He does not appear to have resided at Barsham, though his widow, who survived him, presented to the church in 1373. She held this patronage with the manor for life, of which she was enfeoffed by her husband; except the meadows called the Park at Barsham, which he "bequeathed to Robert Charles, as it was ordained by feoffees. The manor afterwards to go to his sons to be born; his wife being then with child; and if there were no son, to go to his eldest daughter." This lady, by her will, dated in 1375, desires her body to be buried before the church door of the Holy Trinity in Barsham, and bequeaths to her son Edward Charles, 100s. per annum, out of her manor of Kessingland. To Sir Robert atte Tye, her eldest son, by her second marriage, who succeeded her in the manor of Barsham, she devises the lordship of Hoo in Monewden; in order to purchase the patronage of some church of the value of £20 per annum to appropriate to the cathedral church of Norwich, for the purpose of finding two secular priests to sing Mass for the souls of John de Hoo, her father, and Dionesia his wife; William their son, and all the faithful. She died in 1375, or the following year. Sir Robert atte Tye, son of Sir Peter and this Lady Dionesia, made his will in the sixth of Richard II., 1382. He therein desires his executor

Wheelock's is less about grammar and more about teaching the language, so its 40 chapters, though the chapters are structured around grammar rather than vocabulary, are arranged in an order that the author found logical for teaching, rather than an order logical

Wheelock's is less about grammar and more about teaching the language, so its 40 chapters, though the chapters are structured around grammar rather than vocabulary, are arranged in an order that the author found logical for teaching, rather than an order logical for reference. For instance, the first and second declensions are taught in chapters 2 and 3, but the fourth and fifth aren't taught until chapters 20 and 22. It also leaves some concepts out -- nothing major that I know of -- and glosses over alternative word forms because it's aimed at first-year college students. It's a fine book in most respects, just not one primarily intended for reference. A&G's "New Latin Grammar", as you can see here on Textkit, is more of a reference work, as everything is grouped together in appropriate sections. (One also wonders what's the point of calling something a "new [language] grammar" if even works over 100 years old can bear that description?) If you want a detailed examination of grammar, I'd definitely pick New Latin Grammar over Wheelock. (I can't comment on the others since I don't know about them.) For example, the difference between "nisi" and "sī nōn" is explained in NLG but not Wheelock. In brief, the difference is: Nisi Conōn adest, maereō. -- Unless Conōn is here, I mourn. [I always mourn except in the single case of Conōn's presence.] Sī Conōn nōn adest, maereō. -- If Conōn is not here, I mourn. [I mourn in the single case of Conōn's absence, never mind other times I may or may not mourn.] This is useful because I'd started to get the idea that "nisi" is just a way to say "sī nōn". That's just one example; there's lots of little things in here that I haven't learned in Wheelock, and I've already done 34 chapters out of Wheelock's 40 (and am familiar with the ideas presented in the remaining six). Perhaps some of these things occur in Wheelock's reading material after the 40 chapters, but then of course it isn't useful for reference.

A leader in the American Revolutionary War, Benjamin Franklin.Licensed from iStockPhoto Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a leader of America's Revolutionary generation. His character and thought were shaped by a blending of Puritan heritage

A leader in the American Revolutionary War, Benjamin Franklin.Licensed from iStockPhoto Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a leader of America's Revolutionary generation. His character and thought were shaped by a blending of Puritan heritage, Enlightenment philosophy, and the New World environment. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston into a pious Puritan household. His forebears had come to New England in 1683 to avoid the zealous Anglicanism of England's Restoration era. Franklin's father was a candle-maker and skillful mechanic, but, his son said, his "great Excellence lay in a sound Understanding, and solid Judgment." Benjamin praised his mother as "a discreet and virtuous Woman" who raised a family of 13 children. In honoring his parents and in his affection for New England ways, Franklin demonstrated the permanence of his Puritan heritage. Rejecting the Calvinist theology of his father, Franklin opened himself to the more secular world view of Sir Isaac Newton and John Locke. He read the deist philosophers, virtually memorized the English paper Spectator, and otherwise gave allegiance to the Enlightenment. Like his favorite author, Joseph Addison, Franklin sought to add the good sense and tolerance of the new philosophy to his Puritan earnestness. Thus, by the time he left home at the age of 17, his character and attitude toward life had already achieved a basic orientation. The circumstances of his flight from home also reveal essential qualities. Denied a formal education by his family's poverty, Franklin became an apprentice to his brother James, printer of a Boston newspaper. While learning the technical part of the business, Franklin read every word that came into the shop and was soon writing clever pieces signed "Silence Dogood," satirizing the Boston establishment. When the authorities imprisoned James for his criticisms, Benjamin continued the paper himself. Having thus learned to resist oppression, he refused to suffer his brother's petty tyrannies and in 1723 ran away to Philadelphia. Penniless and without friends in the new city, Franklin soon demonstrated his enterprise and skill as a printer and gained employment. In 1724 he went to England, where he quickly became a master printer, sowed wild oats, and lived among the aspiring writers of London. He returned to Philadelphia and soon had his own press, publishing a newspaper (Pennsylvania Gazette), Poor Richard's Almanack, and a good share of the public printing of the province. He became clerk of the Pennsylvania Assembly and postmaster of Philadelphia, at the same time operating a bookshop and entering partnerships with printers from Nova Scotia to the West Indies. He was so successful that at the age of 42 he retired. He received a comfortable income from his business for 20 more years. Franklin philosophized about his success and applied his understanding to civic enterprises. The philosophy appears in the adages of "Poor Richard" and in the scheme for moral virtue Franklin explained later in his famous Autobiography. He extolled hard work, thriftiness, and honesty as the poor man's means for escaping the prison of want and explained how any man could develop an exemplary character with practice and perseverance. Though sayings like "Sloth maketh all things difficult, but Industry all easy" do not amount to a profound philosophy of life (as Franklin knew perfectly well), they do suggest useful first steps for self-improvement. The huge circulation of both the sayings of "Poor Richard" (under the title "The Way to Wealth") and the Autobiography, plus their distorted use by miserly and small-minded apostles of thrift, led later to scathing assaults on Franklin by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Mark Twain, and D. H. Lawrence—but they in fact criticize a caricature, not the whole Franklin. Franklin became involved in civic improvement in 1727 by organizing the Junto, a club of aspiring tradesmen like himself, that met each week. In the unformed society of Philadelphia it seemed obvious to these men that their success in business and improvement of the city's life required the same thing: plans and institutions to deal with needs cooperatively. Thus, Franklin led the Junto in sponsoring civic improvements: a library, a fire company, a learned society, a college, an insurance company, and a hospital. He also made effective proposals for a militia; for paving, cleaning, and lighting the streets; and for a night watch. His simple but influential social belief that men of goodwill, organizing and acting together, could deal effectively with civic concerns remained with him throughout his life. Work in Science Franklin next turned to science. He had already invented the Pennsylvania fireplace (soon called the Franklin stove). His attention fastened primarily on electricity. He read the new treatises on the subject and acquired ingenious equipment. In his famous kite experiment, proving that lightning is a form of electricity, he linked laboratory experiments with static electricity to the great universal force and made a previously mysterious and terrifying natural phenomenon understandable. Franklin's letters concerning his discoveries and theori

|Naming and Directory Concepts| The following glossary lists terms introduced in this lesson. It also contains some terms that will be introduced later in this tutorial; they are listed here for completeness. Term Definition address A specification of a communication endpoint. alias

|Naming and Directory Concepts| The following glossary lists terms introduced in this lesson. It also contains some terms that will be introduced later in this tutorial; they are listed here for completeness. Term Definition address A specification of a communication endpoint. alias An object that contains the name of another object. The use of aliases allows one object to be named using different names. application resource file An optional properties file named jndi.properties found in the classpath of the application/applet using the JNDI. All of the properties contained in all application resource files in the classpath are collected and added into the environment of the initial context. atomic name An indivisible component of a name, as defined by the naming convention of the context in which the name is bound. attribute Information associated with a directory object. An attribute consists of an attribute identifier and a set of attribute values. binding The association of an atomic name with an object. composite name A name that spans multiple naming systems. composite name resolution The process of resolving a name that spans multiple naming systems. composite namespace The arrangement of namespaces from autonomous naming systems to form one logical namespace. compound name A name in the namespace of a single naming system. It is a sequence of zero or more atomic names composed according to the naming convention of that naming system. context An object whose state is a set of bindings that have distinct atomic names. context factory A specialization of an object factory. It accepts information about how to create a context, such as a reference, and returns an instance of the context. control A modifier that accompanies an LDAP v3 request or an LDAP v3 response. A control that accompanies a request is called a request control. A control that accompanies a response is called a response control. control factory A class that narrows a control into one of a more specific type. directory A connected set of directory objects. directory entry Same as directory object. directory object An object that is in the directory. Sometimes called a directory entry. directory service A service that provides operations for creating, adding, removing, and modifying the attributes associated with objects in a directory. event listener An object that receives notification of events. event source An object that fires (generates) events. environment properties Properties used to specify various preferences and properties that define the environment in which naming and directory services are accessed. extension A pair of "extended" operation request/response in LDAP. federated namespace Same as composite namespace. federated naming service A service that provides operations on a federated naming system. federated naming system An aggregation of autonomous naming systems that cooperate to support name resolution of composite names through a standard interface. Each member of the federation has autonomy in its choice of operations and naming conventions. initial context The starting point for resolution of names for naming and directory operations. junction A binding in one naming system whose reference identifies a context in another naming system. link reference A reference that contains a composite name. It is a symbolic link that can span multiple naming systems. name A people-friendly identifier for identifying an object or a reference to an object. name resolution The process of resolving a name to the object to which it is bound. namespace A set of all names in a naming system. naming convention The set of syntactic rules that govern how a name is generated. These rules determine whether a name is valid or invalid in the context in which the name is used. naming service A service that provides the operations on a naming system. naming system A connected set of contexts of the same type (they have the same naming convention). next naming system The subordinate naming system in a federation of naming systems. object factory A producer of objects that accepts some information about how to create an object, such as a reference, and then returns an instance of that object. operational attribute An attribute maintained and used for administrative purposes. It is not visible to clients unless explicitly requested. provider resource file An optional properties file named [prefix/]jndiprovider.properties, where prefix is the package name of the service provider class with each period character converted to a forward slash character ("/"). This file is used by the JNDI when determining the values of the following JNDI-defined properties:java.naming.factory.object java.naming.factory.state java.naming.factory.control java.naming.factory.url.pkgs referral An object that contains the name(s) and location(s) of other object(s). It is a generalization of an alias. reference Information for accessing an object. It contains one or more addresses for communicating or referring to an object. request control A control that accompanies an LDAP v3 request sent by the client. The JNDI has two types of request controls: those that are associated with connection establishment, called connection request controls, and those that are associated with a context, called context request controls. response control A control that accompanies an LDAP v3 response sent by the server. schema A set or rules that specifies the types of objects that a directory may contain and the mandatory and optional attributes that directory objects of different types are to have. It

Before Irelands independance, there had been many rebellions against Great Britains rule. Kilmainham Gaol played an important role as a jail for citizens involved in these rebellions, most famously the 1916 Rising. Arguably the

Before Irelands independance, there had been many rebellions against Great Britains rule. Kilmainham Gaol played an important role as a jail for citizens involved in these rebellions, most famously the 1916 Rising. Arguably the most important and influential rebellion in Ireland's history against Britain. The execution of the rebellion's leaders at Kilmainham Gaol changed the people's opinion of the rebellion and is one of the main causes for their future War of Independance. Years later the jail had been forgotten and closed. Many attempts were made to re-open the jail as a museum by groups who only wanted to focus on one side of a particular rebellion or leader. Eventually Lorcan Leonard created a plan that restored the jail as a museum but represented Ireland as a whole. "By removing the Civil War as a source of contention immediately, by linking revolutionaries of diverse political views together in one group, and by not allowing any single nationalist figure to be appropriated for contemporary political ends, the restorers of the prison developed a uniquely "national" site, dedicated to Ireland as a whole."(Zuelow, 2004) |Presenter:||William Daubney (Undergraduate Student)| |Time:||9 am (Session I) Please note that presentation times are approximate. If you are interested in attending sessions with multiple presentations, please be in the room at the start of the session.

The Center of Mass (center of gravity) of a solid is similar to the Centroid of Solid. However, calculating the centroid involves only the geometrical shape of the solid. The center of gravity will equal to the centroid if the body is

The Center of Mass (center of gravity) of a solid is similar to the Centroid of Solid. However, calculating the centroid involves only the geometrical shape of the solid. The center of gravity will equal to the centroid if the body is homogenous i.e. constant density. Integration formulas for calculating the Center of Mass are:

The amateur radio SwampSat satellite, built by students at the University of Florida (UF) was recently unveiled. Its downlink will use 1200 bps AX25 packet radio on 437.385 MHz with 1 watt of RF.

The amateur radio SwampSat satellite, built by students at the University of Florida (UF) was recently unveiled. Its downlink will use 1200 bps AX25 packet radio on 437.385 MHz with 1 watt of RF. The team are planning on a December 2012 launch on the SpaceX Falcon 9 into a 450 km orbit with an inclination of 45 degrees. [Update: SwampSat launched on Minotaur-1 on November 20, 2013] Watch SwampSat Unveiling SwampSat on TV News http://www.amsat-uk.org/?p=8464 SwampSat – Florida’s small satellite programs brings STEM jobs UF shows off its small satellite http://www.gainesville.com/article/20120406/articles/120409715 Gator Amateur Radio Club http://www.gatorradio.org/ University of Florida Small Satellite Design Club (SSDC) http://www.ufsmallsat.com/

Rate Films with Smoking "R" and Cut Smoking Onset by Teens New Norris Cotton Cancer Center research establishes for first time a cause-and-effect in adolescent smoking onset according to film rating. It's a concern of the U.S. Surgeon

Rate Films with Smoking "R" and Cut Smoking Onset by Teens New Norris Cotton Cancer Center research establishes for first time a cause-and-effect in adolescent smoking onset according to film rating. It's a concern of the U.S. Surgeon General as well as cancer researchers and clinicians worldwide. Now, new research from Norris Cotton Cancer Center estimates, for the first time, the impact of an R rating for movie smoking. James Sargent, MD, co-director of the Cancer Control Research Program at Norris Cotton Cancer Center, emphasizes that an R rating for any film showing smoking could substantially reduce smoking onset in U.S. adolescents—in fact, according to Sargent's data, the effect would be similar if all parents took an active, authoritative stand with their teenage children against smoking, Sargent says. The Lowdown on Smoking in Movies Read the Lowdown on Smoking in Movies to learn more about how smoking in movies influence young people to smoke. Smoking and cancer "Smoking is a killer. Its connection to cancer, heart attacks, and chronic lung disease is beyond doubt. Kids start to smoke before they're old enough to think about the risks; after starting they rapidly become addicted and then regret it. Hollywood plays a role by making smoking look really good," says Sargent. "By eliminating smoking in movies marketed to youth, an R rating for smoking would dramatically reduce exposure and lower adolescent smoking by as much as one-fifth. "We're just asking the movie industry to take smoking as seriously as they take profanity when applying the R rating," adds Sargent, who is also professor of pediatrics at The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. "The benefit to society in terms of reduced healthcare costs and higher quality of life is almost incalculable." Movie smoking prompts teens to smoke The study, "Influence of Motion Picture Rating on Adolescent Response to Movie Smoking" (Pediatrics, Vol. 130, No. 2, August 2012), enrolled a total 6,522 U.S. adolescents in a longitudinal survey conducted at eight-month intervals. Movie smoking exposure (MSE) was estimated from 532 recent hit movies, categorized into three of the ratings brackets used by the Motion Picture Association of America to rate films by content—G/PG, PG-13, and R. Median MSE from PG-13 movies was approximately three times higher than median MSE from R-rated films but their relation to smoking was essentially the same. The investigators were able to show that adolescent smoking would be reduced by 18 percent if smoking in PG-13 movies was largely eliminated, all else being equal. In comparison, making all parents "maximally authoritative" in their parenting with regard to smoking would reduce adolescent smoking by 16 percent, according to Sargent's findings. "The equivalent effect of PG-13-rated and R-rated MSE suggests it is the movie smoking that prompts adolescents to smoke, not other characteristics of R-rated movies or adolescents drawn to them," the study concludes. The research was supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (grant CA077026) and the American Legacy Foundation. It was funded by the National Institutes of Health. July 16, 2012 Subscribe to the Focus Newsletter Receive Focus Newsletter articles in your Inbox or via RSS Feed.

Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Hot Topics/Bullying Bullying is defined in the literature as a repeated behavior that occurs over time in a relationships characterized by an imbalance of strength and power(Owens). With this imbalance of

Social and Cultural Foundations of American Education/Hot Topics/Bullying Bullying is defined in the literature as a repeated behavior that occurs over time in a relationships characterized by an imbalance of strength and power(Owens). With this imbalance of strength and power, it is difficult for the person being bullied to defend himself or herself. Bullying has become a major issue with today's growing society. It not only affects the child but it also cause issues within the home. The question however is, what might make someone turn into a bully or who becomes bullied? And what can parents and teachers do to help stop bulling before it gets to far. Who Becomes a Bully? Studies have shown that those who become bullied have no same background. Anyone who may have a weakness in themselves tend to become a bully. They may come from a broken home, or they have have bad grades with a problems of alcohol,or even maybe they are the popular kid that earns good grades but they bully because they want to maintain their popularity.Some kids bully as a reaction to the punishing lessons they learn at home at the hands of their parents.Some bullying is almost cultural in nature, in the sense that it is a kind of tradition in the school.For example, hazing that exists in many boarding schools or maybe the " traditional" bullying of freshman by older students. To understand the cause of bullying in a better light, two British researchers Peter Stephenson and David smith subdivided bullies into three different categories; dominating bullies, anxious bullies, and bully-victims. - Dominating and Anxious - The dominating and anxious bullies seem to come from homes where the sibling interaction is more dominate then the child=parent relationships. These homes are where the child has the habit of telling their sibling what to do without any parent saying anything can trigger the role of bulling. - "About half of the bullies report to be victims as well."(Veenstra) Bully-victims are those children who have been victims themselves, either by their own peers, or even parents. They are also children who come from a home where they are rarely supervised, the discipline is inconsistent, and there is lack of love from mom and dad. The bully-victims are known as to be a bigger danger because they have more potential to use a weapon or join a gain because the angry that they may have is to high for them to think logical. Bully/victims demonstrate high levels of aggression and depression. They also have poor self esteem, social acceptance, self-control, and academics. Many are involved in alcohol abuse. "Bully/victims are among the most disliked members of a classroom." (Veenstra) - Males Vs. Females - Males outnumber females at a ratio five to four. Male bullies have a more dominate behavioral problem in class,and are unable to concentrate. Females on the other hand tend to be more talkative and rude. Bullying by boys is more aggressive than girls. Boys tend to do more hitting and threatening than girls. Girls tend to call each other names and/or kick someone out of their group by ignoring them. Some girls will steal from other girls as a form of bullying. However, girl bullies are becoming frequently more common. Throughout the 1990's bullying by girls has become increasingly more violent, although many girl bullies still resort to rumors, and socially outcasting other students. "Bullying tends to occur between girls (primarily girl on girl) with different levels of power, based on physical attributes, personality, social status, or academic skills. As it is with boys, girl bullying seems to be a display of relative strength versus weakness." (Prothrow-Stith and Spivak). The movie "Mean Girls" is a prime example of the destructive nature of bullying. Who Becomes a Victim? So who becomes a victim of bullying? Most of use image those who are bullied as boys that are small with big glasses or girls who may not be up to the trends of today's society, or they may be of another race or culture. Stephenson and Smith yet again did another study on who gets bullied and found out that it goes deeper then gender, appearance or race.. These victims where classified into two groups, provocative victims and passive victims. - Provocative Victims - Provocative victims seem to draw bullying responses to them through repeatedly pestering baiting, insulting, invading, an another child's personal space.(Sheas 52) This occurrence is brought about because they have yet to understand the correct social behavior. - Passive Victims - Passive Victims are those who are shy or afraid. They have a weakness or they may seem to be weak in relationship with the bully. Passive victims may be smaller or are in a lower social standard and they are not willing to fight back. Signs That a Child May Be Being Bullied - At School Children who may be bullied may display one or more of the following signs: 1)They have been teased in a hateful manner, 2)they are made fun of and laughed at in a derisive and unfriendly way. 3) They are involved in fights where they are defenseless from which they try to with draw, 4) they have their books, money or other belongings taken, damaged or scattered around, and 5) they have bruises, injuries, cuts or torn clothing that cannot be given a natural explanation.(Olweus 54) - At Home Children who may be bullied may display one or more of the following signs: 1) They come home from school with torn or disordered clothing, with damaged books, 2) They have bruises, cuts, and stratches, 3) choose an "illogica

Seeking to rein in its emissions of greenhouse gases, China is on an ambitious spending spree in wind power. The government is working on plans to shell out 1 trillion yuan ($146 billion) to build seven massive wind farms with a combined capacity

Seeking to rein in its emissions of greenhouse gases, China is on an ambitious spending spree in wind power. The government is working on plans to shell out 1 trillion yuan ($146 billion) to build seven massive wind farms with a combined capacity of more than 120 gigawatts, roughly equal to the world’s total installed wind power plants last year. The world’s largest producer of carbon emissions has been doubling its wind power capacity every year since 2006; it was the world’s second-largest buyer of wind turbines in 2008. Yet, about 30% of its wind power assets are not in use–much of that not even connected to the transmission grid–a result of Chinese power companies turning to wind as the cheapest, easiest way to satisfy on paper government requirements to boost renewable energy capacity. Whether the massive new building push will be any more efficient is an open question, given that much of it is slated for out of the way places, mainly in the north, making it uneconomical to build the lengthy extensions to China’s grid that would be required to transmit the power to distant population centers. China has been actively developing wind energy over the past three years. The country added 6.3 gW of capacity in 2008, doubling its total wind power capacity to 12.2 gW, in the process becoming the world’s second-biggest wind turbine buyer behind the U.S. and the world’s fourth-biggest producer of wind power after the U.S., Germany and Spain, according to the annual report of the World Wind Energy Association. In July, the government of the arid northwestern province of Gansu began construction of a wind power station in the former Silk Road outpost of Jiuquan, the first of seven 10-gW wind power bases planned by provincial authorities around the country. The other six have yet to receive the green light from the country’s top planning authority, the National Development and Reform Commission. Citigroup estimates China’s wind power capacity could easily grow to 130 gW by 2020. “Yet, the most important question is whether wind energy in China is efficient,” said Pierre Lau, Head of Asia-Pacific Utilities Research with Citi. So far, the answer has been “no.” While the rapid growth in China’s wind power capacity looks impressive on paper, it is less so in reality. China’s total electricity production capacity reached 792.4 gW at the end of 2008; the 12 gW of wind capacity accounted for about 1.5% of that. However, in terms of actual power production, wind turbines generated 13 million megawatt-hours of electricity last year, only about 0.4% of China’s total energy supply, based on Citigroup data. A considerable proportion of China’s wind plants are unproductive. According to Morgan Stanley research, about 3.5 gW of installed wind capacity in China may be lying idle, or 29%. Citigroup also estimated about 30% of wind power capacity in 2008 was not connected to the electrical grid. China’s wind turbine installation boom kicked off in 2006 as a result of a law that required power companies with over 5 gW of production capacity to build enough non-hydro renewable power sources to make up at least 3% of their installed capacity by 2010, and at least 8% by 2020. However, the regulations do not stipulate how much energy must actually be generated from renewable power sources. As wind power plants are 50% cheaper to install than solar and simpler to operate than biomass plants, China’s top five state-owned power groups–Guodian, Datang, Huaneng, Huadian and CPI Group–all became wind chasers, scrambling for the windiest sites such as Hebei province and northern Inner Mongolia. To construct wind turbines in Inner Mongolia to capture the strong winds from the Mongolian and Siberian steppes seems logical at first glance. However, most of the wind farms in Inner Mongolia are erected in remote places too far away from the transmission network and thus uneconomical for the grid to extend the cables to collect the wind power, Pierre Lau of Citi said. Sebastian Meyer, director of Beijing-based energy consultant Azure International, said that the fractured organizational and administrative structure of transmission and distribution also makes it difficult for grid connections to be made. China’s electrical grid is mainly comprised of the State Grid Company, Inner Mongolia Grid and China Southern Grid; each operates separately along geographic administrative lines. On paper, grid companies are responsible for building infrastructure to ensure grid connection of all renewable energy plants. In 2007, Chinese regulators instituted a system of tariff surcharges to compensate grid companies for the high costs incurred in purchasing non-hydro renewable power and to self-fund growing penetration of renewables within the energy mix. However, it hasn’t provided sufficient incentives. The National Development and Reform Commission has had to step in a number of times already to force fund transfers among provincial level profit centers of the State Grid C

This frog's colorful appearance is a warning. Posted April 18, 2013. Photo by Sean Anderson/ABQ BioPark. At the center of the Amphibians: Life on a Limb exhibit, poison dart frogs display incredible

This frog's colorful appearance is a warning. Posted April 18, 2013. Photo by Sean Anderson/ABQ BioPark. At the center of the Amphibians: Life on a Limb exhibit, poison dart frogs display incredible coloration. But these colors aren't just for show. Their bright appearance warns predators that eating dart frogs could be fatal. Poison dart frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius pictured) thrive in the lush, humid rainforests of Central and South America. Dart frogs are small, ranging from 1.5 to 6 centimeters in length. There are more than 120 known species of poison dart frogs in the world today. The Zoo's amphibian exhibit gets a little more colorful this week. A mosaic mural will be installed on Friday. With artwork from more than 7,000 sc

The Christian relief group World Vision has come up with a creative way to help church youth groups understand the problem of world hunger and what they can do about it. It's called "The 30 Hour Famine" and we watched one at Trinity

The Christian relief group World Vision has come up with a creative way to help church youth groups understand the problem of world hunger and what they can do about it. It's called "The 30 Hour Famine" and we watched one at Trinity United Methodist Church in Hackettstown, New Jersey. Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the five so-called pillars of Islam, an obligation of Muslims worldwide. Muslims use a lunar calendar, and Ramadan begins with the new moon. But for devout Muslims, it’s not enough to calculate mathematically when the crescent moon rises. It has to be seen. More “Rather than to try to change God, prayer should change us, should make us better human beings. That is the ultimate purpose of prayer,” says Cantor Abraham Lubin of Congregation Beth El in Bethesda, Maryland. We spoke with him as he prepared for the high holidays. More

Dazaifu, 15km south east from Fukuoka, is famous for its Tenman-gu Shrine. Dazaifu Tenman-gu Shrine is Japan's number one shrine dedicated to Tenjin, the guardian deity of students.

Dazaifu, 15km south east from Fukuoka, is famous for its Tenman-gu Shrine. Dazaifu Tenman-gu Shrine is Japan's number one shrine dedicated to Tenjin, the guardian deity of students. Tenjin, aka Sugawara-no-Michizane, was a Heian period scholar, poet and court official who was exiled from Kyoto in 901 to Dazaifu in the wilds of Kyushu where he died in 903. Tenman-gu shrines abound in Japan, there are over 12,000 in all, including Kitano Tenman-gu in Kyoto and Yushima Tenjin Shrine in Tokyo, though Dazaifu is considered the number one hotspot for high school students hoping to pass university entrance exams as the shrine is supposedly built on Michizane's grave. Dazaifu Tenmangu Shrine is noted for its plum blossoms - supposedly Sugawara-no-Michizane's favorite flower, giant camphor trees and its festivals in September (Jinko Shiki) and January (Oni-sube). A curved stone bridge (Taiko-bashi) leads to the shrine - the first steep incline represents the past, the flat top symbolizes the present and a second more gentle rise represents future difficultie

Racism in the social justice movements of the 1930s The Durrs explain why the unions failed to include African American workers and how industrial leaders used race to undermine labor organization efforts. Virginia explains how her awareness of injustice had to

Racism in the social justice movements of the 1930s The Durrs explain why the unions failed to include African American workers and how industrial leaders used race to undermine labor organization efforts. Virginia explains how her awareness of injustice had to grow to include racial inequality. Citing this Excerpt Oral History Interview with Virginia Foster Durr, March 13, 14, 15, 1975. Interview G-0023-2. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007) in the Southern Oral History Program Collection, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Full Text of the Excerpt - CLIFFORD DURR: I moved to Birmingham in 1925 and at that time, the workers in the steel mills, were sort of the aristocracy of labor, had twelve hour shifts and as Virginia said, twenty-four hour swing shifts from morning. And the coal miners had to compete with convict labor. - VIRGINIA FOSTER DURR: You know John Beecher's poems, well, he has a whole book on this. You see, his father was the secretary-treasurer of United States Steel in Birmingham, but John worked in the steel mills, so much of his poetry is about working in the mills and what it did to the people. I think that they were paid two dollars a day then, or something small. So, the unions were terribly wanted, they would long for a union. But you see, there again, you have that competition between the black and white. You see, I was telling Sue, and I have said this so many times, one of the reasons that the poor whites were so opposed to the blacks was because there was this frightful competition for jobs between them and if they made any protest to an employer saying that they thought they should get more than a dollar or a dollar and a half a day, he would say, "Well, O.K., if you don't like it, I'll get a nigger and he'll do it for 50¢." Well, he would. And the Negroes were often used as strikebreakers, because they would bring in a lot of Negroes and of course, you had that competition with convicts by the miners, but there was this terrible competition for jobs. The share-tenant system was one of the most degrading systems in the world, as you know, and when the people could escape from share-tenantry and come to the city and get any kind of cash at all, they felt that they were better off than they were moving around and working in the fields all day. I think that the thing that divides, well, not your geneation, but several before you, is the Depression. My generation, Cliff's generation, Clark Foreman, all of us who lived through the Depression, we really live in another era. Although all of you have seen hard times, I'm sure, and a lack of money, you have never seen the terrible poverty that we saw and the pellegra and the malaria, hookworm, tuberculosis and the awful degradation of the southern people. But as I say, the black issue, the race issue, was terribly important. But at this time, my emphasis was on labor and also on women's rights and it was only later that I came to see that this was all interwoven with the blacks, too.

Huygens Probe and Titan This artist's conception shows Titan's surface with Saturn appearing dimly in the background through Titan's thick atmosphere of mostly nitrogen and methane. The Cassini spacecraft flies overhead with its high-gain antenna pointed at the

Huygens Probe and Titan This artist's conception shows Titan's surface with Saturn appearing dimly in the background through Titan's thick atmosphere of mostly nitrogen and methane. The Cassini spacecraft flies overhead with its high-gain antenna pointed at the Huygens probe as it nears the surface. Image Credit: Craig Attebery Credit: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Cute Animal in Danger: Snow Leopard Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin struck a blow for wildlife this week, reintroducing critically endangered snow leopards to the Caucasus where they have been extinct since the 1920s. Putin's act

Cute Animal in Danger: Snow Leopard Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin struck a blow for wildlife this week, reintroducing critically endangered snow leopards to the Caucasus where they have been extinct since the 1920s. Putin's act was the fulfillment of a promise he made earlier after Russia won the 2014 Winter Olympic Games. It's a move, some say, meant to reduce anxieties that construction for the Olympics will damage the local environment. Though the snow leopard became extinct in the Caucasus, there are still an estimated 6,000 of the big cats living in the Central Asian mountains. It's hard for scientists to know exactly how many snow leopards truly exist in the wild, since the animals live between 10,000 and 17,000 feet elevation. Getting to snow leopard habitat is dangerous--due to unstable local politics as well as the intense cold--so instead of setting up observation posts, researchers sometimes set up camera traps to collect data. Although the leopards' harsh natural habitat provides some measure of protection, poaching continues to be the main threat to the species: the animals' beautiful, distinctive coat is highly valued and their bones are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Climate change, it's been suggested, will also reduce available habitat and possibly prey species.

What are the positive aspects of damsWeegy: They can assist in controlling flooding on many rivers. Dams can by used to create hydro-electric power. The lakes created are often great recreation areas. Auto answered|Score.6|

What are the positive aspects of damsWeegy: They can assist in controlling flooding on many rivers. Dams can by used to create hydro-electric power. The lakes created are often great recreation areas. Auto answered|Score.6|badgerpoe|Points 2306|User: What are the negative aspects of damsWeegy: Negative aspects of dams: Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard. The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many decades to become profitable. [ The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed. People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded, must move out. This means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead. The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the earth's surface at its location. Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding. Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems

(HealthDay News) -- Many young children stutter, but they often outgrow it by about age 5, the Nemours Foundation says. If it lasts longer, there is no known cure for stuttering. But you can help your child

(HealthDay News) -- Many young children stutter, but they often outgrow it by about age 5, the Nemours Foundation says. If it lasts longer, there is no known cure for stuttering. But you can help your child overcome this difficulty in speaking, the foundation says. It offers these suggestions: - Don't push your child to speak correctly all the time. Just enc

Flight (military unit) |This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2010)| A flight is a military unit in an air force, naval air service, or army air corps. It usually comprises three to six aircraft

Flight (military unit) |This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2010)| A flight is a military unit in an air force, naval air service, or army air corps. It usually comprises three to six aircraft, with their aircrews and ground staff; or, in the case of a non-flying ground flight, no aircraft and a roughly equivalent number of support personnel. In most usages, multiple flights make up a squadron. The "flight" is also a basic unit for intercontinental ballistic missiles. In the Fleet Air Arm a flight could be as few as 1 helicopter operating from a smaller ship. French equivalent is "escadrille". The use of the term "flight" to describe a collection of aircraft (typically four in the early days of aviation) dates back to around 1912. Winston Churchill claims to have invented the term while he was learning to fly with the Royal Navy's embryonic air service. It has also been suggested that the term was coined by technical sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence which was examining the British air arrangements around the same time. In the United Kingdom Royal Air Force and the air forces of the Commonwealth, from where much air force terminology emanated, an aircraft flight, in the first decades of air forces, was commanded by a flight lieutenant, a rank equivalent to captain in armies and other air forces, or a naval lieutenant. More recently, however, it has become common for a flight to be led by a squadron leader—a formal rank distinct from a squadron commander—equivalent to an army major or naval lieutenant commander. A flight is usually divided into two Sections, each containing two to three aircraft, which share ground staff with the other section, and are usually commanded by a Flight Lieutenant. An air force ground flight is roughly equivalent to an army platoon and may be commanded by a flight commander, flight lieutenant, flying officer, pilot officer, or warrant officer. (The names of ranks are still used, even though a ground flight contains no aircrewmen.) A flight is also a basic unit of guided missiles, such as surface-to-air missiles. These ground flights may carry out operational roles (such as air traffic control, airfield defence or firefighting), engineering roles (such as aircraft or ground systems maintenance), medical, dental, and legal units, or purely administrative roles - such as finance, infrastructure or human resource management. The United States Air Force (USAF) has two types of flights. A numbered flight is a unit with a unique base, wing, group, or Numbered Air Force mission, such as training or finance, though not large enough to warrant designation as a squadron. Numbered flights are uncommon, and are usually only found in basic training facilities. An alphabetic flight is an operational component of a flying or ground squadron, not an independent unit; alphabetic flights within a squadron normally have identical or similar functions and are normally designated A, B, C and so on within the squadron. Flights in the USAF are generally authorized to have between 20 and 100 personnel, and are normally commanded by a company-grade officer (lieutenant or captain) and/or a flight chief, usually a senior noncommissioned officer with the rank of master sergeant or senior master sergeant. In Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile units of the U.S. Air Force, a flight is composed of ten unmanned launch facilities remotely controlled by a manned launch control center, containing two personnel. Five of these flights make up one missile squadron. The Air Force has a total of 45 ICBM missile flights. - Joubert de la Ferté, Sir Philip (1955). The Third Service. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 14, 15.

A liberal education at Transylvania teaches students to think and learn beyond their specific areas of study and into other disciplines. As a result, they are encouraged to apply what they study in class to real-world issues and problems, with the idea that learning

A liberal education at Transylvania teaches students to think and learn beyond their specific areas of study and into other disciplines. As a result, they are encouraged to apply what they study in class to real-world issues and problems, with the idea that learning is a life-long process and not just relegated to the classroom walls. Classes at Transylvania are small—the average class size is 17 and many have fewer than 10 students—so class discussion can be free and interactive. A biology discussion may move into the area of bioethics, and a lecture on literature may become a conversation on psychology. As political science professor and director of the Center for Liberal Education at Transylvania Jeff Freyman said, “By expanding what students know, liberal education widens their appreciation of life’s possibilities.”

Research shows that the early childhood years are a time period of tremendous growth and development for all children. It is important that you find a preschool which enhances the development of the whole child in the areas of cognitive, social, emotional, motor and language

Research shows that the early childhood years are a time period of tremendous growth and development for all children. It is important that you find a preschool which enhances the development of the whole child in the areas of cognitive, social, emotional, motor and language development. Preparation for future schooling is important; preparation for life in this ever-changing world is equally significant. Children need to develop self-awareness and confidence to be who they are as a person and a learner. Most importantly, the school needs to work together with the family to create a collaborative, community-centered environment. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) has created a “tip sheet” of the 10 Signs of a Great Preschool. Please feel free to use information as you find the best place your child and family. 10 Signs of a Great Preschool Are you looking for a child care center, preschool or kindergarten program for your preschool child? If so, the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) suggests you look for these 10 signs that an early childhood classroom is a great one! - Children spend most of their time playing and working with materials or other children. They do not wander aimlessly and they are not expected to sit quie

The word “patriotism” conjures images of Old Glory, the Liberty Bell, soldiers landing on the beaches at Normandy and the Founding Fathers – at least in the hearts of most Americans. But on the broadcast networks, “

The word “patriotism” conjures images of Old Glory, the Liberty Bell, soldiers landing on the beaches at Normandy and the Founding Fathers – at least in the hearts of most Americans. But on the broadcast networks, “patriotism” has become little more than a marketing term. ABC, CBS and NBC gave more emphasis to the “patriotic” trappings of holidays – like patriotic potato salad and red, white and blue fashion – than either “patriotic” ideals or the men and women who defend them. Several times each year, Americans are called to celebrate their patriotism. The Culture and Media Institute analyzed five years of network coverage surrounding five such holidays – Presidents' Day, Memorial Day, the Fourth of July and Veterans' Day. As 2005 and 2009 saw new presidential terms, researchers also included Inauguration Day 2005 and 2009 in this study. Analysts examined 139 transcripts from ABC, CBS, and NBC for the week leading up to each holiday in which the words “patriotism” and “patriotic” appeared. Their conclusions show the broadcast networks focused on the trivial side of patriotism, treating these days as they would Halloween or any other secular holiday. Other findings included: American Ideals Forgotten: Networks only discussed patriotic ideals – such as the pursuit of happiness, self-reliance, ambition, courage, unalienable rights, entrepreneurship, economic liberty, and the freedoms of speech, press and religion – just three times during the study. NBC even used “unalienable rights” as a segue to plead for immigration reform. Networks Pay Little Attention to the Military: The three networks labeled food “patriotic” nearly twice as often as members of the armed services (20 to 11). ABC's July 4, 2008, broadcast of “Good Morning America” featured “patriotic” [potato] salad,” “patriotic” cobbler and “patriotic” chicken wings. Viewers didn't see “patriotic” soldiers, Marines, sailors or airmen in the broadcast. Patriotic Potato Salad: Of the 118 “patriotic” labels, 31 percent (37 out of 118) used in network broadcasts applied to food, fashion, music and decorations. Especially around Independence Day, networks were more concerned about helping viewers create “patriotic” picnics than anything else. Media Deflect Obama's Patriotism Problem Twenty-five references to Obama's patriotism aired around Independence Day 2008 and focused largely on the candidate's new-found willingness to wear an American flag pin on his lapel. Networks helped convince viewers he was the victim of petty criticism from his conservative rivals. Larger questions regarding Obama's patriotism were ignored. Those included his association with anti-Americans such as William Ayers, a terrorist who bombed the Pentagon, and the Rev. Jeremiah Wright, a preacher who damned America – neither of whom was mentioned during the study time period. To improve network coverage of patriotism, CMI recommends: Focusing on the meaning of holidays such as Memorial Day and July 4: Networks can highlight the different ways people remember the troops and discuss what makes America worth celebrating. This puts the holidays in proper perspective and reminds viewers that they're not simply a day off of work. Label military service patriotic: There are disagreements as to the missions in which the U.S. military participates but that should not detract from the fact that members of the military serve America at great sacrifice to themselves. Showcase different expressions of patriotism: For some, wearing red, white and blue or eating cakes decorated like flags is window dressing, not a valid expression of love of America. Find out what average Americans consider patriotic. Ask tough questions such as is dissent ever patriotic? Celebrate the great things about America: There are hundreds of days to examine what is broken in America. Use the few days in which the focus is truly on the nation to praise its best attributes and what sets it apart from other nations – like the freedom of the press and the freedom of speech. Two of the holidays studied, Memorial Day and Veterans Day, are dedicated to people who served and sacrificed for the nation. News coverage should reflect the America that inspired them. Don't trivialize charges of un-patriotic behavior: Investigate why people make such charges. To focus solely on a symbolic gesture ignores very real concerns and questions. The full report is available here.

For 207 years, the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution has stood as a barricade in defense of personal freedoms. Never in those two-plus centuries has this shining monument to the wisdom of our Founding Fathers been revised, much less

For 207 years, the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution has stood as a barricade in defense of personal freedoms. Never in those two-plus centuries has this shining monument to the wisdom of our Founding Fathers been revised, much less diluted. In June, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a measure that would inflict grievous harm upon the First Amendment within that Bill of Rights. The U.S. Senate is poised to consider an identical measure, Senate Joint Resolution 40, some time after Labor Day. This legislation proposes to grant Congress the power to prohibit the "desecration" of the American flag. If it passes the Senate by the required two-thirds majority (the vote is expected to be extremely close) and is later ratified by three-fourths of the states, it would become the Twenty-Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. For the following reasons, the Senate should reject this misguided and dangerous legislation. A. The History and Purpose of the Bill of Rights After establishing the framework for a democratic republic in the first seven articles of the Constitution, its proponents still faced significant opposition in a number of states. They soon realized that American suspicion of government was so strong that ratification of this new charter would require additional protections for the rights of individuals against governmental intrusion. What emerged was James Madison's brilliant Bill of Rights, with the protection of free speech being enshrined in the first of its ten amendments. The Bill of Rights is purposefully anti-democratic, placing beyond the reach of transient political majorities those rights deemed as absolutely fundamental to the survival and prosperity of a free nation. Our Founding Fathers worried, correctly, that the politically weak and unpopular among us would otherwise fall prey to the passions and prejudices of our elected officials. Abraham Lincoln captured the essence of this idea in his first inaugural address, in which he stated: "If by sheer force of numbers a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly written constitutional right, it might, in a moral point of view, justify a revolution." Thus, any popular support that this proposed amendment may enjoy -- which results more from a revulsion at the act of flag desecration itself than from a dispassionate analysis of the measure's merits -- should not serve as the basis for any Senator's vote in its favor. What is required of our Senators as they weigh the profound step of rewriting the Bill of Rights is to muster the wisdom and courage evidenced by their forebears and to put little stock in the latest polling data. B. The Bill of Rights Was Conceived to Place Constraints Upon the Power of Government Over Individuals, a Principle that the Proposed Amendment Would Invert The entire Bill of Rights is about limiting the power of government and securing our individual freedoms. The proposed amendment turns that principle on its head and would place constraints upon the political expression of the people. The only amendment to our constitution which has ever sought to deprive individual liberties is the Eighteenth, which imposed Prohibition. This measure was, of course, repealed only 14 years later by the Twenty-First Amendment. Freedom of speech, including symbolic speech, is one of the inalienable rights that our Declaration of Independence proclaimed significant enough to go to war. This freedom does not emanate from Congress. It is our birthright as U.S. citizens. Elected officials seldom like dramatic expressions of political dissent. Inherent in such dissent is criticism of those in power. Under Article I, Section 6 of the Constitution, members of Congress have absolute freedom to say whatever they like on the floor of either House -- with no legal consequences, even for libeling an ordinary citizen. Yet, certain of these same elected officials would like to limit the people's First Amendment rights and put beyond the reach of reason or the courts the question of whether those in power can prohibit and punish the political speech of those not in power. C. The Purpose of the First Amendment is to Protect Speech That is Unpopular The First Amendment was specifically designed to protect the expression of unorthodox views, unpopular ideas, and political dissent. Would it make any sense if it protected only orthodox views, popular ideas, and political harmony? Since when have these ever been in danger? Safe speech needs no guarantees of freedom, no Constitutional protection. The simple yet noble concept of "freedom of speech" -- which has drawn so many asylum seekers and other immigrants to our shores over the centuries -- would be rendered meaningless if it were limited to the expression of only those views deemed sufficiently agreeable or polite. As the Supreme Court stated in the 1943 case of West Virginia vs. Barnette, "No official, high or petty, ca

EMAIL SIGN UP! Most Popular This Week Today's Top News 400 PPM: We’ve Never Been Here Before 400ppm of CO2 Measured in the Atmosphere at Mauna Loa We’ve just crossed a sober

EMAIL SIGN UP! Most Popular This Week Today's Top News 400 PPM: We’ve Never Been Here Before 400ppm of CO2 Measured in the Atmosphere at Mauna Loa We’ve just crossed a sobering milestone. For the first time since humans have walked the planet, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at Mauna Loa Observatory has reached 400 parts per million. On May 9, scientists from both the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography measured the daily average concentration of carbon dioxide in air above this value. I don’t know about you, but when I heard this I wanted to cry. Let me put this in context for you. I started my scientific life as a fresh-faced glaciologist drilling ice cores on the immense ice sheet of Antarctica. It was the early 1990s and my job (an amazing one, I’ll admit!) was to tirelessly process the ancient ice that we were bringing up from the deep drill hole. There was almost a mile of ice to analyze! This frozen archive is made from pure snow that fell on the continent tens of thousands of years ago and compressed into hard, cold ice. These ice cores, like many others since, reveal the secrets of ancient atmospheres from the air bubbles trapped within their lattice. They allow us to compare the modern atmosphere that is measured at Mauna Loa with what happened in the past. Past atmospheres: the cycles of CO2 and temperature I remember my excitement on seeing the cycles of ice ages pop out from our analysis. You’ve probably seen those graphs of wavy lines that show carbon dioxide dancing between a low level during an ice age and a high level in an interglacial (like the one we are in now). "I don’t know about you, but when I heard this I wanted to cry." For the last eight glacial cycles carbon dioxide has varied between 180 parts per million and 280 parts per million. Carbon dioxide has, in general, gone up and down hand in hand with global average temperature. When carbon dioxide is high, temperature is high; when carbon dioxide is low, temperature is low, with the leads and lags being well understood by the scientists studying these in detail. The ice core record shows this has been the natural cycle for at least 800,000 years. As a yardstick, homo sapiens has only been around for a mere 200,000 years at the very longest. Earth’s climate is very sensitive to the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. But in the last two centuries of our short time on the planet we have altered the atmosphere drastically. Climate change: thickening CO2 blanket warms the world At about the same time I was getting cold fingers from handling old ice, we had just passed the ominous 350 parts per million mark. Knowing what scientists knew then about the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature (see the First IPCC Assessment from 1990 here and the IPCC Supplementary Report from 1992 here), I could not imagine two decades later carbon dioxide levels would still be soaring upwards. But they are. Carbon dioxide naturally forms a heat-trapping blanket around the earth – we can’t live without it. But our human practice over the last two centuries of digging up ancient sunlight in the form of oil, coal, and natural gas and then burning it has released excess carbon into the atmosphere. For almost a million years, the earth cycled between roughly a two-blanket world (180 parts per million) and a three-blanket world (280 parts per million). By perturbing the atmosphere to this new level, we’ve managed to bump that up to a four-blanket world (now 400 parts per million) in a very short time. And we’re starting to feel it get hot under here. Welcome to the Pliocene! The last time the atmosphere had 400 parts per million of carbon dioxide was most likely between 3 and 5 million years ago, long before humans like us inhabited the earth. It was a geological epoch known as the Pliocene. The planet was many degrees warmer and scientists estimate sea level was about 80 feet higher. Reaching 400 parts per million for the first time in human history is a wake up call for all of us. The science is clear. It’s high time we addressed the fundamental drivers of climate change — heat-trapping emissions from fossil fuels as well as deforestation practices which emit carbon and reduce the uptake of carbon dioxide. If we don’t take action, in a couple of decades as we mark the passing of the next ominous milestone of 450 parts per million at Mauna Loa, there may be no returning to the climate we once knew.

Three hundred U.S. children a year are diagnosed with retinoblastoma. Even though this rare eye cancer can be deadly, it has a 90 percent cure rate if caught early. Doctors say the best thing you can do is keep

Three hundred U.S. children a year are diagnosed with retinoblastoma. Even though this rare eye cancer can be deadly, it has a 90 percent cure rate if caught early. Doctors say the best thing you can do is keep up those eye exams and know what to look for. Retinoblastoma screenings are often done in maternity wards on newborns and by pediatricians in the first few years of life. "That's because 75 percent of retinoblastoma patients are detected because a doctor or parent notices the color inside the pupil of the eye is lighter in one eye than the other and that's because it's actually the tumor inside that eye that's actually being seen," said optometrist Dr. Greg Marrow. While the average diagnosis occurs at 18 months, the disease can be detected earlier. New treatments are becoming available every day. Plaque therapy and cryotherapy are allowing patients alternatives to chemotherapy and radiation treatments. "The neat thing about these particular procedures is that not only do they preserve sight, but so far they have not been able to link these procedures to getting secondary cancer later in life," Marrow said. One way to tell if a child has this condition is by looking at snapshots of the child. If the child's eyes are white in every flash picture taken of them there could be a problem. "Imagine that same picture, but instead of the redeye it actually comes back white. That's what often times we look for which is called leukocoria," Marrow said. But Marrow said parents shouldn't completely rely on photographs. "Because it can still be missed depending on the angle of the light. The best thing to do is take your child to somebody who is trained whether it's an eye doctor, obviously they are the most trained, but to make sure the child gets their regular pediatric screenings," he said. If you think your child may have retinoblastoma, you should contact your family physician or eye doctor.

State of Your Own Backyard In this activity, students evaluate water quality data as indicators of the health of an ecosystem. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates and pH are all easily measured or available online at Washington State Department

State of Your Own Backyard In this activity, students evaluate water quality data as indicators of the health of an ecosystem. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates and pH are all easily measured or available online at Washington State Department of Ecology. The relationship between the water quality indicators and the health of a body of water can be determined by students in an introductory college science course. Students manage, graph and analyze data from an online database. The instructor can adapt this activity as a Web based data analysis exercise or explore a more open-ended, student-driven experience where the student can design and conduct their own monitoring project to determine the state of their own backyard. - Identify water quality parameters as indicators for the health of a body of water; - Recognize connections between humans and the Puget Sound Basin; - Manage, graph and interpret data from existing data sets or student generated; - Establish and implement a data collection protocol; and/or, - Analyze and interpret data to draw conclusions; and, - Appraise the health of ecosystem they observed either virtually or first hand. Context for Use The bioregion watershed hosts most of the population of western Washington, yet local residents lack a full understanding of the impact of humans on their environment. Most water quality monitoring involves the same metrics to determine the health of an ecosystem (temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, pH and organism presence/absence). These metrics can be measured by students in a nearby pond, lake, stream or estuary. A local publication available through the Puget Sound Partnership documents the trends in health of Puget Sound. A report entitled, State of the Sound uses similar metrics to make trend assessments. Or, students can use online data bases and find local streams or estuaries near their campus or place of residence. Depending on the depth of study, this project could take an entire week at the end of an environmental science, oceanography or any introductory biology course. It is also adaptable to a two day Web data analysis ac

This catalog stores information about datatypes. Scalar types ("base types") are created with CREATE TYPE. A complex type is also created for each table in the database, to represent the row structure of the table. Table 3-21. pg

This catalog stores information about datatypes. Scalar types ("base types") are created with CREATE TYPE. A complex type is also created for each table in the database, to represent the row structure of the table. Table 3-21. pg_type Columns |typname||name||Data type name| |typowner||int4||pg_shadow.usesysid||Owner (creator) of the type| |typlen||int2||Length of the storage representation of the type, -1 if variable length| |typbyval||bool||typbyval determines whether internal routines pass a value of this type by value or by reference. Only char, short, and int equivalent items can be passed by value, so if the type is not 1, 2, or 4 bytes long, PostgreSQL does not have the option of passing by value and so typbyval had better be false. Variable-length types are always passed by reference. Note that typbyval can be false even if the length would allow pass-by-value; this is currently true for type float4, for example.| |typtype||char||typtype is b for a base type and c for a complex type (i.e., a table's row type). If typtype is c, typrelid is the OID of the type's entry in pg_class.| |typisdefined||bool||True if the type is defined, false if this is a placeholder entry for a not-yet-defined type. When typisdefined is false, nothing except the type name and OID can be relied on.| |typdelim||char||Character that separates two values of this type when parsing array input. Note that the delimiter is associated with the array element datatype, not the array datatype.| |typrelid||oid||pg_class.oid||If this is a complex type (see ty

Consider an element of a smooth surface with a vector field passing through it. The strength of the field is proportional to the number of vectors passing through a given area. For a given strength, the flux density changes with the angle between the surface element

Consider an element of a smooth surface with a vector field passing through it. The strength of the field is proportional to the number of vectors passing through a given area. For a given strength, the flux density changes with the angle between the surface element and the field vectors. If the field is parallel to the surface, the flux is zero, while if the field is perpendicular to the surface, the flux is maximal. In physics the most common applications appear in the study of electric and magnetic fields and in fluid dynamics.

facilitated communication (FC) FC is amazing because it has surpassed all other junk science fads, affecting families, schools, universities, the law, and even the arts. --Brian J. Gorman Facilitated Communication (FC

facilitated communication (FC) FC is amazing because it has surpassed all other junk science fads, affecting families, schools, universities, the law, and even the arts. --Brian J. Gorman Facilitated Communication (FC) is a technique that allegedly allows communication by those who were previously unable to communicate by speech or signs due to autism, mental retardation, brain damage, or such diseases as cerebral palsy. The technique involves a facilitator who places her hand over that of the patient's hand, arm or wrist, which is placed on a board or keyboard with letters, words or pictures. The patient is allegedly able to communicate through his or her hand to the hand of the facilitator which then is guided to a letter, word or picture, spelling out words or expressing complete thoughts. Through their facilitators, previously mute patients recite poems, carry on high level intellectual conversations, or simply communicate. Parents are grateful to discover that their child is not hopelessly retarded but is either normal or above normal in intelligence. FC allows their children to demonstrate their intelligence; it provides them with a vehicle heretofore denied them. But is it really their child who is communicating? Most skeptics believe that the only one doing the communication is the facilitator. The American Psychological Association has issued a position paper on FC, stating that "Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that facilitated communication is not a scientifically valid technique for individuals with autism or mental retardation" and describing FC as "a controversial and unproved communicative procedure with no scientifically demonstrated support for its efficacy." read the rest here I posted this because facilitated communication is back in the news with this story: Man in Coma 23 Years – Is He Really Conscious? Basically it is Ouija board nonsense.

Looking at savings around the world (map) The Federal Government actually keeps track of how much Americans save every month. They define it as "personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income." It was 3.2 percent in May, and

Looking at savings around the world (map) The Federal Government actually keeps track of how much Americans save every month. They define it as "personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income." It was 3.2 percent in May, and that was the highest rate reported in 2013 in the United States. Fluctuations in savings often reflect larger economic trends and of cultural norms. So we're taking a trip around the world to check out how people save in other countries. Marketplace's Stephen Beard in London, says that savings in England is a tale of two different eras, "There is what people did before the crisis, and what they've done since. Before, what they went absolutely crazy. They went on a spending binge, household debt soared... the savings rate fell," says Beard. The primary cause of increased spending? Home prices, according to Beard. "The biggest driver was houses, you can't really blame the Brits, this wasn't really fecklessness, house prices just spiraled out of control." Now that the financial crisis has mostly settled, you might expect savings to rebound, but that hasn't been the case."You'd think that people would start saving a lot more because they were sweating their jobs, but actually they've been saving even less as a nation since 2009," Beard says. "They have to some extent been paying down their debt. Most crucially, the British government and The Bank of England have declared a war on saving. They have punished the savers. They have driven down interest rates. You get after tax, [only] 0.3 or 0.1 percent [interest] on a savings account." One thing the UK does have is a more robust safety net. Healthcare insurance is universal, for example, and Beard says that can have a big impact on how people save. "I think it does hold down the savings rate, the Brits aren't saving anything like enough for retirement, and public spending is coming under huge pressure," Beard says. "The government has to borrow $200 billion a year, and this is a much smaller economy than the U.S econ

In addition to understanding the provision of services, understanding the value of services in terms of human well-being also poses a number of issues. Economic approaches to valuation offer the promise of measuring benefits from ecosystem services in a common metric (money). However,

In addition to understanding the provision of services, understanding the value of services in terms of human well-being also poses a number of issues. Economic approaches to valuation offer the promise of measuring benefits from ecosystem services in a common metric (money). However, some ecosystem service benefits are extremely difficult to accurately assess in monetary terms (e.g., spiritual, cultural, and aesthetic values). There are additional concerns over distributional equity: who benefits and who is harmed by changes in ecosystem conditions? Making the public whole via restoration is not simply a matter of making sure that aggregate net benefits with restoration are greater or equal to aggregate net benefits before the oil spill. Making the public whole also involves making sure that aggregate net benefits to various groups within society do not decline. Since many services emanate from public resources, for example national parks for recreation and oyster beds for food, it is important that the benefits of ecosystem services are enjoyed by as many as possible without excluding or negatively impacting one segment of the population. An ecosystem services approach focuses not only on the restoration of damaged resources, but also on maintaining the usefulness of those resources to the public. On the other hand, an ecosystem services approach that restores the value of the services but does so via human-engineered substitutes (e.g., building a dyke or water filtration plant) will not result in making the environment whole. Some portions of the public may not view such actions as adequate restoration even though the value of services is made equivalent. There is also the danger that an ecosystem services approach will focus on a small subset of services and may not restore the full suite of ecosystem services valued by the public given the difficulty of valuing the complete set of ecosystem services (NRC, 2005a). To the extent that the public values the existence of habitat and species, regardless of the extent that these lead to provision of other ecosystem services beyond existence, the gap in practice between restoring ecosystem services and restoring habitat and species will be reduced. High existence values may mean making the environment whole would be necessary for making the public whole. We also caution that our discussions have not touched on the issue of public involvement or review of any potential restoration project. It is clear that for the DWH spill public involvement and review will be a key element of decisions on restoration projects. It is likely that the value placed on particular habitats, restoration projects, or natural resources will vary with the community involved, which will add complexity to the overall process. Furthermore, improvements that increase the benefits from one ecosystem

The OSGi framework allows Java developers to create a dynamic component model for their applications. Developers create “bundles” that can be deployed and executed remotely and provide distributed services. The OSGi Framework can act as a Service Oriented Architecture which

The OSGi framework allows Java developers to create a dynamic component model for their applications. Developers create “bundles” that can be deployed and executed remotely and provide distributed services. The OSGi Framework can act as a Service Oriented Architecture which is not currently available with a vanilla JavaVM environment. This tutorial will get you set up to create OSGi framework applications with Java. We will be using the Eclipse IDE and the OSGi plug-in to create our bundles as well as the Knopflerfish framework to host and execute them. If you want to know more about Java modularity, be sure to check out Alex Blewitt's articles on InfoQ. Eclipse can be downloaded here. I went with the “Eclipse IDE for java Developers” package but it doesn’t really matter which one you choose. (Windows) Simply extract the downloaded zip file and run eclipse.exe to get started. Next we’ll install the OSGi plug-in for Eclipse which will make creating bundles much easier, remove the need for using ant, and give us all of the benefits of using the Eclipse IDE to write code (intelli-sense, project management, code generation, etc.) In Eclipse click Help -> Install New Software Next, click the “Add” button and add the Knopflerfish update site: http://www.knopflerfish.org/eclipse-update/ Once the update site has been added, you should automatically see an option for the Knopflerfish plugin. Check the box and hit “Next” to install. Read the license terms and complete the installation. Now, we can create OSGi Projects (More on that later) Now, we need to install the Knopflerfish framework: java –jar knopflerfish_osgi_ This will open up an installation wizard which will let you set an installation directory. Finally, we need to run Knopflerfish: java –jar framework.jar You should now see the Knopflerfish OSGi Desktop. This is where we will register our bundles and execute them. Now we’re finally ready to write our first bundle, time to move on to Part 2. This is Part 3 of a 3 part introduction to OSGi and Knopflerfish. SOA OSGi Development with Knopflerfish – Part 1: The Setup SOA OSGi Development with Knopflerfish – Part 2: The Code SOA OSGi Development with Knopflerfish – Part 3: The Execution

Learn how to prevent the complications and delay the progression of kidney failure or diabetic nephropathy. Read the full transcript » Speaker: Kidney failure or diabetic nephropathy. Jim: Being in there with an ammonia on dialysis, that’s

Learn how to prevent the complications and delay the progression of kidney failure or diabetic nephropathy. Read the full transcript » Speaker: Kidney failure or diabetic nephropathy. Jim: Being in there with an ammonia on dialysis, that’s almost like you are next. Jamie: He had noticed some protein in my urine and some in my blood tests it was enough cause for concern that they started me on the appropriate medications to help prevent if not slow down the kidney disease process. Speaker: The purpose of the kidneys is to filter the blood, excreting waste into the urine while conserving blood cells and vital proteins. Over time, poorly controlled diabetes can damage your kidneys. As a result, the essential proteins are lost in the urine and waste products accumulate in the blood. Left untreated, kidney failure will result in death. Dr. Duggan: On a daily basis, I look after both patients who are already on dialysis as well as people who are approaching the need for dialysis. About 50% of the people I see have kidney disease from their diabetes. Dr. Hobart: The long-term complicat

I'd not heard of yeast scarring before, so I researched a bit. From Replicative ageing and senescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the impact on brewing fermentations Ageing is the predetermined progressive transition of an

I'd not heard of yeast scarring before, so I researched a bit. From Replicative ageing and senescence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the impact on brewing fermentations Ageing is the predetermined progressive transition of an individual cell from youth to old age that finally culminates in death. Yeast replicative ageing is a function of the number of divisions undertaken by an individual cell, and may be measured by enumerating the number of bud scars on the cell surface. So, scarring is used as a direct measure of the yeast's age. But it's not thought that the scars themselves cause deterioration of the yeast: [...] increasing the deposition of chitin, the major component of bud scars [...] has little effect on longevity. but rather other factors, such as genetics, play a key role in the vitality of the yeast: It has been postulated that ageing occurs either by a genetic inhibition of metabolically essential proteins and enzymes, such as DNA repair enzymes or antioxidants An aged yeast cell exhibits a distinct morphology and physiology from that of younger cells. It's known that acid washing kills off weaker yeast cells and bacteria, leaving the stronger yeast behind. Although I can't find a direct reference, presumably the morphological and physiological changes make the older cells weaker, and so they are killed off during the acid wash, leaving only young/middle generation cells behind. If you have a conical fermentor, another method is to crop and repitch yeast from the top of the cone. This article - Yeast

(Adapted from: Garrett Hardin, Science 162, 23 Dec 1968, 1243-48)Tragedy of the Commons - original paper The tragedy of the commons develops in this way. Picture a

(Adapted from: Garrett Hardin, Science 162, 23 Dec 1968, 1243-48)Tragedy of the Commons - original paper The tragedy of the commons develops in this way. Picture a pasture open to all. It is expected that each herdsman will try to keep as many cattle as possible on the commons. Such an arrangement may work reasonably satisfactorily for centuries because tribal wars, poaching, and disease keep the numbers of both man and beast well below carrying capacity of the land. Finally, however, comes the day of reckoning, that is, the day when the long-desired goal of social-stability becomes a reality. At this point, the inherent logic of the commons remorsely generates a tragedy. As a rational being, each herdsman seeks to maximize his gain explicitly, or implicitly, more or less consciously, he asks, "what is the utility to me of adding one more animal to my herd?" This has one negative and one positive component. 1. The positive component is a function of the increment of one animal. Since the herdsman receives all the proceeds from the sale of the additional animal, the positive utility is nearly +1. 2. The negative component is a function of the additional overgrazing created by one more animal. Since, however, the effects of overgrazing are shared by all the herdsman, the negative utility for any particular decision making herdsman is only a fraction of -1. Adding together the component of partial utilities, the rational herdsman concludes that the only sensible course for him to pursue is add another animal to his herd. And another, and another...But this is the conclusion reached by each and every rational herdsman sharing a commons. Therein is the tragedy of the commons. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit--in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all. Some would say that this is a platitude. Would that it were! In a sense, it was learned thousands of years ago, but natural selection favors the forces of psychological denial. The individual benefits as an individual from his ability to deny the truth even though society as a whole, of which he is a part, suffers. Education can contradict the natural tendency to do the wrong thing, but inexorable succession of generations requires that the basis for this knowledge be constantly refreshed. The oceans of the world continue to suffer from the survival of the philosophy of the commons. Maritime nations still respond automatically to the shibboleth of the "freedom of the seas." Professing to believe in the "inexhaustible resources of the oceans," they bring species after species of fish and whales closer to extinction. The national Parks present another instance of the working out of the tragedy of commons. At the present, they are open to all, without limit. The parks themselves are limited in extent--there is only one Yosemite Valley--whereas population seems to grow without limit. The values that visitors seek in the parks are steadily eroded. Plainly, we must soon cease to treat parks as commons or they will be of no value to anyone. In a reverse way, the tragedy of the commons reappears in problems of pollution. Here it is not a question of taking something out of the commons, but of putting something in--sewage, or chemical, radioactive, and heat wastes into water; noxious and dangerous fumes into the air; and distracting and unpleasant advertising signs into the line of sight. The calculations of utility are much the same as before. The rational man finds that his share of the cost of wastes he discharges into the commons is less than the cost of purifying his wastes before releasing them. Since this is true for everyone, we are locked into a system of "fouling our own nest," so long as we behave only as independent, rational, free-enterprisers. The tragedy of the commons as a food basket is averted by private property, or something formally like it. But the air and waters surrounding us cannot readily be fenced, and so the tragedy of commons as a cesspool must be prevented by different means, by coercive laws or taxing devices that make it cheaper for the polluter to treat his pollutants than to discharge them untreated. We have not progressed as far with the solution of this problem as we have with the first. Indeed our particular concept of private property, which deters us from exhausting the positive resources of the earth, favors pollution. The owner of a factory on the bank of a stream--whose property extends to the middle of the stream--often has difficulty seeing why it is not his natural right to muddy the waters flowing past his door. The law, always behind the times, requires elaborate stitching and fitting to adapt it to this newly perceived aspect of the commons. The pollution problem is a consequence of population. It did not much matter how a lonely American frontier

ERIC Number: ED344668 Record Type: RIE Publication Date: 1990 Reference Count: N/A The Relationship between Birth Order and Academic Achievement. Cherry, Crystal M. This paper reviews the literature on the relationship

ERIC Number: ED344668 Record Type: RIE Publication Date: 1990 Reference Count: N/A The Relationship between Birth Order and Academic Achievement. Cherry, Crystal M. This paper reviews the literature on the relationship between birth order and several variables, especially academic achievement. One study found a relationship between leadership skills and birth order for males. Several studies found no relationship between birth order and academic achievement; grade point average; self-esteem; locus of control scores; and scores on the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning-Revised test. Some of the studies did find relationships between academic achievement and variables other than birth order, such as parents' educational level. Two studies determined that first-born children received more parental interaction and more affectionate and caretaking behaviors from their mothers than did other children. Other studies indicated that first-born children: (1) had higher academic achievement after a relocation; (2) had higher grade point averages; (3) made up a larger proportion of t