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The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf or ft·lbf), or simply foot-pound (symbol: ft·lb) is a unit of work or energy in the Engineering and Gravitational Systems in United States customary and imperial | The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lbf or ft·lbf), or simply foot-pound (symbol: ft·lb) is a unit of work or energy in the Engineering and Gravitational Systems in United States customary and imperial units of measure. It is the energy transferred on applying a force of one pound-force (lbf) through a displacement of one foot. The corresponding SI unit is the joule.
"Foot-pound" is sometimes also used as a unit of torque (see Pound-foot (torque)). In the United States this unit is often used to specify, for example, the tightness of a bolt or the output of an engine. Although they are dimensionally equivalent, energy (a scalar), and torque (a vector) are distinct physical quantities. Both energy and torque can be expressed as a product of a force vector with a displacement vector (hence pounds and feet); energy is the scalar product of the two, and torque is the vector product.
Conversion to other units
1 foot-pound is equivalent to:
- 1.3558179483314 joules
- 13,558,179.483314 ergs
- 0.001285067 British Thermal Units
- 0.323832 gram calories
- 0.000323832 kilogram calories
- 1 watt ≈ 44.25372896 ft·lbf/min = 0.737562149333 ft·lbf/sec
- 1 horsepower (mechanical) = 33,000 ft·lbf/min = 550 ft·lbf/s
|This classical mechanics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This engineering-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.| |
Agriculture & Global Climate Change: A Review of Impacts to U.S. Agricultural Resources
Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change
Richard M. Adams, Oregon State University
Brian H. Hurd, Stratus Consulting | Agriculture & Global Climate Change: A Review of Impacts to U.S. Agricultural Resources
Prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change
Richard M. Adams, Oregon State University
Brian H. Hurd, Stratus Consulting Inc.
John Reilly, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Press Release
Eileen Claussen, Executive Director, Pew Center on Global Climate Change
In order to intelligently respond to climate change, we must first understand the likely consequences on our environment and health. This report, the first in a series of environmental impact reports, will explore anticipated effects of climate change on U.S. agriculture. Other reports in this series will assess what is known about the impact of climate change on weather and include analyses of its impact on water resources, coastal areas, human health, ecosystems, and forests. In evaluating the current state of scientific knowledge regarding the anticipated effects of climate change on U.S. agriculture, this report yields several key observations:
AGRICULTURAL SHIFTS ARE LIKELY.
Climate change will result in agricultural shifts and changes across the United States. Given the requisite time and resources to adapt, the United States is likely to continue to be able to feed itself; however, there will clearly be regional winners and losers.
CURRENT PROJECTION SCOULD UNDERSTATE LONG-RANGE IMPACTS.
If the rate of greenhouse gas emissions exceeds projected levels or if unanticipated or more frequent extreme events accompany this change, the outlook for the United States would likely worsen. The projections in this report, for example, are based on a doubling of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere which could understate the severity of climate change impacts over the long-term.
GLOBAL IMPACTS COULD BE MORE PROFOUND.
Some countries will experience more negative effects on agriculture associated with climate change. The situation will be particularly acute in developing nations that do not have the same resources as the United States to respond to the agricultural changes projected.
This report broadly outlines projected effects on U.S. agricultural regions. The complexity of the climate system itself and its relationship to agricultural resources make it difficult to project specific effects on individual states or communities. More research is needed to better understand this complex system and to incorporate relevant factors into future climate models and assessments. The report does, however, provide an objective foundation upon which to build and clearly demonstrates the impact climate change will have, both direct and indirect, on U.S. agricultural systems.
In addition to reporti |
Sunni Islam or Sunnism is the largest branch of Islam. It is also the orthodox version of the religion. The word "Sunni" comes from the term sunnah, meaning the words and actions or example of Prophet Muhammad. Sun | Sunni Islam or Sunnism is the largest branch of Islam. It is also the orthodox version of the religion. The word "Sunni" comes from the term sunnah, meaning the words and actions or example of Prophet Muhammad. Sunnis (which include the Salafis or "Wahhabis") account for up to 90% of all Muslims.
Sunnis, as with the Shi'ites, follow the Qur'an and Sunnah. They consider Sahih Muslim and Sahih Bukhari as the two most authentic hadiths, hence the term sahih which means "authentic" in Arabic. Within Sunni Islam, there are also four mainstream schools of fiqh (known as Madh'habs) which are accepted by one another.
See Also
- Sunni and Shia Islam - Library of Congress Country Studies, accessed September 4, 2011
- Islām - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)
- Sunnite - Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)
- Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population - Pew Research Center, October 7, 2009
- Tracy Miller - Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population - Pew Research Center, October 2009
- Comparison of Sunni and Shia Islam - Re |
When war broke out in 1812, neither the United States Navy nor the Royal Navy had more than a token force on the Great Lakes. However, once the shooting started, it sparked a ship-building arms race that continued throughout the war. | When war broke out in 1812, neither the United States Navy nor the Royal Navy had more than a token force on the Great Lakes. However, once the shooting started, it sparked a ship-building arms race that continued throughout the war. This book examines the design and development of the warships built upon the lakes during the war, emphasizing their differences from their salt-water contemporaries. It then goes onto cover their operational use as they were pitted against each other in a number of clashes on the lakes that often saws ships captured, re-crewed, and thrown back against their pervious owners. Released in 2012 to coincide with the 200th anniversary of the outbreak of the war, this is a timely look at a small, freshwater naval war.
"Another fine volume from maritime historian, writer, modeler and reviewer Mark Lardas. The author covers the design, development and characteristics of these unusual ships in some detail...This well-planned and excellently written volume offers a very valuable reference source for any reader interested in the vessles." --Ships in Scale magazine |
Download the Free Unbound MEDLINE PubMed App to your smartphone or tablet.
Available for iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, and Android.
International journal of health services [journal]
- Needs in health care: what beast is that? [Journal Article | Download the Free Unbound MEDLINE PubMed App to your smartphone or tablet.
Available for iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, and Android.
International journal of health services [journal]
- Needs in health care: what beast is that? [Journal Article, Review]
- Int J Health Serv 2013; 43(3):567-85.
Need is a pivotal concept within health systems internationally given its driving force in health care policy, development, and delivery at population and individual levels. Needs assessments are critical activities undertaken to ensure that health services continue to be needed and to identify new target populations that demonstrate unmet need. The concept of need is underpinned by varied theoretical definitions originating from various disciplines. However, when needs are assessed, or health interventions developed based on need, little, if any, detail of the theoretical or conceptual basis of what is being measured is ever articulated. This is potentially problematic and may lead to measurement being invalid and planned health services being ineffective in meeting needs. Seldom are theoretical definitions of need ever compared and contrasted. This critical review is intended to fill this gap in the literature. Interpretations of the concept of need drawing from areas such as psychology, social policy, and health are introduced. The concept and relevance of unmet need for health services are discussed. It is intended that these definitions can be used to operationalize the term "need" in practice, theoretically drive needs assessment, and help guide health care decisions that are based upon need.
- Changes in the health care safety net 1992-2003: disparities in access for uninsured persons in Florida. [Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]
- Int J Health Serv 2013; 43(3):551-66.
A patchwork of services is available to uninsured in the United States through the health care safety net. During 1996-2003, some safety net hospitals (SNHs) closed or converted their ownership status from public or non-profit to for-profit. Meanwhile, the number of community health centers (CHCs) grew as a result of new federal funding. This article examines the impact of these two countervailing events on access to care for the uninsured. Hospital admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions relative to marker conditions were used as our access measure. We examined 35,730 discharges for uninsured adults treated in Florida hospitals in the years 1992 or 2003. A generalized estimating equation model was used to assess differential access effects for racial and ethnic groups. We found that in communities with CHC openings but no SNH contractions, uninsured black and white individuals experienced deteriorations in access over time, but the Hispanic uninsured did not. However, in communities where SNHs closed or converted, access deteriorations occurred for all three racial and ethnic groups. Thus, the potentially beneficial effects of CHC expansions on access to primary care for the uninsured Hispanic population in Florida appeared to be offset if contractions in the hospital safety net were present.
- Egalitarian policies and social determinants of health in Bolivarian Venezuela. [Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]
- Int J Health Serv 2013; 43(3):537-49.
In 1999, newly-elected Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez initiated a far-reaching social movement as part of a political project known as the Bolivarian Revolution. Inspired by the democratic ideologies of Simón Bolívar, this movement was committed to reducing intractable inequalities that defined Venezuela's Fourth Republic (1958-1998). Given the ambitious scope of these reforms, Venezuela serves as an instructive example to understand the political context of social inequalities and population health. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the impact of egalitarian policies in Venezuela, stressing: (a) the socialist reforms and social class changes initiated by the Bolivarian Movement; (b) the impact of these reforms and changes on poverty and social determinants of health; (c) the sustainability of economic growth to continue pro-poor policies; and (d) the implications of egalitarian policies for other Latin American countries. The significance and implications of Chávez's achievements are now further underscored given his recent passing, leading one to ask whether political support for Bolivarianism will continue without its revolutionary leader.
- Psychosocial work environment and intention to leave the nursing profession: a cross-national prospective study of eight countries. [Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]
- Int J Health Serv 2013; 43(3):519-36.
Many countries throughout the world are facing a serious nursing shortage, and retention of nurses also is a challenge. The aim of this study was to compare the predictive contribution of a broad spectrum of psychosocial work factors, including job strain, effort-reward imbalance, and alternative employment opportunity, to the probability of intention to leave the nursing profession. A total of 7,990 registered female nurses working in hospitals in eight countries (Germany, Italy, France, The Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Slovakia, and China) were included in the one-year prospective study. A standardized questionnaire on job strain, effort-reward imbalance, employment opportunity, and intention to leave |
The 15 cm (5.9 in.) Nebelwerfer ("smoke launcher") was the standard German World War II solid-propellant artillery rocket. Spin-stabilized by 26 canted nozzles on the mid-section, | The 15 cm (5.9 in.) Nebelwerfer ("smoke launcher") was the standard German World War II solid-propellant artillery rocket. Spin-stabilized by 26 canted nozzles on the mid-section, it had its warhead in the rear to increase the effectiveness of its charge. Chemical warfare was the original objective of the solid-fuel rocket program, but as neither side used poison gas in Europe in World War II, Nebelwerfer units fired smoke or high-explosive projectiles. The standard launcher was a six-tube wheeled vehicle towed behind a truck or half-track. After 1940, the rocket propellant was a diglycol "smokeless powder." The "41" in the designation indicates that the design was finalized in 1941, the "Spr." that it was a high-explosive version. These rockets were first deployed in the attack on the USSR that same year.
This artifact was probably manufactured in 1942. The U.S. Army Ordnance Museum transferred it to the Smithsonian in 1989.
Transferred from the U.S. Army Ordnance Museum |
Despite some of the highest levels of education spending in the entire nation, New Jersey’s public schools continue to confront a critical achievement gap that shortchanges our children. For example, the achievement gap between wealthy and low-income 8th graders in | Despite some of the highest levels of education spending in the entire nation, New Jersey’s public schools continue to confront a critical achievement gap that shortchanges our children. For example, the achievement gap between wealthy and low-income 8th graders in math is nearly the same as it was 19 years ago; the gap between at-risk 4th graders and those not at-risk has remained nearly unchanged over the past 13 years. Likewise, New Jersey’s education system has failed to prepare vast numbers of students with the critical skills required to be competitive in college or the workforce. In 2009, nearly 30 percent of all 8th graders statewide lacked basic math skills.
Governor Christie’s Reform Agenda will bring necessary and long overdue reform to the public education system by making teacher effectiveness and student achievement the driving forces behind public policies and practices. The first step toward innovation in the public school system means focusing on accountability.
“As a proud product of New Jersey’s public schools, I want nothing more than to see our public education system give our children the quality education they deserve,” said Governor Christie. “Yet, if we are to be successful in our reform efforts, we must be honest about our shortcomings, candid about our failures, and open to the necessary reforms that are crucial to bringing positive change and innovation to our classrooms, no matter their zip code.
“For too long we have accepted low expectations and failure – particularly in our urban school districts – which has stolen hope from generations of New Jersey families. Today, we begin to put an end to the cycle of inaction by challenging the status quo, demanding more for our children and restoring the promise of a brighter future for every one of our communities,” Governor Christie concluded.
Governor Christie is proposing reforms to reward innovative and effective teaching, expand opportunities for New Jersey’s best teachers, and put student achievement at the center of educator evaluations. Governor Christie is challenging the education establishment with reforms to:
Governor Christie also recognizes that through empowerment, parents can becomes better advocates for quality education for their children and increase accountability in our schools. The Governor’s reforms will work to:
Additional details of Governor Christie’s Reform Proposals for education outlined today can be found as a PDF attachment to this release.
Also, a copy of Executive Order 42 can be found attached to this email. Executive Order 42 establishes the New Jersey Educator Effectiveness Task Force, which is further detailed in the subsequent fact sheet on the Christie Reform Agenda. |
- Study at Deakin
- Campus life
- Industry and community
- About Deakin
Pipelining from 2010- for continuing students only.
|Cohort rule:||(For students enrolled in courses E356, E | - Study at Deakin
- Campus life
- Industry and community
- About Deakin
Pipelining from 2010- for continuing students only.
|Cohort rule:||(For students enrolled in courses E356, E365 and E356P only)|
|Unit chair:||G Ferencz|
This is the first of two units examining the learning and teaching of mathematics in primary schools. Students will develop their understanding of the mathematical concepts, terminology and processes related to primary mathematics; be involved in the development of learning activities and resources to support children's construction of concepts associated with relevant mathematics topics, and begin to develop an appropriate theoretical framework for the learning and teaching of mathematics. Topics will include philosophical issues and recent developments in mathematics education; ancient and modern systems of numeration, counting and place value; the development of children's early number concepts; the use of calculators in primary mathematics; mental computation and estimation; the four operations and associated algorithms; developing children's concepts of chance through practical experiences; the role of discussion and small-group work in classrooms; and the development of informal and formal concepts for the measurement of length, perimeter, area and volume.
There are three assessment items for this unit:
Assignment 1: Students prepare a report based on an interview with early years children (30%).
Assignment 2: Students prepare a presentation on a primary maths topic (30%)
Assignment 3: Examination (40%).
Assessment will total the equivalent of 4000 words.
Mathematics Education 1: Study Guide, Deakin University 1997
Mathematics Education 1: Reader, Deakin University 1997
Guidelines in Measurement, Ministry of Education (Vic) 1981 (reprinted)
Guidelines in Number, Ministry of Education (Vic) 1985 (reprinted)
A National Statement on Mathematics for Australian Schools, Curriculum Corporation, Australian Education Council, Carlton, 1991.
Your own state's or region's current curriculum document for primary mathematics. (refer to website of relevant Education Department)
Unit Fee Information
|Student Contribution Rate*||Student Contribution Rate**||Fee rate - Domestic Students||Fee rate - International students|
* Rate for all CSP students, except for those who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
** Rate for CSP students who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
Please note: Unit fees listed do not apply to Deakin Prime students. |
by Jack Kenefick on June 12, 2012
About two thirds of Americans take some sort of multi-vitamin because they believe that they are not getting all the proper nutrients needed through their regular diet. Supplements supply some vitamins and | by Jack Kenefick on June 12, 2012
About two thirds of Americans take some sort of multi-vitamin because they believe that they are not getting all the proper nutrients needed through their regular diet. Supplements supply some vitamins and minerals, but they do not provide all of the nutrients necessary for optimal health. Supplements give us only a fraction the 42 nutrients we need every day and they cannot make up for poor eating habits. Unlike supplements, fruits and vegetables have lots of fiber, which is essential in helping proper digestion and a healthy colon.
Supplements are not needed if a certain variety of foods are eaten regularly. Consuming more vitamins and minerals than the body needs does not improve physical or mental health. In fact, too much of certain supplants can actually be toxic. Your body uses most nutrients found naturally in food the same way it does with supplements. Many supplements out there are advertising that they are time-released, for more sustained energy and health. However, for the most part, time-released supplements are not absorbed by the body as efficiently than if you were to get those nutrients naturally through food. If you are to use vitamin supplements, the best form to take them is chewable, so they break down and absorb completely in the body.
The most common types of illness in the United States are chronic diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer. Eating a properly balanced diet that is rich in anti-oxidants naturally will go a long way in preventing much of these avoidable diseases. Using vitamins to make up for poor eating habits will not prevent these illnesses. Research from about 10 years ago showed that taking vitamin supplements could possibly hinder the onslaught of many chronic diseases. However, there has been no concrete proof in the subsequent years that these supplements alone can reduce the likelihood of developing these illnesses. However, there has been concrete evidence that eating lots of foods rich in anti-oxidants, such as green, leafy vegetables, and fruits can help hinder the formation of these diseases.
Osteoporosis is a common illness of aging women and can be caused by many factors, including estrogen levels, lack of exercise, gender, body weight and size, smoking and simple genetics. The best treatment for aging women with osteoporosis is a combination of a calcium supplement, vitamin D, resistance training exercise and estrogen. The most common natural source for calcium and vitamin D is in dairy products. So if you are unable to tolerate dairy or are trying to keep your weight down, then a good calcium and vitamin D supplement is good practice.
So in short, supplements can be helpful in filling in the gaps for our shortcomings with nutrition when we can’t follow a proper diet, but they do not substitute getting those vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidants from whole, natural foods high in fiber such as fruits and vegetables. So try to get into the habit of shopping more for these types of foods and incorporating them in your daily diet rather than being lazy and trying to fix the deficiency with supplements.
The use of any advice on this website is at your own risk. Please consult us, or any other professional, licensed personal trainer or your health care professional, like your doctor, first to see if the advice is applicable to your specific situation.
Get the 6 easy steps to weight loss within 30 days ebook free when you signup for our newsletter! |
Arguably the most important dog in World War II never saw combat; in fact, he was one of the breeds deemed unfit for duty by virtue of his stubby legs and long coat. But he was also of a breed that had been considered | Arguably the most important dog in World War II never saw combat; in fact, he was one of the breeds deemed unfit for duty by virtue of his stubby legs and long coat. But he was also of a breed that had been considered suitable for a gentleman to keep in town since the mid-19th century, and in President Roosevelt he met the perfect human companion.
Roosevelt’s cousin, Margaret “Daisy” Suckley, brought a small six-month-old black puppy, a gift from Katharine Davies, to the White House on November 10, 1940, just after Roosevelt’s historic third victory. Suckley had already trained the Terrier, named Big Boy, to sit, roll over and jump in exchange for food, and those seem to have remained his only tricks. Charm he doubtless learned from the dog-loving Roosevelt, who had long desired a canine companion in the White House after his big dogs were deemed safer in Hyde Park than in Washington, where they might have threatened government employees and diplomats, as his distant cousin Teddy’s had a quarter of a century earlier. Roosevelt renamed the Scottie Murray the Outlaw of Falahill, after an anc |
The paper in Nature includes research by physicists Jayanth Banavar and Igor Volkov of Penn State University and Amos Maritan of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, along with Hubbell.
Conventional ecological theory says that | The paper in Nature includes research by physicists Jayanth Banavar and Igor Volkov of Penn State University and Amos Maritan of the International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, along with Hubbell.
Conventional ecological theory says that species coexist with one another by being different and the best competitors in their own ecological niches (functional roles) in the community. Hubbell challenged this theory in a widely acclaimed but controversial 2001 book called "The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography." In it he argued that many of the ecological patterns we see can be more simply and often better explained if competing species are treated as if they were essentially identical.
"This theory flies in the face of 50 years of research that has celebrated the uniqueness of all species in nature," said Hubbell, a professor of plant biology at UGA. "And while I certainly do believe that many aspects of species are unique, this theory is, more and more, fitting the patterns we see in nature."
Banavar, Volkov and Maritan were intrigued by the theory, and out of their reading of Hubbell's book sprang an intense collaboration, the first fruit of which is the paper in this week's Nature. The paper provides Hubbell's theory with a mathematically stronger and more general theoretical framework, which allowed the authors to solve one of the oldest and most celebrated theoretical problems in ecology.
"Sixty years ago, the great geneticist and statistician, Ronald Fisher, discovered a mathematical distribution describing patterns of relative species abundance - the pattern of commonness and rarity in species - in ecological communities," said Hubbell. "Fisher had no biological idea at all why it worked so well, but now we do. In this paper, we show that Fisher's |
'The Triangle Icon' by Wellington Reiter
By kjfitz @ 2007-12-20 16:10:59
As motorists approach RDU they are greeted by an outdoor sculpture that is a symbol of flight and North | 'The Triangle Icon' by Wellington Reiter
By kjfitz @ 2007-12-20 16:10:59
As motorists approach RDU they are greeted by an outdoor sculpture that is a symbol of flight and North Carolina's role in aviation history. RDU's Triangle Icon commemorates the 100th anniversary of powered flight by Orville and Wilbur Wright on December 17, 1903. The sculpture evokes the spirit of invention and serves as a symbol for the Raleigh-Durham region.
A 50-foot tower anchors the work and points skyward, symbolizing man's aspiration to fly. The pair of intersecting wings represents the Wright Brothers and the notion of flight. The 120-foot elliptical ring represents the length of the Wright Brothers' first flight and the circuitous nature of air travel involving time, movement and return.
The Icon is a joint project of the Raleigh-Durham Airport Authority, Durham and Wake Counties and the cities of Durham and Raleigh.
The Triangle Icon was designed by Wellington Reiter of Urban Instruments, Inc. of Boston. |
Emma Goldman called her "most gifted and brilliant anarchist woman America ever produced" Yet today, Voltairine de Cleyre is virtually unknown even among libertarians. She is discussed only briefly in histories of American anarchism and is not even mentioned | Emma Goldman called her "most gifted and brilliant anarchist woman America ever produced" Yet today, Voltairine de Cleyre is virtually unknown even among libertarians. She is discussed only briefly in histories of American anarchism and is not even mentioned at all in the more general studies of James Joll, George Woodcock, and Daniel Guerin. Though her writing was both voluminous and powerful, she appears in only one modern anarchist anthology.1 Only two modern collections of American radical thought include her classic "Anarchism and American Traditions"; and ironically, neither is primarily anarchist in content2.
Voltairine de Cleyre was, in the words of her biographer, Paul Avrich,3 " A brief comet in the anarchist firmament, blazing out quickly and soon forgotten by all but a small circle of comrades whose love and devotion persisted long after her death." But "her memory," continues Avrich, "possesses the glow of legend."
in a small
village in Michigan in 1866, Voltairine plagued all her life by
poverty, pain, and ill health, died prematurely at the age of 45 in
1912. The short life span of her life |
Dental Self-tests – Bad Breath Self-test
Many people have questions regarding their breath. Many are unable to tell if they have bad breath. Often times, you will hear a friend talk about someone else’s horrible breath, yet never tell the | Dental Self-tests – Bad Breath Self-test
Many people have questions regarding their breath. Many are unable to tell if they have bad breath. Often times, you will hear a friend talk about someone else’s horrible breath, yet never tell the other person. A simple technique one can perform on their own, is to take a bad breath self-test which involves a few simple steps:
A.) Take a dry, clean unscented cloth and retract the tongue
with one hand and scrub the furthest part of your tongue for about 5 seconds. This should include about 4 good scrubs. Wait approximately 30 seconds and smell the cloth. If it has a bad smell, it may signify halitosis.
B.) Take a piece of unwaxed, unscented floss and floss the upper or lower posterior teeth. Usually 2 to 3 teeth should be sufficient. Wait about 30 seconds and sme |
SOMEONE NEEDS to give David DeMoss a civics lesson ("What's 'inevitable' is fight for Mass. vote on gay marriage," Letters, June 5). We do not live in a democracy, we live | SOMEONE NEEDS to give David DeMoss a civics lesson ("What's 'inevitable' is fight for Mass. vote on gay marriage," Letters, June 5). We do not live in a democracy, we live in a republic. Civil rights issues should never come to a popular vote in a republic. It would be frightening to live under a system where the majority can vote itself anything it wants. One of the most important functions of our republic is to protect the rights of minorities who may not have enough votes to protect themselves.
David Mordecai, Weston
DAVID DEMOSS (Letters, June 5) writes that the gay-rights community did not win a fair fight in Massachusetts, because the populace was not allowed to vote on the constitutional amendment forbidding the recognition of gay marriages. However, about 90 percent of the populace is straight. How can such a majority presume to vote on an issue that exclusively affects gays, and how could such a vote possibly be considered fair?
Tom Robinson, Wayland |
Photos and VideosMore Photos and Videos
This image provided by NASA shows an artist's depiction showing a discovery by NASA's Kepler mission of a world where two suns set over the horizon instead of just one. Data from the Kepler mission will be | Photos and VideosMore Photos and Videos
This image provided by NASA shows an artist's depiction showing a discovery by NASA's Kepler mission of a world where two suns set over the horizon instead of just one. Data from the Kepler mission will be unraveled at Ames Research Center in Mountain View.
The search is over. Now the discoveries can begin.
Scientists at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View are beginning to sift through the mountains of data collected by the Kepler space-camera and telescope, according to the San Jose Mercury News.
Keper, a $600 million effort, has spent four years in space, using a meter-wide lens to record the locations of new planets, the newspaper reported. The craft made incalcuable gains in the knowledge of other solar systems.
The spacecraft is "crippled" now, with several of its gyroscopes out of commission, which means its photos are now blurry, the newspaper reported.
Had funding not been cut, Kepler would have been in service until 2019 -- possibly collecting enough data to satisfy the alien-hunters at SETI, or the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.
But in its time, the craft has collected "two years of data," the newspaper reported, which means many discoveries are yet to come. |
Autoimmune diseases cause Candida yeast infections
Posted Dec 13 2009 12:00am
Autoimmune diseases such as Multiple sclerosis, arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, scler | Autoimmune diseases cause Candida yeast infections
Posted Dec 13 2009 12:00am
Autoimmune diseases such as Multiple sclerosis, arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, scleroderma, hemolytic anemia, sarcoidosis and thrombocytopenic purpura can be caused by Candida yeast infections.
What is systemic yeast (Candida)?
Candida albicans is a fungal organism that is present in everyone's intestinal tract. It is normally kept under control by the immune system and by beneficial intestinal bacteria.
This balance is upset when these bacteria are destroyed (typically by antibiotics), when our immune function is impaired (typically due to stress or illness), or when we develop environmental or food sensitivities.
Once that balance is upset, Candida begins to proliferate and invade and colonize our body tissues. It most commonly appears as a vaginal yeast infection or as oral thrush. But Candida albicans can also spread inside the body and become a systemic problem.
How does Candida albicans affect the body?
When Candida proliferates, it changes from its simple, relatively harmless form to an invasive form, with long root-like structures that penetrate the intestinal lining. Penetration can break down the boundary between the intestinal tract and the circulatory system. This may allow introduction into the bloodstream of many substances which may be systemic allergens, poisons, or irritants. Partially digested proteins may enter the blood through the openings created by Candida (called leaky gut syndrome), which explains why individuals with Candida also often display a variety of food and environmental allergies. |
In 1915 and 1916, Goldman became an advocate for women's rights to birth control, and ultimately, general reproductive choice. She smuggled birth control into the country and was arrested several times, though that campaign was cut short by | In 1915 and 1916, Goldman became an advocate for women's rights to birth control, and ultimately, general reproductive choice. She smuggled birth control into the country and was arrested several times, though that campaign was cut short by World War I. Speaking out on conscientious objection, Goldman served a prison term and then was deported to the Soviet Union for her views.
During her time in the United States, Goldman focused not only on birth control, but on sexual freedom for women in general. The Jewish Women's Archive describes her radical views – she felt that the patriarchy was oppressive and restrained women, that marriage was legalized prostitution, and that requiring women to bear children limited them socially and economically. Interestingly, she was opposed to the suffrage movement because she felt that its approach was illusory and rooted in middle-class privilege, and that it would not bring any real improvement to women's inferior position.
Here's some great quotes:
To the moralist prostitution does not consist so much in the fact that the woman sells her body, but rather that she sells it out of wedlock.
EMMA GOLDMAN, Anarchism and Other Essays
Nowhere is woman treated according to the merit of her work, but rather as a sex. It is ther |
It is very hard to define a human mind with a such mathematical rigor as it is possible to define a Turing machine. We still do not have a working model of a mouse brain however we have the hardware capable of simulating it. A mouse | It is very hard to define a human mind with a such mathematical rigor as it is possible to define a Turing machine. We still do not have a working model of a mouse brain however we have the hardware capable of simulating it. A mouse has around 4 million neurons in the cerebral cortex. A human being has 80-120 billion neurons (19-23 billion neocortical). Thus, you can imagine how much more research will need to be conducted in order to get a working model of a human mind.
You could argue that we only need to do top-down approach and do not need to understand individual workings of every neuron. In that case you might study some non-monotonic logic, abductive reasoning, decision theory, etc. When the new theories come, more exceptions and paradoxes occur. And it seems we are nowhere close to a working model of a human mind.
After taking propositional and then predicate calculus I asked my logic professor:
"Is there any logic that can define the whole set of human language?"
"How would you define the following?
To see a World in a grain of sand
And a Heaven in a wild flower,
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand
And Eternity in an hour.
If you can do it, you will become famous."
There have been debates that a human mind might be equivalent to a Turing machine. However, a more interesting result would be for a human mind not to be Turing-equivalent, that it would give a rise to a definition of an algorithm that is not possibly computable by a Turing machine. Then the Church's thesis would not hold and there could possibly be a general algorithm that could solve a halting problem.
Until we understand more, you might find some insights in a branch of philosophy. However, no answer to your question is generally accepted. |
Moderated by Einztein Course Discussions
This course focuses on information as quantity, resource, and property. We study the application of quantitative methods to understanding how information technologies inform issues of public policy, regulation, and law. How are music, | Moderated by Einztein Course Discussions
This course focuses on information as quantity, resource, and property. We study the application of quantitative methods to understanding how information technologies inform issues of public policy, regulation, and law. How are music, images, and telephone conversations represented digitally, and how are they moved reliably from place to place through wires, glass fibers, and the air? Who owns information, who owns software, what forms of regulation and law restrict the communication and use of information, and does it matter? How can personal privacy be protected at the same time that society benefits from communicated or shared information?
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Why to create is to choose the right combinations.
Great books are always Rube Goldberg machines of discovery for other great books, with their intricately woven mesh of allusions, references, and citations. One such particularly prolific treasure trove of pointer | Why to create is to choose the right combinations.
Great books are always Rube Goldberg machines of discovery for other great books, with their intricately woven mesh of allusions, references, and citations. One such particularly prolific treasure trove of pointer to related works is the 1957 gem The Art of Scientific Investigation, which you might recall from recent looks at its insights on serendipity and chance-opportunism and the role of intuition in discovery and creation. Among the countless fascinating books it references is The Foundations of Science (public library), originally published in 1908 by the legendary French mathematician, philosopher of science, and polymath Henri Poincaré (1854-1912), who offers the following account of ideation and the creative process, emphasizing both the combinatorial nature of creativity and the importance of editing and subtraction:
To invent, I have said, is to choose; but the word is perhaps not wholly exact. It makes one think of a purchaser before whom are displayed a large number of samples, and who examines them, one after the other, to make a choice. Here the samples would be so numerous that a whole lifetime would not suffice to examine them. This is not the actual state of things. The sterile combinations do not even present themselves to the mind of the inventor. Never in the field of his consciousness do combinations appear that are not really useful, except some that he rejects but which have to some extent the characteristics of useful combinations. All goes on as if the inventor were an examiner for the second degree who would only have to question the candidates who had passed a previous examination.
The Foundations of Science is now in the public domain and is thus available for free in multiple formats, though with many errors due to the imperfections of optical character recognition technology, from The Internet Archive. |
Election and Oil and Gas Drilling May Shape Sage-Grouse Story
The timing of a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service decision to propose listing of the greater sage-grouse as a threatened or endangered species is coinciding with the | Election and Oil and Gas Drilling May Shape Sage-Grouse Story
The timing of a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service decision to propose listing of the greater sage-grouse as a threatened or endangered species is coinciding with the presidential election and the rapid expansion of the influential oil and gas industry.
Controversy over the birds, once numbering in the millions in the western U.S. and Canada, has been simmering for years. FWS estimates they are at 1% to 31% of their historical levels, and most of the warring factions agree that the birds are in trouble. However, there is sharp disagreement over whether the birds can recover through fledgling voluntary management programs, or if listing under the Endangered Species Act is necessary.
FWS says it will try to announce its decision whether to propose a listing of threatened or endangered by Dec. 29, 2004, though that date could slip a few weeks or months. FWS, Diane Katzenberger, 303-236-4578; Greater Sage-Grouse web page (includes a map of historical and current range)
If Bush is re-elected, a coalition of environmentalists who triggered the FWS timing through their petitions for a decision expect the agency won't propose threatened or endangered status. If that's the case, some environmentalists may sue. Western Environmental Law Center, Amy Atwood, 541-485-2471 x105.
Resolution of a suit may require a comprehensive, impartial assessment, now unavailable, of whether the dozens of sage habitat management programs now in some stage of implementation by various public and private parties will effectively prevent extinction of the birds. A few environmental groups support some of the management programs, but many say they aren't effective enough, since they are unenforceable, geographically limited, and underfunded. American Lands Alliance, Mark Salvo, 503-757-4221; Sagebrush Sea Campaign.
Many industries (oil and gas, grazing, agriculture, mining, developers, etc.) also prefer the voluntary management programs over a listing of threatened or endangered. Partnership for America, Jim Sims, 303-278-4666; American Gas Association, Peggy Laramie, 202-824-7204.
The current threat to the grouse (and to several hundred other animal and plant species closely linked to sage) is due in large part to a wide range of impacts during the past 150 years, including major expansion of agriculture, grazing, mining, military facilities, and general development. Other current threats include drought, wildfires, and West Nile virus. Additional destruction and fragmentation of essential sage habitat by oil and gas operations could be the last straw for the birds, says Western Environmental Law Center's Erik Schlenker-Goodrich, 505-751-0351.
Environmental Working Group recently released a study documenting about 230 million acres of public lands around the West that are leased or being actively drilled for oil and gas.
Almost all lands that are current sage-grouse habitat are subject now and in the future to oil and gas drilling (much of NV and WY, southeast OR, southern ID, eastern MT, western CO, northern UT, and pockets in central WA, northeast CA, and northwest SD. In addition, it appears that pockets in southeast Alberta and southwest Saskatchewan in Canada are subject to the same pressures, though those two provinces and the Canadian government have declared the grouse endangered).
Buffer zones of two miles between land disturbance and critical grouse habitat could help reduce problems, say environmentalists, but current practice often allows disturbances much closer.
BLM, which manages a high percentage of both the remaining critical grouse habitat and current and future oil and gas lands, is seen as the agency likely to have the most impact on the sage-grouse, say FWS officials. BLM, Sharon Wilson, 202-452-5130. |
Psychology of Emotion
Interpersonal, Experiential, and Cognitive Approaches
Psychology Press – 2006 – 432 pages
Series: Principles of Social Psychology
This textbook discusses fundamental issues in the definition and measurement of | Psychology of Emotion
Interpersonal, Experiential, and Cognitive Approaches
Psychology Press – 2006 – 432 pages
Series: Principles of Social Psychology
This textbook discusses fundamental issues in the definition and measurement of emotion, including: conscious and unconscious processes; the ways in which emotions arise in, and are constrained by, social situations and social processes; the regulation and sharing of emotion and their effects of mental health; and the manner in which culture (including subculture) shapes or moderates some of these processes.
The book also focuses on the component processes of emotion, their functions, and the ways in which these interact with the social environment. Rather than deny either that emotions are biologically determined or that they are culturally created or shaped, both biology and social situation are treated as important forces in the elicitation and the experience of emotion.
Each section of the book is structured around specific approaches or models, and the precise questions that they were constructed to address. The theories and models are also placed in their in historical context. Discussion of the different approaches is elaborated by summaries of the extant scientific evidence, as well as examples of specific experiments or studies that were designed to evaluate the question. Timely, engaging real-world examples are used from a variety of international contexts.
The pedagogic features, including concise introductions and summaries, discussion questions, and suggested readings, have been incorporated into the volume, making this an ideal text for a course of Emotion, which can be found as an option within many social psychology and cognitive psychology courses.
'Questions about emotion strike to the heart of what psychology is all about, and are as old as psychological science itself. A century-worth of disagreements continue over how an emotion is to be defined, and how it functions in the economy of the mind and behavior, making it a challenge to write a book covering the study of emotion in all of its forms. This book, however, really delivers. Nie |
Social Studies, Grade 9 - 12, World Geography- Physical, 2004
1.) Identify major landform features on Earth using latitude and longitude and a variety of geographic tools.
Examples: maps, globes, topographic maps | Social Studies, Grade 9 - 12, World Geography- Physical, 2004
1.) Identify major landform features on Earth using latitude and longitude and a variety of geographic tools.
Examples: maps, globes, topographic maps, satellite imagery, reference and thematic maps
Understanding the concept of plate tectonics in relation to the shape of the world
Describing location and physical shape of the world's continents, oceans, and seas
Locating major mountains, plateaus, plains, and bodies of water
- mountains-Alps, Andes, Himalaya, Appalachian, Rocky;
- plateaus-Deccan and Tibetan plateaus;
- plains-Great Plains and altiplanos;
- bodies of water-Mississippi, Nile, Congo, Ganges, and Amazon Rivers
2.) Describe Earth's climates and biomes.
Examples: desert, tropical rainforest, tropical savanna, Mediterranean woodland, boreal forest, tundra
Describing how temperature, precipitation, and topography work together to determine world climates
Using the Koeppen-Geiger classification system to locate and describe world climate regions
Describing population adjustments and adaptations to environment and climate
Differentiating between world biomes by climate, vegetation, and fauna
3.) Identify components of Earth's physical systems.
Describing how physical processes in the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere shape characteristics of places
- atmosphere-weather, wind, atmospheric circulation;
- hydrosphere-rivers and streams;
- biosphere-plant and animal communities
Describing characteristics of ecosystems
Examples: biological interdependence of organisms and their environments; effect of physical characteristics on the number, kinds, and distribution of plants and animals in an ecosystem
Explaining multiple effects on biomes by an event using cause-and-effect situations
Examples: volcanic eruption event covering topsoil with hardened lava and obliterating flora and fauna, tornadoes damaging housing, floods leading to soil erosion and agricultural losses
4.) Identify world patterns of extreme physical events.
Examples: earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, typhoons
Describing how extreme events in different world regions affect human settlement
Examples: earthquakes in Turkey, hurricanes in coastal region of eastern United States, tornadoes in Alabama
Mapping natural disasters to illustrate alteration of landscapes
5.) Describe the consequences of deliberate and inadvertent human activities in altering the local and global environment.
Examples: restocking of fish, reforestation, crop rotation, depletion of rainforests, air pollution, habitat destruction
Discussing the debate over global climate change
6.) Describe long-term management and policies aimed at protecting Earth's resources.
Describing the effect of water shortages on human populations
Examples: costs and difficulties of water shortages in the western United States; use of market pricing to conserve water; water disputes between and among the southeastern states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Tennessee
Identifying plans to safeguard people and property in the event of major natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and tornadoes
Explaining various perceptions people and communities have regarding natural hazards and how they react to these hazards |
Better Students Ask More Questions.
What engaged in debate about the nature of democracy being superior to dictatorship,...
1 Answer | add yours
Middle School Teacher
I would suggest that the inclusion of more voices into the dialogue and discourse would be one of the | Better Students Ask More Questions.
What engaged in debate about the nature of democracy being superior to dictatorship,...
1 Answer | add yours
Middle School Teacher
I would suggest that the inclusion of more voices into the dialogue and discourse would be one of the most significant reasons why democracy is superior to a dictatorship. Democracy as a government seeks to include more voices and helps to bring a consensus by including as many points of view as possible. There are a plurality of paradigms adopted, greater chance for discussion and discourse, and the integration of more voices into the realm of policy making and legislation. Dictatorships seek to silence voices. No matter how benevolent, the singular idea of one person or group being the focal point of all government denies heterogeneity in the policy formation process. Additionally, I think that there is a greater propensity for abuse in a dictatorship where the silencing of voices becomes something more real than in a democracy. I think that the likelihood for abuse on the parts of those who wish to consolidate power for their own benefit is what makes dictatorships a form of government that has to be dissuaded in favor of a democratic order that integrates more voices and incorporates a greater sense of consensus.
Posted by akannan on March 27, 2012 at 6:30 AM (Answer #1)
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From Congress to The Colbert Report, people are talking about the Midwestern drought and debating whether it makes sense to convert the country's shrinking corn supplies into ethanol to power our cars.
It's the latest installment of the long-running food vs. fuel | From Congress to The Colbert Report, people are talking about the Midwestern drought and debating whether it makes sense to convert the country's shrinking corn supplies into ethanol to power our cars.
It's the latest installment of the long-running food vs. fuel battle.
But wouldn't it be lovely if somebody came up with a biofuel that didn't take food out of people's mouths?
A few years ago, some people thought they'd found it: A miracle tree called Jatropha. Unfortunately, the miracle turned out to be a mirage.
Jatropha does not, at first glance, seem all that enticing. It's a big bush that can grow into a small tree. Its leaves are poisonous. So are its little football-shaped fruit pods. But inside those pods are several black seeds, each one about twice the size of a coffee bean. Crush those seeds, and you get oil. The oil is good for making soap, burning in lamps — or converting into diesel fuel.
Ywe Jan Franken, an expert on biofuels for the FACT Foundation, a research group in the Netherlands, says this plant grows all over the tropics, including Indonesia, the Philippines, Cambodia, India and Latin America. (It originated in Central America, and Europeans spread it to their various colonies several centuries ago.)
It's an extremely hardy plant, and grows in places where most plants would die. "If you grow it on sandy soil, with not too many nutrients, and with dry periods, the plant miraculously survives," says Franken.
This is what really caught people's attention about a decade ago.
At that time, oil prices were soaring. People were getting increasingly worried about global warming. And some governments came to the conclusion that part of the answer could be biofuels, such as corn or palm oil. These biological fuel factories take carbon dioxide out of the air as they grow, which reduces the planet's burden of greenhouse gases.
As soon as they started to scale up biofuel production, however, they ran into the food v. fuel problem. More fertile land for biofuels means less food or forests.
At that point, a few experts recalled the virtues of Jatropha. If this bush could thrive on unused land, barren land, they thought, the world could enjoy biofuel without the guilt of cutting into food production.
The Jatropha Boom, Then Bust
Investors loved the idea. Around 2007 and 2008, they threw money at Jatropha projects, including huge plantations covering tens of thousands of acres, all over the tropics.
Mozambique, in southern Africa, was among the most active new centers of Jatropha cultivation. The country's president himself went from village to village, telling people to plant Jatropha trees. Home-grown fuel, he said, could turn life around for small villages. Belchion Lucas, a former reporter for Radio Mozambique, says that the president "used to say that they can even produce oil at home, without a factory."
Within just a few years, though, the dream of the perfect biofuel collapsed.
This was partly due to the financial crisis. When it hit, late in 2008, the easy money dried up. Foreign investors pulled out of some projects, leaving them in limbo.
But there was a bigger problem. The miracle plant turned out not to be so miraculous, after all.
Ywe Jan Franken, from FACT Foundation, says much of the enthusiasm about Jatropha was based on a misunderstanding. It's true, he says, that the tree can survive droughts, and poor soil. But under those conditions, it won't produce many seeds. If you actually want a good harvest of oil, he says, the plant "needs nutrients and water, just like any other crop." (Here is FACT Foundation's full technical assessment of Jatropha.)
This means that Jatropha fields will compete for the same fertile land as food crops. Welcome back, food vs. fuel.
Many of the companies that jumped into the Jatropha business have now climbed back out again; others are cutting back their operations.
Franken says the collapse of the Jatropha boom is disappointing for everyone, but it's most disappointing for the small farmers who bought into the dream.
Some of the projects, he says, "promised the farmers high returns, as has bee |
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides premium tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies to help low- and moderate-income Americans afford coverage. While subsidies will help many people purchase coverage, millions of individuals and families are not eligible for subsidies and, for those | The Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides premium tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies to help low- and moderate-income Americans afford coverage. While subsidies will help many people purchase coverage, millions of individuals and families are not eligible for subsidies and, for those that are eligible, the amount of the subsidy declines significantly as incomes rise.
Subsidies do NOT lower the underlying premium
- Subsidies will help many families pay for health care coverage, but subsidies do nothing to bring down the actual cost of that coverage.
- Subsidies do not lower premiums any more than Pell Grants red |
The early spider orchid has yellow-green to brownish green petals and sepals(1). The lip, which is said to look like a large spider, is purple-brown in colour and has a velvety appearance with a patch of | The early spider orchid has yellow-green to brownish green petals and sepals(1). The lip, which is said to look like a large spider, is purple-brown in colour and has a velvety appearance with a patch of bluish or violet markings in the centre (2) known as the'mirror' or'speculum' (5), which may take the form of a capital 'H' (2), occasionally an 'X' o |
The Venetians: A New History: from Marco Polo to Casanova (Hardback)
Short Description for The Venetians A colorful new history of Venice that illuminates the character of the great city-state by shining a light on some of | The Venetians: A New History: from Marco Polo to Casanova (Hardback)
Short Description for The Venetians A colorful new history of Venice that illuminates the character of the great city-state by shining a light on some of the most celebrated personalities of European history--Petrarch, Marco Polo, Galileo, Titian, Vivaldi, and Casanova.
- Published: 21 January 2014
- Format: Hardback 354 pages
- ISBN 13: 9781605984896 ISBN 10: 1605984892
$16.19 - Save $1.87 10% off - RRP $18.06
$17.69 - Save $2.02 10% off - RRP $19.71
$15.94 - Save $2.06 11% off - RRP $18.00
$26.59 - Save $3.41 11% off - RRP $30.00
$17.16 - Save $0.90 (4%) - RRP $18.06
Full description for The Venetians
The Republic of Venice was the first great economic, cultural, and naval power of the modern Western world. After winning the struggle for ascendency in the late 13th century, the Republic enjoyed centuries of unprecedented glory and built a trading empire which at its apogee reached as far afield as China, Syria and West Africa. This golden period only drew to an end with the Republic's eventual surrender to Napoleon.The Venetians illuminates the character of the Republic during these illustrious years by shining a light on some of the most celebrated personalities of European history--Petrarch, Marco Polo, Galileo, Titian, Vivaldi, Casanova. Frequently, though, these emblems of the city found themselves at odds with the Venetian authorities who prized stability above all else, and were notoriously suspicious of any "cult of personality." Was this very tension perhaps the engine for the Republic's unprecedented rise?Rich with biographies of some of the most exalted characters who have ever lived, The Venetians is a refreshing and authoritative new look at the history of the most evocative of city states. |
Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor and reigned from 1628 to 1658. His title practically means "King from the World". Shah Jahan is credited with getting moved the standard money seat of Muslims from A | Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor and reigned from 1628 to 1658. His title practically means "King from the World". Shah Jahan is credited with getting moved the standard money seat of Muslims from Agra to Delhi. His reign noticed the construction of a lot of architectural splendors. Not just did he build the eternal symbol of adore, Taj Mahal, but additionally constructed a series of palaces and tombs in Delhi. One from the significant tourist sights of Delhi, the Red Fort was developed by him as his own palace. We try to offer a short biography of Shah Jahan, that can provide information about Shah Jehan lifestyle background.
He shifted his money from Agra to Delhi and started a entire chain of constructing monuments within the town. Delhi was an essential city politically and was also simply available because it was situated at a very strategic place. Shah Jahan built the Red Fort for himself and in addition obtained made the magnificent Peacock Throne, which was regarded as to become 1 |
The ending of a corporation, either voluntarily by filing a notice of dissolution with the Secretary of State or as ordered by a court after a vote of the shareholders, or involuntarily through government action as a result of failure to pay taxes. During | The ending of a corporation, either voluntarily by filing a notice of dissolution with the Secretary of State or as ordered by a court after a vote of the shareholders, or involuntarily through government action as a result of failure to pay taxes. During dissolution, corporate assets are liquidated and distributions are made to pay off corporate debts.
Definition from Nolo’s Plain-English Law Dictionary
Termination of a corporation with the Secretary of State or state corporations division by filing documents to withdraw the corporation as a business entity. Dissolution can either be started voluntarily, by res |
Byte serving is the process of sending only a portion of an HTTP/1.1 message from a server to a client. Byte serving uses the Range HTTP request header and the Accept-Ranges and Content-Range HTTP response headers.
Clients which request | Byte serving is the process of sending only a portion of an HTTP/1.1 message from a server to a client. Byte serving uses the Range HTTP request header and the Accept-Ranges and Content-Range HTTP response headers.
Clients which request byte-serving might do so in cases in which a large file has been only partially delivered and a limited portion of the file is needed in a particular range. Byte Serving is therefore a method of bandwidth optimization. In the HTTP/1.0 standard, clients were only able to request an entire document. By allowing byte-serving, clients may choose to request any portion of the resource. One advantage of this capability is when a large media file is being requested, and that media file is properly formatted, the client may be able to request just the portions of the file known to be of interest. This has been reported to work for some PDF files and clients in which a client may request a certain page, rather than the entire file. Other names for byte serving:
- Section 14.35.2 of RFC 2616 says the client makes Range Retrieval Requests when it makes a partial content request
- Clients make range requests
- Byte Range Serving
- Page on demand
Byte serving can also be used by multihomed clients to simultaneously download a resource over multiple network interfaces. To achieve this type of application-layer link aggregation, multiple HTTP sessions are established and logical file segments are collaboratively downloaded from the server and reassembled at the client. This allows full utilization of several end-to-end paths and therefore leads to an increased download speed.
The use of the Chunked Transfer-Enco |
News and Events
- Bertrand Russell Scholar
- for the
34th International Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform
- July 26 - 31, 2014
- Berkeley, CA
Join the lecture and conversation as a | News and Events
- Bertrand Russell Scholar
- for the
34th International Conference on Critical Thinking and Educational Reform
- July 26 - 31, 2014
- Berkeley, CA
Join the lecture and conversation as a conference delegate.
New! Historical Thinking Guide for Instructors
Bringing critical thinking explicitly into the heart of historical study
Presents history as a mode of thinking rather than a list of disconnected dates and names and places.
Use in conjunction with the
Student Guide to Historical Thinking:
Understanding critical thinking as the key to historical thinking.
What We Believe
he critical habit of thought, if usual in society, will pervade all
its mores, because it is a way of taking up the problems of life.
Men educated in it cannot be stampeded by stump orators...they are slow to believe. They can hold things as possible or probable in all...
~ William Graham Sumner, Folkways, 1906
ritical thinking is a desire to seek, patience to doubt, fondness to
meditate, slowness to assert, readiness to consider, carefulness
to dispose and set in order; and hatred for every kind of imposture.
~ Francis Bacon (1605) |
Within the framework of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20, the Government of Brazil and UNDP have extended an invitation to organizations and participants worldwide to take part in the Sustainable Development Dialogues. The dialogues are a virtual and | Within the framework of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20, the Government of Brazil and UNDP have extended an invitation to organizations and participants worldwide to take part in the Sustainable Development Dialogues. The dialogues are a virtual and direct platform for anyone who desires to add their voice to the Rio+20 Conference.
It is expected that Rio+20 will define the sustainable development agenda for the coming decades. The dialogues are a space to bring together stakeholders, experts, and members of civil society, including the private sector, NGOs, the scientific community, and others to discuss and define recommendations that will be taken directly to the Heads of State and Government during the High-Level Segment of Rio+20.
Facilitators from academic and research institutions will lead the online discussion in ten key themes which include: oceans, food and nutrition security, sustainable development for fighting poverty, sustainable development as an answer to the economic and financial crisis, sustainable energy for all, water, the economics of sustainable development, sustainable cities and innovation, unemployment, decent works, and migrations and forests.
This online platform, which functions as a blog, seeks to encourage broad, democratic, and diverse participation in the Sustainable Development Dialogues process. It constitutes a great opportunity to engage the private sector and the civil society in the Rio+20 conference and to support the success of the event with ideas and proposals.
For more information click here. |
This report describes the historical weather record at the Baltimore-Washington Thurgood Marshall International Airport (Baltimore, Maryland, United States) during 1959. This station has records back to December 1947.
Baltimore, Maryland has a | This report describes the historical weather record at the Baltimore-Washington Thurgood Marshall International Airport (Baltimore, Maryland, United States) during 1959. This station has records back to December 1947.
Baltimore, Maryland has a warm humid temperate climate with hot summers and no dry season. The area within 25 mi of this station is covered by forests (48%), built-up areas (23%), ocea |
"We are really capturing maybe 30 percent of consumption based on alcohol sales. So this is a big problem we are underestimating," he added.
Most binge drinkers have incomes of $75,000 or more, but those whose incomes are below | "We are really capturing maybe 30 percent of consumption based on alcohol sales. So this is a big problem we are underestimating," he added.
Most binge drinkers have incomes of $75,000 or more, but those whose incomes are below $25,000 drink the most (8.5 drinks each time) and most often (fi |
The Indian Question in Kenya
KENYA COLONY, or, as it used to be called, British East Africa, is a tropical possession of the British Empire situated right on the Equator. Topographically it may be divided into three main sections | The Indian Question in Kenya
KENYA COLONY, or, as it used to be called, British East Africa, is a tropical possession of the British Empire situated right on the Equator. Topographically it may be divided into three main sections. The northernmost of these, consisting largely of desert and unproductive soil, may be ignored for the purposes of this discussion; the value of the Colony both actual and prospective lies in the south between the island of Mombassa on the Indian Ocean and the shores of Lake Victoria Nyanza. The second main section consists of the actual sea coast (including Mombassa) and its immediate hinterland. As we go westward from the coast we pass through this low lying belt into the third section, which gradually rises until it becomes a high tableland at an average elevation of some 5,000 feet. It falls again to the shores of the great lake, though by no means to sea level. Nairobi, the capital, is between 5,000 and 6,000 feet above the sea.
Out of Kenya's total area of some 246,000 square miles this elevated tableland covers roughly about 50,000, though it has never been accurately surveyed. Its existence is of the highest importance to the present question, for it is only the "White Highlands," as it has come to be called, that makes European colonization at all possible. From this point of view the position is not unlike that in India where what may be called the agricultural settlers, the tea and coffee and rubber planters who alone own lands of any extent, are confined to the more elevated slopes.
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, chiefly owing to the enterprise of explorers, British trade began to be attracted to East Africa, but no attempt was made at first either to administer the country or to establish a colony. But when Germany put in an appearance in the eighties it became necessary to define the respective spheres of influence. Kenya Colony was allotted to the British. The island of Mombassa together with a strip of the coast extending inland for ten miles remained under the Sultan of Zanzibar, but in 1890 a British Protectorate was declared there and the administration is now carried on in conformity with British ideas. As happened in India, a trading company whose original object was only profits was driven by the force of |
Women imagine that when the doctor puts the embryos inside the uterus, they are deposited inside a space within the uterus in which the microscopic embryos can roll freely! They believe that if they rest, the embryos will settle down and stick to the wall of | Women imagine that when the doctor puts the embryos inside the uterus, they are deposited inside a space within the uterus in which the microscopic embryos can roll freely! They believe that if they rest, the embryos will settle down and stick to the wall of the cavity. After all, when you stick two pages together with glue, don’t you leave them undisturbed for some time to allow the glue to set? They are worried that if they walk about, the embryos will be disturbed from their resting place, and may fall out of the cavity.
In reality, the uterus is a muscular organ, about the size of your fist. When people hear the word ‘uterine cavity’, they imagine that there is a real cavity within the uterus ( like a cave, perhaps), but this is not true. The cavity we talk about is not a true cavity, but just a potential cavity. The walls of the uterus are in contact with each other – after all, there cannot be any empty areas inside the body! For example, press your palms together. There is no real space between them, since your palms are touching each other. What happens when you insert a small ball in between your palms? The ball has created a space for itself! In the same way, a uterus which doesn’t have an embryo inside it carries only a potential space. Only when the embryo grows in size will this space enlarge. Do you know that at 5 weeks of gestation your embryo is just the size of a sesame seed? Imagine what will happen if you keep a seed between your pressed palms and move your hands in whatever way you might wish to? There is no way the seed will be dislodged - it is safe, snug and secure in its resting place. This is exactly what happens to your embryos inside your uterus! Nothing you do can dislodge an embryo – NOTHING (even jumping or running)! If the embryo is healthy and if your endometrial layer is receptive, the embryo will stick to the wall and bury itself inside the lining (just like a seed does, when planted in fertile soil). External physical activity cannot influence this natural biological process which occurs in utero.
A lot women refuse to go to the bathroom for a few hours after the embryo transfer, because they are scared that if they pee, their embryo will fall out of the uterus. They just end up making themselves completely miserable – and I worry that an overdistended bladder can actually cause uterine contractions needlessly! Others are scared that if they cough or sneeze after the transfer, they will ruin their chances of success. Please do not obsess – remember that nature has designed the body with enough intelligence, that you don’t need to worry at all!
After the transfer, the uterus can contract (for example, during an orgasm, which often occurs while sleeping during the 2ww ), but the progesterone produced during the luteal phase will prevent these uterine contractions from dislodging the embryo. Intercourse and orgasm cannot cause any harm after the transfer – after all, fertile couples do have sexual intercourse during the 2ww, and they get pregnant all the time.
After an embryo transfer, bed rest is absolutely unnecessary. I have heard from women who have been forced to spend 2 weeks in bed after the embryo transfer – and many of them have done so because of their doctor’s orders! ( I think the reason some doctors continue to give this outdated advise is a clever way of subtly blaming the patient if the cycle fails! “ You didn’t get pregnant even though I did such a good job with your IVF treatment, because you did not rest properly “ is their subliminal message). Even a couple of days in bed can do you harm, physically and emotionally. Bed rest may increase body aches and back pain, and makes your physically uncomfortable. Resting may actually reduce uterine blood flow by reducing pelvic circulation. Bed rest creates havoc with your mental well-being as well! When you lie down in bed all the time and have nothing to do, your mind will start to play all sorts of games with you. The end result is an unhealthy obsession with your body’s symptoms and signs – and this often causes panic, which does not help after a stressful IVF cycle. The bed rest, rather than resting your mind, often causes more stress!
Please do not restrict your normal day-to-day activities after an embryo transfer. Use your common sense, and do not do any strenuous activity which might cause you to blame yourself if your cycle fails! And what happens if your mother in law enforces house arrest? Remember that she has been brainwashed, and is following well-meaning but misguided advise, based on centuries of myths and misconceptions about bed rest and pregnancy. She is not trying to harass you – she is just trying to help you to have a baby, based on her personal ( but flawed) world view! Please don’t rock the boat by flatly refusing to listen to her – just give her this article to read, so she understands why bed rest does not help! And if she is still unconvinced, please share this with her - Bed rest has not been scientifically proven to improve pregnancy rate after embryo transfer(PMID: 19590224).
This is an excerpt from our forthcoming, book, The Expert Patient's Guide to IVF. This being authored by our expert p |
Horned Two-rod Angler chokes on a Snoutscale Whiptail
Deepsea fishes often eat fishes larger than themselves. These 'big eaters' usually have large mouths and very distensible stomachs.
The top image | Horned Two-rod Angler chokes on a Snoutscale Whiptail
Deepsea fishes often eat fishes larger than themselves. These 'big eaters' usually have large mouths and very distensible stomachs.
The top image shows a 112 mm long Horned Two-rod Angler, Diceratias bispinosus, that bit off more than it could chew in the form of a 369 mm long Snoutscale Whiptail, Ventrifossa johnboborum. The fishes were found dead and floating on the surface south-east of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea in April 1968.
The Horned Two-rod Angler has long depressible teeth which would have allowed the Snoutscale Whiptail to be ingested but not allowed its release. Both fishes were assumed to have died because insufficient oxygenated water could pass over the gills. See Paxton & Lavenberg (1973) for more information.
The Horned Two-rod Angler grows to about 11 cm in length. It occurs in mesopelagic depths in tropical waters of the Indo-west Pacific. In |
Stress and Cognitive Appraisal
by Lazarus and Folkman
The model "Theory of Cognitive Appraisal" was proposed by Lazarus and Folkman in 1984 and it explained the mental process which influence of the stressors.
According | Stress and Cognitive Appraisal
by Lazarus and Folkman
The model "Theory of Cognitive Appraisal" was proposed by Lazarus and Folkman in 1984 and it explained the mental process which influence of the stressors.
According to Richard Lazarus, stress is a two-way process; it involves the production of stressors by the environment, and the response of an individual subjected to these stressors. His conception regarding stress led to the theory of cognitive appraisal.
What is Cognitive Appraisal?
Lazarus stated that cognitive appraisal occurs when a person considers two major factors that majorly contribute in his response to stress. These two factors include:
- The threatening tendency of the stress to the individual, and
- The assessment of resources required to minimize, tolerate or eradicate the stressor and the stress it produces.
In general, cognitive appraisal is divided into two types or stages: primary and secondary appraisal.
See also: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion
In the stage of primary appraisal, an individual tends to ask questions like, “What does this stressor and/ or situation mean?”, and, “How can it influence me?” According to psychologists, the three typical answers to these questions are:
- "this is not important"
- "this is good"
- "this is stressful"
To better understand primary appraisal, suppose a non-stop heavy rain suddenly pours at your place. You might think that the heavy rain is not important, since you don’t have any plans of going somewhere today. Or, you might say that the heavy rain is good, because now you don’t have to wake up early and go to school since classes are suspended. Or, you might see the heavy rain as stressful because you have scheduled a group outing with your friends.
After answering these two questions, the second part of primary cognitive appraisal is to classify whether the stressor or the situation is a threat, a challenge or a harm-loss. When you see the stressor as a threat, you view it as something that will cause future harm, such as failure in exams or getting fired from job. When you look at it as a challenge, you develop a positive stress response because you expect the stressor to lead you to a higher class ranking, or a better employment.
On the other h |
Chlamydia infection (from the Greek, χλαμύδος meaning "cloak") is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The term Chlam | Chlamydia infection (from the Greek, χλαμύδος meaning "cloak") is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The term Chlamydia infection can also refer to infection caused by any species belonging to the bacterial family Chlamydiaceae. C. trachomatis is only found in humans. Chlamydia is a major infectious cause of human genital and eye disease.
Chlamydia infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide — it is estimated that about 2.3 million individuals in the United States are infected with chlamydia. It is the most common bacterial STI in humans.
C. trachomatis is naturally found living only inside human cells. Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. Between half and three-quarters of all women who have a chlamydia infection of the neck of the womb (cervicitis) have no symptoms and do not know that they are infected. In men, infection of the urethra (urethritis) is usually symptomatic, causing a white discharge from the penis with or without pain on urinating (dysuria). Occasionally,
LAURINBURG -- Chlamydia is on the rise among teens, young adults, and blacks in Scotland County, Tina Clark reported to the Scotland County Board of Health at its Tuesday meeting.
Clark, who is the director of nursing and the Communicable Diseases... |
Content taken from Ohio Library Council's orientation website with permission.
Colorado Association of Libraries defines mission statements as broad, philosophical statements of the purpose of the library, specifying the fundamental reasons for its existence.
According to CAL, mission statements give direction to a | Content taken from Ohio Library Council's orientation website with permission.
Colorado Association of Libraries defines mission statements as broad, philosophical statements of the purpose of the library, specifying the fundamental reasons for its existence.
According to CAL, mission statements give direction to a library by establishing the scope of the library's activities, providing overall direction, and giving a framework and justification for the library's goals and objectives. the mission statement should include the library's support of intellectual freedom.
What's Our Mission?
The Garfield County Public Library District seeks to create, promote, and provide an environment of literacy, education, information, and entertainment for everyone in our communities.
To see how the Library District's mission statement affects our daily activities and long-term goals, check out our Strategic Plan! |
Whether green, red, yellow or orange, bell peppers are beneficial to your overall health. Here's why.
In the United States, bell peppers add sweet flavor to hundreds of popular dishes, from crisp salads to savory pizza and vegetable-laden stir | Whether green, red, yellow or orange, bell peppers are beneficial to your overall health. Here's why.
In the United States, bell peppers add sweet flavor to hundreds of popular dishes, from crisp salads to savory pizza and vegetable-laden stir-fry. Green bell peppers are the most common and, according to How Stuff Works, are “simply red or yellow peppers that haven’t ripened.” Shoppers can find red, orange or yellow bell peppers alongside green bell peppers in their local grocery produce sections.
Green versus red: health benefits. Both green and red bell peppers offer important nutrients, including dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, vitamin C and choline, but they differ in amount. One cup of chopped raw green bell pepper has 119 milligrams of vitamin C, for instance, compared to the same serving of red bell pepper, which has a whopping 190 milligrams of vitamin C. The red bell pepper also has more beta carotene, with 2,420 micrograms versus the 310 micrograms in a green bell pepper. The red also has more vitamin A, with 4,665 IU (international units), whereas the green has just 551 IU of vitamin A. Diets rich in vitamin A can help you maintain a healthy immune system and may aid in healthy vision. Vitamin A is also important for bone growth and cellular development.
Pick a pepper. Dole.com reports that most U.S. green bell peppers are grown in Florida, though the bell pepper is also grown in California, New Jersey, North Carolina and Texas. When selecting bell peppers for purchase, look for peppers with skins that are smooth and free of scars and wrinkles. The stem should not be withered. Avoid peppers that have soft spots or brownish discolorations.
Storing bell peppers. Unwashed bell peppers will stay fresh for about a week if refrigerated. Keep the peppers in a plastic bag or container to maintain maximum freshness. A bounty of bell peppers is a good thing! Bell peppers freeze with ease. Simply wash the bell peppers, cut into strips for stir-fry or chop for other recipes. Dry with a paper towel and place the washed and cut bell peppers into freezer safe bags or containers. The frozen peppers are ideal to add to soups, stews, casseroles and skillet dishes.
Fun facts. Pepper plants can grow as tall as three feet! As the green bell pepper ripens further turning from green to red, its flavor mellows and becomes even sweeter. Roasted red bell peppers are a flavorful ingredient featured in many salads and sandwiches. |
AAO image reference UKS 41. « Previous || Next »
Top left is NE. Image width is about 30 arcmin.
© 2010, Australian Astronomical Observatory. Photograph by David Malin from UK Schmidt Telescope plates | AAO image reference UKS 41. « Previous || Next »
Top left is NE. Image width is about 30 arcmin.
© 2010, Australian Astronomical Observatory. Photograph by David Malin from UK Schmidt Telescope plates.
The vast Carina Nebula is about 7000 light-years distant and is lit by numerous, very hot stars, many of which have recently form from the dust and gas in which they are embedded. The gas is mostly hydrogen but there's also traces of oxygen, sulphur and other elements present. The ultraviolet light causes these elements to glow. Their emission spectrum contains a few very bright lines at wavelengths precisely define |
- Ár Teaghlaigh: Our Family
- Faces of Genealogy
- Interviewing Family
- Finding Irish Ancestors: Research Aids
- 'Orphans' List of 1847 - The Great Famine
| - Ár Teaghlaigh: Our Family
- Faces of Genealogy
- Interviewing Family
- Finding Irish Ancestors: Research Aids
- 'Orphans' List of 1847 - The Great Famine
- The Act of Union Black List 1800/1801
- Geographical & Political Designations
- Civil Registration Districts
- Latin Terms
- Copyright and Disclosures
- About Me
Wednesday, June 22, 2011
What does it mean to say "I am an Irish Citizen."?
Mother: Irish Born, Irish Citizen
Brother: Irish Born, Irish Citizen
Me: Canadian Born, Irish Citizen?
Under Irish law, because it is the case that my mother and my father are Irish born, and were Irish citizens at the time of my birth, I am automatically an Irish citizen.
What does it truly mean to say, "I am an Irish citizen"?
Strictly speaking, to be an Irish citizen means that I am a member of a political community, specifically the nation of the Republic of Ireland. With Irish citizenship come certain legal rights; for example, I am allowed to travel on an Irish passport. Ireland is a member of the European Union (EU); therefore, as an Irish citizen I am free to live and work in any member country of the EU. No residence or work permits are necessary for me. It all sounds very nice and uncomplicated; however, with rights come responsibilities, so what is required of me as an Irish citizen?
As an Irish citizen living outside of Ireland there is little required of me, at least in legal terms. I am not allowed to vote in Irish elections, nor am I allowed to be a jury member. I am an Irish citizen, but I am on the outside looking in. In some respects it appears as though the legal designation is a meaningless one; however, for me being a citizen of Ireland is more than just a legal or political designation. To be a citizen is to represent the country of Ireland in the best possible way. Perhaps this explains my tendency to "get my knickers in a knot" when I feel as though Irish research is being misrepresented.
A few years ago when I attended an Irish women's history conference, I had a discussion with a couple of Irish academics about the way in which Ireland is viewed by citizens living outside the country. In the case of my parents, and some other family members who had emigrated out of Ireland, it seemed to me as though their idea of Ireland was frozen in time, as if the country remained exactly as it was when they left it. It also appeared that over time their view of Ireland had changed. In their estimation it now seemed as though the country was a sort of dream-like place, a place without hardship or conflict, a place to look upon wi |
MOBILE, Alabama — From Harper’s Heartleaf to the one-toed amphiuma, more than 100 kinds of plants and animals found in Alabama and Mississippi wetlands and waterways may be so rare that they should be protected under the | MOBILE, Alabama — From Harper’s Heartleaf to the one-toed amphiuma, more than 100 kinds of plants and animals found in Alabama and Mississippi wetlands and waterways may be so rare that they should be protected under the federal Endangered Species Act, federal officials announced this week.
That’s in addition to the 123 species in Alabama, 44 more in Mississippi, that are already listed as threatened or endangered under federal law or are considered candidates for such protection.
The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service will consider protecting a total of 374 new species from the Southeast, all of which were included in a petition sent to the agency by the Center for Biological Diversity, the Alabama Rivers Alliance, the Gulf Restoration Network and other environmental groups.
Typically, federal scientists select the species that will be considered for the list. But faced with reluctance among Bush-era officials to add to it, the Center for Biological Diversity began to challenge the Fish & Wildlife agency in court.
The new petition is predominately focused on species living in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee and the Carolinas. All dwell in aquatic systems, including rivers, creeks, ponds, swamps or pitcher plant bogs.
The petition states that the rate species are being lost in the South “is comparable to the extinction rate for tropical rainforests.”
[More on this story: Click here to read the petition.]
Dams, logging, urban sprawl, mining, poor agricultural practices, pollution and invasive species are major factors, according to the petition, which the groups said they filed “to stave off a looming extinction crisis.”
Alabama had 109 species in the petition, including salamanders, snails, mussels, beetles, dragonflies, caddisflies, crayfish, turtles and various plants. Mississippi had 18 species, primarily crawfish.
In the announcement from the Fish & Wildlife Service, officials estimate that it will be six years before the agency begins the process that could confer federal protection to those species. The delay is due to a backlog of 250 species already in the process of being considered for federal protection.
The petition highlights the diversity of aquatic creatures in the southeastern United States, reporting that the region is home to 62 percent of the nation’s fish species, 91 percent of mussel species, 48 percent of all dragonfly species and 66 percent of all crawfish.
And of all the Southern states, Alabama is the king of aquatic diversity. For instance, the state is home to more than a third of all the freshwater fish species in the nation.
“Aquatic biodiversity in the state of Alabama, there is nothing quite like it in the world. This is a very rich state,” said Dan Everson, deputy director of Fish & Wildlife’s Daphne Field Office. “For that reason, it is no surprise that so many of the species are from Alabama. The changes we’ve made to our river systems with the building of dams, the changes to how water flows through our landscapes, we’ve changed things dramatically.”
Alabama has long been considered the leader in aquatic extinctions, with 67 creatures in the state declared extinct.
Everson said that in some measure, federal scientists consider the new list of potentially threatened species something of a call to arms, highlighting species that are in trouble. He cited the recent news that an Alabama snail had been saved from extinction and subsequently removed from the endangered species list. It was the first such aquatic animal to ever be rescued from extinction.
Mitch Reid, with the Alabama Rivers Alliance, said the action by Fish & Wildlife was a positive step.
“The petition and subsequent court action by the Center for Biological Diversity have really just encouraged the Fish & Wildlife Service to follow its own rules and look at these species,” Reid said. “For the agency to acknowledge that 374 species warrant consideration, that says the petition was not frivolous, that there is sound science suggesting these species are in trouble.”
The petition also highlighted the rare diversity in Alabama’s plant life, suggesting 28 species are might merit protection.
“Harpers Heartleaf is in two counties, Autauga and Chilton, and nowhere else in the world,” said Bill Finch, director of the Mobile Botanical Gardens, discussing a rare Alabama ginger included in the petition. “Pot of Gold lilies, Boykins lobelia, Wherry’s sweet pitcherplant... these are all extremely rare. If |
Environmental Public Health
APHA works with partners and members – including the Environment Section of APHA – to bring national attention to environmental public health issues and to promote health protective policy.
APHA develops targeted educational materials and messages that highlight the connection between | Environmental Public Health
APHA works with partners and members – including the Environment Section of APHA – to bring national attention to environmental public health issues and to promote health protective policy.
APHA develops targeted educational materials and messages that highlight the connection between healthy communities and healthy people.
APHA uses science-based policies developed by members as the foundation for its work on the following focus areas:
- Built Environment
- Chemical Exposure & Prevention
- Climate Change
- Food Systems
- Workforce Development
APHA supports efforts to create healthy, sustainable communities:
For more information, visit APHA's new environmental public health website at www.apha-environment.org |
Caitlin Stier, reporter
Second-hand Prozac in waste water could be sending shrimps' swimming patterns haywire, making them easy targets for predators.
Alex Ford and Yasmin Guler at the University of Portsmouth in the UK | Caitlin Stier, reporter
Second-hand Prozac in waste water could be sending shrimps' swimming patterns haywire, making them easy targets for predators.
Alex Ford and Yasmin Guler at the University of Portsmouth in the UK collected local shrimp, Echinogammarus marinus, and observed their behaviour in the lab. The shrimp were exposed to different levels of the antidepressant fluoextine - or Prozac - to test whether the presence of the drug would affect the way the shrimp respond to light.
In humans, Prozac acts as a mood enhancer by prolonging the effect of serotonin at nerve terminals. The shrimp, on the other hand, responded to increased serotonin levels by swimming towards the light (Aquatic Toxicology DOI:10.1016/j/aquatox.2010.05.019).
The pair found that shrimps exposed to the same Prozac levels present in waste water that flows to rivers and estuaries are five times more likely to swim toward the light instead of away from it. This behaviour could make the shrimp easy prey for fish and birds.
''Crustaceans are crucial to the food chain and if shrimps' natural behaviour is being changed because of antidepressant levels in the sea this could seriously upset the natural balance of the ecosystem," Ford is reported as saying in The Telegraph.
"It's no surprise that what we get from a pharmacy will be contaminating the wa |
by Edmund W. Sinnott (1917)
The importance of this interesting hypothesis, in support of which Dr. Willis has brought forward an abundance of evidence, would obviously be very great if it should be proved correct. It would upset the traditional | by Edmund W. Sinnott (1917)
The importance of this interesting hypothesis, in support of which Dr. Willis has brought forward an abundance of evidence, would obviously be very great if it should be proved correct. It would upset the traditional belief in Natural Selection as the most important factor in determining distribution. It would make it possible to tell at a glance the relative antiquity of the various elements in any flora and thus to reconstruct with ease the phytogeographical history of a region. It would enable us to identify the most widespread species in a given genus or the most widespread genus in a given family as the most ancient type in that particular genus or family, and thus to clear up at once many vexatious problems of phylogeny. Perhaps no other single hypothesis bears directly upon such a multitude of problems, and its verification is consequently a matter well worthy of our attention. The purpose of the present paper is to bring forward certain facts which [[p. 210]] emphasize the complexity of the whole problem and which throw doubt on the universal applicability of some of Dr. Willis's conclusions.
In the first place there seem to be many factors other than age which are important in determining the extent of territory over which a species is dispersed. No region of any considerable area can be said to be without 'well-marked barriers' of many sorts, such as differences in temperature, moisture, and soil composition, and the presence of competing or parasitic types, all of which are recognized as powerful factors in limiting the area occupied by a species. Ecologists find that even plants growing side by side are frequently living under very different conditions, and that a region which is superficially uniform may actually present considerable environmental complexity and may possess many barriers to certain plant types. A species limited on all sides by effective barriers will not be able to extend its limits, no matter how long it may exist; and with types which have thus reached the boundary of their possible ranges, area of dispersal will obviously afford no clue as to antiquity. A highly specialized form, occupying a relatively narrow 'ecological niche', may in reality be much older than one which from its greater adaptability under diverse environments is able to thrive over a wider area.
Very many species, however, have apparently not yet attained by any means the extreme possible limits of their ranges, and are still expanding. It is among such types that the relation between age and area may be looked for; but even here, there are such decided differences between plants in the rapidity with which they are able to extend their boundaries that no hard and fast rule can safely be laid down. A species with means for rapid dispersal will evidently overrun a wider area in a given length of time than will a more slowly moving type.
Another factor of decided importance in determining the area occupied, and one which is perhaps worthy of special emphasis because it has usually been overlooked, is the growth habit of a species. A. de Candolle noticed many years ago that trees have narrow ranges and herbs wide ones. His list of 117 species which are found over at least half of the land area of the globe includes nothing but herbaceous types. This is probably due in part to the fact that most herbs are able to produce seed in a very short time and in very great abundance, and in part to the fact that their short vegetative period enables them to take advantage of temporarily favourable conditions and to thrive in many places where they would not be able to maintain a permanent existence above ground. It is of interest to note th |
Sarajevo cultural centre of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo is famous for its traditional religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries. Due to this long and | Sarajevo cultural centre of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo is famous for its traditional religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries. Due to this long and rich history of religious diversity, Sarajevo has often been called the “Jerusalem of Europe” or “Jerusalem of the Balkans”.
Where East meets West
Where mountains meet the sea
Where many cultures have built one
A country where adventure is the rule
- Ivo Andric (Nobel prize for literature in 1961)
- Vladimir Prelog (Nobel Prize for research within chemistry 1975).
- Danis Tanović winner of the Oscar from this region (2002) for the best movie in the category of non-English speaking countries.
Archeologists can safely say that the Sarajevo region has been continuously inhabited by humans since the Neolithic age. The most famous example of a Neolithic settlement in the Sarajevo area is that of the Butmir culture.
During the Middle Ages Sarajevo was part of the Bosnian province of Vrhbosna near the traditional center of the kingdom. During the high Middle Ages various documents make note of a place called “Tornik” in the region. By all indications however, “Tornik” was a very small marketplace surrounded by a p |
Date Posted: January 5th, 2009
Broadcasters participating in the African Farm Radio Research Initiative (AFRRI) recently engaged in training to produce story-based radio programming. We’re sharing part of the training materials here, in | Date Posted: January 5th, 2009
Broadcasters participating in the African Farm Radio Research Initiative (AFRRI) recently engaged in training to produce story-based radio programming. We’re sharing part of the training materials here, in the Radio Resource Bank. Below you’ll find Step 2 of an eight-step guide to story-based farm radio programming, on practical research. To re-visit Step 1: Topical thinking, click: http://weekly.farmradio.org/2008/12/22/steps-for-story-based-farm-radio-programming-%E2%80%93-step-1-topical-thinking/.
You’re producing a radio program, not writing a thesis. So, you need not get involved in academic research. Nonetheless, some practical research will:
-Ensure that you understand your listeners’ views on the issue, and what their challenges are around it;
-Help you prioritize what focus to take in this particular program; and,
-Build your confidence and credibility on the topic for your production work.
As time allows, read and talk with whomever you can to better understand the topic and what people want to hear about it. Consider local, national, and international sources on the topic.
If you have access to the Internet, a brief round of Internet research can give you the international perspective. If you have access to transport and telephones, you might do some “pre-interviews.” If you have access to research that’s already been done, review it before moving on in the production process.
Example: The AFRRI team in Malawi turned to a set of local agricultural experts to explore key issues related to hybrid maize. They reviewed AFRRI’s formative research reports on hybrid maize. They sought answers to questions such as: how widespread is pounding vs milling of hybrid maize? Is it true that hybrid maize yields less flour than local maize? Where are there differences of opinion among other agricultural experts and farmers themselves? |
Putting Parents in Charge
Pell Grants for Kids
In 1990, as the new president of the University of Tennessee, I was trying to understand what had made American colleges and universities the best in the world. I asked David Gardner, | Putting Parents in Charge
Pell Grants for Kids
In 1990, as the new president of the University of Tennessee, I was trying to understand what had made American colleges and universities the best in the world. I asked David Gardner, then the president of the University of California, why his university has such a tradition of excellence. “First,” he said, “autonomy. The California constitution created four branches of government, with the university being the fourth. The legislature basically turns over money to us without many rules about how to spend it.
“The second is excellence. We were fortunate, at our beginning, to have a corps of faculty dedicated to high standards. That tradition has continued. And third, generous amounts of federal-and state-money have followed students to the schools of their choice. That has increased opportunity for those who couldn’t afford college, created choices that make good fits between the student and the school, and stimulated competition that encouraged excellent programs.”
Autonomy. High standards. Government dollars following students to the schools of their choice. That was the formula for the GI Bill, passed by Congress in 1944. The program gave World War II veterans scholarships redeemable at any accredited institution, public or private. Those veterans who didn’t hold a diploma could even use the scholarships at Catholic high schools. With these scholarships came few federal rules, thus preserving the universities’ autonomy. And by allowing students to choose their college, the GI Bill encouraged excellence and discouraged weak programs.
Not all university leaders welcomed the program. “It will create a hobo’s jungle,” warned legendary University of Chicago president Robert Hutchins. Instead, the GI Bill became the most successful piece of social legislation Congress ever enacted. It became the model for the federal grants and loans that today follow 58 percent of America’s college students to the schools of their choice. In 1972, when Congress debated whether future federal funding for higher education should go directly to institutions or be channeled through students, the model of the GI Bill helped carry the day for the latter approach, which was surely the right one. Pell Grants (named for Sen. Claiborne Pell, D-R.I.), Stafford Loans, and other forms of financial assistance to students followed. This year the federal government will spend nearly $17 billion on grants and work-study programs and will provide an additional $52 billion in student loans.
Rarely has the federal taxpayer gotten so much bang for the buck. These federal vouchers trained the “greatest generation” and made it possible for a greater percentage of Americans to continue into higher education than in any other country. At the time of the GI Bill’s passage in 1944, only about 6 percent of Americans held a four-year college degree. Today that figure stands at 26 percent.
Moreover, these scholarships have strengthened public institutions. At the end of World War II, 50 percent of American college students were attending public institutions. Today 76 percent choose to attend public colleges and universities. So many foreign students want to attend American universities that some institutions impose caps in order to make room for lower-achieving homegrown students. British prime minister Tony Blair is overhauling his nation’s system of higher education because he sees a growing gap between the quality of American and British universities. Likewise, former Brazilian president Fernando Henrique Cardoso recently told a small group of U.S. senators that the most important thing he would remember about his residency at the Library of Congress is “the uniqueness, strength, and autonomy of the American university.”
Meanwhile, federal support for elementary and secondary education has taken just the opposite approach-with opposite results. Instead of allowing tax dollars to follow students to the schools of their parents’ choice, the federal government gives $35 billion directly to the schools themselves (or to the states, which then give it to schools). In addition, thousands of pages of federal and state regulations govern how these funds are spent, thereby diminishing each school’s autonomy. Measured by student learning, rarely has the taxpayer gotten so little bang for so many bucks. In 1999, 8th-grade students in this country were ranked 19th in math and 18th in science compared with 38 other industrialized nations. The National Assessment of Educational Progress, known as the nation’s report card, shows other alarming trends. For example, between 1996 and 2000, the gap between affluent and poorer U.S. students actually widened in seven out of nine key indicators-like reading, math, and science. Two out of every three African-American and Hispanic 4th graders could barely read. Seventy percent of children in high-poverty schools scored below even the most basic level of reading.
|The GI Bill became the most successful piece of social legislation Congress ever enacted. It is the model for the federal grants and loans that today follow 58 percent of America’s college students to the scho |
Return Troops Face Both Physical and Mental Challenges: Women Suffer from More Conditions Than Men, Study Finds
Is the US health system comprehensively meeting the needs of returning veterans? With the recent attention to mental illness in returning soldiers, and post | Return Troops Face Both Physical and Mental Challenges: Women Suffer from More Conditions Than Men, Study Finds
Is the US health system comprehensively meeting the needs of returning veterans? With the recent attention to mental illness in returning soldiers, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in particular, little research has focused on the medical care needs of those returning from Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom, according to Dr. Susan Frayne, from the VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University, and colleagues.
Their research highlights that veterans suffering from PTSD also suffer more medical illnesses than do those with no mental health condition. This effect is even more pronounced in women than in men. The findings, published online in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, suggest that medical treatments may need to be closely integrated with mental health services for this special population just returning from military service. |
Situated around 20 miles (32 km) from the capital of Yerevan, the Greco-Roman Garni Temple is a popular tourist attraction putting Garni on the map. This 2,000-year-old building was constructed out | Situated around 20 miles (32 km) from the capital of Yerevan, the Greco-Roman Garni Temple is a popular tourist attraction putting Garni on the map. This 2,000-year-old building was constructed out of basalt on the banks of the Azat River and was the summer residence of the Armenian Kings, featuring constructions like a two-storey royal summer palace, a bath complex, a church, a cemetery and a Greco-Roman temple built in the Ionic style. While much of the temple was destroyed in the ensuing millennia, it was restored to its former glory in the 1960s. Archeaologists are still working at the site, and many artefacts have been uncovered.
There are several other archeaological sites in Garni outside of the temple, including a ruined Tukh Manuk Shrine, Saint Sargis Shrine, and a Queen Katranide Shrine, as well as some well-preserved columns in the Garni Gorge. About 4 miles (7km) down the road is another well-known site, the Geghard monastery. |
Bio-Energy, Biomass, Biofuel and Biogas
Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources.
In its most narrow sense it is a synonym to biofuel, which is fuel derived from biological sources.
| Bio-Energy, Biomass, Biofuel and Biogas
Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials derived from biological sources.
In its most narrow sense it is a synonym to biofuel, which is fuel derived from biological sources.
In its broader sense it includes biomass, the biological material used as a biofuel, as well as the social, economic, scientific and technical fields associated with using biological sources for energy.
This is a common misconception, as bioenergy is the energy extracted from the biomass, as the biomass is the fuel and the bioenergy is the energy contained in the fuel.
Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. As a fuel it may include wood, wood waste, straw, manure, sugar cane, and many other by-products from a variety of agricultural processes.
Depending on the type of biomass, it can be combusted either to generate heat or to produce electricity. It can also be digested to generate biogas, processed to produce bioliquids for heat or power generation, or used as a transport fuel, a "biodiesel".
Why use Biomass?
Biomass is a renewable, low carbon fuel that is already widely, and often economically availab |
: a scientific way of finding the age of something that is very old (such as a dinosaur bone) by measuring the amount of certain forms of carbon in it
What made you want to look up carbon dating? Please tell us where you read | : a scientific way of finding the age of something that is very old (such as a dinosaur bone) by measuring the amount of certain forms of carbon in it
What made you want to look up carbon dating? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). |
About Mahatma Gandhi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence | About Mahatma Gandhi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. Pioneering the use of non-violent resistance to tyrannical colonial rule through mass civil disobedience, saying, “I shall resist organized tyranny to the uttermost.” he developed a model to fight for civil rights and freedom that he called satyagraha. He founded his doctrine of nonviolent protest to achieve political and social progress based upon ahimsa, or total nonviolence for which he is internationally renowned.
Gandhi led India to its independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi is often referred to as Mahatma (or “Great Soul,” an honorific first applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore). In India, he is also called Bapu (or “Father”) and officially honoured as the Father of the Nation. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence. More » |
The Brodie helmet, called Helmet, steel, Mark I helmet in Britain and the M1917 Helmet in the U.S., was a steel combat helmet designed and patented in 1915 by the Briton John Leopold Brodie. | The Brodie helmet, called Helmet, steel, Mark I helmet in Britain and the M1917 Helmet in the U.S., was a steel combat helmet designed and patented in 1915 by the Briton John Leopold Brodie. Colloquially, it was also called the shrapnel helmet, Tommy helmet, or Tin Hat, and in the United States known as a doughboy helmet.
The Brodie helmet was standard issue among the US forces stationed in Hawaii and the US Marines. Many Marines hated the new M1 Helmet's they received, preferring the more familiar Brodie helmet, but quickly dropped their criticism after they realised that the old helmet couldn't protect as well as the M1.
The Helmet, steel, Mark I was the standard issued helmet for the British Empire, when the Race arrived in mid 1942. Many American veterans of the first world war remembered their old Brodie Helmets fondly, remarking how that they provided better protection from the rain when compared to their newer M1 Helmets.
*=denotes a character who was a POV for a single scene
1=denotes a character who was a POV for one volume
2=denotes a character who was a POV for two volumes
3=denotes a character who was a POV for three volumes
4=denotes a character who was a POV for four volumes
5=denotes a character who was a POV for five volumes |
When you select ImagiNation Learning Center your two year old will explore a wide variety of activities designed to implement learning through personal experience, trial and error, repetition and imitation. Our teachers facilitate this period of dramatic growth through patient guidance. As we | When you select ImagiNation Learning Center your two year old will explore a wide variety of activities designed to implement learning through personal experience, trial and error, repetition and imitation. Our teachers facilitate this period of dramatic growth through patient guidance. As we satisfy your two-year old's boundless strive for independence and self help, we introduce small and large group activities providing ample opportunities to practice social skills and team work.
Language & Literacy:
The vocabulary of a two year old explodes from just a few words to several hundred in a very short period of time. All developmental areas are impacted by this change. Theme related books are the cornerstone of our two-year old curriculum. They are used to reinforce the meaning of words and make connections to exciting new ideas. During circle time we introduce a Word Calendar to further bu |
Under mounting pressure from climate catastrophists to ignore uncertainties in the science and to produce definitive statements that can be used as calls for government interventionism, the UN will apparently release a new "warning" this week:
Global warming is destroying species, | Under mounting pressure from climate catastrophists to ignore uncertainties in the science and to produce definitive statements that can be used as calls for government interventionism, the UN will apparently release a new "warning" this week:
Global warming is destroying species, raising sea levels and threatening millions of poor people, the United Nations' top scientific panel will say in a report today that U.N. officials hope will help mobilize the world to take tougher actions on climate change.
The report argues that only firm action, including putting a price on carbon-dioxide emissions, will avoid more catastrophic events.
Those actions will take a small part of the world's economic growth and will be substantially less than the costs of doing nothing, the report says.
For the first time, the UN is trying to argue explicitly that the cost of CO2 abatement is lower than the cost of doing nothing. They are arguing that a cooler but poorer world is superior to a warmer and richer world. I am glad they are finally arguing this point. Because while we can argue about the truth of how much the world has warmed and how much is due to man, the UN is DEAD WRONG on this point. The cost of aggressive CO2 abatement is far, far higher than the cost of doing nothing.
The report presumably will be released by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon, who demonstrated his stunning ignorance of climate science, geology, and geography on a recent climate-junket to Antarctica. Let's take it line by line.
Is man destroying or threatening species? Absolutely. Is this threat from CO2 and warming? No, and I have read every inch of the UN IPCC report and you can find no evidence for this proposition. But saying this rallies the environmental base (the hard core environmentalists don't really care about poor people, at least when their interests conflict with animals). Most of the evidence is that species thrive in warmer weather, and polar bears have survived several inter-glaciation periods where the north pole melted entirely in the summer.
Are sea levels rising? Yes. In fact, they have been rising for at least 150 years, and in fact have been rising steadily and at roughly the same rate since the last ice age. We have seen absolutely no acceleration of the underlying sea level rise trend. Further, the UN's IPCC does have a forecast for sea level rise over the next century. Even using temperature forecasts I consider exaggerated, the UN does not forecast more than about a foot of sea level rise over the coming century, only a bit more than what the sea level has risen over the last 150 years. This is a great example of the disconnect between the UN political climate reports and the science underlying them. The guys writing the summary know that their report says only a few inches of sea level rise, so they just say it is rising, and then let the crazies like Al Gore throw around numbers |
The Timing of Dividing Perennials
By Carl Wilson, Extension Horticulturist
Gardeners wanting a low maintenance garden should not choose perennials
that may require division every couple years. Examples are:
Achillea | The Timing of Dividing Perennials
By Carl Wilson, Extension Horticulturist
Gardeners wanting a low maintenance garden should not choose perennials
that may require division every couple years. Examples are:
Achillea sp., (Yarrow)
Aster x frikartii, (Frikart's aster or Wonder of Staffa)
Centaurea montana, (Mountain bluet)
Centranthus ruber, (Juupiter's beard or Red valerian)
Coreopsis verticillata, (Threadleaf coreopsis)
Dianthus deltoides, (Maiden pink)
Geum hybrids, (Avens)
Heuchera micrantha Palace Purple, (Coral bells)
Iris bearded, (Bearded or German iris)
Lychnis coronaria, (Rose campion)
Veronica spicata. (Spike speedwell)
Many perennial flowers may need division only every 4-5 or even 6-10 years.
Some, such as Dictamnus albus, (gasplant), Gypsophila paniculata,
(baby's breath), Paeonia (peony) hybrids and Perovskia atriplicifolia,
(Russian sage), may require division only every 10 years or more. Note that all these
times depend on growing conditions, particularly the amount of irrigation and fertilizer
The common wisdom is that spring-flowering perennials should be divided in the autumn, and
autumn-flowering perennials in the spring. Spring flowering plants divided right after
flowering in April and May have more time for establishment before winter, a factor in our
climate. Very early spring flowering plants may even be divided before flowering if the
gardener doesnt mind sacrificing a bloom year. Autumn flowering plants, especially
the ornamental grasses, should be divided in the spring.
Summer is generally a poor time to divide perennials with the exception
of Iris that respond well to July/August divisions.
Fleshy rooted perennials such as Paeonia (peony), Papaver
orientale (Oriental poppy), and Iris siberica (Siberian iris) are best
divided in autumn.
Woody or taprooted perennials such as Aruncus (goatsbeard), Asclepias
Ceratostigma (plumbago), Cimicifuga (bugbane) and Echinops
(globe thistle) should be divided in early spring before top growth emerges.
Photograph of Siberian Iris courtesy of Judy Sedbrook.
Back to Perennials
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The database catalog of a database instance consists of metadata in which definitions of database objects such as base tables, views (virtual tables), synonyms, value ranges, indexes, users, and user groups are stored.
The SQL standard specifies a uniform means to | The database catalog of a database instance consists of metadata in which definitions of database objects such as base tables, views (virtual tables), synonyms, value ranges, indexes, users, and user groups are stored.
The SQL standard specifies a uniform means to access the catalog, called the INFORMATION_SCHEMA, but not all databases follow this, even if they implement other aspects of the SQL standard. For an example of database-specific metadata access methods, see Oracle metadata.
- Paul C. Tinnirello |
Object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) without design patterns is like cooking without a recipe. Patterns guide us with ingredients and step-by-step instructions for assembling the solution to a recurring problem. In the same way we rely on recipes in cooking, we experience | Object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) without design patterns is like cooking without a recipe. Patterns guide us with ingredients and step-by-step instructions for assembling the solution to a recurring problem. In the same way we rely on recipes in cooking, we experience patterns as repeatable, proven solutions, and software engineering becomes more reliable and successful.
As in the culinary arts, where chopping and cutting techniques are prerequisites for mixing and flavoring dishes, there are many design patterns for all sort of challenges -- basic, intermediate, and advanced -- depending on your needs. However, food recipes often contain references to other recipes that go well with the main dish, thus enhancing the entire meal.
This article will focus on exactly these pattern relationships, combinations, and variations. It's all part of an emerging trend we might call "pattern-driven software engineering." The examples I provide are visualized in UML and would eventually be transformed into code (e.g., Java). Because patterns do not only affect the structure and dynamics of classes and objects, this article will conclude investigating the role of patterns in a service-oriented architecture (SOA).
The concept of patterns
Patterns emerge as software engineers begin to notice recurring problems. If you design software and you face a situation in which you ask yourself "Gee, I can't be the first person facing this problem!" your search for a pattern has just begun. Once you find and apply a pattern, your solution will not only benefit from the knowledge gained in the past, but this pattern might also open a door to related patterns. An individual pattern works in its described context and offers a variety of related patterns that can improve the quality of your solution even more. Eventually, one design, pattern could be a starting point for an entire pattern-driven design process.
Before we discuss the relationships among patterns, let's explore that culinary metaphor a bit and take a look at some individual patterns.
I'll describe a typical TV cooking show to help explain software patterns and their relationships. The goal of the show is to demonstrate the preparation of a specific meal. On most cooking shows, however, we find cups and bowls in front of the chef, with ingredients such as onions already prepared. That's because the expert cook doesn't need to illustrate the chopping of onions in front of the TV audience; it would be boring. Prior to the taping of the show, the chef has probably asked his subordinates for some quantity of "finely chopped onions," the same ingredients used in many recipes. What's important here is that the chef does not need to communicate the actual cutting technique, but simply asks for the well-known result: a standard cup of chopped onions.
Software engineers make use of such basic patterns, too. Some of these patterns, su |
Wordsworth's personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country, in which he spent most of his mature life. A profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he displayed a high seriousness comparable | Wordsworth's personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country, in which he spent most of his mature life. A profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he displayed a high seriousness comparable, at times, to Milton's but tempered with tenderness and a love of simplicity.
Wordsworth's earlier work shows the poetic beauty of commonplace things and people as in "Margaret,""Peter Bell,""Michael," and "The Idiot Boy." His use of the language of ordinary speech was heavily criticized, but it helped to rid English poetry of the more artificial conventions of 18th-century diction. Among his other well-known poems are "Lucy" ("She dwelt among the untrodden ways"), "The Solitary Reaper,""Resolution and Independence,""Daffodils,""The Rainbow," and the sonnet "The World Is Too Much with Us."
Although Wordsworth was venerated in the 19th cent., by the early 20th cent. his reputation had declined. He was criticized for the unevenness of his poetry, for his rather marked capacity for bathos, and for his transformation from an open-minded liberal to a cramped conservative. In recent years, however, Wordsworth has again been recognized as a great English poet—a profound, original thinker who created a new poetic tradition.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. |
Algorithmic paradigms are:
General approaches to the construction of efficient solutions to problems
Any basic, commonly used approach in designing algorithms could be considered an algorithmic paradigm:
Divide and Conquer
Idea: Divide problem instance into smaller | Algorithmic paradigms are:
General approaches to the construction of efficient solutions to problems
Any basic, commonly used approach in designing algorithms could be considered an algorithmic paradigm:
Divide and Conquer
Idea: Divide problem instance into smaller sub-instances of the same problem, solve these recursively, and then put solutions together to a solution of the given instance.
Examples: Mergesort, Quicksort, Strassen’s algorithm, FFT.
Idea: Find solution by always making the choice that looks optimal at the moment — don’t look ahead, never go back.
Examples: Prim’s algorithm, Kruskal’s algorithm.
Idea: Turn recursion upside down.
Example: Floyd-Warshall algorithm for the all pairs shortest path problem.
The word paradigm does translate to example, but that's not how it's used in a scientific context. Your examples are all examples of algorithms (except the travelling salesman problem, which is a NP-hard problem), none of which is trivial enough to be considered an algorithmic paradigm. |
( Originally Published 1898 )
RACING—ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT—A duller task could scarcely be undertaken than that of endeavouring to trace the history of horse-racing from material furnished by the vague and contradictory accounts of the earliest | ( Originally Published 1898 )
RACING—ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT—A duller task could scarcely be undertaken than that of endeavouring to trace the history of horse-racing from material furnished by the vague and contradictory accounts of the earliest writers on the subject. It may safely be assumed that racing dates from the period when two energetic men found themselves side by side on high-couraged horses. Whether the steeds or their riders were first fired by the spirit of emulation no one can say ; but surely such a prehistoric spin was the nucleus of the Derby. This is not a theme that could profitably be enlarged upon by a writer whose object is to be practical. Antiquity will be entirely disregarded ; and, skipping over centuries, no effort will be made to summarise the history of Newmarket, or relate what potentates and princes have shaped and sustained the sport upon the historic Heath. There is so much to be said about racing in its modern developments, that no space could well be devoted to archaic matter even if it seemed desirable; and one of many reasons why it does not so seem is that, in all essentials, the sport, as it is conducted in the nineteenth century, differs completely in its character and surroundings from what it was before the Turf became so widely popular. When race meetings were first organised they were held annually near many cities and towns, the runners being provided by the local magnates and gentry. The horses, usually hunters, were ridden at catch weights by their owners or their grooms, and, to spin out the programme, in contests other than matches the races were run in heats. By degrees it became apparent that horses trained systematically and kept exclusively for racing had enormous advantages over others; and it appeared furthermore that men who were accustomed to riding races turned their experience to highly profitable account. By degrees the vast importance of weight began to be recognised, and some rough rules were formulated. Racing, indeed, showed some signs of growing into shape as it is now conducted. Owners of proved good horses ceased to be content with local successes. Prize winners were sent into neighbouring counties, ridden and led by their jockeys with racing saddles strapped on their backs ; and it was probably imagined that finality in the way of convenience had been reached when Lord George Bentinck hit on the brilliant notion of sending one of his horses, Elis, to Doncaster in a van. How animals are now despatched from one end of the country to another, often by special train on the morning of a race, so that those who dislike strange quarters should be away from their stables for as short a time as possible, need not be described ; nor is it necessary to dwell on the immeasurable impetus which has been given to the sport by the introduction of railways, telegraphs, and the modern increase of newspapers.
A few words may be interpolated as to the serviceability of racing as a means to an end. The English thoroughbred horse is the most valuable animal in the world. Five thousand five hundred guineas was paid for La Fleche as a yearling, and as a brood mare she fetched 14,500 guineas; 30,000 guineas was refused for Ormonde; that sum would not have bought Isinglass, and it is credibly reported that signed cheques with blanks left for figures have been proffered to the lucky possessors of other famous animals. The only method by which the excellence of a horse can be demonstrated is by racing him. Opponents of the sport, who do not fail to recognise the value of the blood, have expressed the belief that the exhibition of racehorses at agricultural shows and similar functions would meet every requirement; but this is not the case, for the reason that the creature's worth depends upon the possession of other than external qualities. One does not want a horse merely to look at. Make and shape are not to be despised, but the great point is whether the horse has speed, stamina, constitution, soundness, and other attributes calculated to render its offspring worthy upholders of the family ; and this can only be ascertained by submitting the animals to the ordeal of preparation and testing them on the course. An infusion of thoroughbred blood confers special and peculiar benefits on those so endowed, whether chargers, hunters, hacks, or carriage horses. The fact has been constantly made obvious when horses of what may be described as the royal strain have drifted out of their own class and been put to try conclusions with their coarser bred cousins. The " blood " horse—thoroughbred or even half |
These pictures show a predicted 1989 where computers have changed how we live. The above photo depicts a classroom full of children learning on computers, watching a video of a teacher, and receiving beatings from enforcement robots.
Considering that most students today | These pictures show a predicted 1989 where computers have changed how we live. The above photo depicts a classroom full of children learning on computers, watching a video of a teacher, and receiving beatings from enforcement robots.
Considering that most students today actually use their computers for sexting, downloading music, and online poker, maybe those robo-thugs weren't such a bad idea.
This pic shows the home of the future. The personal computer and Roomba |
Time Warner Cable SoCal News' Cody Urban and Keli Moore interview NASA atmospheric physicist Paul Newman, co-mission scientist for the Global Hawk Pacific (GloPac) environmental science mission, beside a NASA Global Hawk aircraft at NASA's Dry | Time Warner Cable SoCal News' Cody Urban and Keli Moore interview NASA atmospheric physicist Paul Newman, co-mission scientist for the Global Hawk Pacific (GloPac) environmental science mission, beside a NASA Global Hawk aircraft at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. (NASA photo / Tom Tschida) NASA's Global Hawk environmental science aircraft took to the skies again April 13 on the second flight in the 2010 Global Hawk Pacific (GloPac) atmospheric sampling mission. Lasting more than 24 hours and covering almost 9,000 miles, the flight left NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base shortly before 7 a.m. Tuesday and returned at 7:12 a.m. Wednesday morning April 14.
According to NASA Dryden's Global Hawk project manager Chris Naftel, the second data-collection flight in the series took the autonomously operated aircraft along a pre-programmed flight path over the Pacific Ocean to just south of Alaska, then southward to just east of Hawaii to about 15 degrees north latitude, and then eastward back to North America with a final northbound leg back to Edwards in Southern California. The mission reached a maximum altitude of 62,000 feet and included two planned data-collection descents from 59,000 to 43,000 feet as it explored the atmosphere at latitudes between 52 degrees north in the Arctic and 12 degrees north in the tropics.
GloPac researchers are measuring and sampling greenhouse gases, ozone-depleting substances, aerosols, and constituents of air quality in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Because of the Global Hawk's long endurance, the GloPac measurements cover longer time periods and greater geographic distances than can be achieved with any other science aircraft.
The initial flight path of NASA's Global Hawk on its first data-collection flight in the Global Hawk Pacific (GloPac) environmental science mission April 7, 2010 is marked in red overlaid on a Google Earth image of the Southern California coast. After departing Edwards Air Force Base, the remotely operated aircraft followed zig-zag pattern to avoid populated areas until reaching the Pacific Ocean. (NASA Image) During the long southbound leg over the Pacific, the Global Hawk flew under the tracks of two of NASA's "A-train" satellites – Aura and CALIPSO – while a Gulfstream V aircraft operated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research flew the same track at a much lower altitude. All three air- or space-borne platforms collected data at the same time, with data from the science instruments aboard the aircraft used verify data obtained by the satellites.
Atmospheric physicist Paul Newman, co-mission scientist for GloPac, said one of the goals of the flight was to obtain air samples from fragments of the polar vortex as the dominant wintertime weather and wind pattern in the Arctic starts to break up during spring. Newman said mission scientists also hoped to obtain samples of a large dust plume coming across Pacific from Asia.
On the eastbound leg along the 15-degree latitude, scientists sampled very cold air at temperatures as low as minus 100 degrees Celsius in the stratosphere above the tropics.
The first science data-collection flight in the GloPac mission April 7 took NASA's Global Hawk over the Pacific Ocean and then up toward the Aleutians before it turned back. That 14-hour flight, covering more than 4,500 nautical miles at altitudes up to 61,000 feet, was the first of five scheduled for the GloPac mission to study atmospheric science over the Pacific and Arctic oceans. |
Definition of an Ecolodge
There are many considerations when designing, building and operating an ecotourism resort that differ from more general tourist accommodation. Compliance with a wide range of requirements is necessary for inclusion in the important ecotourism | Definition of an Ecolodge
There are many considerations when designing, building and operating an ecotourism resort that differ from more general tourist accommodation. Compliance with a wide range of requirements is necessary for inclusion in the important ecotourism associations as well as to satisfy green-minded guests. For example: air-conditioning is not considered necessary for ecolodges, but hot water showers are a must; energy consumption should be kept to a minimum; the ecolodge should cause minimal or no damage to the local environment; local communities should be supported; waste should be recycled, etc. etc. (a very useful and detailed description and CD-ROM on 'Designing and Operating an Ecolodge in the Lao PDR' produced by the Mekong Tourism Development Project can be obtained from the Lao National Tourism Administration).
However, no ecolodge can claim to be 100% ‘green’ and we are no exception. Basically, what distinguishes Rivertime and other ecolodges from other forms of accommodation is that ecolodges make serious, sustained efforts to build environmentally-friendly facilities and procedures into their operations.
International eco-tourism associations define ecolodges as:
Here is a detailed description of how our resort tries to live up to these goals.
- Minimizing forest destruction and supporting conservation of nature both generally and in the local area
The resort was constructed without the cutting down of a single tree in the densely forest area of the resort grounds. This was achieved by carefully and respectfully locating each lodge, sala and other constructions in whatever space was naturally available within the forest. This was also the case with the extensive, one-metre-wide, forest footpaths which were designed to wind through the forest, flanked by dense natural growth (grasses, bushes, flowering plants as well as trees). The dense forest canopy covering most of the resort was also left undisturbed and the forest continues to be a sanctuary for many varieties of insect, reptile, amphibians, birds and butterflies.
- Maximizing the use of local, organically-grown fruits and vegetables
All our fruit and vegetables are local and organically-grown. During the dry season, we cultivate organic vegetables on the banks of the river near the floating restaurant. When the river rises up the river banks, we are still able to use home-grown organic vegetables from the organic vegetable garden in the garden restaurant.
- Using local architecture and labour
Our resort buildings were designed to be compatible with traditional Lao rural architecture while including features (such as European-style bathrooms) to improve the convenience to non-Lao guests of the resort. All the lodges, the office, the floating restaurant and internal walkways and salas were built entirely by tradesmen from three local villages, often in family groups, who displayed tremendous skill, innovation and care in all the construction, including difficult tilework and glass installation, carpentry, installation of European toilets and shower facilities, much of which was new to them. An example of their diligence is that each of the resort lodges wooden roof times was individually carved, on site, by hand. Throughout the construction period, these village craftspeople made substantial design contributions and showed tremendous patience in dealing with the changing demands of the main designers (Philip and Khamkeun) for whom ecolodge construction was also a new venture. In addition to the resort buildings, all the furniture in the resort and floating restaurant was produced by local villagers, much of it built onsite by local craftsmen and women.
- Minimising the use of energy
Shower units in the resort bathrooms use on-demand heaters. The resort lodges and restaurant do not use air conditioners but use natural air flow and fans for cooling. All clothes, dishes and linens are hand-washed and air-dried. Low wattage fluorescent light bulbs are used in some, but not all, locations. The electricity used in the resort is produced by falling water (i.e. hydropower from the Nam Ngum hydro-electric power plant upstream from the resort). Hydropower is generally considered to be ‘green’ in the eyes of most environmentalists as, once established, the power plants produce no carbon emissions. However, we do lose some environmental ‘points’ in this category since we use no solar power such as solar water heaters. We looked into installing solar water heaters (which would have had to be on the lodge roofs) and would have liked to install them. However, we found that, for the heaters to be at all effective, we would have had to cut down the canopy producing trees which stop direct sunlight from reaching the roofs of all the lodges. To have cut down all those trees just to earn some more environmental ‘points’ would have been purely cosmetic and would have defeated the objective of preserving the forest environment.
- Minimising negative impacts on nearby villages
We have developed a very positive relationship with nearby villages since we began construction of the resort. The construction of the resort was achieved solely using local labour and expertise. People from local villages continue to benefit in many ways from our presence, for example: guests often buy handicraft items such as hand-woven Lao skirts, etc. which are produced by these villagers; older women from the local community are often brought in to provide traditional massages for our guests and local tuk-tuk drivers provide transport for our guests.
All our staff are local people from nearby villages. In addition to providing all staff with accommodation plus 3 meals a day, we pay salaries which a |
The Lancet, Volume 358, Issue 9277
, Page 216, 21 July 2001
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05455-1Cite or Link Using | The Lancet, Volume 358, Issue 9277
, Page 216, 21 July 2001
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05455-1Cite or Link Using DOI
Copyright © 2001 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Why doctors need to know about atoms
At first sight, the pretty pictures of proteins at the atomic level that structural biologists produce seem far removed from clinical medicine. But, says Stephen Harrison (Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA), “for experimental therapeutics, vaccinology, or any other area of medicine where you are trying to do molecular design, just as in architectural design, it helps to know what your target looks like”. According to John Kuriyan (Rockefeller University, NY, USA), “we are now in an amaz...
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a Thrombosis Clinic, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT 84107, USA b Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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INTERNATIONAL IDEA EXCHANGE
Integrating water management and public services in Colombia
Neil S. Grigg, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
Member, APWA International Affairs Committee | INTERNATIONAL IDEA EXCHANGE
Integrating water management and public services in Colombia
Neil S. Grigg, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
Member, APWA International Affairs Committee
Every year, the world seems like a smaller place, and APWA's International Affairs Committee has its finger on the pulse of public works around the globe. As an example, the committee is able to offer this article about water policy in Colombia, a country that unfortunately is known more for conflicts and internal problems than for its impressive and innovative public policies.
Located at the top of South America and just adjacent to Panama, Colombia with a surface area of 446,000 square miles (1,141,748 square kilometers) is about the size of Texas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma combined. It has varied topography, dominated by the Cordillera of the Andes with a highest peak at 19,000 feet (5,800 m). Its most important river is the Magdalena, at 970 miles (1,555 km) long. Coastlines are 1,000 miles (1,610 km) on the Caribbean and 800 miles (1,290 km) on the Pacific. The climate is in the tropical zone, and temperatures vary with elevation. Precipitation alternates with three months of rain and three dry months. Only 5% of the land is cultivated, and agricultural regions have soil erosion problems from poor cultivation practices.
The government is divided into 32 departments and a district capitol. The 2004 population is 42 million, about 70% urban. It includes diverse racial and regional groups. Bogot, the capitol and largest city, is one of the world's larger urban agglomerations, and has about 8.0 million residents. Other important cities of one million or greater are Medell¡n, Cali, Barranquilla and Cartagena.
Colombia has rich natural resources, including water. Nonrenewable resources include emeralds, petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, silver, iron, salt, platinum, and some uranium. The flora and fauna are highly varied. Colombia's economy is based on agriculture, coffee, petroleum, coal, mining, and light industry.
Unfortunately, Colombia has a long history of armed conflict. It is still considered a dangerous country and the U.S. State Department advises against travel there. However, tourist and business travelers find they can travel to large cities and populated areas with about the same level of caution that you would apply in other developing countries. Under President Uribe, the number of incidents has fallen and public confidence that the armed forces can handle the conflict has risen (see "El Atlas de la Guerra," Cambio, June 14, 2004).
In spite of its challenges, Colombia has made surprising advances in delivery of public services and in development of its water laws.
Among the Latin American nations, several have reformed their water laws in the last two decades. Mexico, Brazil, and Chile have received publicity, for example. Although it has not received as much publicity, Colombia has also altered its water laws and has useful experiences to share.
Briefly, Colombia introduced a new "Code of Natural Resources" during the 1970s, and implemented water laws that were ahead of those in other Latin American countries. With this code and later laws and decrees, Colombia introduced systems for water ownership, water use concessions (or permits), and discharge concessions (discharge permits). It also introduced systems of charges for water use and for discharges, following the principle of "polluter pays."
During the 1950s, Colombia organized its first "regional autonomous corporation," which was essentially a development organization for a particular region. The first one, for the Valle del Cauca region near the City of Cali, was modeled after the Tennessee Valley Authority. After a new Constitution in 1991 and a landmark environmental law in 1993, Colombia now has over 30 of these corporations, and has designated them as the country's main environmental authorities. Their work is coordinated through the National Environmental System (SINA), which emphasizes democratization, decentralization and sustainable development. SINA is a management system for coordination and planning, public participation, legal norms, policy, and financing. Its participants are government environmental authorities, territorial authorities, departments (like state governments), municipalities, other environmental nongovernmental organizations, and private firms and farms.
There is a close link between Colombia's environmental and water law and delivery of water and wastewater services. As in many countries, Colombia's service delivery and public health improved dramatically in the last fifty years. Prior to 1875, the nation was emerging from the Colonial period, and services were basic, if they existed at all. In 1886, the first water supply system was inaugurated in Bogot. It was only in 1957 that sewerage service began to be considered important. Water supply coverage in urban areas increased from 11% in 1938 to 29% in 1951 and to about 90% by 1990. Today, urban coverage is even higher, but rural coverage still lags. These statistics are from a government document entitled "Basic Water and Sanitation Sector: Challenges and Results," dated 2001.
In 1994, Colombia introduced a new law for public services (Law 142), which brought into effect new encouragement for private delivery of public services and new regulatory structures and agencies. |
The Last Supper, by Leonardo de Vinci
We’ve seen it in art books, in Hollywood films, in photographs… almost everyone knows the highly famous painting of “The Last Supper
” by Leonardo da Vinci, but what not everyone | The Last Supper, by Leonardo de Vinci
We’ve seen it in art books, in Hollywood films, in photographs… almost everyone knows the highly famous painting of “The Last Supper
” by Leonardo da Vinci, but what not everyone knows is that this universal masterpiece of painting can be found in Milan.
Leonardo da Vinci in Milan
Leonardo da Vinci was born in Florence in 1452, but it was in Milan
where, in the service of the duke Ludovico Sforza
, he grew as an artist and engineer. The Italian city was in those days open and full of new ideas, very much in keeping with Leonardo da Vinci’s restless spirit.
His main works in the city were as an engineer: the loch system in the Naviglio Grande, various studies for the dome of the cathedral, structures of the stages of theatres… but he also painted diverse portraits of the Milan court and some of his best works here, including two versions of the “Virgin of the Rocks
” and “The Last Supper
Visiting the Last Supper in Milan
“The Last Supper
” (1495-1497) is a mural which lies in the refectory of the Santa Maria delle Grazie
convent in Milan. It was commissioned by Ludovico Sforza. Although it’s often described as a fresco painting, in reality Leonardo da Vinci used an experimental technique, using oil and temper on dried plaster. It’s a fragile technique, and the piece has needed numerous restorations.
The painting reflects the moment of the last supper, in which Jesus announced to his disciples that there was a traitor among them. Leonardo da Vinci used real people as models, and some specialists say that he even drew a portrait of himself as Jude the Apostle (making him the second from the right).
The visits to see “The Last Supper
" in Milan are strictly controlled: because of this, it’s absolutely necessary to buy tickets in advance. You can buy them by telephone or via the official website
. We recommend reserving at least one month in advance. Where
: Piazza Santa Maria delle Grazie, 2. When
: from Tuesday to Sunday from 8.15 am to 6.45 pm. How much
: the price of a standard ticket is € 6.50, and reduced tickets costs € 3.25. Tickets bought online cost € 1.50, and are picked up in the ticket office.
Leonardo da Vinci Trail in Milan
Paintor, sculptor, architect, poet and scientist, Leonardo da Vinci was a genius who has gone down in history as a symbol of the Renaissance man. If you’re interested in seeing the rest of his works in Milan
, as well as “The Last Supper”, have a look at the different Da Vinci trails
in the official Milan tourist board.
Laura - Marketing Team |
Residue management in corn fields is becoming an increasingly important management issue. Improved genetics have resulted in more above ground biomass (corn stover). For sandy soils that are low in organic matter, this is a positive thing. For heavier soils, the | Residue management in corn fields is becoming an increasingly important management issue. Improved genetics have resulted in more above ground biomass (corn stover). For sandy soils that are low in organic matter, this is a positive thing. For heavier soils, the high amount of residue can keep the soil cool longer into the spring and create a matte or barrier hindering soybean seed germination the following year. Stover can be managed by tillage or harvest (removal).
So, what is best for your farm?
First, look at the cropping system and determine if the corn stover is more valuable left on the field or removed. Corn stover returns nutrients and organic matter to the soil, so managing the breakdown can help to build soil quality. A dry ton of corn stover will typically contain 22, 8 and 32 pounds of N, P2O5 and K2O respectively, so the value of these nutrients should be accounted for in the price received for the stover. Stover also has value as a feedstock for bioenergy production and livestock feed, so there may be local markets. If corn stover is removed, look for ways to restore nutrients and organic matter. Manure and cover crops can be used in cropping systems to achieve this. Many factors come into play when determining how to manage corn stover on your farm. Each farm’s cropping system will determine what works best.
Determining whether to harvest stover this fall is even more important with the drought. Livestock producers are looking for additional forage and corn stover is an abundant, potential source. How much stover can be removed should be based on a number of factors including tillage operations, soil organic matter content, cropping history and future crops, equipment availability to harvest stover, use of cover crop, application of manure and the economics of each of these factors.
See demonstrations and talk with researchers about corn residue management and bioenergy production at the Bioenergy, Cover Crop and Corn Residue Management field day. The field day will be held at the St. Johns Bioenergy Research Farm on October 4 from 1 to 5 p.m. The farm is located on Scott Road, just north of M-21 in St. Johns, Mich. (view map).
Throughout the afternoon, researchers will discuss corn residue management as well as bioenergy and cover crops. Biomass harvest and bioenergy processing demonstration will be held. Equipment demonstrations including vertical tillage, chopping corn heads, corn stover harvest and cover crop establishment with slurry manure seeding will be conducted.
- MSU Extension’s Drought Resources |
Your child may have throat infections and need tonsillectomy, surgery to take out the tonsils. These glands are located at the back of the throat. Tonsillectomy may be done at the same time as adenoid removal, | Your child may have throat infections and need tonsillectomy, surgery to take out the tonsils. These glands are located at the back of the throat. Tonsillectomy may be done at the same time as adenoid removal, surgery to remove the adenoids. These glands are located above the tonsils, in the back of the nose.
Below are some questions you may want to ask your child’s doctor or nurse to ca |
African American Cemeteries Forum
African Cemetery at Key West, Florida
The Key West African Memorial Committee announces the installation and unveiling of a State of Florida Historical Marker on Saturday, March 24, 2001 in our island city | African American Cemeteries Forum
African Cemetery at Key West, Florida
The Key West African Memorial Committee announces the installation and unveiling of a State of Florida Historical Marker on Saturday, March 24, 2001 in our island city marking our newly discovered African Cemetery, finally, after 141 years.
It is the only known African cemetery in this hemisphere. In 1860 three American-owned slave ships approaching Cuba, their destination, from Africa were captured by the U. S. Navy and brought into the nearest American port, Key West.
Over 1,400 survivors from the slave ships arrived at Key West, then with a population of only 3,000. They were cared for by the local population and U. S. officials but nearly 300 never left Key West, perishing here from diseases of the hold. Over 300 had died on the ships before their capture by the Navy; hundreds more afterward, on the voyage from Key West to Liberia the same year.
The 294 Africans that died at Key West were buried on what is now a public beach. Two years after their burials a Union fortification (in Confederate Florida!) was built on the site, and the cemetery, which was located quite a distance from the "town" at that time, was completely forgotten with this event and the war. The fortification, somewhat in ruins, still exists.
In addition to the historical marker we would like to build a world-class memorial to the Africans who |
|Equipment Class: Fishing technology||Equipment Type: Wheelhouse|
|Radar detects ships and landmasses, even during periods of low visibility such as mist, snow or even sandstorms.|
Courtesy of Koden
Like so much other electronic | |Equipment Class: Fishing technology||Equipment Type: Wheelhouse|
|Radar detects ships and landmasses, even during periods of low visibility such as mist, snow or even sandstorms.|
Courtesy of Koden
Like so much other electronic equipment on the bridge of a fishing vessel, radar was developed for military purposes during the Second World War. The term radar is an acronym for "Radio Detection and Ranging", which basically describes its function. Nowadays it is indispensable on fishing vessels. Without radar, fishers could lose many days when limited visibility might make fishing dangerous or even impossible. For instance, in danish seining the fishing vessel has to recover the dahn at the end of shooting the rope. If the dahn cannot be located, then it is impossible to carry out the fishing operation.
Small wooden fishing vessels make poor radar targets and do not show up well on a larger vessel's radar screen. The smaller vessel carrying a radar reflector, designed to increase the strength of the target on the screen, can correct this. Marine radar is effectively a "line of sight" system whereby objects seen on a clear day, giving a reasonable radar echo and within the radar's display range will be seen on the radar screen. Conversely, objects which cannot been seen on a clear day will not bee seen on the radar (i.e. behind hills).
Radar can also be used in clear visibility for navigation or collision avoidance purposes. The range and bearing of objects or ships are very easily charted. This exercise is known as radar plotting and involves the calculation of the true course and speed of a target from the apparent course and speed observed on the radar. This differentiation was emphasized when early radars were involved in what was described as "radar assisted collisions". Approaching ships would make small course alterations and the apparent bearing would indicate that the ship would pass the other ship. In fact, the combined actions of the two ships brought them onto a collision course. On many radars plotting is now carried out automatically by ARPA (Advanced Radar Plotting Aid) so that the true courses and speed are shown on the radar screen.
Radar uses an electromagnetic pulse of 5 cm wavelength to transmit a signal. If this signal is reflected off a ship or landmass, the signal is picked up by the antenna and displayed on a cathode-ray tube (CRT). In more modern equipment the display is now LCD. As described elsewhere, the display of a radar screen is often combined with other navigational equipment such as ECDIS and GPS.
Training syllabi for three levels of radar training are given in the FAO/ILO/IMO Document for Guidance on Training and Certification for Fishing Vessel Personnel. |
You might not expect a teenager with an extra $320 dollars in his pocket to spend the money on an elaborate science project, but that’s just what British teen Adam Cudworth decided to do when he built an image recording spacecraft.
Cud | You might not expect a teenager with an extra $320 dollars in his pocket to spend the money on an elaborate science project, but that’s just what British teen Adam Cudworth decided to do when he built an image recording spacecraft.
Cudworth, 19, was able to capture some awe-inspiring photos of the stratosphere, Earth, and even the curvature of the planet by using only modest materials that included a helium balloon, a used digital camera bought on eBay, and a GPS tracking device. He carefully housed the camera in a weatherproof box, secured it to the balloon, and released the apparatus — allowing it to travel more than 20 miles into the atmosphere and record 2.5 hours worth of video.
Those who are earth-bound usually only see such images from multi-million dollar satellites, but with only a few hundred bucks and a background in high school physics, Cudworth was able to provide the world with photos which rival NASA’s.
He said, “People think it’s something that costs million of pounds, but I’ve proved you can do it on just a £200 budget.”
Still, Cudworth remains modest about his work calling it nothing more than a “little project” and saying, “It’s just a bit of a hobby, really. I just wanted to set myself a chall |
MSHA's final rule on dust controls for drilling in rock underground became effective April 19, 1994. The rule is designed to protect miners from exposure to harmful amounts of dust containing crystalline silica while working on and around rock drills such | MSHA's final rule on dust controls for drilling in rock underground became effective April 19, 1994. The rule is designed to protect miners from exposure to harmful amounts of dust containing crystalline silica while working on and around rock drills such as roof bolting machines. Breathing excessive amounts of crystalline silica during rock drilling can cause a serious and sometimes fatal respiratory disease called "silicosis", according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).What is silica (quartz)?
The terms "crystalline silica" and "quartz" refer to the same thing. Quartz is a natural constituent of the earth's crust and is not chemically combined with any other substance.What is silicosis?
Silicosis is a disease of the lungs due to breathing of dust containing silica particles. Silica dust can cause fibrous or scar tissue formations in the lungs which reduce the lung's ability to work to extract oxygen from the air. There is no cure for this disease, thus, prevention is the only answer.What are the symptoms of silicosis?
There are several stages of silicosis. Early stages may go completely unnoticed. Continued exposure may result in the exposed person noticing a shortness of breath upon exercising, possible fever and occasionally bluish skin at the ear lobes or lips. Silicosis makes a person more susceptible to infectious diseases of the lungs. Progression of the disease leads to fatigue, extreme shortness of breath, loss of appetite, pain in the chest cavity which all may lead eventually to death. Acute silicosis may develop after short periods of exposure to high levels of quartz. Chronic silicosis usually occurs after 10 or more years of exposure to lower levels of quartz.Where are miners exposed to silica dust?
The most common exposures underground occur during the drilling of rock, transportation of men or material, and loading of mine material. Miners operating equipment such as locomotives, roof bolters, continuous miners and shuttle cars as well as other miners working downwind of such equipment, have a high probability of exposure. Furthermore, all miners working at underground coal mines are at risk of being exposed to silica- containing dust as a part of the coal mine dust.How is MSHA addressing exposure to silica dust?
MSHA has published a rule which requires that controls be used when drilling rock to prevent miners from being exposed to dust from the drilling action. This regulation requires that dust from drilling in rock be controlled by use of permissible dust collectors, or by water, or water with a wetting agent, or by ventilation, or by any other method or device approved by the Secretary that is as effective in controlling the dust to prevent dust exposures. Previously MSHA regulated dust from drilling in rock under Section 70.400. MSHA included a provision requiring that dust collectors be maintained in operating condition and recodified the regulation as Section 72.630. In addition, MSHA continues to enforce the 2.0 mg/m3 or lower standard for respirable coal mine dust. Samples are analyzed for crystalline silica (quartz) content to determine if the respirable dust standard should be reduced to control the miner's exposure to silica. If the quartz level exceeds 5%, then the respirable dust standard for that area of the coal mine is reduced to provide for a safe level of exposure.What can miners do to limit their exposure to silica-containing dust?
Exposure to silica-containing dust at any time posses a potential health hazard. The improper control and disposal of silica- containing dust today not only posses a hazard now, but it can continue to contaminate the work atmosphere as long as miners and equipment work or travel in the area.
Mine operators are required to provide and assure the maintenance and use of appropriate controls for dust while drilling in rock. Miners should use all available engineering controls such as dust collectors, wet drilling, and adequate ventilation when drilling in rock. Roof bolter operators and helpers are encouraged to either bag the dust from dry dust collection boxes and place it in the return or shovel the dust from the box against the ribs to prevent resuspension of the dust during normal mining activities. Miner operators can reduce the amount of silica-containing dust generated by staying in-seam while mining. Cutting sandstone top and/or bottom while mining generates excessive amounts of silica- containing dust. Mining and bolting on cycle, to limit the number of times the roof bolter works downwind of the miner, is another work practice that can lower exposures to quartz.How can a person determine if he/she has silicosis?
Mine operators are required to have an x-ray program for the benefit of miners to help protect them from developing lung disease. MSHA encourages all miners employed at underground mines to participate in this x-ray program. All underground mines are required to have posted an approved x-ray plan that affords miners the opportunity to receive a chest x-ray at an approved facility and at the operator's expense. An examination is increasingly important for miners who have worked in areas with a high probability of exposure to silica-containing dust. Roof bolters, transportation workers, roof bolter helpers, miner operators and min |
A selection of articles related to dome mathematics.
Original articles from our library related to the Dome Mathematics. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Dome Mathematics.
- The word "Hypnosis" is derived form the | A selection of articles related to dome mathematics.
Original articles from our library related to the Dome Mathematics. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Dome Mathematics.
- The word "Hypnosis" is derived form the Greek word "hypnos" meaning sleep, Although hypnosis is not sleep in fact quite the opposite. Hypnosis is a way of accessing the subconscious mind in a controlled and conscious way. There are many...
Parapsychology >> Hypnosis
- Hyperspace Reality
- Despite the fact that the 'new' physics, a godchild of the Einsteinian revolution has taught us that the Universe we perceive is a mere shadow of a vastly more unpredictable one, most of us still view the world in a distinctly materialistic way. A world where...
Modern Science >> New Physics
- Egyptian Temples, part VI: The House of Life
- Library - Archive 'The House of Life' could well be called a library. It was that part of the temple where all records and texts were kept and stored. These papyrii encompassed many different fields of learning as well as the accountings on the daily and...
Religions >> Egyptian
- Bringing it Down to Earth: A Fractal Approach
- 'Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.' B. Mandelbrot W e want to think about the future - it's our nature. Unlike other creatures, humans possess an...
Mystic Sciences >> Astrology
- Basic Concepts of Numerology
- The concept of numerology demonstrates that everything in the universe vibrates as its own frequency. You find the vibration rate of any object and you can link the qualities and positive energies linked to it.
Symbology >> Numerology
- Survivalists' Guide for the New Millennium: Chapter 1
- FACING OUR REALITY Lets face it, the pace and direction of worldly changes have run far ahead of the current human capacity to change with them. Modern society has become a force with its own momentum; a great machine of mass production and...
Philosophy >> Survivalists Guide for the New Millennium
Dome Mathematics is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documen |
The National Center for Radiation Field Operations (NCRFO)
The National Center for Radiation Field Operations (NCRFO) is an essential component of EPA's Radiological Emergency Response Team (RERT) and is key to EPA's response to radi | The National Center for Radiation Field Operations (NCRFO)
The National Center for Radiation Field Operations (NCRFO) is an essential component of EPA's Radiological Emergency Response Team (RERT) and is key to EPA's response to radiological emergencies and accidents nationwide.
The National Center coordinates RERT field capabilities for preparedness planning, working with the Office of Emergency Management, Regional Emergency Response programs, and the Agency's Special Teams. It assesses sites contaminated with radioactive material and manages all of ORIA's field resources, such as on-site monitoring and communications equipment.
The National Center provides training on radiological emergency response field operations to EPA staff, states, tribes, local organizations and other federal agencies. In addition, it assists tribes in developing and maintaining environmental expertise through the Tribal Air Monitoring Support (TAMS) Center. |
Zoos and similar facilities that publicly exhibit wild animals have existed throughout history, beginning as far back as Ancient Egypt. In the past, animals were kept in small cages and used by rulers to display their wealth and satisfy the curiosity and fascination surrounding | Zoos and similar facilities that publicly exhibit wild animals have existed throughout history, beginning as far back as Ancient Egypt. In the past, animals were kept in small cages and used by rulers to display their wealth and satisfy the curiosity and fascination surrounding wild creatures. Society’s views about zoos have changed. No longer are people willing to view animals pacing nervously back and forth behind bars. Instead, the public has begun to express concern for the welfare of the animals within zoos, preferring aesthetically pleasing and more natural habitats for zoo enclosures. Zoo proponents now claim the exhibitions exist for education, conservation, science, and recreational purposes. The imprisoned animals are the property of the zoo and laws are in place to regulate and protect them. Unfortunately, the current mandates lack effective protections and enforcement to ensure the welfare of animals kept in captivity. This paper will examine current laws pertaining to zoo animals, exposing their benefits and downfalls, and illustrating that more protection is needed.
Laws pertaining to zoo animals exist on international, federal, and state and local levels. On the international level, the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) regulates the trade and movement of roughly 5,000 types of endangered animal species. Membership of nation states is completely voluntary. CITES covers both live animals and their products. The act works by employing restrictions on trade, both import and export, through licensing and permitting systems. The species are listed in three appendices, which determine how much protection they are afforded. Trade in species listed on Appendix I is almost never permitted, while trade in species listed on Appendix III is much less regulated. Additionally, all animals housed in zoos prior to the signing of the treaty in 1973 are exempt from its provisions. And animals born in captivity are afforded much less protection their free-roaming counterparts.
In addition to CITES, on the international level, the International Air Transport Association (hereinafter “IATA”) regulates the majority of airlines. Membership is voluntary, but highly rega |
Federal Bureau of Investigation
||The neutrality of this article is disputed. (November 2013)|
|Federal Bureau of Investigation|
|Common name||Federal Bureau of Investigation|
|Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|
|Badge of | Federal Bureau of Investigation
||The neutrality of this article is disputed. (November 2013)|
|Federal Bureau of Investigation|
|Common name||Federal Bureau of Investigation|
|Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|
|Badge of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|
|Flag of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|
|Motto||Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity|
|Formed||July 26, 1908|
|Employees||35,902 (August 22, 2013)|
|Annual budget||8.1 billion USD (2012)|
|Legal personality||Governmental: Government agency|
|Legal jurisdiction||As per operations jurisdiction.|
|Governing body||U.S. Department of Justice|
|Constituting instrument||United States Code Title 28 Part II Chapter 33|
|Headquarters||J. Edgar Hoover Building
Northwest, Washington, D.C.
|Sworn members||13,913 (September 30, 2012)|
|Unsworn members||22,161 (September 30, 2012)|
|Field offices||56 (List of FBI Field Offices)|
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a governmental agency belonging to the United States Department of Justice that serves as both a federal criminal investigative body and an internal intelligence agency (counterintelligence). Also, it is the government agency responsible for investigating crimes on Native American reservations in the United States under the Major Crimes Act. The FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crime.
The bureau was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation (BOI). Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, D.C. The bureau has fifty-six field offices located in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. More than 50 international offices called "legal attachés" exist in U.S. embassies and consulates general worldwide.
- 1 Budget, mission and priorities
- 2 Legal authority
- 3 History
- 3.1 Background
- 3.2 Creation
- 3.3 J. Edgar Hoover as director
- 3.4 Organized crime
- 3.5 Notable post-Hoover reorganizations
- 3.6 Faulty bullet analysis
- 4 Organization
- 5 Specialties
- 6 Infrastructure
- 7 Personnel
- 8 Weapons
- 9 Publications
- 10 Media portrayal
- 11 Notable FBI personnel
- 12 See also
- 13 References
- 14 Further reading
- 15 External links
Budget, mission and priorities
In the fiscal year 2012, the bureau's total budget was approximately $8.12 billion.
The FBI's main goal is to protect and defend the United States, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.
Currently, the FBI's top investigative priorities are:
- Protect the United States from terrorist attacks (see counter-terrorism);
- Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage (see counterintelligence);
- Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes (see cyberwarfare);
- Combat public corruption at all levels;
- Protect civil rights;
- Combat transnational/national criminal organizations and enterprises (see organized crime);
- Combat major white-collar crime;
- Combat significant violent crime.
In August 2007, the top categories of lead criminal charges resulting from FBI investigations were:
- Bank robbery and incidental crimes (107 charges)
- Drugs (104 charges)
- Attempt and conspiracy (81 charges)
- Material involving sexual exploitation of minors (53 charges)
- Mail fraud – frauds and swindles (51 charges)
- Bank fraud (31 charges)
- Prohibition of illegal gambling businesses (22 charges)
- Fraud by wire, radio, or television (20 charges)
- Hobbs Act (Robbery and extortion affecting interstate commerce) (17 charges)
- Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)–prohibited activities (17 charges)
There are 565 federally recognized American Indian Tribes in the United States, and the FBI has federal law enforcement responsibility on nearly 200 Indian reservations. This federal jurisdiction is shared concurrently with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Office of Justice Services (BIA-OJS).
Located within the FBI's Criminal Investigative Division, the Indian Country Crimes Unit (ICCU) is responsible for developing and implementing strategies, programs, and policies to address identified crime problems in Indian Country (IC) for which the FBI has responsibility.—Overview, Indian Country Crime
The FBI does not specifically list crimes in Native American land as one of its priorities. Often serious crimes have been either poorly investigated or prosecution has been declined. Tribal courts can only impose sentences of up to three years, and then under certain restrictions.
Indian reservations often use the police of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which is an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior, for investigation within the reservation. Tribal police have limited jurisdiction over crimes.
The FBI's mandate is established in Title 28 of the United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533, which authorizes the Attorney General to "appoint officials to detect and prosecute crimes against the United States." Other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes.
The FBI's chief tool against organized crime is the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. The FBI is also charged with the responsibility of enforcing compliance of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and investigating violations of the act in addition to prosecuting such violations with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). The FBI also shares concurrent jurisdiction with the Drug Enforcement Administ |
businessman, a founder of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and a guiding force in the establishment of Cornell University. Settling at Ithaca (1828), he became associated with Samuel F.B. Morse (1842) and super | businessman, a founder of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and a guiding force in the establishment of Cornell University. Settling at Ithaca (1828), he became associated with Samuel F.B. Morse (1842) and superintended the construction of the first telegraph line in America, opened between Baltimore and Washington, D.C. (1844). In establishing telegraph lines throughout the U.S. he accumulated a substantial fortune and, for a time, was the largest stockholder of Western Union (organized 1855).
Learn more about Cornell, Ezra with |
graphs from remotely sensed vegetation indexes has the potential to better inform growers of the approaching harvest date. Within the field, relative differences in the vegetation index can show whether a crop is developing uniformly at any one time or over the growing season. The aerial | graphs from remotely sensed vegetation indexes has the potential to better inform growers of the approaching harvest date. Within the field, relative differences in the vegetation index can show whether a crop is developing uniformly at any one time or over the growing season. The aerial image shown is a computer enhanced green vegetation map of a 140-acre cantaloupe field. Ten meter resolution aerial images of the field have been acquired eight times over the summer. Data collected from sites with varying levels of crop growth have been extracted from the images to show the pattern of their development (see graphs Changes in Crop Growth). The graphs illustrate how seasonal progression in crop canopy growth can be tracked for five sites that initially are at different growth performance levels (i.e., 20 percent initial greenness). Changes in the growth rates of each site are seen clearly as are changes in the relative ranking late in the season of sites at 80 percent and 60 percent initial greenness. The crop relative growth rate declines when the growth shifts to fruit production. Superimposed on the crop development graphs are key dates showing the relationship between crop condition and management decisions. Seasonal changes in plant cover and biomass can be linked to predictions of future crop growth, harvest timing, and yield estimates. When these kinds of data are used in a crop production model it can assist in farm management decisions. This capability will be important in irrigated agriculture as producers could manipulate water inputs or fertilizers to advance or slow down crop maturity. The ability to follow changes in crop development for specific field locations is an emerging area of precision agriculture.
Precision agriculture strategies attempt to adjust field practices to accommodate known variability of important factors. As practiced today, precision agriculture is primarily based on a few parameters, such as soil nutrients or weed maps. Understanding the impact of multivariate interactions is a challenge to both producers, consultants, and scientists. The amount and complexity of available information has increased at a phenomenal rate. Growers will have access to large databases, but the ability to extract useful information will have to be developed. Agriculturists may find themselves uncertain about what information to use and how it can add value to production systems.
Crops are integrators of the biophysical environment within a field. Crops express their genetic potential and reaction to local soil, pest, and climatic conditions |
Medieval Knights Armor
The armor used in the Middle Ages was gradually perfected, until at length the knight became a living fortress. A Medieval Knights Armor was vital on the Battlefields of the Middle Ages. The Knights Armor provided essential body protection from | Medieval Knights Armor
The armor used in the Middle Ages was gradually perfected, until at length the knight became a living fortress. A Medieval Knights Armor was vital on the Battlefields of the Middle Ages. The Knights Armor provided essential body protection from the various weapons which were used in battle including the two-handed sword, bow and arrows, crossbow, battle axe, mace, dagger and lance. Padded garments and Chainmail were used prior to the development of suits of Armor and subsequently worn in conjunction with the armor suits. A Medieval knights armor was designed and developed to protect them from any new, and even more lethal, weapons that were introduced during the violent period of the Middle Ages.
Knights Suit of Armor
Medieval Knights suit of armor was extremely expensive to produce. A knights suit of armor had to be tailor-made to fit the knight exactly. Any Incorrect sizing of a Knights suit of armor would be extremely dangerous as it could hamper the knights ability to fight. The knights suit of armor was also a status symbol. The better quality of the Knights suit of armor, the more important was the Knight. Plate Armour was first introduced during the late 13th century and Full Plate Armour was introduced during the 15th century weighing approximately 50 lbs. A knights suit of armor was strong enough to protect the knight, but light enough to allow quick movement on the battlefield. A Medieval Knights Armor was a complex series of garments, chain mail and iron plate.
Parts of a Knights Suit of Armor
The Parts of a Knights Suit of Armor were a complex series of garments, chain mail and iron plate. The pieces of a Knights Suit of Armor covered the most vulnerable parts of a knight's body. The Parts of a Knights Suit of Armor are best described by explaining the parts of the body which they covered.
Medieval Knight Clothing
Parts of a Knights Suit of Armor covering the legs and the feet
The pieces of a knights suit of armor covering the legs and the feet were as follows:
- The Sabatons were the first parts of a knights suit of armor to be put on. Sabatons were armor for the feet and consisted of riveted iron plates on the boots
- Greaves were Plate armor which protected the calf and ankles
- Poleyns were Plate armor which protected the knee cap
- Cuisses were Plate armor which protected the thigh
- Spurs - The Spurs were attached to the heel of the foot by straps and used to'spur' the Knights horse on in battle
Parts of a Knights Suit of Armor covering the arms and hands
The pieces of a knights suit of armor covering the arms and hands were as follows:
- The Besagues which were small round'shields' laced to the mail at the shoulder to defend the armpit
- The Rerebrace for the defence of the upper arm
- The Vambrace for the defence of the lower arm
- Hand Armor - The Knights gloves were called Gauntlets and had ringed metal plates over the fingers
Parts of a Knights Suit of Armor covering the body
The pieces of a knights suit of armor covering the body were as follows:
- The Chest Armor was referred to as the Breast Plate
- The Back Armor protecting the back was called the Backplate
- Faulds were rings of armour which were attached to the breast plate and protected the hips, abdomen and lower back
Parts of a Knights Suit of Armor covering the head and neck
The pieces of a knights suit of armor covering the head and neck were as follows:
- A Visor was a detachable piece of armor which protected the face and eyes
- Head and Neck armor. In the 13th Century the helmet was called the Bascinet which had a skirt of mail called an aventail to protect the neck
Knights Armor Weapons
A Dagger, called a roundel, and Sword were attached to the Knights belt. A shield was carried for defence and recognition purposes and displayed the Knights heraldic blazon. Spikes called Gadlings were attached to the knuckles of gauntlets.
Each section of this Middle Ages website addresses all topics and provides interesting facts and information about these great people and events in bygone Medieval times including Knights Armor. The Sitemap provides full details of all of the information and facts provided about the fascinating subject of the Middle Ages! |
Andhun of Sussex
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (March 2007)|
Andhun was an Ealdorman of Sussex under King Æðelwealh, who was slain by the | Andhun of Sussex
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (March 2007)|
Andhun was an Ealdorman of Sussex under King Æðelwealh, who was slain by the Wessex prince Cædwalla, who invaded and ravaged Sussex. Berhthun and Andhun succeeded in driving Caedwalla from the Kingdom.
In 686 the South Saxons attacked Hlothhere, King of Kent, in support of his nephew Eadric, but soon after Berhthun was killed and the kingdom |
duced only two years after Schubert's great Symphony in C, namely in 1830. His Italian Symphony followed in the next year ; and Stern- dale Bennett's in G minor, in 1834.
The dates and history | duced only two years after Schubert's great Symphony in C, namely in 1830. His Italian Symphony followed in the next year ; and Stern- dale Bennett's in G minor, in 1834.
The dates and history of Spohr's productions are even more striking, as he was actually a contemporary of Beethoven's, and senior to Schubert, while in all respects in which his style is characteristic it represents quite a later genera- tion. His first Symphony (in Eb) was composed in 1811, before Beethoven's 7th, 8th, and Qth, and when he himself was 27 years old. This was followed by several others, which are not without merit, though not of sufficient histo- rical importance to require special consideration. The symphony of his which is best known at the present day is that called the'Weihe der Tone,' which at one time enjoyed great celebrity. The history of this work is as follows. He in- tended first to set a poem of the same name by his friend PfeifFer. He began the setting in 1832, but finding it unsatisfactory he aban- doned the idea of using the words except as a programme ; in which form they are appended to the score. The full description and purpose of the work as expressed on the title is'Characteristisches Tongemalde in Form einer Sinfonie, nach einen Gedicht von Carl Pfeiffer'; and a printed notice from the com- poser is appended to the score directing that the poem is to be either printed or recited aloud whenever the symphony is to be performed. Each movement also has its title, like the Pas- toral of Beethoven; but it differs from that work not only in its less substantial interest, but also in a much more marked departure from the ordinary principles of form, and the style of the successive movements.
The earlier part of the work corresponds fairly well with the usual principles of structure. It opens with a short Largo of vague character, passing into the Allegro, which is a continuous movement of the usual description, in a sweet, but rather tame style. The next movement might be taken to stand for the usual slow movement, as it begins Andantino ; but the development is original, as it is broken up by several changes of tempo and time-signatures, and is evidently based upon a programme, for which its title supplies an explanation. The next movement again might be taken as an alternative to the Minuet and Trio, being marked'Tempo di Marcia,' which would suggest the same general outline of form. But the development is again independent, and must be supposed to follow its title. From this point all connection with the usual outlines ceases. There is an Andante maestoso, based upon an Ambrosianischer Lobgesang, a Larghetto containing a second hymn-tune, and a short Allegretto in simple primary form to conclude with. From this description it will be obvious that the work is an example of thoroughgoing
- programme music.' It is clearly based rather on
the musical portrayal of a succession of ideas in themselves independent of music, than upon the treatment of principles of abstract form, and ideas
intrinsically musical. It derives from this fact a historical importance which its musical qualities taken alone would not warrant, as it is one of the very first German examples of its kind pos- sessing any high artistic excellences of treatment, expression, and orchestration. It contains a plentiful supply of Spohr's characteristic faults, and is for the most part superficial, and deficient in warmth of feeling and nobility of thought; but it has also a fair share of his good traits delicacy and clearness of orchestration, and a certain amount of poetical sentiment. Its suc- cess was considerable, and this, rather than any abstract theorising upon the tendencies of modern music, led him to several further experi- ments in the same line. The symphony (in C minor) which followed the'Weihe der Tone'was on the old lines, and does not require much notice. It contains experiments in unifying the work by unusual references to subjects, as in the first movement, where conspicuous reference is made in the middle part of the Allegro to the charac- teristic feature of the slow introduction; and in the last, where the same subject is somewhat transformed, and reappears in a different time as a prominent feature of the second section. In the next symphony, and in the 7th and gth, Spohr again tried experiments in pro- gramme. Two of these are such curiosities as to deserve description. The 6th, op. 116, in G, is called'Historische Symphoni |
World Trade Center Health Program Adds Cancer Coverage for 9/11 Victims
NIOSH adds cancers to the list of illnesses resulting from the 2001 terrorist attacks covered by the Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act.
Several types | World Trade Center Health Program Adds Cancer Coverage for 9/11 Victims
NIOSH adds cancers to the list of illnesses resulting from the 2001 terrorist attacks covered by the Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act.
Several types of cancer have been added to a list of ailments covered by a government program benefitting first-responders and survivors of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. The final rule, issued on the eve of the 11th anniversary of the terrorist attacks, now incorporates around 50 types of cancer.
Dr. John Howard, director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, first proposed the addition of cancer to illnesses covered by the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act in June, making the ruling official on Monday.
Initially, cancer was excluded from the list of illnesses covered by the $4.3 billion fund because there was not enough scientific evidence to prove that cancer was a medical condition resulting from exposure to dust, debris, and toxins at Ground Zero in the days after the attack. Now, however, after further review and input from various scientific organizations and trade unions, Howard's proposition has been approved.
According to the rule, of those enrolled to receive funds under this act, the cancer rate is 21 percent higher than the national average. About 60,000 people are covered by the act, including police offices, firefighters, cleanup crews, and eligible survivors of the attack. The rule will be effective 30 days after its Sept. 12 publication in the Federal Register.
There has been discussion among lawmakers to increase fund |
Olacaceae Mirbel ex Candolle
Description from Flora of China
Shrubs, scandent shrubs, trees, or lianas, sometimes hemiparasitic, often glabrous. Lateral shoots sometimes with bud scales | Olacaceae Mirbel ex Candolle
Description from Flora of China
Shrubs, scandent shrubs, trees, or lianas, sometimes hemiparasitic, often glabrous. Lateral shoots sometimes with bud scales at base. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite; petiole well developed; leaf blade simple, margin entire; veins usually pinnate, sometimes palmate and 3-5-veined. Inflorescences axillary, rarely also terminal, cymose, fasciculate, racemelike, spikelike, or umbellate, mostly small; bracts small and inconspicuous. Flowers usually bisexual, actinomorphic, 3-7-merous, sometimes heterostylous. Calyx small at anthesis, cupular, discoid, or lobed, sometimes accrescent to partly or wholly covering fruit, sometimes fused to fruit (in Schoepfia). Petals free or basally connate, valvate. Disk cuplike or annular, rarely free glands, sometimes accrescent and covering fruit apex (in Schoepfia). Stamens 3-15, rarely in part staminodes, epipetalous; anthers basi- or medi-fixed, usually 2-loculed, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary usually superior, rarely semisuperior but sometimes apparently inferior through fusion with calyx, 2-5-loculed or semiloculed with apex of ovary 1-loculed; ovules solitary in each locule or semilocule, pendent from apex of free central placenta, usually anatropous, integuments 1 or 2. Style terminal, simple; stigma 2-5-lobed. Fruit a drupe, sometimes with an accrescent caly |
Using Sketchpad in Calculus
Using Sketchpad in Calculus
Parametric equations of curves is a main topic in calculus (usually the second semester). Many of the curves for which parametric equations are sought are generated as loci of moving | Using Sketchpad in Calculus
Using Sketchpad in Calculus
Parametric equations of curves is a main topic in calculus (usually the second semester). Many of the curves for which parametric equations are sought are generated as loci of moving points that are constructed geometrically. The cycloid is a well-known example treated in most calculus texts. Our text, Stewart's Calculus, treats this in section 9.1. At the end of that section are several problems in which a sketch of a geometrically constructed point is given and the student is asked to find the parametric equations of the locus of the point, and also identify the locus.
The sketch for problem 35 is given. The question "What is the locus of P, as the ray OQ swings through a full revolution?" is easily answered by dragging Q around the circle in the dynamic sketch (or you can animate Q on the large circle). You can also change the size of each of the circles by dragging Q or S on the radii that are shown in the upper left of the sketch.The student must still find the parametric equations for the locus of P as the ray OQ sweeps around the circle, where the parameter is the angle with initial side the positive x-axis, and terminal side OQ.
The sketch for Section 9.1, problem 40 is given. The curve generated by P when point B is animated on the line x = 2a is called the "cissoid of Diocles". It is helpful to generate the curve with Sketchpad as well as discover the constraints on how far B must travel to sweep out the whole curve. The student must still find the parametric equations for the locus of P as B travels back and forth on the line.
A locus problem from a computational geometer
Given fixed points A, B and a line, construct circles through A and B that are tangent to the line, if possible. What is the locus of the points of tangency as the line moves up or down (with A and B remaining fixed)?
This geometry problem arose when Scott Drysdale, a computer scientist, wanted to implement an algorithm to construct a Delauney triangulation of a set of points in the plane, using the "empty circle" technique. Once the construction has been made with Sketchpad, it is easy to see the answer to the question above. It took Drysdale and a colleague more than a week to find the answer analytically.
Drag the line up and down to trace the locus of the points of tangency of the circles.
The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of quadrilateral ABCD form a quadrilateral Q (unless ABCD is a rectangle), and the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of Q form a quadrilateral Q'. Show that Q' is similar to Q.
This problem was proposed by Josef Langr in the American Mathematical Monthly in 1953 [Problem E 1050, volume 60, p. 551], and brought to our attention by Branko Grunbaum in an article "Quadrangles, Pentagons, and Computers," in Geombinatorics 3 (1993) 4-9. No solution to the problem has ever been published.
The sketch shows ABCD with Q in outline and Q' shaded. Lines have been constructed through what appear to be corresponding vertices of ABCD and Q'. The lines are concurrent at point P, and with Sketchpad, you can perform a dilation with center P and ratio ±(edge of ABCD/corresponding edge of Q') that sends Q' onto ABCD. (To mark the ratio, first choose an edge of Q', then the corresponding edge of ABCD.) The ratio is negative when ABCD is convex, and positive when ABCD is nonconvex. Remember that a dilation with a negative ratio is the composite of a halfturn through P followed by the dilation through P with the corresponding positive ratio. By dragging any vertex of ABCD, the similarity of Q' to ABCD is maintained - even in the self-intersecting cases. So Sketchpad "proves" the theorem - we still await a conventional proof.
Grunbaum challenges us to find a full proof of Langr's problem and determine the ratio of the dilation which somehow depends on the shape of ABCD. Other problems to be solved: (a) determine for what quadrilaterals ABCD the quadrilateral Q is similar to ABCD; (b) investigate what happens with pentagons and with hexagons.
Do we call Langr's problem a theorem? Is the strong evidence provided by Sketchpad enough to declare that there is a theorem, even though we don't have a conventional proof?
Notes by Jim King on Grunbaum's exploration
Branko Grunbaum has recently written about a problem of Langr which is easy to explore with Sketchpad.
Begin with a quadrilateral Q. Define a new quadrilateral Q1 whose sides are the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of Q, and then define Q2 to be the quadrilateral whose sides are the perpendicular bisectors of Q1 |
Lester R. Brown
|Lester R. Brown|
March 28, 1934 |
Bridgeton, New Jersey
|Occupation||Global environmental analyst, author,|
|Known for||Analysis of global warming,
| Lester R. Brown
|Lester R. Brown|
March 28, 1934 |
Bridgeton, New Jersey
|Occupation||Global environmental analyst, author,|
|Known for||Analysis of global warming,
food shortages, water depletion and energy shortages
|Earth Policy Institute|
Lester Russel Brown (born March 28, 1934) is a United States environmental analyst, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C. BBC Radio commentator Peter Day calls him "one of the great pioneer environmentalists."
Brown is the author or co-author of over 50 books on global environmental issues and his works have been translated into more than forty languages. His most recent book is Full Planet, Empty Plates: The New Geopolitics of Food Scarcity, which was released in September of 2012.
Brown emphasizes the geopolitical effects of fast-rising grain prices, noting that "the biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries," and one that could "bring down civilization." In Foreign Policy magazine, he describes how the "new geopolitics of food" has, in 2011, already begun to contribute to revolutions and upheaval in various countries.
The recipient of 26 honorary degrees and a MacArthur Fellowship, Brown has been described by the Washington Post as "one of the world's most influential thinkers." As early as 1978, in his book The Twenty-Ninth Day, he was already warning of "the various dangers arising out of our manhandling of nature...by overfishing the oceans, stripping the forests, turning land into desert." In 1986, the Library of Congress requested his personal papers noting that his writings “have already strongly affected thinking about problems of world population and resources,” while president Bill Clinton has suggested that "we should all heed his advice." In 2003 he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.
In the mid-1970s, Brown helped pioneer the concept of sustainable development, during a career that started with farming. Since then, he has been the recipient of many prizes and awards, including, the 1987 United Nations Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal, and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his "contributions to solving global environmental problems." In 1995, Marquis Who's Who selected Brown as one of its "50 Great Americans." He was recently awarded the Presidential Medal of Italy and was appointed an honorary professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He lives in Washington, D.C.
- 1 Early life
- 2 Education
- 3 Career as environmental activist
- 4 Environmentalist and author
- 5 Books (selection)
- 6 Awards and recognition
- 7 Bibliography
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Brown was born and raised on a farm without running water or electricity in Bridgeton, New Jersey near the Delaware River. He learned to read early and was a voracious reader. He was fascinated by World War II and would borrow day-old papers from the next door farm to follow it. He especially enjoyed reading biographies including those of America’s founding fathers and others such as Abraham Lincoln, George Washington Carver, and Marie Curie. From his earliest years, he worked on the farm, milking cows, pulling weeds, and cleaning the stable. An enterprising youth, he involved his younger brother, Carl, in various businesses, such as growing pheasants and chickens for sale. In 1951, they started a tomato growing business, which eventually grew to become one of New Jersey's largest, with sales of over 1,520,000 pounds (690,000 kg) a year. He later said, "farming is all I ever wanted to do with all my life. You have to know soils, weather, plant pathology, entomology, management, even politics. It's the ideal interdisciplinary profession."
Shortly after earning a degree in agricultural science from Rutgers University in 1955, through the International Farm Youth Exchange Program, he spent six months living in rural India where he became intimately familiar with food and population issues. "His experiences in Indian villages changed his life," wrote biographer David De Leon. "Although he went back to growing tomatoes when he returned to the United States, this no longer seemed like exciting work."
Brown decided that to work on the global food issue, he would need to work for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS). He learned that before they would hire him, he needed to have a degree in agricultural economics. Brown took nine months to earn a mast |
Ask-A-Linguist Message Details
Is there a name for words derived from another language, like fútbol from football, that sound like the original, but aren't direct translations? Football would translate roughly to ''bola del pie | Ask-A-Linguist Message Details
Is there a name for words derived from another language, like fútbol from football, that sound like the original, but aren't direct translations? Football would translate roughly to ''bola del pie'' in Spanish. I've been wondering this for a long time. Thank you.
The "bola del pie" example would actually be a "calque", meaning the parts of the word
are translated and borrowed, not the pronunciation of the word.
When you borrow the word with its pronunciation, it is |
Here are some general hints for Improving Sentences.
- Read the entire sentence carefully but quickly. Note the underlined portion because that is the portion that may have to be revised.
- Remember that the portion with no underline stays the same.
| Here are some general hints for Improving Sentences.
- Read the entire sentence carefully but quickly. Note the underlined portion because that is the portion that may have to be revised.
- Remember that the portion with no underline stays the same.
- Mark choice (A) if the underlined portion seems correct. Check the other choices quickly to make sure that (A) is really the best choice.
- Think of how you would revise the underlined portion if it seems wrong. Look for your revision among the choices given.
- Replace the underlined portion of the sentence with choices (B) through (E) if you don't find your revision. Concentrate on the choices that seem clear and exact when yo |
Sustainable Sites | Energy & Atmosphere | Materials & Resources | Indoor Environmental Quality | LEED Projects
Earning LEED® v3 2009 Credits through the use of Translucent Daylighting Systems
The green concept has been advanced | Sustainable Sites | Energy & Atmosphere | Materials & Resources | Indoor Environmental Quality | LEED Projects
Earning LEED® v3 2009 Credits through the use of Translucent Daylighting Systems
The green concept has been advanced by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), a coalition of building industry leaders working to promote environmentally responsible, profitable and healthy places to live and work. Light, airy, open environments are the key. And these are building environments that have been proven to boost worker productivity, reduce absenteeism, help students learn and increase worker satisfaction.
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) has become a cornerstone of sustainable design among building owners, architects, engineers and contractors. Many municipalities across the country have mandated that all new public buildings, even if not actually submitted for LEED certification, must at least be designed and built with the goal of achieving certification.
One of the easiest ways to gather LEED credits revolves around lighting. Kalwall's translucent skylight, window and wall systems, plus Clearspan skylights and pool enclosures from Structures Unlimited, Inc., are uniquely suited to achieve the desired results.
Possible LEED credit contributions as a result of incorporating into your design Structures Unlimited's unique, self-supporting aluminum structure technology blended with Kalwall's translucent skylight and wall systems include:Sustainable Sites
Credit 7.2 – Heat Island Effect, Roof (1 point) "Use roofing materials with a solar reflectance index (SRI)... for a minimum of 75% of the roof's surface."
Steep-sloped roof > 2:12 = 29 SRI
Depending on design configurations, the Kalwall panel meets SRI requirements listed in ASTM E1980, ASTM E408 and ASTM E903 to reduce Heat Island Effect for roofs.
Credit 8 – Light Pollution Reduction (1 point) "All openings in the envelope with a direct line of sight to any nonemergency luminaries must have shielding (... for a resultant transmittance of less than 10% between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m.). Meeting... ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007..."
Without the need for additional shielding, Kalwall's light-diffusing characteristics can reduce light transmittance to less than 10%, preventing direct-beam illumination from leaving the building interior.
Energy & Atmosphere
Prerequisite 2 – Minimum Energy Performance (prerequisite)
"Demonstrate a 10% improvement in building performance rating for new buildings or a 5% improvement for major renovations. Calculate the baseline building performance... Appendix G of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007... using a computer simulation model..."
Kalwall is the most highly insulating, diffuse-light-transmitting system available. With insulating values up to and exceeding R-20 (.05 U), conductive winter heat loss is kept to a minimum. Additionally, Kalwall's low solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), as low as.05, significantly reduces summer heat gain, greatly reducing tonnage requirements for air conditioning systems, while lowering utility bills. Daylight Modeling is available from Kalwall.
Credit 1 – Optimize Energy Performance (up to 19 points) "Demonstrate a percentage improvement in the proposed building performance rating compared to the baseline building performance rating... according to Appendix G of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007..."
Kalwall provides superior winter and summer energy efficiency while transmitting diffuse daylight.
Credit 2 – On-Site Renewable Energy, 1% to 13% (up to 7 points) "Use on-site renewable energy systems to offset building energy cost. Calculate project performance... as a percentage of the building annual energy cost (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 11% or 13%)... "
Since the 1950s, Kalwall has been involved with both passive and active solar technologies. Kalwall's window systems, as well as skylights from Structures Unlimited, Inc., can accept BIPV panels.
Materials & Resources
Credit 1.1 – Building Reuse-Maintain Existing Walls, Floors and Roof (up to 4 points)
"Maintain the existing building structure … and envelope (the exterior skin and framing, excluding window assemblies and non-structural roofing material) … upgrade components that would improve energy and water efficiency such as windows…"
The thermal performance of Kalwall translucent window, skylight and curtainwall system replacements can result in over 500% more energy efficiency than insulated glass by reducing solar heat gain and saving on HVAC costs.
Credit 3 – Materials Reuse (up to 2 points) "Use salvaged, refurbished or reused materials, the sum of which constitutes at least 5% or 10%, based on cost, of the total value of materials on the project."
Kalwall panels may be reused or refurbished. The design of the Kalwall Clamp-tite framing system allows for removal of the entire window, curtainwall or skylight. These panel systems may then be installed in similar applications.
Credit 4 – Recycled Content, 10% or 20% (post-consumer + ½ pre-consumer) (up to 2 points) "Use materials with recycled content such that the sum of post-consumer recycled content plus one-half of the pre-consumer content constitutes at least 10% or 20%, based on cost, of the total value of the materials in the project."
A typical Kalwall system contains ± 20% post-consumer/pre-consumer recycled content, pr |
The race consciousness, self-confidence, and assertiveness demonstrated by African Americans during the post-war period would come to be defined as the “New Negro” era. Led by race leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey | The race consciousness, self-confidence, and assertiveness demonstrated by African Americans during the post-war period would come to be defined as the “New Negro” era. Led by race leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Alain Leroy Locke, the future of African Americans would depend upon what the group wanted in spite of what white America had designated as their so-called place in society. From the stronghold of community, African Americans articulated the uniqueness and the strength of African American culture and the importance of its African roots through the Harlem Renaissance.
During the post-war years, Kansas City, Missouri, became the convergent center for African Americans from the rural areas surrounding the city, and from small mid-western towns in Kansas, Iowa, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. The urban environment would present certain opportunities for transformation, which would help shape and later define African American culture within the context of the city. The same spirit that informed the Harlem Renaissance was responsible for the explosion of African American entrepreneurship, artistic exploration, and industry found in the area surrounding 18th &Vine.
Seeded by the migration of African Americans from the South to the North seeking opportunity, and supported by the new attitude developed during the post-war era, the Harlem Renaissance featured a variety of black artists and intellectuals advancing the transformative process found in self-discovery and community. Among the most prominent contributors to this rebirth was the writer Langston Hughes (who was born in Joplin, Missouri and raised in Lawrence, Kansas), and painter Aaron Douglass (who was born in Topeka, Kansas).
Indeed, from the founding of the black weekly The Call and the Negro National League, to the birth of the Kansas City Sound, black Kansas Citians struggled for racial equality within the guise of the New Negro movement and found their freedom linked to their abilities to perform.
Kansas-Citians & Kansas City Organizations that paved the way for future generations of proud African American citizens:
The Paseo YMCA in Kansas CIty, Missouri from The Crisis (Aug 1915)
Constructed in 1914, the Paseo YMCA has had a significant role in the unfolding history of the African American community in Kansas City, Missouri, especially in the 18th & Vine district...
Image courtesy of the Kansas City Public Library Missouri Valley Room Special Collections.
Myrtle Foster Cook, from Elizabeth Lindsay Davis, Lifting as they Climb, 1933
Canadian born Myrtle Foster Cook was an active clubwoman in Kansas City, Missouri during the early part of the twentieth century....
Colored Surgeon in Chief Kansas City, Missouri, from The Crisis (Sept. 1914)
In 1908, after the city of Kansas City, Missouri built a new General Hospital for whites the old hospital was designated as the facility for blacks and Hispanics. By 1914, General Hospital number two would becom |
EDUCATION - OAKLAND (1971, 1980)
Support of measures to provide a system of quality education that is adequately financed and is responsive to the needs of the children of Oakland, with the following objectives: i1) | EDUCATION - OAKLAND (1971, 1980)
Support of measures to provide a system of quality education that is adequately financed and is responsive to the needs of the children of Oakland, with the following objectives: i1) Ongoing review of a strategic plan for Oakland schools consisting of coordinated plans created by ongoing, broadly based committees representing administrators, teachers, community members and students. Elements of these plans would include a clear definition of educational philosophy, a description of goals and priorities, and accountability for the following issues:
2) Promote the ability for individual schools, through incentives for principals and teachers, to increase parental involvement and devel |
Short bio: Computer Scientist, FOSS supporter (read more)
Tux Machines (TM)-specific
In a dramatic new study to be published in next month's issue of the Journal of Anecdotal Evidence, researchers have concluded that the quantity | Short bio: Computer Scientist, FOSS supporter (read more)
Tux Machines (TM)-specific
In a dramatic new study to be published in next month's issue of the Journal of Anecdotal Evidence, researchers have concluded that the quantity of available clues is only growing at a slow, linear rate. While computing power might double every 18 months according to Moore's Law, the same growth rate does not apply to cluedom.
"You can beat people over the head with a cluestick all day long, but that doesn't change the fact that society is suffering from a serious clue shortage," said study author Dr. Sara E. Brum, Chairwoman of the Department of Vaguely Useful Research at West-Central Wyoming University. "Besides, such cluestick trauma can easily lead to serious brain injuries."
Another expert on the topic, Dr. Grant Reiter, said bluntly, "It's becoming harder and harder to go out and get a clue. The Earth's population continues to accelerate, but the growth rate of the clueosphere is simply not keeping pace. There's not enough clues to go around." |
1. bloom - noun
· the organic process of bearing flowers; "you will stop all bloom if you let the flowers go to seed"
2. bloom - noun
· reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or | 1. bloom - noun
· the organic process of bearing flowers; "you will stop all bloom if you let the flowers go to seed"
2. bloom - noun
· reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts
3. bloom - noun
· the best time of youth
4. bloom - noun
· a rosy color (especially in the cheeks) taken as a sign of good health
5. bloom - noun
· the period of greatest prosperity or productivity
6. bloom - noun
· a powdery deposit on a surface
7. bloom - verb
· produce or yield flowers; "The cherry tree bloomed"
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A Local Wildlife Site in Leicestershire (credit Neil Talbot)
Local Wildlife Sites (LWSs) are identified and selected for their local nature conservation value. They protect threatened species and habitats acting as buffers, stepping stones and corridors between | A Local Wildlife Site in Leicestershire (credit Neil Talbot)
Local Wildlife Sites (LWSs) are identified and selected for their local nature conservation value. They protect threatened species and habitats acting as buffers, stepping stones and corridors between nationally-designated wildlife sites.
- What are Local Wildlife Sites?
- How are Local Wildlife Sites selected?
- Why are Local Wildlife Sites important?
- What is a Local Wildlife Site system?
- Local Wildlife Sites and The Wildlife Trusts
- Local Wildlife Sites are different to Local Green Spaces
- Local Wildlife Sites and the National Policy Planning Framework (NPPF)
There are over 40,000 Local Wildlife Sites across England
Local Wildlife Sites (LWSs) are wildlife-rich sites selected for their local nature conservation value. They vary in shape and size and can contain important, distinctive and threatened habitats and species. In many parts of the UK, they are the principal wildlife resource but their designation is non-statutory and their only protection comes via the planning system. They are not protected by law like SSSIs or National Nature reserves. Whilst SSSIs are a representative sample that meet national criteria, LWSs include all sites that meet local selection criteria. Many are owned by private individuals.
Local partnerships oversee the selection of LWSs using robust, scientifically-determined criteria and a local knowledge and understanding of the area’s natural environment. LWS partnerships are made up of a great variety of stakeholders including local authorities, public bodies, nature conservation NGOs and landowners large and small.
LWS play a critical conservation role by providing wildlife refuges, protecting threatened species and habitats, and acting as links and corridors between nationall designated sites such as nature reserves and SSSIs.
The Making Space for Nature report (September 2010) stated that: ‘Local Wildlife Sites are important to futur |
In the north, growing bananas isn’t about the fruit, we do it for the huge leaves.
|My Abyssinian banana (Ensete maurelii) gets bigger every year.|
When it comes to getting that tropical look | In the north, growing bananas isn’t about the fruit, we do it for the huge leaves.
|My Abyssinian banana (Ensete maurelii) gets bigger every year.|
When it comes to getting that tropical look in a northern garden, there’s nothing like banana trees. They grow fast and tall. And because it’s fairly easy to bring them through the winter, you can get bigger and bigger plants each year. Just don’t expect any fruit—they need 18 months of warm weather for that. For me, the huge leaves are enough.
When I first started with bananas, I grew them in containers. But now, I put most of them right in the ground and dig them up in the fall, right after hard frost. Although I don’t have data to back this up, it seems like the garden-planted trees grow faster and taller. Plus, it’s pretty impressive when visitors see the bananas growing right up out of the ground with a hefty trunk that’s 6 to 8 inches across.Yeah, I grew that.
One year, I tried overwintering a banana in the ground here in Vermont. A crazy idea, but I wanted to give it a shot. There’s a plant called a Japanese fiber banana (Musa basjoo) that’s especially hardy, and folks in warmer parts of New England carry them over by cutting them back and protecting the stumps with insulating mulch. Of course, mine was entirely dead come spring. What was I thinking?
|Three years ago, this was one of those banana plants offered in 6-inch pots. Now, planted right in the ground, it’s pushing 8 feet.|
Bananas are fairly easy to get from mail-order purveyors, such as Plant Delights Nursery, but you can find them at garden centers, too. In the spring, larger specimens are available. What’s more, you can find banana plants all year around in greenhouses, often sold in 6-inch pots. Even these small plants will get big if grown outdoors. In a couple years, you can have a decent-sized tree that reaches several feet. It’s important to note that you won’t get giant plants if you don’t fertilize. During the growing season, feed them regularly (every week) with a water-soluble fertilizer, such as Plant Health Care. For more information on fertilizing, read Don’t Forget to Feed Your Plants
At this time of year, you might even find banana plants on sale as the greenhouses are cleared out for poinsettias. Here are some ornamental bananas to consider:
- Japanese fiber banana (Musa basjoo): Gracefully arching green leaves that can grow to 6 feet. Eventually grows into a tree-like form.
- Sikkim banana (Musa sikkimensis): Looks like a typical banana, but the undersides of the leaves are tinted red.
- Red Abyssinian banana (Ensete maurelii): My favorite, but it’s not a tree-form. The huge, reddish leaves come from a short, stocky section of trunk.
Overwintering is easy, as long as you have a place to store the plants while they’re dormant. Ideally, they are stored in a place that remains about 35 to 45 degrees F. through the winter. No freezing allowed. The dormant plants will not need light, just occassional watering—about once a month. If you have enough space, you can overwinter a banana like a houseplant. Just remember that it will need plenty of sun and watch out for insect infestations. I’ll write more on overwintering in a future post.
Online Content Coordinator, Gardener’s Supply |
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