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Double GCSE lessons all of a sudden become much longer when its revision time; both for pupils and teachers. This year I have, thanks to other people’s suggestions, stumbled upon a TOP TIP for getting pupils to work more enthusiastically and work | Double GCSE lessons all of a sudden become much longer when its revision time; both for pupils and teachers. This year I have, thanks to other people’s suggestions, stumbled upon a TOP TIP for getting pupils to work more enthusiastically and work for longer.
In between topics or tasks give your pupils sweets.
They will love you and then after a couple of minutes will restart the next bit of your lesson with renewed energy and vigour.
This article is not in anyway sponsored by the processed sugar industry.
I taught this lesson to both my 2 Y10 classes this week. One of the groups has abilities ranging from FFT D band grades of E to A* and the other from C to A. They are all taking a module of their Geography GCSE in a month’s time that is worth 37.5% of the whole of their AQA syllabus A GCSE in Geography. Both groups are therefore a mixture of pupils taking higher and foundation papers. I am very fortunate to be teaching at a school primarily made up of well motivated pupils; it is a secondary modern 11-16 Girls school.
I took some advice from @learningspy and decided to try using hexagons to follow up my revision work from last week. The credit for this revision lesson comes from tweets of his and others I have read. I must admit that there aren’t any original ideas here. Only the arrangement is mine
Here is the powerpoint I showed that has the lesson instructions on. The written description below refers primarily to slide 5 onwards. 1-4 only give the context of the lesson
The idea is simple.
- I reminded them of the differentiated SOLO-based and exam-grade-linked targets I introduced last lesson.
- I gave everyone in the class 1 of 4 case studies to revise
- I gave them 2 minutes to brainstorm everything they could think of about this case study
- I put them in groups of 3 to do each case study.
- They shared their lists and then wrote down all the words and phrases they had between them, putting each one on a separated laminated hexagon. This is the first target, what AQA mark schemes call Level 1 answers; normally relating to G up to D grade responses.
- I next asked each group to arrange all their hexagons into a way that made sense to them. They moved the hexagons around placing any words/phrases that were linked together next to each other. This is the second target, what AQA mark schemes call Level 2 answers; normally relating to C up to B grade responses. this took no more than 15 minutes
- I then reminded them of a revision checklist I had passed onto them last lesson which laid out the basis of each case study. (Look at this post on my student blog if you wish. We were revising the tourism topic in this lesson) This gave all groups the chance to rearrange their ideas in a way that may be useful for revision purposes. In each class only a minority of hexagons were moved; generally they preferred their own explanations. To ensure that this thinking wasn’t lost and that they all had further time to reflect further on it, I asked them to write up ‘into paragraphs’ what they had organised and linked (mark scheme words) using their hexagons. those who didn’t quite get this i asked to use the revision checklist prompts help organise their ideas. I would have hoped not to have to do this, but these pupils all produced well written, explained and linked work. Some pupils also took photos of their hexagons to use for their own revision.
- The third main task was for each group to write questions for other groups. They were to base these questions on ‘intersections’ where 3 or more hexagons met. The only guide I gave for this task was that they shouldn’t write Level 1 questions. This may have been a mistake because the questions i received back were all very exam-like. but maybe because the pupils knew this was a revision lesson and I had talked a lot about grades and levels already. We discussed rather than wrote possible answers to one question for each group. It was this section of the lesson that I felt was the weakest.
I asked at the end of each lesson for a brief feedback by asking pupils to raise their hands lifting up the number of fingers out of 10 they would give for “how much it helped your revision”. The results of this were all very positive. However I have better evidence that the lesson was a success: when the second group were coming in to be taught on Wednesday i was asked “Are we going to do the honeycomb lesson as well sir?” when i said yes there was a minor ripple of UNPROMPTED approval.
Next time i will not call them hexagons I will call them honeycomb.
I have y10 and Y11 revising for the next 3 weeks lesson. To help them feel more secure in revision I will be using the same diagram to structure their learning/revision. Again this is a mixture of SOLO and GCSE level descriptors from the mark scheme. Many other SOLO practitioners seem to talk openly about SOLO in their lessons. When I first introduced the idea to my pupils I said what it was.But I have found my p |
Watts Up With That?
Aug 14, 2010
Readers will surely recall when WUWT was the first climate news outlet to publish this story:
In it, an admonition: “Watch the media now as this story | Watts Up With That?
Aug 14, 2010
Readers will surely recall when WUWT was the first climate news outlet to publish this story:
In it, an admonition: “Watch the media now as this story is only about an hour old.” So far the media (and foot in mouth politicians) haven’t disappointed in their zeal to make this “business as usual” for a glacier into a poster child.
Image from The Arc
Professor Andreas Muenchow became a media celebrity this week with his quote about an iceberg in Greenland being “four times the size of Manhattan.” This iceberg has become a poster child for global warming, even though a much larger one broke off the same glacier 50 years ago.
From the Kansas City Star
Researchers last week spotted a 100-square-mile chunk of ice that calved off from the great Petermann Glacier in Greenland’s far northwest. It was the most massive ice island to break away in the Arctic in a half-century of observation. The huge iceberg appeared just five months after an international scientific team published a report saying ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet is expanding up its northwest coast from the south. Changes in the ice sheet “are happening fast, and we are definitely losing more ice mass than we had anticipated,” said NASA’s Isabella Velicogna.
Others took the misinformation one step further:
In what he calls ‘a manifestation of warming’, Dr Richard Bates who helps monitor the Greenland ice said he was ‘amazed’ to see such a huge area of ice break off the Petermann glacier. Reported in the Telegraph a team from the University of St Andrews said that a huge 106 square mile chunk of ice had broken away at the start of August. This is the largest ever seen to come from Greenland. The US National Ice Center has named the iceberg the ‘Petermann Ice Island’. They also report that the Petermann glacier, which is located in North West Greenland to the East of the Nares Strait and one of the largest in the Northern hemisphere, has retreated back to a level not observed since 1962.
What the press is not widely reporting is that Professor Muenchow also said :
years of data on the glacier itself show that after this month’s event, the mass of ice is still, on average, discharging about the same amount of water it usually does – some 600 million cubic meters a year, or about 220,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools. “Even a big piece like this over 50 years is not that significant. It’s just the normal rate,” he said. Muenchow warns people not to jump to conclusions. “An event like this, this specific event, all flags go immediately up, ‘Oh, let’s explain this by global warming.’ I cannot support that,” he said.
So what we know is that the glacier is where it was 50 years ago, a bigger chunk broke off 50 years ago, and the rate of ice moving to the sea has not changed. There is absolutely no story here. Our warming friends get more desperate by the day. It is pathetic.
This article was posted: Saturday, August 14, 2010 at 10:28 am |
What this illustration does not show is that while wearing a corset, your liver shifts down and your heart shift up. Your lungs can never expand fully, in turn creating shortness of breath and frequent fainting [one of the prevailing side effects | What this illustration does not show is that while wearing a corset, your liver shifts down and your heart shift up. Your lungs can never expand fully, in turn creating shortness of breath and frequent fainting [one of the prevailing side effects on women during Victorian era].
Then of course there are the petticoats [unrelated to the museum adventure]. Corsets and petticoats work together, often giving the impression of a smaller waist while accentuating the bust and hips. The corset is a customized garment, made of separate pieces which are stitched together to mold the torso into a desired shape. Early corsets were made of two layers of linen, and held together with a stiff paste. The resulting rigid material held and formed the wearer's figure. From the sixteenth century on, corset makers began using thin pieces of whalebone, shaped like quills or knitting needles which were sleeved between two layers of fabric. The whalebone was shaped with steam and then inserted into tailored pockets in the corset to provide structure. Whalebone was also used in some corsets in a front piece called the busk. The busk gave a smooth line to the front of the corset. Alternatively, boning was made of wood, horn, or steel.
The whalebone corset was much more confining than the paste-stiffened one and was often worn in conjunction with other undergarments that further exaggerated the female figure. In Elizabeth’s time, courtly fashion dictated corsets paired with large, whale bone-stiffened |
Franz Kafka, frustrated with his living quarters and day job, wrote in a letter to Felice Bauer in 1912, “time is short, my strength is limited, the office is a horror, the apartment is noisy, and if | Franz Kafka, frustrated with his living quarters and day job, wrote in a letter to Felice Bauer in 1912, “time is short, my strength is limited, the office is a horror, the apartment is noisy, and if a pleasant, straightforward life is not possible then one must try to wriggle through by subtle maneuvers.”
Kafka is one of 161 inspired—and inspiring—minds, among them, novelists, poets, playwrights, painters, philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians, who describe how they subtly maneuver the many (self-inflicted) obstacles and (self-imposed) daily rituals to get done the work they love to do, whether by waking early or staying up late; whether by self-medicating with doughnuts or bathing, drinking vast quantities of coffee, or taking long daily walks. Thomas Wolfe wrote standing up in the kitchen, the top of the refrigerator as his desk, dreamily fondling his “male configurations”... Jean-Paul Sartre chewed on Corydrane tablets (a mix of amphetamine and aspirin), ingesting ten times the recommended dose each day... Descartes liked to linger in bed, his mind wandering in sleep through woods, gardens, and enchanted palaces where he experienced “every pleasure imaginable.”
Here are: Anthony Trollope, who demanded of himself that each morning he write three thousand words (250 words every fifteen minutes for three hours) before going off to his job at the postal service, which he kept for thirty-three years during the writing of more than two dozen books... Karl Marx... Woody Allen... Agatha Christie... George Balanchine, who did most of his work while ironing... Leo Tolstoy... Charles Dickens... Pablo Picasso... George Gershwin, who, said his brother Ira, worked for twelve hours a day from late morning to midnight, composing at the piano in pajamas, bathrobe, and slippers...
Here also are the daily rituals of Charles Darwin, Andy Warhol, John Updike, Twyla Tharp, Benjamin Franklin, William Faulkner, Jane Austen, Anne Rice, and Igor Stravinsky (he was never able to compose unless he was sure no one could hear him and, when blocked, stood on his head to “clear the brain”).
Brilliantly compiled and edited, and filled with detail and anecdote, Daily Rituals is irresistible, addictive, magically inspiring. |
ON Nov. 3, 1983, a large majority of the 5 million whites of South Africa voted for a new Constitution which provided for limited political representation in Parliament for Indians and ``mixed'' races, but nothing for the 23 | ON Nov. 3, 1983, a large majority of the 5 million whites of South Africa voted for a new Constitution which provided for limited political representation in Parliament for Indians and ``mixed'' races, but nothing for the 23 million blacks. President P. W. Botha called the results ``a vote for evolutionary reform.'' He said the new Constitution would be an ``attempt to secure security, stability, and prosperity for South Africa.''Skip to next paragraph
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The high hopes for the new Constitution are buried today under a rising tide of violence and resistance. It culminated last Saturday in an emergency decree allowing police to seize and detain anyone for 14 days without trial. It imposed censorship on the press.
The record shows that racial unrest often leading to rioting, bloodshed, and repression began building up in September 1983, in advance of the November election. There are no fully authentic records on fatalities, but in round figures it is estimated that 500 people, mostly blacks, have been killed in troubles that began not quite two years ago.
The leader of the political opposition in Parliament, Dr. Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, commented that ``what was supposed to be an era of negotiation and consensus has seen us drift steady into the present state of emergency.''
The record is unclear on whether President Botha intended the grant of political representation to the Indians and ``mixed'' people of South Africa as a first step on a long road to admitting blacks to citizenship and parliamentary representation. Some viewed it rather as an effort to recruit the Indians and ``mixed'' peoples to the white strength.
Whatever the motive, the huge black majority has seemed to feel that the time has come for them to stage a major campaign to break through the crust of white power that has dominated South Africa since a band of Dutch traders landed at Cape Town about the same time that English traders were landing on the shores of North America.
The important first point for outsiders to understand about this situation in South Africa is that the whites of South Africa do not see themselves as a minority in the same community with the black majority. To the whites, South Africa is a white country owned and run by whites. To them, the blacks are outsiders, who are permitted to come inside and provide cheap labor -- and then are expected to go away. They are not citizens. They are just labor.
The dilemma for South Africa's white leadership arises from two facts. The first is that there are many more blacks living in the area than whites -- 23 million against only 5 million. The second is that the 5 million whites have allowed themselves to become dependent on the black labor.
If the whites had set up an all-white community and provided all their labor from among their own ranks, today's condition would not exist. The blacks could have been kept out of the white territory and allowed to work out their own salvation as best they could. Although allowing themselves to become dependent upon black labor, the whites talked about a policy of apartheid, but they could never set themselves apart from the black community. They have themselves continued to employ the blacks, on a st eadily rising level of numbers and in importance of positions held. The process of assimilation has reached the point where there are even cases of black foremen giving orders to white workers.
It is not written in the history books that men have often voluntarily given up a higher standard of living for the sake of a moral principle. The white community in South Africa has not reached the point of being willing to demote itself to political and economic equality with the black community.
The blacks are probably correct that they will not in the foreseeable future be able to break the old system in South Africa by peaceful means. They are increasingly turning to violence to change the system. The emergency decree of last weekend in South Africa is a milestone along the road of a struggle that will go on for a long time. |
Vipassanañāṇā has taught in 9th lesson--kammatthānasaṅgahavibhāga, of abhidhammatthasaṅgaha.
"I", "you | Vipassanañāṇā has taught in 9th lesson--kammatthānasaṅgahavibhāga, of abhidhammatthasaṅgaha.
"I", "you", "we", "they" words are saddapaññatti refer to upādapaññatti.
"I", "you", "we", "they" upādapaññatti is ghana.
Ghana analysed by vipassanañāṇā.
So, paññattipariccheda (post of 8th) come before kammatthānasaṅgahavibhāga (9th).
Vipassanañāṇā has paccayapariggahañāṇa to be base of 3 or 7 anupassanās.
So, paccayapariccheda (pre of 8th) come before paññattipariccheda (post of 8th).
Paccayapariggahañāṇa is ñātapariññā, that meditate in groups of dhamma.
So, samuccayasaṅgahavibhāga(7th) come before paccayapariccheda(pre of 8th).
Groups of dhamma are codification (samuccaya) of paramattha.
So, citta(1st--cittasaṅgahavibhāga), cetasika(2th--cetasikasaṅgahavibhāga), citta and cetasika(3rd-5th--pakiṇṇka-vīthi-vīthimuttasaṅgahavibhāga), rūpa (pre of 6th), nibbāna (post of 6th) come before samuccayasaṅgahavibhāga(7th).
Conclusion, abhidhammatthasaṅgaha is a summary book of vipassanā-principle. |
As part of Morning Edition's 20th anniversary celebration Howard Berkes continue his report in the second of a two part series on Mt. St. Helens. Berkes revisits Mount St. Helens and details the impact that the | As part of Morning Edition's 20th anniversary celebration Howard Berkes continue his report in the second of a two part series on Mt. St. Helens. Berkes revisits Mount St. Helens and details the impact that the 1980 eruption had on the volcano's natural surroundings. Plant and animal species have since repopulated the area, but not yet as dense and diverse as before the eruption. That makes Mount St. Helens extremely interesting for scientists studying the resilience of life. |
SRMC educates public about growing field of robotic surgery
Published: Wednesday, August 1, 2012 at 3:15 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, July 31, 2012 at 5:40 p | SRMC educates public about growing field of robotic surgery
Published: Wednesday, August 1, 2012 at 3:15 a.m.
Last Modified: Tuesday, July 31, 2012 at 5:40 p.m.
Leaning forward in a chair, with his head staring directly into a screen, 5-year-old Mason Foster-Peake pretended to be a surgeon.
As he moved his small hands and fingers, the large, four-armed machine beside him seemed to come to life.
Foster-Peake attended a Meet the Robots event at Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System on Sunday in which children and their families got the chance to control the hospital's surgical robots.
“I felt like I was playing a video game,” he said afterward. “I love robots. I want one in my house.”
While many science-fiction movies portray robots as violent, destructive and sometimes rebellious, doctors showed children who attended the two-day event how robots in real life can, in fact, be helpful, beneficial and even life-saving tools.
The robot “makes surgery easier for the patients,” said Dr. Steven Leyland, thoracic/cardiothoracic surgeon. “It's a different approach, but for the right patient, it's a very useful approach.”
Doctors at the event also addressed several misconceptions that children and adults might have about surgical robots.
“A lot of people feel like the robot is doing all the work, but actually their surgeon is sitting there controlling every single move,” said Dr. Gordon Sherard, an OB-GYN surgeon. “The robot doesn't do anything on its own.”
Leyland added that the robot is just a surgical instrument.
“It's like using a scalpel or scissors,” he said. “It's a tool that allow surgeons to operate through very tiny holes.”
Surgeons no longer have to use scalpels, knives and a magnifying glass to perform certain surgeries.
That's so 20th century.
Now, they use da Vinci Si machines — the most advanced robotic surgery technology.
Spartanburg Regional has performed more than 3,000 robotic surgeries since 2007.
On a recent Wednesday, Leyland — with a surgical mask over his face — demonstrated a robot inside an operating room.
He sat in front of the surgeon's console and moved the machine's thin, metallic arms, making them slice and rotate; the arm's finger-like tips even picked items up and put them back down.
“Their arms are a lot more flexible and have more mobility than human wrists,” he said. “It's easier to make incisions, and it's easier to do exactly what you want.”
Though large and expensive, the robots are said to provide surgeons with an easier way to perform minimally invasive surgeries.
Minimally invasive surgery, also known as laparoscopic surgery, is surgery that is done through several tiny incisions rather than one large opening.
“A smaller incision is not going to go through as much muscle or as much nerves,” said Dr. Bang Giep, gynecologic surgeon and medical director of robotic surgery at Spartanburg Regional. “Therefore, patients will experience less pain than they would with a big incision.”
Bruce Cannada of Moore attended the Meet the Robots event Sunday with his 7-year-old daughter, Kylie. As Kylie played with the robot, Bruce spoke of their benefits.
“My wife had a hysterectomy (with one of the robots) and she was back to work very quickly,” he said.
Because the incisions are smaller, doctors say patients generally experience quicker recovery times, less bleeding, less pain, lower risk of infection, less scarring and less time in the hospital.
Data provided by the hospital indicates that robotic surgery hysterectomy and prostatectomy patients in the past five years have spent up to 75 percent less time in the hospital than non-robotic patients.
Giep says the robots make minimally invasive surgery available to more patients.
“The robots allow minimally invasive surgery to be done better, with better visualization, and (they) allow for more accurate, more precise surgeries,” he said.
One of the robot's four arms contains an HD camera. As surgeons operate the machines, they sit at a surgeon's console — about 10 feet away from the patients — and watch an HD, three-dimensional screen. The screen displays everything the robot is doing.
Leyland said the robots allow surgeons to see the surgical field a lot better.
“It gives you better visualization of the fine structures than you can get with the naked eye,” he said. “When surgeons perform ordinary bypass surgery, we wear magnifying glasses which have up to three-and-a-half-power magnifications. But the robot can do 10-power magnifications. The imaging you get from these machines is unparalleled.”
There is also a screen above the patient, allowing the bedsid |
Background: The world's largest archipelago, Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty, implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly | Background: The world's largest archipelago, Indonesia achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty, implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly-elected government after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and resolving growing separatist pressures in Aceh and Irian Jaya. On 30 August 1999 a provincial referendum for independence was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur. Concurrence followed by Indonesia's national legislature, and the name East Timor was provisionally adopted. On 20 May 2002, East Timor was internationally recognized as an independent state.
Definition: This entry usually highlights major historic events and current issues and may include a statement about one or two key future trends.
Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of April 17, 2002
© 2007 IndexMundi. All rights reserved. |
0N-3-5 Legislative reapportionment.
The Legislature shall apportion its membership by
dividing the state into as many single-member, legislative districts as there are state senators.
House districts shall be established wholly within senatorial districts and | 0N-3-5 Legislative reapportionment.
The Legislature shall apportion its membership by
dividing the state into as many single-member, legislative districts as there are state senators.
House districts shall be established wholly within senatorial districts and shall be either
single-member or dual-member districts as the Legislature shall determine. Legislative districts
shall consist of compact, contiguous territory and shall have population as nearly equal as is
practicable, based on the last preceding federal census. An apportionment shall be made by the
Legislature in 1983 and in 1991, and every ten years after 1991. Such apportionment shall be
accomplished by December first of the year in which the apportionment is requi |
Project Simus was initiated in 1995 by Jeff Beane and Tom Thorp, as an effort to gather and maintain information on the natural history, status, and distribution of the southern hognose snake (Heterodon simus) | Project Simus was initiated in 1995 by Jeff Beane and Tom Thorp, as an effort to gather and maintain information on the natural history, status, and distribution of the southern hognose snake (Heterodon simus) in North Carolina.
The project has since been expanded to include potential gathering of information on all Sandhills reptiles and amphibians and Sandhills/longleaf pine communities in general.
Included has been radiotelemetry on southern hognose snakes, northern pine snakes, eastern coachwhips, and eastern chicken turtles. Besides small grants from NCHS, the project has received support from the North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Three Lakes Nature Center and Aquarium, Davidson College, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, and a number of other institutions, agenci |
|For Immediate Release:||Contact: Michael Drewniak
|Date: Friday, April 1, 2011||609-777-2600|
"Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disability that is impacting many families throughout | |For Immediate Release:||Contact: Michael Drewniak
|Date: Friday, April 1, 2011||609-777-2600|
"Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disability that is impacting many families throughout New Jersey," said Mrs. Christie. "The extraordinary work of the EPIC School is providing a learning environment that is empowering its students with skills for a productive and fulfilling future. I applaud the school's efforts to make a difference in the lives of these students and their families."
EPIC (Educational Partnership for Instructing Children) is a non-profit school that was founded in 1997 with a commitment to provide educational services for children and young adults, ages 3-21 with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The work being done at EPIC demonstrates the highly structured specialized programs necessary to teach new skills and increase independence for students with autism. Staff is trained in applied behavioral analysis and they develop individual systematic interventions to manage behavior and facilitate the educational process in one-on-one settings for enrolled "learners."
Autism is a spectrum of disorders that is complex and lifelong. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), nationwide, it is estimated that autism occurs in 1 out of every 110 births. In New Jersey, the prevalence rate is reported to be 1 in 94.
Most often, autism is diagnosed during the first three years of life and is characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, severely limited interests and repetitive behaviors. It is four times more prevalent in boys than in girls and affects families of all races, ethnicities and socio-economic groups.
Autism awareness is a new advocacy area being embraced by First Lady Mary Pat Christie to bring greater understanding of the developmental disability. During the month of April, she will be highlighting the innovative work being done by organizations throughout the state to serve people with Autism Spectrum Disorder. |
The genome sequence of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus disease.
Tetanus disease is one of the most dramatic and globally prevalent diseases of humans and vertebrate animals, and has been reported for over 24 | The genome sequence of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus disease.
Tetanus disease is one of the most dramatic and globally prevalent diseases of humans and vertebrate animals, and has been reported for over 24 centuries. The manifestation of the disease, spastic paralysis, is caused by the second most poisonous substance known, the tetanus toxin, with a human lethal dose of approximately 1 ng/kg. Fortunately, this disease is successfully controlled through immunization with tetanus toxoid; nevertheless, according to the World Health Organization, an estimated 400,000 cases still occur each year, mainly of neonatal tetanus. The causative agent of tetanus disease is Clostridium tetani, an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium, whose natural habitat is soil, dust, and intestinal tracts of various animals. Here we report the complete genome sequence of toxigenic C. tetani E88, a variant of strain Massachusetts. The genome consists of a 2,799,250-bp chromosome encoding 2,372 ORFs. The tetanus toxin and a collagenase are encoded on a 74,082-bp plasmid, containing 61 ORFs. Additional virulence-related factors could be identified, such as an array of surface-layer and adhesion proteins (35 ORFs), some of them unique to C. tetani. Comparative genomics with the genomes of Clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of gas gangrene, and Clostridium acetobutylicum, a nonpathogenic solvent producer, revealed a remarkable capacity of C. tetani: The organism can rely on an extensive sodium ion bioenergetics. Additional candidate genes involved in the es |
Rising seas attributed to human induced global warming have submerged Lohachara island, once the home to 10,000 people. Unhinhabited Suparibhanga has also vanished, while the inhabited island of Ghoramara | Rising seas attributed to human induced global warming have submerged Lohachara island, once the home to 10,000 people. Unhinhabited Suparibhanga has also vanished, while the inhabited island of Ghoramara has lost two thirds of its area to the rising seas in the Bay of Bengal.
While we were all distracted by Christmas festivities, this sober news on the impact of climate change was published in The Independent (UK), about the inun |
A History of French Literature
covers the literature of these five periods; The Middle Ages, The Sixteenth Century, The Seventeenth Century, The Eighteenth Century and 1789-1850.
This work is in the Canadian public domain OR | A History of French Literature
covers the literature of these five periods; The Middle Ages, The Sixteenth Century, The Seventeenth Century, The Eighteenth Century and 1789-1850.
This work is in the Canadian public domain OR the copyright holder has given specific permission for distribution. It may still be under copyright in some countries. If you live outside Canada, check your country's copyright laws. If the book is under copyright in your country, do not download or redistribute this work
To report a copyright violation you can contact us here |
|The History of Turkish Jews|
|Written by © Naim A. GÜLERYÜZ|
Page 6 of 7
Education, Language and Social Life
Most Jewish children attend state schools or private Turkish or foreign language schools, | |The History of Turkish Jews|
|Written by © Naim A. GÜLERYÜZ|
Page 6 of 7
Education, Language and Social Life
Most Jewish children attend state schools or private Turkish or foreign language schools, and many are enrolled in the universities. Additionally, the Community maintains in Istanbul a school complex including elementary and secondary schools for around 700 students. Turkish is the language of instruction, and Hebrew is taught 3 to 5 hours a week.
While younger Jews speak Turkish as their native language, the over-70-years-old generation is more at home speaking in French or Judeo-Spanish (Ladino). A conscious effort is spent to preserve the heritage of Judeo-Spanish.
many years Turkish Jews have had their own press. La Buena Esperansa and La
Puerta del Oriente started in Izmir in 1843 and Or Israel was first published in
Istanbul ten years later. Now one newspaper survives: SALOM (Shalom), a fourteen
to sixteen pages weekly in Turkish with one page in Judeo-Spanish.
Two Jewish hospitals, the 98 bed Or-Ahayim in Istanbul and the 22 bed KaratasHospital in Izmir, serve the Community. Both cities have homes for the aged (Moshav Zekinim) and several welfare associations to assist the poor, the sick, the needy children and orphans.
Social clubs containing libraries, cultural and sports facilities, discotheques give young people the chance to meet.
The Jewish Community is of course a very small group in Turkey today,
considering that the total population - 99% Muslim - exceeds 67 million. But in
spite of their number the Jews have distinguished themselves. There are several
Jewish professors teaching at the Universities of Istanbul and Ankara, and many
Turkish Jews are prominent in business, industry, liberal professions and |
Do you remember the best-selling book “The Jupiter Effect,” published by John Gribbin and Stephen Plagemann in 1974?
In it they proposed that a rare alignment of the planets, with the exceptions of Uranus and Jupiter, | Do you remember the best-selling book “The Jupiter Effect,” published by John Gribbin and Stephen Plagemann in 1974?
In it they proposed that a rare alignment of the planets, with the exceptions of Uranus and Jupiter, would take place March 10, 1982. The combined gravitational attraction of all these planets was supposed to trigger a series of catastrophes including a major earthquake along the San Andreas Fault. Nothing happened and Gribbin later said, “I’m sorry I ever had anything to do with it [the theory].”
Well, in the second half of this month, the six planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Uranus, Jupiter and Neptune will be in a 100-degree span above the southeastern horizon. Not to worry, however, for 25 years ago seven planets, including Pluto, gathered in a 60-degree span and nothing happened.
Focus on the planets
Mercury appears very low in the east-northeast about 30 minutes before sunrise at midmonth. Look to the lower left of Venus for the next two weeks before Mercury disappears once again into the sun’s glare.
Venus sparkles high in the east an hour before sunrise. It will continue to climb in the morning sky until it reaches it highest point in the sky during early August.
Mars, much dimmer and less noticeable than its brilliant neighbor, starts to the lower left of Venus and travels to its upper right by month’s end. On June 21, the two planets are only 2 degrees apart.
Jupiter rises shortly after midnight and is high in the south at dawn by mid-June. A small telescope can pick out surface features such as the two parallel belts on either side of the equator.
Saturn is alone high in the southwest at dusk and sets after midnight. The ring system is at even less of an incline than in May however; this gives observers an opportunity to observe the movements of its moons. On June 10, four of the moons will be bunched together on the right side of the planet.
Uranus rises in the east about an hour after Jupiter and trails the giant planet by about 30 degrees. Binoculars reveal Uranus as a blue-green dot in the Circlet of Pisces.
Neptune rises with Jupiter and remains to the upper right of the giant planet all month where it will appear as a tiny blue-gray dot using a moderately powerful telescope.
Focus on the planets
1 Sunrise, 4:53 a.m.; sunset, 8:14 p.m.
7 Full moon, 2:11 p.m. The full |
The Arab world
Crescent moon, waning West
The decline of Western power in the Arab world is no bad thing
AFTER a slow summer, the Arab spring has turned into a turbulent autumn. The past few days have seen | The Arab world
Crescent moon, waning West
The decline of Western power in the Arab world is no bad thing
AFTER a slow summer, the Arab spring has turned into a turbulent autumn. The past few days have seen the gruesome end of Muammar Qaddafi, the more edifying spectacle of an orderly and open election in Tunisia (see article) and the death of Saudi Arabia's ancient crown prince Sultan amid demands for the kingdom to modernise faster. Egypt, by far the most populous Arab country, is poised to hold its first proper election next month. Revolts and civil strife continue across the region, from Syria to Yemen and Bahrain.
For the West, whose ties to Arab dictators once gave it great clout in the Middle East, events in the region have spun way out of control. That fact was underlined this week by the Iraqis' insistence that all American forces must quit the country by the end of the year. Yet the West should not regret this turn of events. The power that it has lost in the short term should, in the long run, be replaced by influence born of good relations with decent governments.
It's still on course
On balance, the Arab world is in far better shape than it was less than a year ago. For sure, the economies of all the countries affected by the democratic upheavals have slumped. That is true even of Tunisia, which has the best education and skills in the region. But dictatorship and state control suffocated the Arab economies—even those awash with oil. Once Arab countries' borders open up and their governments become accountable to their citizens, they are likely to grow faster. And that will not happen until they have put in place a system of government that gives a far wider degree of participation than before.
It is beginning to happen. Tunisia has led the way. Egypt promises to follow, though the generals in charge of its transition have been horribly inept of late, raising fears that the country may slip backwards to disorder or military control. But a parliament is due for election next month. It is to choose an assembly that may take a year or so to write a constitution providing for the election of a new Egyptian president. Libya, too, should have elections within a year. Everywhere risks lapsing into bouts of chaos and strife. But this trio of north African states looks set to give a democratic fillip to other Arab countries, including those such as Syria that seem destined for a time to be soaked in blood while they strive for liberation.
The rise of political Islam is not necessarily cause for alarm among democrats in the West and the Arab world. In Tunisia an Islamist party, Nahda (“Renaissance”), that was brutally banned for decades has won a stunning victory at the polls. Egypt's Muslim Brothers are likely to do well too. In Libya the Islamists may also be gaining ground. This rattles secular-minded Arab liberals and many well-wishing Westerners. But a more open and tolerant brand of political Islam better suited to the modern world seems to be emerging, especially now that its proponents must compete for the favours of voters who admire the Islamists' hostility to corruption, but dislike the sectarian and conservative attitudes that many of them expressed when they were underground.
No one can be certain that if Islamists gain power they will give it up at the ballot box, but secular rulers sometimes fail that test. And, on the whole, the threat of religious extremism with which strongmen used to justify repression has not materialised. Barring a few ungoverned pockets in Yemen and on the fringes of the Sahara, al-Qaeda has failed to benefit from the democratic wind.
It's a local show these days
The strength of these revolutions is that they have been almost entirely home-grown. Those in Egypt and Tunisia had no outside help. Syria's brave protesters are on their own and may, in time, triumph. Libya's new rulers could not have succeeded without NATO's bombers, but the absence of Western ground troops and of proconsuls telling the locals what to do has been in salutary contrast to what happened in Iraq eight years ago, where democracy was crudely imposed on an unprepared people (see Lexington).
After the deaths of some 150,000-plus locals and around 5,000 Americans and other foreigners, Iraq has a freely elected government. But it has not developed the habits of tolerance between communities and the independent institutions that underlie all truly successful democracies. A decade of American hard power has been less effective than a few months of peaceful protest in setting countries on the road towards representative government.
Partly because of the Iraqi adventure, America—at least its foreign policy—remains heartily disliked by Arabs across the region. That is only slightly less true under Barack Obama than it was under George Bush. America's unpopularity stems partly from its backing of Israel and the continuing humiliation of the Palestinians, partly from its willingness to use force to get its way and partly from its history of supporting useful Arab dictators. Prince Sultan's death may make this last point particularly salient. If the reactionary Prince Nayef becomes the crown prince and de facto regent, America may struggle to maintain an alliance with him alongside friendships with the Arab world's nascent democracie |
- Analyses of diurnal rhythms in human post-mortem tissues (2007)
- Rhythmic changes in environmental lighting conditions have ever been the most reliable environmental cue for life on earth. Nature has therefore selected a genetically encrypted endogenous clock | - Analyses of diurnal rhythms in human post-mortem tissues (2007)
- Rhythmic changes in environmental lighting conditions have ever been the most reliable environmental cue for life on earth. Nature has therefore selected a genetically encrypted endogenous clock very early in evolution, as it provided cells and subsequently organisms with the ability to anticipate persevering periods of light and darkness. Rhythm generation within the mammalian circadian system is achieved by clock genes and their protein products. The mammalian endogenous master clock, which synchronizes the body to environmental time, is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. As an integral part of the time-coding system, the pineal gland serves the need to tune the body to the temporal environment by the rhythmic nocturnal synthesis and immediate release of the hormone melatonin. In contrast to the transcriptional regulation of melatonin synthesis in rodents, a post-translational shaping is indicated in the human pineal gland. Another important mediator of circadian time and seasonality to the body is the pituitary gland. The aim of this work was to elucidate regulation of melatonin synthesis in the human pineal gland. Furthermore, presence and regulation of clock genes in the human pineal and pituitary gland, and in the SCN were analyzed. Therefore, human tissue, taken from regular autopsies, was analyzed simultaneously for different parameters involved in melatonin biosynthesis and circadian rhythm generation. Presented data demonstrate that post-mortem brain tissue can be used to detect the remnant profile of pre-mortem adaptive changes in neuronal activity. In particular, our results give strong experimental support for the idea that transcriptional mechanisms are not dominant for the generation of rhythmic melatonin synthesis in the human pineal gland. Together with data obtained for clock genes and their pro |
A community of patients, family members and friends dedicated to dealing with Spinal Stenosis, together.
|Group Home||Forums||Articles||Members (267)||Diaries||Videos||Leaders||Guidelines||
|Spinal Sten | A community of patients, family members and friends dedicated to dealing with Spinal Stenosis, together.
|Group Home||Forums||Articles||Members (267)||Diaries||Videos||Leaders||Guidelines||
|Spinal Stenosis: The Basics|
|Written by thematrix777|
|01 October 2010|
Spinal Stenosis: The Basics
Spinal stenosis is narrowing of the spinal cord that causes pressure on the spinal cord, or narrowing of the openings (called neural foramina) where spinal nerves leave the spinal column.
Pseudo-claudication; Central spinal stenosis; Foraminal spinal stenosis
Spinal stenosis typically develops as a person ages and the disks become drier and start to shrink. At the same time, the bones and ligaments of the spine swell or grow larger due to arthritis or chronic inflammation.
However, other problems, including infection and birth defects, can sometimes cause spinal stenosis.
Spinal stenosis may be caused by:
Often, symptoms will be present and gradually worsen over time. Most often, symptoms will be on one side of the body or the other.
Symptoms are more likely to be present or get worse when you stand or walk upright. They will often lessen or disappear when you sit down or lean forward. Most people with spinal stenosis cannot walk for a long period of time.
Patients with spinal stenosis may be able to ride a bicycle with little pain.
More serious symptoms include:
Exams and Tests
During the physical exam, your doctor will try to pinpoint the location of the pain and figure out how it affects your movement. You will be asked to:
Your doctor will also move your legs in different positions, including bending and straightening your knees. All the while, the doctor is assessing your strength, as well as your ability to move.
To test nerve function, the doctor will use a rubber hammer to check your reflexes. Touching your legs in many locations with a pin, cotton swab, or feather tests your sensory nervous system (how well you feel). Your doctor will instruct you to speak up if there are areas where the sensation from the pin, cotton, or feather is duller.
A brain/nervous system (neurological) examination can confirm leg weakness and decreased sensation in the legs. The following tests may be done:
When your back pain does not go away completely, or it gets more painful at times, learning to take care of your back at home and prevent repeat episodes of your back pain can help you avoid surgery. Your doctor and other health professionals will help you manage your pain and keep you as active as possible.
Generally, conservative management is encouraged. This involves the use of medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Steroid injections may relieve pain for a period of time.
Various other medications may help with chronic pain, including phenytoin, carbamazepine, or tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline.
For more information about treatment, see: Low back pain - chronic
If the pain is persistent and does not respond to these measures, surgery is considered to relieve the pressure on the nerves or spinal cord. Surgery is performed on the neck or lower back, depending on the site of the nerve compression.
Article from About.com http://adam.about.com/encyclopedia/infectiousdiseases/Spinal-stenosis.htm |
An Administrative History
Several books are available that give good overviews of the history and philosophy of the National Park Service. The National Park Service, by William C. Everhart (New York, Washington, London: Praeger Publishers, Inc., | An Administrative History
Several books are available that give good overviews of the history and philosophy of the National Park Service. The National Park Service, by William C. Everhart (New York, Washington, London: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1972); National Parks: The American Experience, by Alfred Runte (Lincoln, Nebraska, and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1979); Mountains Without Handrails: Reflections on the National Parks by Joseph L. Sax (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1980); and America's National Parks and Their Keepers, by Ronald A. Foresta (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, Inc., 1984) are complementary and provide varying points of view.
Other books to consider include Parks, Politics and the People, by Conrad L. Wirth (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), which contains many of Wirth's reminiscences, but is particularly valuable for its description of MISSION 66. Another book that gives an overview of park policies and problems prior to 1960 is John Ise's Out National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore: the Johns Hopkins Press for Resources for the Future, Inc., 1961). Ise also provides good descriptions of the Directors of the Park Service, their points of view, and experiences that influenced the leadership they gave the agency. An older publication by the Park Service, A Study of the Park and Recreation Problem of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S Government Printing Office, 1941), provides a perspective for the situation with national and state parks at the end of the 1930s and shows how weakly developed the park program was in Texas.
The beautifully illustrated book by Alan Tennant and Michael Allender, The Guadalupe Mountains of Texas (University of Texas Press, 1980) describes the area of the park and some of its natural resources. Patricia Patterson's book, Queen, New Mexico: A Historical Perspective on the Settlement in the Guadalupe Mountains, 1865-1975 (Roswell, New Mexico: Hall-Poorbaugh Press, Inc., 1985), while less than scholarly, does contribute to under standing of the early settlements near the park.
Early Park Movements, J. C. Hunter, and Wallace Pratt
The Carlsbad and El Paso newspapers from the 1920s and 1930s contained many references to proposed parks and extensions to Carlsbad Caverns. Combined with the material from the Park Service which Bobby Crisman has assembled in Background Book #4, it was possible to piece together the history of the early movements to establish a park in the southern Guadalupes and the roles played by J. C. Hunter and Wallace Pratt.
Legislative History and Acquisition of Land and Mineral Rights
The Glenn Biggs Collection in the Southwest Collection of Texas Tech University at Lubbock, Texas, provided information about the legislative history of the park and about early negotiations with landowners that was not available elsewhere. The correspondence in the collection also helped to understand J. C. Hunter, Jr.'s position as owner of the Guadalupe Mountains Ranch. For information about acquisition of surface and mineral rights, however, the Land Resources Office at the Southwest Regional Office had the most complete files. Also, the files in the Land Resources Office relating to the Glover property were voluminous and up-to-date.
Planning, Development, and Resource Issues
The park's Master Plan, Wilderness Proposal, the Pine Springs Development Concept Plan, and the environmental reviews prepared for all three of those documents, contain not only the plans and analyses of environmental impacts, but also letters and comments received during the review process. In addition to documenting the planning process, the planning documents for the park provide a good historical perspective for the changes in attitude that took place regarding the kind of recreational |
Researchers with the National Institutes of Health have found susceptibility to Behcet's disease, a painful, inflammatory condition, to be associated with genes involved in the body's immune response.
Although the Greek physician Hippocrates described Behcet's disease ( | Researchers with the National Institutes of Health have found susceptibility to Behcet's disease, a painful, inflammatory condition, to be associated with genes involved in the body's immune response.
Although the Greek physician Hippocrates described Behcet's disease (pronounced BET'-chet's), more than 2,000 years ago, the condition existed in relative obscurity until the early 20th century. Named for the Turkish physician who first classified it in 1937, Behcet's disease is found almost exclusively in populations with origins along the Silk Road, a trading route that stretched from Europe to the Far East. Marco Polo was among the most famous travelers along the Silk Road.
This distinctive distribution led researchers to suspect that the disease has a hereditary component, though they determined that a definitive genetic cause is unlikely due to the complexity of disease inheritance. Further investigation of the interleukin 10 (IL10) gene associated with immune response, showed that people with two copies of the Behcet's disease IL10 gene produced significantly lower levels of IL-10 protein than people with only one or no IL10 disease gene. The findings appear online in the current issue of the journal Nature Genetics.
Today, despite advances in genetics and genomics research, the diagnosis of Behcet's disease is still determined by the clinical picture, characterized by painful ulcers affecting the mouth and genitals and infla |
The administration is increasingly citing global warming to justify expansion of the endangered species habitat, pushing development and recreation away from over 26 million acres, the latest to save the Canada Lynx.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service this week proposed slightly | The administration is increasingly citing global warming to justify expansion of the endangered species habitat, pushing development and recreation away from over 26 million acres, the latest to save the Canada Lynx.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service this week proposed slightly expanded "critical habitat" for the endangered lynx in part because the administration claims warmer winters from Maine to Washington State have reduced the area of “fluffy snow” the 25-pound cat likes to hunt snowshoe rabbits in.
“Climate change is likely to be a significant issue of concern for the future conservation of the lynx,” said the agency in a 187-page proposed rule that will now collect public comments. “Climate change is expected to substantially reduce the amount and quality of lynx habitat in the contiguous United States, with patches of high-quality habitat becoming smaller, more fragmented, and more isolated,” said the agency.
An agency official said that climate change was “not a factor” in the lynx decision, however.
Under the proposed rule, development and recreational activities would be limited or barred in 26 million acres — about the size of Virginia — along Canada’s border in six states. The rule is revised from an earlier one that was challenged by environmental groups for not including enough habitat for the lynx. That 2009 decision had set aside the bulk of the 26 million acres. The new rule would add about 400,000 acres.
“Canada lynx need quiet places free of disturbance from snowmobiles and other human activities to survive,” said Noah Greenwald, endangered species director at the Center for Biological Diversity.
President Obama has said repeatedly that he will use his executive powers to institute climate change policy opposed by Republicans in Congress, and the endangered species list is one of those tools.
The government recently cited global warming in proposing to protect the wolverine and 66 coral species.
The lynx move was assailed by Rep. Doc Hastings, R-Wash., and chairman of the House Natural Resources Committee. “While the administration cannot even define how many lynx there are or what the number of decline has been, they are pressing ahead to reissue a habitat designation that will significantly affect portions of six states, and reduce access for a host of activities. It’s concerning that the massive proposal does not include an accurate or updated economic impact analyses, and will create potential regulatory uncertainty for those areas affected,” he said.
Updated from an earlier version.Paul Bedard, The Washington Examiner's "Washington Secrets" columnist, can be contacted at [email protected]. |
Feb. 28, 2010 Women given the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention drug nevirapine to protect their fetus should not use an HIV-drug regimen that contains nevirapine for at least one year | Feb. 28, 2010 Women given the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention drug nevirapine to protect their fetus should not use an HIV-drug regimen that contains nevirapine for at least one year after childbirth, say researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB).
A new UAB study found that while nevirapine works well to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission, a single dose of nevirapine in infected pregnant women can trigger resistance to some forms of the AIDS-drug cocktail known as combination antiretroviral treatment (ART). This nevirapine-induced resistance fades after about 12 months and no longer hinders ART, says UAB Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Jeffrey S.A. Stringer, M.D., the study's lead author.
The findings are published in PLoS Medicine.
Single-dose nevirapine is widely used to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, an infection that affects more than 30 million people globally and leads to more than 2 million AIDS-related deaths each year.
"This study shows that women who need treatment more than 12 months after using nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child transmission safely can use standard first-line treatments in their countries," says Stringer, director of the UAB-affiliated Center for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia. "Women who need treatment sooner than that should use a combination that does not contain nevirapine, typically an ART regimen that contains protease-inhibitor drugs."
The UAB study included 878 infected women in Zambia, Cote d'Ivoire and Thailand. Some were given single-dose nevirapine and others were not; all participants were given ART immediately upon confirmed infection and monitored for one year.
Nevirapine continues to be the backbone of anti-HIV therapy in the developing world, and its usefulness in preventing mother-to-child transmission is confirmed in the new study, Stringer says.
The research is a collaboration between several partners: UAB; the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Global AIDS Program; the Centers for Infectious Disease Research in Lusaka, Zambia; the Catholic Medical Missions Board; the Lusaka Urban District Health Management Board; the University of Nairobi; Siriraj Hospital and Rajavithi Hospital in Bangkok; the Thailand Ministry of Public Health; and Northrop Grumman Corp. Funding support for the study is provided by the CDC.
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Ablutophobia (from Latin ablutere 'to wash off") is the persistent, abnormal and unwarranted fear of bathing, washing, or cleaning. This [[phobia] is a situational phobia. Ablutophobia | Ablutophobia (from Latin ablutere 'to wash off") is the persistent, abnormal and unwarranted fear of bathing, washing, or cleaning. This [[phobia] is a situational phobia. Ablutophobia tends to be more common in children and women than in men.
- Main article: Causes of phobias
- Main article: Assessment of phobias
- Main article: Treatment of phobias
- Saul, Helen (2001). Phobias: Fighting the Fear, Arcade Publishing.
- (2002) Depraved and Insulting English, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- Ablutophobia - PhobiasBlog.com
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).| |
The Great Fire of Saint John, New Brunswick, 1877
In late June 1877, Saint John, New Brunswick, was laid waste by a devastating fire.
It began about 2:30 on the afternoon of 20 June | The Great Fire of Saint John, New Brunswick, 1877
In late June 1877, Saint John, New Brunswick, was laid waste by a devastating fire.
It began about 2:30 on the afternoon of 20 June when a spark fell into a bundle of hay in Henry Fairweather's storehouse in the York Point Slip area, which in present day is in the vicinity of Market Square. It is unknown where the spark originated. It may have come from McLaughlan & Son's boiler shop next door or may have been carried from a nearby sawmill. The month of June had been warm, with fine weather and little or no rain. Wooden structures predominant in Saint John at this time were tinder dry and highly flammable. When the fire was discovered it was already burning rapidly in large bundles of hay and aided by a fresh, strong breeze it rapidly escalated into a major conflagration. Within two minutes of the alarm sounding, Engine #3 was dousing the fire. Although other engines followed immediately, the fire had already spread by means of heat and sparks to other wooden structures nearby. At times, the fire reached temperatures perhaps so high some buildings exploded into flames without actual contact with the fire. This prompted fearful rumours that the fire was intentionally set.
When it was over, the fire had destroyed over 80 hectares (200 hundred acres) and 1612 structures including eight churches, six banks, fourteen hotels, eleven schooners and four woodboats in just over a nine hour period. Nearly all the public buildings, the principal retail establishments, lawyers' offices and all but two printing firms were burned in the infer |
Bringing space exploration's history and future down to earth
Space: The Next Twenty-five Years by Thomas R. McDonough. New York: Wiley & Sons. 237pp. $17.95. Space, the final frontier? Thomas | Bringing space exploration's history and future down to earth
Space: The Next Twenty-five Years by Thomas R. McDonough. New York: Wiley & Sons. 237pp. $17.95. Space, the final frontier? Thomas R. McDonough's ``Space, The Next Twenty-five Years,'' aims to teach, explain, and provide some insight for the common reader into the issues, complexities, and opportunities that mankind faces in the next 25 years.Skip to next paragraph
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A number of studies have attempted to outline for policymakers the course that a committee feels the country should take in the next few years. The report of the National Commission on Space - ``Pioneering the Space Frontier,'' The Solar System Exploration Committee of the NASA Advisory Council Program - ``Planetary Exploration Through Year 2000,'' and most recently astronaut Sally Ride's report outline the thoughts of others on what should happen.
McDonough's text takes a different tack. Citizens need to set the direction of the future through intelligent, well-informed decisions. Should we continue to send up astronauts? Should we attempt to explore space for science, or for industry? Should we go into space at all? These questions need to be raised and answered by the citizenry as a whole. McDonough's approach is to provide some background in simple terms of the challenges, issues, history, and current plans that have been put forth in a number of technical areas. It is much like a round-table discussion with a well-informed, genial host and cameo appearances by a number of experts. The book has many well-chosen quotations from the movers and shakers, dreamers and planners, writers and thinkers who have proposed, written about, or added to the world's space efforts so far.
``Space'' covers a wide scope. The book begins with the history of space exploration, then launches across the many subjects that can be pursued under the general term of space. This includes introductions to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), space stations, lunar bases, Mars, comets, and asteroids, search for extraterrestial intelligence (SETI) and beyond. In each discussion, the reader is introduced in an easy way to the interest and challenge in an area. For example, radio astronomy is likely to continue to play an interesting role in the development of a space program. McDonough gives us some insight into the world of radio astronomy.
``The radio astronomer leads a very different life from his or her optical counterpart. While most optical astronom |
Avian influenza is flu infection in birds. The disease is of concern to humans, who have no immunity against it. The virus that causes this infection in birds can change (mutate) to infect humans. Such mutation could start a deadly worldwide | Avian influenza is flu infection in birds. The disease is of concern to humans, who have no immunity against it. The virus that causes this infection in birds can change (mutate) to infect humans. Such mutation could start a deadly worldwide epidemic.
Bird flu; H5N1
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
The first avian influenza virus to infect humans directly occurred in Hong Kong in 1997, during an avian flu epidemic on the island. This outbreak was linked to chickens and classified as avian influenza A (H5N1).
Human cases of avian influenza A (H5N1) have now been reported in Asia, Africa, the Pacific, Europe and the near East, Indonesia, and Vietnam. Around 400 people have become sick with this virus. However, a little over 60% of those who became ill have died.
The more the avian flu virus spreads, the greater the chances of a worldwide outbreak. There is a tremendous concern that H5N1 poses an enormous pandemic threat.
Farmers and other people working with poultry, as well as travelers visiting affected countries, have a higher risk for getting the bird flu. Handling an infected bird can cause infection. People who eat raw or undercooked poultry meat, eggs, or blood from these birds are also at an increased risk for avian influenza.
The avian flu virus (H5N1) has been shown to survive in the environment for long periods of time. Infection may be spread simply by touching contaminated surfaces. Birds who recover from the flu can continue to shed the virus in their feces and saliva for as long as 10 days.
Health care workers and household contacts of patients with avian influenza may also be at an increased risk of the bird flu.
Symptoms of avian flu infection in humans depend on the strain of virus. Infection with the H5N1 virus in humans causes more classic flu-like symptoms, which might include:
Signs and tests
If you think you have been exposed to avian influenza, call your health care provider before your visit. This will give the staff a chance to take proper precautions that will protect them and other patients during your office visit.
Tests to identify the avian flu exist but are not widely available. A test for diagnosing strains of bird flu in people suspected of having the virus gives preliminary results within 4 hours. Older tests took 2 to 3 days.
Your doctor might also perform the following tests:
- Auscultation (to detect abnormal breath sounds)
- Chest x-ray
- Nasopharyngeal culture
- White blood cell differential
Other tests may be done to look at the functions of your heart, kidneys, and liver.
Different types of avian flu virus may cause different symptoms. Therefore, treatment may vary.
In general, treatment with the antiviral medication oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) may make the disease less severe -- if you start taking the medicine within 48 hours after your symptoms start.
Oseltamivir may also be prescribed for persons who live in the same house as those diagnosed with avian flu.
The virus that causes human avian flu appears to be resistant to the antiviral medicines amantadine and rimantadine. Therefore these medications should not be used if an H5N1 outbreak occurs.
People with severe infection may need to be placed on a breathing machine. Experts recommend that persons diagnosed with avian flu be put in isolation.
Doctors recommend that people get an influenza (flu) shot to reduce the chance of an avian flu virus mixing with a human flu virus, which would create a new virus that may easily spread.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a vaccine to protect humans from the avian flu. Experts say the vaccine could be used if the current H5N1 virus starts spreading between people.
The outlook depends on the severity of infection and the type of avian influenza virus that caused it. The current death rate for patients with confirmed H5N1 infection is more than 50%.
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you develop flu-like symptoms within 10 days of handling infected birds or traveling to an area with a known avian flu outbreak.
At this time, the U.S. C |
A thin layer of water frost is visible on the ground around NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander in this image taken by the Surface Stereo Imager at 6 a.m. on August 14, 2008. The frost began to disappear shortly | A thin layer of water frost is visible on the ground around NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander in this image taken by the Surface Stereo Imager at 6 a.m. on August 14, 2008. The frost began to disappear shortly after as the sun rose on the Phoenix landing site.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/Texas A&M University
The confirmation of Martian water ice by the Phoenix Mars Lander may hint at the planet?s potential for supporting life or at least human life.
NASA scientists have quietly developed technologies such as microwave beams for future explorers to extract water from the moon or Mars, even as the Phoenix team focuses |
Stained glass window inside the Rumbach Synagogue.
Pick up any guide book on Budapest, and you will surely find an entry on the Great Synagogue, the largest Jewish temple in all of Europe, and the second largest in the world | Stained glass window inside the Rumbach Synagogue.
Pick up any guide book on Budapest, and you will surely find an entry on the Great Synagogue, the largest Jewish temple in all of Europe, and the second largest in the world (second to Temple Emanu-El in New York City). The Great Synagogue is indeed impressive, and definitely worth a visit. But those interested in both Jewish and architectural history ought not miss Budapest’s lesser known orthodox synagogue, located just down the street on Rumbach Street, and known simply as the Rumbach Synagogue.
Built by Viennese architect Otto Wagner in 1872, the synagogue exhibits a Byzantine-Moorish architectural style, with a yellow and rust brick facade appointed in blue ceramic tiles and crowned with a hard plaster rendition of the Ten Commandments. The building is one of the earliest examples of Wagner’s genius, and the only one he designed in all of Budapest. In the words of Wikipedia:
[The synagogue] served the so-called Status Quo Ante (moderate orthodox) community which preserved the traditional “pre-Congress” way of Judaic cult. The Moorish Revival synagogue has eight sides and while the interior as of this writing (2008) is badly in need of restoration, the octagonal, balconied, domed synagogue intricately patterened and painted in Islamic style is exquisitely beautiful. It was built not as an exact replica of, but as an homage to the style of the octagonal, domed Dome of the Rock Muslim shrine in Jerusalem.
Inside the Rumbach Synagogue during restoration... and piano practice for an upcoming Jewish festival.
My husband and I recently took a walk along Rumbach Street and meandered inside to take a look (entrance tickets are sold at the door and they are very reasonable, about $5 USD). Though the temple attracts far fewer crowds than the Grand Synagogue, and is many times smaller, its visual impact is no less dramatic. As Wikipedia notes, it’s interior is indeed in need of restoration, which has been in progress since last year. Scaffolding hugs the sides of the walls, and ornate handcarved doors and numbered slabs of stone are scattered throughout awaiting some tender loving care. Still, the space offers a dazzling array of colors and textures associated with Islamic art, a popular style for synagogues in the 19th-century.
It is interesting to note that during the Turkish occupation of Hungary, from 1541 to 1699, Jews lived under relatively peaceful conditions. Unlike the Christ |
Bougainville Peace Process
History of the Peace Process
The Bougainville conflict was one of the most serious conflicts in the South Pacific region since the Second World War. Some thousands of people died as a direct or indirect result of the | Bougainville Peace Process
History of the Peace Process
The Bougainville conflict was one of the most serious conflicts in the South Pacific region since the Second World War. Some thousands of people died as a direct or indirect result of the conflict, which began in 1989 and dragged on until the early months of 1998. Suffering on the island was widespread. At one point 70,000 of a population of 180,000-200,000 were displaced in care centres or camps.
In July 1997, the Bougainville factions first met to discuss a peaceful settlement of the conflict. In October 1997 they agreed to an immediate truce. The NZ-led Truce Monitoring Group (TMG) was deployed from December 1997 until April 1998. It included up to 250 truce monitors from Australia, New Zealand, Fiji and Vanuatu.
On 30 April 1998, the parties agreed on a permanent ceasefire agreement. The Australian-led Peace Monitoring Group (PMG) was then deployed to replace the TMG. This was complemented at the end of July 1998 by the deployment of the United Nations Observer Mission on Bougainville (UNOMB).
On 30 August 2001, a comprehensive Bougainville Peace Agreement was signed in Arawa. The Agreement included a weapons disposal plan and provided for elections for the establishment of an autonomous government on Bougainville. It also provided for a referendum, 10 to 15 years after the election of an Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG), on the question of Bougainvillean independence.
On 21 December 2004, an agreed Constitution for the Autonomous Region of Bougainville was gazetted by the PNG Government, paving the way for elections for the establishment of autonomous government. The Constitution provides for a legislature made up of 33 directly elected members, a President, a Speaker, three women's representatives, and three ex-combatant representatives.
In May 2005, UNOMB declared the weapons disposal program complete and verified that the |
T2K at Lancaster University
Lancaster University is involved in the T2K (Tokai to Kamioka) neutrino experiment in Japan which is studying neutrino oscillations. A future phase of the experiment might investigate the reasons why | T2K at Lancaster University
Lancaster University is involved in the T2K (Tokai to Kamioka) neutrino experiment in Japan which is studying neutrino oscillations. A future phase of the experiment might investigate the reasons why equal amounts of matter and antimatter are not seen in the Universe.
The Physics of Neutrinos
Neutrinos are elementary particles which come in three "flavours": electron, muon, and tau. They only interact through the weak force, and are very difficult to detect as they rarely interact with matter. They are produced in large numbers in the Sun, and solar neutrinos can pass all the way through the Earth without interacting.
According to quantum physics, all particles (including neutrinos) also have a wavelike nature. A neutrino travels as a combination of three waves, and these waves must be added together to determine the flavour of the neutrino. If neutrinos have different masses, the relative phases (i.e. the relative positions of the crests and troughs) of the three waves change as they travel. After travelling some distance, the relative phases can change sufficiently that the three waves combine to produce a neutrino of a different flavour. As the three waves continue to travel, the relative phases can then revert to their original configuration, and they combine to produce the original neutrino flavour.
These flavour changes follow a sine wave pattern, and, for this reason, are known as "neutrino oscillations". The oscillations depend on the energy of the neutrinos: low-energy neutrinos oscillate in a shorter distance than high-energy neutrinos.
The standard model of particle physics used to assume that neutrinos are massless. However results from the Japanese SuperKamiokande detector in 1998 and from the SNO experiment in 2001 showed that neutrinos definitely do oscillate. This can only happen if they have different masses, which means that at least two of them have non-zero masses. These masses have not yet been measured, but an upper limit of 0.3 eV (one millionth of the mass of an electron) has been set for the sum of the three masses by astrophysical observations of large-scale structures in the Universe.
About the T2K Experiment
The T2K experiment sends an intense beam of muon neutrinos across Japan from J-PARC, Tokai (on the east coast) to SuperKamiokande, Kamioka (in western Japan), a distance of 295 km. The neutrino beam has a range of energies centred on 600 MeV, since muon neutrinos with this energy are most likely to oscillate after travelling 295 km. T2K has three main components: a proton accelerator at J-PARC that produces the neutrino beam, the near detectors (INGRID and ND280) which measure the numbers of neutrinos at J-PARC before they can change flavours, and the far detector, SuperKamiokande. The measurements at the near detectors are used to predict the number of muon neutrinos that would be seen in SuperKamiokande if there were no oscillations.
At the SuperK detector, the neutrinos pass through a very large tank of ultra-pure water. Charged particles produced by interactions between neutrinos and the water cause Cerenkov light to be emitted in SuperK. This light is detected by photomultiplier tubes, each one sensitive enough to detect a single photon.
Having stated earlier that neutrinos can pass through the Earth without interacting, it may seem difficult to believe that they will interact with a large tank of water. However the T2K neutrinos have much higher energies than solar neutrinos, and high-energy neutrinos are more likely to interact. Despite this, the majority of T2K neutrinos pass through SuperK without interacting; a very intense beam and a large volume of water are required to produce a relatively small number of interactions.
T2K is searching for oscillations from muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. These oscillations have never been observed, and, if T2K were to find them, it would represent a major discovery. If they are found, T2K will, in a subsequent phase, study differences between matter and antimatter by comparing antineutrino oscillations with neutrino oscillations.
T2K is also making measurements of oscillations from muon neutrinos to tau neutrinos (which have been seen by previous experiments). It will make the most accurate measurements to date of the probability of these oscillations and of the difference between the masses of two of the neutrinos (the actual measurement is of the difference between the squares of these masses). T2K can make more accurate measurements than previously possible since the detectors are placed off-axis with respect to the centre of the neutrino beam.
The world's first off-axis neutrino detector
T2K is the world's first off-axis neutrino experiment, with ND280 and SuperK set at a 2.5 degree angle to the neutrino beam.
The off-axis part of the beam has a narrower range of energies than the on-axis part, which means that a larger fraction of neutrinos change flavour by the time they reach SuperK. Also the m |
Children together as we anciosos to enjoy the beaches and pools. First of all, I remember the 10 golden rules to follow when your children are in the sun.
2 – Do not expose young children to the sun during the hours when | Children together as we anciosos to enjoy the beaches and pools. First of all, I remember the 10 golden rules to follow when your children are in the sun.
2 – Do not expose young children to the sun during the hours when the sun is stronger, approximately 11h and 16h.
3 – Remember that the sun is good for the body. Helps synthesize vitamin D, essential for the binding of calcium in bones.
4 – Protect children with a hat, sunglasses and a thin shirt or a shirt with long sleeves.
5 – Use a sunscreen with a high rate, preferably for babies or children.
6 – Apply it half an hour before sun exposure to be effective.
7 – Renew the application every half hour for children (up to 3 years) and every two hours after 3 years.
8 – Protect even when the shade or when cloudy because 80% of UV through the clouds.
9 – Avoid using substances that sensitize the skin even more sun: cologne, perfume …
10 – Give water often because the rays of sun dehydrate the body. |
Question: What is the prostate?
Answer: The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that sits at the base of the bladder. It's hollow -- similar to a donut -- and the urethra runs right through the middle of the prostate. | Question: What is the prostate?
Answer: The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that sits at the base of the bladder. It's hollow -- similar to a donut -- and the urethra runs right through the middle of the prostate. That's why as men get older and the prostate enlarges, there can be some impingement on the urethra and they can have difficulty urinating.
As I said, a young man's prostate is about the size of a walnut, but as you get older it can grow to the size of a tangerine or a small orange. The prostate also plays a small role in urinary control, although the urinary sphincter is probably a more important component of urinary control than the prostate.
The prostate also adds some constituents to the ejaculate that help the sperm to liquefy after a man ejaculates. And those are really the main functions of the prostate.
As a urologist, we deal with the main problems that develop with the prostate. As men get older, their prostates enlarge and they have difficulty urinating. And approximately one in six men will eventually develop prostate cancer. |
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
- For Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet's son, see Thomas Gallaudet (1822–1902).
|Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet|
Painting by George F. Wright in 1851.
December | Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
- For Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet's son, see Thomas Gallaudet (1822–1902).
|Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet|
Painting by George F. Wright in 1851.
December 10, 1787|
|Died||September 10, 1851
|Occupation||Minister, educator, co-founder of the first permanent school for the deaf in North America.|
Reverend Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, LL.D., (December 10, 1787 – September 10, 1851) was a renowned American pioneer in the education of the deaf. Along with Laurent Clerc and Mason Cogswell, he co-founded the first institution for the education of the deaf in North America, and he became its first principal. When opened on April 15, 1817, it was called the "Connecticut Asylum (at Hartford) for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons," but it is now known as the American School for the Deaf.
Gallaudet was born in Hartford, Connecticut. He attended Yale University, earning his bachelor's degree in 1805, graduating at the age of seventeen, with highest honors, and then earned a master's degree at Yale in 1808. He wanted to do many things such as study law, engage in trade, or study theology. In 1814, Gallaudet became a preacher following his graduation from Andover Theological Seminary after a two-year course of study.
However, Gallaudet's wish to become a professional minister was put aside when he met Alice Cogswell, on 25 May, the nine-year-old deaf daughter of a neighbor, Dr. Mason Cogswell. One day, as he observed her playing he started to teach Alice what different objects were and their names, teaching her words by writing them with a stick in the dirt. Then Cogswell asked Gallaudet to travel to Europe to study methods for teaching deaf students, especially those of the Braidwood family in England. Gallaudet found the Braidwoods unwilling to share knowledge of their oral communication method and himself financially limited. At the same time, he was not satisfied that the oral method produced desirable results.
While still in Great Britain, he met Abbé Sicard, head of the Institution Nationale des Sourds-Muets à Paris, and two of its deaf faculty members, Laurent Clerc and Jean Massieu. Sicard invited Gallaudet to Paris to study the school's method of teaching the deaf using manual communication. Impressed with the manual method, Gallaudet studied teaching methodology under Sicard, learning sign language from Massieu and Clerc, who were both highly educated graduates of the school.
Having persuaded Clerc to accompany him, Gallaudet sailed back to America. The two men toured New England and successfully raised private and public funds to found a school for deaf students in Hartford, which later became known as the American School for the Deaf. Young Alice was one of the first seven students in the United States. This is where his school began.
In 1821, he married one of his former students, Sophia Fowler. They had children as well.
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet died in Hartford on September 10, 1851, aged 63, and was buried in Hartford's Cedar Hill Cemetery plot section 3. There is a residence hall named in his honor at nearby Central Connecticut State University in New Britain. There is also a residence hall named in his honor at the University of Hartford in West Hartford, Connecticut.
His son Edward Miner Gallaudet (1837–1917) founded in 1864 the first college for the deaf which in 1986 became Gallaudet University. He was president for 46 years. The university also offers education for those in elementary, middle, and high school. The elementary school on the Gallaudet University Campus is named Kendall Demonstration Elementary School (KDES), the middle and high school is Model Secondary School for the Deaf (MSSD).
Gallaudet had another son, Thomas Gallaudet, who became an Episcopal priest and also worked for the deaf.
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet was the eldest of 13 children. His younger siblings' names were: Edgar (1789–90), Charles (1792–1830), (unnamed twins, 1793), Catherine (1793–1856), James (1796–1878), William Edgar (1797–1821), Ann Watts (1800–50), Jane (1801–35), Theodore (1805–85), Edward (1808–47) and Wallace (1811–16). William Edgar Gallaudet graduated from Yale with a B.A. in 1815.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Hopkins Galaudet.|
- Just days before his death, Gallaudet received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the Western Reserve College of Ohio.
- Gallaudet University took the Gallaudet name in honor of him in 1894. Known as Gallaudet College |
28 May 2013. A new study explains why many drugs come with similar side effects—nausea, vomiting, headaches—bad enough to halt development in its tracks. Researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, predict that proteins | 28 May 2013. A new study explains why many drugs come with similar side effects—nausea, vomiting, headaches—bad enough to halt development in its tracks. Researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, predict that proteins form fewer than 500 different binding structures, or “pockets.” Published May 20 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science online, the results hint that many proteins share the same pocket, and drugs targeting one protein will inevitably hit several, said first author Jeffrey Skolnick. “If there are only a small number of pockets, there is no way to avoid side effects,” he told Alzforum.
Skolnick and coauthor Mu Gao constructed a library of artificial proteins (ART) and compared it to proteins in the Protein Data Bank, a library of real protein structures. They found that each protein pocket in the native collection had a corresponding one in ART, suggesting the artificial library, containing only 500 binding sites, completely represented structures found in the real world of proteins. If a native and an artificial set of pockets overlap significantly, then the artificial set is probably complete, Skolnick explained. If that is the case, and the number of binding sites is truly only 500, then finding drugs that specifically bind only one target out of the 30,000-plus human proteins may be hard to do. “T |
Mechanised Age (1923-today)
The Mechanised Age saw the rise of the use of technology in Antarctic exploration and scientific research. Technology has conquered nature. Planes and aviation is pioneered and continues to be much used. Machines now | Mechanised Age (1923-today)
The Mechanised Age saw the rise of the use of technology in Antarctic exploration and scientific research. Technology has conquered nature. Planes and aviation is pioneered and continues to be much used. Machines now provide the main form of surface transportation, taking over from skiing, manhauling and dog sledging.
Below, we show you some of the more significant explorers of this period.
Sir George Hubert Wilkins, Australian explorer, was a pioneer in aviation in the polar regions during the 1920s.
In November 1928, h |
The first comprehensive history of the Lower Chickasaws in the Savannah River Valley
Edward J. Cashin, the preeminent historian of colonial Georgia history, offers an account of the Lower Chickasaws, who settled on the Savannah River near | The first comprehensive history of the Lower Chickasaws in the Savannah River Valley
Edward J. Cashin, the preeminent historian of colonial Georgia history, offers an account of the Lower Chickasaws, who settled on the Savannah River near Augusta in the early eighteenth century and remained an integral part of the region until the American Revolution. Fierce allies to the English settlers, the Chickasaws served as trading partners, loyal protectors, and diplomatic representatives to other southeastern tribes. In the absence of their benevolence, the English settlements would not have developed as rapidly or securely in the Savannah River Valley.
Aided by his unique access to the modern Chickasaw Nation, Cashin has woven together details on the eastern Chickasaws from diverse source materials to create this cohesive narrative set against the shifting backdrop of the Southern frontier. The Chickasaws offered primary allegiance to South Carolina and Georgia at different times in their history but always served as a link in ongoing trade between Charleston and the Chickasaw homeland in what is now Mississippi. By recounting the political, social, and military interactions between the native peoples and settlers, Cashin introduces readers to a colorful cast of Chickasaw leaders, including Squirrel King, the Doctor, and Mingo Stoby, each an important component to a story that has until now gone untold.
A native of Augusta, Georgia, Edward J. Cashin (1927–2007) was the founding director of the Center for the Study of Georgia History and a professor emeritus of history at Augusta State University. His other books include Lachlan McGillivray, Indian Trader: The Shaping of the Southern Colonial Frontier and William Bartram and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier.
"The Chickasaws were one of the more powerful southeastern Indian nations, yet few realize that they played a major role in the history of South Carolina. With their outpost on the Savannah River, the Chickasaws were significant trading partners and military allies of colonial South Carolina. The Chickasaw Nation awarded author Edward Cashin the title 'Imanoli Afahena' or' 'One Who Tells an Important Story' for his research into the Chickasaws of the Savannah River Valley. Guardians of the Valley fills an important but hereto |
1. Abuse: Rude, hurtful, disrespectful and harmful use of another. It includes disregarding their personal boundaries and their inherent rights as an individual. Abuse can be verbal, emotional, physical, sexual or spiritual.
2. Acceptance | 1. Abuse: Rude, hurtful, disrespectful and harmful use of another. It includes disregarding their personal boundaries and their inherent rights as an individual. Abuse can be verbal, emotional, physical, sexual or spiritual.
2. Acceptance: Valuing a person for who and what they are – regardless of what they’ve thought, said or done.
3. Acting out: Behaviour which reveals a person’s thoughts, feelings, inner conflicts and core beliefs.
4. Active listening:This is conveying that you’ve heard and understood the client’s situation, heartache and pain. It includes asking questions to fill in missing pieces, or to clarify uncertainties and ambiguities.
5. Addiction: Any activity, behaviour or substance that becomes an obsession, creates a dependency and leads to withdrawal if the individual is preventing from engaging in/ using it.
6. Affect: Feelings and emotions that are displayed through body language.
7. Alters: The individual and distinct personalities of an individual with Dissociative Personality Disorder.
8. Anxiety: Feelings of nervousness.
9. Anger: A powerful emotion related to frustration of goals, abuse, hurt or disrespect of personal boundaries.
10. Boundaries: Where one person ends and another begins – with respect to physical, emotional and mental space.
11. Codependency: Caring about, and assuming responsibility for another person – beyond that which is healthy and legitimate – and to the detriment of your own needs.
12. Conditional love: This is where love is dependent on the person acting in ways that another approves of. It is, therfore, false love.
13. Counter-transference: When the counsellor or therapists relates to the client as if they were someone in their own personal life (such as a parent, child or spouse) – because the client reminds them of that person.
14. Defense mechanism: Unconscious coping strategies that enable the person to deal with pain and trauma.
15. Dependence: An inappropriate feeling of need for a substance or person.
16. Depression: There are numerous types of clinical depression. Each includes a component of overwhelming sadness or entrenched low mood.
17. Empathy: The ability to put on another’s shoes, and to experience and walk around in their world, as if you were that person.
18. Enmeshed: Overly close or smothering boundaries.
19. Immediacy: The counsellor’s ability to use the present situation, and what is happening between the counsellor and client, to better understand the client and their issues.
20. Inferiority: The feeling of being deficient or inadequate.
21. Paranoia: Irrational and excessive fear of being watched or evaluated.
22. Projection: A defense mechanism where the blame is shifted from ourselves to another.
23. Psychotherapy: A more indepth form of counselling which searches for origins of problems in the person past.
24. Reflecting back content: Paraphrasing what the client has just said.
25. Reflecting back feelings: Picking up on and verbalising the covert or overt emotions of the client.
26. Repression: A defense mechanism which pushes unacceptable thoughts and wishes out of the conscious mind. These then become buried in the person’s subconscious.
27. Self-concept: The mental image we have of ourselves.
28. Self-esteem: The extent to which a person cares about, and values, themselves.
29. Subconscious: Thoughts and memories which are inaccessible because they buried below conscious awareness.
30. Summarising: Providing a brief and concise representation of the main points or ideas shared.
31. Transference: Where the client views or treats the counsellor as if they were someone else – someone who is a significant person in their life (such as a parent or other authority figure).
32. Unconditional love: Loving and valuing a person no matter what they say or do. |
Jehangir: see Jahangir.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Jehangir from Fact Monster:
- Jahangir - Jah | Jehangir: see Jahangir.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Jehangir from Fact Monster:
- Jahangir - Jahangir Jahangir or Jehangir, 1569–1627, Mughal emperor of India (1605–27), son of...
- Homi Jehangir Bhabha - Bhabha, Homi Jehangir Bhabha, Homi Jehangir, 1909–66, Indian physicist, b. Bombay (now...
- Ajmer - Ajmer Ajmer, former state, NW India. Now part of Rajasthan state, it formerly consisted of two...
- Scientists: Physical Sciences - Biographies of Notable Scientists in the Physical Sciences
- Encyclopedia: South Asian History: Biographies - Encyclopeadia articles concerning South Asian History: Biographies. |
TCM Diagnosis by Listening (and Smelling) - One of the 4 Pillars
The Sound of the Voice
- A loud and course voice indicated an Excess pattern
- A weak and low voice indicates a Deficient pattern
| TCM Diagnosis by Listening (and Smelling) - One of the 4 Pillars
The Sound of the Voice
- A loud and course voice indicated an Excess pattern
- A weak and low voice indicates a Deficient pattern
- A lack of desire to speak indicates a Deficient Cold pattern
- Incessant talking indicates a Heat pattern
Hoarse Voice or Loss of Voice
Loud Voice with Incoherent Speech
Acute onset of a hoarse voice is usually indicative of Exterior Pathogenic Wind, especially if the throat is red and sore.
A chronic or recurrent hoarse voice usually indicates an interior disease such as Deficient Lung Qi or Lung Yin
A gradual loss of voice also usually indicates Deficient Lung Qi or Yin
- This is usually accompanied by impaired mental function and indicates Heat is disturbing the Shen (Spirit/Mind)
5 Element Associations in the Voice
- Shouting is a Liver imbalance
- Constant Laughing is a Heart imbalance
- Chronic weeping, whimpering, sadness is an Spleen imbalance
- Groaning is a Kidney imbalance
Coughing is usually related to Lung's ability to properly disperse and descend Lung Qi, leading to rebellious Lung Qi
- Wheezing or rattling from the Lung is usually mucus or Phlegm in the Lung
- Explosive or very loud coughing indicates an excess pattern
- A weak cough indicates a Deficient pattern
- A dry hacking cough is usually indicative of Heat and Dryness in the Lung
- An unproductive cough with small amounts of sticky sputum indicates Heat scorching the fluids
Loud and coarse breathing indicates an Excess pattern
Shortness of breath, weak and/or difficult breathing may indicate the Kidney is too weak to grasp the Qi. This would include a Deficient type asthma.
Loud and coarse breathing with a preference for exhaling indicates pathogens retained in the Lung. This would include Excess type asthma.
- Usually related to Liver Qi Stagnation
- Usually related to Rebellious Stomach Qi
- Usually related to Deficient Spleen Qi or Deficient Spleen Yang, especially if there is loose stools and bloating.
- This can also be due to Liver Qi Stagnation invading the Intestines
In general, secretions and excretions related to Excess Heat type patterns have a foul odor. Less odorous secretions and excretions usually relate to Cold and Deficiency type patterns.
- Urgent diarrhea with foul stools indicates Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine.
- Belching with a foul or sour odor indicates retention of food.
- Leucorrhoea with a strong or foul odor indicates Damp-Heat in the Lower Jiao affecting the Uterus.
- Chronic Halitosis (Bad breath) indicates Stomach Heat
5 Element Associations of Smell
- Rancid "goatish" odors are related to the Liver
- Scorched or burned odors are related to the Heart
- Fragrant, sweet, or cloying odors are related to the Spleen
- Rank or Rotten odors are related to the Lung
- Putrid odors are related to the Kidney |
National Research Council (Canada)
|National Research Council|
|Conseil national de recherches Canada|
|Jurisdiction||Government of Canada|
|Minister responsible||Christian Paradis, Minister of Industry|
|Agency executive||Mr. John | National Research Council (Canada)
|National Research Council|
|Conseil national de recherches Canada|
|Jurisdiction||Government of Canada|
|Minister responsible||Christian Paradis, Minister of Industry|
|Agency executive||Mr. John McDougall, President|
The National Research Council (NRC) is an agency of the Government of Canada which conducts scientific research and development.
- 1 History
- 2 Product innovations
- 3 Agencies with special relationships with the NRC
- 4 Planning and reporting
- 5 Employment
- 6 Governance
- 7 Cold War
- 8 Change in research direction, and role in muzzling scientists
- 9 Institutes
- 10 NRC Aerospace Fleet
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 External links
With the impetus of World War II, the NRC grew rapidly and for all practical purposes became a military science and weapons research organization. It undertook a number of important projects, which included participation with the United States and United Kingdom in the development of chemical and germ warfare agents, the explosive RDX, the proximity fuse, radar, and submarine detection techniques. A special branch known as the Examination Unit was involved with cryptology and the interception of enemy radio communications. The NRC was also engaged in atomic fission research at the Montreal Laboratory, then the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario.
Post-WWII, the NRC reverted to its pre-war civilian role and a number of wartime activities were spun off to newly formed organizations. Military research continued under a new organization, the Defence Research Board. Atomic research went to the newly created Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. Foreign signals intelligence gathering officially remained with the agency when, by Order in Council, the Examination Unit became the Communications Branch of the NRC in 1946. The CBNRC was transferred to the Department of National Defence in 1975, and renamed the Communications Research Establishment. During the 1950s, the medical research funding activities of the NRC were handed over to the newly formed Medical Research Council of Canada. Finally, on May 1, 1978, with the rapid post-war growth of Canadian universities the NRC's role in university research funding in the natural sciences was passed to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Under financial pressure in the 1980s, the federal government produced what popularly became known as the Neilson Report, which recommended across-the-board financial cuts to all federal government organizations, including the NRC. This led to staff and program cutbacks. Recovery was slow, but the NRC has managed to regain its status as Canada's single most important scientific and engineering research institution among many other Canadian government scientific research organizations.
Today, much of the NRC's focus is on developing partnerships with private and public-sector technology companies, both nationally and internationally. The Council will be celebrating its centenary in 2016.
Some of the many innovations by NRC personnel included the artificial pacemaker, development of canola (rapeseed) in the 1940s, the Crash Position Indicator in the 1950s, and the Cesium Beam atomic clock in the 1960s.
The NRC played a key role in the birth of computer animation, working with the National Film Board of Canada and animator Peter Foldès on the 1971 experimental film Metadata and the 1974 short film Hunger.
More recently, the NRC has been highly influential in the field of audio. A great deal of research at the NRC has gone into the designs of many popular speakers from Canadian speaker manufacturers like PSB Speakers, Energy Loudspeakers and Paradigm Electronics. Some of their research has also influenced speaker designs around the world.
Furthermore, the NRC makes a widespread impact on product developments through its involvement in supporting the small to medium-sized business sector. Through a program knowan as IRAP - the Industrial Research Assistance Program - the NRC provides grants and financial support to business' looking to bring new and innovative technologies to the market Recently, the NRC gave a high-value grant to a small jewellery company, Dimples Fingerprint Jewellery, for its innovative maunfacturing process and use of green technologies
At National Research Council - Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC) an ongoing research study on solid-state lighting is investigating this promising lighting technology and its effects on human beings
Agencies with special relationships with the NRC
Specialized agencies and services which have branched out of the NRC include:
- Canadian Space Agency
- Defence Research Board
- Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Communications Security Establishment
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
Planning and reporting
The NRC reports yearly within the Treasury Board Secretariat's Results-Based Management Framework. The NRC is currently guided by a strategic plan for 2006-2011: Science at Work for Canada.
Close to 4,000 people across Canada are employed by the NRC. In addition, the Council also employs |
Aquarium LightingLighting is one of the most important components of a reef aquarium. The proper lighting intensity is required for corals and/or invertebrates to survive. Similar to plants, corals and many invertebrates require light for photos | Aquarium LightingLighting is one of the most important components of a reef aquarium. The proper lighting intensity is required for corals and/or invertebrates to survive. Similar to plants, corals and many invertebrates require light for photosynthesis to generate energy and food. If your corals and invertebrates do not receive enough light for photosynthesis, they will not survive.
The natural beauty of living things can be perfectly viewed under a clear light. Many hobbyists are enticed by the color and wonders of the sea world. And to clearly see these magnificent colors, a reliable lamp should be installe...FROM ONLY$7.00
Highlight the beautiful colors of your fish with the Coralife Colormax T5 Fluorescent Light Bulb from Pet Store. This spectrum lamp, which measures 30 inches in length and runs on eighteen wattage, provides you with great lighti...ONLY$8.47 |
Integrating Voice Into the School Network: Benefits of Wireless VoIP
Voice communications are critical for the proper functioning of primary, secondary and higher education environments. At the K-12 level, teachers and staff must be able to communicate with each | Integrating Voice Into the School Network: Benefits of Wireless VoIP
Voice communications are critical for the proper functioning of primary, secondary and higher education environments. At the K-12 level, teachers and staff must be able to communicate with each other between classrooms and the school office. Also, teachers often need to communicate between schools within a district as well as with the district office. Similarly, higher education institutions require faculty to be accessible not only in their offices, but while they are traveling about campus. In addition, many colleges and universities now offer voice services to students living on campus.
Though voice is clearly a crucial application for both K-12 and higher education, there are numerous obstacles a school faces when deploying traditional voice technology. These hurdles include budgetary constraints, limited technical resources, geographically dispersed campus buildings, and outdated infrastructures that cannot support new applications.
For these reasons and more, voice-over IP (VoIP) - specifically, wireless VoIP - has emerged as a popular choice for educational institutions. While only 19% of colleges and universities have formally deployed VoIP, 64% are considering it, according to the “EDUCAUSE Core Data Service 2003 Summary Report” (log on to www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/PUB8001.pdf). Though progressing more slowly, its adoption in K-12 is also on the rise. Furthermore, according to two surveys from Market Data Retrieval, 37% of K-12 public schools (from “The College Technology Review 2003-2004”) and 70% of colleges and universities (from “Technology in Education 2004”) report that they do use wireless networks. Together, VoIP and wireless technology offer better geographic coverage, increased mobility, improved network performance, and significant cost savings for schools and campuses.
Today, the majority of U.S. classrooms are not equipped with phones. The existing voice system for most K-12 environments is a traditional PBX (private branch exchange), which provides a basic telecommunications link from the main office to the world outside of the school. This system typically d'es not allow teachers to communicate with each other or enable them to be reached directly by parents. It also d'es not let mobile staff, such as security and maintenance personnel, communicate with teachers or office staff. In addition, most schools do not have the budget to upgrade their existing PBX and install new phone lines for every classroom. And even if they did, the outdated infrastructure probably would not support mobile users.
Wireless VoIP can also help schools deploy additional voice services quickly and cost-effectively. Therefore, a school d'es not have to completely replace its current phone system to implement VoIP. Instead, they can use wireless technology to extend voice services to areas where it is currently unavailable. Most schools already have a high-speed IP network to provide access to the Internet and other network resources. So, by adding strategically placed wireless access points to the network, a school can allow access for mobile laptop users as well as provide the backbone for deploying Wi-Fi-equipped phones to teachers and other school personnel.
The key to a successful wireless VoIP installation is selecting a VoIP gateway, wireless access points, and phones that are compatible with the school’s existing PBX system. Wireless VoIP can also help schools reduce their capital and operational costs by eliminating the need to install new wiring or upgrade an existing network.
Making Campus Communications More Accessible for Higher Ed
Like K-12 schools, most colleges and universities still have a traditional voice system. This system typically provides basic phone service to the administrative buildings and faculty offices. Unfortunately, traditional phone systems do little to facilitate the growing communications needs of a modern-day university. Since faculty spend a significant amount of time traveling around campus to classrooms, lecture halls and other locations, they need to be reachable wherever they go. While cell phones are one possible solution, they have proved problematic for most institutions because they are expensive and it is difficult to regulate faculty usage of them for nonwork-related calls.
Thus, the combination of VoIP and wireless technology is the ideal solution. Most higher education institutions can leverage their existing network to add voice services, which saves the expense of adding more voice lines. With wireless technology, faculty and staff can be reached anywhere on campus, maintaining their connectivity to the network throughout their “mobile” workday.
For large campuses, the geographic distribution of buildings can also be a problem for deploying traditional voice lines. However, with wireless VoIP, a school can combine its existing wired links with wireless connectivity between buildings to add coverage. Finally, for schools that have students living on campus, VoIP is a cost-effective way to give students phone access while reducing the school’s expense for providing such services. Most important, by adding voice as another application to the IP network, colleges and universities can improve their return on investment.
Implementing the proper communications infrastructure is critical to the smooth operation of K-12 and higher education institutions. The use of wireless VoIP lets schools reduce their network costs significantly, while providing an ideal foundation for the institutions’ evolving needs. Although integrating voice into the school network can be challenging, the combination of VoIP and wireless technology removes many of the previous obstacles to deployment. It can also |
April 28, 2005
Asylum Protection in the United States
This fact sheet is intended to assist the public’s general understanding of asylum protection in the United States. It is not a substitute for legal advice, nor does it constitute | April 28, 2005
Asylum Protection in the United States
This fact sheet is intended to assist the public’s general understanding of asylum protection in the United States. It is not a substitute for legal advice, nor does it constitute any legal opinion by the Department of Justice. It is not fully inclusive; does not address the many legal, regulatory, and court interpretations that determine actual applicability of asylum protection in individual cases; and may be subject to change as new laws and regulations are implemented.
The United States offers asylum and refugee protection based on its commitment to human rights and to preventing the persecution of individuals. Asylum is an important protection that is granted by federal law to qualified applicants––regardless of their countries of origin––who are unable or unwilling to return to their country of nationality because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution. Those who are found eligible for asylum are permitted to remain in the United States and, after 1 year, may apply to adjust their status to become a lawful permanent resident.
What Is the Legal Standard for Granting Asylum Claims?
Asylum and refugee applications are both adjudicated under the same legal standard––a well-founded fear of persecution based on at least one of five internationally recognized grounds: race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
Is Anyone Barred From Obtaining Asylum?
Under immigration law certain individuals are barred from obtaining asylum, including those who:
What Agencies Are Responsible for the Asylum and Refugee Programs?
The responsibility for the asylum program is shared between the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), a Department of Justice agency that adjudicates cases on behalf of the Attorney General involving charges of immigration violations.
The responsibility for the refugee program is shared between the Department of State and USCIS.
What Is the Major Difference Between Asylum and Refugee Applicants?
The major difference between asylum and refugee applicants is that those seeking refugee status apply from outside the United States. Asylum-seekers must be in the United States or applying for admission at a port of entry.
Also, while there is a ceiling for refugee admissions that is determined annually by the President, there is no ceiling on the number of individuals who may be granted asylum each year, except for those who are granted asylum under the Coercive Population Control (CPC) provision of the immigration law. The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 changed the definition of refugee to include those who have suffered persecution because of CPC policies. A maximum of 1,000 aliens per fiscal year may be granted asylum or admitted as a refugee under this provision. (Because the number of individuals eligible for asylum based on CPC annually has been greater than 1,000, many individuals remain in conditional grant status until one of the 1,000 final approval authorization numbers, issued annually by USCIS, becomes available.)
How Do Individuals Apply for Asylum?
Asylum-seekers must apply for asylum within 1 year from the date of last arrival in the United States––unless they can show changed circumstances that materially affect their eligibility or extraordinary circumstances that delayed filing, and that they filed within a reasonable amount of time given those circumstances.
Aliens in the United States can apply for asylum by filing an Application for Asylum, Form I-589 with the USCIS. As the alien initiates this proceeding, this is called an “affirmative” asylum claim.
Aliens who have been placed in removal proceedings and are in immigration court can apply for asylum with EOIR. This is called a “defensive” asylum claim.
Can Asylum Applicants Work in the United States?
Asylum applicants cannot apply for employment authorization at the same time they apply for asylum. However, they can apply for work authorization if 150 days have passed since they filed their completed application and no decision has been made on their application. The USCIS has 30 days to either grant or deny the requests for employment, and work authorization can begin after 180 days. In all other cases, asylum applicants will be authorized to work in the United States when they are granted asylum and as long as they remain in asylum status.
The application for an Employment Authorization Document is the Form I-765.
How Does USCIS Process Asylum Claims?
In processing affirmative asylum claims, USCIS asylum officers conduct interviews of asylum applicants and determine whether to grant asylum. In making a determination, the asylum officer will evaluate applicants’ testimony, the information they provide on their applications, any supplementary materials they submit, and the credibility of their claims. Moreover, the asylum officer will consider country condition information from reliable sources as well as the relevant law found in the Immigration and Nationality Act, the regulations found in Title 8 of the Code of Federal Regulations, and case law.
If the asylum officer does not grant asylum, the applicant’s case is referred to an EOIR immigration court. This referral to an immigration court is not a denial of the applicant’s asylum applicati |
OU TORAHDedicated by the Jacobs and Chill Families in Memory of Harold and Pearl Jacobs
Dora Bas Rivka Silver O'H
You Can’t Fire Me – Slaves Have to be Sold!
If a person becomes impoverished, he | OU TORAHDedicated by the Jacobs and Chill Families in Memory of Harold and Pearl Jacobs
Dora Bas Rivka Silver O'H
You Can’t Fire Me – Slaves Have to be Sold!
If a person becomes impoverished, he may sell himself into servitude, but don't treat him like an actual slave! He's more like a household employee. The terms of his employment only last until the Jubilee year, then he returns to his hereditary property.
Since G-d took the Jews out of Egypt, He claims them as His own. Their servitude is limited and they certainly may not be resold in the market place!
The Israelites were permitted to own slaves purchased from other nations (or, perhaps, captured as prisoners of war). These are more traditional slaves, who are not released in the Jubilee. |
This image was created by NOAA’s Center for Tsunami Research and graphically shows maximum wave heights (in centimeters or cm) of the tsunami generated by the Japan earthquake on March 11, 2011. It does NOT represent levels of | This image was created by NOAA’s Center for Tsunami Research and graphically shows maximum wave heights (in centimeters or cm) of the tsunami generated by the Japan earthquake on March 11, 2011. It does NOT represent levels of radiation from the damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant. For more information please visit the original image and background information at http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/honshu20110311.
Download here (Credit: NOAA)
This map of wave heights is circulating all over the internet along with panic and a sprinkling of facts (I added the text over this map, hoping that this version will help combat the fear mongering). But the reality is, even if there were radiation of this magnitude crossing the ocean, the map wouldn’t look anything like that |
Are the following functions injective, surjective or bijective
1 f: R -->R s.t f(x) = 2x +1
2 f: R -->R s.t f(x) = x^2
3 f | Are the following functions injective, surjective or bijective
1 f: R -->R s.t f(x) = 2x +1
2 f: R -->R s.t f(x) = x^2
3 f: [0, oo) --> R s.t f(x) = x^2
4 f: [0, oo) -->[0, oo) s.t f(x) = x^2
5 f: R -->R s.t f(x) = e^x
6 f: R -->R s.t f(x) = log(x)
Whether a relationship is injective, surjective or bijective is really messing with my head and the standard definitons aren't helping me much. I'll try to explain what I think for each of these. These definitions help a little
Injective means that every member of "A" has a unique matching member in "B". You won't get two "A"s pointing to one "B", but you could have a "B" without a matching "A"
Surjective means that every "B" has at least one matching "A" (maybe more than one). Does this mean for every B being in the codomain?
1. Injective because every x has a unique corresponding f(x). Each x only maps to one f(x).
Surjective because for all of the codomain there is at least one x. Is this a correct way of thinking of it?
This means it is bijective.
2. Not injective because f(-2) = f(2). Not every x has a unique f(x).
Not surjective because the codomain is R and the function is not defined in R-.
3. Injective. By changing the domain to [0, oo) this removes the problem of each x (apart from zero) having two corresponding f(x).
Not surjective. Still not defined in R-.
4. Injective. Same as 3.
Surjective. By limiting the codomain to [0, oo) this sets the codomain equal to the range.
5. Injective. Each x maps to a unique f(x)
Not surjective. Parts of the codomain are undefined. Would this be surjective if we made the codomain R+
6. Not injective. R- of the domain is undefined for f(x).
Surjective. The whole codomain has been mapped onto by x.
Any comments on how I approached this? Mistakes? Thanks! |
Question: Does having a CT scan put me at risk for radiation exposure?
Answer: A computed tomography (CT) scan exposes patients to some radiation. But, in most cases, the benefits of a CT scan outweigh the risks.
Unlike a | Question: Does having a CT scan put me at risk for radiation exposure?
Answer: A computed tomography (CT) scan exposes patients to some radiation. But, in most cases, the benefits of a CT scan outweigh the risks.
Unlike a standard two-dimensional X-ray, the multidimensional CT scan can show bones and organs in detail. However, CT scanners use more radiation than X-ray machines. For instance, an adult’s stomach gets about 40 times more radiation from a CT scan of the abdomen than from an X-ray.
Radiation from CT scans poses a small risk for cancer. The estimated lifetime risk for death from cancer after an abdominal CT scan is 0.02 percent. The threat from a CT scan is far lower than the risk posed by many problems CT scans help detect. Some conditions CT scans can find, like bleeding or muscle and bone problems, would often have required exploratory surgery in the past.
To get the most benefit—and least risk—from CT scans: |
Religious Roots of Liberty
Every variety of tyranny rests upon the belief that some persons have a right — or even a duty — to impose their wills upon other people. Tyranny may be fastened upon others by the mere whim of one | Religious Roots of Liberty
Every variety of tyranny rests upon the belief that some persons have a right — or even a duty — to impose their wills upon other people. Tyranny may be fastened upon others by the mere whim of one man, such as a king or dictator under various names. Or tyranny may be imposed upon a minority "for their own good" by a democratically elected majority. But in any case, tyranny is always a denial — or a misunderstanding — of the mandates of an authority or law higher than man himself.
Liberty rests upon the belief that all proper authority for man's relationships with his fellow men comes from a source higher than man — from the Creator. Liberty decrees that all men — subject and ruler alike — are bound by this higher authority which is above and beyond man-made law; that each person has a relation to his Maker with which no other person, not even the ruler, has any right to interfere. In order to make these conceptions effective for liberty, they must be deeply ingrained in the fundamental values of a people. That is to say, they must be part of the popular religion. There was one people of antiquity for whom this was true, the people who gave us our Old Testament. It was among the ancient Israelites that the conviction took hold and emerged into practice that there was a God of righteousness whose judgments applied even to rulers.
No Royal Inscription
The science of archaeology has unearthed some spectacular ruins in Egypt, in Babylonia, in Crete and in Greece. All over the Middle East, patient researchers have turned up monuments and vainglorious inscriptions carved into rock or pressed into clay at the behest of proud kings. Except in Palestine! There has been nothing brought to light in Palestine comparable to the monuments extolling the vain kings of Egypt.
An authority states that there is not a single royal inscription from any of the Bible kings. The Prophets saw to that! No boastful king in ancient Israel would have presumed to leave an inscription dedicated to his own glory, much as he felt he deserved such. The Prophets would have quickly put such a king in his place, and popular resentment would have run high against such inflation of human pride.
In Greece and Rome there were men noted as great lawgivers: Lycurgus, Solon, Justinian and others. In other countries there were royal decrees by the thousands. A law would be promulgated with some such words as, "I, the King, command…." In Egypt and in Babylon, even as in Greece and Rome, authority for a law stemmed from a man, the ruler. But in Palestine the situation was different.
In Biblical literature there is not a single law emanating from kings or other secular authority which was recorded and preserved as permanently valid. Nor have archaeologists in Palestine unearthed royal decrees inscribed on clay tablets or graven on rock.
Now, no people live together without conforming to a commonly accepted code, and without having recourse at times to law. The people of ancient Palestine lived under authority, not in a condition of anarchy. If the king was not the source of their law, there must have been another and higher source. There is no doubt as to what their authority was: they looked to God as the source of their law.
"The Lord is our judge, the Lord is our lawgiver, the Lord is our king" (Is. 33:22). All, or nearly all, of the basic laws of this people were written as though emanating from God Himself. Instead of "I, the King," it was "I, the Lord."
"And ye shall keep my statutes and do them: I am the Lord" (Lev. 20:8). "Thus saith the Lord: Execute ye judgment and righteousness, and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor; and do no wrong, do no violence to the stranger, the fatherless, nor the widow" (Jer. 22:3).
This is the system of law, laid down in the Scriptures, expanded and interpreted by human reason, of' which the Psalmist said, "[H]is delight is in the law of the Lord; and in his law doth he meditate day and night" (Ps. 1:2).
Nearly every man was learned in this law, and also deeply involved in the religious relation to God in which the law was rooted — and liberty was a precious by-product of these conditions. Establish these conditions — that is, widely held religious values in which God is regarded as the source of authority and justice, superior to any earthly power — and they provide a firm foundation for political liberty.
In these circumstances there is a continuous check to tyranny, should any such attempt to raise its head. Neglect these conditions, and liberty has no roots. It is like a cut flower which has no vitality in itself and does not last beyond the life it derived from the plant. The way is prepared for tyranny.
This is not to say that there are no economic and political problems peculiar to liberty itself, nor that liberty is not at times impaired by ignorance among a people whose religious values are intact. It is to stress the importance of maintaining the things on which liberty depends — and these are the thi |
"People always think speech therapy is related to speech and not to assistive technology or swallowing disorders," says Sharon Veis, a speech-language pathologist at the Voice, Speech and Language Service and Swallowing Center of Northwestern University in Chicago.
Ve | "People always think speech therapy is related to speech and not to assistive technology or swallowing disorders," says Sharon Veis, a speech-language pathologist at the Voice, Speech and Language Service and Swallowing Center of Northwestern University in Chicago.
Veis says she doesn't mind being called a "speech therapist," but she and other speech professionals prefer the term used by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, which is "speech-language pathologist," or simply SLP.
|The many muscles involved in speaking and swallowing can weaken in neuromuscular disorders. Speech-language pathologists can help people compensate for such weakness.|
ASHA says SLPs are "professionals educated in the study of human communication, its development and its disorders. By evaluating the speech, language, cognitive-communication and swallowing skills of children and adults, the speech-language pathologist determines what communication or swallowing problems exist and the best way to treat them."
Or, as another SLP puts it, "We do more than just teach little kids to say 'r.'"
SLPs and neuromuscular disease
In many neuromuscular disorders, the muscles that control speech and swallowing weaken, either because the muscles themselves or the nerves that control them are affected. In the vast majority of people with these disorders, the brain and its language-processing centers are intact, and the problem is only one of moving the mouth and tongue or the throat muscles to form words and use the voice. In some disorders, respiratory function is compromised enough to adversely affect speaking ability.
Speech or swallowing are often affected in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, inclusion-body myositis, myotonic muscular dystrophy (especially the severe, congenital form), other congenital muscular dystrophies, nemaline myopathy, myotubular myopathy, Friedreich's ataxia, the myasthenias, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy. In some children with early-onset muscular dystrophies or mitochondrial disorders, the brain may also be involved, complicating the speech problem.
When speech muscles are weak or when weak respiratory muscles interfere with the breath support needed for speech, exercises may not do any good, Veis says, but slowing the rate of speech can be learned with practice and can increase speech intelligibility.
"I ask them to say fewer words per breath, to enunciate syllables, pausing between phrases, maybe even pausing between words," she says. "There are pacing methods, where you tap on a table to pace yourself."
Another technique favored by Veis and her colleagues at Northwestern is the alphabet board. "The person touches the first letter of the word that they're saying, which slows down speech and also helps the listener get an idea of the first sound in any word, which is often the most important thing."
Touching a letter eliminates misinterpretation of sounds. "There may be confusion, for example, between a 'd' and a 't' or between a 'k' and a 'g' sound," which the alphabet board can overcome, Veis says.
Veis is skeptical that much can be done, particularly in severe neuromuscular disorders like ALS, to improve the range of motion of the speech organs. "If the tongue only goes so far, it only goes so far," she says. If speech can't be made intelligible, with or without the help of simple devices, the next step, which is to get a high-tech device, can be taken.
Such devices, known these days as AAC, for augmentative and alternative communication, can substitute for speech. Veis says the philosophy at her clinic, and of today's SLPs in general, is that learning such "compensatory" techniques is just as important as learning techniques to help improve natural speech.
In severe and progressive disorders like ALS, Veis thinks some advance planning is essential. "It's important to anticipate some of the progression, so that if and when the need arises for an augmentative communication system, one has already explored with the client some of the basic information. They should know what kinds of devices are available — small versus large, portable versus nonportable, simple versus complex computer technology.
"It's better to have that discussion before you need to, to find out the patient's background with the use of devices, their comfort level, whether they have computer knowledge or not, their finances," Veis suggests. "Of course, some needs may change along the way. They may need to change devices if they can't use a typing system anymore. If you're talking about a progressive disease, needs change over time. In a more static disease, needs may also change but because of different issues."
|Speech-language pathologist Jeff Edmiaston at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis shows Keith Vinyard, who has amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, how to tuck his chin during swallowing.|
|Edmiaston and Vinyard work on a DynaVox 3100, a computerized speaking device.|
|A mirror helps the speech therapy client see how exaggerated mouth movements can improve speech intelligibility.|
Cathy Lazarus is also an SLP at the center at Northwestern, but her specialty is swallowing disorders. Because the same muscles are involved in voicing as in swallowing, she also specializes in disorders involving sound production.
To diagnose the nature of a speech or swallowing problem, "we get most people down to X-ray," Lazarus says. They're given water mixed with liquid barium (which shows up on X-ray film), a barium paste and a quarter of a cookie covered with barium paste to |
Finding Emperor Penguin Colonies
Emperor penguins are big birds and they usually form large colonies. So how difficult can it be to find out where they gather to breed?
In short, very! This is partly because they decided a long time | Finding Emperor Penguin Colonies
Emperor penguins are big birds and they usually form large colonies. So how difficult can it be to find out where they gather to breed?
In short, very! This is partly because they decided a long time ago to live in one of Earth's most inhospitable environments. Also, the penguins breed throughout the Antarctic winter and most of the colonies we know are situated on fast-ice (frozen sea attached to the Antarctic continent). Moreover, emperor penguin colonies are often surrounded by massive icebergs! One could be within a few hundred metres of them and never see them.
Now, scientists from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) have tried to locate emperor penguin colonies from space. They spent many hours looking at images taken by satellites and found that the guano produced by the penguins could be seen.
Unlike other birds, emperor penguins neither have fixed nests nor are they territorial. The males take over the egg from their mates, put it on top of their feet and cover with a skin fold of their bellies.
Throughout the winter and while they incubate their eggs they move around quite a lot! An emperor penguin colony is very dynamic; during the winter storms the penguins huddle. But when the worst weather is over the colony spreads out, shifts location, the huddles reform during the next blizzard.
Over a few months, the penguins – depending on the size of the colony – can cover an area of several square kilometres with guano! Thankfully today's satellites have a high enough resolution to pick up these patches.
The BAS scientists may have found up to 10 new colonies. That is very exciting news!
However, it is necessary to verify these findings, particularly where the patches were quite small or where the satellite images were taken in January. Scientists from different nations are now working together to achieve this.
The great news is that we are big step closer to finding out how many emperor penguin colonies there really are!
For people, many colonies are very difficult to reach. But we in the Australian sector of Antarctica are lucky since two emperor penguin colonies are relatively close to one of our Antarctic bases, Mawson Station.
The colony at Auster has about 12,000 breeding pairs while there are about 3000 breeding pairs at Taylor Glacier.
The Taylor Glacier colony is unusual because it is one of the only three colonies of Emperor penguins where the penguins breed on land rather than on the fast-ice.
The other land-based colonies are at Dion Island (Antarctic Peninsula) and at Amundsen Bay, East Antarctica. Taylor Glacier is an Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) and special permits are required to work there. |
Developing carbon neutral technologies and making better and more rational use of energy and other natural resources have become essential for sustainable development of our society. In addition, Europe is going through a process of opening up of utilities markets including those for electricity and gas | Developing carbon neutral technologies and making better and more rational use of energy and other natural resources have become essential for sustainable development of our society. In addition, Europe is going through a process of opening up of utilities markets including those for electricity and gas.
Standardization can play a role in meeting these challenges by promoting best practices, helping the development of renewable energies, improving energy efficiency and providing tools to optimise installations and systems. In a context characterised by liberalisation and the creation of a European market for gas and other utilities, standardization can also play a role in achieving cost effectiveness, efficiency and quality as well as interoperability and equal access of suppliers to the infrastructure.
CEN is developing standards in the fields o |
Equine Cushing's Disease vs.
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
There's a new disease in town, and its name is Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Unfortunately,
it's difficult to diagnose, has no specific treatment and can lead to lam | Equine Cushing's Disease vs.
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
There's a new disease in town, and its name is Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Unfortunately,
it's difficult to diagnose, has no specific treatment and can lead to laminitis.
It can also look just like a condition you're probably already familiar with, Cushing's
Disease. Fresh from the AAEP Annual Convention, here's an update on what we know
about these two disorders and how to manage them.
Equine Cushing's Disease is a disease of older horses, with signs first developing
in horses when they are between 18 and 23 years of age. These signs include:
Right now the best tests for Cushing's Disease are the dexamethasone suppression
test and the ACTH stimulation test, following a complete physical examination and
regular bloodwork. And while the disease cannot be cured, pergolide seems to help
manage the disease better than cyproheptadine. In general, horses with Cushing's
should be fed a low glycemic index diet, that is, sugars and starches should be
kept to a minimum. This may mean limited to no pasture or grain for some horses.
Certain supplements (described below) may help support and maintain healthy metabolic
function in these horses.
- hirsutism (long curly hair)
- weight loss and muscle atrophy
- depression and poor performance
- normal to increased appetite
- fat deposits along the crest of the neck, over the tail head and above
Equine Metabolic Syndrome, on the other hand, typically affects horses earlier in
life, when they are between the ages of 8 and 18. Pony breeds, domesticated Spanish
mustangs, Morgans, Peruvian Pasos, Paso Finos and some warmblood breeds seem especially
prone. The main signs of this syndrome are obesity, laminitis and fat deposits as
Diagnosis begins with a complete physical examination and regular bloodwork and
may include glucose tolerance testing or a new, combined glucose-insulin tolerance
test. Unfortunately, there are no medications to treat Equine Metabolic Syndrome.
At this time, experts recommend a low sugar/starch diet, exercise and antioxidants
such as Vitamin E to help manage the oxidative stress that comes with the syndrome.
Research shows other products such as herbs, amino acids, vitamins and minerals
may support and maintain proper metabolic function in horses with either Cushing's
Disease or Equine Metabolic Syndrome. Scientific and word-of-mouth evidence exists
for the following ingredients:
If you think your horse may have one of these diseases, contact your veterinarian
right away for a diagnosis. The sooner medical and nutritional support is provided,
the better your horse's chances are of avoiding serious complications.
- Banaba Leaf Extract -May increase insulin sensitivity
and improve hyperglycemia
- Biotin -May enhance insulin sensitivity and glucokinase
activity in the liver
- Bitter melon -May help stimulate insulin release and
glycogen synthesis in the liver
- Chromium -A component of glucose tolerance factor
(GFT) which potentiates the action of insulin
- Cinnamon -May increase glucose disposal by enhancing
translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4)
- Fenugreek -May have hypoglycemic properties
- Magnesium -Cofactor of many enzymes involved in glucose
metabolism and is required for both proper glucose utilization and insulin signaling
- Plant adaptogens -Extracts of certain plants appear
to have insulinotropic and hypoglucagonemic actions
- Taurine -Amino acid that may act as a minor insulin
Cushing's vs. Metabolic Syndrome
By: Lydia F. Gray, DVM, MA
SmartPak Staff Veterinarian and Medical Director |
In 1832, Joseph Smith received a revelation instructing him to maintain storehouses of supplies for widows and orphans who could not care for themselves. Church members were instructed to contribute to the needs of the poor, but in the Lord | In 1832, Joseph Smith received a revelation instructing him to maintain storehouses of supplies for widows and orphans who could not care for themselves. Church members were instructed to contribute to the needs of the poor, but in the Lord’s own way.
In 1936, as church leaders struggled to figure out how to help ease member suffering due to the Great Depression, the modern Mormon welfare program was created. This program, now 75 years old, has developed into an extensive program that cares for basic needs while helping recipients become self-sufficient.
“The real long-term objective of the welfare plan is the building of character in the members of the Church, givers and receivers, rescuing all that is finest down deep inside of them, and bringing to flower and fruitage the latent richness of the spirit, which after all is the mission and purpose and reason for being of this Church” —President J. Reuben Clark.
Mormon welfare differs in many ways from traditional government programs. This particular program is generally given to members of the Church. There are additional programs that serve people who are not Mormon and programs that benefit only Mormons mean that members do not draw from the government or other charities, leaving more for those without such programs in their own churches or who do not belong to a church.
It begins with preparation for hard times. Mormons are asked to store a supply of food and supplies, as well as to avoid debt and to build their savings. This is not to prepare for a doomsday scenario, but simply to help members be as self-reliant during normal hard times as possible. Every day, Mormons use these preparations to get through unemployment, snowstorms, and illnesses that make shopping difficult.
If the family encounters financial difficulties, they reduce their spending and try to live within their resources. However, on occasion, their preparations can’t get them through the problems, as in an extended unemployment or serious illness. They turn first to family, since family members help each other out. Then, if they have no family that can help, they turn to the Church for assistance. The church does not hand out cash, but does assist with food and essential bills.
The member meets with his bishop (a lay pastor) to determine his needs and to be certain he has cut his bills as far as possible. Then they work out a plan to make sure he has what he needs. The member offers to do some additional volunteer work for the church, which allows him to feel he is contributing to his welfare, an opportunity that is very important to a Mormon’s self-esteem. Mormons love to give, but find it harder to receive. Working maintains their self-respect and increases their self-sufficiency. The work does not equal the help they are receiving, but it is a contribution.
Food is given out at the Bishop’s storehouse. The person is given a list of the foods the storehouse offers. (The Mormons grow, can, or buy what they need rather than relying on donated foods.) He marks what he needs and the bishop approves or adapts it, since many ask for too little and a few ask for more than they need. This portion is sometimes done with the Relief Society president, the female head of the women’s auxiliary. Then the order is taken to the storehouse where the member fills it with the help of a volunteer. Usually, the member helps out for an hour or so before filling his order, so the person assisting may well be another recipient who understands the member’s plight.
These services are paid for through a unique program called Fast Offerings. The first Sunday of each month, everyone who can safely do so goes without food for twenty-four hours (two meals). This is a complete fast without any food or drink. Fasting is a Biblical practice that brings people closer to God. However, at the end of the fast, those who fasted donate at least the cost of the meals and snacks they didn’t have to the Fast Offering. This way, they are not taking more out of their bu |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- transitive v. To suppress or extinguish quietly; stifle: burked the investigation by failing to reappoint the commission.
- transitive v. To | from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- transitive v. To suppress or extinguish quietly; stifle: burked the investigation by failing to reappoint the commission.
- transitive v. To avoid; disregard: "To make The Tempest a tragic and depressing play he was willing to burke all the elements that made it the exact opposite” ( Robert M. Adams).
- transitive v. To execute (someone) by suffocation so as to leave the body intact and suitable for dissection.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- v. To murder by suffocation, or so as to produce few marks of violence, for the purpose of obtaining a body to be sold for dissection.
- v. To smother; to conceal, hush up, suppress.
- n. Variant spelling of berk.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- transitive v. To murder by suffocation, or so as to produce few marks of violence, for the purpose of obtaining a body to be sold for dissection.
- transitive v. To dispose of quietly or indirectly; to suppress; to smother; to shelve.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- To murder by suffocation in order to sell the body for dissection. This method was selected because it left no marks of violence upon the victims.
- Figuratively, to smother; shelve; get |
Definitions for davyum
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word davyum
A supposed chemical element discovered in 1877, later found to be a mixture of iridium and rhodium.
a rare metallic element | Definitions for davyum
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word davyum
A supposed chemical element discovered in 1877, later found to be a mixture of iridium and rhodium.
a rare metallic element found in platinum ore. It is a white malleable substance. Symbol Da. Atomic weight 154
Davyum was the proposed name for a chemical element found by the chemist Serge Kern in 1877. It was shown that the material was a mixture of iridium and rhodium. In the 1950 it was proposed that the new metal might have contained also rhenium, which was not discovered at the time of Kern.
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The Thinking for a Change curriculum uses as its core, a problem solving component, embellished by both cognitive restructuring and social skills interventions. The curriculum is comprised of 22 lessons with a capacity to extend the program indefinitely, depending upon how many cognitive | The Thinking for a Change curriculum uses as its core, a problem solving component, embellished by both cognitive restructuring and social skills interventions. The curriculum is comprised of 22 lessons with a capacity to extend the program indefinitely, depending upon how many cognitive skills are taught.
The program was developed to be appropriate for a wide range of offender groups. It has been used with juvenile and adult offenders. It has been implemented in all phases of the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems including pre-incarceration (Probation), in prisons and jails, as well as in the community (Aftercare and Parole).
Read more about the philosophical foundation, assessment strategies, and program delivery.
Discuss offender cognitive behavior and Thinking for a Change (T4 |
Lectures - Monday and Wednesday, 11:00 AM - 12:15 PM
Lab - Tuesday, 4:10 PM -7 PM
Earth (Figure 1) has much in common with its two nearest neighbors Venus | Lectures - Monday and Wednesday, 11:00 AM - 12:15 PM
Lab - Tuesday, 4:10 PM -7 PM
Earth (Figure 1) has much in common with its two nearest neighbors Venus (Figure 2) and Mars (Figure 3) yet it is also very different. All three planets are dominantly rocky objects with atmospheres dominated by elements other than hydrogen and helium. The inner planets are sufficiently small and consequently their low escape velocities (Earth 11 km/sec.) are insufficient to retain the abundant light elements of hydrogen and helium. Venus and the Earth are nearly the same size while Mars is less than half the size of Earth. Venus and Mars have atmospheres dominated by CO2. Earth on the other hand has an atmosphere dominated by N2 and O2. Large amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere of earth are unusual for oxygen is a very reactive gas and readily combines with metals and other elements. Earth's atmosphere with abundant free molecular O2 would mark it as a very special planet for any intelligent beings visiting our solar system for the first time. Earth also has large amounts of water in its great oceans.
Venus carbon dioxide rich atmosphere creates a very strong green house effect so the planet's surface temperature is hundreds of degrees Celsius, even with an albedo of.75. Unlike Earth, Venus has little water in its atmosphere or on its surface. Venus atmosphere does have nitrogen in fact by mass there is about as much nitrogen in the atmosphere of Venus as there is in the Earth's atmosphere.
Mars like Venus has little water and an atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide. Because of its smaller size its escape velocity is low so it has not been able to retain all its nitrogen.
The larger planets Jupiter (Figure 4), Saturn (Figure 5), Uranus and Neptune are far enough from the sun (temperatures sufficiently cold) so that they retain the original gasses of the nebula from which the solar system formed. Consequently their atmospheres are very much like the sun's atmosphere. These planets are so massive that their escape velocities are many times that of Earth and they retain the light gasses such as Hydrogen and Helium.
It is likely that the gasses in the atmosphere of Venus came from the interior of the planet as did our ocean and atmosphere. The atmospheres of the outer giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are very much like the atmosphere of the sun and probably are residuals o |
“Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.”
Researchers at the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have published a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences about how human cells respond in healthy and | “Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.”
Researchers at the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have published a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences about how human cells respond in healthy and unhealthy ways to different kinds of “happiness”.
Scientists believe the biological basis for this is genetic. Have you ever heard of those studies that show how if you are under chronic stress, you are more likely to experience decreased physical and mental health? Under stress, the expression of genes that protect you from inflammation and viruses are affected so that your body is less able to fight them, and in turn you are more susceptible to ills such as arthritis, heart disease, and infections.
In other words, chronic stress makes you more at risk for illness.
These researchers found the same to be true for “hedonic” pleasure. Hedonic pleasure is pleasure that is instantly gratuitous, for example, over-eating, sex on demand, obsessive spending, partying…you get the idea, a self-centered life of instant gratification (me, me, me and I want, I want, I want). Hedonistic pleasure is the pleasure of the senses.
It appears that a hedonistic lifestyle puts you at risk the same way chronic stress does. Your cells respond badly, and you are more susceptible to disease.
Yet they found that “eudaimonic” pleasure goes the opposite direction. What is eudaimonic [u-DY-moh-nick] pleasure? It’s a deeper form of pleasure beyond the senses. According to the lead researcher, Barbara L. Fredrickson, Kenan Distinguished Professor of psychology, it’s the pleasure that ”results from striving toward meaning and a noble purpose beyond simple self-gratification,” for example, “feeling connected to a larger community through a service project.”
They say “eudaimonic pleasure”, but you could also say “Christian virtue”.
For at least 200 years Christianity has warned against modernist philosophies that put the focus on individual sentiment and personal experience, philosophies that shake the foundations of societies, such as, materialism, pra |
A snow barrier was planned to protect the Dexiosis and Lion Horoscope reliefs at the West-Terrace. A snow barrier would protect the reliefs from the melting snow during the spring. The permit had now been given.
Arriving at | A snow barrier was planned to protect the Dexiosis and Lion Horoscope reliefs at the West-Terrace. A snow barrier would protect the reliefs from the melting snow during the spring. The permit had now been given.
Arriving at the West-Terrace, we discovered that masses of snow sliding down from the tumulus had hit the rear of the reliefs. The relief of Kommagene was smashed down and the relief of Zeus had been broken. The upper part had fallen down on the terrace. First, the reliefs were supported properly. Thereafter, the most severe damages to the reliefs were treated. The temporary snow barrier was constructed from steel and wooden beams. The foundations of the snow barrier were made of loose wire-netting baskets filled with gravel. It was clear that at least the reliefs should be protected inside a safe shelter, before proper conservation could start. |
I suspect most of us learned programming in a way that somehow involved the phrase "Hello World." Or, if you are from my part of the world (Texas), perhaps it was "Howdy World." The traditional equivalent for embedded systems has been | I suspect most of us learned programming in a way that somehow involved the phrase "Hello World." Or, if you are from my part of the world (Texas), perhaps it was "Howdy World." The traditional equivalent for embedded systems has been making the LED blink. After all, a lot of systems don't have a display or maybe they have a little LCD — not very helpful to try to print out a string.
Today, though, a system is about as likely to have a network connection as anything else. Naturally, if you want to run a Linux system with an embedded web server, there are plenty to choose from (including Mongoose, which I've talked about a few years ago here).
On the other hand, you might just want to debug something on the fly. You might think writing a web server is a daunting task. If you want to write a robust and secure one it is a pretty big job. But I'm thinking something small, useful, and disposable.
One of the often-overlooked programming languages you have on a Linux-based board is your favorite shell. Many of the shells (including bash) are very full featured and because they run programs, totally extensible by just writing a little C code.
Could you write a web server in bash? You certainly can. A quick Google showed quite a few, in fact. If you really want minimalist, here's a server in one line: http://is.gd/yb1T7k.
In all fairness, it isn't just bash, of course. Programs like nc (netcat), but, as I said, you can think of those as extensions to the shell. If you want something a little easier to read, try http://is.gd/kxLUrh or http://is.gd/iDelqp.
Don't get me wrong. I'm not suggesting you'd actually use these for any real production purpose. But a quick and dirty web server running on a Linux board with very little software required (assuming you have nc, which most of them rely on heavily) can be very helpful in a lot of debugging and testing situations. |
The Expulsion of the Jews from France in 1306: a Modern Fiscal Analysis
AbstractIn 1306, at the peak of a severe financial and monetary crisis, Philippe the Fair expelled the Jews from his kingdom, declared himself creditor of | The Expulsion of the Jews from France in 1306: a Modern Fiscal Analysis
AbstractIn 1306, at the peak of a severe financial and monetary crisis, Philippe the Fair expelled the Jews from his kingdom, declared himself creditor of their debts, seized their property and auctioned it off. Was this a clever move, financially speaking? Did Philippe gain more, by killing the goose that laid the golden egg, than by securing a steady flow of taxes? Taking discounting into account, conservative bounds on the sum collected through the seizures over the years that followed the expulsion challenge the traditional view that it was a bad deal. Still, the windfall brought by the relative success of the operation was short-lived.
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Expulsion; Philipe le Bel; Jews; 1306;
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- N1 - Economic History - - Macroec |
WASHINGTON (NNS) -- The Director of U.S. Navy's Task Force Climate Change (TFCC) said today the Arctic Ocean has been experiencing a rapid change in climate, and that it will soon have potential impacts on the Navy.
The | WASHINGTON (NNS) -- The Director of U.S. Navy's Task Force Climate Change (TFCC) said today the Arctic Ocean has been experiencing a rapid change in climate, and that it will soon have potential impacts on the Navy.
The Task Force is responsible for developing policy, strategy, force structure and investments relating to climate change and reporting this to Navy leadership.
TFCC Director, and Oceanographer and Navigator of the Navy Rear Adm. David Titley, discussed the Navy's future interest in this quickly changing environment and how it will not only affect operations in the north, but how it could affect naval bases worldwide.
"The Navy's objective, first and foremost, is safety, security and stability in the Arctic," said Titley. "Another objective in the Arctic is to strengthen partnerships with the other Arctic nations, and with nations who have interest in that area."
Titley further explained the Navy's maritime strategy which states that climate change is one of the driving forces of the 21st century.
"We are seeing a pretty significant decrease in the amount of ice that is up in the Arctic Ocean," said Titley. "Not too many years ago the ice used to be 10 or more feet thick, making operations in the Arctic almost impossible."
Titley said that, in only a few years, most of the 10-foot thick ice has been replaced with single-year ice that is only two-to-four feet thick. This ice is softer and much of it tends to melt back in the summer time leaving large areas of open water.
"What this is allowing many people to do is to go and think about how surface ships, resources, tourism and fisheries would work in the Arctic," Titley added.
Titley said, over time, the world can expect to see more trans-Arctic shipping using the Arctic as the roof of the world, a shortcut between Asia and Europe.
"Secretly, the arctic is an opportunity," Titley said. "It's an opportunity to form partnerships, and it will create the conditions for greater stability for peace and prosperity for all our nations in the 21st century."
For more news from Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, visit www.navy.mil/local/cnmoc/. |
One-third of the students who get financial aid come from families who make $100,000 or more a year, according to the U. S. Department of Education.
The National Center for Education Statistics, operated by the U.S. Department of | One-third of the students who get financial aid come from families who make $100,000 or more a year, according to the U. S. Department of Education.
The National Center for Education Statistics, operated by the U.S. Department of Education, based their recent report on the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) from 2011-2012. In the report, only 16% of loan recipients were from families with incomes under $20,000, 18% from the $20,000-$39,000 income level and 28% whose families had incomes of $100,000 or more.
Moreover, two-thirds of all students get aid. All in all, 71% of undergraduates received some semblance of financial aid, with 59% of those receiving aid via grants and 42% taking out student loans.
The average for undergraduate loans amounted to $10,800, and the other loan options such as grants or student loans were $6,200 and $7,100 respectively. Now if the total student aid was broken down per undergraduate it would come to $8,200 per student.
Spencer Irvine is a staff writer at Accuracy in Academia. If you would like to comment on this article, e-mail [email protected]. |
Sermon shared by Dan Carroll
Summary: A sermon explaining the Passover story and traditions.
Audience: General adults
About Sermon Contributor
• John 1:29, “Behold the Lamb of God that takes away the sin | Sermon shared by Dan Carroll
Summary: A sermon explaining the Passover story and traditions.
Audience: General adults
About Sermon Contributor
• John 1:29, “Behold the Lamb of God that takes away the sin of the world.”
• Passover was a time to remember and rejoice.
• God will do His part, often miraculously, but then He will ask you to move, to engage, to participate.
• Exodus 12:7-11, “They are to take some of the blood and smear it on the sides and top of the
doorframes of the houses…eat it along with bitter salad greens and bread made without yeast…”
I. IT IS A NEW DAY AND A NEW WAY
• Eat it with bitter herbs and unleavened bread - a reminder.
• Vs. 2 - “…the beginning of months for you…"
• Passover represents a fresh start.
• New hope; new life.
• II Corinthians 5:17, “Therefore if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creature (creation)…”
• This is a beginning time, a new relationship with people.
• This is the time of the law, values that would change thinking and keep people free.
• Love and honor people, love God and honor Him.
• God is saying you are leaving a system that kills and I am taking you to one that gives life.
II. LIVING IN A FAITH RELATIONSHIP
• A new way of living, believing God will provide, not about “be good,” but believe.
• Vs. 3-8 - The people had to participate.
• The first born was the cost, the unblemished, the best they had.
• The Israelites had to prepare the lamb, put blood on doors posts and eat the lamb.
• John 6:54,56 - Jesus said, “You must eat my flesh and drink my blood…”
• You must receive me deep inside to grow spiritually.
• Vs.12-14 - Do this and remember it; I am not your law giver I am your Savior, deliverer.
III. DEEPING THE RELATIONSHIP
• 1400 years later Jesus talked about this dinner His last night on earth.
• Passover - Jesus is pouring wine and says, “I am changing the whole deal.”
• Luke 22:14-23 - Passover to Communion
• The wine and unleavened from now on represents Me and My love for the whole world.
• People are transformed because of love and gratitude, not guilt.
• I want to be your God, but you must do as Israel did, trust me. Place your faith in the blood of My Son.
Comments and Shared Ideas
Join the discussion |
Anyone who works with teens, has a teen in the household, or pays attention to communication trends knows one thing for certain: young people do not use email. In a revealing discussion with four high school freshman about technology, communication, and education, | Anyone who works with teens, has a teen in the household, or pays attention to communication trends knows one thing for certain: young people do not use email. In a revealing discussion with four high school freshman about technology, communication, and education, the girls in this video say that they only use email to talk to “ aunts, uncles, teachers, and older people.” (quote is 2 minutes in) According to comScore’s whitepaper, “The 2010 U.S. Digital Year in Review,” email usage is down a whopping 59% among teens. Instead of email, teens are using text messages and facebook as their main methods of communication.
Stephen Abram has a great post about what this usage drop means for libraries in terms of needing to communicate with users. In the post, he talks about expanding the ways in which we communicate, updating patron information, and being mindful of privacy issues when dealing with different mediums. All of these are great suggestions and reminders that we need to not only be constantly rethinking services, but we need to be rethinking basic information and communication strategies as well.
There is a key element that goes far beyond the reach of libraries and has huge implications for organizations: how will we communicate at work if so few young people use email? If so few young people use email, then there are some challenges every employer, library or otherwise, is going to have to confront.
If younger employees do not use email often, then this becomes a training issue when they enter the workforce. When we begin hiring employees that do not use email often, except to talk to family and the occasional college professor, they are not going to have any email skills. There are email etiquette rules that are generally accepted in business. I am not saying these are complicated; they are not. Many things that are common in email etiquette also hold true for online communication in general, but some are different. Email is still seen in some businesses as a more formal method of communication and so more formal rules apply. Rules aside, the routine of email also may contribute to the steepness of the learning curve for younger employees. Let us not forget that many email clients that businesses use are far from sophisticated when compared to online clients, liike Gmail, so there will be software training added to the mix.
Will we allow email some flexibility so that it is more accessible in ways that many people are coming to expect? Many businesses do not allow people to sync their work email to their personal phone for security or privacy issues. There are very good reasons for these regulations, but people are no longer willing to carry two communication devices. They want everything to come to one place. If employers, including libraries, want their employees to continue to use email, they should enable access to email to be as seamless as other methods of communication. If we are going to continue to use email to conduct business, then it needs to be more flexible. If security is an issue, then we need to be working on our security infrastructure.
If not email then what? Are there good alternatives to email? The problem with this entire issue is that there is not one good alternative to email. There are a few tools, when cobbled together, that can replace functions of email, but nothing else that comes really close.
Email is a way of business. Like it or not, email is not going to disappear overnight. It does still serve a purpose, so we need to find some solutions to the growing problems surrounding its use in a mobile world especially as the next generation starts hitting our payrolls. |
February 8, 2005N
ASA's budget request for 2006 contains no money for any repair or servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Of the $93 million proposed for HST, $75 million would | February 8, 2005N
ASA's budget request for 2006 contains no money for any repair or servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Of the $93 million proposed for HST, $75 million would go to develop a robotic mission to bring down the telescope, "when its service life has concluded," outgoing NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe said February 7 while presenting the agency's 2006 budget to the media.
Explaining the HST figures, O'Keefe pointed to the December 2004 report by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences that said a robotic fix for Hubble was "risky" and unlikely to be ready before Hubble failed. O'Keefe said he felt this conclusion was overly pessimistic. But he noted the report created an "incredibly difficult hill to climb" for anyone arguing for a robotic mission. Turning to the idea of a manned servicing flight, O'Keefe said that the technical challenges NASA is facing in returning shuttles to flight "make it very, very difficult to see any path" for a shuttle mission to HST.
The conclusion, O'Keefe said, was that NASA should let HST run out its baseline mission. The agency would, he noted, do what could be done to extend the telescope's life, and he mentioned that engineers had devised a way to do science with HST using just two gyroscopes.
O'Keefe mentioned that NASA's design review of Hubble servicing
, due to be completed in March, would study every robotic mission possibility. "All options are on the table," O'Keefe said. "Maybe there'll be an epiphany."
Overall, the proposed NASA budget for 2006 stands at $16.5 billion, a 2.4-percent increase over last year. Projected increases for the next few years range 2 to 3 percent per year. Various programs received increases: $858 million (+17 percent) for robotic exploration of Mars and the Moon, and $372 million (+19 percent) for continued development of the James Webb Space Telescope "on pace for a 2011 launch," according to NASA.
Other areas got mixed outcomes. Project Prometheus, a program to develop a nuclear power generator, received $320 million, down from $432 million last year. In addition, the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO), intended as a high-profile demonstration mission of Prometheus technology, has been "rephased" — basically cancelled, as NASA is now seeking a less-ambitious demo mission.
The proposed NASA budget now goes to Congress, which will make changes, although how many and in what areas are yet undetermined. At the v |
For as long as people have kept horses, they’ve also recognized that horses go lame. History books are filled with various treatments for various lameness problems, many of which are easily recognized as occurring – and incurable – today.
From a statistical | For as long as people have kept horses, they’ve also recognized that horses go lame. History books are filled with various treatments for various lameness problems, many of which are easily recognized as occurring – and incurable – today.
From a statistical standpoint, the vast majority of lameness in the horse is associated with the front feet. It’s been estimated that as much as 70% of all lameness conditions result somehow from problems in the front feet, some of which can be easily cured, others of which cannot. As a result, the horse’s hoof gets a lot of attention – as it well should. But problems in other areas present their own challenges – each case has to be handled individually.
Lameness is not a disease, it is a sign of a disease. There are many individual conditions which cause lameness – we’ll discuss some of the more common ones in the pages that follow. |
Endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that allows physicians to look at a patient’s digestive tract. The main purpose of an endoscopy is to allow the physician to observe what is happening within the body in real-time. Phelps County Regional | Endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that allows physicians to look at a patient’s digestive tract. The main purpose of an endoscopy is to allow the physician to observe what is happening within the body in real-time. Phelps County Regional Medical Center’s primary goal is to provide you and your personal doctor with the medical information necessary to treat or prevent any gastrointestinal problems.
Endoscopy is a common procedure used for many reasons, including:
- Cancer prevention. Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy allow doctors to find and remove polyps before they become colon cancers.
- Diagnostic evaluation of symptoms. Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy allow doctors to view organs directly and take pictures of any abnormalities that may be causing symptoms such as abdominal pain or rectal bleeding. The doctor can remove a sample of tissue (biopsy) through the endoscope during the procedure.
- Biopsy of an abnormal finding on a chest X-ray. During bronchoscopy, the doctor can take samples of secretions and bronchial and lung tissue to be examined in a laboratory.
- Removal of a foreign body. Endoscopy allows doctors to find and remove foreign bodies from the upper lung airways or gastrointestinal tract.
Why choose us?
PCRMC employs four certified gastroenterology nurses between the three GI endoscopy rooms, with one room in the ambulatory surgery unit and two rooms in the endoscopy department. The rooms are furnished with the latest procedure and monitoring equipment for maximum accuracy, quality and safety. Our procedures are performed utilizing the services of a registered nurse or an anesthetist to provide intravenous sedation to make the procedure as comfortable as possible.
- Upper GI Endoscopy (EGD)
- Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
- Esophageal Dilatation
- Liver Biopsy
- Small Bowel Enteroscopy
- Esophagoscopy with Radio Frequency
- Capsule Endoscopy
- Bravo ph
A recovery area is available after every procedure to monitor vital signs until the patient is fully awake. It is normal to experience mild cramping or abdominal pressure following the exam. This usually subsides in an hour or so.
For more information about endoscopy services at Phelps County Regional Medical Center, please contact 573-458-7860. |
How do I count loops. Maybe I'm using the wrong terms. How do I trace loops? It is Pseudocode not Java. I know it is hard for subject matter experts to 'dumb' down for someone like me but I | How do I count loops. Maybe I'm using the wrong terms. How do I trace loops? It is Pseudocode not Java. I know it is hard for subject matter experts to 'dumb' down for someone like me but I do need help. I've tried several tutorials still in trouble. Thanks for your help.
a. Show the pseudocode declarations needed to declare two arrays - one an array which contains the names of the family members, and the other an array which contains the savings (i.e. money) held by each family member. The arrays are parallel arrays because the savings shown in the second array for a certain array position are the savings for the family member whose name appears in the same position in the first array.
This is what I put:
Declare Names (10) as Strings
Declare Savings, Total as Float
Declare K as integer[/I]
b. Write a function, which is called from the main module - this function will determine and return the total savings.
I went by an example that was in the book but would like to shorten this. Dont know if its right.
Declare totalSavings as float
Declare K as Int
Set K = 0
Set totalSavings = femaleSiblings(Savings)
Function femaleSavings(Savings) as float
Set femaleSavings = 0
For (K = 0, K<10, K++) |
Submitted by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Video-gaming (playing video games) has become a popular activity for people of all ages. Many children and adolescents spend large amounts of time playing them. Video-gaming is a multib | Submitted by the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Video-gaming (playing video games) has become a popular activity for people of all ages. Many children and adolescents spend large amounts of time playing them. Video-gaming is a multibillion-dollar industry– bringing in more money than movies and DVDs. Video games have become very sophisticated and realistic. Some games connect to the Internet, which can allow children and adolescents to play online with unknown adults and peers.
While some games have educational content, many of the most popular games emphasize negative themes and promote: the killing of people or animals; the use and abuse of drugs and alcohol; criminal behavior, disrespect for authority and the law; sexual exploitation and violence toward women; racial, sexual, and gender stereotypes; and foul language, obscenities, and obscene gestures.
There is growing research on the effects of video games on children. Some video games may promote learning and problem-solving and help with the development of fine motor skills and coordination. However, there are concerns about the effect of violent video games on young people who play video games excessively.
Studies of children exposed to violence have shown that they can become “immune” or numb to the horror of violence, imitate the violence they see, and show more aggressive behavior with greater exposure to violence. Some children accept violence as a way to handle problems. Studies have also shown that the more realistic and repeated the exposure to violence, the greater the impact on children. In addition, children with emotional, behavioral and learning problems may be more influenced by violent images.
Children and adolescents can become overly involved and even obsessed with video games. Spending large amounts of time playing these games can create problems and lead to: poor social skills; time away from family, school-work, and other hobbies; lower grades and reading less; exercising less and becoming overweight; and aggressive thoughts and behaviors.
Parents can help their children enjoy these games and avoid problems by:
• checking the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) ratings to learn about the game’s content
• selecting appropriate games– both in content and level of development
• playing video games with their children to experience the game’s content
• setting clear rules about game content and playing time, both in and outside of your home
• strongly warning children about potential serious dangers of Internet contacts and relationships while playing games online
• talking with other parents about your family’s video game rules
• remembering that you are a role model for your children– including video games you play as an adult
If parents are concerned that their child is spending too much time playing video games or appears preoccupied or obsessed with aggressive or violent video games, they should first set some limits (for example – playing the games for one hour after all homework is done) and try to encourage the child to participate in other activities. If there is continued concern about their child’s behavior or the effects of video games, a consultation with a qualified mental-health professional may be helpful.
The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) represents over 7,500 child and adolescent psychiatrists who are physicians with at least five years of additional training beyond medical school in general (adult) and child and adolescent psychiatry. |
Understanding the Scriptures
|Straitly (v. 1)||Tightly|
|Mighty men of valour (v. 2)||Trained soldiers or warriors|
|Bear before (v. 4)||Carry in front | Understanding the Scriptures
|Straitly (v. 1)||Tightly|
|Mighty men of valour (v. 2)||Trained soldiers or warriors|
|Bear before (v. 4)||Carry in front of|
|Bid you (v. 10)||Tell you to|
|Accursed (vv. 17–18)||Utterly destroyed by God|
|Kindred (v. 23)||Family|
|Without (v. 23)||Outside|
|In his firstborn (v. 26)||By losing his firstborn child to death|
|In his youngest son (v. 26)||By losing his youngest son to death|
|Noised (v. 27)||Talked about|
Notice how many times the number seven is used in this story. In Hebrew, seven (sheva) means “whole, complete, or perfect.” By using the number seven the Lord emphasized that if Israel wholly kept His commandments and their covenants with Him, they would be successful.
Studying the Scriptures
Do activities A and B as you study Joshua 6.
Describe the Battle of Jericho
Briefly describe the battle of Jericho, making sure to include the following words: surround, trumpet, seven, ark, and Rahab.
How Did They Feel? What Did They Think?
Write something you think each of the following people thought or felt as a part of the conquest of Jericho: an Israelite priest with a trumpet, a soldier in the army, a cousin to Rahab, and a citizen of Jericho. Jericho was the first city the armies of Israel battled after entering the land of Canaan. What do you think the children of Israel should have learned from how they won this battle that could have helped them as they continued their conquest of the promised land?
Official Web site of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
© 2013 Intellectual Reserve, Inc. All Rights Reserved |
The worldwide quest to build a quantum computer is being fueled by the promise of exponentially greater computational power for particular tasks. The physical form that such a device might take is the subject of hot speculation owing to the extreme difficulty in manipulating and controlling quantum systems | The worldwide quest to build a quantum computer is being fueled by the promise of exponentially greater computational power for particular tasks. The physical form that such a device might take is the subject of hot speculation owing to the extreme difficulty in manipulating and controlling quantum systems. Now, Nicolas C. Menicucci of Princeton University and the University of Queensland, Steven T. Flammia at the Perimeter Institute, and Olivier Pfister of the University of Virginia present in Physical Review Letters a vision for a quantum computer that encodes information in light beams that are massively entangled. They accomplish this using an optical frequency comb, made of millions of classically coherent optical modes. This “top-down” approach to generating a highly entangled cluster state holds great promise for the massive parallelism required for scaling to a useful device.
Quantum information science investigates what additional power and functionality can be realized by harnessing uniquely quantum mechanical effects, such as state superposition (wavelike behavior in quantum mechanics) and entanglement (nonclassical correlations of physically separated systems). In addition to fundamental physical insights, this program has already resulted in commercial systems that use quantum key distribution to improve communication security. In the future, quantum metrology may enable greater measurement precision and quantum lithography aims to define features smaller than the wavelength of light. But the grand prize is a quantum computer—a device that encodes information in quantum systems and processes that information using the laws of quantum mechanics to realize unprecedented computational power.
Of the various approaches to realizing quantum technologies, photons are an ideal choice for their low-noise and high-speed transmission and have been widely used in quantum communication, quantum metrology [6, 7], and quantum lithography. The difficulty in all-optical quantum computing has been the need for a massive optical nonlinearity to realize the interaction between photons required for two-qubit logic gates (photons normally ignore each other unless they can interact via a nonlinear medium). This problem was solved with a scheme devised by Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn (KLM), which showed that single-photon measurements could be used to realize the required nonlinearities. Although the KLM scheme required only single-photon sources, detectors, and linear optical elements (beam splitters and phase shifters), a large number of them are required because these measurement-induced nonlinearities are nondeterministic.
This large resource overhead has been dramatically reduced by another development: one-way quantum computing (OWQC) schemes. In the standar |
You're using an old browser that doesn't properly render many newer websites including this one. While you can still view this site, it will look much better if you do a free, easy upgrade. Upgrade in two minutes with Firefox (recommended), | You're using an old browser that doesn't properly render many newer websites including this one. While you can still view this site, it will look much better if you do a free, easy upgrade. Upgrade in two minutes with Firefox (recommended), Google Chrome (also recommended), or Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 (if you must).
by Frank Davis, HCC Director of Land Conservation
A couple weekends ago, my wife Jenny and I joined hundreds of others for the annual field trip to 700 Springs Ranch, in Edwards County. We were there to observe a true wonder of the Hill Country, where literally hundreds of springs burst forth from limestone cliffs on a privately-owned ranch along the edge of the South Llano River. The guides told tales of long ago when European settlers first arrived and subsequent campers and visitors came (including Bonnie and Clyde, if I heard correctly) and marveled at this abundant water supply. I imagined what it must have been like to witness what appeared to be an endless supply of water in otherwise dry and harsh country. The same holds true for those seeing Barton Springs in those times. What miracles to behold!
Way, way back (in 1981), Gunnar Brune in his seminal work “Springs of Texas” declared that at least 63 historically significant springs had gone completely dry. Surely, many other springs in our great state have dried up since, and our climate doesn’t appear to be getting much wetter or cooler anytime soon. So, what to do?
Well, the 2012 State Water Plan addresses many of the concerns about our long-term water supply. And the 2013 Texas Legislative Session has elicited a lot of discussion about how to prioritize and fund projects in the Plan. And many of these projects will help ensure long-term, clean water for Texas’ quickly-growing population. For example, water conservation measures in the State Water Plan include, among other things, lowering individual and household use via low-flow toilets and showerheads, preventing or limiting water loss from municipal pipes and conveyance systems, and further improvements to efficient irrigation of agricultural fields. These measures will generally result in long-term savings for both our limited water supply and our state’s budget.
In addition, the State Water Plan includes 26 new reservoirs, mostly in the eastern, wetter portion of the state. Of course, the Plan is more a “wish-list” than a real plan, so it’s not yet clear which of these reservoirs will actually be constructed over the 50 year timeline of the plan. Either way, it’s problematic that, in addition to the cost for construction and maintenance and the unavoidable impacts to the landscape and watersheds, it would take 20 or 30 years or longer to build each new reservoir, after it is funded and commenced.
I propose an additional and complementary way of thinking about our water needs. Although voluntarily limiting use and providing incentives for water conservation – as well as building new reservoirs – are certainly important and should be priorities, clean water can also be effectively preserved for future generations at a relatively low cost by protecting our “water catchment areas”, or as they are commonly called, watersheds. By preserving natural areas and working farms and ranches with tools like conservation easements, we’re assured that clean, abundant water is supplied to our creeks, rivers, aquifers and reservoirs. Furthermore, while reservoirs and wells are frequently referred to as “water supplies”, common sense tells us that our aquifers and the landscape primarily supply the clean water upon which people and wildlife depend.
As we here at Hill Country Conservancy like to say, “Preserve land, because God ain’t making any more of it”. If we truly apply this principle, we will ensure that wonders like 700 Springs and Barton Springs are here for our grandchildren and their grandchildren to marvel at, just as the first European settlers did long ago, while helping to ensure plenty of clean water for our future.
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I entitled this blog entry philosophy, since philosophy is literally the "love of knowledge", and generally deals with what we can learn about the world about us and how best to function in this world. Indeed epistemology is concerned with the nature of | I entitled this blog entry philosophy, since philosophy is literally the "love of knowledge", and generally deals with what we can learn about the world about us and how best to function in this world. Indeed epistemology is concerned with the nature of knowledge and ontology deals with the nature of existence itself.
Knowledge concerning the surrounding world is often indispensable for the proper functioning of communications devices. For example, a transmitter must know the frequency on which to transmit and the modulation scheme to use. An IP host needs to know the destination address to which to send packets, and the protocol to use. But how do communications devices acquire this knowledge?
Let’s start by envisioning a network element that functions out-of-the-box without any configuration options. We can say that such a network element is “zero-touch”. For example, fiber converters, hubs and repeaters, and even simple learning bridges are essentially zero-touch. Devices can be zero-touch simply because they are very limited in functionality. Or they can be flexible and sophisticated but still zero-touch because they are capable of learning all they need to know from their environment. Paradoxically zero-touch devices are either exceedingly dumb or exceedingly intelligent.
Many devices designed to be used by unsophisticated end-users, such as televisions and cellphones, hypothetically function without being set up. But this is obviously an over-simplification of the true situation. Modern televisions have remote controls that only the tech-savvy can handle (Is the set-top box connected to HDMI-1 or 2? Which of the five supported aspect ratio options is best for HD?). Cellphone users are often stymied when they need to change time-zone or select a network. Configuring home WiFi routers is a task well beyond the capabilities of most mortals (Does my ISP use EoPPP, or L2TP or PPTP? Should my WiFi security be based on WPA or WPA2 with LEAP or PEAP? How does one set up port blocking? What exactly is an 802.11 beacon anyway?)
Early Ethernet switches were essentially zero-touch; they learned everything they needed to know by conversing with each other; when they didn’t know how to handle a frame they simply flooded it and observed the consequences. But then along came VLANs and one needed to configure which VIDs were to be admitted/emitted for each port (or to dictate “admit all”) as well as the default VLAN identifier for untagged frames. And the situation has gotten a lot worse since then. Ethernet OAM requires defining and configuring MEPs and MIPs, MEF services bring with them a complex set of bundling and bandwidth profile parameters, configuring 1X authentication can be a nightmare even for experts, and a PhD may be insufficient qualifications to correctly set up multicast. And this is before MEF’s new bandwidth sharing feature!
Routers rely on a strong standardized control plane, and should thus be much simpler to set up, right? Ever heard of Cisco CareerCertifications? There are five levels of certification (Entry, Associate, Professional, Expert, and Architect) along with targeted certifications for in seven different subject areas (Routing and Switching, Design, Network Security, Service Provider, Storage Networking, Voice, and Wireless). All that just to configure a router…
So we have communications devices that should be zero-touch, but in practice may require extensive configuration. This configuration may be manual and local (historically via a textual “CLI” interface but more recently via a GUI), or may be network-wide via a sophisticated network management system (NMS).
Of course, if configuration is so complex, you may be wondering why manufacturers can’t simply pre-configure their network elements so that the user can just turn them on and use them. Unfortunately, this is rarely, if ever, possible, due to the dynamic environments in which network elements are required to function.
If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change.
- Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (in The Leopard)
- Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (in The Leopard)
So we have seen zero-touch devices, and those that require basic configuration. The second step on the road towards full programmability is to enable a single device to combine the capabilities of multiple conventional devices, and then to configure it to function as any or all of these devices. For example, we could embed the functionalities of a L2 switch, a L3 router, and a L4 NAT in a single box, and then select whichever functionality needed in a particular instance. We could even opt to simultaneously activate many functionalities, provided that they are performed in the appropriate order.
This second step is precisely what an OpenFlow switch offers. A single device can match L2 header fields (SA, DA, EtherType, VLAN ID, VLAN priority), or L3 header fields (SA, DA, protocol number, DSCP, ECN), or L4 header fields (source and destination ports) and perhaps MPLS header fields (label, S-bit), and any combination thereof. However, in reality OpenFlow is more limited than just implied, in that the matching criterion is constrained to be exact match with bitmasks. A true combined L2 |
Teaching: Teaching Like Jesus
By using the teaching style of Jesus as a model, we'll surely grow in our effectiveness of instructing others about Jesus Himself.
Much has been written on the topic of teaching well. Tips from experts are valuable | Teaching: Teaching Like Jesus
By using the teaching style of Jesus as a model, we'll surely grow in our effectiveness of instructing others about Jesus Himself.
Much has been written on the topic of teaching well. Tips from experts are valuable and should be consulted. Books on the subject should be read to sharpen one's skills. And as the old adage goes, practice makes perfect. But when it's all said and done, even the Gospel informs how we teach.
Do you teach like Jesus?
Much can be learned from studying how Jesus taught. Here are a few points on how Christ taught others while He was on the earth. By modeling His teaching style, we'll surely grow in our effectiveness of instructing others about Jesus Himself.
Jesus told stories.
We call them parables now. They were purposeful, illustrative stories which helped people understand difficult things. The Parable of the Lost Coin, Lost Sheep, and Lost Son of Luke 15, for instance, talk of God's pursuit for His lost children. Why can't we do the same? Use movies, music, and real-life events to illustrate your points. In doing so, you are teaching as Jesus taught.
Jesus always told the truth.
He was never compromising. He wasn't rude about it (though some found him very off-putting). But He said hard things. He was never concerned with popularity, public opinion, or the polls. We should never stray from the truth when teaching teenagers.
Jesus used teachable moments.
His teaching wasn't always staged. Sometimes it was spontaneous. An event took place, or an action was noticed, and Jesus used it as an example. Some of your best teaching won't happen in the classroom—it will happen on a ride home, on a trip, or in a counseling session. Keep your eyes open for these moments and take full advantage of them. (See the conversation Jesus had with the woman at the well in John 4.)
Jesus used humor.
If you want to teach like Jesus, you should not feel obligated to be dry, boring, and humorless. Think about it! A man swallowing a camel? A beam in your eye? Can anything good come out of Nazareth? The Bible is filled with humor. Your teaching can be too.
This is by no means an exhaustive list. As an exercise to grow in your teaching, sit down and take notes on a few other ways Jesus taught. How can you incorporate these methods? Maybe include your team or a trusted mentor in the exercise. Then, next time you sit down to craft a lesson, include 2-3 of the elements you come up with in each.
Who better to teach like than Jesus, the master teacher. |
Saint-Jean-des-Vignes was founded in the 1070's on a low hill overlooking the medieval walls of the episcopal city of Soissons. The abbey was established as a community of regular canons (priests) | Saint-Jean-des-Vignes was founded in the 1070's on a low hill overlooking the medieval walls of the episcopal city of Soissons. The abbey was established as a community of regular canons (priests) living according to the Rule of Saint-Augustine. With noble and episcopal support,the new community thrived, amassing an enormous landed domain during the first seventy-five years of its existence (See Bibliography #10) This revenue base allowed the canons to rebuild their monastery in the thirteenth century and to renew it in the seventeenth, after a period of decline and devastation by Huguenot armies. Incorporated within new city walls in the sixteenth-century, the abbey remained active until the French Revolution, after which it was partially dismantled and became a military base. During the 1970's the site was returned to the care of the Ville de Soissons which maintains it as a tourist site and as the home of the Centre départemental d'Archéologie de l'Aisne and the Centre d'Etudes de Peinture murale romaine, and the MonArch research project. |
Gunmen stormed a school bus last Tuesday and shot a 14-year-old girl in the head. Her crime? Getting an education.
This seems almost inconceivable to those of us blessed to live in America, but in some areas of the | Gunmen stormed a school bus last Tuesday and shot a 14-year-old girl in the head. Her crime? Getting an education.
This seems almost inconceivable to those of us blessed to live in America, but in some areas of the globe, girls must risk their lives to get a basic education.
Malala Yousafzai became a prominent voice for girls' education in Pakistan after the Taliban seized control of her native Swat - once a tourist destination renowned for its scenery, culture and open-mindedness - and forced an end to education for women and girls. She brought insight to a tragic situation as the anonymous author of a blog for the BBC about her struggle for education and the fear of living under Taliban rule. In one entry, she wrote about girls sneaking off to class, wearing regular clothes instead of their school uniforms and hiding their books under their robes.
The blog received international attention and Malala became an outspoken advocate for children's rights. She was 11.
The Pakistani Army has since reclaimed Swat, clearing out the Taliban, and now maintains control over the region. But last Tuesday's attack was one of several in recent months, and there are fears the Taliban could be regaining momentum in the area.
The Taliban loudly claimed "credit" for the attack, saying they targeted Malala because, "She has become a symbol of Western culture in the area; she was openly propagating it." It is evidence of the cowardice, impotence and ignorance of the Taliban that a 14-year-old child could pose such an immense threat. But that is the nature of truth, equality, and democratic ideals - they shed light in the corners of the world that people like the Taliban wish to keep in darkness.
Malala Yousafzai puts a human face on the grim education statistics in developing countries. (The expected length of schooling for girls in Pakistan is six years. In Niger it is five, and in Somalia it is two.) Her bravery and struggle alone should compel us to work for greater inclusion of women and girls in education.
But there is also the practical consideration that the health of these countries, both socially and economically, depe |
Bar Mitzvah (bärmĭtsˈvə) [key] [Aramaic, = son of the Commandment], Jewish ceremony in which the young male is initiated into the religious community, according to tradition | Bar Mitzvah (bärmĭtsˈvə) [key] [Aramaic, = son of the Commandment], Jewish ceremony in which the young male is initiated into the religious community, according to tradition at the age of 13 years and a day. The celebrant performs his first act as an adult, saying the blessing for the reading in the synagogue of part of the weekly portion of the Torah or, more traditionally, performing the actual reading. The exact content of the ceremony varies according to local traditions and customs (e.g., Ashkenazic or Sephardic). Today the religious ceremony is accompanied by a social celebration that is considered a Seudat Mitzvah, a feast in celebration of the fulfillment of a commandment. The 20th cent. has seen the introduction (1922) of the Bas, or Bat, Mitzvah, a comparable ceremony for the young female, by the Reform, Conservative, and Reconstructionist groups and to a much lesser extent by the Orthodox. The Bat Mitzvah ceremony is performed at the age of 12 or 13. It often includes the reading of the weekly Haftarah, although it is increasingly becoming identical with the Bar Mitzvah.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Bar Mitzvah from Fact Monster:
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Gov. Samuel Ward
b.27 May 1725 Newport, Newport, Rhode Island, United States
d.26 Mar 1776 Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
m. 2 Nov 1709
Facts | Gov. Samuel Ward
b.27 May 1725 Newport, Newport, Rhode Island, United States
d.26 Mar 1776 Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
m. 2 Nov 1709
Facts and Events
Samuel Ward (1725–1776) was a farmer, politician, Supreme Court Justice, Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and a delegate to the Continental Congress. The son of an earlier Rhode Island Governor, Richard Ward, he was well educated as he grew up in a large Newport, Rhode Island family. After marrying, he and his new wife received property in Westerly, Rhode Island from his father-in-law, and upon settling there he took up farming. Entering politics as a fairly young man, he soon took sides in the hard money/paper money controversy, favoring hard money, or specie. His primary rival over the money issue was Providence politician Stephen Hopkins, and the two men became bitter rivals, alternating as governors of the colony for several terms.
During this time of political activity, Ward became a founder and trustee of Rhode Island's first college, Brown University. The most contentious issue he faced during his three years as governor involved the Stamp Act which had been passed by the British Parliament just before he took office for the second time. This act, putting a tax on all official documents and newspapers, infuriated the American colonists, being done without their consent. Representatives of the colonies met to discuss the unpopular act, but when it came time for the colonial governors to take a position in regards to the act, Ward was the only one who refused it, threatening his position, but bringing him recognition as a great patriot.
After last serving as governor in 1767, Ward retired to his farm in Westerly, but in 1774 he was called back into service as a delegate to the Continental Congress. War was looming with the mother country, and to this end he devoted all of his energy. After hostilities began, Ward made his famous statement, ending with "Heaven save my country, is my first, my last, and almost my only prayer." During a meeting of the Congress in Philadelphia, slightly more than three months before the signing of the American Declaration of Independence, he died of smallpox, and was buried in a local cemetery. His remains were later re-interred in the Common Burying Ground in Newport. |
Missouri Western State University
Developmental Math Program (DMP)
COURSE NAME: Foundations for
The objective of this course is to
provide the student with the fundamentals of arithmetic and algebra, and the
other mathematical skills necessary to succeed | Missouri Western State University
Developmental Math Program (DMP)
COURSE NAME: Foundations for
The objective of this course is to
provide the student with the fundamentals of arithmetic and algebra, and the
other mathematical skills necessary to succeed in College Algebra, Finite
Mathematics or Contemporary Problem Solving. Assessment of a student’s knowledge
and skill level in the following will determine the specific topics that a
student will study.
Arithmetic operations and
properties of real numbers.
Subtract, multiply and divide
Properties of exponents of
Linear equations and
inequalities in a single variable.
Factoring algebraic expressions.
Solving quadratic equations by
Graphing and manipulation of
linear equations and inequalities in two variables.
Graph linear equations and
inequalities in two variables, and graph quadratic equations.
Systems of linear equations in
Utilization of function and
Logarithmic and exponential |
The goals of the STEM Outreach Programs at USNA are to:
- Address an urgent Navy and national need for more young people to pursue careers in science and engineering, particularly in technical areas of interest to the military, using Navy-relevant curriculum.
| The goals of the STEM Outreach Programs at USNA are to:
- Address an urgent Navy and national need for more young people to pursue careers in science and engineering, particularly in technical areas of interest to the military, using Navy-relevant curriculum.
- Act as a focal point for recruiting USNA STEM majors by introducing incoming midshipmen to the rewarding aspects of science and engineering and to encourage retention of STEM majors by engaging them in educational outreach.
- Provide outreach to local and national communities to influence students and teachers in engineering and science studies and to facilitate the recruitment of USNA candidates with an affinity towards STEM majors.
- Prepare midshipmen participants for intellectual challenges by creating opportunities for midshipmen to learn current STEM theory and application, as well as lead in the classroom, strengthen their creative problem solving skills, enhance their innovative thinking, and hone their ability to respond to spontaneous situations.
- Prepare midshipmen to interface with multiple technologies, expose midshipmen to the reality of the interdependence of different disciplines in STEM military technologies, and enhance the technical proficiency and communication skills of our graduates.
Methodology: utilize unique approach to recruiting and retaining technologists by actively engaging elementary/middle/high school students and teachers in a wide variety of science and engineering events (camps, minicamps, competitions, site visits, short courses, internships) to initiate interest and enthusiasm for future STEM participation i |
I used to agree with the old Ehret/Kieta model for the E3b1 Y chr as a marker for Afro Asiatic, but its become apparent that all the population movements into the near East involving this Y chromosome are too ancient | I used to agree with the old Ehret/Kieta model for the E3b1 Y chr as a marker for Afro Asiatic, but its become apparent that all the population movements into the near East involving this Y chromosome are too ancient to be tacked on to any modern language group. A few months of rolling this idea around, and the DNA evidence and dating seems to support an Asian origin a lot better.
Against an African origin-
Once it became apparent that Omotic as an Afro Asiatic language was dubious, with it being shown to be a language isolate by several linguists- it turned out all the African Afro Asiatic speakers show Neolithic Y chromosome input from the near East, in some cases overwhelmingly. The main examples for this are the Ouldeme and other Chadic speaking tribes in Cameroon, who have tested as having an outstandingly high percentage of the Y chromosome R1b, a Eurasian Y chromosome that fits the spread of Chadic languages like a glove. As far as I can tell, the ultimate point of origin for this seems to be SE Turkey, which is within the origin area of the agricultural Neolithic expansion. So, most Chadic male ancestry traces back to the origin point of the Neolithic, which is a big supporter of an Asian origin for Afro Asiatic.
Another Y chromosome that shows a population movementthat tracks Afro Asiatic is from the Nile delta – the M81 Y chromosome. The advent of this mutation is extremely close in time to the entry of R1b’s entry into North East Africa, and it appears to have spread out into North Africa with the Neolithic farmers, and also as far as Somalia, where it is found at a very low rate, but just enough to confirm a Neolithic movement from North to South along the Nile.
The language and its dates
Mainly my gripes are based on Dr Ehret’s work on AA languages. His inclusion of Omotic as an Afro Asiatic language was always speculative, and now it appears that it shows no more than a chance relationship to the Cushitic languages (Theil). I suspect he was keen to include it as an AA language as it shores up the African origin by providing him a pre agricultural Afro Asiatic language in East Africa- which now seems to be wishful thinking on Ehrets part.
Looking at Dr Ehret’s dates for the Afro Asiatic group, one major flaw leaps out. He dates proto Cushitic at 10,000 BP, which he describes as an African pastoralist language with goats and sheep. This is impossible, as goats and sheep do not enter Africa until 2,000 years after this date. If it were correct as a date, this would locate proto Cushitic in the North of the Levant. Assuming that the Cushitic branch is native to East Africa, the arrival of ovicaprines to the area is first known about 5,500 BP in the Sudan. Assuming that the Cushitic branch moved along the coastal areas ( the joining dialects between Egypt and East Africa later wiped out by Asian Semitic languages, and a Nilo Saharan block to them in Nubia), a date of about 6,000 BP for the separation of Cushitic in East Africa would be more likely. This casts major doubt on Ehret’s dating methods for all his work, and really casts a big shadow over his dating of technologies by dating the proto language (the basis of most of his claims for early pastoralism in Africa). This would probably mean Nilo Saharan was the indigenous language group of East Africa prior to the Neolithic.
The dates for proto Cushitic mean his 14,000 BP date for proto Erythraic (ditching the older 15k date for PAA as the Omotic Branch is now defunct) corrects to 10,000 BP assuming his rate of miscalculation is stable at 40%. As a minor note, I’ve seen text books place a maximum date of 10k for any language family, which makes me query Ehret’s work on dates for yet another reason. This 10k age limit would also support all his dates being 40% too old, which would also re-date Cushitic to about 6,000 BP- which agrees with my own estimation.
All the known population movements in this 10k time frame are into Africa, matching the expansion of the Neolithic, which also matches the expansion of the Y chromosomes R1b and M81 in Africa. There’s no known cultural expansion out |
$658K Federal Study Tests Hypotheses of Cicada Evolution
(CNSNews.com) – As the so-called cicada invasion comes to an end, federal funding for the University of Connecticut’s $657,900 study of the large insects | $658K Federal Study Tests Hypotheses of Cicada Evolution
(CNSNews.com) – As the so-called cicada invasion comes to an end, federal funding for the University of Connecticut’s $657,900 study of the large insects continues. The study is testing hypotheses of cicada evolution.
Cicadas made themselves known across the East Coast over the late spring with a loud chorus when they emerged from underground after 17 years to mate and then die leaving behind eggs for new cicadas, who do the same. The creatures are about two-inches long with red eyes and orange wings. They are spread from Connecticut through Georgia, according to The New York Times.
The National Science Foundation first issued a grant for the cicada study on July 15, 2010. The grant expires Aug. 31, 2014.
“The major goal of the current proposal is to reconstruct and interpret the evolution of the family Cicadidae worldwide as a model for the origin and transcontinental spread of insect biodiversity over the last 65 million years,” the NSF award abstract said.
“Most of the plants and animals populating the earth today arose during this era. Genetic data will be used to test five hypotheses concerning the timing and diversification of this remarkable group of more than 3000 insect species,” it said.
“Fossil and geological calibrations will be applied to groups that no one has previously attempted to date,” the abstract added. “Cicadas have natural advantages because they are distributed worldwide and their natural history creates strong genetic/geographic patterns.”
CNSNews.com attempted several times over the past week to reach Chris Simon, principle investigator and professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at UConn for comment on the study.
However, Simon did send an e-mail that linked to the website at UConn called “Cicada Central.”
“Cicadas are flying, plant-sucking insects of the Order Hemiptera; their closest relatives are leafhoppers, treehoppers, and fulgoroids,” Cicada Central said.
“In general, adult cicadas are large (most are 25-50mm), with prominent wide-set eyes, short antennae, and clear wings held roof-like over the abdomen, though they are surprisingly diverse in their appearance and habits. Cicadas are probably best known for their conspicuous acoustic signals or ‘songs,’ which the males make using specialized structures called tymbals, found on the abdomen,” the website said.
CNSNews.com asked the NSF if the study was worth the $657,900 price tag to taxpayers.
“The National Science Foundation is renowned for its gold-standard approach to merit review of each of the more than 40,000 proposals it receives each year,” NSF spokeswoman Lily Whiteman told CNSNews.com in a written statement.
“NSF conducts its merit review by convening a panel of leading experts from around the country who evaluate the science, the strength of the research team, the quality of the educational component, and other elements of the proposal according to the key criteria of intellectual merit and broader impacts,” she said.
“The discoveries and innovations that have resulted from NSF-funded research have advanced the frontiers of science and engineering, improved Americans’ lives, and provided the foundations for countless new industries and jobs,” Whiteman added |
Ca. 2000: The Egyptians are making shadow clocks.
Ca. 1500: The Stonehenge is build.
Ca. 800: The oldest, still existing sun-dial from Egypt.
45: The beginning of the Julian | Ca. 2000: The Egyptians are making shadow clocks.
Ca. 1500: The Stonehenge is build.
Ca. 800: The oldest, still existing sun-dial from Egypt.
45: The beginning of the Julian-calendar on January the first.
Ca 500: In this year the incense clock is invented.
600-900: The Maya design their calendar.
622: The beginning of the Islam-calendar.
Ca 800: The candle clock is invented.
Ca 1290: The first European mechanical clocks.
Ca 1300: The hour-glass are spread all over Europe.
Ca 1400: The first portable watch.
1504: The first pocket watch, made in Germany.
1582: The Gregorian imported.
1657: The pendulum clock is invented by Christiaan Huygens.
1675: Christiaan Huygens invents the coilspri |
Defined in header
void exit( int exit_code );
[[noreturn]] void exit( int exit_code );
Causes normal program termination to occur.
Several cleanup steps are performed:
- destructors of objects with thread local storage duration are called
| Defined in header
void exit( int exit_code );
[[noreturn]] void exit( int exit_code );
Causes normal program termination to occur.
Several cleanup steps are performed:
- destructors of objects with thread local storage duration are called
- destructors of objects with static storage duration are called
- functions passed to std::atexit are called. If an exception tries to propagate out of any of the function, std::terminate is called
- all C streams are flushed and closed
- files created by std::tmpfile are removed
- control is returned to the host environment. If
exit_codeis EXIT_SUCCESS, an implementation-defined status, indicating successful termination is returned. If
exit_codeis EXIT_FAILURE, an implementation-defined status, indicating unsuccessful termination is returned. In other cases implementation-defined status value is returned.
Destructors of variables with automatic storage durations are not called.
|exit_code||-||exit status of the program|
|This section is incomplete|
Reason: no example
| causes abnormal program termination (without cleaning up) |
| registers a function to be called on std::exit() invocation |
| causes normal program termination without completely cleaning up |
C documentation for exit |
Faith-based organizations such as churches and religious relief and development groups can play an important role in the response to HIV and AIDS in Central America, according to a new RAND Corporation report.
While the role of religious groups often is seen as limited because | Faith-based organizations such as churches and religious relief and development groups can play an important role in the response to HIV and AIDS in Central America, according to a new RAND Corporation report.
While the role of religious groups often is seen as limited because many do not support certain prevention measures such as condoms, researchers say building on the traditional role of faith-based groups provides an important opportunity to improve a range of services and support.
"Faith-based organizations are important to HIV efforts in Latin America because they have a broad reach and influence, and have played critical roles providing support and care to those affected by the disease," said Kathryn Pitkin Derose, the study's lead author and a senior policy researcher at RAND, a nonprofit research organization. "Not every community in Central America has health providers, but most have some type of faith-based organization."
Researchers say that faith-based organizations, which historically have played a key role in delivering health and social services in developing countries, could play an expanded role in helping raise awareness of HIV and reduce the stigma that surrounds HIV and AIDS.
In addition, faith-based organizations could advocate for greater access to health care and provide resources such as nutritious food and income-generating assistance to those with HIV, according to the study.
Although faith-based organizations' role in prevention remains controversial, RAND researchers concluded that most faith-based organizations could promote HIV testing in ways consistent with their overall mission.
"If faith-based groups partner with health providers to provide testing, it would send a constructive message that HIV is a disease that is treatable and people should know their HIV status," Derose said.
HIV/AIDS in Latin America has been called the "overlooked epidemic" because it has been overshadowed by epidemics of larger scale and severity in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Although AIDS accounts for a small fraction of deaths in most Latin American countries, the economic effects can be magnified because AIDS often strikes adults during their most-productive years.
Advocates have called for improved efforts to combat HIV in Latin America to prevent the type of devastating outbreaks that have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa. However, most Latin American governments have not responded as vigorously as advocates believe is necessary.
RAND researchers examined the current and potential future role of faith-based organizations in HIV prevention and care in three Central American countries that, at the time the study began, had the region's highest prevalence of HIV -- Belize (2.5 percent), Honduras (1.5 percent) and Guatemala (0.9 percent). They visited the countries and interviewed officials from governmental health agencies, faith-based groups, other non-governmental organizations serving people with HIV, and bilateral assistance agencies. They also visited clinics, hospices and other HIV-related programs sponsored by faith-based organizations.
In the three countries studied, HIV affects mostly young adults, men who have sex with men and sex workers. In all three countries, but especially Guatemala, care for HIV and AIDS is not widely available, and hospitals and health care personnel with experience in the illness are located mainly in major cities.
Researchers found that governments tend to emphasize treatment more than prevention, although the need to sustain antiretroviral medication long term for those with HIV infection has not been addressed.
While researchers are optimistic about the potential for help from faith-based organizations, they recognize that substantial obstacles exist. Judgmental attitudes and limited engagement with gays, men who have sex with men |
History case study: The Baily Flag
On 14 September 1915, Tasmania’s Seventh Field Ambulance C Section relieved the New Zealanders who were in charge of the dressing station under Hill 971, to the left of the Australian | History case study: The Baily Flag
On 14 September 1915, Tasmania’s Seventh Field Ambulance C Section relieved the New Zealanders who were in charge of the dressing station under Hill 971, to the left of the Australian position at Gallipoli’s Chailak Dere. The worst of the fighting was finished, the British having nearly conceded defeat. Even so, although a Red Cross flag flew over the station, it was often a target for shrapnel, explosives, and stray bullets. This persistent danger led the commanding officers to order the move to Mule Gully on 14 November.
‘The Baily flag’ 1914
wool bunting, cotton, cellulose
148 x 156 cm
Purchased with the assistance of the Commonwealth Department of Veterans’ Affairs, 2001
One member of C Section was Harry Baily, a young mechanic from Huonville. Just before the move, a piece of shrapnel lodged in Baily’s left hip and his friend, Bill Mawby, from New Town, removed it. Baily, like most other men at Gallipoli during November, suffered from dysentery and rheumatic pains caused by the cold and damp. During the evacuation, he and Mawby were the last to leave. Baily was so weak that he did not think he could walk the distance, so Mawby wrapped the Red Cross flag, made of fine Australian wool, around his back for warmth and support.
From 16 November until 3 December, when Baily boarded a hospital ship, the flag kept him warm as he and others sheltered in a leaky dugout from a huge thunderstorm, followed by a blizzard. The flag stayed with Baily for the duration of the war, returning to Australia in August 1919 on board the Ceramic. Baily asked his ‘mates’, mostly service personnel, to sign it, collecting over five hundred signatures.
After the war, Baily kept the flag in his wife’s linen press, not discussing it with his family because he thought that only Gallipoli veterans could understand its significance. All that he told his youngest daughter, Suzanne (Sue), was that the flag was ‘very precious’ because the signatories were his ‘cobbers’.
In old age, when Baily moved to the Freemasons Homes, he ordered her to ‘keep that flag safe’. He hoped that after he died, she would donate it to the Australian War Memorial. They refused it, as did numerous other organisations. Frustrated by her inability to give the flag awa |
While the global community is undertaking initiatives in the areas of scientific development, healthcare and universal access and community organizing in the name of HIV prevention, we must do our own part to be the change that we wish to see in our own lives and around | While the global community is undertaking initiatives in the areas of scientific development, healthcare and universal access and community organizing in the name of HIV prevention, we must do our own part to be the change that we wish to see in our own lives and around the world.
“World AIDS Day is held on 1 December each year and is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV, show their support for people living with HIV and to commemorate people who have died. World AIDS Day was the first ever global health day and the first one was held in 1988 (via www.worldaidsday.org).”
In your own spheres of influence, don’t shy away from having conversations about HIV, how it is transmitted, and what measures we can take to prevent transmission. Even in the US, stigma and shame still surround HIV, so it is vital that we play our role in continuing to bring the discussion into public spheres while doing what we can to combat the perceptions that feed into the marginalization of individuals with HIV. You can read a few quick facts about HIV here.
The conversations may not always be easy, but we must educate our youth about HIV and its transmission. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; Only 1 in 3 young people have full knowledge of how HIV is transmitted. Young people between the ages of 15-24 account for 40% of all new infections. And Christians cannot try to convince themselves that this is some type of problem just for ‘those people’ outside their faith when it comes to sex. While I did not see any statistics regarding rates of HIV in relation to religious background, a recent article in Relevant Magazine (issue 53) cited research (from the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy) which found that 80% of young, unmarried Christians have had sex. Out of that percentage, 64% of them have had sex in the last year. Even though many of them are having sex, 76% of evangelicals polled in the study believe that sex outside of marriage is morally wrong. While having discussions about abstinence, we cannot fail to acknowledge the reality of the world that our youth are living in and equip them with the knowledge to make smart decisions and to take cautionary measures. I support Christian ideals of chastity, but also believe that we must prepare ourselves and others as the world may not function according to ideals of perfection like we would prefer it t |
|Rev Diabet Stud,
The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Diabetes Prevention: A Review of Meta-Analyses
Theodora Psaltopoulou1, Ioannis Ilias2, Maria A | |Rev Diabet Stud,
The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Diabetes Prevention: A Review of Meta-Analyses
Theodora Psaltopoulou1, Ioannis Ilias2, Maria Alevizaki3
1Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece
2Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, Athens, Greece
3Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Athens University School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece
Address correspondence to: Theodora Psaltopoulou, e-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript submitted November 10, 2009; resubmitted February 4, 2010; accepted February 7, 2010.
Keywords: type 2 diabetes, diet, lifestyle, nutrition, physical activity, weight loss, glycemic control, meta-analysis, diabetes prevention
Prevention of diabetes is crucial to lowering disease incidence, and thus minimizing the individual, familial, and public health burden. The purpose of this review is to gather current information from meta-analyses on dietary and lifestyle practices concerning reduction of risk to develop type 2 diabetes. Low glycemic index dietary patterns reduce both fasting blood glucose and glycated proteins independent of carbohydrate consumption. Diets rich in whole-grain, cereal high fiber products, and non-oil-seed pulses are beneficial. Whereas, frequent meat consumption has been shown to increase risk. Regarding non-alcoholic beverages, 4 cups/day of filtered coffee or tea are associated with a reduced diabetes risk. In contrast, the consumption of alcoholic beverages should not exceed 1-3 drinks/day. Intake of vitamin E, carotenoids, and magnesium can be increased to counteract diabetes risk. Obesity is the most important factor accounting for more than half of new diabetes' cases; even modest weight loss has a favorable effect in preventing the appearance of diabetes. Also, physical exercise with or without diet contributes to a healthier lifestyle, and is important for lowering risk. Finally, there is a positive association between smoking and risk to develop type 2 diabetes. As far as secondary and tertiary prevention is concerned, for persons already diagnosed with diabetes, there is limited evidence of the effectiveness of diet or lifestyle modification on glycemic control, but further studies are necessary.
Genes and environment can interact to cause chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. In epidemic numbers, and the epidemic is expected to continue to grow. This is mainly due to an increasing proportion of aged people in the worldwide population. Other aggravating factors are obesity in general, and increased ratios of abdominal fat distribution. It is considered that more than half (60-90%) of new cases are due to obesity and weight gain. Certainly, unhealthy diet and lifestyle can impose an additional burden on good glycemic control in diabetes patients.
Efforts to prevent diabetes are necessary, as they could make a significant contribution to lowering the rate of new diabetic cases. Apart from the benefits to the individual, they would reduce the, familial, and public health burden caused by the disease. Dietary habits are the personal decisions individuals make when choosing their nutrition. Nutrition therapy is generally recommended for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention means intervention before the development of diabetes, secondary prevention refers to the time after diagnosis of diabetes, and tertiary prevention can take place when significant numbers of beta-cells remain after diagnosis. Primary prevention is particularly important in type 2 diabetes, because the time of diagnosis and the severity of the disease course can be influenced beneficially by changing daily lifestyle and dietary practices. However, despite this awareness, there is still no universal dietary approach for diabetes prevention and management.
A multitude of reviews and meta-analyses have been published during the last few years. They summarize present knowledge and quantify differences in effectiveness between different dietary and lifestyle preventive measures. In contrast to biological factors, which have an impact on physical health, lifestyle encompasses modifiable social and behavioral factors. In respect to diabetes, it is commonly limited to exercise, education, and smoking cessation. In this review, we gather and evaluate current information from meta-analyses on dietary and lifestyle practices proposed for reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Materials and methods
English publication meta-analyses between the yea |
When sneaking up on a silverback gorilla, you want to be quiet and careful.
That's a lesson I learned here in the jungle of the Central African Republic from Angelique Todd, who spends nearly every day of her life with a | When sneaking up on a silverback gorilla, you want to be quiet and careful.
That's a lesson I learned here in the jungle of the Central African Republic from Angelique Todd, who spends nearly every day of her life with a family of gorillas.
On one particular morning, we were just a few feet from a roughly 500-pound, six-foot-long wild animal, who was alternately daydreaming and nodding off.
"He's sleeping," said Todd. "[The silverback] is the dominant male. So the male gorillas develop this huge size. They're almost double the size of the females."
The silverback in question, named Mikumba, is the head of a family of 11 gorillas.
"So this is one of the infants that we haven't seen yet," said Todd, pointing to a baby gorilla. "He's 2-and-a-half. He spends nearly all his time with his dad."
Todd is something of a modern day Dian Fossey, the American scientist who studied gorillas in Africa and was the inspiration for the movie "Gorillas in the Mist."
But the family of gorillas Todd follows aren't mountain gorillas, the type Fossey studied. They're western lowland gorillas, an animal very few people have ever gotten very close to. Adult males are called silverbacks because their hair turns grey with age.
"For years, all I ever saw was them running away," said Todd. "I didn't see anything at all. Three years. So, whenever I come see them, I'm just so grateful to them for accepting us."
Over many years, Todd -- a researcher with the World Wildlife Fund -- and a team of local Pygmie guides in the Central African Republic have "habituated" the gorillas to human contact.
There is no other place on Earth where you can see the silverback gorilla up close in the wild. It was a difficult, dangerous job, which Todd says involved daily rejection by the gorillas.
"Yes, every day being screamed at," she recalled. "Or being charged and just having to take it and then just moving on. It can be really scary... they can kill you, basically. If you make one charge, for example, if you look too frightened, you never know if he's actually gonna grab you, but you just have to stand there, even though you're really, really scared."
When Mikumba finally roused himself, it became clear why it would be so terrifying to be charged by a silverback gorilla.
"Nightline" spent a day following as the family of gorillas made its way through the jungle, eating as they went.
"So, silverbacks do a lot of stopping and listening so the females go out ahead... and he stays waiting behind, just listening," explained Todd.
While the family moved forward, the silverback loomed in the back, watching over everyone and listening intently for any signs of danger.
Todd and the Pygmies were constantly cooing and clucking, sounds they've used for years to let the gorillas know they're there and harmless.
While filming, something happened that surprised even Todd. Normally the gorillas can only be seen in heavily wooded areas, but suddenly they entered a clearing, where they could be seen in all their glory.
"Oh, Mubenge!" Todd explained excitedly, recognizing one of the gorillas. Even after nine years of following this family, she says it's thrilling each time the gorilla emerges, especially when the silverback Mikumba arrives.
"Here he comes!" she exclaimed. With a rare clear view, there really was a sense of what a majestic beast he is, with a chest that looks armor-plated and forearms that seem the size of car doors. |
A look at the violent story of "highway hooker" Aileen Wuornos, who was convicted of killing seven men after her lesbian lover became the star witness for the prosecution. Wuornos was executed in 2002.
The | A look at the violent story of "highway hooker" Aileen Wuornos, who was convicted of killing seven men after her lesbian lover became the star witness for the prosecution. Wuornos was executed in 2002.
The story of Chevie O'Brien Kehoe, who was taught to be a white supremacist by his father and then went on a crime and murder spree.
Klan leader Sam Bowers goes on trial for ordering the murder of an African-American storeowner 32 years prior, and investigators reopen the unsolved case of an African-American truck driver who was forced to leap to his death from a bridge by Klan members.
African-Americans have a long history of activism in America, from fighting for the right to vote to pushing for integrated public spaces. Activists like Stokely Carmichael organized freedom rides, James Meredith fought to integrate blacks and whites at the University of Mississippi, and Rosa Parks instigated the Montgomery Bus Boycott. These protests were often legal and nonviolent, and made a powerful impact on civil rights in the United States. With the help of activists like these—and many others—the country slowly worked to acknowledge the basic rights and contributions of African-Americans. Activists outisde of the U.S. include Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela, who have fought against apartheid in South Africa. Learn more about the many black activists who fought against the odds in order to achieve equality.
"Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice. Justice at its best is love correcting everything that stands against love." Stated by legendary civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., these words represent a basic human philosophy to which black history's greatest leaders have passionately subscribed. Learn more about the world's most revered civil rights activists, known for their fight against social injustices and lasting impact on the lives of black citizens, including Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Nelson Mandela, Nina Simone, Mary McLeod Bethune, Lena Horne, Marva Collins, Rosa Parks, W.E.B. Du Bois, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr.
During the early 20th century, African-American poets, musicians, actors, artists and intellectuals moved to Harlem in New York City and brought new ideas that shifted the culture forever. From approximately 1918 to the mid 1930s, talent began to overflow within this newfound culture of the black community in Harlem, as prominent figures—Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington and Billie Holiday, to name a few—pushed art to its limit as a form of expression and representation. These are some of the famous African Americans who shaped the influential movement known as the Harlem Renaissance.
After the Civil War, many of the country's best and brightest black advocates, artists, entrepreneurs and intellec |
As dawn breaks on April 25, Australians join together to attend Anzac Day commemorations across the country and overseas.
This date has become more than a sacred tradition for Australians - it has become part of our national identity, one that unites | As dawn breaks on April 25, Australians join together to attend Anzac Day commemorations across the country and overseas.
This date has become more than a sacred tradition for Australians - it has become part of our national identity, one that unites Australians every year.
They come together at Dawn Services, at marches, or at their local pub for a game of two-up. Young and old, veteran and civilian, Australians and those from other nations, share in honouring the contribution of our servicemen and women.
For all, Anzac Day is a time to reflect, to grieve and to remember.
Reflect on those who have served us with distinction in wars, conflicts and peacekeeping operations - from the muddy trenches of the Western Front, to the jungles of Papua New Guinea, through to the mountains and valleys of Afghanistan today.
Grieve for the 102,000 Australian service personnel who have lost their lives in defence of Australia including the 32 men who have lost their lives in Afghanistan; grieve for the loved ones left behind; and grieve for those who suffered with the mental and physical scars of their service for many years after.
Remember to tell your stories or to pass on the stories of family members who served and died, to your children and grandchildren so that we never forget the terrible tragedy of war.
This Anzac Day is especially significant as we mark the 70th anniversary of one of the darkest periods in our nation’s history - when the Second World War reached Australian shores.
Seventy years ago, more than 240 Australians lost their lives in the bombing of Darwin and more than 2,300 Australians lost their lives during the Papuan campaign in fighting along the Kokoda Track, at Milne Bay and on the beachheads of Buna, Gona and Sanananda.
Please take the time to keep the Anzac spirit alive by attending an Anzac Day service - to honour the Diggers of today, those who have served in past wars and conflicts, and the families who have always supported them.
Lest we forget.
The Hon Warren Snowdon MP
Minister for Veterans’ Affairs
Minister for Defence Science and Personnel
Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on the Centenary of Anzac |
Originally created to help genealogists trace their Jewish ancestors through Europe, Where Once We Walked: A Guide to the Jewish Communities Destroyed in the Holocaust has become a primary resource for finding original town and community names across Europe for all types of | Originally created to help genealogists trace their Jewish ancestors through Europe, Where Once We Walked: A Guide to the Jewish Communities Destroyed in the Holocaust has become a primary resource for finding original town and community names across Europe for all types of researchers, including non-Jewish genealogists. Perhaps no other area in the world has seen as much political change and border movements as Central and Eastern Europe. Germany didn’t exist until the late 1800s, Czechoslovakia didn’t exist until the end of World War I, lost territory to Russia at the end of World War II, and was dissolved into two different countries by 1993. One example shows the “original” town of Lemberg, Austria changing names three time (four names) in just 85 years; Lember, Austria became Lwów, Poland then L’vov, USSR and finally L’viv, Ukraine. Even experienced geographers would have trouble keeping up with these names changes; especially when examining towns by the thousands.
Where Once We Walked covers nearly 24,000 towns in Central and Eastern Europe. Each town is pinpointed by exact latitude and longitude to avoid any confusion with other locations. Towns are listed alphabetically, with contemporary town names spelled as defined by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. There are also 17,500 former Yiddish names given with various spellings an synonyms. Entries include, as available, the town name, country, alternate names (synonyms), distance/direction, latitude/longitude, Jewish population, source codes, and references.
About the Revised Edition. The original publication was in 1991. This edition was published in 2002, after a number of political boundary changes in Eastern Europe. The current edition offered many improvements over the original, including:
- 4,500 more synonyms. An additional 4,500 synonyms for towns (new total: 17,500) were made possible due to the discovery of two remarkable name-change gazetteers that gave the pre-World War I names for towns that were once part of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires.
- Hundreds of towns located. Hundreds of towns that could not be located in Where Once We Walked have now been located and their exact latitudes/longitudes have been added.
- 800 towns added. The original version of Where Once We Walked was rather rigorous, containing nearly 23,000 towns. This new work includes an additional 800 towns.
- Town names changed to contemporary names. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, thousands of town names in Belarus and Ukraine have been changed from their Russian names to Byelorussian and Ukrainian names. For example, Grodno, Byelorussian SSR, is now Hrodna, Belarus. Kamenets Podolskiy, Ukrainian SSR, is now Kam”yanets’-Podil’s'kyy, Ukraine. Where Once We Walked: Revised Edition reflects the town names as they exist today, and the Russian names for these towns are now identified as synonyms.
- Expanded and improved soundex. The Daitch-Mokotoff soundex index has been expanded and improved. Certain Polish and Romanian letters that do not sound identical to their English equivalents have been double coded.
- Diacritic marks added to town names. The current names of all towns include their correct diacritic marks.
- Integration of Where Once We Walked Companion. There had previously been published another book titled Where Once We Walked Companion, that made it possible to determine which towns listed in Where Once We Walked were in the vicinity of a particular shtetl. An updated version of this entire work was incorporated into Where Once We Walked: Revised Edition.
- Eleven new sources of information about the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe have been added including all the towns identified in Miriam Weiner’s books Jewish Roots in Poland and Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova, the new Pinkas Hakehillot (Encyclopedia of Towns), Finding Your Jewish Roots in Galicia, and others.
- Many original sources have been updated, such as the yizkor book collection, the holdings of the LDS (Mormon) Family History Library, and those of the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People.
- Contemporary countries identified. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia no longer exist. Where Once We Walked: Revised Edition identifies the country in which the towns of these former political entities are now located.
- Latitude/longitudes corrected. The latest data available from the United States government Board on Geographic Names has slightly different latitude/longitudes for many of the towns. Where Once We Walked: Revised Edition reflects these changes. Where Once We Walked was based on a 1966 version of BGN dat |
The majority of sports injuries are caused by minor trauma involving muscles, ligaments, and/or tendons, including:
The most commonly sprained or strained joint is the ankle.
The three ligaments involved in ankles sprains or strains include the following | The majority of sports injuries are caused by minor trauma involving muscles, ligaments, and/or tendons, including:
The most commonly sprained or strained joint is the ankle.
The three ligaments involved in ankles sprains or strains include the following:
Sprains or strains are uncommon in younger children because their growth plates (areas of bone growth located in the ends of long bones) are weaker than the muscles or tendons. Instead, children are prone to fractures.
A contusion (bruise) is an injury to the soft tissue often produced by a blunt force, such as a kick, fall, or blow. The immediate result will be pain, swelling, and discoloration.
A sprain is a wrenching or twisting injury or tear to a ligament. Sprains o |
Scotch Broom, Common Broom -
Cytisus scoparius (latin)
Area of origin: South and west of Europe.
Adult Dimensions: Height up to 3m (9,8'), width up to 2m ( | Scotch Broom, Common Broom -
Cytisus scoparius (latin)
Area of origin: South and west of Europe.
Adult Dimensions: Height up to 3m (9,8'), width up to 2m (6,6').
Soil Type: Light, dislikes lime.
Hardiness: Hardy to -20°C.
Exposure: Full sun.
Characteristics and Uses:
The Common Broom produces scented golden yellow flowers in May and June. Its branches remain green all year round.
This Broom is very interesting within a mixed hedge, or flowerbeds.
Excellent retainer of nitrogen, the Common Broom helps to improve poor soils. |
Websites we've worked on: Dr Andy Moorhouse on piano... Prof Trevor Cox
Breaking glass sound?
An opera singer hits a high note and this shatters a glass in the drawing room. This may have appeared in the movies, but | Websites we've worked on: Dr Andy Moorhouse on piano... Prof Trevor Cox
Breaking glass sound?
An opera singer hits a high note and this shatters a glass in the drawing room. This may have appeared in the movies, but is it really possible to shatter glass with sound? Below are some results from an experiment carried out at the University of Salford that shows it is possible to shatter glass using sound, but it is very difficult.
How is the glass broken?
A glass has a natural resonance, a frequency at which it will vibrate easily. A recent example of resonance was the millennium walkway in London, which oscillated alarmingly when a large number of people walked on it (this has now be cured). Blow across a beer bottle and you might get a note. This is another example of a resonance; in this case the air in the bottle neck is resonating against the spring provided by the air in the main body of the bottle. In the case of the glass we are trying to shatter, the body of the glass vibrates at resonance. If the force making the glass vibrate is big enough, the size of the vibration will become so large that the glass breaks. The most dramatic example of this was the Tacoma Narrows bridge which was oscillated by cross-winds so strongly that it broke.
Two loudspeakers, a sound level meter and the glass. Note the paper on the lip of the glass being used to indicate resonance
What type of glass should be used?
The glass should have a very strong resonance. When you ping it with a finger it should ring easily. This indicates a glass with little damping. Damping provides a force that acts to stop objects vibrating. It acts against the force provided by the sound, so damping is not wanted for this experiment as it makes the glass harder to break. A common example of damping is found in car suspension. Without damping, the car would bounce up and down. The damping in the shock absorbers stops this oscillation. In the case of the glass, however, we want a strong resonance, because then it is possible to force it to vibrate with a big displacement and then break. Although expensive crystal glass is meant to be best, because it is thin and very pure, the added lead in crystal may make it harder to break. We used quite cheap glasses because that is what we had to hand; thin is best. Cheap glasses might also have faults in them, which is very useful - see later. They should also have a very simple shape and not be embossed, as the embossing would act as cross braces and affect the resonance. We fixed the bottom of the glass to the floor, because otherwise it moved around. Provided the stem is quite heavy, this shouldn't affect the damping of the vibration of the mode at the top of the glass.
We suspect that glasses only break at the sound levels produced in this first experiment if they have faults e.g. cracks. It is from these cracks that the fracture grows and breaks the glass. The cracks can be small enough that they are not visible to the naked eye, but without these, the glasses don't break. We suspect the glass shown in the pictures and video on this page had invisible faults.
How loud does the sound have to be?
This depends on the glass. But for the glass we used the sound level was in the region of 135-140dB. (We didn't have the meter exactly where the glass was so we don't have an exact measure). To generate this needs very powerful loudspeakers - we used a hefty public address system. But as we shall show on other pages, this isn't the best approach. One loudspeaker wasn't enough, so we crowded two around the glass. We also placed the glass very close to the drivers to ensure the sound was as loud as possible. We also placed the glass and loudspeakers in a Perspex box. This en |
Winter Nature Walk with a Toddler
Source: Babycenter Community
Ages: 1- 3 years
Instructions:Nature walks in the winter can be quite different from walks in the summertime. Talk to your toddler about the winter | Winter Nature Walk with a Toddler
Source: Babycenter Community
Ages: 1- 3 years
Instructions:Nature walks in the winter can be quite different from walks in the summertime. Talk to your toddler about the winter seasons. Point out bare trees, ice or snow, wet plants, etc.
On your walk together, take a bucket with you. Collect small objects that interest your toddler like stones, leaves, pine cones. Your toddler will want to carry the bucket, but don't be surprised if he also dumps its contents and starts again. Toddlers this age love to fill containers just so they can empty them again. Meanwhile, he's practicing his hand movements and developing dexterity.
Similar activities:Winter Nature Walk, Sticky bracelet for Nature Walks, Observation Walk, Nature activity: Observing Wildlife, Winter Scenes, Nature Walk and Collage, Winter Walk, NIGHT TIME WALKS, Go for a walk, Walk Like the Animals, Winter Wonderland, Winter Wonderland, Winter Sun Catcher!, Nature Walk Wreath, Winter Smores
Coloring book pages |
Dress Act 1746
The dress act was part of the Act of Proscription which came into force on 1 August 1746 and made wearing "the Highland Dress" including tartan or a kilt illegal in Scotland as well | Dress Act 1746
The dress act was part of the Act of Proscription which came into force on 1 August 1746 and made wearing "the Highland Dress" including tartan or a kilt illegal in Scotland as well as reiterating the Disarming Act. The Jacobite Risings between 1689 and 1746 found their most effective support amongst the Scottish clans, and this Act was part of a series of measures attempting to bring the warrior clans under government control. An exemption allowed the kilt to be worn in the army, continuing the tradition established by the Black Watch regiment.
The law was repealed in 1782. By that time kilts and tartans were no longer ordinary Highland wear, ended by enforcement of the law and by the circumstances of the Highland clearances, but within two years Highland aristocrats set up the Highland Society of Edinburgh and soon other clubs followed with aims including promoting "the general use of the ancient Highland dress". This would lead to the Highland pageant of the visit of King George IV to Scotland turning what had been seen as the uncivilised outfits of mountain thieves into national dress claimed by the whole of Scotland.
Abolition and Proscription of the Highland Dress 19 George II, Chap. 39, Sec. 17, 1746:
That from and after the first day of August, One thousand, seven hundred and forty-six, no man or boy within that part of Britain called Scotland, other than such as shall be employed as Officers and Soldiers in His Majesty's Forces, shall, on any pretext whatever, wear or put on the clothes commonly called Highland clothes (that is to say) the Plaid, Philabeg, or little Kilt, Trowse, Shoulder-belts, or any part whatever of what peculiarly belongs to the Highland Garb; and that no tartan or party-coloured plaid of stuff shall be used for Great Coats or upper coats, and if any such person shall presume after the said first day of August, to wear or put on the aforesaid garment or any part of them, every such person so offending... For the first offence,shall be liable to be imprisoned for 6 months, and on the second offence, to be transported to any of His Majesty's plantations beyond the seas, there to remain for the space of seven years.
On July 1st 1782 Royal assent was given to Repeal of the Act Prescribing the Wearing of Highland Dress 22 George III, Chap. 63, 1782 and a proclamation issued in Gaelic and English announced:
Listen Men. This is bringing before all the Sons of the Gael, the King and Parliament of Britain have forever abolished the act against the Highland Dress; which came down to the Clans from the beginning of the world to the year 1746. This must bring great joy to every Highland Heart. You are no longer bound down to the unmanly dress of the Lowlander. This is declaring to every Man, young and old, simple and gentle, that they may after this put on and wear the Truis, the Little Kilt, the Coat, and the Striped Hose, as also the Belted Plaid, without fear of the Law of the Realm or the spite of the enemies. |
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