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|born on||20 June 1859 at 17:42 (= 5:42 PM )|
|Place||Vienna, Austria, 48n13, 16e20|
|Timezone||LMT m16e | |born on||20 June 1859 at 17:42 (= 5:42 PM )|
|Place||Vienna, Austria, 48n13, 16e20|
|Timezone||LMT m16e20 (is local mean time)|
|Astrology data||28°45' 26°29 Asc. 01°20'|
Austrian philosopher remembered for his introduction of the term Gestalt (“figure”) into psychology and for his contribution to value theory.
From 1896 to 1929 he was professor of philos |
So, the climate is changing, and we’re pretty familiar with the early fallout: more hellish heat waves, drier, longer droughts, dust bowls part deux, rising seas, extinct animals, and so on and so forth. Ap | So, the climate is changing, and we’re pretty familiar with the early fallout: more hellish heat waves, drier, longer droughts, dust bowls part deux, rising seas, extinct animals, and so on and so forth. Apocalyptic, big picture stuff. But the warming trend is also screwing with folks’ day-to-days in less biblical proportions. If you live up north, it might tilt your house a bit, or even tip it on over.
Yeah, if you happen to live somewhere like Alaska, Northern Canada, or Russia, and you’ve built your house on permafrost—soil that’s been at or below the freezing point of water for more than two years—you might want to take a peek at the foundation. Because all around the world, the warming climate is melting that permafrost, and people are becoming the unwitting residents of their very own domicile-scale towers of Pisa.
See for yourself:
The Leaning Houses of Dawson City
These are a couple houses in Dawson City, Canada. They were built on frozen ground that’s thawing for the first time since anyone can remember. Maggie Koerth-Baker sums up the situation over at Boing Boing:
Dawson City exists in a subarctic climate, the sort of place with a lot of permafrost—soil that remains frozen year round. In order for permafrost to happen, the mean annual temperature has to be colder than 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit). But, in Dawson City, as in other parts of the Arctic, climate change has brought with it warmer mean temperatures. That means melting permafrost, a problem that affects the structural integrity of buildings built on the once-solid ground.
According to this CBC news report, tiny Dawson City spent over $600,000 to repair damage to roads, pipes, and structures caused by the melting permafrost.
Collapsing Siberian Homes
This collapsing house is located in Tomsk, Siberia. And Siberia, as you know, is one of the coldest places on the planet. When the roof caves in, it will likely feel even colder to those who, for some reason, continue to live there when there are so clearly other available places to inhabit.
Toppled Villages of Alaska
Sometimes melting permafrost does more than give your home a tilted haunted house vibe. Sometimes it knocks the whole thing on over. Here, |
Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War
The Trials of John Merryman
Publication Year: 2011
Published by: LSU Press
Title Page, Copyright
Download PDF (157.9 KB)
Download PDF (54. | Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War
The Trials of John Merryman
Publication Year: 2011
Published by: LSU Press
Title Page, Copyright
Download PDF (157.9 KB)
Download PDF (54.3 KB)
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John Merryman, a Baltimore County farmer, was arrested by Union military authorities at 2:00 a.m. on May 25, 1861, on vague and imprecise charges of treason against the United States. Merryman was suspected of being a pro-secession militia officer who had burned railroad bridges...
1 "BALTIMORE IS TO BE THE BATTLEFIELD OF THE SOUTHERN REVOLUTION": The Baltimore Riot and the Formation of Lincoln’s Habeas Corpus Policy
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When Abraham Lincoln received word on April 14, 1861, that Fort Sumter had fallen into Confederate hands, he set to work with his cabinet to formulate a policy that would sufficiently respond to the crisis. Seven Deep South states had already seceded from the Union. Now these so-called...
2 “A COLLISION OF CIVIL AND MILITARY AUTHORITY": The Arrest and Incarceration of John Merryman
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The Merryman family had been present in Baltimore County since the middle of the seventeenth century. The Merryman clan grew and spread throughout the county during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, owning several significant estates such as “Merryman’s Lot,” “Merryman’s Beginning,” “Merryman’s Addition,” “Merryman’s Pasture,”...
3 "PROSECUTE YOUR BEST CASES—NOT THE WEAK AND DOUBTFUL": The Difficulty of Punishing Disloyalty in the Loyal States
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John Merryman’s arrest was only one of many to come in Maryland during the Civil War. Union authorities quickly found that “arbitrary arrests” —which were in fact rarely arbitrary—were a useful tool for silencing dissent and stopping the spread of disloyalty in a region that often seemed to be...
4 "NECESSITY IS THE TYRANT’S PLEA": The Habeas Corpus Act, Part I: Congressional Reaction to Military Arrests and Tribunals
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The habeas corpus issue plagu |
Corn maturity ratings and delayed planting
Faster development of late planted corn may in part be due to the ‘effective heat units’ corn experiences when planted in the optimum period versus mid- to late-May and early-June. Typically GDUs are | Corn maturity ratings and delayed planting
Faster development of late planted corn may in part be due to the ‘effective heat units’ corn experiences when planted in the optimum period versus mid- to late-May and early-June. Typically GDUs are calculated on a daily basis and are accumulated starting at the date of planting and ending at kernel black layer formation. Black layer formation marks physiological maturity of the corn kernel because it ends the plant’s ability to put more photosynthates into the seed. The calculation for GDU in a single day is produced in three steps as follows:
Tmax = 86° F, or the maximum daily temperature between 86° F and 50° F
Tmin = 50° F, or the minimum daily temperature between 86° F and 50° F
GDU = ((Tmax + Tmin)/2) – 50 ° F
It takes an accumulation of between 2400 and 2800 GDUs across the growing season for co |
The notices of spinning in the Bible are confined to (Exodus 35:25,26; Proverbs 31:19; Matthew 6:28) The latter passage implies (according to the Authorized Version) the use of the same | The notices of spinning in the Bible are confined to (Exodus 35:25,26; Proverbs 31:19; Matthew 6:28) The latter passage implies (according to the Authorized Version) the use of the same instruments which have been in vogue for hand-spinning down to the present day, viz. the distaff and spindle. The distaff however, appears to have been dispensed with, and the term so rendered means the spindle itself, while that rendered "spindle" represents the whirl of the spindle, a button of circular rim which was affixed to it, and gave steadiness to its circular motion. The "whirl" of the Syrian women was made of amber in the time of Pliny. The spindle was held perpendicularly in the one han |
Kölcsey, Ferenc (fĕˈrĕnts kölˈchĕĭ) [key], 1790–1838, Hungarian writer and orator. A student of the Enlightenment, | Kölcsey, Ferenc (fĕˈrĕnts kölˈchĕĭ) [key], 1790–1838, Hungarian writer and orator. A student of the Enlightenment, he aided his friend Krasiński in a reform of the Hungarian language, investigated Hungarian literary history, and introduced the critical essay. As a member of parliament (1832–36), he spoke eloquently to urge freedom for the serfs. His prose and poetry are somber and elaborately classical in style; they reveal a strong moral sense. Kölcsey wrote the Hungarian national hymn (1823).
The Columbia Electr |
Arbil, IRAQ – Iraqi Christians were not immune to Muslin tribal mentality which divided Iraqis and created factions, all to the benefit of past paranoid Iraqi leaders. “Dictators and rulers trying to protect their power firmly divide the people so | Arbil, IRAQ – Iraqi Christians were not immune to Muslin tribal mentality which divided Iraqis and created factions, all to the benefit of past paranoid Iraqi leaders. “Dictators and rulers trying to protect their power firmly divide the people so that they can pin one group against another,” says Monir Arafat, a historian of Iraq.
“Each group is worried about the other group. It is easy to start conflicts to keep them busy fighting one another rather than the ruler or dictator. This military strategy of divide and conquer has consequences that have stretched across centuries for the Christians of Iraq.”
What many Chaldeans consider to be a tiresome debate continues to have glowing embers that have now stretched across the world. Arafat says Christian communities continue to argue over the rightful title of their community name. “This is a fool’s argument that by its very nature causes the division they claim they are trying to heal. The wise people ignore the entire debate and allow healing to naturally take place. It is like picking at a scab, hoping it will heal faster. When in reality the picking just opens and infects the wound.”
Others, like Iraqi theatre director Georges Hawell aim to help build unity by focusing on the similarities and not the differences. Hawell is directing a play titled “Bride and Peace” which plays in Arbil to unify Iraqi Christians.
The director explains that the play’s idea came up in the wake of Iraq strenuous developments including forced displacement. The director relates in his play a humanitarian message seeking Christians’ unity.
The play talks about a love story between an Assyrian woman and a Chaldean man who once he decided to marry his loved one, the girl’s father objects and plans to take her to the States to marry her to an Assyrian man. However, the girl manages to return home to stay by the side of her first love. The play ends in a theatrical musical scene that gathers all Christian components in order to confirm that no differences come in the way of coexistence and unity.
Actors were dressed in folklore costumes while the director meant to mix between the Arabic and Syriac languages in the play in order to preserve the origin of Christians in Mosul for those who overlook their mother tongue and only speaks Arabic.
One of the most impressive scenes that marked spectators was when the hero of the play asks from his fiancé not to mock his friends as she was telling him: “You spend most of your time with your Assyrian, Syriac and Chaldean friends”. He answers her: “You don’t know me well. We are all Christians united by the love of Jesus”.
According to the director, art can often be the reason that unites people and this play is a call of unity for all.
The play is witnessing massive turnout and is displayed at the Chaldean Culture Association Theatre in Ankawa village in Arbil.
Historically the Iraqi Christian community sided with different power groups during war centuries ago. Since then the various groups have grown into distinct communities separated by the values and customs of Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Sharing similar customs and history the various groups have been working to reconcile and unite. However, some feel agitators continue to drive the communities apart by their attempts to force adherence to one group or another.
“Some feel that their empire of antiquity should be preserved. Others counter that the last empire of antiquity was their group. Each attempt to best the other with artifacts, political jousting, name branding, and more,” says Arafat. “In the end, they waste more time arguing with one another rather than helping their own people.”
Joshua Denha of San Diego says he has friends that are fanatic about their perceived nationalism. “They will give you every reason why you should support their nationality. They say because of blood and DNA to better political power or that their history proves it.”
When asked how he responds, Joshua says, “I tell them that India and Pakistan were also once the same people, have the same DNA, share the same customs, but have different values. The same thing for Christians in Iraq, it should be okay to have different groups. People should unite under morals and ethics and reasoning, not because they have the same grandfathers or come from the same lands or even eat the same foods. Christianity is about ideals. I feel closer to my Italian or Greek Catholic brother who we have no blood relation to me than my Muslim, Yezidi, Jesish, or Athiest cousin who I may be related to by blood. It is not the name that separates us; it is the values and ideals we follow.”
Dawood Youhanna disagrees with his friend Denha. “By having a larger group you have more power and influence to take care of your people. By being divided you are smaller and easier to be conquered. One way to help grow our power is by educating Christians in Iraq that they are all from one empire. It is that simple.”
Denha adds, “The problems of division are |
• Black cutworm moths continue to arrive.
• Larval development will surge with recent high temperatures, scouting of high-risk, emerged fields in southern and central counties is highly recommended.
• Seed insecticides and Bt-corn will provide suppression | • Black cutworm moths continue to arrive.
• Larval development will surge with recent high temperatures, scouting of high-risk, emerged fields in southern and central counties is highly recommended.
• Seed insecticides and Bt-corn will provide suppression of this pest, NOT control heavy populations.
• Insecticides tank-mixed with burn-down herbicides have their limitations.
Delayed planting, coupled with significant egg laying in weedy fields combine to have potential for significant cutworm damage within the week. We track the development of the black cutworm from the time of an intensive capture (mid-April) to predict first cutting/damage (refer to accompanying map). Based on the growth development model, it takes approximately 300 heat units (above the 50?F base) from egg hatch to the stage when black cutworm larvae begin to cut plants. Leaf injury, though less noticeable, will likely be present before cutting, as this is done by smaller larvae. Using pheromone trapping of moths and tracking of heat unit accumulations for first cutting is not an exact science, but they do give us a good indication of what to expect and when to start looking. However, it is not possible to predict if individual fields will be infested.
Accumulated Heat Units (Base 50) for Black Cutworm Development Since April 18
With many areas of Indiana just planted, or being planted now, moths may have found these weedy fields as an ideal egg-laying site. Tillage at, or just before, planting will provide little control of the eggs or newly hatched larvae – it will mostly serve to move them around a bit. Since black cutworm has been a minor pest the past several years, producers may have a false sense of security with the seed-applied insecticides and/or Bt-corn.
Many fields, especially those with significant weed/cover crops, are being treated with a foliar insecticide at the time of herbicide burn-down. We can understand the proactive approach, especially with the delayed planting. Understand that these insecticides have their limitations, specifically when subjected to sunlight, rainfall, heat, and dust. Claims of multiple weeks of control with foliar insecticides in spring conditions are simply unfounded; 7-10 days of control is the most optimistic measure. Remember that these are contact insecticides, and as soon as they hit the soil, breakdown begins. Some good news: as soil temperatures rise with the sudden surge in temperatures, corn should emerge and grow quickly. We can manage this pest effectively and have done so in the past: Timely scouting and rescue foliar insecticides when necessary are the tried and true approach with black cutworm. Happy scouting!
The warmer, drier conditions of the last couple of weeks have allowed producers to start spring planting operations in a majority of the state. Among those operations have been spring burndowns in no-till fields and from what we have observed so far many of those fields have high populations of dandelion. We have noticed that many fields that have already received a spring burndown oft |
The best-known classical account of an earthquake and tsunami is that of 21 July 365. Ammianus Marcellinus writes about it (26.10.16-19):
Slightly after daybreak, and heralded by a | The best-known classical account of an earthquake and tsunami is that of 21 July 365. Ammianus Marcellinus writes about it (26.10.16-19):
Slightly after daybreak, and heralded by a thick succession of fiercely shaken thunderbolts, the solidity of the whole earth was made to shake and shudder, and the sea was driven away, its waves were rolled back, and it disappeared, so that the abyss of the depths was uncovered and many-shaped varieties of sea-creatures were seen stuck in the slime; the great wastes of those valleys and mountains, which the very creation had dismissed beneath the vast whirlpools, at that moment, as it was given to be believed, looked up at the sun's rays. Many ships, then, were stranded as if on dry land, and people wandered at will about the paltry remains of the waters to collect fish and the like in their hands; then the roaring sea as if insulted by its repulse rises back in turn, and through the teeming shoals dashed itself violently on islands and extensive tracts of the mainland, and flattened innumerable buildings in towns or wherever they were found. Thus in the raging conflict of the elements, the face of the earth was changed to reveal wondrous sights. For the mass of waters returning when least expected killed many thousands by drowning, and with the tides whipped up to a height as they rushed back, some ships, after the anger of the watery element had grown old, were seen to have sunk, and the bodies of people killed in shipwrecks lay there, faces up or down. Other huge ships, thrust out by the mad blasts, perched on the roofs of houses, as happened at Alexandria, and others were hurled nearly two miles from the shore, like the Laconian vessel near the town of Methone which I saw when I passed by, yawning apart from long decay.
The translation is Gavin Kelly's in "Ammianus and the Great Tsunami," JRS 94 (2004), pp. 141-167. See also Rogueclassicism today (or rather from three years ago - click and it will make sense). |
The exact word you are asking about is κρίνω, which is actually rarely used in the New Testament, only three times outside the gospels. However many other derivative of the same word translated as ‘judge’, ‘judges’, ‘ | The exact word you are asking about is κρίνω, which is actually rarely used in the New Testament, only three times outside the gospels. However many other derivative of the same word translated as ‘judge’, ‘judges’, ‘judgment’ that all carry the same root meaning. I will therefore answer the broader root meaning of them all.
According to Kittel’s TDNT the basic sense in Greek literature is ‘to part,’ ‘to sift,’ which leads to the sense ‘to divide out’, ‘to select’, ‘to value’, with the most common meaning is ‘to decide’. From this root is also means ‘to judge’, ‘to assess’, ‘to go to law, to dispute with’. Also ‘to seek justice,’ or ‘to be accused’.
In the LXX (Greek Old Testament) it is predominantly used for ‘legal’ words. It is used for the Hebrew שׁפט which carries the double sense ‘to rule’ and ‘judge’.
From these roots we can understand that the word, when used is basically to asses and resolve with the implication of being being able to be taken under the idea to ‘rule’. Therefore that basic meaning that can transition into the context of both official judgement and personal judgments carrying a legal tone. Here ‘seeking justice’ can easily become a personal door to bitter |
Raikes, Robert (rāks) [key], 1735–1811, English philanthropist. In 1780 he organized a Sunday school, primarily for poor children, who were taught to read and to spell to enable | Raikes, Robert (rāks) [key], 1735–1811, English philanthropist. In 1780 he organized a Sunday school, primarily for poor children, who were taught to read and to spell to enable them to read the Bible. The Raikes system spread rapidly through England and he became known as the founder of Sunday schools, although others had been concerned with similar undertakings. Raikes gave his project publicity in the Gloucester Journal, which he had inherited from his father.
See biography by J. H. Harris (1899).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Robert Raikes from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Education: Biographies |
Dürer and His Contemporaries
Giant Engravings by Giants of Art Triumph of Emperor Maximilian I
1 July 2005 - 1 August 2005
In raising a worthy monument to his rule, the Emperor | Dürer and His Contemporaries
Giant Engravings by Giants of Art Triumph of Emperor Maximilian I
1 July 2005 - 1 August 2005
In raising a worthy monument to his rule, the Emperor Maximilian I (1459–1519), following examples from Antiquity, revived the motifs of the triumphal arch and triumphal procession. He commissioned Albrecht Dürer and other important masters to prepare an imposing and colossal memorial using the woodcut technique, widespread in Europe only a few decades before. The result of this request was the Triumphal Arch of Emperor Maximilian I, a woodcut consisting of 36 sheets measuring 3.5 by 3 metres each and printed using 192 blocks, and the Triumphal Procession of Emperor Maximilian I, a series of woodcuts consisting of 135 sheets that together were more than 50 metres long. The depiction, scenographic and creating the illusion of a three-dimensional arch, contains numerous different fields. These record the emperor's family tree, the coats of arms of his territories and the more important episodes in his life, as well as his military victories and political career.
The work was first published in 1517/18. The example to be displayed at the Museum of Fine Arts was made by Adam Bartsch in 1799, using the original blocks. It has been lent by Vienna's Albertina Museum especially for the exhibition.
The triumphal procession was intended to celebrate the deeds and life of the emperor, and to be distributed in large numbers. The finest piece in the series is Dürer's Grand Triumphal Chariot; 2,3 metres wide and half a metre tall, it consists of eight woodcuts and was published separately in 1522. It is a depiction of a vehicle, drawn by twelve horses, in which the seated figure of the emperor is surrounded by allegorical female figures. To supplement the 102 sheets in its possession, the Museum of Fine Arts, has borrowed the finest of the missing sheets from abroad.
The Triumphal Arch and the Triumphal Procession have so far never been exhibited in Hungary in their entirety: only parts of them have been put on show. Their display together introduces the visitor to the unusual and spectacular realisation, by the greatest German graphic artists of the age, of an exciting Renaissance idea.
Curator of the exhibition: Szilvia Bodnár |
Epic of Gilgamesh
From CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science
The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Babylonian story of the heroic character Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu. It was most likely written during the | Epic of Gilgamesh
From CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science
The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Babylonian story of the heroic character Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu. It was most likely written during the Third Dynasty of Ur (2150-2000 BC). The text of The Epic of Gilgamesh is available online in its entirety.
The Story of the Flood
The Epic of Gilgamesh contains what is arguably the most important flood legend known to exist, due to the age of the text and the close parallel with the Biblical narrative. Its existence establishes ancient knowledge of the global flood as written in the Hebrew book of Genesis. The ancient Epic of Gilgamesh tablet XI describes the deluge in great detail through the character Utnapishtim.
|“||For six days and six nights the winds blew, torrent and tempest and flood overwhelmed the world, tempest and flood raged together like warring hosts. When the seventh day dawned the storm from the south subsided, the sea grew calm, the, flood was stilled; I looked at the face of the world and there was silence, all mankind was turned to clay. The surface of the sea stretched as flat as a roof-top; I opened a hatch and the light fell on my face. Then I bowed low, I sat down and I wept, the tears streamed down my face, for on every side was the waste of water. I looked for land in vain, but fourteen leagues distant there appeared a mountain, and there the boat grounded; on the mountain of Nisir the boat held fast, she held fast and did not budge. One day she held, and -a second day on the mountain of Nisir she held fast and did not budge. A third day, and a fourth day she held fast on the mountain and did not budge; a fifth day and a sixth day she held fast on the mountain. When the seventh day dawned I loosed a dove and let her go. She flew away, but finding no resting-place she returned. Then I loosed a swallow, and she flew away but finding no resting-place she returned. I loosed a raven, she saw that the waters had retreated, she ate, she flew around, she cawed, and she did not come back. Then I threw everything open to the four winds, I made a sacrifice and poured out a libation on the mountain top.||”|
The Forest Journey
In The Forest Journey, Gilgamesh travels to a vast forest to make a name for himself by killing a "ferocious giant" or "monster" called Humbaba, which is known to reside there. Gilgamesh states: I will set up my name where the names of famous men are written; and where no man's name is written I will raise a monument to the gods. The giant (Humbaba) is described in terrifying terms in the following descriptions.
|“||Enlil has appointed Humbaba to guard it and armed him with sevenfold terrors, terrible to all flesh is Humbaba. When he roars it is like the torrent of the storm, his breath is like fire, and his jaws are death itself... His teeth are dragon's fangs, his countenance is like a lion, his charge is the rushing of the flood, with his look he crushes alike the trees of the forest and reeds in the swamp.||”|
In his book The Great Dinosaur Mystery and the Bible, Paul Taylor states that the giant (Humbaba) is a dragon and the story possibly a true event in which a dinosaur was killed. However, it is noteworthy that the text never identifies the monster as a dragon, although the word appears in the text of the epic on five occasions. In addition, the description of Humbaba states that the monster has teeth like "dragon's fangs", which seems to explicitly imply that the creature was of a different type. Other questions as to the identify and historicity of the event are raised by the monster speaking with Gilgamesh and pleading for its life: Let me go free, Gilgamesh, and I will be your servant, you shall be my lord; all the trees of the forest that I tended on the mountain shall be yours. I will cut them down and build you a palace.
- ↑ The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Story of the Flood by Assyrian International News Agency
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Epic of Gilgamesh: The Forest Journey by Assyrian International News Agency
- ↑ P. Taylor, The Great Dinosaur Mystery and the Bible, Denver, CO: Accent Publications, (1989) p.37
- The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- The Epic of Gilgamesh Tablet XI
- The Floods of Noah and Gilgamesh by Frank Lorey, ICR Impact, March 1997, Institute for Creation Research. |
Measuring Distances in the Universe
These activities are produced by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the European Space Agency. They are a series of excercises in which students use real data to measure astronomical distances, one of the most | Measuring Distances in the Universe
These activities are produced by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the European Space Agency. They are a series of excercises in which students use real data to measure astronomical distances, one of the most basic problems in modern astrophysics. The students apply different methods to determine the distance of astronomical objects such as the supernova SN 1987A, the spiral galaxy Messier 100, the Cat's Eye Planetary Nebula globular cluster Messier 12.
The excercises are specifically targetted to illustrate a range of approaches:
1 - Introduction - observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope
2 - Toolkit - magnitudes, distance and light
3 - Measuring the distance to supernova 1987A using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope
4 - The Distance to M100 as Determined by Cepheid variable stars
5 - Measuring the distance to the Cat’s Eye Nebula using observations from the Hubble Space telescope
6 - Measuring a globular star cluster’s distance and age using the ESO Very Large Telescope
7 - The distance to M100 as determined by photometry of Cepheid variable stars performed with the EU-HOU SalsaJ Software
HEALTH and SAFETY
Any use of a resource that includes a practical activity must include a risk assessment. Please note that collections may contain ARCHIVE resources, which were developed at a much earlier date. Since that time there have been significant changes in the rules and guidance affecting laboratory practical work. Further information is provided in our Health and Safety guidance.
Good extension materials
Posted by Robin Mobbs on 29th January 2013
A high level set of tasks to show different ways that distances are measured when studying the Universe using up to date…
A high level set of tasks to show different ways that distances are measured when studying the Universe using up to date methods and data.
The instructions are written in detail and are therefore quite long. Weaker students would need some support in understanding them fully.
The tasks require a good facil |
Researchers were surprised by the findings, says John Batsis, M.D., lead author of the study. The researchers' estimated 10-year risk for death or cardiovascular events, such as a heart attack, in the surgical group decreased from | Researchers were surprised by the findings, says John Batsis, M.D., lead author of the study. The researchers' estimated 10-year risk for death or cardiovascular events, such as a heart attack, in the surgical group decreased from 37 percent to 18 percent as a result of the study but remained the same for the control group (30 percent), he says.
"We believed the surgical patients would have a modest reduced risk, but instead we discovered there are significant and long-lasting heart benefits for this group," Dr. Batsis says.
When data from both groups was compared, those who underwent bariatric surgery had a more significant improvement in all cardiac risk parameters, such as body weight, lipid levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fasting glucose levels, despite a reduction in medications for diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, Dr. Batsis says.
Applying the finding about change in risk factors, the authors calculated the 10-year risk for death or cardiovascular events using risk models derived from the National Health and Nutrition Surveys. The researchers estimated that for every 100 patients, the surgery likely would prevent 16 cardiovascular events and 4 overall deaths, as compared with the control group. This study was based on outcomes at Mayo Clinic, which performs a large volume of bariatric surgeries and has a very low peri-operative mortality rate.
Previous studies have assessed the effect of bariatric surgery on heart disease risk factors, but this is the first community-based study with a co |
process operability, and sustainability, given the situation that exists for a nation at a particular time.
In many cases some systems may offer more promise on some of these criteria, while others look better with respect to other criteria, making trade-offs inevitable | process operability, and sustainability, given the situation that exists for a nation at a particular time.
In many cases some systems may offer more promise on some of these criteria, while others look better with respect to other criteria, making trade-offs inevitable. Whether more emphasis should be given, for example, to saving money or to reducing environmental impact is not a technical decision but one based on values, which must ultimately be made by society, through a political process. The role of designers and technical experts is to make clear the choices and trade-offs that need to be made, outline the benefits and downsides of each of the leading approaches, and do their best to ensure that the decisions ultimately made are well informed and carefully considered.
Each of the key criteria mentioned above can be specified in more detail, so as to provide more detailed guidance to those designing and assessing these systems.
Economics. Each system can be compared based on its life-cycle electricity cost. Additional criteria may include the degree of uncertainty of those cost estimates; the system’s contribution to the costs of spent fuel and nuclear waste management; initial capital costs and the resulting level of financial risk in implementing and operating a system; the variability and reliability of the electrical output; and the system’s attractiveness or unattractiveness to the private sector (along with the scope of required government subsidies or regulations needed to make the system competitive).
Safety. Each system can be compared based on the overall risk of a significant accident it poses (including both the probability and the consequences of the various types of plausible accidents in the system); accident reports by regulatory agencies and others can provide insight into risks. Radiation doses to the public and industrial safety during normal operations are also considerations, though these risks are low for most proposed systems. Because the risks of significant accidents may be difficult to estimate rigorously and compare among systems that have never been built, decision makers may choose to focus on the degree to which known risk factors are present and how they are addressed (such as positive coefficients of reactivity, which can result in power excursions), or the degree to which known safety factors are present (such as “passive safety systems”).
Security. Thorough security comparisons would examine how difficult it would be for adversaries to cause a major radioactive release through sabotage, or through the theft of material that could be used to make a nuclear device. Systems that continuously maintain the nuclear materials in their cycle in forms that could not be used in weapons without either isotopic enrichment or extensive chemical processing using heavy shielding rank better on this criterion. Reactors with greater degrees of inherent safety and widely separated redundant safety systems so that they would be more difficult to sabotage simultaneously are also more inherently secure, according to this measure.
Proliferation resistance. The proliferation resistance of alternative nuclear systems depends on how difficult it would be for a nation or a subnational group to use a facility or material to make a nuclear explosive device. No chemical processing facility can be constructed to make it impossible to change its product streams, but it can be designed to make changes costly, lengthy, and detectable. Proliferation resistance can be judged by criteria related to the material streams and the processes, including the extent to which (a) access to the material, |
Breathing in, or inhaling, is usually an active movement. The contraction of the diaphragm muscles cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the respiratory system.
Where | Breathing in, or inhaling, is usually an active movement. The contraction of the diaphragm muscles cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the respiratory system.
Where Pel equals the product of elastance E (inverse of compliance) and volume of the system V, Pre equals the product of flow resistance R and time derivate of volume V (which is equivalent to the flow), Pin equals the product of inertance I and second time derivate of V. R and I are sometimes referred to as Rohrer's constants.
New respiratory physiology and neurobiology findings from Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology described.
Sep 06, 2010; Fresh data on respiratory physiology and neurobiology are presented in the report 'Intranasal TRPV1 agonist capsaicin challenge...
Reports on respiratory physiology and neurobiology findings from Federal University of Sao Paulo, Division of Respiratory Diseases provide new insights.
Sep 12, 2010; A report, 'Kinetics analysis of muscle arterial-venous O(2) difference profile during exercise,' is newly published data in... |
What are the pros and cons of electronic medical records systems
? Electronic medical records are a modern way of storing medical information related to patients. It is a modern system designed to replace the old fashioned method of writing notes to be stored in paper files | What are the pros and cons of electronic medical records systems
? Electronic medical records are a modern way of storing medical information related to patients. It is a modern system designed to replace the old fashioned method of writing notes to be stored in paper files. The system allows information to be uploaded and stored on to a web based system and ultimately shared by doctors and patients, both of whom will have access from any location in the world.
But as with any modern technological based system, electronic medical records have their advantages and disadvantages, and although it might seem infinitely more efficient to store medical information on a computer system, not everyone is convinced electronic medical records are a great idea. So what are the pros and cons of electronic medical records?
What are the pros of electronic medical records?
1. Medical information is stored on a computerized system that is easily accessible to doctors and patients from multiple locations and therefore the quality of care available to patients is automatically enhanced due to the greater level of information resources on offer.
2. Doctors will have greater access to other medical professionals when making a diagnosis for a particular patient.
3. The system gives patients greater control over what information is recorded in their medical records as they have the facility to check their own health records via the system.
4. When medical records and patient information are stored on an electronic database, it is much easier for individual records to be updated.
5. Electronic medical records make it easier for patient records to be located and downloaded.
6. Utilizing electronic medical records means that all the information is kept in one place, thus ensuring workflow procedures are effectively streamlined to run faster and more efficiently.
7. An electronic medical records system means a more cost effective healthcare service as all the relevant data is stored in one primary location instead of in multiple locations.
What are the cons of electronic medical records?
1. Electronic medical records systems are more complicated to use than traditional paper based medical records, which means not all medical personnel will find such a system easy to use.
2. Personnel assigned to update and maintain the system will require extra training to ensure they have the necessary skills.
3. Specialist staff will need to be employed to ensure the software is kept updated and running smoothly.
4. Special security procedures will need to be put in place to ensure absolute confidentiality is maintained on patients’ records.
5. There are many legal issues to consider before allowing access to confidential medical data.
6. Electronic medical records are only as efficient as those using the system, and if the software from one office is incompatible with that from another office, the EMR system will not function as intended.
7. Electronic medical records do not always offer enough flexibility in recording personal observations on a patient.
8. Many believe that having their confidential medical records stored on an electronic system is an invasion of privacy. |
Google and NASA have joined forces to launch the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab that will allow researchers at the two organizations and a number of universities to research artificial intelligence using quantum computers. The lab will use a D-Wave 2 computer that is priced at | Google and NASA have joined forces to launch the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab that will allow researchers at the two organizations and a number of universities to research artificial intelligence using quantum computers. The lab will use a D-Wave 2 computer that is priced at around $15 million.
D-Wave's computer, which for years has courted controversy regarding whether it really is a quantum computer, is a second generation unit that is rated at 512-qubit and makes use of quantum effects that in theory can deliver performance that is several orders of magnitude higher than that of traditional computers for certain workloads.
Google and NASA's collaboration is intended to foster research into machine learning by using D-Wave's quantum computer. For Google, research into machine learning presents some obvious benefits for trying to attach contextual meaning to data that it collects.
NASA also makes extensive use of high performance computing for its research and missions.
"Examples today include using supercomputers to model space weather, simulate planetary atmospheres, explore magnetohydrodynamics, mimic galactic collisions, simulate hypersonic vehicles, and analyse large amounts of mission data," said Colin Williams, director of business development and strategic partnerships at D-Wave.
Aside from Google and NASA, 20 percent of the machine's compute cycles will be available to university researchers for free. However university researchers will have to submit proposals and go through a competitive process to get access to the machine.
This article was originally published on the Inquirer.
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Explaining Split Vowel Digraphs
This lesson on split vowel digraphs, often referred to as Silent e, or even Magic e, by teachers, is an extremely important lesson to conduct properly. Here are two items you can download | Explaining Split Vowel Digraphs
This lesson on split vowel digraphs, often referred to as Silent e, or even Magic e, by teachers, is an extremely important lesson to conduct properly. Here are two items you can download for use when teaching the concept of a split digraph, but be sure to closely follow the steps described below to get the most benefit from them.
Note: This is one set in a series of free phonics worksheets, so if you found this page with a search engine and are looking for a logical way to explain these vowel concepts to a child you might want to back up to the previous page, What Are Vowel Sounds? (See the Index on the Sidebar.)
First, Why Split Vowel Digraphs Instead of Silent e or Magic e?
It was, oh, so tempting to title this entry Explaining Silent-e, because then everyone would know exactly what the topic was. But doing so would be giving in to the strained logic underlying the concept of a silent letter. All letters are silent; letters don’t make sounds, letters are quiet symbols that represent sounds.
If you tell an adult friend that a painting speaks to you, you’re communicating something to him about the impact of that particular painting on your thinking. If you tell a young child a painting speaks to you, he’ll think you’re a little weird, but if you keep on saying it, he’ll probably start thinking that he should be hearing something coming out of that canvas too.
The point is, if you’re trying to teach a young child phonics, try to avoid the use of the term silent. It's only there because the creator of the curriculum you |
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First View of Earth from the Moon
This image represents the world's first view of Earth taken by a spacecraft from the vicinity of the moon. The photo was transmitted to Earth by the United States Lunar Orbiter I and received | > Larger image
First View of Earth from the Moon
This image represents the world's first view of Earth taken by a spacecraft from the vicinity of the moon. The photo was transmitted to Earth by the United States Lunar Orbiter I and received at the NASA tracking station at Robledo De Chavela near Madrid, Spain. This crescent of the Earth was photographed in August 1966 when the spacecraft was on its 16th orbit and just about to pass behind the moon. |
Earl of Salisbury
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2009)|
Earl of Salisbury is a title that has been created several times in British history. It has a complex history, being first created for Patrick | Earl of Salisbury
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2009)|
Earl of Salisbury is a title that has been created several times in British history. It has a complex history, being first created for Patrick de Salisbury in the middle twelfth century. It was eventually inherited by Alice, wife of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster. When the Earl of Lancaster lost his titles and was executed for treason in 1322, the Countess surrendered all of her titles to the King, and the titles lapsed.
The title was created for a second time in 1337 for William Montacute. It was inherited later by Richard Neville the Kingmaker, upon whose death the title went into abeyance because multiple individuals were entitled to inherit it.
Then, in 1472, it was granted to George, Duke of Clarence, who was married to Warwick's eldest daughter. When the Duke of Clarence was executed in 1478 for treason (supposedly by being drowned in a vat of Malmsey wine), the title was forfeit. It was then granted to Edward of Middleham (who was his nephew via the Duke's brother Richard), who died in 1484 at the age of 11.
It was restored to two of George of Clarence's children: to his son Edward in 1485 until his execution for treason in 1499, and to Edward's sister, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, in 1513 until she was also executed, and the title again forfeited, in 1539.
In 1605 the title was given to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, a close advisor to James I. Cecil was a son of Queen Elizabeth I's chief advisor, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley. For information on this creation, see the Marquess of Salisbury.
- 1 Earls of Salisbury, First Creation (1149)
- 2 Earls of Salisbury, Second Creation (1337)
- 3 Earls of Salisbury, Third Creation (1472)
- 4 Earls of Salisbury, Fourth Creation (1478)
- 5 Earls of Salisbury, Second or Third Creation (restored) or Fifth Creation (1512)
- 6 Earls of Salisbury, Fifth or Sixth Creation (1605)
- 7 Notes
Earls of Salisbury, First Creation (1149)
- Patrick of Salisbury, 1st Earl of Salisbury (c. 1122-1168)
- William of Salisbury, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (d. 1196)
- Ela of Salisbury, 3rd Countess of Salisbury (1187–1261)
- Margaret de Lacy, 4th Countess of Salisbury (d. 1310)
- Alice de Lacy, 5th Countess of Salisbury (1281–1348) (forfeit 1322)
Earls of Salisbury, Second Creation (1337)
- William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1301–1344)
- William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (1328–1397)
- John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (1350–1400) (forfeit 1400)
- Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury (1388–1428) (restored 1421, although styled and summoned to parliament as such from at least 1409)
- Alice Montacute, 5th Countess of Salisbury (1400–1460)
- Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury jure uxoris
- Richard Neville, 6th Earl of Salisbury and jure uxoris 16th Earl of Warwick ("Warwick the Kingmaker") by wife Lady Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick (1428–1471) (reverted to the crown 1471; by modern law it might, with his other titles, be abeyant).
Earls of Salisbury, Third Creation (1472)
- George Plantagenet, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1449–1478) (forfeit 1478); son-in-law of the last Neville earl.
Earls of Salisbury, Fourth Creation (1478)
- Edward of Middleham, 1st Earl of Salisbury and later Prince of Wales (1473–1484); nephew of and nephew by marriage to George of Clarence, grandson of the last Neville earl (extinct 1484)
Earls of Salisbury, Second or Third Creation (restored) or Fifth Creation (1512)
- Some sources call Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick (1475–1499) also Earl of Salisbury, but "there is no reason to suppose that he ever enjoyed that dignity". He was son of George of Clarence above, and the other grandson of the last Neville Earl; if the modern doctrine of abeyance were retroactively applied to Earldoms - as it has not been - he would have inherited the Earldom of Salisbury in 1485. After that year he was kept in custody and did not attend the House of Lords under any title; he was executed and attainted in 1499 at the age of 24, |
For 114 years, Oklahoma's state flower was the mistletoe.
But it was always a controversial choice.
In February 1893, while the 2nd Territorial Legislature met in Guthrie, Rep. John A. | For 114 years, Oklahoma's state flower was the mistletoe.
But it was always a controversial choice.
In February 1893, while the 2nd Territorial Legislature met in Guthrie, Rep. John A. Wimberly introduced the bill to designate mistletoe as the official floral emblem.
The Women's Congress of the Columbian World Exposition held in Chicago in 1893 had proposed that the states should consider selecting floral emblems to represent their state at the exposition. While Oklahoma was not a state, the Oklahoma Pavilion at the exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair, promoted the territory to exposition visitors.
Wimberly was the youngest member of the House of Representatives and it was he who, according to The Oklahoman on April 19, 1925, suggested “one of the most interesting traditions.”
“One day the question of the state flower was brought up. Everything from daisies to American Beauty roses was suggested.
A representative from the southern part of the Territory wanted forget-me-nots. “That's a good name for a state flower, and it's a pretty flower too,” he said.
“Mr. Wimberly remembered how hard the previous winter had been and that when settlers had died and there were no flowers to put on the graves: “the only thing in the whole country with a bit of color was mistletoe.”
So it was adopted as the new territory's floral emblem.
“Years later when Oklahoma became a state, members of the constitutional convention carried the old territorial flower over into statehood, thus confirming what has since become one of Oklahoma's oldest traditions.” |
The ability to read and write is a key life skill that paves the way for success at school and in the world beyond.
Before your child reaches school age, you can play a vital role in helping your child embark on this learning journey.
| The ability to read and write is a key life skill that paves the way for success at school and in the world beyond.
Before your child reaches school age, you can play a vital role in helping your child embark on this learning journey.
Phonics is a way of decoding written letters and spoken sounds and it can be introduced in many fun and varied ways at home with your child.
Laying the foundations of phonics can begin with games that identify the sounds around us - and continue all the way up to being able to sound out simple everyday words.
How CBeebies can help
Visit the Alphablocks pages on the CBeebies website and introduce your child to the 26 letters of the alphabet and the sounds they make.
Your child will enjoy watching the letters come to life, listening to the songs and playing the games. There are also colouring in sheets they can print out.
You and your child could also click through to the Fun with Phonics pages on the CBeebies website. You can help Polly Phonic the parrot spell simple words, say hello to Whirlyword and try to sound out and read the words he brings up.
There are lots of letter sounds to print out and colour, as well as short video clips focusing on a variety of letter sounds.
How to make a magic moment
It's time to be a sound detective! Explain to your child that you are going to hunt for some special objects. You could choose a sound to search for, for example, things that start with a 'b' sound.
Armed with a magnifying glass, a bag and notepad, go for a hunt around your home. Every time you spot something beginning with a 'b' you can write down the name of the object whilst your child pops it in the bag. Can you find a bear, a ball, a boat, a bag, a banana and maybe some beans?
You could always put pictures of some of the more unusual objects around the house before you start your hunt to help add to the fun!
When you have finished, count up how many things you have found and show your child how each object is written. Can they spot that each word starts with the sound 'b'? |
Asclepias incarnata L. - Swamp Milkweed
Family - Asclepiadaceae
Stems - To 1.5m tall, from fibrous roots, erect, herbaceous, glabrous or with a single | Asclepias incarnata L. - Swamp Milkweed
Family - Asclepiadaceae
Stems - To 1.5m tall, from fibrous roots, erect, herbaceous, glabrous or with a single vertical line of appressed pubescence in the internodes above, with milky sap, branching above.
Leaves - Opposite, petiolate. Petiole to +1.5cm long. Blade to 15cm long, +2cm broad, linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, with strigillose margins, sparse appressed pubescent, truncate to rounded at the base.
Inflorescence - Axillary and terminal umbellate cymes of 20-30 flowers each. Peduncles green, to +5cm long, antrorse appressed pubescent, with one vertical line more densely pubescent than rest of peduncle. Pedicels pinkish-rose, sparse pubescent, to 1.4cm long, subtended by linear bracts. Bracts to 6mm long, pubescent.
Flowers - Petals 5, 6mm long, 2.3mm broad, oblong-elliptic, entire, reflexed, glabrous, pink to purple. Hoods 2mm long, 1.2mm broad, pinkish-white. Horns pinkish-white, to 2.5mm long. Gynostegium to 2.5mm long, 1.3mm in diameter. Pollinia 1.1mm long. Calyx lobes 5, reflexed, 2mm long, pubescent, pinkish-green. Follicles to 8cm long, fusiform, typically glabrous.
Flowering - June - August.
Habitat - Moist to we |
Travel Health Information Sheets
Cholera is a potentially serious bacterial illness caused by drinking or eating contaminated water and food.
Cholera often causes profuse sudden, profuse, watery diarrhoea, and severe, dehydration can occur very | Travel Health Information Sheets
Cholera is a potentially serious bacterial illness caused by drinking or eating contaminated water and food.
Cholera often causes profuse sudden, profuse, watery diarrhoea, and severe, dehydration can occur very rapidly if it is not treated. Babies, children and older people are especially vulnerable. In the most severe cases, without treatment, severe cholera can be fatal. However, with prompt replacement of fluids, cholera can almost always be cured.
Due to improvements in sanitation, public health and medical knowledge, cholera is now rare in Europe. Unfortunately, it is still common in less wealthy parts of the world, usually where water supplies, sanitation and hygiene are poor.
In regions without clean water and proper sewers, or in countries that have suffered natural disasters (like earthquakes or floods) or conflicts (such as a civil war) cholera spreads very quickly and can kill large numbers of people. The map below shows areas where cholera outbreaks have been reported.
Cholera Map courtesy of the World Health Organization.
Your chance of catching cholera is very low. The overall risk of cholera for British travellers is estimated to be: 0.2 cases per 100,000 travellers. It is essentially a disease of poverty.
Your risk is increased by living in unhygienic conditions, travelling to remote areas where outbreaks have been reported or by working in a disaster area or refugee camp.
For most travellers good food and water hygiene is the best prevention.
Food & Water hygiene:
- Avoid ice
- Wash your hands after using the toilet, changing nappies and before cooking or eating.
- Disinfect drinking water by boiling, using water purification tablets or water filtration devices
- Water should be boiled for at least one minute.
- Bottled, carbonated drinks with intact seals and hot drinks made with boiled water are usually safe.
- You can buy chemial water purification tablets and water filters from travel clinics and specialist outdoor shops.
- Use bottled water or boiled, cooled water for brushing your teeth. Never use water from natural sources liks rivers, streams or wells.
Try to eat recently prepared, thoroughly cooked, piping hot food:
- Avoid salads or uncooked fruit and vegetables, unless you are sure they have been washed and peeled carefully.
- Avoid buffets, street food, unpasteurised dairy products and raw or undercooked meat, fish or shellfish.
Yes, treatment usually consists of promptly replacing fluids lost through diarrhoea by drinking a balanced solution of sugar, salt and clean water (oral rehydration salts).
If you are severely dehydrated, you need a “drip” of sterile intravenous fluids. Antibiotics are also usually given. If you get prompt treatment, you should improve quickly and make a full recovery.
Photos courtesy of WHO/PAHO
There is a cholera vaccine, but it is not needed by most travellers and is usually only recommended for travellers at high risk:
Aid workers in disaster areas or refugee camps.
People travelling to remote areas with cholera outbreaks, with little or no access to clean water and medical care.
Although it has been suggested that it may help prevent diarrhoea, in the UK, this vaccine is only given as protection against cholera. For more information on travellers’ diarrhoea please see NaTHNaC’s separate advice sheet.
Where can I get advice about the vaccine?
Your GP, practice nurse or travel clinic can advise you. Remember, even if you have the vaccine, it is not 100% effective. Good food and water hygiene are still essential.
Reviewed August 2013
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Firstly, fill a deep bowl with water and carefully lower the egg into the water.
A very fresh egg will immediately sink to the bottom and lie flat on its side. This is because the air cell within the egg is very small. The | Firstly, fill a deep bowl with water and carefully lower the egg into the water.
A very fresh egg will immediately sink to the bottom and lie flat on its side. This is because the air cell within the egg is very small. The egg should also feel quite heavy.
As the egg starts to lose its freshness and more air enters the egg, it will begin to float and stand upright. The smaller end will lie on the bottom of the bowl, whilst the broader end will point towards the surface. The egg will still be good enough to consume, however, if the egg fully floats in the water and does not touch the bottom of the bowl at all, it should be discarded, as it will most likely be bad.
The second method to test the eggs freshness is by breaking the egg onto a flat plate, not into a |
The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. Sri Lanka Tourism makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, or availability with respect to the website or the information, or | The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. Sri Lanka Tourism makes no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, or availability with respect to the website or the information, or related graphics contained on the website for any purpose. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own discretion.
Sri Lanka with its nearly 3000 years of history holds some of world’s ancient cities including Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Digamadulla. Remnants of these once glorious cities, their palaces, temples, monasteries, hospitals and theaters intricately carved and modeled out of stone lay abandoned amidst the soaring mountains.
Of all the ancient sites the most famed and most exquisite is the Kingdom of Anuradhapura. Sri Lanka’s third and the longest serving capital and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world is also one of the most sacred cities of World Buddhists. It was the capital of Sri Lanka from the Fourth Century BC up to the turn of the eleventh Century and was one of the most stable and durable centers of political power and urban life in South Asia. However the city itself is much older than the Kingdom of Anuradhapura and according to archeological evidence could have originated as far as tenth century BC. |
Built in 1970, the Pearce Science Center houses the biology, biochemistry, chemistry, psychology, and physics disciplines. In October 2010, the National Science Foundation announced that it would help fund the multi-year transformation of Pearce with a | Built in 1970, the Pearce Science Center houses the biology, biochemistry, chemistry, psychology, and physics disciplines. In October 2010, the National Science Foundation announced that it would help fund the multi-year transformation of Pearce with a $1.2 million grant.
Facilities within the building include:
- Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes
- Chemistry Department Instrumentation NMR
- Cell and Tissue Culture Lab
- Molecular Biology Facilities
- Computer Lab
- Microbiology Lab
- Animal Care Facilities
- Wet lab
The Shenandoah Valley, with mountainous boundaries to the east and west provides students with the opportunity to explore a variety of ecosystems. Local terrain includes more than 2,000 feet of change in elevation. The high buffering from limestone/dolomite bedrock in the valley contrasts with the quartz and greenstone ridges, which provide no buffering for acid rain in the mountains. The Valley is equidistant from the 6,518-acre Ramsey’s Draft Wilderness to the west, and the 9,835-acre St. Mary’s Wilderness to the east. In addition to the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, we also make use of the nearby Blue Ridge Parkway and Shenandoah National Park for field studies. |
Units of Study
HSTY2651 - Spanish Civil War
Semester 2, 2012 | Credit Points: 6
Coordinator: Micaela Brearn Pattison
The Spanish civil war (1936-1939 | Units of Study
HSTY2651 - Spanish Civil War
Semester 2, 2012 | Credit Points: 6
Coordinator: Micaela Brearn Pattison
The Spanish civil war (1936-1939) was a critical event in modern Spanish history and in international relations. The conflict in Spain elicited an enormous response from intellectuals and activists of the Left and Right around the world. As well, some hundred thousand foreigners enlisted in Spain, most with the Republican International Brigades in what, politically and militarily, was the curtain-raiser to World War Two. This unit enables students to study this important and fascinating twentieth-century event in depth.
1x2500wd research essay (50%) and 1x2hr formal examination (40%) and tutorial participation (10%)
2x1-hr lecture/week, 1x1-hr tutorial/week
12 junior credit points of History, Ancient History, Asian Studies or Spanish Language
A timetable is not available for this session.
Please refer to the list of Units of Study on the left-hand menu to view the units on offer for the relevant academic year.
The information displayed above is indicative only as online information is subject to change without notice. The Faculty Handbook and the University of Sydney Calendar are the official legal source of information relating to study at the University of Sydney |
ENDURING LITERATURE ILLUMINATED BY PRACTICAL SCHOLARSHIP
The story of miserly Ebenezer Scrooge, and the ghosts who show him the true spirit of Christmas.
THIS ENRICHED CLASS | ENDURING LITERATURE ILLUMINATED BY PRACTICAL SCHOLARSHIP
The story of miserly Ebenezer Scrooge, and the ghosts who show him the true spirit of Christmas.
THIS ENRICHED CLASSIC EDITION INCLUDES:
• A concise introduction that gives the reader important background information
• A chronology of the author's life and work
• A timeline of significant events that provides the book's historical context
• An outline of key themes and plot points to guide the reader's own interpretations
• Detailed explanatory notes
• Critical analysis, including contemporary and modern perspectives on the work
• Discussion questions to promote lively classroom and book group interaction
• A list of recommended related books and films to broaden the reader's experience
Enriched Classics offer readers affordable editions of great works of literature enhanced by helpful notes and insightful commentary. The scholarship provided in Enriched Classics enables readers to appreciate, understand, and enjoy the world's finest books to their full potential.
SERIES EDITED BY CYNTHIA BRANTLEY JOHNSON
In the history of English literature, Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, which has been continuously in print since it was first published in the winter of 1843, stands out as the quintessential Christmas story. What makes this charming edition of Dickens's immortal tale so special is the collection of 80 vivid illustrations by Everett Shinn (1876-1953). Shinn, a well-known artist in his time, was a popular illustrator of newspapers and magazines whose work displayed a remarkable affinity for the stories of Charles Dickens, evoking the bustling street life of the mid-1800s. Printed on heavy, cream-colored paper stock, the edges of the pages have been left rough, simulating the way in which the story might have appeared in Dickens's own time. Though countless editions of this classic have been published over the years, this one stands out as particularly beautiful, nostalgic, and evocative of the spirit of Christmas. |
[p511] On returning from his western tour, Cunningham set out with a small party to visit Cox's River. He chose a new route across the Blue Mountains, taking a road that had been lately marked out by Mr. Bell, and known | [p511] On returning from his western tour, Cunningham set out with a small party to visit Cox's River. He chose a new route across the Blue Mountains, taking a road that had been lately marked out by Mr. Bell, and known as Bell's Road. Owing to unforeseen circumstances, Cunningham could not reach the river, although lie was able to examine Mount Tomah and other parts of the mountains lying to the north of the Grose.
As a botanist he was perhaps more drawn to the Blue Mountains than to any other part of the colony, for an amazing variety of plants grew in the ranges. It was there that he obtained the rare specimens of mountain flora which can be seen to-day in the herbarium at South Kensington including those he gathered at Mount Tomah.
In this excursion he seems to have been most attracted by the "stately" timber trees, their rigid branches half hidden by creepers; the tall, tree-ferns in groups beneath the shade of massive rocks with rough brown trunks supporting fronds of delicate green; the lichens and mosses, in places covering the face of the sandstone; the tender tiny maidenhair growing in the crevices of the rocks and under the dripping ledges; and, towering above them all, the waratah or native tulip (Telopea speciosa), its crimson flower, upon its upright stalk, visible upon the more distant heights of the mountains. All these he saw and described in his journal.
Having left Bell's Farm on November 26th, 1823, the little party followed the marked trees of a surveyor[*] who had reported upon this new route, and quickly gained the main range. The "road" was bounded on each side by deep ravines, and in the[p512] course of their ascent became very narrow, its surface being covered with ferns and thicket. At 4 p.m. after having travelled six miles, the men rested for the night near a gully where they found fresh water. On the following day their path led them through a brushy forest, then across an open patch of rising ground which soon reverted to forest, its timber being chiefly Tristania albicans, the turpentine tree of the colonists. Here they saw some beautiful tree-ferns, Alsophila, fifteen to twenty feet high, Tetrathera dealbata, and a tree of Urticaceae bearing compound globular fruit.
[* This surveyor may have been Mr. Govett, who discovered Govett's Leap, and was the writer of an interesting article describing the mountains (signed W.R.G.) that appeared in "The Saturday Magazine" for May, 1836. In the magazine his name is spelled Govatt.]
Ebook editor's note:
It was, in fact, The surveyor Robert Hoddle, as shown in the Colonial Secretary Index, which states:--
"On Sep 23rd 1823, J. Oxley instructing him to survey Bell's track from Richmond to Cox's River, explore for better road to Hunter River settlements, report on farms occupied at Kurrajong Brush, make survey of Government lands at Longbottom, etc." (Reel 6068; 4/1814 pp.91-4)
Hoddle reported on Nov 4th "--on his survey of new route from Hawkesbury River to Cox's River discovered by Mr Bell, exploration of mountainous district overlook Hunter River; discovery and naming of Panoramic Hill and Pyramid Hill" (Reel 6068; 4/1814 pp.109-15).
Half a mile farther the range came to an abrupt rocky termination to the westward. From the top of this rocky height, which had received the name of Bell's View, an extensive landscape from S. by way of W. to E. opened to their gaze. To the S.W. and S.S.W. a series of moderately broken ranges extended beyond the Old Western Road, then better known as Evans's Track. From N.W. to N.N.W. Cunningham found that the features of the country resembled those of the land on the Cudgegong to the eastward of Dabee, seen by him in his last tour.
The western face of the rocks where the range ended being too steep and precipitous to descend, the party followed the surveyor's marked trees along the slope of a steep ravine that trended to the S.W. and descended into brushy, level country. The brush now became exceedingly dense, being over twelve feet high in places and composed chiefly of Pultenaea linophylla, Daviesia ulicina and Bursaria spinosa, or perhaps a distinct species similar to some found on the Hastings River. Four miles from Bell's View the party encamped on the edge of another ravine which they quitted next morning, the 28th, and, following the blazed trees westerly, came to another Pultenaea brush as lofty and dense as those they had passed on the previous day. The timber at this point was of regular growth, and consisted of blue gum, stringy-bark and turpentine trees. No stream crossed the lonely road, but some water was found in the neighbouring gullies.
At the 14th mile a dry scrub took the place of the brush, in which Banksia serrata of large size, Lomatia silaifolia (parsley fern), Isopogon anemonifolius, Telopea speciosa, Lambertia formosa and several well-known Parramatta plants we |
NIH researchers extend use of gene therapy to treat a soft tissue tumor
Results of an intermediate stage clinical trial of several dozen people provides evidence that a method that has worked for treating patients with metastatic melanoma can also work for patients with metast | NIH researchers extend use of gene therapy to treat a soft tissue tumor
Results of an intermediate stage clinical trial of several dozen people provides evidence that a method that has worked for treating patients with metastatic melanoma can also work for patients with metastatic synovial cell sarcoma, one of the most common soft tissue tumors in adolescents and young adults. This study is the first to use genetically modified immune cells, in a technique known as adoptive therapy, to cause cancer regression in patients with a solid cancer as opposed to melanoma. This approach represents a method for obtaining immune cells from any cancer patient and converting them into ones that can recognize cancer cells expressing the target antigen, NY-ESO-1, according to researchers at the National Cancer Institute. The study appeared in the Jan. 31, 2011, issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
NY-ESO-1 is a protein found in up to 50 percent of melanomas and cancers of the breast, prostate, esophagus, lung, and ovary, and in 80 percent of synovial sarcomas. "Since NY-ESO-1 is expressed in a substantial number of cancers, beside melanoma and synovial sarcoma, it is an attractive target for immune-based therapies against these cancers as well," said lead investigator Steven Rosenberg, M.D., Ph.D., chief of the Surgery Branch in NCI’s Center for Cancer Research.
This work builds upon previously published results in patients with metastatic melanoma. Those studies showed that metastatic melanoma patients could be treated by infusion with their own genetically modified T cells, or white blood cells, that had receptors on their surfaces that recognized an antigen on the melanoma cells.
In this study, 17 patients with synovial cell sarcoma or metastatic melanoma, whose tumors expressed NY-ESO-1, received therapy with their own immune cells engineered to express a T cell receptor capable of recognizing the NY-ESO-1 antigen. To perform this treatment, the investigators isolated normal white blood cells, called lymphocytes, from each patient’s blood and modified these cells by inserting the gene encoding the anti-tumor T cell receptor into them. These genetically modified cells were then able to recognize and destroy NY-ESO-1-expressing cancer cells. The results showed tumor regression in four of the six patients with synovial cell sarcoma and in five of the 11 melanoma patients. A partial response that lasted 18 months was observed in one of the synovial cell sarcoma patients, while two of the melanoma patients demonstrated complete ongoing regression responses that lasted 20 months or longer, which for patients with these diseases, is significant.
"Now that we have shown that a patient’s own cells genetically engineered to express a receptor against the NY-ESO-1 antigen can mediate tumor regression, we will be optimizing this treatment and extending it to the treatment of patients with other common cancers," said Rosenberg.
# # #
Reference: Robbins PF, et al., Tumor |
Illustrating the Story
Use MSSS Bible Character
Crafts to create characters for story-telling.
Keys for Kids
offers a wide variety of devotions
and stories that aid in the teaching
of Bible lessons. Search by
topic | Illustrating the Story
Use MSSS Bible Character
Crafts to create characters for story-telling.
Keys for Kids
offers a wide variety of devotions
and stories that aid in the teaching
of Bible lessons. Search by
topic or by Bible reference.
Kids Clubs 4 Jesus
Bible Lessons - PDF resource
which includes memory verse, key
points, scripture reference object
lesson or drama as well as word
search, quiz, crossword puzzle,
- NT Lesson 1 "Zacharias"
- NT Lesson 22 "John the
- In Touch Ministries
People of the Bible John the
(includes puzzle, coloring page, Bible
study and parent's guide)
Mission Arlington (Requires
Adobe Acrobat Reader)
- NAD Kindergarten/Primary SS Program Helps
Sunday School Sources John
- WoRM (The Official Site of
the Workshop Rotation Model)
Lesson and Ideas Exchange
Don't forget to check out MSSS Bible Craft
and Activities for Any Story for more ideas.
Colouring Pages/Activity Sheets
Some sites have user policies which restrict use of these colouring pages
to personal or educational use. Please check the sites' policies
if you wish to be using these pages outside of these purposes.
note: all outside links open in a new window. |
Lecture slides and related source code will be posted here.
- For help installing G++ on Windows see the following link: http://www.cmc.edu/pages/faculty/alee/g++/g++.html. If you have a | Lecture slides and related source code will be posted here.
- For help installing G++ on Windows see the following link: http://www.cmc.edu/pages/faculty/alee/g++/g++.html. If you have a Mac or linux g++ is most likely already installed. Note that the version linked is a sligh |
Always review the complete molecule using the reference screen before making any moves.
Next, study the play field and plan your moves. Remember, once a piece is moved it may not be possible to return it into the starting position.
Think through your every | Always review the complete molecule using the reference screen before making any moves.
Next, study the play field and plan your moves. Remember, once a piece is moved it may not be possible to return it into the starting position.
Think through your every move and try to visualize the trajectory piece will follow once a directional arrow is clicked.
When using the keyboard to move pieces make sure that the desired piece is selected. If a wrong atom is marked as selected, use the Tab key to switch between the pieces until you reach a desired one. |
Childhood Obesity: Contributing Factors, Consequences and Intervention
Sherina M.S., and Rozali Ahmad, (2004) Childhood Obesity: Contributing Factors, Consequences and Intervention. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 10 (1). | Childhood Obesity: Contributing Factors, Consequences and Intervention
Sherina M.S., and Rozali Ahmad, (2004) Childhood Obesity: Contributing Factors, Consequences and Intervention. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 10 (1). pp. 13-22. ISSN 1394-035X
Official URL: http://nutriweb.org.my/publications/mjn0010_1/mjn10n1_art3.pdf
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dept. of Community Health
Childhood obesity has been growing at an alarming rate and is the most common nutritional problem among children in developed as well as in developing countries. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, including cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine and psychosocial morbidities. This unhealthy trend will progress to adulthood and is expected to lead to huge economic costs in health and social security systems. Among the many factors which contribute to the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity include environment and genetic factors. This paper discusses the aetiology, consequences and necessary interventions for this problem.
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The Demand Curve
For almost any good the quantity demanded by an economy as a whole will tend to be strongly related to the selling price of the good. For example, as televisions become cheaper, more people will be able to afford them and | The Demand Curve
For almost any good the quantity demanded by an economy as a whole will tend to be strongly related to the selling price of the good. For example, as televisions become cheaper, more people will be able to afford them and hence the quantity sold will go up. In contrast, as televisions get more expensive less people will want them and the quantity sold will go down. However, even if the price of televisions was zero, there would only be a limited quantity bought, as people would only want a certain number of them in their house. Conversely, there will be a certain price above which no one would buy a television as they would be too expensive. Between these two prices, there exists a demand curve, where a certain increase in price would result in a certain decrease in the quantity sold.
Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to empirically measure how this varies, as a change in the price of a good rarely occurs on its own. For example, when the price of televisions fall, the price of computers, CD players and other similar goods are likely to fall as well, and the price of these goods may also affect the price of the television. However, economists will generally attempt to analyse what would theoretically occur if the price of a good changed whilst all other economic factors remained constant. They then use these results to create a demand schedule, which is a table of prices and quantities demanded, and use this table to construct a demand curve.
In general, demand curves show the quantity |
The South Pacific Ocean
Water Masses of the South Pacific Ocean. Above the deep water the water masses of the Pacific Ocean are of more complicated character than those of the other oceans. Subantarctic Water is of small significance in the Atlantic and | The South Pacific Ocean
Water Masses of the South Pacific Ocean. Above the deep water the water masses of the Pacific Ocean are of more complicated character than those of the other oceans. Subantarctic Water is of small significance in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, but the South American
Temperature-salinity relations within the Subantarctic Water of the South Pacific. The depths of the shallowest values are indicated. Locations of stations and boundaries of water masses are shown on the inset map. Abbreviations: D, Dana; C, Carnegie, Di, Discovery, W.S., William Scoresby, SA-A.S.P., Subantarctic South Pacific; W.S.P. Western South Pacific; E.S.P., Eastern South Pacific.
Turning first to the South Pacific Ocean, one finds to the south of lat. 40°S the Subantarctic Water mass which, in the upper layers, is characterized by a salinity between 34.20 ‰ and 34.40 ‰ and a temperature between 4° and 8°. This is evident from the T-S curves in fig. 194, according to which the water at Dana station 3642 off New Zealand was of the same character as the water at the Discovery station 967 half way between New Zealand and South America. Part of this
Temperature-salinity relations in the western and eastern South Pacific. The depths of the shallowest values are shown. Squares represent winter surface values in the region of the Subtropical Convergence. Locations of stations used and boundaries of water masses shown on inset map in fig. 194. W.S.P., Western South Pacific; E.S.P., Eastern South Pacific.
In the western part of the South Pacific Ocean a water mass is encountered that is similar to the Central Water of the Indian Ocean. This is evident from fig. 195, in which the corresponding temperature and salinity values at a number of Dana stations are entered, together with those from Discovery station 898 off Tasmania and Planet station 331 in lat. 2°S and long. 152°E. A comparison with fig. 188, p. 685, shows that the Indian Ocean Central Water and the water in the western Pacific are practically identical.
The large squares in the figure show the corresponding values of surface temperatures and salinities in August in lat. 35° to 45°S, long. 150°E to 160°W (according to Schott's charts, 1935). Again a region is found
In the eastern South Pacific the few available data indicate the existence of another water mass which has, between temperatures of 10° and 18°, a salinity nearly 0.50 ‰ lower than that of the western body of water. The definition of this water mass is mainly based on the observations at a number of Carnegie stations, four of which are shown in fig. 195. At Dana station 3580, located in 19°S, 163°W, the water is intermediate in character between the eastern and western masses, and the boundary region between these water masses can therefore be placed approximately along the meridian of 165°W. The squares in fig. 195 (right) show corresponding values of surface temperature and salinity in August in lat. 35° to 40°S and long. 150° to 120° W.
In the South Pacific Ocean we therefore encounter three distinctly different upper water masses: the Subantarctic Water mass, which is more or less uniform to the south of 40°S and which changes its characteristics as it moves north along the coast of South America, and the western and the eastern South Pacific Central Water masses, which are separated from each other by a region of transition in about 165°W. The eastern Central Water mass does not extent north of 10°S but the western may extend nearly to the Equator, as indicated by the observations at Planet station 331. The existence of two characteristically different central water masses indicates that in the South Pacific Ocean the circulation is split up in two large cells, the location of which appears to be related to the prevailing winds. In the southern winter the atmospheric pressure shows two distinct areas of high pressure over the Pacific Ocean, one eastern with its center in approximately lat. 28°S and long. 100°W, and one western which extends partly over the Pacific Ocean with its center over eastern Australia. The surface currents (chart VII), which only in part reflect the circulation in the deeper layers, and in part show the wind drift of surface water, indicate in most seasons the existence of a region of weak and irregular currents in about 160°W which is the approximate region where the transition between the two central water masses takes place.
Below the upper water masses Antarctic Intermediate Water is present, in the east probably to within 10° to 15° from the Equator, and in the west to the Equator. In the South Pacific no salinity maximum is found below the intermediate water, but the salinity increases toward the bottom or remains constant below a depth of 2500 or 3000 m.
Currents of the South Pacific Ocean. The only major current of the South Pacific Ocean which has been examined to some extent is the Peru Current. Following the nomenclature proposed by Gunther (1936), the name Peru Current will be applied to the entire current between the South American Continent and the region of transition
As is evident from the character of the waters (fig. 194), the origin of the Peru Current has to be sought in the subantarctic region, part of the Subantarctic Water which flows towards the west across the Pacific Ocean being deflected towards the north when approaching the American Continent. The total volume of water in the current does not appear to be very great. On the basis of a few Discovery stations it is found that the transport lies so |
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Sprinklers systems consist of the network of piping, water supply, sprinkler heads, and alarm and detection devices that sense the heat from a fire and automatically distribute water to completely extinguish the fire or control its | Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Sprinklers systems consist of the network of piping, water supply, sprinkler heads, and alarm and detection devices that sense the heat from a fire and automatically distribute water to completely extinguish the fire or control its growth.
There are four types of sprinkler systems:
Wet Pipe System
A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire.
Dry Pipe System
A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure, the release of which (from the open sprinklers) permits the water pressure to open a valve known as a dry pipe valve. The water then flows into the piping system and out the opened sprinklers.
A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air that may or may not be under pressure, with a supplemental detection system installed in the same areas as the sprinklers. Actuation of the detection system opens the pre-action valve, which permits water to be discharged from sprinklers that are open.
A sprinkler system employing open sprinklers attached to a piping system connected to water supply through a valve that is opened by the operation of a detection system installed in the same area as the sprinklers. When the valve opens, water flows into the piping system and discharges water from all sprinklers attached thereto.
Automatic sprinkler systems are installed to protect property and the occupants in the building. These systems are particularly effective for life safety because they give warning of the existence of fire and at the same time apply water to the burning area. While the downward force of the water may lower the smoke level in a room where the fire is burning, the sprinklers also serve to cool the room and reduce the immediate threat to personnel. |
Feeling Fat Rather than Being Fat May Be Associated with Psychological Well-Being in Young Dutch Adolescents
Purpose: To contribute to a further exploration of the association of psychosocial well-being with overweight and weight perception among young Dutch adolescents. Methods | Feeling Fat Rather than Being Fat May Be Associated with Psychological Well-Being in Young Dutch Adolescents
Purpose: To contribute to a further exploration of the association of psychosocial well-being with overweight and weight perception among young Dutch adolescents. Methods: Data from the ongoing Rotterdam Youth Health Monitor were used from 1,923 9-10-year-olds and 3,841 12-13-year-olds. The association of mental health indicators with weight status based on self-report and measured height and weight was studied with logistic regression analyses in both age groups cross-sectionally. Additional longitudinal analyses were conducted among the 787 pupils for whom follow-up data were available. Interactions with gender and ethnic background were explored. Among the 12-13-year-olds, the role of weight perception was also studied. Results: We found that 9-10-year-old obese boys scored more favourably on social anxiety than nonoverweight boys. Among 12-13-year-olds body weight perception, rather than self-reported or measured weight status was associated with mental health indicators. Mental health indicators at age 9-10 years did not predict self-reported weight status at age 12-13 or change in weight status between 9-10 and 12-13 years, nor did weight status at age 9-10 years predict later mental health |
Illustration copyright 2000, 2003 Nucleus Communications, Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.nucleusinc.com
In Hirschsprung's disease, certain nerve cells (ganglion cells) in a portion | Illustration copyright 2000, 2003 Nucleus Communications, Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.nucleusinc.com
In Hirschsprung's disease, certain nerve cells (ganglion cells) in a portion of the colon are missing. Because the muscles in that area can't relax, the muscle contractions that normally push food and digestive waste through that part of the colon can't occur. The picture on the right shows a colon in which the rectum lacks ganglion nerve cells, causing swelling in the area above it.
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Residents of the small, marginalized community of Los Molinos submit their guesses about what percent of the Earth has been de-forrested by human kind. The answer? 80%! They are attending the workshop as part of an Integrated Household Sanitation | Residents of the small, marginalized community of Los Molinos submit their guesses about what percent of the Earth has been de-forrested by human kind. The answer? 80%! They are attending the workshop as part of an Integrated Household Sanitation Project led by Water and Sanitation Volunteer Tasha and Community President Palacios. Over the course of the project, t |
Gustave Doré (1832 – 1883) was a French printmaker who created dramatic, black and white images of a menacing, nightmarish purgatory. Doré's artistic genius emerged when he was 5. | Gustave Doré (1832 – 1883) was a French printmaker who created dramatic, black and white images of a menacing, nightmarish purgatory. Doré's artistic genius emerged when he was 5. By age 16, he was France’s highest-paid illustrator. Doré is best known for his highly detailed, wood-engraved illustrations of “Inferno,” “Don Quixote,” “The Raven” and the Bible. Producing 10,000 engravings in his lifetime, Doré employed over 40 block cutters. Still the world’s most popular illustrator, Doré strongly inspired Van Gogh and the Symbolists.
Ruggiero Rescuing Angelica, illustration from Orlando Furioso by by Ludovico Ariosto, illustrator Gustave Doré (1832-1883). Canto Decimo: Argomento. (Tenth song: Argument). Angelica, daughter of King of Cathay, is sought throughout the world by Orlando, Rinaldo, and the best knights from var |
So we left off with the most basic mathematical description of a wave. It’s a function of the form f(x – vt), or in words a disturbance that moves from one place to another at a constant speed without changing shape.
This is a | So we left off with the most basic mathematical description of a wave. It’s a function of the form f(x – vt), or in words a disturbance that moves from one place to another at a constant speed without changing shape.
This is a nice start, but it’s both too general and not general enough to be useful. To general because f can be any function at all, and few mathematical techniques can conveniently handle anything you throw at it. Not general enough because waves can and do change shape, move at varying velocities, and so forth. We need to do better.
“Better”, to a physicist looking at waves, means solving the wave equation in terms of orthonormal eigenfunctions. The details of that are not important at the moment. What is important is that these orthonormal eigenfunctions are just the sine and cosine functions. For the moment, we’ll just pretend we’re only using sine functions. In this representation, a basic wave looks like this:
This doesn’t look too much like f(x – vt) at first, but if you identify v = ω/k the overall form is preserved. Of course φ is just an overall phase constant that sets the position of the wave at x = t = 0. Some names for these symbols: ω is the angular frequency, which is just the number of cycles per second, times 2π. k is the wavenumber, which is just the number of waves per meter, times 2π. (The pi factors come from the periodicity of sine and cosine.) Dimensionally, this makes our identification of v a little more intuitive, since (1/time)/(1/length) is length/time, which is velocity.
Now one important property of waves is that they’re linear. If one wave crosses another, the linearly add together and you get interference. So let me plot, as a function of t with x = 0, two waves with equal amplitudes but different angular frequency and wavenumber. We’ll arbitrarily pick units such that v = 1. The first wave has ω = 2π and k = 2π The second has twice the frequency and wavenumber: ω = π and k = π.
Now plot the same graph with (say) x = 1/4. In this time-domain view, we’ve just scooted our chair over 1/4 of a unit and are watching the wave oscillate up and down in time:
It looks like the wave has traveled over a bit to the right, but since we’re looking at the wave as a function of time (ie, a cork at a fixed location bobbing up and down) it’s better to think of the wave as being delayed. In essence, it takes a given feature of the wave a little longer to get to where you are. But what if the waves travel at different speeds? Let’s say the wave with ω = π is traveling at v = 2/3. This will mean k = 3ω/2. When we look at it at x = 1/4, it looks like this:
The long-wavelength wave looks exactly the same as above, shifted over by exactly as much as before. But the short-wavelength wave was traveling at a different speed and has thus been delayed by a different amount. The shape of the overall wave has been changed as this waveform propagates that 1/4 unit distance through space. This is dispersion.
“But wait,” you might say, “this is well and good for sound and surf and stuff like that. But light waves always travel at the speed of light, according to Einstein. What relevance can these different-velocity waves have for optics?” Well, the brief handwaving answer you might see in an intro textbook might be that light travels at c ~ 300,000,000 m/s between the atoms in a material, but it takes some time to interact with each successive atom. The real answer is that the handwaving answer is pretty close to bogus and this is in fact a pretty darn nontrivial question. It wasn’t honestly answered until some work in 1914 by Arnold Sommerfeld and Léon Brillouin. This post and the last post laid some groundwork, and next time we’ll be able to talk about pulses of light which consist of a continuous band of different frequencies, and what happens when those frequencies each propagate with a different speed. And from there, we’ll get to the relationship between dispersion and absorption and look at how a realistic pulse propagates in a so-called causal medium. And from there, a discussion of optical precursors. That’ll answer the nontrivial question… I hope!
(As always, I regret the slowness of posting. As much as I like doing this, paying work’s gotta take the front seat.) |
Tue Jun 19 11:03:33 CDT 2012
On Tue, Jun 19, 2012 at 9:21 PM, Bala subramanian
> I need to calculate the autocorrelation of | Tue Jun 19 11:03:33 CDT 2012
On Tue, Jun 19, 2012 at 9:21 PM, Bala subramanian
> I need to calculate the autocorrelation of my data. How can i do the same in
> I want to make a plot similar to that shown in the following link.
> autocorrelation of the data for a user input time lag.
> C. Balasubramanian
> SciPy-User mailing list
You can use the numpy.corrcoef function. Please refer to this
The plotting can be easily done with matplotlib. If you want the
figure exactly as in the link you provided, you can use the xlabel and
ylabel functions for labeling the axes, and the axis command to set
the range of the X and Y axes.
More information about the SciPy-User |
Mexican Blenny, Paraclinus mexicanus: The Mexican Blenny has an elongated body with a strongly mottled pink-brown coloration. It has six or seven diffuse vertical bars on the sides which are more prominent adjacent | Mexican Blenny, Paraclinus mexicanus: The Mexican Blenny has an elongated body with a strongly mottled pink-brown coloration. It has six or seven diffuse vertical bars on the sides which are more prominent adjacent to and extending into the dorsal fin. The dorsal fin of the Mexican Blenny consists almost entirely of spines, 27 to 31 spines versus less than 3 rays, and has a black ocellated (eye-like) spot near the rear.
The head of the Mexican Blenny has a bluntly pointed snout with large lips and there is a prominent dark band below the eyes. It has thick dark bars at the base of the anal and caudal fins, and a tail with spots.
This fish species is a shallow water, diurnal, highly territorial predator that feeds mostly on bethic crustaceans including small crabs. It is not easily confused with other blennies due to its unique coloration pattern.
The Mexican Blenny is found in the first 30 feet of the water column over weed covered rocky structure. It attains a maximum length of just over 2 inches.
In Mexican fishing waters the Mexican Blenny has a limited distribution, being present in the lower half of the Sea of Cortez and along the coast of the Mexican mainland south to Guatemala. It is absent from along the Pacific side of Baja California and from around the Mexican oceanic islands. Due to its size an |
Model builder William Terra from Maine, USA created an incredible 1:20 replica of the famous German cruiser Admrial Graf Spee which served during World War II. When asked why he chose a German Battleship William replied that he admits he | Model builder William Terra from Maine, USA created an incredible 1:20 replica of the famous German cruiser Admrial Graf Spee which served during World War II. When asked why he chose a German Battleship William replied that he admits he gets some grief for choosing to build it. However, it is one of the most famous battleships in history and William points out that when the British sunk it it was a major milestone in the Allies effort.
In William Terra’s model replica version, the boat measures about 9.1 meters (30 ft) and weighs approximately 318 kg or 700 lbs. Additional details as follows:
- The model is scratch build like a canoe using 2.54 cm – 10.16 cm (1-4 in.) bass wood strips and then covered with fiberglass
- It can carry 2 persons
- The model is powered by a 15 hp (11.2 kw) outboard engine located under the rear gun turret
- It can sail 24 kilometer per hour (15 mph) |
Zinc is a nutritionally important mineral and a chemical element.
[Zinc] stimulates the activity of approximately 100 enzymes, which are substances that promote biochemical reactions in your body, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Zinc supports | Zinc is a nutritionally important mineral and a chemical element.
[Zinc] stimulates the activity of approximately 100 enzymes, which are substances that promote biochemical reactions in your body, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Zinc supports a healthy immune system, is needed for wound healing, helps maintain your sense of taste and smell, and is needed for DNA synthesis. Zinc also supports normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence.
|Age||Infants and Children||Males||Females||Pregnancy||Lactation|
|7 months to 3 years||3 mg|
|4 to 8 years||5 mg|
|9 to 13 years||8 mg|
|14 to 18 years||11 mg||9 mg||13 mg||14 mg|
|19+||11 mg||8 mg||11 mg||12 mg|
Results of two national surveys, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III 1988-91) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes of Individuals (1994 CSFII)indicated that most infants, children, and adults consume recommended amounts of zinc.
Oysters contain more zinc per serving than any other food, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Phytates, which are found in whole grain breads, cereals, legumes, and other products, can decrease zinc absorption, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
The U.S. Daily Value for zinc is 15 milligrams, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
- beef [not recommended]
- cheese [not recommended]
- chicken [not recommended]
- dairy [not recommended]
- poultry [not recommended]
- red meat [not recommended]
- whole grains
- yogurt [not recommended]
Signs of zinc definiency include growth retardation, hair loss, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation and impotence, eye and skin lesions, and loss of appetite, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. There is also evidence that weight loss, delayed healing of wounds, taste abnormalities, and mental lethargy can occur. Since many of these symptoms are general and are associated with other medical conditions, do not assume that they are due to zinc deficiency. It is important to consult with a medical doctor about medical symptoms so that appropriate case can be given.
Vegetarians may need as much as 50% more zinc than non-vegetarians because of the lower absorption of zinc from plant foods, so it is very important for vegetarians to include good sounces of zinc in their diet, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
Maternal zinc deficiency can slow fetal growth. according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. It is important for mothers who breast-feed to include good sources of since in their daily diet and for pregnant women to follow their doctors advice about taking vitamin and mineral supplements.
Low zinc status has been observed in 30% to 50% of alcoholics, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Alcohol decreases the absorption of zinc and increases loss of zinc in urine. In addition, many alcoholics do not eat an acceptable variety or amount of food, so their dietary intake of zinc may be inadequate.
Diarrhea results in a loss of zinc, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health.
The immune system is ad |
Parliament of Scotland
|Estates of Parliament|
|Estates of the realm
First Estate of prelates
Second Estate of tenants in chief
Third Estate of Burgh Commissioners
Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland
|Disb | Parliament of Scotland
|Estates of Parliament|
|Estates of the realm
First Estate of prelates
Second Estate of tenants in chief
Third Estate of Burgh Commissioners
Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland
|Disbanded||1 May 1707|
|Succeeded by||Parliament of Great Britain|
|Lord Chancellor||James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Seafield
|18thC French illustration of an opening of parliament|
1Reflecting Parliament as it stood in 1707
Parliament of England
Parliament of Ireland
The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland. The unicameral parliament of Scotland is first found on record during the early 13th century, with the first meeting for which a primary source survives (referred to, like the contemporaneous Parliament of England, as a colloquium in the surviving Latin records) at Kirkliston (a small town now on the outskirts of Edinburgh) in 1235, during the reign of Alexander II of Scotland.
The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Community of the Realm, the Three Estates (Scots: Thrie Estaitis), the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (English: old), met until prorogued sine die at the time of the Acts of Union in 1707. Thereafter the Parliament of Great Britain operated for both England and Scotland, thus creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
The pre-Union parliament was long portrayed as a constitutionally defective body that acted merely as a rubber stamp for royal decisions, but research during the early 21st century has found that it played an active role in Scottish affairs, and was sometimes a thorn in the side of the Scottish crown.
- 1 Three Estates
- 2 Origins
- 3 Lords of the Articles
- 4 Crown
- 5 History
- 6 Composition and procedure in the 17th century
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The members were collectively referred to as the Three Estates (Middle Scots: Thrie Estaitis), or 'community of the realm' (tres communitates), composed of until 1690:
- the first estate of prelates (bishops and abbots)
- the second estate of the nobility (dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, parliamentary peers (after 1437) and lay tenants-in-chief)
- the third estate of Burgh Commissioners (representatives chosen by the royal burghs)
The bishops and abbots of the First Estate were the thirteen medieval bishops of Aberdeen, Argyll, Brechin, Caithness, Dunblane, Dunkeld, Galloway, Glasgow, Isles (Sodor), Moray, Orkney, Ross and St Andrews and the mitred abbots of Arbroath, Cambuskenneth, Coupar Angus, Dunfermline, Holyrood, Iona, Kelso, Kilwinning, Kinloss, Lindores, Paisley, Melrose, Scone, St Andrews Priory and Sweetheart. The First Estate ended when Charles I moved the parliament in 1638 and made it an entirely lay assembly. Later, the bishops themselves were removed from the Church of Scotland during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William of Orange. The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three.
From the 16th century, the second estate was reorganised by the selection of Shire Commissioners: this has been argued to have created a fourth estate. During the 17th century, after the Union of the Crowns, a fifth estate of royal office holders (see Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland) has also been identified. These latter identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the term used for the assembled members continued to be 'the Three Estates'.
A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament, namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility. Because the parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamber, as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons.
The Scottish parliament evolved during the Middle Ages from the King's Council. It is perhaps first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, described as a ‘colloquium’ and already with a political and judicial role. By the early 14th century, the attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and from 1326 burgh commissioners attended. Consisting of The Three Estates; of clerics, lay Tenants-in-chief and burgh commissioners sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most obviously it was needed for consent for taxation (although taxation was only raised irregularly in Scotland in the medieval period), but it also had a strong influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and all manner of other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic. Parliamentary business was also carried out by ‘sister’ institutions, before c. 1500 by General Council and thereafter by the Convention of Estates. These could |
Why can colloidal silver turn your skin blue?
Stan Jones isn't your average politician from Montana. He has a rare condition called argyria -- his skin is grayish-blue. He developed argyria after drinking too much colloidal silver | Why can colloidal silver turn your skin blue?
Stan Jones isn't your average politician from Montana. He has a rare condition called argyria -- his skin is grayish-blue. He developed argyria after drinking too much colloidal silver to ward off infectious disease, because he feared there would be an antibiotics shortage [source: BBC News]. Jones's case isn't unique. A few other people who have consumed silver have also developed the condition.
When used topically, silver has antibacterial properties that can be medically useful. A coating of silver nanoparticles on a wound dressing, for example, creates a barrier that germs can't cross, reducing the chance of infection significantly [source: California Nanoscience Institute]. Colloidal silver is a suspension of tiny particles of silver in water. Some people believe that drinking a colloidal silver solution will provide protection against infectious diseases [source: Woolston]. However, there's no scientific proof that drinking colloidal silver has any beneficial effects. That doesn't mean there are no benefits -- it just means there hasn't been enough serious research to document the medicinal value of colloidal silver.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn't approve of colloidal silver as a medical treatment. But you can still find colloidal silver marketed as a health supplement, because the FDA has no oversight over supplements. If a company claims that colloidal silver can prevent serious illnesses, however, the FDA can intervene.
Ingestion of a little silver should have no effect on your skin. Doctors estimate that the average person would have to ingest at least two to four grams of silver to develop argyria [source: Jonas et al]. Once the silver is in your digestive system, silver ions enter your bloodstream. The ions can pass through cellular walls, binding with amino acids inside the cell's cytoplasm. These ions retain a dark color.
Argyria most affects |
Saving Maine’s Basket Trees from an
For centuries, Wabanaki artisans have woven exquisite baskets from brown ash, which they call wipiti, or “basket trees.” Now, however, this ancient art form and the basketmakers’ livelihood | Saving Maine’s Basket Trees from an
For centuries, Wabanaki artisans have woven exquisite baskets from brown ash, which they call wipiti, or “basket trees.” Now, however, this ancient art form and the basketmakers’ livelihoods are at risk. An invasive beetle called the emerald ash borer has already killed tens of millions of ash trees in the Midwest and Canada, and it’s heading toward Maine.
The emerald ash borer (EAB) has spread to 15 states and two
Canadian provinces since it was first detected in Michigan in 2002. Believed to have arrived on shipping pallets from China, it is now spread mainly by people transporting firewood and has been reported as far east as New York State and Quebec. In 2011, U.S. Forest Service entomologist Nathan Siegert told The New York Times, “Right now, the emerald ash borer is the most destructive insect we have in North America.”
Wabanaki basketmakers in Maine have watched and worried for years. “We were really afraid when the weavers from the Great Lakes started telling us about the emerald ash borer and what it’s doing to the ash trees in Michigan,” says Jennifer Neptune, a member of the Maine Indian Basketmakers Alliance. “If and when it comes here, it will be devastating if it kills all our trees. That will be another tradition that will just be lost.”
Maine’s basket trees, however, stand a decent chance. SSI researchers are teaming up with Wabanaki basketmakers like Neptune, along with tribes and state and federal agencies, to fight the destructive beetle. Launched in 2009 by Darren Ranco, associate professor of anthropology and Chair of Native American Programs at UMaine, this is the first project in the U.S. to work with tribes from the beginning to develop proactive policies and strategies to fight an EAB invasion.
Ranco’s team is helping state and tribal agencies develop emergency response plans, which outline steps for addressing a borer invasion, from monitoring and control to communication and quarantines. The researchers have developed guidelines based on an analysis of EAB emergency response plans in nine other states by SSI graduate student Erin Quigley. They are now sharing lessons learned with their partners, and helping them put best practices into action.
The SSI team’s analysis revealed an important oversight: none of the emergency response plans in other states addressed how an EAB invasion would affect tribes, or how to involve tribes in a response. Yet policies aimed at fighting the borer also would have an impact on tribes, particularly basketmakers and harvesters, says Ranco.
“Emergency response planning sometimes has a very top-down approach,” Ranco says. “We want to make sure that the planning in Maine allows for input from the bottom-up and that the basketmakers’ needs and interests are served and communicated along the chain of command.”
To that end, the team has made recommendat ions such as coordinating communication between state, tribal and federal agencies on EAB policies and working out potentially sticky issues ahead of time, such as w hether or not tribal lands would be included in county-wide quarantines of infested areas. The SSI researchers and their partners have formed working groups on communication and jurisdictional issues to act on these recommendations.
Nailing down such details ahead of time benefits ever yone, Ranco observes. He gives the example of making sure tribes know whom to contact if they spot the borer. “ Those gathering ash for basketmaking might be some of the first to detect an invasion,” he says, “while those who are making hardwood pulp might not even notice it.”
Western Science Meets Indigenous Knowledge
While Ranco and others make progress on policy, team member Bill Livingston and graduate student Kara Lorion are collaborating with tribes on anot her challenge: safeguarding the state’s best stands of brown ash, which is uncommon in Maine. They are working with Wabanaki ash harvesters, who process the trees by hand into basket splin |
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Johann Friedrich Pfaff's father, Burkhard Pfaff, was | Click the picture above
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Johann Friedrich Pfaff's father, Burkhard Pfaff, was chief financial counsellor of Württemberg while his mother was the daughter of a member of the exchequer of Württemberg. It was a family with a tradition of working as civil servants for the government of Württemberg.
Johann Friedrich was the second of his parents seven sons and, although perhaps the one to attain the greatest fame, he was certainly not the only one to excel in science. The youngest of the family, Johann Wilhelm Pfaff who was born in 1774, also became a mathematician and held chairs in Würtzburg and Erlangen. The second youngest, Christoph Heinrich Pfaff was born in 1773 and, with interests in chemistry, medicine and pharmacy, he worked with Volta on electricity in animals.
There was a school in Stuttgart, the Hohe Karlsschule, which was run to train sons of government officials of Württemberg and Johann Friedrich attended this school from the age of nine. It was a rather uninspiring school, strong on discipline but less good academically. Pfaff did not learn much in the way of mathematics there despite attending the school until he was nearly twenty. When he left in the autumn of 1785 he had completed his studies in law, a fitting subject for a civil servant.
Despite a lack of training in mathematics at his school, Pfaff had studied mathematics on his own and began to study the works of Euler. He was encouraged to move toward scientific topics by the Duke of Württemberg, and he spent two years studying at the University of Göttingen where he was taught mathematics by Kästner and he also studied physics. From Göttingen, Pfaff moved to Berlin in the summer of 1787. There he studied astronomy under J E Bode, and Pfaff wrote his first paper which was on a problem in astronomy.
In the spring of 1788 Pfaff set off on a journey to Vienna but he visited many universities on the way, in particular Halle, Jena, Helmstedt, Dresden, and Prague. Klügel was professor of mathematics at Helmstedt and he accepted a chair at Halle leaving the position at Helmstedt vacant. Pfaff's physics professor at Göttingen recommended him for the chair, and Pfaff submitted a dissertation on the occasion of his election as professor of mathematics at the University of Helmstedt. It was a tradition that new professors at the university there submitted an inaugural dissertation.
Pfaff's inaugural dissertatio |
What causes seborrheic dermatitis?
The cause of cradle cap is unknown; however, the symptoms are the result of an overproduction of sebum that accounts for the location of the symptoms in areas rich in sebaceous glands. | What causes seborrheic dermatitis?
The cause of cradle cap is unknown; however, the symptoms are the result of an overproduction of sebum that accounts for the location of the symptoms in areas rich in sebaceous glands. Areas that are rich in these glands include the scalp, face, perineum, neck and trunk. Though cradle cap is a term used when referring to the white scales of seborrheic dermatitis in infants, it can also present during adolescence. It is believed that hormones play a role in the presentation of seborrheic dermatitis.
One of the first measures that the health care provider may implement is reassuring the parents that this condition is usually self limiting and disappears within the first year. Education about this condition will reduce the fear and anxiety related to fear of the unknown. Next a differential diagnosis will be done to rule out other skin conditions. According to the American Pediatric Association, there are several recommendations for treatment starting with simple measures as keep the skin clean and dry.
The health care provider may recommend that the parent washes the baby’s hair with a mild shampoo, for more severe cases they may order a medicated shampoo to help to soften the dry areas and the use of a soft brush to remove the loose scales. Occasionally, the health care personnel may prescribe hydrocortisone cream to reduce itching and to soften and heal the problem area.
Occasionally, seborrheic dermatitis may be due to a yeast infection, and for these cases the health care provider may order specific creams and lotions. Parents should be educated about the potential of ingestion of these creams. Babies are in the oral phase and tend to put everything in their mouths. Since cradle cap may cause some amount of itching, the child could potentially scratch the area and transfer the medication to his or her mouth. Parents may be encouraged to place mittens on the baby’s hands to prevent ingestion of the topical medication.
Parents may express their concerns to health care providers about the potential of their future babies having this condition, since in some families this is a possibility. Parents can educate themselves by reading more about cradle cap on the KidsWorldMD website. Knowledge is powerful and give peace of mind. |
Benthos, Animals of the Sea Floor
Wherever successful dredging operations have been conducted, the ocean floors have been found to be inhabited by benthic animals from the Arctic to the Antarctic and from shore to the greatest depth. However | Benthos, Animals of the Sea Floor
Wherever successful dredging operations have been conducted, the ocean floors have been found to be inhabited by benthic animals from the Arctic to the Antarctic and from shore to the greatest depth. However, the number of animals (that is, the concentration per unit area) varies greatly; moreover, the kinds of animals that make up the major portion of the population differ, especially the species, genera and families. Such differences are apparent in the populations of such small topographic units as biotopes, as well as in the larger environmental divisions, and they are the biological criteria for establishing the vertical zones, littoral, archibenthic, and abyssal-benthic, as well as the horizontal faunal areas to be discussed later. It is mainly with the fauna of these larger divisions that we shall deal. For greater detail on the zoogeography of the seas the reader is referred especially to Ekman's text (1935), in which an extensive bibliography is also included.
Animals of the Littoral Zone. The outstanding feature of the littoral zone, especially of the upper or eulittoral zone extending to depths of about 40 to 60 m, is the great diversity and variability of the physical-chemical conditions of habitats. The substratum varies from clean firm rocks to shifting sands and soft muds. Marked salinity gradients sometimes exist, and seasonal and diurnal fluctuations add variety to the life of animals of this zone. Wave and tide actions are highly important, particularly in the shallower portions. Morphologically, the animals are variously modified along special lines associated, for instance, with the type of bottom, degree of exposure, depth, feeding habits. Many of the sessile forms, such as the limpets and chitons of the intertidal zones, are flattened and streamlined the better to withstand the wash and impact of rushing waters. Mussels are securely attached by strong and flexible byssus threads, while adult barnacles, corals, tube worms, and encrusting Bryozoa are rigidly and permanently cemented to rocks, shells, or other solid objects. Less rigidly attached are the hydroids, sponges, and anemones. The sessile or immobile habit so conspicuous in vast numbers of adult marine organisms is highly characteristic of life in the sea. This mode of life is made possible only by the continuous supply of floating microscopic food and the water movements necessary for its production and dispersal (see following chapters).
Among the free-moving bottom forms we find adaptations and habits so varied that all conceivable habitat facies are used. The sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, for example, is able to bore into rocks for protection on exposed coasts. The shells of molluscs are frequently of more sturdy structure when grown on exposed, wave-washed shores. Corals on exposed reefs are massive and compact in comparison to the more fragile and branched types found in lagoons (Vaughan, 1919).
On muddy or soft bottom environments other adaptive modifications result. The shelled animals of these environments build relatively thin, fragile shells as compared with those of animals in exposed or rocky situations. Burrowing bivalves of muddy, sandy bottoms commonly possess an enlarged “foot” useful in digging, and the siphons are elongated to extend above the substratum for intake of water providing food and oxygen. In contrast, the bivalves of hard bottoms may have these structures much reduced, and in more active forms like the scallops, tactile organs and even eyes are developed on the mantle edge. Creeping snails possess a broad foot to aid in gliding over soft mud. Burrowing worms are able to maintain permanent or temporary tubes by means of a mucous or fibrous lining secreted by the animals. Many mud-inhabiting animals are detritus feeders, eating the mud for the organic material it contains or sucking up the detritus that has settled at the mud-and-water interface.
In the littoral zone there is an abundant supply of food for animals. This results directly from favorable conditions for the production of plants, both attached and floating, and from the availability of these plants directly or indirectly to the benthic animals. An appreciable amount of organic material of terrigenous or fresh-water origin must supplement the great quantities produced in this zone. Due to this ready supply of food, the littoral zone produces benthic animals in abundance. The actual concentration is variable, of course, depending upon such local conditions as type of bottom, rate of flow of overlying water, river outflow, and upon meteorological conditions. The last is especially pronounced in intertidal situations, where seasonal rains and freshets may dilute tide pools and exposed flats with devastating results to the |
While most adults cannot remember anything from their very early years, a New Zealand study suggests that exposing very young children to vivid and unusual situations will aid recall in later life.
The work, by three researchers from Otago University's psychology department, | While most adults cannot remember anything from their very early years, a New Zealand study suggests that exposing very young children to vivid and unusual situations will aid recall in later life.
The work, by three researchers from Otago University's psychology department, sought to test the idea of childhood amnesia, which says adults cannot remember events from before they were 3 or 4.
Two researchers visited 50 Dunedin children in 1999 and asked them to play with an unusual toy. They visited the same group again in 2005 to see if they could remember the first visit.
About a fifth could, including two children who were under 3 years old, said the study's lead author, Fiona Jack.
The findings buck the trend of most previous Western studies, which place the earliest recollections at about 3 years of age.
Dr Jack said other studies had tested recall of significant events, such as medical operations, which could have been influenced by family stories or photos.
"We found that over the long term, not many of the children did remember it, but of those who did, some were as young as 2. The youngest was 27 months at the time it occurred.
"Basically, I think the main contribution of our study is that it's the first objective evidence that children as young as 2 can encode memories of the experiences they have, and retain them over long per |
Brief SummaryRead full entry
The flagellated unicellular parasite Giardia duodenalis (also sometimes known as G. intestinalis or G. lamblia) resides in the intestines of humans and a range of other vertebrates | Brief SummaryRead full entry
The flagellated unicellular parasite Giardia duodenalis (also sometimes known as G. intestinalis or G. lamblia) resides in the intestines of humans and a range of other vertebrates. Giardia lack common eukaryotic subcellular compartments such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, and apparently also a traditional Golgi apparatus. Six Giardia species are currently recognized. Five of these are represented by isolates from amphibians (G. agilis), birds (G. ardeae, G. psittaci), mice (G. muris), and voles (G. microti). Thje sixth species (G. duodenalis, sometimes treated as a species complex rather than a single species) includes Giardia strains isolated from a large range of other mammalian hosts (including humans, domestic dogs, cats, and livestock). Plutzer et al. (2010) reviewed the biology, epidemiology, detection, and control of Giardia. (Plutzer et al. 2010 and references therein; Tangtrongsup and Scorza 2010).
Giardia cysts are resistant forms and are responsible for transmission of giardiasis. Both cysts (the dormant, environmentally resistant stage, which measure around 12 microns long and 7 microns wide) and trophozoites (the active, motile stage, which measure around 15 microns long and 8 microns wide) can be found in the feces. The cysts are hardy and can survive several months in cold water. Infection occurs by the ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food, or by the fecal-oral route (hands or fomites, i.e., inanimate objects or substances capable of transferring pathogens). In the small intestine, excystation releases trophozoites (each cyst produces two trophozoites). Trophozoites multiply by longitudinal binary fission, remaining in the lumen of the proximal small bowel, where they can be either free or attached to the mucosa by a ventral sucking disk. Encystation occurs as the parasites move toward the colon. The cyst is the stage found most commonly in nondiarrheal feces. Because the cysts are infectious when passed in the stool or shortly afterward, person-to-person transmission is possible. Non-human animals are infected with Giardia, but their importance as a reservoir for human infection is unclear. Giardia infects humans worldwide, but is more prevalent in warm climates and in children. (Tangtrongsup and Scorza 2010; Centers for Disease Control P |
Millions around the globe begin to set their sights on London for the next few weeks, making this a great time to take a look back at Los Angeles’ experience with the Olympics.
As one of the very few cities to have hosted the Summer | Millions around the globe begin to set their sights on London for the next few weeks, making this a great time to take a look back at Los Angeles’ experience with the Olympics.
As one of the very few cities to have hosted the Summer Games more than once (along with Athens, London and Paris), Los Angeles was honored with an encore opportunity to welcome the entire world to visit.
However, the city faced unique challenges in both 1932 and 1984 in transporting athletes and spectators around town.
The Games of the X Olympiad as they are officially known were held during the worldwide Great Depression, running from July 30th to August 14, 1932.
We’ve taken a look through some of our own resources as well as the Olympic Committee’s Official Report to understand how participants and the public moved around through the events.
Both Los Angeles and the staging of an Olympic Games eighty years ago were obviously much different than today.
The 1930 U.S. Census pegged the population at just over 1.2 million.
As for the Games, 1,332 athletes from 37 nations participated in 116 events in 14 sports. Less than 10% of the athletes were women.
No other city even made a bid to host the 1932 Summer Olympics and fewer than half the number of participants in Amsterdam’s 1928 Games came here to Los Angeles due to the worldwide economic downturn.
Despite the Depression, the Organizing Committee provided a complete transportation system for all contestants and officials living in the Olympic Village in Baldwin Hills and the “Women’s Hotel” (Chapman Park Hotel) downtown.
Parking facilities for a maximum of seventy motor coaches of 30-person capacity were provided outside the Olympic Village, together with an office building, repair pits, wash rack and service station.
During the training period, regular transportation schedules serviced thirty training locations.
In addition to this regular service before the Games began, special bus coaches were operated to training locations where the size of the team or other circumstances warranted increased service.
According to the Official Report of the local organizing committee, “thousands of interested spectators visited the Olympic Village daily to watch the arrival and departure of the busses carrying the athletes. The early morning hours, when busses were coming and going at an average of one every minute, attracted the most attention.”
Transportation needs reached a peak on July 30, the day of the Opening Ceremonies.
S |
Tumor markers (also known as biomarkers) are substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissue of some people with cancer. Although cancer cells often produce tumor markers, other healthy cells in the body produce them | Tumor markers (also known as biomarkers) are substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissue of some people with cancer. Although cancer cells often produce tumor markers, other healthy cells in the body produce them as well.
Tumor markers and cancer
Along with other diagnostic tests, testing for tumor markers can indicate the presence of cancer and help doctors make treatment decisions. Tumor markers are most commonly used to do the following:
Screen high-risk individuals. Doctors may test for tumor markers to help find cancer in healthy or high-risk people before symptoms develop.
Confirm the diagnosis. Tumor markers may be used to confirm the results of other tests and procedures. However, the presence or amount of a tumor marker alone is not enough to diagnose cancer.
Predict prognosis. Tumor markers can help the doctor predict the cancer's behavior and response to treatment, as well as a person’s chance of recovery.
Guide treatment decisions. Some tumor markers help doctors decide whether to add chemotherapy (the use of drugs to kill cancer cells) or immunotherapy (biologic therapy; treatment designed to boost the body's natural defenses to fight the cancer) after surgery and/or radiation therapy. Other tumor markers help doctors choose which drug(s) or regimens (schedules for these drugs) will be most beneficial for an individual patient.
Monitor treatment. Doctors may use changes in the presence or amount of one or more tumor markers to assess how the cancer is responding to treatment.
Predict or monitor for recurrence. Tumor markers may be used to determine the chance that the cancer will come back after treatment. For some patients, looking for changes in the amount of a tumor marker may be part of their follow-up care plan and may help detect a recurrence sooner than other methods.
Limitations of tumor markers
Tumor markers are not foolproof. Usually doctors need results from other tests, such as an x-ray or biopsy (the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope), to determine whether the presence of a particular tumor marker is a cause for concern. This is because:
- An elevated tumor marker level may be caused by a condition or disease other than cancer.
- Some tumor marker levels may be high in people without cancer.
- Tumor marker levels may vary over time, making it hard to get consistent results.
- The level of a tumor marker may not rise until a person's cancer is advanced, which is not helpful for early detection, screening, or monitoring for recurrence.
Testing for tumor markers
To test for tumor markers, the doctor will take a sample of blood or urine and send it to a laboratory for analysis. A biopsy sample or surgical specimen may also be used to test for tumor markers. Some tests must be repeated because the levels of tumor markers can change from month to month. This is called serial testing.
As with other laboratory tests, a reliable tumor marker test must be both specific and sensitive.
Specificity. If either the tumor marker itself or the test used to detect or measure it is not specific enough, there is a chance that the results could suggest a tumor is present, or growing despite treatment, when it is not (a false positive). In this case, a healthy person may go through unnecessary tests and anxiety.
Sensitivity. If the tumor marker or the test is not sensitive enough, the results may suggest a tumor is not present when it actually is or that it is responding to treatment when it is not (a false negative). In this case, a person who may benefit from additional testing and treatment may not receive it.
Examples of tumor markers in cancer
The following are examples of tumor markers often associated with cancer. Please talk with your doctor or another member of your health care team to learn more about specific tumor markers.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). This tumor marker is a specialized protein on breast cancer cells that helps control cancer growth and spread. Women with tumors that have high levels of HER2 benefit from certain drugs, including trastuzumab (Herceptin). Learn more about HER2 testing for breast cancer.
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This tumor marker may be found at elevated levels in people with different types of cancer, but it is most often associated with colorectal cancer. Read more about CEA and other tumor markers for gastrointestinal cancers.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PSA is a protein made by the prostate gland. PSA levels are high in men with prostate cancer, prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate), or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, a condition in which prostate cells grow and block the flow of urine). A PSA test can be used to screen for prostate cancer; however, the value of this screening test for men who have no symptoms of prostate cancer remains under debate. In addition, PSA tests are used to find out if prostate cancer has |
Elderly face bias, stereotyping
Greenwich Time, May 25, 2003
When Ruthanne Jaffe Birnbaum complimented the hairdresser who cut her
88-year-old mother's hair, she couldn't | Elderly face bias, stereotyping
Greenwich Time, May 25, 2003
When Ruthanne Jaffe Birnbaum complimented the hairdresser who cut her
88-year-old mother's hair, she couldn't believe the response she heard.
" 'I do real people's hair, too,' " Birnbaum recalled the
hairdresser telling her. "It hurt me."
Birnbaum, 52, said that is one of many examples of ageism she regularly
encounters. The town resident works as a clinical social worker in private
practice in town and at Jewish Family Services in Stamford. As someone who
sees many elderly clients and has an elderly mother, she said she often
sees negative stereotypes about seniors.
Ageism is prejudice or discrimination against or in favor of any age
group. Birnbaum said the elderly are often not respected because people
are scared of aging.
"They are so fearful this will happen to them that they become less
tolerant and less sensible," she said. "People are afraid of
age, of getting older, because I think the society is afraid of
Several senior service providers said they believe Greenwich offers more
services for the elderly than most communities. But negative stereotypes
against the elderly exist here, just like anywhere else, they said.
Sam Deibler, director of the Greenwich Commission on Aging, a resource
agency that provides services and advocates on behalf of local seniors,
said it is much harder for a senior to get a job because older people are
often perceived to be less productive. Older people are the first to get
laid off when a company tries to reduce its work force, he said. They are
often encouraged to retire instead of seek promotions, he said.
Seniors over the age of 85 were the town's fastest-growing group in the
1990s, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. More than a quarter of all
Greenwich households include a person over the age of 65, according to the
Deibler, 57, said respect for the elderly has decreased over the years
because of changes in family values. Families are more fragmented now, so
many young people grow up without close contact with their grandparents or
only see them when there is a problem in the family or someone is sick or
dying, he said.
Elizabeth Taracka, an 84-year-old town resident, agreed.
"A lot of the parents work now and don't have time," she said.
"The whole moral thing is gone to pot."
Deibler used the example of people losing their glasses at different ages.
If a 13-year-old kid loses his glasses, he is seen as irresponsible, and a
40-year-old is perceived as being very busy, he said. But when a
70-year-old loses his glasses, others think he is senile, Deibler said.
"There is a value that we place on aging and it's not a good
one," he said. "It's cultural and some of it is a product of the
values that we learn in our families."
Dr. Stephen Jones, director of Greenwich Hospital's Center for Healthy
Aging, said many people misinterpret the meaning of aging.
"I think everyone associates aging with decline, that it's always a
loss," he said. "And in some respects it is. That's the nature
of life. People lose friends, relatives, they are not as active. But that
doesn't mean their lives don't have a meaning. As we get older we can
actually improve in other aspects. We become (more) knowledgeable, better
read, better educated."
The hospital recently changed the center's name from Geriatric Health and
Resource Center because many people had misconceptions about the word
"geriatric," Jones said.
Rick Weiner, an acting senior social worker at the Greenwich Department of
Social Services, blamed television and other media for creating a lot of
the negative stereotypes toward the elderly. Americans are constantly
bombarded with ads about how to look younger, he said.
"Somewhere in there is the inherent value that looking younger is
better," Weiner, 55, said. "No one has ever asked, 'What's wrong
with looking older?' "
Many seniors buy into this media blitz, he said, and start feeling less
"They become ashamed, they apologize for the way they look, they
apologize for their appearance, for the things they can't do any
more," Weiner said, adding that younger generations rarely apologize
for things they are not able to do.
Seniors are also not seen as a viable economic force because of an
assumption that older people all live on fixed incomes, he said. None of
the shops on Greenwich Avenue have older-looking mannequins, he said,
illustrating the point that this type of stereotype exists even in a town
where many seniors are wealthy.
But in other countries, seniors are more recognized for their values,
Weiner and Deibler said. Deibler used the example of Asian nations, where
younger people greet the el |
The History of
By Holice, Pam, and Deb
Extra special thanks to Holice B. Young for transcribing this series of books!
WASHINGTON INDIANS OF TODAY--PATSY, THE POTLACH-GIVER.
"'B | The History of
By Holice, Pam, and Deb
Extra special thanks to Holice B. Young for transcribing this series of books!
WASHINGTON INDIANS OF TODAY--PATSY, THE POTLACH-GIVER.
"'Bis dat qui cito dat,' he sings,
Who in Italia dwells.
'He giveth twice who quickly gives,'
As our translation tells.
Poor Patsy's 'potlach' party done,
Behold him stripped of all
The wealth by years of labor won,
Scattered beyond recall.
Yet most ungrudgingly he yields
To kith and kin his store,
Who thankless take each proffered gift,
Then hasten from the shore,
And while with paddles deftly plied
Their homeward way they wend,
The 'potlach' giver only fears
Lest he forgot some friend.'"
The following is Judge James Wickersham's interesting description of a Toanhooch Indian Potlach, as read before the Academy of Science:
"The word 'potlach' in the Chinook means a gift; 'cultus potlach' means that something is given that is of no consequence or not valuable; but the real idea expressed in speaking of a 'potlach'--without qualification--is of a great meeting of the friends of some Indian who has accumulated Indian wealth, and who will, at such gathering, after the proper religious and other ceremonies, give away all his possessions--stripping himself and family in one hour of a fortune won by yeas of hard work and economy--out Bellamying-Bellamy, and practically illustrating the scriptural injunction that it is better to give than to receive. With this general idea of a 'potlach' in my mind, and in obedience to the expressed wish of the Washington Historical Society, I undertook to attend a 'potlach' announced
far and near by the 'Boston man's' papers to take place at Port Hadlock, on Port Townsend Bay, July 4th, 1891. Just across the bay from Port Hadlock, probably a quarter of a mile away, we could see the white cloth roof of the low-long building erected by Patsy, the wealthy potlach-giver, for the uses of his friends, and under the roof of which ceremonies would take place. Down the bay could be seen coming potlachward many canoes loaded with aborigines from Skagit, Snoqualmie, Skokomish, Port Madison, Neah Bay, and even from Quillayute, Quinalt, and "Kaouk," or Lake of the Sun, on the Pacific Coast. At dusk the opening ceremonies were to take place, and while the Indian is slow, dignified, and quiet, while he is reserved and stoical, yet he is fond of ceremony, and will make very effort to be present at the opening of every great pow-wow. By dark on the evening of the 3d, fully five hundred Indians were camped in and around the potlach ground. As the sun descended behind the Olympics its last rays, falling across the waters of this beautiful bay, lit up a scene truly barbaric. Upon the beach, pulled high above the tide, were the great war canoes of the coast tribes, as well as the smaller but equally well made and gaudily painted 'canims' of the Sound Indians. On a grassy spot of about two acres in extent and not more than ten feet above the'salt-chuck,' Patsy, the potlach-giver, had erected of old boards and refuse lumber a building one hundred feet long by forty wide, and had covered the entire structure with thin white cloth purchased at the Hadlock mill store. The balance of the open space was filled with tents and every variety of Indian shelter. The whole space was crowded with a moving throng of Indians, talking and shouting, with many motions and much excitement, carrying their property of every description from their canoes to their temporary homes, and all engaged in getting their quarters into proper shape for the night and the coming ceremonies.
"Patsy, the potlach-giver, went around among the arrivals and distributed stores of crackers and other eatables, so that every person present was supplied with food and shelter. After a hearty supper, everybody, including the 'Boston' present, gathered in the great potlach house. A door at each end gave entrance and exit. There was no window, and no necessity for one, as the nature of the roof afforded a light equal to that out-
side in the daytime, the whole building being lighted at night by coal-oil lamps fastened to great posts down the centre of the room. On either side, the full length of the building, a shell-like platform had been build about two feet high and abut feet wide, and upon this reclined all these five hundred Indians, clothed in their many-colored and ill-fitting garments and smelling of fish, good, bad, and indifferent, but especially indif |
INSIDE a bar of cold glass Jean-Yves Prieur and his team at the University of Paris-South have created a saserthe acoustic equivalent of a laser. They say it could open up a new way of detecting subatomic particles | INSIDE a bar of cold glass Jean-Yves Prieur and his team at the University of Paris-South have created a saserthe acoustic equivalent of a laser. They say it could open up a new way of detecting subatomic particles.
Lasers use a medium, usually a gas or crystal, with atoms that can occupy two or more different energy levels. Left alone, the atoms go for the lowest possible energy level. The trick with lasers is to overpopulate the upper energy level, by pumping light into the system to excite the atoms. Passing photons can then provoke the excited atoms into giving up their excess energy as a cascade of photons with a single, pure wavelength.
Prieur realised that it should be possible to do the same with sound waves. Glass is a strong absorber of ultrasound. At low temperatures, incoming packets of vibrational energy, or phonons, are trapped at absorbing centres...
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Elizabeth Singer Rowe and the Development of the English Novel is the first in-depth study of Rowe’s prose fiction. A four-volume collection of her work | Access your Project MUSE content using one of the login options below Close(X)
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Elizabeth Singer Rowe and the Development of the English Novel is the first in-depth study of Rowe’s prose fiction. A four-volume collection of her work was a bestseller for a hundred years after its publication, but today Rowe is a largely unrecognized figure in the history of the novel. Although her poetry was appreciated by poets such as Alexander Pope for its metrical craftsmanship, beauty, and imagery, by the time of her death in 1737 she was better known for her fiction. According to Paula R. Backscheider, Rowe's major focus in her novels was on creating characters who were seeking a harmonious, contented life, often in the face of considerable social pressure. This quest would become the plotline in a large number of works in the second half of the eighteenth century, and it continues to be a major theme today in novels by women. Backscheider relates Rowe’s work to popular fiction written by earlier writers as well as by her contemporaries. Rowe had a lasting influence on major movements, including the politeness (or gentility) movement, the reading revolution, and the Bluestocking society. The author reveals new information about each of these movements, and Elizabeth Singer Rowe emerges as an important innovator. Her influence resulted in new types of novel writing, philosophies, and lifestyles for women. Backscheider looks to archival materials, literary analysis, biographical evidence, and a configuration of cultural and feminist theories to prove her groundbreaking argument.
Female Spiritualities, Contested Orthodoxies, and English Religious Cultures, 1350-1700
In The Embodied Word: Female Spiritualities, Contested Orthodoxies, and English Religious Cultures, 1350–1700, Nancy Bradley Warren expands on the topic of female spirituality, first explored in her book Women of God and Arms, to encompass broad issues of religion, gender, and historical periodization. Through her analyses of the variety of ways in which medieval spirituality was deliberately and actively carried forward to the early modern period, Warren underscores both continuities and revisions that challenge conventional distinctions between medieval and early modern culture. The early modern writings of Julian of Norwich are an illustrative starting point for Warren’s challenge to established views of English religious cultures. In a single chapter, Warren follows the textual and devotional practices of Julian as they influence two English Benedictine nuns in exile, and then Grace Mildmay, a seventeenth-century Protestant gentry woman, “to shed light on the ways in which individual encounters of the divine, especially gendered bodily encounters expressed textually, signify for others both personally and socio-historically.” In subsequent chapters, Warren discusses St. Birgitta of Sweden’s imitatio Christi in the context of the importance of Spain and Spanish women in shaping a distinctive form of early modern Englishness strongly aligned with medieval religious culture; juxtaposes the fifteenth-century mystic Margery Kempe with the life and writings of Anna Trapnel, a seventeenth-century Baptist; and treats Catherine of Siena together with the Protestant Anne Askew and Lollard and Recusant women. In the final chapters she focuses on the interplay of gender and textuality in women’s textual representations of themselves and in works written by men who used the traditions of female spirituality in the service of competing orthodoxies.
Representations of Consciousness in Narrative Discourse in English
From Chaucer’s Pardoner to Eliot’s Edward Casaubon, from Behn’s Oroonoko to Woolf’s Clarissa Dalloway—the multifarious perceptions, inferences, memories, attitudes, and emotions of such characters are in some cases as vividly familiar to us readers as those of the living, breathing individuals we know from our own day-to-day experiences in the world at large. Equally diverse are the investigative frameworks that have been developed to study such fictional minds, their operations and qualities, and the narrative means used to portray them. The Emergence of Mind provides new perspectives on the strategies used to represent minds in stories and suggests the variety of analytic approaches that illuminate those strategies. In this interdisciplinary and groundbreaking collection of essays, distinguished scholars such as Monika Fludernik, Alan Palmer, and Lisa Zunshine examine trends in the representation of consciousness in English-language narrative discourse from 700 to the present. Tracing commonalities and differences in the portrayal of fictional minds over virtually the entire time span during which narrative discourse in English has been written and read, The Emergence of Mind will have a lasting impact on literary studies, narratology, and other fields.
One of the messages that Emily Dickinson wanted to communicate to the world was her great love of William Shakespeare—her letters abound with references to him and his works. This book explores the many implications of her admiration for the Bard. Páraic Finnerty clarifies the essential role that Shake |
Patients are being put at risk of serious infection because many nurses are not using intravenous drips properly, a report suggests.
Nurses are advised to make sure they follow the guidelines
The Royal College of Nursing said in some cases they may even | Patients are being put at risk of serious infection because many nurses are not using intravenous drips properly, a report suggests.
Nurses are advised to make sure they follow the guidelines
The Royal College of Nursing said in some cases they may even be putting patients' lives at risk.
It says some nurses are using the wrong equipment or are failing to change devices often enough.
It has now published guidelines advising nurses on when and how to administer IV drips.
IV drips are administered to thousands of patients every day. They have a variety of uses, including administering blood, fluid and drugs.
The report says there are wide variations in the way IV drips are administered across the country.
In some cases, practices vary even on the same ward or in the same hospital.
It said in some hospitals a cannula or tube is changed every three days as recommended.
However, in others it may only be changed once a week. This can cause the patient discomfort but also increase their chances of catching an infection.
Lisa Dougherty, chair of the committee which drew up the new guidelines, said these variations were putting the health of patients at risk.
"Infusion therapy is not without risk and whilst life-threatening complications remain rare, other problems such as infection, inflammation and tissue damage may still occur.
"With even minor complications, patients can suffer a considerable amount of discomfort," she said.
"But by using the most up-t |
Like follows like. Cause and effect. Humans have noticed that things tend to follow one another, changing in a certain direction and building on what came before long before we had a word for it - evolution. Most people think of evolution solely as a | Like follows like. Cause and effect. Humans have noticed that things tend to follow one another, changing in a certain direction and building on what came before long before we had a word for it - evolution. Most people think of evolution solely as a process that has already been completed - one that made the animals we know today, from the pigeons who hang out on awnings for decks to the cats we have sleeping in our apartments. But evolution, by its very nature, is a continuing process, and it just affect plants and animals. We see evolution all around us all the time. This sight will help you learn to recognize it for what it is.
Have you noticed a change in the way people look and act? Not just between us now and the people in our history books but also between our generation and the ones before and after it? Humans evolve too - often much more quickly than any other species - because of our level of interconnectedness. People on one side of the globe might become interested in the death of a tree, which in turn leads people on the other side of the world to more carefully choose the materials that they build their centro square condos. This type of evolution of thought has sped up since the internet was invented.
And speaking of the internet, what about technology? Couldn't you also say that technology has been evolving? Our capacity to store, share, and record data has increased in leaps and bounds, especially over the last 100 years. The invention of factories frees up many people from laborious jobs, giving them more time to think of new technology, like radio, television, computers, the internet, smart phones, and automated lawn mowers that can do your Waterdown landscaping while you think of some newer and even crazier piece of technology to make life easier.
It's not just our thoughts and our toys that evolve, either. Entertainment and art is another area in which evolution occurs rapidly. Perhaps some IRS expats move to a new country and bring with them their old musical traditions. They then are exposed to new musical traditions and combine them with their old ones, creating a synthesis of music that can then be recorded and shared worldwide, prompting others to add their own ideas to the mix, and a while new musical genre can be born.
So if y |
June 19, 2013 Volker Roth, a professor of computer science at Freie Universität Berlin, is working in a project called AdLeaks to create a system that would make it possible for an individual to submit data over the Internet | June 19, 2013 Volker Roth, a professor of computer science at Freie Universität Berlin, is working in a project called AdLeaks to create a system that would make it possible for an individual to submit data over the Internet while remaining unobserved. The AdLeaks system is currently being checked and tested as part of the EU CONFINE project. A first version of the source code is available as download for interested persons. Unobserved data transfer is relevant, for example, for so-called whistleblowers, persons with inside information who inform the public about corporate or official corruption.
Examples of whistleblowers are Mark Klein, and more recently Edward Snowden, who revealed the extent to which the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) monitors the Internet.
The current discussion focuses heavily on the PRISM program that, as recently became publicly known, allows the NSA to access user data stored by Google, Apple, Microsoft, and other companies. What is often forgotten is that the NSA also accesses data directly from the glass fiber connections over which a great deal of the communication in the Internet takes place. This includes the contents of the affected communication, as well as the call data showing who communicated with whom and when.
"You have to admire the civil courage of Edward Snowden, who sacrifices his future for his democratic convictions, when he reports abuse," says Professor Volker Roth. Not all whistleblowers dare to step out in public, which is often associated with stigma, loss of employment, or criminal prosecution.. "Even whistleblowers who wish to remain anonymous, take risks when they pass information through the Internet because the information collected by the NSA allows the organization to trace connection data calls made once or Internet connections far into the past." Encryption would not change anything in that regard. It is better to use anonymizing services such as Tor that route the connections through several computers and disguise their origin.. The New Yorker magazine advises potential whistleblowers to do just that and report anonymous information to its own strongbox service.
Whether this step is sufficient for an organization such as the NSA remains unclear. "Just using Tor might make one appear suspicious," says Volker Roth. The Tor network also tries to establish a low latency of connections, which may enable a traffic analysis, whereby a wiretap measures when users send data and when data reach their goal. Suffi |
The Back Page
Editor's Note: In 1949, the Reviews of Modern Physics devoted an issue to a celebration of Albert Einstein's seventieth birthday. It contains articles by many of the most eminent physicists of that period. The introductory | The Back Page
Editor's Note: In 1949, the Reviews of Modern Physics devoted an issue to a celebration of Albert Einstein's seventieth birthday. It contains articles by many of the most eminent physicists of that period. The introductory article, by Robert A. Millikan, is especially noteworthy because it describes the content and significance of Einstein's three great papers of 1905, the centennial of which will be commemorated in the World Year of Physics (WYP) in 2005. The entire issue, which is of course accessible to subscribers to the Physical Review Online Archive (PROLA), will also be made available soon on the WYP web site, www.physics2005.org. We reprint Millikan's article here for its intrinsic interest, and also perhaps to pique our readers' interest in participating in the events of 2005.
Robert Millikan and Albert Einstein, Caltech, 1931
The year 1905 was a notable year in that at the age of 26, Einstein published in that year's issue of the Annalen der Physik three brief but remarkable papers that were on the following subjects: (1) the special theory of relativity; (2) the Brownian movements; and (3) photoelectric stopping potentials.
Everyone of these three papers represented new and far-reaching generalizations of immense importance. For the first and second of these the stage had already been set and the experimental foundations on which all sound generalizations must rest had already been built. In the case of relativity the prime experimental builder had been my own chief at the University of Chicago, Albert A. Michelson, who made his first experiment on aether-drift at Berlin in 1881, only two years after he had risen to fame by making in 1879 a very great improvement upon Foucault's rotating mirror method of determining the speed of light.
But it was not until 1887 that this experiment, repeated at Case School of Applied Science with great care and refinement by Michelson and Morley, began to take its place as the most famous and in many ways the most fundamentally significant experiment since the discovery of electromagnetic induction by Faraday in 1831. The special theory of relativity may be looked upon as starting essentially in a generalization from Michelson's experiment. And here is where Einstein's characteristic boldness of approach came in, for the distinguishing feature of modern scientific thought lies in the fact that it begins by discarding all a priori conceptions about the nature of reality—or about the ultimate nature of the universe—such as had characterized practically all Greek philosophy and all medieval thinking as well, and takes instead, as its starting point, well-authenticated, carefully tested experimental facts, no matter whether these facts seem at the moment to be reasonable or not. In a word, modern science is essentially empirical, and no one has done more to make it so than the theoretical physicist, Albert Einstein. That, in a sentence, is, I take it, his greatest contribution to modern thought. It will stand out repeatedly in this brief review of the contributions I shall here touch upon.
Throughout the nineteenth century we had been building up what seemed a wonderfully consistent "natural philosophy" as to the nature of radiant energy—a beautiful wave-theory of light. This theory required that it be possible, by noting the difference in time required for a beam of light to get back to the observer when, on the one hand, it was sent forth in the direction of the earth's motion and back by reflection from a mirror to the observer, and when, on the other hand, it was sent a like distance forth and back at right angles to the earth's motion, to find the speed with which the earth is moving through the aether. But this experiment, after it had been performed with such extraordinary skill and refinement by Michelson and Morley, yielded with great definiteness the answer that there is no such time-difference and therefore no observable velocity of the earth with respect to the aether. That unreasonable, apparently inexplicable experimental fact was very bothersome to 19th century physics and so for almost twenty years after this fact came to light physicists wandered in the wilderness in the disheartening effort to make it seem reasonable. Then Einstein called out to us all, "Let us merely accept this as an established experimental fact and from there proceed to work out its inevitable consequences," and he went at that task himself with an energy and a capacity which very few people on earth possess. Thus was born the special theory of relativity.
My early contact with it came only because when I went to Chicago as a young assistant in 1896, Mr. Michelson was making elaborate experiments in the Ryerson Laboratory to see whether, though the earth at its surface "carried the aether along with it without slip," that slip might appear if the path taken by the light went to a considerable distance above the earth's surface.
I was only an onlooker in this experiment but later when I was struggling with cosmic ray effects I |
What Use Coffin?
By Matt Dawson
Originally published in "The Navarro County Scroll", 1956
Reprinted with permission of the Navarro County Historical Society
In Corsicana, Texas, I heard the strange, almost
in | What Use Coffin?
By Matt Dawson
Originally published in "The Navarro County Scroll", 1956
Reprinted with permission of the Navarro County Historical Society
In Corsicana, Texas, I heard the strange, almost
incredible story from a well known historiographer of that city, Mr. Alva
Taylor, who has
been at great pains to authenticate every detail of it. This version is essentially
It appears that in 1895 a Mr. McIntyre lived with
his wife and three sons on a tenant farm some sixteen miles southwest of Navarro County's
capitol. McIntyre hailed from Tennessee, I believe, and brought to the Southwest the
same sturdy qualities displayed in other representatives of the Old Volunteer State, who
gave distinction to Texas, such as Davy Crockett and General Sam Houston.
Although possessed of sturdy qualities and a
diligent worker, McIntyre failed to acquire fortune. Repeated droughts cut down
cotton production, and the price continued distressingly low. Oftentimes he would
look out on Cowhead Road, which ran alongside his rented acres, and old trail which
received its name from the skulls of cows, or perhaps buffaloes that marked the stage
coach route in a still earlier day. In such times he would wonder if in spite of all
his toil, he, too, might at least perish from sheer want. Nor was his shortage in
anywise due to extravagance or indulgence. True to his Scottish forbearers Pa
McIntyre was frugal and made good use of all his resources.
He lived a few miles from a community called
Pansy, a small village now entirely extinct, but of
some importance in the 1890's. Nearer to him was a neighb |
It used to be the only thing caffeinated in our diet was coffee and tea and perhaps the occasional soda. But over the past few years it’s an additive that’s crept into everything from sports drinks to jelly beans. This week, Cr | It used to be the only thing caffeinated in our diet was coffee and tea and perhaps the occasional soda. But over the past few years it’s an additive that’s crept into everything from sports drinks to jelly beans. This week, Cracker Jacks announced plans for a new line of caffeine-infused Cracker Jack’D Power Bites.
The Center for Science in the Public Interest is none too pleased we’re turning into Caffeine Nation. They view it as a potentially dangerous trend. They might be right.
The U.S. Federal Drug Administration recently released records naming Monster Energy and Rock Star Energy Drink as a factor in injury reports, while the drink 5-Hour Energy has been mentioned in at least 90 injury reports including 33 hospitalizations and 13 deaths in the past 4 years.
Although such reports don’t prove the drink was responsible for the injuries or deaths, many energy drinks contain massive amounts of caffeine per serving. A 2011 Pediatrics study found that the total amount of caffeine contained in some cans or bottles of energy drinks exceeded 500 mg or the equivalent of 14 cans of caffeinated soft drinks. This, they concluded, was a high enough amount to induce caffeine toxicity especially if several servings are consumed in a brief period of time.
Drink makers say their products are safe and unrelated to the problems reported to the F.D.A., says Michael Jacobson, PhD, the Center’s executive director, who concedes that it’s unclear why the energy drinks have been associated with so many deaths–while coffee, which also is consumed in large quantities, has not been.
“It’s possible that there is some interaction between caffeine and other ingredients,” he said. Or, it’s possible that the deaths were not caused by the energy drinks.
Regardless, CSPI, other consumer advocacy groups, and some law makers want the F.D.A. to take a closer look into their current guidelines regarding caffeine levels in beverages. The limit is supposed to be about 70 milligrams per 12-ounce soda, but energy drinks–although they’re typically sold alongside soft drinks and packaged in a similar way–fall under the category of food supplements, which aren’t subject to the same rules. (Products like Red Bull are marketed as energy drinks, while 5-Hour Energy, Rock Star Energy, and Monster Energy are marketed as dietary supplements.)
But CSPI’s biggest concern is that the door is now open for adding a java jolt to all sorts of products, especially ones that are attractive to teens and younger kids.
“The FDA’s non-enforcement of its regulation has given a green light to industry to add caffeine to a wide range of products, including potato chips, gummi bears, mints, granola, and trail mix,” Jacobson says. “With more and more foods containing caffeine, the risk of overdoses increases.”
Topics that may also interest you: |
U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis
|Download Full Country Analysis BriefLast Updated: June 2012|
|Colombia has seen a dramatic increase in hydrocarbons production in recent years following a period | U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis
|Download Full Country Analysis BriefLast Updated: June 2012|
|Colombia has seen a dramatic increase in hydrocarbons production in recent years following a period of steady decline.||
The enactment of a series of regulatory reforms to make the oil and natural gas sector more attractive to foreign investors served as an incentive for rising production. In addition, the government has implemented a partial privatization of state oil company Ecopetrol in an attempt to revive its upstream oil industry. The security situation in the country also has improved over the last decade, with fewer attacks against oil and natural gas infrastructure in recent years. Expanded oil production will require further investment in transport infrastructure and refining capacity.
In 2009, Colombia consumed 1.3 quadrillion Btus of total energy. Oil constituted the largest part of this amount, followed by hydroelectricity, natural gas, and coal. The country relies upon hydropower for the bulk of its electricity needs, so it is able to export most of the coal that it produces. Natural gas consumption in Colombia has also risen over the last decade.
|Colombia’s oil production has increased since 2008 due to increasing exploration and development.||Overview
According to The Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), Colombia had about 2 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves in 2012, up from 1.9 billion barrels in 2011. Colombia’s increasing reserves are a result of the exploration of several new blocks that were auctioned in the last bidding round in 2010. Much of Colombia's crude oil production occurs in the Andes foothills and the eastern Amazonian jungles. Meta department, in central Colombia, is also an important production area, predominately of heavy crude oil, and its Llanos basin contains the Rubiales oilfield, the largest producing oil field in the country.
The key governmental body involved in Colombia’s energy sector is the Ministry of Mines and Energy, which is responsible for overall policy making and supervision. All hydrocarbon reserves are owned by the state. Control is exercised in the oil and gas sectors through national companies Ecopetrol and Ecogas. Ecopetrol is the largest and primary oil and gas producer in Colombia, producing 60 percent of total oil production. It possesses legal existence, administrative and decision-making autonomy, and its own capital. It is responsible for exploring, extracting, processing, transporting, and marketing of Colombia’s hydrocarbon resources.
Colombia produced 923,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) of oil in 2011, up 35 percent from the 595,000 bbl/d produced in 2008. This rising production trend is continuing. Most recently, the Ministry of Mines and Energy reported that Colombian production reached 951,000 barrels per day in March 2012, and that production is expected to reach 1 million bbl/d by the end of 2012 and 1.5 bbl/d by 2020. Colombia consumed 298,000 bbl/d in 2011, allowing the country to export most its oil production.
The largest producing oil field in the country is the Rubiales heavy oil field, located in Meta department, and operated by partners Pacific Rubiales and Ecopetrol. Low levels of production began at Rubiales in the late 1980s, but increasing investment and the completion of a new pipeline have allowed production rates to rise in recent years. Gross production at Rubiales exceeded 124,000 bbl/d in 2010, up from 37,000 bbl/d in 2008. Other large oil fields include Cano Limon, Castilla, and Cupiagua. Cano Limon is operated by Occidental, which discovered the field in 1983. The Cusiana/Cupaigua complex has recently experienced a comeback to over 100,000 bbl/d of production after years of steep declines to less than 50,000 bbl/d.
The United States is the top destination for Colombia’s oil exports. In 2011, Colombia exported 422,000 bbl/d of crude oil and refined products to the United States. In 2010, the U.S. was Colombia’s top oil export destination, followed by China, and Japan. China has recently expressed interest in financing new infrastructure projects in Colombia to facilitate the transport of oil to the Pacific coast for export. In May 2012, it was reported that preliminary agreements were signed for China Development Bank to finance a 600,000 bbl/d pipeline to transport Colombian and Venezuelan oil to the south Colombian Pacific coast.
Colombia has six major oil pipelines, four of which connect production fields to the Caribbean export terminal at Covenas. These include the 500-mile Ocensa pipeline, which has the capacity to transport 650,000 bbl/d from the Cusiana/Cupiagua area; the 460-mile, 220,000 bbl/d-capacity Cano Limon pipeline; and the smaller Alto Magdalena and Colombia Oil pipelines. The Llanos Orientales pipeline came online in late |
Section 212: General interpretation
659.This section explains what is meant by various words and phrases which appear in more than one Part of the Act.
660.While a key objective of the Act is to present discrimination law in plain language and most words | Section 212: General interpretation
659.This section explains what is meant by various words and phrases which appear in more than one Part of the Act.
660.While a key objective of the Act is to present discrimination law in plain language and most words used in the Act have an ordinarily obvious meaning, it is sometimes necessary to make clear the specific legal meaning of some words and phrases that a |
Click for more "Microbes After Hours" videos
Bruce Rittmann, the Director of the Center for Environmental Biotechnology at the Biodesign Institute of Arizona State, focuses his efforts on reclaiming contaminated water and producing renewable energy using microbes | Click for more "Microbes After Hours" videos
Bruce Rittmann, the Director of the Center for Environmental Biotechnology at the Biodesign Institute of Arizona State, focuses his efforts on reclaiming contaminated water and producing renewable energy using microbes.
He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2004 and credited with pioneering development of biofilm fundamentals and contributing to their widespread use in the bioremediation of contaminated ecosystems. His research combines many disciplines of science, including engineering, microbiology, biochemistry, geochemistry and microbial ecology. Formerly with Northwestern University, Rittmann is also a leader in the development of the Membrane Biofilm Reactor, an approach that uses bacteria to destroy pollutants in water. The Membrane Biofilm Reactor is especially effective for removing perchlorate from drinking water, and it is being launched commercially.
In this podcast, I talk with Dr. Rittmann about the biofilm reactor process, the electricity hiding in our wastewater, and how we may some day grow fuel on the roofs of buildings. |
The Arizona Geological Survey has just released its newest issue of Arizona Geology Magazine. This issue features photos of earth fissures in Cochise County and an update on seismicity in Arizona. Seismometers recorded 17 earthquakes in Arizona from January to | The Arizona Geological Survey has just released its newest issue of Arizona Geology Magazine. This issue features photos of earth fissures in Cochise County and an update on seismicity in Arizona. Seismometers recorded 17 earthquakes in Arizona from January to March.
Also featured is “SCINEWS” a link between classroom content and everyday life through the use of science current events. This adds relevancy to science education.
The new issue presents a summary o |
Citizen-Soldiers on Guard for 374 Years
The United States’ oldest military, the National Guard, turns 374 today. The National Guard traces its roots to the colonial militias formed before the birth of the country. It has always | Citizen-Soldiers on Guard for 374 Years
The United States’ oldest military, the National Guard, turns 374 today. The National Guard traces its roots to the colonial militias formed before the birth of the country. It has always been comprised of Citizen-Soldiers, from the days of the Minutemen, who come from their communities to serve their nation and fellow citizens. How can a military force be older than the country it serves? In the case of the National Guard, the Massachusetts General Court established a militia in 1636
Colonial militias became the organized militias referenced in the US Constitution’s Second Amendment. Unique among US military forces, the National Guard has both state and federal roles. In peacetime, state and territorial governors are the Commanders-in-Chief of their National Guard personnel. As reserves of the US Army and US Air Force, Guardsmen are also subject to call-up for federal service. To that end, Guardsmen and Reservists must meet active component training requirements and standards. They receive equipment and training funding from the Department of Defense (DoD).
It is presidential mobilization authority that has seen the National Guard—both Army and Air—in active defense of the country since 9/11. In fact, over 225,000 Guardsmen have been called up in support of the Global War on Terror. According to DoD statistics, in 2005 National Guardsmen and Reservists made up about half the forces in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Fulfilling their federal mission, Guardsmen from each of the 54 states and territories (District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands) have deployed overseas. Many units have deployed more than once and some Guardsmen are on or preparing for their third or fourth deployment. While consuming only 11% of the Army’s budget, Guardsmen make up almost 40% of its operational force.
The National Guard, and its predecessor militias, have always been a good value for the country. Citizen-Soldiers have always answered the call. They have always fulfilled the mission with excellence and professionalism. And they have always remembered their roots in their communities.
It might sound like a bank’s motto, but the National Guard represents local values and skills with global reach. Happy 374th birthday, National Guard.
November 11th is Veterans Day. Originally established to mark the end of World War I—Armistice Day—the holiday has come to honor veterans and their families from a |
The 38th KVS Regional Science Exhibition held at Kendriya Vidyalaya Pattom on 1st and 2nd September 2010. Nearly Six Hundred students from Sixty Two Kendriya Vidyalayas of Chennai Region | The 38th KVS Regional Science Exhibition held at Kendriya Vidyalaya Pattom on 1st and 2nd September 2010. Nearly Six Hundred students from Sixty Two Kendriya Vidyalayas of Chennai Region(Kerala, Tamilnadu and Pondicherry) participated in the event which showcased exciting innovations and experiments.
Click to download
Why the Exhibition?
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi organises Jawaharlal Nehru National Science Exhibition for Children (JNNSEC) every year for popularising science amongst children, teachers and public in general. Selected schools from all States and Union Territories, the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, the Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, Department of Atomic Energy Central Schools, CBSE affiliated public (independent) Schools and Demonstration Multipurpose Schools of Regional Institutes of Education participate in this national level exhibition.
The main theme for the State Level Science Exhibitions for Children (SLSEC) – 2010-11 is‘Science and Technology for Challenges in Life‘. In order to facilitate the preparation of exhibits and models for display and the organisation of State Level Science Exhibitions during 2010 -11, six sub-themes have been identified.
1. Biodiversity: Conservation and Sustenance;
2. Agriculture and Technology;
3. Green Energy;
4. Transport and Communication;
5. Community Health and Environment; and
6. Mathematical Modeling.
Dr. K.P.Ouseph,IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests (Kerala) inaugurated the exhibition. Mr. C.P.Kumaran, Principal, Mr. K.B.K.Unnithan, Vice Principal (Shift-II), Mr. M.K.Mishra, Vice Principal (Shift-I) and Dr. Ajith Kumar K,G., VMC Member were also present.
Dr. K.P.Ouseph, IFS
Panel of Judges
Chief Guest visiting the stalls
From the Stalls
Inter School Science Quiz |
The American Avocet is a long-legged shorebird. It is characterized by a long, thin bill that curves upward. In the female Avocet, the bill curves up a little bit more. This shorebird has a distinctive black and | The American Avocet is a long-legged shorebird. It is characterized by a long, thin bill that curves upward. In the female Avocet, the bill curves up a little bit more. This shorebird has a distinctive black and white striped pattern on its back and sides. During the breeding season, the head and neck are a pinkish-tan and during the winter they are a grayish-white color. The Avocet also has bluish-gray legs and feet; thus its nickname, "blue shanks." Length 16.9–18.5 in (43–47 cm ) Wingspan 28.3 in (72 cm) Weight 9.7–12.3 oz (275–350 g)
American Avocets are commonly found on mudflats, in fresh water and saltwater marshes and on coastal bays.
Petersen's Bird Book, and other sources say it is very very rare to see American Avocet east of the Mississippi River. On May first when I found out these birds had been spotted in Milwaukee, I had to go see if I could spot them myself. Until I saw them, and made my captures, I had never seen an American Avocet in the wild. ( At least not to my knowledge).
Lat: 43.05, Long: -87.88
Spotted on May 1, 2012
Submitted on Jun 17, 2012
and 9 other people favorited this spotting |
City (pop., 2000: 112,936), central Illinois, U.S. The city is situated where the Illinois River widens to form Peoria Lake. The first settlement on the site was a French fort established in 168 | City (pop., 2000: 112,936), central Illinois, U.S. The city is situated where the Illinois River widens to form Peoria Lake. The first settlement on the site was a French fort established in 1680 by the French explorer La Salle. Later settlements were by the French, Indians, and other colonists. It was incorporated as a city in 1845. It is a major port, trade, and shipping centre for a large agricultural area. It is highly industrialized, and its products include earth-moving equipment and chemicals. |
KAMPALA - August 20, 2012 - The World Health Organization has said that authorities are halting the spread of Ebola.
Joaquim Saweka, the WHO representative in Uganda, told reporters in Kampala that everyone known | KAMPALA - August 20, 2012 - The World Health Organization has said that authorities are halting the spread of Ebola.
Joaquim Saweka, the WHO representative in Uganda, told reporters in Kampala that everyone known to have had contact with Ebola victims has been isolated.
Health officials have created an "Ebola contact list" with names of people who had even the slightest contact with those who contracted Ebola. The list now bears 176 names.
"The structure put in place is more than adequate," Saweka said. "We are isolating the suspected or confirmed cases."
Ebola was confirmed in Uganda on July 28, several days after a few people died in a remote corner of western Uganda. At least 16 Ugandans have died of the disease.
Saweka said that organizations such as Doctors Without Borders and the U.S. |
The government of Haryana had launched a registered society named as Haryana School Shiksha Pariyojna Parishad that makes effort in progressing Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Sar | The government of Haryana had launched a registered society named as Haryana School Shiksha Pariyojna Parishad that makes effort in progressing Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) in the state of Haryana.
In year 2008, government had launched Sarv Shiksha Karamchari Sangh in state of Haryana. The main motive of this union is to take steps for right of working employees in RMSA or SSA under the HSSPP. Lots of hard work is done by this scheme that fight for the working employees right to provide them all the benefits installed by the government of the state. For this purpose, great services are needed by this board and also time of every members in order to make this board strong for achieving the member’s welfare as early as possible.
India’s government had launched a programme of flagship that is named as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) in order to achieve Universal Elementary Education (UEE) in a limited period of time according to the India’s constitution of 86 amendment to make the education completely free and mandatory for the children between the age of 6 to 14 years as mentioned as Fundamental Right. This scheme of SSA has involvement with the government of Haryana.
India’s government had launched a programme of flagship that is named as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) in order to achieve Universal Elementary Education (UEE) in a limited period of time. The main motive of this scheme is to increase the level of learning in children, right of entry and maintenance, category of gaps socially in education, and gender bridging. This scheme also offered new school opening, interventions at different level, training of teacher with the support of academics, school construction, and also learning achievement of textbooks.
Toll free- 1800480090 |
Protecting the Brain
In 1985 a group of researchers including Ginsberg, Dietrich, Raul Busto, and the late Israeli scientist Mordecai Globus, M.D., were working on studies of stroke and cerebral ischemia | Protecting the Brain
In 1985 a group of researchers including Ginsberg, Dietrich, Raul Busto, and the late Israeli scientist Mordecai Globus, M.D., were working on studies of stroke and cerebral ischemia (lack of blood flow to the brain) at the Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center. Busto, the center’s longtime research supervisor, suspected that mild, previously unobserved cooling of the brain during experimental cerebral ischemia might offer protection. So the research team performed a series of experiments that carefully measured and controlled the temperature of the body and brain during an ischemic insult. They found severe brain injury would occur if the temperature of the brain was maintained at normal levels during the insult. But reducing the temperature of the brain just a few degrees dramatically protected the brain. While profound hypothermia also protected the brain, it resulted in more side effects, such as infection and cardiac problems. But just dropping the temperature a few degrees worked, with less potential for unwarranted side effects. Mild to moderate hypothermia effectively protected the brain when it was induced during or shortly after cerebral ischemia.
Under the lead authorship of Busto, the researchers published these landmark observations in a seminal article in the Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in 1987—an article that grabbed the attention of a number of scientists working in the field and helped to transform the direction of ischemia research. According to Ginsberg, one of the implications of these studies was that many previous experimental brain ischemia studies turned out to be invalid or misleading because brain temperature was not being measure |
Cutting greenhouse gas emission need not be a distant dream or expensive. Advocates of co-firing bio-mass with coal or natural gas say that it is an effective way for utilities to begin now to reduce their carbon footprints.
Biom | Cutting greenhouse gas emission need not be a distant dream or expensive. Advocates of co-firing bio-mass with coal or natural gas say that it is an effective way for utilities to begin now to reduce their carbon footprints.
Biomass consists of any fuel produced from organic matter. That includes forest waste, agricultural waste, organic waste and municipal waste. Biomass produced from wood chips, for example, can be mixed with certain types of coal before the new compound is combusted. It can all be accomplished, say experts, without having to change the fuel-firing system.
"It is a technology that is available and it does not require a substantial investment by utilities," says Janusz Kozinski, dean of the College of Engineering at the University of Saskatchewan. "Effectively, there are zero emissions associated with some bio-fuels."
About 20 utilities in North America are now using wood chips to replace 5-25 percent of the needed coal or natural gas. State laws that have been enacted to require utilities to offer some green power are the impetus for the changes. Among non-hydro renewable sources, biomass plays a key role today with 7,000 MW of installed capacity and producing 37 billion kilowatt hours of electricity each year, says the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration. The Energy Department also says that the co-firing of biomass and fossil-fired fuels is the most immediate step that utilities can take to cut their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Biomass crops, such as trees, absorb CO2. When burned, however, the biomass material releases the CO2 back into the atmosphere. But, such discharges are considered "neutral," meaning that the plants absorbed the same amount as the materials released -- unlike traditional fossil fuels that essentially discharge all new CO2 into the air.
The Energy Department is working with utilities seeking to expand biomass generation. Alliant Energy is developing a combined-cycle plant that uses corn starch as a feedstock. United Technologies, meanwhile, is testing a biomass gasifier coupled with a fuel cell and steam turbine options that run on wood residue. Similarly, Progress Energy is developing a biomass gasification process that uses wood waste. The advantage of using industrial waste byproducts, as opposed to agricultural crops such as corn, is that it does not contribute to food shortages.
According to Dr. Kozinski, it generally takes twice as much biomass to create the same amount of energy as coal. So, one kilogram of coal produces one unit of energy. To replace that, 2 kilograms of biomass would be required. At the same time, any industrial operation utilizing the technology needs to assure it would have a continuous supply of the underlying feedstock while also making certain that the biomass and the coal are compatible before they would be mixed and burned.
Building a biomass plant from scratch is a hugely expensive undertaking. Estimates are that it cost twice as much as a coal plant. But, co-firing the two together is working now and especially in Europe that has signed the global warming pact, the Kyoto Protocol. Sweden, for example, gets 19 percent of energy from bark, straw and wood chips and expects to receive 40 percent from such sources by 2020.
The main problem in Europe, however, is that food crops are the central fuel source. By substituting industrial waste, though, utilities could reduce their carbon output without driving up the market value |
Last week we reported that a 13 year old teen, Aidan Dwyer, managed to create a solar array that was inspired by tree branches and the Fibonacci sequence. At that time it was reported that he managed to achieve 50% | Last week we reported that a 13 year old teen, Aidan Dwyer, managed to create a solar array that was inspired by tree branches and the Fibonacci sequence. At that time it was reported that he managed to achieve 50% more efficiency compared to regular solar designs, but as it turns out that might not have been the case.
According to Tuan C. Nguyen of SmartPlanet who got in touch with Jan Kleissl, who is a professor of environmental engineering at the University of California in San Diego, agreed that Aidan’s experiment while impressive, was actually flawed. It seems that in Aidan’s experiment he measured the power output from its voltage, as opposed from the solar cells itself, which is apparently the wrong way to measure solar power efficiency.
However that does not mean that Aidan’s experiment or design is completely useless, as Kleissl mentions that it will probably outperform typical solar arrays in the early morning, due to its design which would be in a better position to capture more sunlight. However come noon and the rest of the |
Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on Twitter
Why does the Earth’s magnetic field ‘flip’ every million years or so? Whatever the reason, or reasons, the way the liquid iron of | Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on Twitter
Why does the Earth’s magnetic field ‘flip’ every million years or so? Whatever the reason, or reasons, the way the liquid iron of the Earth’s outer core flows – its currents, its structure, its long-term cycles – is important, either as cause, effect, or a bit of both.
The main component of the Earth’s field – which defines the magnetic poles – is a dipole generated by the convection of molten nickel-iron in the outer core (the inner core is solid, so its role is secondary; remember that the Earth’s core is well above the Curie temperature, so the iron is not ferromagnetic).
But what about the fine structure? Does the outer core have the equivalent of the Earth’s atmosphere’s jet streams, for example? Recent research by a team of geophysicists in Japan sheds some light on these questions, and so hints at what causes magnetic pole flips.
About the image: This image shows how an imaginary particle suspended in the liquid iron outer core of the Earth tends to flow in zones even when conditions in the geodynamo are varied. The colors represent the vorticity or “amount of rotation” that this particle experiences, where red signifies positive (east-west) flow and blue signifies negative (west-east) flow. Left to right shows how the flow responds to increasing Rayleigh numbers, which is associated with flow driven by buoyancy. Top to bottom shows how flow responds to increasing angular velocities of the whole geodynamo system.
The jet stream winds that circle the globe and those in the atmospheres of the gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, etc) are examples of zonal flows. “A common feature of these zonal flows is that they are spontaneously generated in turbulent systems. Because the Earth’s outer core is believed to be in a turbulent state, it is possible that there is zonal flow in the liquid iron of the outer core,” Akira Kageyama at Kobe University and colleagues say, in their recent Nature paper. The team found a secondary flow pattern when they modeled the geodynamo – which generates the Earth’s magnetic field – to build a more detailed picture of convection in the Earth’s outer core, a secondary flow pattern consisting of inner sheet-like radial plumes, surrounded by westward cylindrical zonal flow.
This work was carried out using the Earth Simulator supercomputer, based in Japan, which offered sufficient spatial resolution to determine these secondary effects. Kageyama and his team also confirmed, using a numerical model, that this dual-convection structure can co-exist with the dominant convection that generates the north and south poles; this is a critical consistency check on their models, “We numerically confirm that the dual-convection structure with such a zonal flow is stable under a strong, self-generated dipole magnetic field,” they write.
This kind of zonal flow in the outer core has not been seen in geodynamo models before, due largely to lack of sufficient resolution in earlier models. What role these zonal flows play in the reversal of the Earth’s magnetic field is one area of research that Kageyama and his team’s results that will now be able to be pursued. |
Firefighters, as well as most human beings, are faced daily with having to make ethical decisions. Why is this important you may ask? You may already think you are making decisions ethically. Many of us are able to justify what we are | Firefighters, as well as most human beings, are faced daily with having to make ethical decisions. Why is this important you may ask? You may already think you are making decisions ethically. Many of us are able to justify what we are doing, whether or not it is ethical. Well, as firefighters...
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Firefighters, as well as most human beings, are faced daily with having to make ethical decisions. Why is this important you may ask? You may already think you are making decisions ethically.
Many of us are able to justify what we are doing, whether or not it is ethical. Well, as firefighters and future firefighters, it is imperative that we make ethical decisions. The public we serve and that trusts us, as well as the department wanting to hire you, is expecting us to have very high ethics, among other things. If you read the newspapers, it is very easy to see that numerous people every day, including government officials and fire service personnel, are making the wrong ethical decisions. These wrong decisions are leading to their termination, suspension, demotion, public scrutiny, etc.
One of the best resources I have found to help guide me in making ethical decisions is something known as “The Six Pillars of Character,” by the Josephson Institute. These six core ethical values form the foundation of the Character Counts youth-ethics initiative. More detailed discussion of the Six Pillars is included in Making Ethical Decisions, a Josephson Institute booklet available on their website: www.charactercounts.org.
- Be honest
- Don’t deceive, cheat, or steal
- Be reliable – do what you say you’ll do
- Have the courage to do the right thing
- Build a good reputation
- Be loyal – stand by your family, friends, and country
- Treat others with respect; follow the Golden Rule (treat others as you would like to be treated)
- Be tolerant of differences
- Use good manners, not bad language
- Be considerate of the feelings of others
- Don’t threaten, hit, or hurt anyone
- Deal peacefully with anger, insults, and disagreements
- Do what you are supposed to do
- Persevere: keep on trying!
- Always do your best
- Use self-control
- Be self-disciplined
- Think before you act – consider the consequences
- Be accountable for your choices
- Play by the rules
- Take turns and share
- Be open-minded; listen to others
- Don’t take advantage of others
- Don’t blame others carelessly
- Be kind
- Be compassionate and show you care
- Express gratitude
- Forgive others
- Help people in need
- Do your share to make your school and community better
- Get involved in community affairs
- Stay informed; vote
- Be a good neighbor
- Obey laws and rules
- Respect authority
- Protect the environment
If you are not already using most of these traits, I highly encourage you to do so. Practicing what you preach and “walking the walk,” as opposed to “talking the talk,” will help show a fire department that you are worth their time, effort, and energy to hire as a firefighter.
STEVE PRZIBOROWSKI, a Firehouse.com Contributing Editor, has over 20 years of fire service experience, currently serving as a deputy chief for the Santa Clara County Fire Department in Los Gatos, CA. Steve is also an instructor for the Fire Technology Program at Chabot College in Hayward, CA. He was named the 2008 California Fire Instructor of the Year and is a former president of the Northern California Training Officers Association. He has earned a master's degree in Emergency Services Administration, a bachelor's degree in Criminal Justice, and an associate's degree in Fire Technology, completed the Executive Fire Officer Program and has received Chief Fire Officer Designation through the Commission on Professional Credentialing. You can contact Steve through his websites: www.chabotfire.com and |
Science fairs… they can be a blessing and a curse. It’s the perfect opportunity to get students engaged, but projects can be daunting for students, parents and teachers alike. We’ve got you covered. We’ll be posting ideas and tips | Science fairs… they can be a blessing and a curse. It’s the perfect opportunity to get students engaged, but projects can be daunting for students, parents and teachers alike. We’ve got you covered. We’ll be posting ideas and tips here, on Facebook and on Twitter to get you thinking.
Here is a pretty simple way to make slides if a student is interested in minute subjects like insects. All the materials are probably in your lab, with a few added from your toiletries cabinet!
Making a microscope slide simply means taking something you want to observe microscopically and placing it on a rectangular piece of glass or clear plastic. However, there are parameters for what to choose: The material must be thin and clear enough so light easily passes through it.
There are two types of basic slides—wet mount and dry mount—discussed in this article. The material and/or what you want to observe in that material determines the type slide to use.
We have you covered with instructions on both types and Carolina’s products that help in slide making and viewing. Experiment with many different materials. See what works best for your project.
Note: A razor blade may be required for thinly slicing certain wet and dry mount materials. Adult supervision is required for this activity.
Carolina offers useful kits including all materials needed to prepare slides. The O |
Typical Uses of Database Snapshots
A database snapshot is a read-only, static view of a database (called the source database). Each database snapshot is transactionally consistent with the source database at the moment of the snapshot's creation. When you | Typical Uses of Database Snapshots
A database snapshot is a read-only, static view of a database (called the source database). Each database snapshot is transactionally consistent with the source database at the moment of the snapshot's creation. When you create a database snapshot, the source database will typically have open transactions. Before the snapshot becomes available, the open transactions are rolled back to make the database snapshot transactionally consistent.
Clients can query a database snapshot, which makes it useful for writing reports based on the data at the time of snapshot creation. Also, if the source database later becomes damaged, you can revert the source database to the state it was in when the snapshot was created.
Database snapshots are available only in SQL Server Enterprise.
Reasons to take database snapshots include:
Maintaining historical data for report generation.
Because a database snapshot provides a static view of a database, a snapshot can extend access to data from a particular point in time. For example, you can create a database snapshot at the end of a given time period (such as a financial quarter) for later reporting. You can then run end-of-period reports on the snapshot. If disk space permits, you can also maintain end-of-period snapshots indefinitely, allowing queries against the results from these periods; for example, to investigate organizational performance.
Using a mirror database that you are maintaining for availability purposes to offload reporting.
Using database snapshots with database mirroring permits you to make the data on the mirror server accessible for reporting. Additionally, running queries on the mirror database can free up resources on the principal. For more information, see Database Mirroring and Database Snapshots.
Safeguarding data against administrative error.
Before doing major updates, such as a bulk update or a schema change, create a database snapshot on the database protects data. If you make a mistake, you can use the snapshot to recover by reverting the database to the snapshot. Reverting is potentially much faster for this purpose than restoring from a backup; however, you cannot roll forward afterward.
For more information, see Reverting to a Database Snapshot.
Database snapshots are dependent on the source database. Therefore, using database snapshots for reverting a database is not a substitute for your backup and restore strategy. Performing all your scheduled backups remains essential. If you must restore the source database to the point in time at which you created a database snapshot, implement a backup policy that enables you to do that.
Safeguarding data against user error.
By creating database snapshots |
Down Syndrome and Decision Theory
I have a wonderful 11-month-old daughter, who thankfully is entirely healthy. During the pregnancy, my wife and I were of course worried about the possibility of a congenital defect, of which the most prominent is | Down Syndrome and Decision Theory
I have a wonderful 11-month-old daughter, who thankfully is entirely healthy. During the pregnancy, my wife and I were of course worried about the possibility of a congenital defect, of which the most prominent is Down Syndrome. Today, couples must make a series of complex decisions — whether to have a screening test for Down Syndrome, whether (based on its result) to have a more risky diagnostic test, and of course, what to do if the final result is that the fetus has Down Syndrome. These decisions depend on moral judgements, on various facts regarding the nature of the fetus at various ages, regarding the nature of Down Syndrome, and regarding the reliability and dangers of the tests, and finally, on the proper way to use this information to make a decision.
This last aspect is in the domain of decision theory, and will be the main focus of this post. Decision theory purports to show how a decision-maker should use the probabilities of the various possible outcomes along with their personal “utilities” for these outcomes to make a rational decision, which maximizes their expected utility. The validity of decision theory as a guide to rational action has often been challenged. The Allais Paradox describes one situation where decision theory does not accord with the judgements of many people, and some argue that the fault is not with these people, but rather with decision theory. Interestingly, Down Syndrome testing involves an analogue of the Allais Paradox.
For readers who aren’t familiar with pre-natal tests for Down Syndrome, I’ll first present the main facts:
- Down syndrome results from a chromosomal abnormality, which causes cognitive impairment and a wide range of physical problems. Both the degree of cognitive impairment and the severity of the physical problems are highly variable.
- The risk of Down Syndrome increases with maternal age, from less than 1 i 1000 for young women, to 1 in 100 for women age 40, to 1 in 30 for women age 45, and to 1 in 12 for the rare birth to a woman age 49.
- Whether a fetus has Down Syndrome can be determined to high accuracy between 16 and 22 weeks into the pregnancy by performing amniocentesis, which is an invasive procedure that has about a 1 in 200 chance of causing the fetus to miscarry. Results are available after 2 to 4 weeks.
- Several non-invasive screening procedures (blood tests and ultrasound examination) that are performed at various times from 11 weeks to 16 weeks into the pregnancy can provide information on how likely the fetus is to have Down Syndrome. Combined with information on maternal age, these can give a probability that the fetus has Down Syndrome.
- The results of these screening tests never definitely indicate Down Syndrome. They are used only to decide whether amniocentesis should be done.
Pretty much the only point of testing for Down Syndrome is to provide the option of terminating the pregnancy if the fetus is confirmed to have Down Syndrome. (The only other purpose I can see would be to prepare mentally or financially for having a child with Down Syndrome, but given the risk of amniocentesis, I think few well-informed couples would regard this as a sensible reason to have it done.) The tests available in Ontario are described at this web site, which gives all the facts above (plus more, I’ve slightly simplified the available options), but which strangely makes no mention of pregnancy termination, except buried in the PDF files of some pamphlets. This page by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists also manages to avoid any mention of pregnancy termination. One has to wonder what the rationale might be for this stunning failure to inform people of the purpose of the tests they discuss.
Clearly, if you are certain that you wouldn’t want to terminate the pregnancy even if you were sure the fetus has Down Syndrome, then you shouldn’t do any of these tests. At least, that’s so if we ignore the complication that some of these tests can also detect some rarer conditions, such as Trisomy 18, which are much more severe than Down Syndrome, as well as some rarer conditions that might be treatable.
I suspect that few people are so certain about what they would actually do if faced with a decision of whether to terminate a Down Syndrome pregnancy. On the question of when a fetus becomes “human” (possessing human rights), most people are not extremists — they neither believe that a fertilized egg is fully human, nor believe that a fetus just about to be born has no moral standing. Instead, most people are unsure when a fetus becomes human, and think in any case that the process is a gradual one. Furthermore, where their views fall within this non-extreme range may well be altered by the experience of pregnancy (especially the first time). Also, on learning that their unborn child has Down |
Rescue roaches being developed to aid in emergency situations
Tom Smart, Deseret News
In 1916, Don Marquis of The New York Evening Sun began including in his daily column regular dispatches from Archy, a cock | Rescue roaches being developed to aid in emergency situations
Tom Smart, Deseret News
In 1916, Don Marquis of The New York Evening Sun began including in his daily column regular dispatches from Archy, a cockroach who sneaked into the office at night and wrote satiric commentary on the issues of the day by jumping up and down on the keys of Marquis' typewriter.
The column ran for 10 years but survived, along with Archy's feline sidekick, Mehitabel, as a comic strip, in anthologies and later as a Broadway musical. Marquis, it turns out, may have been well ahead of his day in formulating cockroaches with useful talents.
Scientists at North Carolina State, according to CBS News in Charlotte, have developed a miniature electronic backpack with a microcontroller to employ cockroaches to search out victims trapped in collapsed buildings and other disaster areas not immediately accessible by humans.
Cockroaches, as anybody knows who has ever been afflicted with them, can squeeze through the tiniest cracks, skitter up vertical surfaces and seem largely immune to the normal methods of insect dissuasion.
These Madagascar hissing cockroaches, to be exact, seem amenable to being directed by wireless signals directed at their sensory organs. They're up to the task of lugging around a tiny pack containing a circuit board, a microcontroller, a receiver, assorted electrodes and a lithium-ion battery.
Trapped deep in a collapsed building might be the only circumstance under which a human being who is not an entomologist would be happy to see a cockroach, even one who hisses. And following the example of Marquis and Archy, they might be able to teach the cockroach to text message.
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8 March 2002 the Limpopo Province reported its first case of cholera. These patients were from villages at Mokopane (previously known as Potgietersrus). This region was previously affected by the outbreak closed in July | 8 March 2002 the Limpopo Province reported its first case of cholera. These patients were from villages at Mokopane (previously known as Potgietersrus). This region was previously affected by the outbreak closed in July 2001.
The villages received various interventions at the time such as: home-to-home health education, the provision of bleach and purified water and the set up of a rehydration school in the village.
Surveillance of the area and water resources played an important role in keeping track of the disease. Microbial water quality testing helped in identifying water sources that were infected by the cholera virus.
The Limpopo province hosts the annual Moria Easter Conference. Over 3 million Zion church members visit the churches in Moria. The chances of transmission are increased by overcrowding. It is also the church’s tradition to baptize new converts in streams. Furthermore unplanned sanitation can also contribute to the spread of cholera.
An assessment was done on Moria water and sanitation facilities and a report sent to the church elders. With regards to water and sanitation it was recommended that the baptismal bath be purified.
In the Sekonye community teams were deployed to implement interventions in the village with regards to funerals.
Water and sanitation facilities were provided for the Moria conference. Water tanks were placed at strategic locations on the church ground. Toilet facilities were found to be satisfactory.
The Sekonye community obtains water from borehole and a community-cemented tank, which supply most of the taps. However, at the time it was found that not all the taps were working but water supply was not a problem.
Water samples tested proved negative for E. coli, faecal coliform and total coliform and the cholera bacteria.
Health education. Important messages were relayed to Moria elders and it was requested that announcements be made from a central stage. Educational materials such as posters and pamphlets were distributed to the Evelyn Lekganye clinic, which provides healthcare to all members. An onsite emergency centre with volunteer doctors, paramedics and nurses who were all church members was set up.
In the Sekonye community teams of health workers were deployed. House to house education on the prevention and control of cholera was done. Although the community members both young and old were well informed not much behaviour change took place as there was no decrease in the number of cases since 26 March. Posters and pamphlets were distributed to promote awareness.
Health workers did presentation on the proper handling of food and toilet use at funerals. The drinking of ritualistic and purificatory water was discouraged. Members of the community were encouraged to visit the clinic or oral rehydration school as soon as they showed any cholera signs and symptoms.
At Moria all diarrhoea and vomiting cases were referred to the Evelyn Lekganye clinic. Critical cases were further referred to Mankweng Hospital. Some of the cases of diarrhoea seen at the onsite centre were suspected to be the result of food poisoning as church members did not have proper food storage facilities. These cases were referred to Evelyn Lekganye where they were treated for rehydration and then discharged.
At the Sekonye community rehydration centre cases were managed through oral rehydration as well as intravenously. Antibiotics were used on a few cases at the beginning of the outbreak.
At both Moria and Sekonye community constant surveillance was done.
Outbreak in Rapetse, Knobel
30 March 2002 seven cases of diarrhoea were reported from Knobel Hospital in Rapetese village.
The principle case was a female that dressed and cleaned a deceased person in Sekonye. These villages are 100 km apart. Antibiotics were used on 5 patients however, it was emphasized that oral rehydration be given except in severe cases. Rectal swabs were taken and based on laboratory tests a cholera outbreak was confirmed.
In Sekonye the source of infection was hard to identify. Personal and environmental hygiene seemed to be the contributing factor especially in affected families. It was further discovered that there were squatters in a nearby village. The area did not have adequate water and sanitation facilities.
(Source: Department of Health) |
How are personal narratives effective in sharing the news about students' service experience?
Students learn about the characteristics of an effective personal narrative and compare those to a news article. They do prewriting activities and practice writing details to show rather than tell about an | How are personal narratives effective in sharing the news about students' service experience?
Students learn about the characteristics of an effective personal narrative and compare those to a news article. They do prewriting activities and practice writing details to show rather than tell about an experience.
One 50-minute class period
The learner will:
Make a personal statement about your own reactio |
Rats exhibit human-like empathy to help ‘distressed’ fellow rodentsPublished On: Fri, Dec 9th, 2011 | Developmental Biology | By BioNews
Rats, which are generally associated with double-crossing and cheating | Rats exhibit human-like empathy to help ‘distressed’ fellow rodentsPublished On: Fri, Dec 9th, 2011 | Developmental Biology | By BioNews
Rats, which are generally associated with double-crossing and cheating in love, are actually empathetic, just like human beings when it comes to helping fellow rodents, a new study has suggested.
For the study, Chicago University scientists housed rats in pairs so that they got to know each other.
They then placed one in a transparent tube inside the cage, and found that the second rat was distressed until it worked out how to free the first one, the Daily Mail reported.
Surprisingly, not only did the creatures help cage-mates in distress, they also selflessly shared their treats with them.
Apparently, the female rats turned out to be more caring than the males.
During the experiment, scientists found that the roaming rat became agitated on seeing its trapped friend, implying that it had picked up on the animal’s distress, showing the simplest form of empathy.
But the free animal learned how to open the tube door, without being shown, and freed its cage-mate.
According to the researchers, this indicated that the animal was ‘putting itself in the other’s shoes’ – a much more complex form of empathy.
“We are not training these rats in any way. These rats are learning because they are motivated by something internal,” Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal said.
“We are not showing them how to open the door. It’s hard to open the door. But they keep trying and trying and eventually it works,” Bartal stated.
The study has been published in the journal Science. |
The State of Gujarat
First Online: November 14, 2004
The state of Gujarat (a.k.a Gujarath), located on the north western part of India is the most industrialized areas of the country. Cotton mills and diamond | The State of Gujarat
First Online: November 14, 2004
The state of Gujarat (a.k.a Gujarath), located on the north western part of India is the most industrialized areas of the country. Cotton mills and diamond cutting are the most prominent of the industries.
The name Gujarat is derived from the name of a ruling community "Gurjars", but the history of Gujarat dates back to the Indus Valley civilization, and some period sites are found. Gujarat has been a center of religious and spiritual activity with Jains, Vaishnavas (devotees of Lord Vishnu), and Zoroastrians living together for centuries.
Table of Contents
Merchandise and Link Suggestions |
What is night cough?
Night cough is a cough, or tussis, that occurs primarily at night, typically when you are lying down. Physiologically, coughing is a rapid expulsion of air from the lungs that happens reflexively to | What is night cough?
Night cough is a cough, or tussis, that occurs primarily at night, typically when you are lying down. Physiologically, coughing is a rapid expulsion of air from the lungs that happens reflexively to keep the airways clear. Night cough may be a symptom of conditions specifically affecting the lungs and throat or a more generalized condition, such as a cold or the flu.
Night Cough Must Reads
Inflammation of the lungs or throat, due to smoking, colds, or flu, is a common cause of night cough. Gastrointestinal reflux disease, which causes stomach acid to be forced back up into the esophagus and mouth, can also result in night cough. Night cough can occur for a few weeks, in cases of allergies, or for long periods of time, when caused by chronic disease such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In young children, night cough may be caused by croup, a contagious viral laryngitis (inflammation of the throat).
In rare cases, night cough can be a symptom of a serious infection of the lungs, bronchial tubes, or throat. Night cough can also be a symptom of congestive heart failure if it occurs together with pink frothy mucus in the mouth, severe shortness of breath, wheezing, and rapid heartbeat. Night cough can also be a sign of lung cancer, especially if it is accompanied by hemoptysis (coughing up blood).
Depending on the cause, night cough may occur only while you are lying down or also while you are sitting up, and it may be accompanied by sputum production, sneezing, shortness of breath, wheezing, or gastric contents moving upward into the mouth.
In some cases, night cough can be a sign of a life-threatening condition, such as congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, or a severe respiratory infection. If you, or someone you are with, have night cough that is accompanied by serious symptoms, such as chest pain, a high fever (higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit), or severe breathing problems, seek immediate medical care (call 911).
If your night cough is persistent or causes you concern, seek prompt medical care.
What other symptoms might occur with night cough?
Night cough may accompany other symptoms, which vary depending on the underlying disease, disorder or condition. Symptoms that frequently affect the respiratory tract may also involve other body systems.... Read more about night coughsymptoms
What causes night cough?
Night cough is a forceful expulsion of air from the lungs that occurs primarily at night. Allergic reactions are a common cause of night cough. Such reactions may be caused by pollen, animal dander, foods, or medicines. Infections, such as the common cold, flu, and acute bronchitis, that cause inflammation of the lungs, throat and sinuses are also common causes of night cough.... Read more about night coughcauses |
New Clue to Development of Asthma
'Natural Killer' Cells May Be Involved, Study Shows
March 15, 2006 -- A newly identified type of cell may be a leading suspect in how asthma develops, new research shows | New Clue to Development of Asthma
'Natural Killer' Cells May Be Involved, Study Shows
March 15, 2006 -- A newly identified type of cell may be a leading suspect in how asthma develops, new research shows.
The cell type has a bulky name: CD4+ invariant natural killer T cells, or more simply natural killer T cells.
Those cells seem important in asthma's development, researchers report in The New England Journal of Medicine. The finding might lead to new asthma treatments and explain why current therapies, while helpful for many asthma patients, don't always work.
The researchers included Omid Akbari, PhD. Akbari works in the pediatrics department of Harvard Medical School and the immunology division of Children's Hospital Boston.
Cells Stood Out
T cells are tools of the immune system. Previously, asthma experts focused on a different, conventional type of T cell. Those T cells are close relatives of natural killer T cells.
In studying lung samples from 14 patients with moderate to severe asthma, Akbari's team found that 60% of the asthma patients' T cells were natural killer T cells, not conventional T cells.
The researchers found much lower levels of natural killer T cells in lung samples from six people with healthy lungs and five people with a disease called sarcoidosis, which mainly involves the lungs.
The natural killer T cells normally account for less than 1% of all CD4+ T cells in the blood, according to Akbari's study.
The high levels of those natural killer cells in asthma patients' lungs were a "striking" finding, the researchers write. "They can produce cytokines [inflammatory proteins] very rapidly and directly cause asthma," Akbari says in a news release.
Past research done on mice had |
I have written often about small, battery-powered computers that can easily be taken on genealogy research trips and elsewhere. These handheld computers are great for portable uses but I often wonder "How small can a computer be and still be useful?" Researchers at | I have written often about small, battery-powered computers that can easily be taken on genealogy research trips and elsewhere. These handheld computers are great for portable uses but I often wonder "How small can a computer be and still be useful?" Researchers at the University of Michigan apparently have succeeded in downsizing even further: their new computer fits on the tip of a pen.
To be sure, this is a special-purpose computer designed for one specific task. It does not contain a keyboard or a video screen. All output is performed by a wireless radio with an antenna that can transmit data to an external reader.
NOTE: Photo by Gyouho Kim. Click on the image to see a larger picture.
The millimeter-scale computing system can hold up to a week's worth of data when implanted in something as small as a human eye. The computer, called the Phoenix chip, is just over one cubic millimeter in size and was designed to monitor eye pressure in glaucoma patients. "This is the first true millimeter-scale complete computing system," said Dennis Sylvester, a professor at the school and one of the researchers on the project. Within the computer is an ultra low-power microprocessor, a pressure sensor, memory, a thin-film battery, a solar cell and a wireless radio.
According to researchers, the micro computers and their wireless networks could one day also be used to track pollution, monitor structural integrity, perform surveillance, or make virtually any object smart and trackable.
You can read more in an article by Lucas Mearian in the ComputerWorld web site at http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9210962/Researchers_create_computer_that_fits_on_a_pen_tip
OK, let's put this on a pen tip. That way, the computer could record every stroke of the pen when I am at library or archives, writing notes. Then I could later transfer those notes to my desktop or laptop computer. |
When dry rice is exposed to air with high relative humidity (RH) the rice grains will absorb water from the air (re-wetting). When wet rice is exposed to air with low RH the rice grains will release water to the air (d | When dry rice is exposed to air with high relative humidity (RH) the rice grains will absorb water from the air (re-wetting). When wet rice is exposed to air with low RH the rice grains will release water to the air (drying). The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) is the final moisture content of the grain or seed after being stored for some time with sorrounding air of a certain temperature and RH.
During storage, the final moisture content of grain will be determined by the temperature and RH of the air that has surrounds the grain. If the grain is not protected against the humidity in the air, particularly during the rainy season when the RH is very high, the grain moisture content (MC) will rise and this will lead to deterioration in both grain and seed quality.
The following table shows the EMC of paddy under different storage conditions. The green colored areas represent the desirable environmental conditions for safe storage of paddy or rough rice in the tropics. The yellow areas represent conditions for safe seed storage. Grain needs to be stored at less than 14% moisture and seed at less than 12%.
Note:The colored fields in the table represent the ranges on the IRRI moisture meter:
- red: wet paddy - needs to be dried,
- green: safe for storing grain for milling / consumption,
- yellow: safe for storing seeds
Example: Paddy at 77% relative humidity and 32ºC air temperature, paddy will attain 13.9% moisture content (shown in green in the table above) that is, safe for storage. If at the same temperature, the relative humidity rises to 85% or higher, over time grain exposed to the ambient air will reach an equilibrium moisture content of approximately 15.5% (shown in red in the table above) making the grain prone to quality deterioration.
The grain moisture content of paddy stored in jute bags or clay pots will automatically increase in the rainy season to unsafe levels regardless of h |
A History of Scatterometry
Scatterometry has its origin in early radar used in World War II. Early
radar measurements over the oceans were corrupted by sea clutter (noise) and
it was not known at the time the cause of | A History of Scatterometry
Scatterometry has its origin in early radar used in World War II. Early
radar measurements over the oceans were corrupted by sea clutter (noise) and
it was not known at the time the cause of this clutter. It wasn't until the 1960s
that the noise in the radar signal was found to be the radar's response to
the winds over the ocean.
The first scatterometer flew as part of the Skylab missions in 1973 and
1974, demonstrating that spaceborne scatterometers were indeed feasible.
Then, from June to October 1978, the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer
(SASS) proved that accurate wind velocity measurements could be made
from space. In the 1990s, a single-swath (-beam) scatterometer was one of the
instruments to fly on the European Space Agency's ERS-1 (currently in
stand-by mode) and ERS-2 Remote Sensing Satellites, launched in July
1991 and April 1995 respectively.
The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) which launched aboard Japan's
ADEOS-Midori Satellite in August, 1996, was the first dual-swath,
Ku-band scatterometer to fly since Seasat. From September 1996, when the
instrument was first turned on, until premature termination of the
mission due to satellite power loss in June 1997, NSCAT performed
flawlessly and returned a continuous stream of global sea surface wind
vector measurements. Unprecedented for coverage, resolution, and
accuracy in the determination of ocean wind speed and direction, NSCAT
data has already been applied to a wide variety of scientific and
operational problems. These applications include such diverse areas as
weather forecasting and the estimation of tropical rain forest
reduction. Because of the success of the short-lived NSCAT mission,
future Ku-band scatterometer instruments are now greatly anticipated by
the ocean winds user community.
This image shows ocean surface wind speeds and directions over the
Pacific Ocean on September 21, 1996 as they were measured by the NASA
Scatterometer (NSCAT) which was onboard Japan's Advanced Earth Observing
Satellite (ADEOS). The background color indicates wind speed and the
white arrows show the direction of the wind. The strong Trade Winds
(red) blow steadily from the cooler subtropical ocean to the warm water
of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) located just north the
Equator. Instead of blowing in the north |
Fact Sheet 2011–3134
The United States has embarked on a goal to increase electricity generation from clean, renewable sources. Towards this end, wind energy is emerging as a widely distributed form of renewable energy throughout the country. One scenario | Fact Sheet 2011–3134
The United States has embarked on a goal to increase electricity generation from clean, renewable sources. Towards this end, wind energy is emerging as a widely distributed form of renewable energy throughout the country. One scenario is for energy from wind to supply 20 percent of the country’s electricity by 2030 (graph).
Projected annual and cumulative wind installations by 2030 are expected to achieve the 20 percent wind goal. From http://eere.energy.gov/wind/pdfs/41869.pdf, accessed July 16, 2012.
As with many land uses, trade-offs exist between costs and benefits. New wind developments are occurring rapidly in parts of the United States, often leaving little time for evaluation of potential site-specific effects. These developments are known to affect wildlife, directly from fatality due to collision with the infrastructure and indirectly from loss of habitat and migration routes. The Department of the Interior, in particular, is challenged to balance energy development on public lands and also to conserve fish and wildlife. The Secretary of the Interior has proposed a number of initiatives to encourage responsible development of renewable energy. These initiatives are especially important in the western United States where large amounts of land are being developed or evaluated for wind farms.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center (FRESC) is assisting public agencies and private industries by providing science and technical support for use in decision making. The science capabilities of FRESC include four broad categories:
Wildlife Mortality and Injury
Modern land-based wind turbine blades can reach more than 425 feet (130 meters) above ground level. Rotor-swept areas (the area of the circle covered by a turbine blade) now exceed 1 acre (0.4 hectare) and soon are expected to reach nearly 1.5 acres (0.6 hectare). Collisions with the blades can cause death or injury to birds and bats. Bats can also suffer tissue-damaging rapid pressure changes during flight near turbines. The immediate effects to species may be only near the turbines, but greater effects can accumulate in various ways. For example, local breeding populations could be diminished by injury or fatalities on their winter ranges. Mortality could also be compounded as members of a population encounter multiple wind facilities along a migratory route.
Big brown bat (in flight) and hoary bat (closeup). Photograph taken by Bat Conservation International
FRESC is developing statistically robust tools to estimate fatality of bats from carcasses found at wind facilities. Simple counts do not reflect actual fatality because carcasses are detected at different rates, often depending on season and vegetation around turbines. Simple counts must be adjusted by estimates of the likelihood of detection for each carcass. FRESC scientists are making refinements to an existing estimation tool to account for repeated carcass searches and to incorporate alternative models of detection probability. This improved estimator will be helpful in evaluating local and cumulative effects of wind developments.
Bats flying at dusk. Photograph taken by Paul Cryan, USGS
Golden eagle approaching chick in nest. Photograph taken by Michael Collopy, USGS
The planned and actual development of wind facilities has increased dramatically within the range of the golden eagle, and in some areas, eagle collisions with wind turbines are a source of mortality. Golden eagles are protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act and several other statutes, such as the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service guidelines require that wind developments consider manageable risks to eagles across landscapes. Developers are required to conduct an evaluation of the risks to golden eagl |
Discrimination means treating someone differently because of a particular characteristic such as race, color, sex, age, disability, or religion. North Dakota Department of Human Services (DHS) makes available all services and assistance without regard to race, color | Discrimination means treating someone differently because of a particular characteristic such as race, color, sex, age, disability, or religion. North Dakota Department of Human Services (DHS) makes available all services and assistance without regard to race, color, sex, age, disability, national origin, religion, political beliefs, or status with respect to marriage or public assistance. These laws must be followed by persons who contract with or receive funds to provide services for DHS, including the state’s eight regional human service centers, the State Hospital, the Developmental Center, and county social services.
The policies of DHS also require that:
In accordance with Federal law, and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) policy, DHS is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, sex, age, disability, national origin, religion, or political beliefs.What do I do if someone has discriminated against me?
You may file a written complaint if you believe you have been discriminated against because of race, color, sex, age, disability, national origin, religion, or status with respect to marriage or public assistance, in accordance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, the Age Discrimination Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the North Dakota Human Rights Act, or if you believe you have been discriminated against because of your political beliefs, in violation of USDA policy.
The Program Civil Rights Officer and Program ADA/504 Coordinator work together to prevent and eliminate discrimination against individuals in the delivery of programs and service |
Series 1 Lab 4 Variable Testing in Tetrahymena
Adapted from Bozzone, M.D., and D.A. Martin 2000. An experimenal system to study phagocytosis. Pages | Series 1 Lab 4 Variable Testing in Tetrahymena
Adapted from Bozzone, M.D., and D.A. Martin 2000. An experimenal system to study phagocytosis. Pages 405-415, in Tested studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 21 (S.J. Karcher, Editor). Proceedings of the 21st Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE).
You will have the opportunity to test an experiment you and your partner design. Each group of two students will focus on one inhibitor, and no more than two student groups can work on any one inhibitor.
I. Factors Affecting Tetrahymena pyriformis Phagocytosis
You will have the opportunity to test a particular aspect of phagocytosis in Tetrahymena pyriformis that interests you. Gronlien et al. (2002), propose that the microstomal form of a particular species of Tetrahymena (not the species we are studying) exhibit non-specific phagocytosis. You might choose to see if that is also true of Tetrahymena pyriformis. There is also previous research that concludes that there is a particle size preference for phagocytosis in Tetrahymena. You might choose to explore that idea.
Many of the research papers that explore phagocytosis in Tetrahymena propose that the cytoskeleton, particularly the actin containing elements of the cytoskeleton, are crucial to some or all of the parts of phagocytosis in Tetrahymena. There seems to be some conflicting evidence addressing the role of the tubulin containing part of the cytoskeleton. You could choose to explore either the role of microfilaments (actin) or microtubules (tubulin)in phagocytosis in Tetrahymena pyriformis.
Because protein function is dependent on protein shape and charge, many biochemical pathways add a phosphate group to a protein as an effective way to regulate protein function. The addition of a phosphate group is termed phosphorylation, and an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to an amino acid within a protein is called a protein kinase. In contrast, protein phosphatases are enzymes that dephosphorylate (remove a phosphate group from) certain amino acids within proteins. Depending on the protein, phosphorylation can either activate or inhibit protein function, and it plays an important role in many cell signaling events that occur in the cell. You may choose to test whether one of two protein phosphatases are important for food vacuole formation in Tetrahymena.
All of the reagents that you used previously will be available again for this experiment. In addition, you will be able to use one of the following inhibitors of the elements whose role you want to test. CAUTION: Wear gloves and exercise caution when handling the inhibitors because they are toxic.
Main Topic Choices:
Is phagocytosis in Tetrahymena pyriformis selective or non-selective for particle type or size?
What role does the cytoskeletal element actin (in microfilaments & cilia) play in one or more aspects of phagocytosis (either engulfment, phagosome formation &/or filling, movement or vesicle fusion) in Tetrahymena pyriformis? (Use an actin inhibitor compared to a reaction without the inhibitor of actin
What role does the cytoskeleton element tubulin (in microtubules) play in some aspect of phagocytosis (either engulfment, phagosome formation, filling, movement or fusion) in Tetrahymena pyriformis? Use tubulin inhibition compared to phagocytosis without one of more of these inhibitors of tubulin,
colchicine or nocodazole.
What role does tyrosine phosphatase or threonine phosphatase play in some aspect of phagocytosis (either engulfment, vacuole formation, filling, movement or vesicle fusion) in Tetrahymena pyriformis? Use either of two phosphatase inhibitors (inhibits various protein activation or deactivation events): phenylarsine oxide (PAO), an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases or cantharadin, an inhibitor of threonine phosphatases
Stock concentrations of reagents available to you:
PAO 300mM (50mg/ml) in DMSO
Cantharadin 127 mM (25mg/ml) in acetone
Cytochalasin B 14mM (6.7mg/ml) in DMSO
Colchicine 25mM (10mg/ml) in water
Nocodazole 2mg/ml (7mM) in DMSO
India ink (Speedball, Product #3328, #3338, Statesville, NC), according to the manufacturer, contains (vol./vol.): water (75-85%), carbon black (7-9%), shellac (6-8%), ammonium hydroxide (1-2%), phenol (0.45%) and ethylene glycol |
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