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New Tool Can Detect Problems In Flights
MIT researchers have developed a tool that spots glitches in a plane’s overall health and performance without knowing ahead of time what to look for.
The new technique uses a type of data mining that filters data into
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New Tool Can Detect Problems In Flights
MIT researchers have developed a tool that spots glitches in a plane’s overall health and performance without knowing ahead of time what to look for.
The new technique uses a type of data mining that filters data into subsets, or clusters of flights that share common patterns.
Commercial airlines in the U.S. currently monitor black-box data on a voluntary basis, following guidelines laid out by the Federal Aviation Administration’s Flight Operations Quality Assurance (FOQA) program.
Airlines regularly monitor a “watch list” of 88 flight parameters throughout each flight, including the pitch of a plane at takeoff, the speed at takeoff and landing, and the time at
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PICRORHIZA Overview Information
Picrorhiza is a plant that grows in the Himalayan mountains. People, especially practitioners of Ayurvedic medicine, use the root and rhizome (underground stem) for treatment.
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PICRORHIZA Overview Information
Picrorhiza is a plant that grows in the Himalayan mountains. People, especially practitioners of Ayurvedic medicine, use the root and rhizome (underground stem) for treatment. Picrorhiza has been harvested to near extinction.
Picrorhiza is used for yellowed skin (jaundice), sudden liver infections caused by a virus (acute viral hepatitis), fever, allergy, and asthma. It is also used to treat skin conditions including eczema and vitiligo, a disorder that causes white patches on the skin. Some people use picrorhiza for digestion problems including indigestion, constipation, and ongoing diarrhea. Other uses include treatment of infection, scorpion stings, epilepsy, malaria, and rheumatoid arthritis.
How does it work?
More information is needed to know how picrorhiza might work. Picrorhiza contains chemicals that might stimulate the immune system, kill cancer cells, and relieve inflammation (swelling).
Possibly Effective for:
Possibly Ineffective for:
- Sudden liver infections caused by a virus (acute viral hepatitis).
- Rheumatoid arthritis.
- Other conditions.
PICRORHIZA Side Effects & Safety
Special Precautions & Warnings:Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Not enough is known about the use of picrorhiza during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
“Auto-immune diseases” such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or other conditions: Picrorhiza might cause the immune system to become more active, and this could increase the symptoms of auto-immune diseases. If you have one of these conditions, it’s best to avoid using picrorhiza.
Moderate Interaction Be cautious with this combination
- Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants) interacts with PICRORHIZA
Picrorhiza might increase the immune system. Taking picrorhiza along with medications that decrease the immune system might decrease the effectiveness of these medications.
Some medications that decrease the immune system include azathioprine (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, Orthoclone OKT3), mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), corticosteroids (glucocorticoids), and others.
The following doses have been studied in scientific research:
- For a disease called vitiligo that causes white patches on the skin: 200 mg of picrorhiza rhizome p
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Imagine a busy school lunchroom. Suddenly, a child collapses. One possible cause: a food allergy. Imagine a busy food court on a college campus. A co-ed suddenly begins vomiting. The cause: a reaction to a food allergy. Imagine
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Imagine a busy school lunchroom. Suddenly, a child collapses. One possible cause: a food allergy. Imagine a busy food court on a college campus. A co-ed suddenly begins vomiting. The cause: a reaction to a food allergy. Imagine a busy corporate dining room. An executive about to leave for an important presentation finishes off his dessert, unaware that it had nuts in the crust. Suddenly, because he is allergic to them, he finds himself breaking out in hives. All these scenarios are...
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Perfumed flowers rising on tall stems with tropical foliage make ginger lily (Hedychium spp.) the flashy cousin to edible gingerroot (Zingiber officinale). Ginger lilies are dramatic additions to your garden that are easy
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Perfumed flowers rising on tall stems with tropical foliage make ginger lily (Hedychium spp.) the flashy cousin to edible gingerroot (Zingiber officinale). Ginger lilies are dramatic additions to your garden that are easy to grow and propagate. Starting with one small rhizome, ginger lilies multiply to form a flowering clump in beds or containers.
Features and Function
Like gingerroot, ginger lilies grow from rhizomes, underground stems that grow horizontally just under the soil surface. If you break a rhizome, you’ll notice the familiar ginger fragrance, although it's less pungent than the culinary herb. Butterfly ginger lily (H. coronarium) has a fragrance that’s a blend of gardenia (Gardenia spp.) and honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.). Its flowers, which are woven into Hawaiian leis, look like white butterflies perched at the top of plants. Spiky ginger lily (H. coccineum) bears flowers in tall spikes and comes in colors including red, orange, yellow and peach. Ginger lilies are grown primarily for their sweetly fragrant flowers, but they are also prized for their tropical foliage, which forms an attractive backdrop for shorter plants.
Site Selection and Planting
Ginger lilies grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 7 through 11, where they perform best in sun to partial shade. In warmer regions, morning sun is good but afternoon sun is too harsh for them and will make their leaves curl. They thrive in moist, acidic soil that is rich in organic matter. In cooler regions, you can grow them in containers or dig rhizomes after the first frost and store them indoors for the winter. Since their rhizomes will multiply, use containers with plenty of horizontal room for them to grow.
Ginger lilies are not drought-tolerant plants and must be watered in times of insufficient rainfall. Since they prefer moist soil, you may have to water several times weekly in hot weather. The University of Oklahoma recommends fertilizing ginger lilies weekly with a balanced fertilizer. If you grow them in containers, you should divide them each year by breaking rhizomes in pieces, with each section containing an “eye,” or growth bud. Since some species grow
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This story ran in the Sept. 22, 2009 edition of the Prairie Post.
You often hear that our current economy is the worst since the 1930s. That may be true but, fortunately, our current difficulties don’t
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This story ran in the Sept. 22, 2009 edition of the Prairie Post.
You often hear that our current economy is the worst since the 1930s. That may be true but, fortunately, our current difficulties don’t come close to approaching the hardship faced by the citizens of this country 75 years ago.
The contribution by North Dakota citizens to the federal government in taxes had been less than $2 million in 1933. And the citizens of the state got a lot of benefit for that money.
Various New Deal programs paid over $150 million to the citizens of North Dakota. On top of that another $31 million was paid to the farmers of the state through farm programs.
During the depth of the depression the state was receiving benefits from the federal government on a about a 90 to 1 ration based on what taxes the state paid.
The state was receiving about $265 in federal aid for every man, woman and child in the state. Adjusted for inflation that is the equivalent of about $4,100 today which is pretty much delivering the cash for clunkers deal for every resident of the state.
Still there were a lot of people suffering.
Unemployment was high and people were looking for work of almost any kind.
That is why the Federal Emergency Relief Agency started a number of factories around the country. These plants produced two things, jobs for the unemployed and a product that would be useful for the people of the area.
In September of 1934 Harry Dickinson, Stutsman County relief administrator for FERA, announced that a mattress factory was to begin operation in Jamestown in the next weeks.
The Jamestown plant was part of larger plan that included similar plants in other communities. The cotton, all 26,000 pounds of it, was made into pads in Fargo, other parts of the mattresses were made in other communities, and the final assembly was to occur in Jamestown.
Dickinson announced that 4,500 yards of ticking had been delivered to Jamestown on Oct. 11, 1934. The same announcement said the mattress factory was to operate in the Red Trail garage which was already the location of a “canning center” operated by FERA.
The mattress factory started operating a little later that fall. Perhaps the people employed at the canning center went to work making mattresses when the growing season ended and there was no more produce to can.
The Jamestown Sun never reported how many people worked at the mattress factory or how many beds they made. Working with 12 tons of cotton and nearly a mile of ticking I’m sure they produced a lot of mattresses which were sold locally with one restriction.
In order to not compete with the furniture stores mattresses made by FERA factories could only been sold to low income families.
But given the depths of the financial difficulties of the time I would guess they all sold.
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Snapshot 1: The fraction
has been reached in the Stern–Brocot tree. It is possible to display up to 20 levels on the screen. Beyond five levels it is easier to keep track of the order of fractions using the "
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Snapshot 1: The fraction
has been reached in the Stern–Brocot tree. It is possible to display up to 20 levels on the screen. Beyond five levels it is easier to keep track of the order of fractions using the "ordering" tab.
Snapshot 2: The same solution
is shown in the order of the fractions visited. The ordering corresponds to collapsing the Stern–Brocot path onto a single dimension. The solution was reached by turning left, right, left, right.
Snapshot 3: The fraction
is shown as the mediant of
; it was produced by summing the parents' numerators to produce the numerator of the mediant and summing the parents' denominators to produce the denominator of the mediant. This method, although incorrect as a way to add fractions, is the very way to produce a mediant. The mediant always lies between the parent fractions.
Snapshot 4: Click the "continued fraction" tab to keep track of turns in the tree and to show how the continued fraction is built up from partial quotients.
Snapshot 5: Click the "plotted fractions" tab to show
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to the Lyonia Preserve at Section 16
Volusia County has dedicated this 400-acre parcel to provide visitors a chance to
see and learn about one of Floridas original and unique landscapes.
A major goal of Lyonia Preserve was
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to the Lyonia Preserve at Section 16
Volusia County has dedicated this 400-acre parcel to provide visitors a chance to
see and learn about one of Floridas original and unique landscapes.
A major goal of Lyonia Preserve was to restore the scrub plant community to the conditions
similar to those that existed here before human intervention, providing suitable habitat
for scrub dependant animals. In a natural scrub ecosystem, fire maintains the ecosystem
and prevents any one plant from dominating. Prior to restoration, sand pines and oaks
dominated this area and thus, there was a lack of diversity. By utilizing a variety of
methods, the re-growth of the sand pines and oak were minimized and this restoration area
is being managed for scrub plants and scrub dependant animals.
The restored scrub ecosystem that you are about to enter is unlike any found in North
America. This is a last remaining relic of a time in which the scrub of western North
America was distributed east to the Atlantic Ocean. Over time, climatic changes isolated
this habitat from the western scrub, leaving only a few pockets of scrub remaining in
Florida. Other important scrub areas in Florida are found in the Ocala National Forest,
the Lake Wales Ridge and in coastal areas.
As you enter the
preserve, obs
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Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the so-called separate-but-equal segregation of whites and blacks in public facilities in its decision on Plessy v. Ferguson. Homer Plessy,
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Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the so-called separate-but-equal segregation of whites and blacks in public facilities in its decision on Plessy v. Ferguson. Homer Plessy, a Louisianian who was seven-eighths Caucasian, bought a first-class ticket and sat in the "whites only" car of a train leaving New Orleans. When asked to move, he refused, and he was subsequently arrested. The Court ruled that "laws permitting, and even requiring [the two races'] separation in places w
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Growing up on a farm it was great having homemade ice cream from fresh cow’s cream and milk, plus fresh eggs with the real yellow/orange yolk — I think they would now classify our milk and eggs as the natural/organic type.
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Growing up on a farm it was great having homemade ice cream from fresh cow’s cream and milk, plus fresh eggs with the real yellow/orange yolk — I think they would now classify our milk and eggs as the natural/organic type.
By DONNA COOK
We used the hand-crank type freezer. One person would crank while someone else would sit on a towel or old rug that was put on top of the freezer to help hold it in place while cranking. When it was done we would all have a spoon in hand to try and get the first bite as the lid came off. It was a treat to lick the dasher.
Where did Ice Cream come from? Although the exact origins of ice cream have been lost in history, the first seemed to be drinks made with ice and snow. There are records that show that Alexander the Great, who lived in from 356 to 323 B.C., would send his slaves to bring ice down from the mountains to have for drinks.
Ice cream was brought to Europe by Marco Polo in the form of water ices. He noticed King T’ang would send people to get ice so he could make ice cream out of buffalo’s, cow’s and goat’s milk. The milk was heated and allowed to ferment. It was then mixed with flour to thicken. Camphor was added for flavoring.
The first time “Ice Cream” was used to describe that frozen dessert was in 1744 in the A
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This is one of those days when people take note of at least two matters of history important to religion.
The most recent of the two is Kristallnacht, or Night of Glass, in 1938, when Nazi Germany's leaders organized
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This is one of those days when people take note of at least two matters of history important to religion.
The most recent of the two is Kristallnacht, or Night of Glass, in 1938, when Nazi Germany's leaders organized a night of terror against Jews. Hundreds of synagogues were plundered, thousands of shops were destroyed and nearly 100 Jews were killed.
The earlier event in religious history -- an event I want to focus on a bit today -- happened in 1802 in Albion, Maine. It was the birth of Elijah Parish Lovejoy (pictured here), a remarkable Presbyterian journalist (three words you don't often find in the same sentence), whose name today is preserved in the name of the presbytery (regional governing body) in the St. Louis area -- Giddings-Lovejoy Presbytery.
As for Giddings, that's for another time.
A Presbyterian pastor, Lovejoy became editor of the St. Louis Observer in 1833 and turned it into an abolitionist voice.
In 1836, anti-abolitionists forced him to move his presses east across the Mississippi River to Alton, Ill. The next year these forces destroyed his printing facilities twice and eventually shot him to death as they sought to destroy his presses for a third time.
Talk about clergy burnout (my subject here yesterday).
Anyway, Elijah Lovejoy today is an honored man among both Presbyterians and journalists, but it was a terribly hard road to get there.
* * *
MOVING WITH OR AGAINST HISTORY?
Almost every candidate and cause supported by Christians who call themselves conservative went down to defeat in this week's election. David Gibson of Religion News Services describes what happened. I know it may take a long time for such voters to be willing to do this, but now is the time to analyze whether they may well be on the wrong side of history's right side -- on abortion, on gay marriage, on a host of other issues. Sometimes faith communities must stand against the tide of history because history is heading in the wrong direction. But when it comes to issues of liberation, of freedom, of respect for every single individual, the arc of history, as has been said, bends toward justice. And if you're bending the other way, eventually you're going to be broken. (See the history of those who supported slavery and preventing women from voting -- often on phony biblical grounds.)
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Millions of families are vegetarian, eating a vegan diet, be it for health reasons, or because of ethical or religious reasons. More and more health professionals are discouraging the consumption of red meats and animal fats, that have been proven to increase
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Millions of families are vegetarian, eating a vegan diet, be it for health reasons, or because of ethical or religious reasons. More and more health professionals are discouraging the consumption of red meats and animal fats, that have been proven to increase the chances of diseases like obesity and cancer. And many environmentalists are spreading the knowledge of how much of our natural resources are being used in the process of converting animals to food. Without meat, vegans have been able to come up with many vegan diets for babies including the one the following paragraphs will discuss.
Vegan mothers can feed their babies breast milk, or modified baby formula until the baby reaches four to six months old. At four to six months old, solids are added to the vegan diet, but they should be introduced gradually, trying one new food item at a time. Vitamin drops are commonly given to vegan children until they are at least five years old, and can be purchased at vegan stores. If no food of animals origin is being given, like milk or eggs, either soy milk should be supplemented, or a vitamin B12 supplement should be taken orally, which can also be purchased at most vegan stores.
When weaning the infant from its mother's breast milk or formula at four to six months old, it should be done gradually, and solid foods should be introduced slowly, small portions at a time. Once the baby starts getting used to the new food, quantities can be safely increased, and you can try a little variety in the baby's vegan diet. Foods suitable for a vegan diet are:
1. Baby rice mixed with water or formula
2. Smooth mixture of fruit
3. Smooth mixture of vegetables
Remember, if the baby is thirsty, boiled water is suitable, as well as extremely diluted fruit juice. No salt or sugar should be added to the babies food or beverage. At about six months of age, the baby can be given apple wedges, and carrot sticks, under very close adult supervision.
At seven to nine months of age, the baby should be completely weaned
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The Problem with Protein
An important new study from Massachusetts General Hospital suggests that overconsumption of protein may contribute to our country's alarming rates of osteoporosis and osteopenia. The results clearly demonstrate that a decrease in the amount of dietary
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The Problem with Protein
An important new study from Massachusetts General Hospital suggests that overconsumption of protein may contribute to our country's alarming rates of osteoporosis and osteopenia. The results clearly demonstrate that a decrease in the amount of dietary protein could decrease bone loss.
Published in the August 2004 issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, the study examined the diets of 39 healthy premenopausal women.
Participants spent one week eating as much protein as they wanted (average was 67.3 g) and another week following recommended daily allowances (average was 46.4 g). Researchers discovered that the modest decrease in protein reduced acid loss by 67 percent, calcium excretion by 32 percent, and bone loss by 17 percent—good news for the women’s skeletal health.
The findings are important for public health, given that the typical North American diet includes 70-100 g of protein a day, even more than the study participants consumed. Followers of the high-protein, low-carb diets typically consume about 135 g of protein a day.
PCRM Online, October 2004
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Displaying 1 - 20 of 51 resources in Watersheds:
1. Allegheny County Conservation District
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
The Allegheny County Conservation District is an agency of State government having as its
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Displaying 1 - 20 of 51 resources in Watersheds:
1. Allegheny County Conservation District
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
The Allegheny County Conservation District is an agency of State government having as its mission the conservation of the County's soil and water resources. We...
2. Armstrong Conservation District
Kittanning, PA, USA
The Armstrong Conservation District shall coordinate and deliver high quality programs in cooperation with our federal, state, local and private partners providing for the diligent...
3. Bedeque Bay Environmental Management Association
The Bedeque Bay Environmental Management Association (BBEMA) exists to provide opportunities for the citizens of the Bedeque Bay watershed to conserve and enhance their watershed...
4. Berks County Conservancy
Reading, PA, USA
The Berks County Conservancy was established as a non-profit membership organization in 1974, with a mission to preserve Berks County's unique cultural and environmental heritage...
5. Biodiversity and Your Water Supply
We depend on the Earth's biodiversity for clean, available freshwater. Throughout time, the planet's healthy ecosystems and diversity of life have ensured the flow of...
6. Blair County Conservation District
Hollidaysburg, PA, USA
The mission of the Blair County Conservation District is the protection, preservation, and enhancement of Blair County's natural resources by providing technical assistance and educational guidance....
7. Brodhead Watershed Association
The Brodhead Watershed Association (BWA) is a non-profit environmental organization dedicated to protecting and improving water quality and the environment in the Brodhead watershed. The...
8. Canaan Valley Institute - Clearfield, PA Office
Clearfield, PA, USA
CVI is an organization committed to enhancing the ability of the region's residents to improve their quality of life. The Institute works to help communities...
9. Center for Environmental Law and Policy
Seattle, WA, USA
The Center for Environmental Law and Policy works to protect and restore the natural integrity and enjoyment of Washington's waters. Through agency oversight, policy research,...
10. Colours of the Nile
Follow this expedition down the River Nile on a raft to raise global awareness of the lack of available clean water....
Category: Educational Resources
11. Conemaugh Valley Conservancy - Johnstown Office
Johnstown, PA, USA
The purpose of the Conservancy is to promote the conservation and preservation of natural and cultural resources and to encourage land-use practices along the Conemaugh...
12. Cornell Center for the Environment
Ithaca, NY, USA
Cornell's gateway to environmental research, education and programs....
Category: Educational Resources
13. Darby Creek Valley Association
The Darby Creek Valley Association (DCVA) is an all volunteer, nonprofit organization dedicated to the protection and enhancement of all the Darby Creek watershed's resources,...
14. Delaware Riverkeeper Network
Washington Crossing, PA, USA
The mission of the Delaware Riverkeeper Network is to protect and restore the Delaware River, its tributaries and habitats through advocacy, enforcement and citizen action....
15. Dunbar Creek Project
Yukon, PA, USA
The webs most extensive environmental tour, describes the stream and its surroundings with over 4,000 photos, (Many with text descriptions), Maps, and even Hiking Mileage...
16. Environmental Professionals Organization
Ontario, CA, USA
The mission of the Environmental Professionals Organization is to create a dynamic educational forum for the multi disciplinary enhancement of environmental professionals....
17. Essex Land Conservation Trust
Essex, CT, USA
This site is maintained by the Essex Land Conservation Trust for its members and any persons interested in conservation....
18. Fox River Watch
Green Bay, WI, USA
Clean Water Action Council website about PCB pollution of Fox River, Green Bay, Wisconsin and Lake Michigan including research on PCBs, history, health effects, toxicity,...
19. Friends of Alum Creek and Tributaries (F.A.C.T.)
Columbus, OH, USA
The Friends of Alum Creek and Tributaries (F.A.C.T.) are a local Central Ohio watershed-based nonprofit group dedicated to finding ways to "preserve and protect the...
20. Friends of Merrymeeting Bay
Richmond, ME, USA
FOMB works to protect, preserve and improve the unique ecosystems of Merrymeeting Bay through research, advocacy, education and land conservation. The Bay, at the junction...
Displaying 1 - 20 of 51
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Bayern (Bavaria)Königreich (kingdom) Emigration and ImmigrationEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Emigration from Bavaria to the United States
From Bavaria most German emigrants originated, above all
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Bayern (Bavaria)Königreich (kingdom) Emigration and ImmigrationEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Emigration from Bavaria to the United States
From Bavaria most German emigrants originated, above all from the Palatine area. The reason for emigration was hunger. In Bavaria Anerbenrecht (inheritance law) was prevalent. This meant that farms were divided among heirs, leaving each with small parcels of land which could not support a family. Those who had emigrated before wrote letters of hope: in America it was possible through hard work to forge a stable existence. For many, emigration was the opportunity of a lifetime but not easy to come by. The authorities did everything imaginable to thwart emigration efforts. Officials demanded proof of no debts or being released legally from guardianships, for instance.
How did one obtain a passport? In 1829 a potential emigrant could apply for permission to leave the country at the mayor’s office. The secretary forwarded such an application to the higher administration, called Bezirksamt. This office checked with the mayor’s office if taxes had been paid by the applicant which amounted to about 10% of a man’s monthly income. No man was able to leave the fatherland without completion of military duties or release from such. When this hurdle was taken, the next document to be produce was a visa from the consulate where the embarkation took place. At this point also, the authorities needed to see a document which ensured that a person or a family had a financial cushion to see them through the ordeal of resettlement. Afterwards, the proof of admission as US citizens had to be generated. Not everyone left according to official demands. In some instances, just as many or more left illegally.
Many emigrants chose to embark in the French harbor LeHavre. If emigrating legally, they chose to leave in groups rather than face the journey alone with good reasons. They were able to support each other in many ways, provide nourishment both physically and emotionally.
Most emigrants from Bavaria arrived in New York, where they hoped to meet relatives or friends or from where they had better chances to reach their destinations. If emigrants arrived in New Orleans, they went per boat to St. Louis from which they went further west. The later the emigrants arrived the further westward they had to go in order to get land free of charge.
Here is a link to emigrants from Bavaria to America
Emigrants from Berchtesgarden
Emigrants from the Pfalz
In an entry of the church records of Dreieichenhain is stated that in 1709 several thousand emigrants followed the invitation of Queen Anne to settle in England, Ireland and the New World (Carolina). Among the emigrants were 8589 people from the Pfalz (Palatine). More about this emigration wave can be read here
Palatinate Mennonite Census Lists 1664-1793
The ancient “Kurpfalz” territory is not the same as the present-day “Pfalz” in German or “Palatinate” in English. The Kurpfalz territory included parts of the state of Baden on the east side of the Rhine River and parts of the present-day Palatinate, namely the former Oberämter (administrations) of Alzey, Neustadt, Lautern (Kaiserslautern), and Germersheim on the west side of the Rhine River. The state of Kurpfalz ended in 1801 under Napoleon of France. The Palatinate then became part of France and was named “Departement Mont Tonnere. In 1815, this territory fell to the Kingdom of Bavaria, and since World War II is known as “Rheinbayern” or “Bayrische Pfalz”.
The first Swiss-German Ana
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African Collared Dove
|African Collared Dove|
The African Collared Dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea) is a small dove found in Africa in the arid region south of the Sahara. Its range extends
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African Collared Dove
|African Collared Dove|
The African Collared Dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea) is a small dove found in Africa in the arid region south of the Sahara. Its range extends in a band right across the continent, and into southern Arabia. Although it lives in arid lands, it is found around water sources.
This bird is typically around 26 cm in length. Its upper body, from shoulders to tail, is a pale grayish brown, though the wing edge has a bluish tinge. Flight feathers are darker, and nearly black. Head, neck and breast are pinkish shading to white on the chin and belly. There is little sexual dimorphism.
The African Collared Dove is the species thought to be the wild ancestor of the domestic Barbary Dove, though some suggest the Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) may also have been involved. The African Collared Dove is able to hybridise with the Barbary Dove, and it is thought that the increase in the range of colours of Barbary Doves available that occurred in the later twentieth century was the result of the importation of African Collared Doves into the United States for interbreeding.
It is reported to have been introduced into New Zealand, but it is more likely that the birds there are descended from domestic Barbary Doves.
- BirdLife International (2004). Streptopelia roseogrisea. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 11 May 2006.
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Wednesday February 13, 2013 - Ash Wednesday
The beginning of the season of the Lent
- اولين روز ايام روزه مسيحيان
What do Christians Celebrate on Ash Wednesday?
In Western Christianity, Ash Wednesday
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Wednesday February 13, 2013 - Ash Wednesday
The beginning of the season of the Lent
- اولين روز ايام روزه مسيحيان
What do Christians Celebrate on Ash Wednesday?
In Western Christianity, Ash Wednesday marks the first day, or the start of the season of Lent, which begins 40 days prior to Easter (Sundays are not included in the count).
Lent is a time when many Christians prepare for Easter by observing a period of fasting, repentance, moderation and spiritual discipline. During some Ash Wednesday services, the minister will lightly rub the sign of the cross with ashes onto the foreheads of worshipers.
Not all Christian churches observe Ash Wednesday or Lent. They are mostly observed by the Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian and Anglican denominations, and also by Roman Catholics.
Eastern Orthodox churches observe Lent or Great Lent, during the 6 weeks or 40 days preceding Palm Sunday with fasting continuing during the Holy Week of Easter. Lent for Eastern Orthodox churches begins on Monday and Ash Wednesday is not observed.
The Bible does not mention Ash Wednesday or the custom of Lent, however, the practice of repentance and mourning in ashes is found in 2 Samuel 13:19; Esther 4:1; Job 2:8; and Daniel 9:3.
What is the meaning and purpose of Ash Wednesday?
Ash Wednesday is a wake-up call. Ash Wednesday hits us squarely between the eyes, forcing us to face mortality and sinfulness. We hear Scripture readings that are urgent and vivid. We have black ashes rubbed into our foreheads. We recite a Litany of Penitence that takes our breath away, or should. It is a tough day, but take heart! This is one religious day that won.t fall into the clutches of retailers. There aren.t any Hallmark cards celebrating sin and death; no shop windows are decked out with sackcloth and ashes.
On Ash Wednesday we come to church to kneel, to pray, and to ask God.s forgiveness, surrounded by other sinners. Human sin is universal; we all do it, not only Christians. But our church tradition sets aside Ash Wednesday as a particular day to address sin and death. We do this mindful that "God hates nothing God has made and forgives the sins of all who are penitent." We are ALL sinners, no better and no worse than our brothers and sisters. This is not a day to compete ("my sins are worse than yours are"), but to confess..
Ash Wednesday is the gateway to Lent. We have forty precious days to open ourselves up most particularly to God, to examine ourselves in the presence of one who created us, knows us, and loves us. We have forty days to face ourselves and learn to not be afraid of our sinfulness. We are dust, and to dust we shall return, but with God.s grace we can learn to live this life more fully, embracing our sinfulness, allowing God to transform us
The Rev. Margaret Jones
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[68:1] NuN, the pen, and what they (the people) write.
We all know that Quran has twenty nine chapters that are prefixed with fourteen different sets of Quranic initials. One of these initialed chapters is
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[68:1] NuN, the pen, and what they (the people) write.
We all know that Quran has twenty nine chapters that are prefixed with fourteen different sets of Quranic initials. One of these initialed chapters is chapter 68. The initial used in this chapter is the letter "N," or "noon" in Arabic. In almost all of the available Quran prints (mushafs) all over the world, this initial is written as a single letter "N" to prefix verse number one of chapter 68 as an initial.
It is an Arabic language fact that the Arabic root of this letter is exactly how it spells out: Noon Waw Noon. With the unveiling of the mathematical miracle of the Quran, Dr. Rashad Khalifa, Messenger of the Covenant, confirmed to us that this unique initial must be written by its Arabic, three-letter, root just as it is spelled out : NUN, or Noon Waw Noon in Arabic. This spelling/way of writing makes the total occurrence of this initial in this chapter 133=19x7, a pattern/phenomenon that is followed consistently for each single initial throughout the 29 initialed chapters of the Quran.
The following findings were just recently discovered to further validate the writing of this initial with three Arabic letters, in its Arabic root format, (as it is spelled out as Noon waw Noon) which in return confirm the 19-based mathematical phenomenon of the 29 initialed chapters of the Quran. These mathematical findings are a continuation of the perpetual effect of the miracle. They are additional stamps of the authenticity and the divinity of every single shape, letter and word of the Quran:
The only location where the letter "N" is also written in its Arabic, three-letter, root format as it is spelled out (Noon waw Noon) is in 21:87. This by itself provides us with another assurance from God that this letter when written by itself in the Quran must be written in its three-letter, root format.
Jonah [21:87] And Zan-Noon (Jonah, "the one with an `N' in his name"), abandoned his mission in protest, thinking that we could not control him. He ended up imploring from the darkness (of the big fish's belly): "There is no god other than You. Be You glorified. I have committed a gross sin."
The gematrical value of the three letters "Noon waw Noon" is 50+6+50=106 and as previously noted, the only two locations in the Quran where this unique spelling of the letter "N" occurs is in 21:87 and 68:1
Sura 68:1 consists of 18 letters,with a gematrical value of 695 and Sura 21:87 consists of 79 letters, with a gematrical value of 9784.
By adding all the above digits (chapter number, verse number, number of letters and the gematrical value for each verse), the total adds up to 106 which is again the gematrical value of Noon waw Noon: This is a confirmation that both Ns in both verses must be written in the three-letter, Arabic, root format as Noon waw Noon.
By not writing the proper name of Jonah or Yonis in 21:87, God almighty has raised for us a flag to get our attention and further study this matter of the initial "noon," or Noon waw Noon." Instead of "Jonah", God used Zan-Noon spelled as "Noon waw Noon" which is one of the letters that compose the name [And Zan-Noon (Jonah, "the one with an `N' in his name").] We know by now that this was significantly meant to be as every single shape, letter and word in this Quran is perfectly measured and calculated (83:20, 83:9.) Now we have additional physical evidence to prove that writing "Zan-Noon" instead of Junah or Yonis was to teach us and confirm for us the proper writing of the initial NuN in chapter 68.
- The unique spelling of NUN occurs in Sura 68 and 21, and there is 17 occurrences of the letter N in both verses ( considering the fact that we must write "N", when by itself, in its unique spelling as Noon Waw Noon.) If we add all these three numbers we get: 68 + 21 + 17 = 106, which is the gematrical value of Noon waw Noon.
NUN is spelled gematrically like this: 50 6 50 (where N = 50, and Waw= 6). This occurs twice in both chapters 68 and 21. If we put chapter 68 next to 50, 6, 50 which are the gematrical values of Noon waw Noon, next to chapter 21 next to the same set of gematrical values of Noon waw Noon, we get:
68 50650 21 50650 = 19x 3605605376350.
- If we come to write out NUN gematrically and also place both sura numbers and verse numbers we get: 50650 681 2187 = 19 x 26658253273.0000.
- If we put 68:1 first, then the gematrical value of NUN then we place 21:87, we get: 681 50650 2187 = 19 x 35868763273.0000.
In 68:1 there are 3 N's. These three N's have a gematrical value of 150. In 87:21 there are 14 N's. These N's have a gematrical value of 700. If we add 681 and 2187 to the GV of the Ns in each verse, we get:
681 + 150 = 831 8721 + 700 = 2887
Then, let's add 831 + 2887 = 3718.... and 3 + 7 + 1 + 8 = 19.
The total of sequential value of Noon Waw Noon based on the old table of Arabic Alphabet (abgdhws table in appendix o
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This is part of a series highlighting databases available through the Jefferson-Madison Regional Library website.
Libraries are not just "books" anymore. Though there are wonderful collections in the Jefferson-Madison Regional Library, we also subscribe to many online
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This is part of a series highlighting databases available through the Jefferson-Madison Regional Library website.
Libraries are not just "books" anymore. Though there are wonderful collections in the Jefferson-Madison Regional Library, we also subscribe to many online databases. Databases are an online resource containing thousands of newspaper and magazine articles in addition to biographical and medical information, genealogical sources, encyclopedia articles, and general reference materials that cover a wide variety of subjects and provide reliable information. The library subscribes to databases in 12 different subject categories. There are even specific databases for children and teens to help them with their homework. Most of the information retrieved is in full text articles. And the good news is that the databases are available 24/7 from home, school or work. All you need is a library card to gain remote access. However there are a few databases that can only be accessed in the library.
eLibrary contains full text of more than 900 magazine and newspaper titles as well as TV, radio and government transcripts, books and reference collections, photographs and images, and maps. Includes Richmond Times-Dispatch, Virginian Pilot and the Roanoke Times & World News. You can easily get a list of all included publications.
Clicking on the reference tab, shows that besides a dictionary and a thesaurus, eLibrary includes encyclopedias, almanacs, atlases and a wide variety of other sources including the DK Eyewitness series and the CIA World Factbook 2005 Maps. The Factbook has more than 271 updated images, along with keywords for searching each map.
Under the Encyclopedia section there is the Britannica Spanish Encyclopedia (in Spanish), the Encyclopedia of Natural Healing, and a whole list of Hutchinson dictionaries. Unfortunately some of these sources are a few years old.Other noteworthy sources searchable by keyword:
So when you think of the Jefferson-Madison Regional Library, think bigger than "books and information" -- think electronic resources and use your library card to access all of this information 24/7. If you need help using the databases, please contact th
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The Educational Software Gold Rush:
Computer-based technologies for learning are becoming ubiquitous in our society and educational institutions. Young students are growing up with learning software, educational games, and Internet-based learning materials like Cognitive Tutors (www.carnegielearning.com
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The Educational Software Gold Rush:
Computer-based technologies for learning are becoming ubiquitous in our society and educational institutions. Young students are growing up with learning software, educational games, and Internet-based learning materials like Cognitive Tutors (www.carnegielearning.com), Study Island (www.studyisland.com), First in Math (www.firstinmath.com), BrainPop (www.brainpop.com), and the Khan Academy (www.khanacademy.org). Many schools supply hardware such as IPads to their students for the purpose of accessing online learning software. In the midst of this rush to use software for education, important scientific questions emerge: Where and what is the Learning Science underlying the technology and the hype? In this talk I will discuss how science is being used to provide a firm foundation for the "educational software gold rush." Disciplines such as computer science, cognitive science, educational psychology, and artificial intelligence are coming together to investigate how people learn, how people learn with technology, and, most importantly, how we can design educational software to provide the best possible learning environments for students.
Dr. Bruce M. McLaren, a senior systems scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, U.S., and an adjunct principal researcher at Saarland University, Germany, is passionate about how technology can support education and has dedicated his work and research to projects that explore how students can learn with Internet-based educational software. He is particularly interested in intelligent tutoring systems and e-learning principles. Dr. McLaren's research with intelligent tutors, for instance, investigates how students learn when presented with erroneous and worked examples in conjunction with intelligent tutors. Dr. McLaren also has a keen interest in collaborative learning and technology for supporting and analyzing collaborative argumentation. For instance, Dr. McLaren has focused on developing educational technology using artificial intelligence techniques to help teachers moderate collaborative e-Discussions and online arguments. In addition to his research background, Dr. McLaren earlier worked for over 20 years in the commercial sector, applying research ideas to practical problems using Artificial Intelligence techniques. Dr. McLaren holds a Ph.D. and M.S. in Intelligent Systems from the University of Pittsburgh, an M.S. in Computer Science from the University of Pittsburgh, and a B.S. in Computer Science (cum laude) from Millersville University, PA. He has over 100 publications spanning peer-reviewed journals, conferences, workshops, symposiums and book chapters.
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September 11, 2012 - The Canadian Foundation on Fetal Alcohol Research (CFFAR) has announced the recipients of its annual grants Read more »
School nurses are among the first to know an adolescent is pregnant and are critical in identifying
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September 11, 2012 - The Canadian Foundation on Fetal Alcohol Research (CFFAR) has announced the recipients of its annual grants Read more »
School nurses are among the first to know an adolescent is pregnant and are critical in identifying that a child's struggles in school may be related to their previous health history. Enhancing nurses' knowledge and skills in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) should help population-based FAS prevention efforts.
We conducted a pilot study. Findings were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Informal discussions with key leaders provided further suggestions for the survey.
All nurses in this study knew that pregnant and potentially pregnant women should abstain from alcohol. A significant majority could identify the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the child. They were less likely to know about binge drinking, FAS epidemiology, or facial dysmorphia. Over 70% requested more information on 13 FAS competencies identified in the survey. The instrument captured neither the range of activities school nurses could conduct to prevent and treat FAS nor the wide range of populations they serve.
This study identified three areas to target information for school nurses: binge drinking, FAS epidemiology, and facial dysmorphia. Before conducting a larger study, the instrument needs revision to accommodate school nurses' wide range of educational levels and responsibilities, and to include questions related to nursing interventions that support diagnosis and referral.
Key Words: fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome, nursing interventions, secondary disabilities, fetal alcohol syndrome
* - "MOTHERISK - Treating the mother - Protecting the unborn" is an official mark of The Hospital for Sick Children. All rights reserved.
The information on this website is not intended as a substitute for the advice and care of your doctor or other health-care provider. Always consult your doctor if you have any questions about exposures during pregnancy and before you take any medications.
Copyright © 1999-2013 The Hospital fo
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Routine aspirin'may cause harm'
Healthy people who take aspirin to prevent a heart attack or stroke could be doing more harm than good, warn researchers.
An analysis of more than 100,000 patients, published in Archives of Internal Medicine
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Routine aspirin'may cause harm'
Healthy people who take aspirin to prevent a heart attack or stroke could be doing more harm than good, warn researchers.
An analysis of more than 100,000 patients, published in Archives of Internal Medicine, concluded the risk of internal bleeding was too high.
The UK-led study said only people with conditions such as past heart problems or stroke should take the tablets.
Experts said any decision should be made with a doctor.
Aspirin helps people who have had a heart attack or stroke. It prevents blood clots from forming by preventing cells, known as platelets, from sticking together. By reducing the number of clots formed, the tablets reduce the risk of another heart attack or stroke.
There have also been suggestions that the drug can prevent some cancers, however, the drug is known to increase the chance of internal bleeding, including bleeds on the brain.
The discussion has been whether at-risk or even healthy people should also take aspirin.
Official guidelines were issued in 2005 by the Joint British Societies, which includes the British Cardiac Society, British Hypertension Society and The Stroke Association. It recommended 75 mg of aspirin a day for high risk patients over the age of 50. The Drugs and Therapeutics Bulletin said in 2008 that preventative aspirin should be abandoned unless there was already evidence of cardiovascular disease.Good or bad?
Researchers analysed data from nine trials, from a total of 102,621 patients.
They said that while there was a 20% reduction in non-fatal heart attacks in people taking aspirin, there was no reduction in deaths from heart attack, stroke or cancer.
Meanwhile the risk of potentially life threatening internal bleeding increased by 30%.
Lead researcher Prof Kausik Ray, from St George's, University of London, told the BBC: "If you treat 73 people for about six years you will get one of these non-trivial bleeds.
"If you treat about 160 people for the same period of time, you're preventing one heart attack that probably wouldn't have been fatal anyway.
"It suggests that the net benefit for aspirin is not there, it certainly doesn't prolong life. If you think about it the net benefit, actually there is net harm.
The study followed patients for an average of six years. An analysis led by Prof Peter Rothwell, from Oxford University, suggested that regularly taking aspirin reduced the risk of a series of cancers, when patients were followed for much longer.
Prof Rothwell said the new study was "very nicely done, but I don't think it develops [the argument] much further".
He added: "It really just emphasises the need for a more detailed analysis of how risks change over time."
Natasha Stewart, senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation, said: "Aspirin can help reduce the risk of heart attack or st
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Neck sprains refer to a ligament sprain or muscle strain in the neck. They are most typically associated with the whiplash injury (common in a car accident) but also occur frequently during sports. They are the result of a
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Neck sprains refer to a ligament sprain or muscle strain in the neck. They are most typically associated with the whiplash injury (common in a car accident) but also occur frequently during sports. They are the result of a fall, impact or contact with another person, object or surface.
The seven cervical vertebrae are connected to each other by ligaments. A sprain occurs when these ligaments are stretched or torn beyond their normal range of motion. This may happen during sudden movements that causes the neck to extend, then snap back, with extreme force. Common symptoms of a neck sprain include:
* Pain in the back of the neck that increases with movement * Pain on the sides of the neck * Delayed onset neck pain that shows up 24 to 48 hours after a neck injury * Muscle spasms or pain in the upper regions of the shouldersback and shoulders * Headache at teh back of the head * Sore throat * Irritability, fatigue, difficulty sleeping and difficulty concentrating * Stiffness / decreased range of motion in teh nck * Tingling, numbness or weakness in the hands or arms
Treatment It is important to have a physician evaluate your injury to rule out anything serious. Once a diagnosis of sprain or strain is confirmed, the treatment is the same as other soft tissue injuries. First aide includes R.I.C.E. therapy (rest, ice, compression and elevation). Neck sprains are painful and take time to heal, so you may need to wear a soft cervical collar to help support the head and relieve pressure on the neck while ligaments heal.
Anti-inflammatory medications, can help reduce the pain and any swelling. Muscle relaxants may be prescribed by your doctor to help reduce muscle spasms. Applying ice to the neck (15 to 20 minutes at a time), several times a day for up to three days after the injury will help reduce inflammation and pain. Applying heat should be avoided in the early stages of the injury because heat will increase the circulation and increase swelling.
Most symptoms of a neck strain will decrease in four to six weeks, but a severe injury can take even longer to heal completely. For this reason, it is wise to avoid a return to contact sports until several months of being pain-free. You may also benefit from a visit to a physical therapist to ensure a safe and appropriate return to exercise.
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Modern Finland has little need for the kind of national branding campaign seen in the 1930s. Then Finland was known only as the country that paid its debts to the United States.
Modern Finland has little need for a national branding campaign. The
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Modern Finland has little need for the kind of national branding campaign seen in the 1930s. Then Finland was known only as the country that paid its debts to the United States.
Modern Finland has little need for a national branding campaign. The country of five million has been recognized in recent years for its formidable competitiveness, innovation, transparency and literacy rates. Nokia telephones are ubiquitous as are Marimekko’s bold retro chic fabrics. Famous Finns, among them world-renowned architect and designer Alvar Aalto and Tove Jansson, whose Moomin fairytales have been translated into more than 30 languages, have left lasting global legacies. It was not always this way.
In the early 20th century, Finland was a little known country saddled with debt to the United States, incurred when Finland borrowed just over eight million dollars between 1918 and 1920 to ease acute post war food shortages. Finland agreed to repay the loans over a 62-year period, with an interest rate of 3% for the first ten years, and 3.5 % thereafter.
Finland was not alone in owing significant relief and reconstruction monies to the United States. In 1922, the United States negotiated loan agreements totalling slightly more than 11.5 billion dollars with 15 European countries. But Finland alone strategically turned an ill-deserved reputation for being a “bad debtor” around with a public relations coup when it was the only country that repaid its debt in full.
In 1931, in the face of worldwide economic depression, the United States announced a one-year moratorium on all inter-governmental loans. Debtors, with the sole exception of Finland, took this moratorium to be a pardon. In 1933, only six countries made token payments on their loans. The following year, Finland earned the distinction of being the only country to continue to pay its principal and interest payments in full.
3,000 Stories Touting Finland
Finland’s hopes for a rehabilitation of its reputation were satisfied. Between 1933 and 1936, when widespread economic hardship in the United States stoked public resentment of the European loan defaults, American newspapers published nearly 3,000 stories trumpeting Finland’s faithful repayment of the loan. Finland was widely portrayed as a small northern country willing to give the shirt off its back, while its more affluent neighbors left their debts unpaid.
Finnish authorities were well aware of the public relations value of their resolve. In December 1934, then Governor of the Bank of Finland and later wartime President Risto Ryti remarked in a widely quoted interview that Finland could do nothing less than repay its debt in full: “It is only natural. We signed the contract. We promised to pay. It is the only honest thing to do.”
Finland continued to make regular payments on the loan until the 1940s, when a second moratorium was granted b
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Juxtaposition, metaphor, symbolism, irony, foreshadowing - HELP! Parents often avoid the subject of literature because of the intimidating vocabulary of literary analysis. The truth is, you don't need a college degree in literature to understand this
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Juxtaposition, metaphor, symbolism, irony, foreshadowing - HELP! Parents often avoid the subject of literature because of the intimidating vocabulary of literary analysis. The truth is, you don't need a college degree in literature to understand this vocabulary; what you need is a well written children's story. Adam takes the audience on a guided tour of literary devices, making discerning literary analysts out of each and every audience member. Doing the same with your own children couldn't be easier, but beware: soon, they will be finding
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(1) No other economic undertaking in the history of West Virginia has had a greater impact upon the citizens of this state, providing such an economic force and affecting the social construct and day-to-day life and environment of the people and communities of this
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(1) No other economic undertaking in the history of West Virginia has had a greater impact upon the citizens of this state, providing such an economic force and affecting the social construct and day-to-day life and environment of the people and communities of this state, than the activities associated with the extraction, transportation and consumption of coal or its byproducts. In areas of this state where the coal industry exists, the economic benefits of coal production are an indispensable part of the local community's vitality.
(2) The historic progression of the coal industry has resulted in an increasing use of the public highways of this state for the transportation of coal to river ports, power generators or rail loading facilities. Roads where coal is transported are mainly two-lane rural roads and highways of varying grades and conditions. The daily presence of large commercial motor vehicles on these roads and highways causes significant impact to local communities and the local transportation infrastructure. Local residents are exposed on a daily basis to the dangers associated with sharing the road with a large number of these vehicles.
(3) The increased capacity and ability of coal-hauling vehicles, tied with increased economic pressures to reduce industry transportation costs, have created economic incentives for transporting coal at higher than legal limits and for drivers to drive long hours and operate these vehicles at higher rates of speed. Consequently, average vehicle weights have increased and many coal transport vehicles regularly exceed the lawful limit by more than one hundred percent. The excessive weights of these vehicles have also resulted in the rapid deterioration of state roads and bridges, creating significant costs to the state of millions of dollars in lost road and bridge use and life.
(4) Advances in truck stability, braking and safety technology have made modern coal transporters much safer conveyances than those used by the industry when the state's current weight laws were enacted. Further advances in technology have made tracking and recording individual vehicles, their operators and loads significantly more efficient.
(5) Enforcement of truck safety and driver safety laws has been divided between various jurisdictions such as local and state law enforcement, the division of highways and the public service commission. As a result, local and state enforcement of those comprehensive laws has not been uniform, with the result that many of these laws have not been enforced.
(6) The resulting need for a remedy for hauling these additional amounts of coal is most severe in a limited and discrete geographic area of the state where the limited access to rail and river transportation options and economic condition
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i need help with this program. i have tried applying the formula that was given to me into the code but when i try use the (pow) function an error comes out.
Write a program that calculates and displays a person s body mass index
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i need help with this program. i have tried applying the formula that was given to me into the code but when i try use the (pow) function an error comes out.
Write a program that calculates and displays a person s body mass index (BMI). The
BMI is often used to determine whether a person with a sedentary lifestyle is overweight
or underweight for his or her height. A person s BMI is calculated with the following
BMI = weight × 703 / height2
where weight is measured in pounds and height is measured in inches. The program
should display a message indicating whether the person has optimal weight, is underweight,
or is overweight. A sedentary person s weight is considered to be optimal if his
or her BMI is between 18.5 and 25. If the BMI is less than 18.5, the person is considered
to be underweight. If the BMI value is greater than 25, the person is considered
to be overweight.
this is all have done so far..
int weight, height, BMI;
cout << "what is your weight and height? put a space in between answers."
cin >> weight >> height;
BMI = (weight * 703)/pow(height, 2);
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Health Tip: Stop Your Child's Thumb-Sucking
(HealthDay News) -- Thumb sucking may be a soothing pursuit for
young children, but the instinctive practice could eventually
damage the teeth, experts say.
The American Dental Association suggests
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Health Tip: Stop Your Child's Thumb-Sucking
(HealthDay News) -- Thumb sucking may be a soothing pursuit for
young children, but the instinctive practice could eventually
damage the teeth, experts say.
The American Dental Association suggests ways to help your child
stop thumb sucking:
- Rather than scolding your child for sucking the thumb, offer
praise when the child isn't doing it.
- Find ways to offer comfort and ease anxiety, which may help
stem thumb sucking.
- Have your dentist explain to the child why thumb sucking may be
- Bandage the thumb or apply an unpleasant-tasting medication
(recommended by your pediatrician) to remind your child to
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William C. Binning; Larry Eugene Esterly; Paul A. Sracic. Encyclopedia of American Parties, Campaigns, and Elections. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. 467pp.
John Morton Blum. Years of
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William C. Binning; Larry Eugene Esterly; Paul A. Sracic. Encyclopedia of American Parties, Campaigns, and Elections. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. 467pp.
John Morton Blum. Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961-1974. New York: W. W. Norton. 1992. 540pp.
Robert J. Bresler. Us vs. Them: American Political and Cultural Conflict from WWII to Watergate. Rowman & Littlefield. 2000. 262pp.
Richard L. McCormick. The Party Period and Public Policy: American Politics from the Age of Jackson to the Progressive Era. Oxford University Press. 1986. 369pp.
Michael E. McGerr. The Decline of Popular Politics: The American North, 1865-1928. Oxford University Press. 1988. 322pp.
Kim McQuaid. Uneasy Partners: Big Business in American Politics, 1945-1990. JHU Press. 1993. 224pp.
Mic
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Chronic liver disease: key points
- There are a variety of risk factors and diseases that cause chronic liver disease (CLD). The three commonest risk factors for CLD are excessive alcohol consumption; blood borne viruses, in particular Hepatitis
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Chronic liver disease: key points
- There are a variety of risk factors and diseases that cause chronic liver disease (CLD). The three commonest risk factors for CLD are excessive alcohol consumption; blood borne viruses, in particular Hepatitis B and C, and obesity.
- From 1993 to 2003, there was a sharp increase in chronic liver disease (CLD) mortality rates (age-standardised rates) in both men and women. Since then there has been a general decline in the mortality rates for both sexes, however, in 2010 there has been a slight increase again for males.
- Between 2000-05 and 2006-10, age-specific CLD mortality rates have declined in most age groups. The exceptions are men aged 35-39 years, men aged 85 years and over, all age groups for women aged
- Between 1989 and 2010, there has been an approximate three-fold increase in chronic liver disease patient discharge rates in men, and a two-fold increase in rates among women.
- Men living in the most deprived areas are 12 times more likely to die from CLD and for women seven times more likely, than those living in least deprived areas.
- The CLD mortality rate in Scotland has been increasing steadily over the last 30 yrs which is in contrast to the majority of European countries where CLD death rates have been decreasing.
- The last major update of this section was completed in March 2012.
- The next major update is due to be carried out by end December 2013. This is delayed from the normal publication date of March 2013 in order that mortality data for 2012 from National Records of Scotland can be included in the update.
Page last updated: 28 November 2013
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Goal: Students will be able to identify, draw and measure angles
(ODE, 2007, Math, 4th grade GAP Standards)
3.3 Geometry and Measurement: Describe and Analyze Properties of Two-Dimensional Shapes, Including
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Goal: Students will be able to identify, draw and measure angles
(ODE, 2007, Math, 4th grade GAP Standards)
3.3 Geometry and Measurement: Describe and Analyze Properties of Two-Dimensional Shapes, Including Perimeters
3.3.1 Identify right angles in two-dimensional shapes and determine if angles are greater than or less than a right angle (obtuse and acute)
Lesson Topic: Classifying Angles as Acute, Obtuse, Right, Straight and Reflex. Practicing using a half-circle protractor for angle measurements
Content Objective: Given the necessary materials, students will be able to distinguish angle types and apply information by modeling correct use of a half-circle protractor to measure and draw angles with a minimum level 3 on grading criteria
Language Objective: Students will be able to:
Demonstrate proper use of a half-circle protractor
Read and understand the degrees of an angle
Measure and draw angles less than 360 degrees
Show comfort categorizing angles by type (acute, obtuse, reflex, straight, right)
Grading Criteria / Assessment Plan:
5: Student is an active listener during reading of “The Greedy Triangle”. Student shows attention through eye contact, body language or active participation during introduction to lesson. Student shows full participation during small group project. Student completes assigned angle measurements with >90% accuracy.
3: Student is a somewhat active listener during reading of “The Greedy Triangle”. Student shows some attention through eye contact, body language or active participation during introduction to lesson. Student shows some participation during small group project. Student attempts to complete assigned angle measurements with >70% accuracy.
1: Student is somewhat distracted during reading of “The Greedy Triangle”. Student shows minimal attention through eye contact, body language or active participation during introduction to lesson. Student was present without full participation during small group project. Student shows little to no attempt to complete assigned angle measurements.
Method of Instruction:
Angle, Side (of angle), Vertex (of angle), Rotation, Protractor, Circular, Half-Circle, Right Angle, Acute Angle, Obtuse Angle, Reflex Angle, Straight Angle, Base Line
Large Paper for Posters
Art Supplies (scissors, glue, crayons, pens)
Anticipatory Set (10 minutes):
Read “The Greedy Triangle”
CFU: “What are some things you learned from this story about angles?”
“Was any of the information about angles new to you? What?”
“Is this book helpful in terms of looking at angles in relation to triangles? We
Have only looked so far at circles, but angles are in all shapes!”
Stated Purpose (5 minutes):
“Today we are going to continue on our angle measuring journey! We are going to explore the half-circle protractor. You will each work on a team poster project. After we complete our group projects, your group will act as the teacher and teach us everything about your angle. We will end our lesson with complements about each other’s poster projects. There will be time for discussion about angles.”
CFU: “Who would like to demonstrate how to use a half-circle protractor?”
“How does a half-circle protractor compare to a circular protractor?”
Model (10 minutes):
First step will be to discuss the half-circle protractor and compare it to the circular protractor. Show how to use it to measure a few angles as example. When students entered room after recess they picked up a name tag. The name tags are cut into different angles. Have them stand around the room where they can observe each other’s name tags and see if they can figure out what the significance of each is. Tags will all be cut at different angles, but goal will be to have 4 max tags per group (acute, obtuse, reflex, straight, and right). One group of students will have full 360 degree tags and they will make up the “angle” group. They will be responsible for covering anything related to angles (what are they? Include vertex info, rays or lines, different types, etc.). Each group will get together and make a poster about their angle. The posters should have any information that we need to know about their angle. It’s up to the teams to include any necessary information and to design their posters. Be sure to set a timer for teams with 5 minute warning on time allowance.
CFU: “Are there any questions?”
“How will team work look for this activity?”
Guided Practice (25 minutes):
While students are working in small groups I will walk around asking and answering engaging questions. I will observe how teams are working together to accomplish this task.
Closure (10 minutes):
Understanding angles and how to measure them is going to be a great accomplishment from this point on
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Chronicles, Papers and presentations from the country- and cultural history of West Prussia
Posts Tagged ‘ Danzig ’
The first member of this clan, has been extensively documented, was the Elbinger Councilman Henry Wessel (
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Chronicles, Papers and presentations from the country- and cultural history of West Prussia
Posts Tagged ‘ Danzig ’
The first member of this clan, has been extensively documented, was the Elbinger Councilman Henry Wessel (The first mention dates back to 1363).
Aus der altpommerschen Zeit, the Pomeranian dukes up under the 1308 took, is of the manors large-and small-Leesen Leesen nothing handed. For the first time the goods in the Gdansk area 14. Century as a Polish fief- and manors under the name Great-LEZIN, Small-and LEZIN Strellin mentioned.
Herrengrebin is the only estate in the district Danzig Basin area of the free city. In the most 31.12.1834 completed matriculation of the appearance in the state of chivalry was also empowering products listed Herrengrebin. The Good (previously always Grebin) was first 1273 as “Grabino” mentioned, as the Duke of Pomerania Mestwin the village to Christian, the father of the mayor, John of Dirschau awards. Furthermore, from Pomeranian time Grebin not become more widely known. The chronicler of Danzig George Tiedemann writes 1586 In his description of the land, dass [...]
The 1. Generation begins on the Lorenz Kawerau 23.5.1623 died. He came 1583 first from Scandinavia to Gdansk and Elblag then. The name may mean Kawerau “Broker”.
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The year after the one described in chapter one, many "victories" occur. In August, the narrator and undefined others move to a beautiful town called Gorizia, which is across the river from where the narrator lived before.
The narrator
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The year after the one described in chapter one, many "victories" occur. In August, the narrator and undefined others move to a beautiful town called Gorizia, which is across the river from where the narrator lived before.
The narrator notes ironically that the Austrians have only bombed the town a little, so they can come back and enjoy it when the war is over.
Even though there has been fighting, the town is still livable, with restaurants, hospitals and houses of prostitution ("one for soldiers and one for officers"). The narrator notes the contrast between the signs of war and the natural beauty of the landscape.
There used to be an oak forest in the mountains. It is now destroyed by the war.
Our narrator and a friend are in one of the houses of prostitution, watching the snow and drinking. He thinks that the mountains above the river will be occupied by troops the following year.
When the narrator’s friend sees the priest walk by the house of prostitution, he gets the priest’s attention through the window and invites him in, but the priest refuses.
Later that night in the mess hall, after eating spaghetti and while drinking, the captain teases the priest, who is embarrassed. The captain says he saw the priest with women, and then makes a joke suggesting the priest masturbates on a nightly basis and/or sleeps with five women at a time.
The major and the lieutenant announce their atheism. The narrator tells them that he thinks there won’t be any more offensive battles this year, due to the snow. The major agrees, and suggests the narrator should take a leave of duty to travel.
The men recommend various Italian places he should visit. The priest suggests Abruzzi, near his family, and wishes he could go back there.
The captain starts to tease the priest again, making his masturbation joke even clearer.
The men again suggest places for the narrator to visit. The priest stresses Abruzzi. Then, the captains says they should get back to the house of prostitution before it’s too late at night, and the narrator and the priest tell each other "good-night."
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100 years ago in French Algeria, on November 7th of 1913, author Albert Camus was born. The second son of Lucien and Catherine Camus, he was just 11-months-old when his father was killed in
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100 years ago in French Algeria, on November 7th of 1913, author Albert Camus was born. The second son of Lucien and Catherine Camus, he was just 11-months-old when his father was killed in action during The Battle of the Marne; his mother, partially deaf and illiterate, then raised her boys in extreme poverty with the help of his heavy-handed grandmother. It was in school that Camus shone, due in no small part to the encouragement offered by his beloved teacher, Louis Germain, a man who fostered the potential he saw and steered young Camus on a path that would eventually see him write some hugely respected, award-winning novels and essays.
In 1957, Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times.” Shortly after the occasion, he wrote to his former teacher.
(Source: The First Man; Image: Albert Camus, via.)
19 November 1957
Dear Monsieur Germain,
I let the commotion around me these days subside a bit before speaking to you from the bottom of my heart. I have just been given far too great an honour, one I neither sought nor solicited.
But when I heard the news, my first thought, after my mother, was of you. Without you, without the affectionate hand you extended to the small poor child that I was, without your teaching and example, none of all this would have happened.
I don’t make too much of this sort of honour. But at least it gives me the opportunity to tell you what you have been and still are for me, and to assure you that your efforts, your work, and the generous heart you put into it still live in one of your little schoolboys who, despite the years, has never stopped being your grateful pupil. I embrace you with all my heart.
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Dew and Frost in Your Neighborhood
Questions to Explore
do you wonder about dew and frost? Try setting up investigations
to try to answer your questions, or choose one of the following:
dew or frost form on all types of outdoor
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Dew and Frost in Your Neighborhood
Questions to Explore
do you wonder about dew and frost? Try setting up investigations
to try to answer your questions, or choose one of the following:
dew or frost form on all types of outdoor surfaces? (For instance,
soil, plants, glass, wood, and metal?) If not, what patterns do
you notice? How would you explain them?
the distance of an object from the ground affect the likelihood
that it will be frosted or the amount it receives?
time of evening does dew or frost tend to form, or does it vary?
How would you explain that?
dew or frost form on a car or other surface if it is covered by
a piece of cloth or cardboard?
are different types of garden plants affected by frost?
dew help certain animals survive in specific habitats? If so,
2006 Journey North. All Rights Reserved.
Please send all questions, comments, and suggestions to our
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Most of the play takes place in a mansion.
Part 1) Who lives in this mansion? What is odd about this person?
Part 2) How does the decor reflect the mansion's owner?
Part 3) What is the significance
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Most of the play takes place in a mansion.
Part 1) Who lives in this mansion? What is odd about this person?
Part 2) How does the decor reflect the mansion's owner?
Part 3) What is the significance of this mansion?
The Cardinal has two caged birds.
Part 1) What type of birds? What relationship do the characters have with these birds?
Part 2) Why has the author chosen this species?
Part 3) What might these two birds signify?
The Cardinal and the lawyer have known each other since childhood.
Part 1) How do you know this?
Part 2) Describe their relationship. Why do they act this way towards each other?
Part 3) Compare and contrast these two characters.
Miss Alice deceives Julian at their first meeting.
Part 1) How does she deceive him? Why does she do this?
Part 2) What is his reaction?
Part 3) What does her behavior fores
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An eruption of still greater violence took place in 1865, characterized by similar phenomena, particularly the throwing up of jets of lava. This fiery fountain continued to play without intermission for twenty days and nights, varying only as respects the height to
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An eruption of still greater violence took place in 1865, characterized by similar phenomena, particularly the throwing up of jets of lava. This fiery fountain continued to play without intermission for twenty days and nights, varying only as respects the height to which the jet arose, which is said to have ranged between 100 and 1,000 feet, the mean diameter of the jet being about 100 feet. This eruption was accompanied by explosions so loud as to have been heard at a distance of forty miles.
A cone of about 300 feet in height, and about a mile in circumference, was accumulated round the orifice whence the jet ascended. It was composed of solid matters ejected with the lava, and it continued to glow like a furnace, notwithstanding its exposure to the air. The current of lava on this occasion flowed to a distance of thirty-five miles, burning its way through the forests, and filling the air with smoke and flames from the ignited timber. The glare from the glowing lava and the burning trees together was discernible by night at a distance of 200 miles from the island.
A succeeding great lava flow was that which began on November 6, 1880. Mr. David Hitchcock, who was camping on Mauna Kea at the time of this outbreak, saw a spectacle that few human eyes have ever beheld. “We stood,” writes he, “on the very edge of that flowing river of rock. Oh, what a sight it was! Not twenty feet from us was this immense bed of rock slowly moving forward with irresistible force, bearing on its surface huge rocks and immense boulders of tons’ weight as water would carry a toy-boat. The whole front edge was one bright red mass of solid rock incessantly breaking off from the towering mass and rolling down to the foot of it, to be again covered by another avalanche of white-hot rocks and sand. The whole mass at its front edge was from twelve to thirty feet in height. Along the entire line of its advance it was one crash of rolling, sliding, tumbling red-hot rock. We could hear no explosions while we were near the flow, only a tremendous roaring like ten thousand blast furnaces all at work at once.”
This was the most extensive flow of recent years, and its progress from the interior plain through the dense forests above Hilo and out on to the open levels close to the town was startling and menacing enough. Through the woods especially it was a turbulent, seething mass that hurled down mammoth trees, and licked up streams of water, and day and night kept up an unintermitting cannonade of explosions. The steam and imprisoned gases would burst the congealing surface with loud detonations that could be heard for many miles. It was not an infrequent thing for parties to camp out close to the flow over night. Ordinarily a lava-flow moves sluggishly and congeals rapidly, so that what seems like hardihood in the narrating is in reality calm judgment, for it is perfectly safe to be in the close vicinity of a lava-stream, and even to walk on its surface as soon as one would be inclined to walk on cooling iron in a foundry. This notable flow finally ceased within half a mile of Hilo, where its black form is a perpetual reminder of a marvellous deliverance from destruction.
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BALTIMORE (WJZ)—The new female puffin chick has people gushing with excitement at the National Aquarium in Baltimore.
This baby is the fourth chick for parents Victor and Vixen, who were the first puffins to ever
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BALTIMORE (WJZ)—The new female puffin chick has people gushing with excitement at the National Aquarium in Baltimore.
This baby is the fourth chick for parents Victor and Vixen, who were the first puffins to ever successfully breed at National Aquarium in 2006.
The chick hatched on July 4 after an incubation period of approximately 30 days in a specially constructed enclosure, mimicking the deep burrows the species typically use in the wild. During the incubation time, the puffins co-parent their young by taking turns protecting the nest and the egg.
Since her birth, the chick has been closely watched by National Aquarium staff and aviculture experts. She is steadily gaining weight and appears healthy.
The baby puffin will remain within its burrow for 40 or more days before it begins making short exploratory trips to the Aquarium’s pu
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History of the Vikings
OF the Celtic lands Wales, the modern Wales, that is, without Strathclyde Wales in North Britain or West Wales (Cornwall), suffered not the least from the marauding vikings of the ninth
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History of the Vikings
OF the Celtic lands Wales, the modern Wales, that is, without Strathclyde Wales in North Britain or West Wales (Cornwall), suffered not the least from the marauding vikings of the ninth and tenth centuries; for on their way to Ireland, whether Danes coming from the south or Norwegians from the north, Cambria lay open to their attack, and there can be little doubt that from Anglesey and from the monasteries and settlements of the north and south coasts the vikings took a full toll of life and plunder. Yet the records of the raids are scarce and there is no coherent history of viking Wales, the reason being that this is the Celtic country that most successfully withstood the attack of the Northmen in the early colonizing period, yielding less to them than did Scotland or Ireland, and showing to the invader a fiercer and a firmer front. Thus upon the first appearance of the vikings (they were Danes) in 795, when after ravages in England they came to Glamorganshire to lay that county waste with fire and sword, manfully rose the Cymry against them, routed them in battle, and, driving them back to the sea with heavy loss, saw them sail off to Ireland in search of an easier prey. And thereafter followed a period of peace, if the chronicles are to be trusted, until the '50s and '60s of the ninth century when Anglesey in the north and Gower in the south were attacked, though in Gower it is known that the Northmen, like the first viking invaders of South Wales, were repulsed.
That the foreigners made no permanent settlements of historical import in the south at this period when the Irish colonies were founded must be due to this resolute defence of the stalwart Cymry, and that they likewise failed to gain a lasting foothold in the north, so temptingly close to Ireland and to Man, may be owing in no small degree to the energy and example of a gallant Welshman, Rhodri Mawr, prince of Gwynedd, who, succeeding to the throne in 844, reigned until 878 and died as lord of the whole of North Wales. His best-known exploit in the wars with the vikings was the slaying of Orm (who perhaps gave his name to the Ormes Heads at
Llandudno), the leader of a great Danish invasion from Ireland that had been directed against Anglesey and that in 855 was terrorizing the mainland of North Wales. Yet though Rhodri was strong enough to prevent viking colonization of a serious kind, he was not always successful in his struggle with the Northmen inasmuch as a later viking attack in 877 forced him to take temporary refuge in Ireland.
It was not only the Irish vikings who menaced Wales, for in 876 came Ubbe, son of Ragnar Lodbrok, from Northumbria with his Danes to Pembroke, this just before the attack on Devonshire, and there put many of the Christian population to death; and Danes from England they were who in 894 plundered in North Wales (p. 244 ), and who in 896, upon the breakup of the force that had wintered at Bridgenorth, broke into and laid waste the south-eastern counties of the Principality. But more serious was an attack in 915 when a viking host from Brittany, after sailing into the estuary of the Severn, landed on the south coast of Wales and penetrated far inland to the neighbourhood of Hereford, capturing in their progress the Bishop of Llandaff whom they took as prisoner to their ships, later to be ransomed by Edward the Elder for 40 pounds. Yet they met with defeat, these vikings, at the hands of the men of Hereford, Gloucester, and the border towns, so that they turned away to attack the Devonshire coast, and then, by way of Pembroke, went off to Ireland.
In North Wales too, now that Rhodri Mawr was gone, the vikings appeared again, and there these Gaill from Ireland thirsted for a conquest of the land rather than for mere plunder, such an intending colonist being Ingimund who in 902, after a victory of the Irish over the Dublin settlers, crossed to Anglesey and there took land for himself and his followers. But in due course he was driven out of the island and next is heard of attacking Æthelfleda's newly repaired fortress of Chester. Thereafter Anglesey was left in peace until 915 when the Dublin Gaill once more attacked the island.
Yet there was no serious attempt to hold Anglesey as a Norse colony and a long period of respite from the viking raids followed. For this was a time when another great prince, much honoured of posterity, was already advancing to a fame and dominion such as few of the early kings in Wales enjoyed and to an authority that seems to have made his lands temporarily secure from foreign at
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To feed or not to feed
The recommendation of Prairie View Animal Hospital is not to feed a raw food diet.
Types of raw food diets generally used for small animals:
1. BARF (bones and raw food): These diets are prepared at
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To feed or not to feed
The recommendation of Prairie View Animal Hospital is not to feed a raw food diet.
Types of raw food diets generally used for small animals:
1. BARF (bones and raw food): These diets are prepared at home. Meat is generally purchased at the grocery store. The bones are usually purchased from butchers where quality and freshness are unknown. Essential vitamins and minerals may or may not be added by owners.
2. Partial consumer prepared meals: A commercial blend of dry fruit, vegetables, and grains is mixed with super market purchased fresh meat. Bones are given as a treat only.
3. Commercially prepared raw meals: A mix of raw meat, organs, vegetables, fruit, grains, and/or ground bones that may or may not include added vitamins and minerals. These foods are pre-packaged and sold frozen.
The Myths about raw food diets:
Myth #1: Raw food diets are nutritionally superior to processed diets:
There is no scientific evidence to show this. All processed foods are required to go through AAFCO (American Association of Feed Control Officials) standards. Some raw food diets do not meet AAFCO standards because most are not complete and balanced. Processed premium quality foods are superior to raw food diets due to the increased quality of the ingredients used.
Nutritional osteodystrophy and rickets have also been reported on occasion in animals being fed raw food diets. These reports have nutritionists saying that after decades of not seeing rickets, it is on the upswing. (Lauten, Kirk abstract in ACVIM per Susan G. Wynn DVM, RH (AHG))
Myth #2: Domesticated species tolerate bacterial contamination:
There have been no studies done to support this claim, and in fact there have been studies done to show the opposite. Colorado State University in conjunction with the USDA did a study on 21 commercially available raw meat diets from different retail stores. All diets were kept frozen until evaluated by researchers. This study showed 53% of the diets contained e. coli, which is correlated with severe intestinal problems in dogs and humans. 5.9% of the samples contained Salmonella which is another bacterium that causes intestinal disease. Bacterial contamination was found in 99% of the diets studied. (Ref. 2)
Another study that was done by JAAHA (Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association), involved two cats who died from septic salmonellosis. One of the cases was directly linked to being fed a raw food diet.
Poultry carcasses intended for human consumption test positive for salmonella 20-25% of the time. Raw meat used for pet foods is more frequently contaminated.
Furthermore, animals that are not sick themselves can pass bacteria, protozoan, parasites, etc. into the environment. This is a public health concern, for anyone who may come in contact with the pet?s stool.
Least Wanted Foodborne Pathogens:
The U.S. Public Health Service has identified the following microorganisms as being the biggest culprits of foodborne illness, either because of the severity of the sickness or the number of cases of illness they cause. Beware of these pathogens:
(only 6 of the 10 listed)
Campylobacter- Second most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the United States; Sources: raw and undercooked poultry and other meat, raw milk and untreated water.
E. coli O157:H7- A bacterium that can produce a deadly toxin and causes approximately 73,000 cases of foodborne illness each year in the U.S. Sources: beef, especially undercooked or raw hamburger; produce; raw milk; and unpasteurized juices and ciders.
Listeria monocytogenes- Causes listeriosis, a serious disease for pregnant women, newborns and adults with a weakened immune system. Sources: unpasteurized dairy products, including soft cheeses; sliced deli meats; smoked fish; hot dogs; pate'; and deli-prepared salads (i.e. egg, ham, seafood, and chicken salads).
Salmonella- Most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the United States, and the most common cause of foodborne deaths. Responsible for 1.4 million cases of foodborne illness a year. Sources: raw and undercooked eggs, undercooked poultry and meat, fresh fruits and vegetables, and unpasteurized dairy products.
Toxoplasma gondii- A parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, a very severe disease that can produce central nervous system disorders particularly mental retardation and visual impairment in children. Pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems are at higher risk; Sources: raw or undercooked pork.
Vibrio vulnificus- Causes gastroenteritis, wound infection, and severe bloodstream infections. People with liver diseases are especially at high risk. Sources: raw or undercooked seafood, particularly shellfish.
"Ten Least Wanted Pathogens" information provided by the Centers for Disease Control. For more information visit www.cdc.gov.
Myth #3: Wolves eat raw food and therefore we should feed dogs raw food:
Wolves and dogs are genetically distinct from each other. On Average, wolves in the wild only live to be about 8 years old, while wolves in captivity live
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In the mathematical field of order theory an order isomorphism is a special kind of monotone function that constitutes a suitable notion of isomorphism for partially ordered sets (posets). Whenever two posets are order isomorphic, they can be
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In the mathematical field of order theory an order isomorphism is a special kind of monotone function that constitutes a suitable notion of isomorphism for partially ordered sets (posets). Whenever two posets are order isomorphic, they can be considered to be "essentially the same" in the sense that one of the orders can be obtained from the other just by renaming of elements. Two strictly weaker notions that relate to order isomorphisms are order embeddings and Galois connections.
Formally, given two posets and, an order isomorphism from to is a bijective function from to with the property that, for every and in, if and only if. That is, it is a bijective order-embedding.
It is also possible to define an order isomorphism to be a surjective order-embedding. The two assumptions that cover all the elements of and that it preserve orderings, are enough to ensure that is also one-to-one, for if then (by the assumption that preserves the order) it would follow that and, implying by the definition of a partial order that.
- The identity function on any partially ordered set is always an order automorphism.
- Negation is an order isomorphism from to (where is the set of real numbers and denotes the usual numerical comparison), since −x ≥ −y if and only if x ≤ y.
- The open interval (again, ordered numerically) does not have an order isomorphism to or from the closed interval : the closed interval has a least element, but the open interval does not, and order isomorphisms must preserve the existence of least elements.
If is an order isomorphism, then so is its inverse function. Also, if is an order isomorphism from to and is an order isomorphism from to, then the function composition of and is itself an order isomorphism, from to.
Two partially ordered sets are said to be order isomorphic when there exists an order isomorphism from one to the other. Identity functions, function inverses, and compositions of functions correspond, respectively, to the three defining characteristics of an equivalence relation: reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. Therefore, order isomorphism is an equivalence relation. The class of partially ordered sets can be partitioned by it into equivalence classes, families of partial orders that are all isomorphic to each other. These equivalence classes are called order types.
- Permutation pattern, a permutation that is order-isomorphic to a subsequence of another permutation
- Block (2011); Ciesielski (1997).
- This is the definition used by Ciesielski (1997). For Bloch (2011) and Schröder (2003) it is a consequence of a different definition.
- This is the definition used by Bloch (2011) and Schröder (2003).
- Schröder (2003), p. 13.
- See example 4 of Ciesielski (1997), p. 39., for a similar example with integers in place of real numbers.
- Ciesielski (1997), example 1, p. 39.
- Ciesielski (1997); Schröder (2003).
- Ciesielski (1997).
- Bloch, Ethan D. (2011), Proofs and Fundamentals: A First Course in Abstract Mathematics, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics (2nd ed.), Springer, pp. 276–277, ISBN 9781441971265.
- Ciesielski, Krzysztof (1997), Set Theory for the Working Mathematician, London Mathematical Society Student Texts 39, Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–39, ISBN 9780521594653.
- Schröder, Bernd Siegfried Walter (2003), Ordered Sets: An Introduction, Springer, p. 11, ISBN 9780817641283.
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Web Tools for Text & Writing | Articles for Teachers on Ed Tech
There is an Arabic Chat Alphabet (using numbers for Arabic characters)
Some teachers have their student create posters designed like "MySpace" pages to practice self-description.
Facebook has Language
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Web Tools for Text & Writing | Articles for Teachers on Ed Tech
There is an Arabic Chat Alphabet (using numbers for Arabic characters)
Some teachers have their student create posters designed like "MySpace" pages to practice self-description.
Facebook has Language Exchange - Connect with people who want to exchange lessons in your second language and your first one.
A MySpace group called Babbly also arranges language exchanges.
At NVCC Dr. Christine Meloni has her ESL students share their writing on a wiki; a class in Dallas reads and responds to their pieces, while they read the writings of the students in Dallas.
Writing with ESL students on the computer opens up a world of useful resources to improve the accuracy and organization of their work: from the basic spell check to outlining tools, templates, and electronic facilitation of peer review and submission to the instructor. See my presentation on using a virtual community to encourage EFL writing.
Education Technology and General Methodology
The Internet TESL Journal is a monthly web journal that contains articles, research papers, lesson plans, classroom handouts, teaching ideas and links.
Here is the table of contents from the August 2007 issue:
* An Extensive Reading Program for Your ESL Classroom
By Mary Clarity
* Ten 5-Minute Activities to Keep Young ESL/EFL Learners on Their Toes
By Nina Lauder
* Guiding ESL Learners to Appreciate Poetry
By Chandrasekharan Praveen
* Oral Presentation: Discovering the Past, Predicting the Future
By Jason Williams
* Three "Co" Games: Collocation, Cooperation and Communication in EFL Classes
By Sinan Misirli
* Identity Problems of Non-native Teachers of English in Teacher Education
By Mehmet Demirezen
* Socially Responsible Teaching Against Ageism: Some Practical Solutions
By Arda Arikan
The Internet TESL Journal is available at http://iteslj.org.
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Definition of Kuru
Kuru: A slowly progressive fatal disease of the brain that is due to an infectious agent transmitted among people in Papua New Guinea by ritual cannibalism. Kuru is an infectious form of subacute spongiform en
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Definition of Kuru
Kuru: A slowly progressive fatal disease of the brain that is due to an infectious agent transmitted among people in Papua New Guinea by ritual cannibalism. Kuru is an infectious form of subacute spongiform encephalopathy and is caused by a tiny infectious particle called a prion. It appears to be similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy ('mad cow disease') and Creuztfeldt-Jakob disease. Also called trembling disease.
Last Editorial Review: 3/19/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications?
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UPDATE: Pat in TX is our winner.
by Maribel Hernandez
Readers familiar with the Trivium method of learning, as described in Teaching the Trivium: Christian Homeschooling in a Classical Style, already know to follow three
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UPDATE: Pat in TX is our winner.
by Maribel Hernandez
Readers familiar with the Trivium method of learning, as described in Teaching the Trivium: Christian Homeschooling in a Classical Style, already know to follow three simple stages — grammar, logic and lastly rhetoric. Those not familiar with the Trivium will benefit from reading the book that explains all one needs to know about this outstanding way of learning any subject.
Once you learn the Trivium stages, they become your portable teacher you take with you on demand. The Trivium is not strictly limited to reading, writing and arithmetic. The applications are impressive. Use it to learn a new art, like tatting.
What is tatting? (Grammar Stage)
Tatting is a series of knots (over hitch and under hitch) and loops using a shuttle, which can form your own delicate custom lace, doily, bookmarkers, earrings, bracelets and more. Tatted projects are durable and well constructed. Tatting threads range in color, quality, size and thickness — the higher the number, the finer the thread. Here is a handy tatting dictionary.
According to ABC Tatting Patterns, the queen of Roumania, Carmen Sylva, tatted original and inventive pieces. These reflected her intelligence. Together with Lady Katharin Hoare they produced a book called The Art of Tatting. Her work reveals a tour de force in tatting.
Here are a few reasons why you might want to invest time and money in learning how to tat:
How can I learn to tat? (Logic Stage)
Basic tatting supplies you’ll need are:
Tatting thread – 100% Egyptian cotton, this thread adds a delicate sheen to your finish work.
Shuttle – the shuttle’s job is to carry the thread in a convenient bobbin that winds in the center.
Learn to Tat by Janette Baker has clear instructions and is well illustrated for the beginner.
Here is a great pictorial guide on tatting for beginners.
When can I practice tatting? (Rhetoric Stage)
The rhetoric stage is when you practice something. In this case, it is tatting. By following Marilee Rockley’s instructions in this tutorial accompanied by pictures of each step, the reader will be able to practice a series of tatting knots and loops. After practicing you will be ready to actually tat a small project like a book marker or use your tatting skills in a different knot application like knot-making for boys or mending nets.
Here are a few pictures of tatted bookmarkers with tiny glass beads made by Ivy H.
Where can I learn to tat?
If you are looking for someone to teach you how to tat, check the directory at Tatting Corner.
Tatted Bookmark Giveaway
Ivy H. has donated to Trivium Pursuit Blog readers one tatted bookmark. We will give that bookmark away to one of the people who comment on this blog post. Please be sure to leave your name and email address (U.S. addresses only) with your comment.
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Plant Orchestra : können Pflanzen Musik machen?
The method is based on measuring the electrical resistance of the plant (in Ohms) and transferring these signals to the amplifier. How does the sound of the plant change over longer periods of time
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Plant Orchestra : können Pflanzen Musik machen?
The method is based on measuring the electrical resistance of the plant (in Ohms) and transferring these signals to the amplifier. How does the sound of the plant change over longer periods of time? What is the language of the plant and how does
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Email : [email protected]
by MARK LASSOFF
If you’d like to learn how to develop applications for iOS (iPhone and iPad) but haven’t programmed much before the task may seem daunting. iOS programming is based on the Objective C
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Email : [email protected]
by MARK LASSOFF
If you’d like to learn how to develop applications for iOS (iPhone and iPad) but haven’t programmed much before the task may seem daunting. iOS programming is based on the Objective C programming language– for which C programming is a prerequisite. C programming is the perfect place to start if you want to create programs for iPhone, iPad or Mac. C is also a great language to learn if you have never programmed before and want to understand the basics.
C is the basis of many languages used today. C++, Objective C, PHP, Java and even Microsoft’s.net languages have their roots in the C programming language. While C has been around since the 70′s it’s still used to day in applications where speed is critical– Financial applications, video games and complex engineering simulations are all written in C.
In this video tutorial master trainer Mark Lassoff goes overall of the important concepts you need to learn C programming. After completing this course you will be ready to write and adjust C applications. You will also be fully prepared to tackle Objective-C– the language of iOS (the iPad and iPhone).
There is no programming experience required for this course. So take a tour around this ultimate C programming tutorial… and we hope to see you inside!
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- Member Since: December 30, 2011
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|Scientific Name:||Channa micropeltes|
|Species Authority:||(Cuvier, 1831)|
Ophicephalus bivittatus Bleeker, 1845
Ophicephalus mic
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|Scientific Name:||Channa micropeltes|
|Species Authority:||(Cuvier, 1831)|
Ophicephalus bivittatus Bleeker, 1845
Ophicephalus micropeltes Cuvier, 1831
Ophicephalus serpentinus Cuvier, 1831
Ophicephalus stevensii Bleeker, 1853
Ophiocephalus studeri Volz, 1903
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Least Concern ver 3.1|
|Reviewer/s:||Ng, H.H. & Smith, K.|
The species has a very wide distribution in southeast Asia, is widely cultivated, and is considered Least Concern.
|Range Description:||The species has a very wide southeast Asian distribution, from the lower Mekong (Lao PDR (including tributaries such as the Xe Bang Fai; Kottelat 1998), Thailand, Cambodia (including the Tonle Sap lake and river) and the Mekong delta in Viet Nam), the Chao Phraya and Maekhlong (Thailand) basins; the Malay Peninsula, and Indonesia (southeastern Sumatra, Kalimantan (e.g., the Kapuas river basin, southwestern Kalimantan; Roberts 1989, Rainboth 1996)), the Bangka and Belitung (Billiton) islands, northern Java (Day 1877, Mohsin and Ambak 1983, Roberts 1989).
Material from India usually referred to as this species actually represents a distinct species (Kottelat 2001) and records from Myanmar (Salween River) are considered unlikely.
Introduced widely, including to the US (Courtenay and Williams 2004).
Native:Cambodia; Indonesia (Jawa, Kalimantan, Sumatera); Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak); Myanmar (Coco Is.); Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
|Population:||A common species.|
|Habitat and Ecology:||Occurs in lowland rivers and swamps (Vidthayanon 2002) and usually associated with deep water bodies (Kottelat 1998). Also found in canals. Late juveniles of the species school and feed in packs (Lee and Ng 1991). Capable of overland migrations and reaches upto 1.5 m in length (P. Ng. pers. comm. 2002, in Courteney and Williams 2004).|
|Major Threat(s):||Not considered to be threatened across its range, but likely to be impacted locally by habitat loss.|
|Conservation Actions:||None required.|
|Citation:||Allen, D. 2012. Channa micropeltes. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 08 December 2013.|
|Feedback:||If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please fill in the feedback form so that we can correct or extend the information provided|
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Soothe summer’s swelter in a Texas swimming hole
By Melissa Gaskill
Our bodies are mostly water.
Our primordial ancestors lived in it. Science tells us that looking at it lowers stress. Without water, we can’t
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Soothe summer’s swelter in a Texas swimming hole
By Melissa Gaskill
Our bodies are mostly water.
Our primordial ancestors lived in it. Science tells us that looking at it lowers stress. Without water, we can’t survive more than a week at best.
But I think the best thing about water is using it to swim, soak, splash, and socialize in. Options for doing so abound in Texas, but old-fashioned swimming holes occupy the depths of our memories (pun intended). My mother talked of summer dips in West Texas stock tanks, my aunt of a pool in Fort Stockton, fed by springs now gone dry. I have indelible childhood memories of clinging tightly to my father’s hand in the vast, shiver-inducing pool at Balmorhea State Park, and plunging backward off the Garner State Park dam into the aptly-named Frio River.
These waters come, for the most part, from underground. Rain soaks into the land and then moves down through soil and porous rock, which act as natural filters. It fills caves, cracks, and crevices, then flows into fissures and openings above ground, creating springs, streams, and rivers—and swimming holes.
“It’s not difficult to appreciate that, for thousands of years, human beings have considered springs sacred places,” says Andrew Sansom, director of the Meadows Center for Water and the Environment at Texas State University in San Marcos. Yet population growth and our demand for water put these iconic swimming holes at risk. We must become mindful stewards of every precious drop, for ourselves and future generations of Texans, because the very presence of swimming holes vastly improves our quality of life.
Hot? A chilly, spring-fed pool will cool you down. Tired? Let a natural pond surrounded by trees and wildflowers refresh you. Bored? Don a snorkeling mask and study the critters that share the water. A dip in one of these Texas swimming holes just may improve your outlook on life.
From the May 2013 issue.
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Oppana (Malayalam: ഒപ്പന) is a popular form of social entertainment among the Mappila (Kerala Muslim's) community of Kerala, south India, prevalent all over kerala especially in
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Oppana (Malayalam: ഒപ്പന) is a popular form of social entertainment among the Mappila (Kerala Muslim's) community of Kerala, south India, prevalent all over kerala especially in Malappuram. The Malayalam word Oppana Pattu is the derivation of Tamil word 'Oppanai Pattu'. In Tamil 'Oppanai' means make up. Oppana was originated on the occasion of make of Muslim brides. Now Oppana has been extinct in Tamil Nadu. But in Kerala this art form has been revived with much popularity in performing stages of Youth Festivals of student community.
Oppana is generally presented by females, numbering about fifteen including musicians, on a wedding day. The bride dressed in all finery, covered with gold ornaments and her palms and feet adorned with an intricately woven pattern of mylanchi (henna), sits amidst the circle of dancers. She is the chief spectator sitting on a peetam (chair), around which the singing and dancing take place. While they sing, they clap their hands rhythmically and move around the bride using simple steps.
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According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 1 out of every 10 people will develop kidney stones during their lifetime. Renal stone disease accounts for 7-10 out of every 1,000 hospital admissions. Although kidney
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According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 1 out of every 10 people will develop kidney stones during their lifetime. Renal stone disease accounts for 7-10 out of every 1,000 hospital admissions. Although kidney stones are most prevalent in adults, they are on the rise in pediatric patients.
Our Division has seen tremendous increase in the number of children with stone disease. In 2000, about four office visits per week focused on stones. In 2010, this number more than doubled to reach 10 visits per week. Until recently, these patients were primarily treated in adult healthcare institutions, which has been associated with increased morbidity. Studies have shown that specialty care for stones improves patient outcomes including less time in the hospital, less recurrence and faster return to school and childhood activities.
To meet the increasing need for specialized care for children with stone disease, we created a cutting-edge Pediatric Stone Center to provide multidisciplinary evaluation and management. Our center utilizes state-of-the-art treatment modalities in urinary stone disease including incisionless stone ablation with shock waves and lasers, as well as minimally invasive surgery performed by laparoscopic and robotic techniques.
A multidisciplinary team to evaluate, treat and help prevent stone disease – Our team is led by Thomas Kolon, MD and Kerry Ashcroft, CPNP. We partner with the nephrology team, Madhura Pradhan, MD and Lawrence Copelovitch, MD, to help ensure that your child’s medical and nutritional needs are being met. In some instances we also work with our colleague in metabolism, Paige Kaplan, MD, to treat the underlying metabolic disorder that may predispose your child to stone disease. This multidisciplinary collaboration also includes radiologist and anesthesiologists. It is through these successful partnerships that we have reduced the burden of stone disease and improved quality of life for our patients and families.
Improved patient outcomes – It is vital that patients are assessed appropriately and referred to the proper team members for management. We work closely with our partners in nephrology and metabolism to ensure patients receive the necessary treatments across the continuum of care. We developed a treatment algorithm to ensure that necessary — but not extraneous — tests and referrals are made promptly. Most recently, we partnered with our emergency department to create a standardized clinical pathway for the evaluation of children with a suspected urinary tract stone in the acute setting. This pathway was designed with input from members of the urology, radiology and emergency department teams.
Expanded educational programs for frontline providers to increase knowledge of the presentation and treatment of pediatric stone disease – Our colleagues in primary care are seeing more and more children with stone disease. It is vital to stay up to date on the latest research and have a good understanding of the diagnosis, management and prevention of stone disease. We routinely conduct educational programs at local pediatric practices to ensure the information is getting to primary care providers and to answer any questions providers may have.
Enhanced clinical and basic research initiatives for patients with stone disease – A critical part of our mission is documenting our care and outcomes so we can better understand the factors that influence the development and recurrence of stone disease.
We utilize all available methods to treat active stone disease and try to prevent recurrent stones.
Treatment depends on the size and type of stone, the underlying cause, the presence of urinary infection and whether the condition recurs. Stones 4 mm and smaller (less than 1/4 inch in diameter) pass without intervention in 90 percent of cases. Those 5-7 mm pass without intervention in 50 percent of cases. Those larger than 7 mm rarely pass without intervention.
If possible, the kidney stone is allowed to pass naturally and is collected for analysis. Your child is instructed to strain his urine to obtain the stone(s) for analysis.
If a kidney stone does not move through the ureter within 15 days, if fever develops or if the pain doesn't improve, surgery is considered. We use several procedures to break up, remove or bypass kidney stones. These procedures include:
Our center places a lot of emphasis on trying to prevent kidney stones. Prevention of renal stone disease depends on the type of stone produced, underlying risk factors of urinary chemical and your child's willingness to undergo a long-term prevention plan. Your child may need to make lifestyle modifications such as increased fluid intake and changes in diet.
We recommend children with stone disease drink a minimum of half of their body weight in ounces of water daily (e.g., an 80-pound child would drink 40 oz. of water). Proper hydration helps prevent the urine from becoming concentrated with crystals, which can lead to stone formation. It also red
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What age should I start training my young horse?
You can start training your young horse or foal practically from the moment it is born.
Imprint training the new born foal can be very beneficial, providing it is done correctly.
The age
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What age should I start training my young horse?
You can start training your young horse or foal practically from the moment it is born.
Imprint training the new born foal can be very beneficial, providing it is done correctly.
The age you actually start breaking in and riding the horse will depend on a lot of factors.
Including the horses breed, what sort of riding you want to do, the horses individual maturity, and how big you are compared to the size of the horse.
Race horses are started very young and are racing at only two years old.
Unfortunately, young horses bones have not finished growing at this age, and such strenuous pressure exerted on young tendons, joints and ligaments frequently means that few two year old race horses stay sound enough to have long careers after they have finished racing.
Most horses can be safely started at two to three years old. Providing they are only worked lightly and not forced to work over jumps, in heavy sand, rough terrain, tight circles or for long periods.
Large horses such as warmbloods, andalusians as well as cold bloods and draft breeds tend to be very slow at maturing. Their joints are still open and don't really close until they are four or five. For this reason it is better to wait until these bigger breeds are at least three before they are started. Even then they should not really commence heavy work until they are five or six years old.
Horses don't stop growing until they are about seven years old.
At around six years old the horse will start filling out more and bulking up in the shoulders and hindquarters. This is when the horse is strong enough to carry a rider and perform without causing slow deterioration of joints.
However there is soooooo much you can do with your young horse that does not involve riding.
There is no reason why you cannot do heaps of desensitizing and training responses to all the basic pressure cues before you ever even put a saddle on their back, let alone a rider.
This will all make the horse safer, calmer and quieter when you do actually take that first ride.
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Each time news comes out about the Higgs boson I get questions from media, friends and family trying to grasp why this particle is so important. The following questions come up again and again. So with experimenters from using Fermilab’s
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Each time news comes out about the Higgs boson I get questions from media, friends and family trying to grasp why this particle is so important. The following questions come up again and again. So with experimenters from using Fermilab’s Tevatron announcing new Higgs results Wednesday at a conference in Italy, I thought it was time to share answers to the questions that might pop into your mind.
Why should the average person care if the Higgs is found?
Understanding more about the building blocks of matter and the forces that control their interactions helps scientists to learn how to manipulate those forces to humankind’s benefit. For example, the study of the electron led to the development of electricity, the study of quantum mechanics made possible the creation of GPS systems and the study of the weak force led to an understanding of radioactive decay and nuclear power.
The Tevatron experiments will continue to further analyze the Higgs boson data to wring out more information. In addition, the Tevatron and LHC experiments are working to combine their data for a release at an unspecified date.
Even if both teams find evidence of a Higgs boson in the same location, physicists will need to do more analysis to make sure the Higgs boson isn’t a non-Standard Model Higgs masquerading as a resident of the Standard Model. That will require physicists to measure several properties in addition to mass.
What would finding the Higgs boson mean for the field of physics?
Finding evidence of the Higgs boson would expand the following three areas of study:
• Pin-pointing the mass range of the Higgs would help physicists condense the number of theories about the existence of undiscovered particles and the forces that interact on them. For example, a Standard Model Higgs boson would rule out classic QCD-like versions of technicolor theory. A Higgs boson with a mass larger than 125 GeV would rule out the simplest versions of supersymmetry, or SUSY, which predict that every known particle has an unknown sibling particle with a different mass. Other theories would gain more support. One such SUSY theory predicts that a Standard Model Higgs boson would appear as the lightest of a group of five or more Higgs bosons. Whether the Higgs boson exists or not does not affect theories about the existence of extra dimensions.
• Knowing the mass of the Higgs boson would give physicists more data to plug into other equations about how our universe formed and about some of the least understood particle interactions, such as magnetic muon anomaly.
• Finding evidence of a heavy mass Higgs boson (larger than 150 GeV) would require the existence of undiscovered particles and/or forces. Finding a light mass Higgs boson (less than 125 GeV) would not require the existence of new physics but doesn’t rule it out either.
What is the difference between the Higgs boson and the Higgs field?
The Higgs field exists like a giant vat of molasses spread throughout the universe. Particles that travel through it end up with globs of molasses sticking to them, slowing them down and making them heavier. You can think of the Higgs boson as the molasses globs, or a particle manifestation of this energy field akin to a ball of energy.
Physicists have different theories about how many Higgs bosons exist, akin to predicting whether the molasses would stick in one giant glob or several globlets.
How long have physicists been looking for the Higgs?
More than a decade. It started with the LEP experiment at CERN in the 1990s, continued with the Tevatron and now with the LHC.
How do physicists create a Higgs boson?
A high-energy particle accelerator such as the Tevatron or LHC can recreate the energy levels that permeated the universe shortly after the Big Bang. Colliding particles at this energy level can set free the right amount of energy to produce particles, including a Higgs boson. The collision energy is localized in a small space and transforms from energy into the mass of the Higgs boson.
How is the Higgs boson related to the Big Bang theory?
The Big Bang occurred 13.7 billion years ago sending massless particles and radiation energy zooming through the universe like cars at rush hour. Shortly afterward, the Higgs field appeared, as if a truck carrying molasses overturned and leaked all over the highway. Particles such as light, which went through the puddle super fast, avoided having any molasses stick to them, similar to the way hydroplaning cars skim the surface of water. Particles that went through the molasses puddle more slowly had molasses goblets cling to them, creating a drag that slowed them even more and made them more massive. How fast a particle made it through the puddle determined how much molasses clung to it, and thus how massive it became. When the universe began to cool, slow particles with mass began to bunch up like mini-traffic jams and form composite particles and then atoms.
How do we know this is wh
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The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates, by Peter T. Leeson, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 296 pages, $24.95
Pirates are alluring to novelists and moviemakers because we know they
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The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates, by Peter T. Leeson, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 296 pages, $24.95
Pirates are alluring to novelists and moviemakers because we know they really existed but don’t know enough hard facts to get in the way of a good story. Contemporaneous newspaper accounts and other tales from the early 18th century are colorful but unreliable, tending toward propaganda. They report that these appalling yet appealing “Hell-hounds” marauded for the Jolly Roger, enslaved passing sailors, and tortured the innocent for fun. “Danger lurked in their very Smiles,” one pirate chronicler reported. Pirates were “violators of all Laws, Humane and Divine.”
Portraying the freebooters in the worst possible light worked to the advantage of everyone concerned. For governments, crusading against the outlaws who robbed their merchants and treasury ships was a way to keep public opinion firmly on the side of the state. Practicing pirates, meanwhile, were happy to be depicted as violent and unpredictable outlaws, as this encouraged their prey to surrender and cooperate. In fact, the marauders went to great lengths to ensure that their reputation as heartless ship wreckers and torturers remained intact. The famous Blackbeard, for instance, used to stick sulfur fuses in his great, bushy beard and light them on fire before battles to create a general sense of the demonic. He also occasionally killed his pals without warning, just to keep the fear alive.
But a pirate’s life had less publicized qualities as well: Ships were known among sailors for their relatively decent living conditions, profitsharing opportunities, democratic practices, and racially integrated crews. Life “on the account,” as pirating was known, was often far more civilized than legitimate seamanship.
So how can these two images be reconciled?
Bloodthirsty buccaneers and their progressive alter egos both want the same thing: booty. Cold, hard doubloons drove pirates and their persecutors alike. In The Invisible Hook, George Mason University economist Peter T. Leeson digs into the dollars and cents of piracy. He urges us to see pirates as economic actors, their behavior shaped by incentives, just like the rest of us. Once you’re in an economic state of mind, you can begin to understand actions such as lighting one’s beard on fire, voting, being decent to black people, and torturing captives “for fun”—all equally nutty behaviors to the average 18th-century observer. When Leeson is done guiding you through the pirate world, life on a rogue ship starts to look less like a Carnival cruise with cutlasses and cannons and more like an ongoing condo association meeting at sea.
Robbery on the high seas has existed since ancient times, but the seafaring pirates of popular imagination first arose in the 16th century as agents of the state. These privateers, as they were known, were charged with raiding the ships of enemies—or, more accurately, anyone who couldn’t immediately prove to the pirates that he was a friend. Sir Henry Morgan (yes, the real-life Captain Morgan, for those of you doing rum shots at home) was a big name in 17thcentury state-sponsored piracy. The Welsh-born brute sacked Panama and burned the richest city in New Spain to the ground. For his accomplishments, he was knighted and made lieutenant governor of Jamaica.
Once the War of the Spanish Succession, and with it many opportunities for legally approved pillage, came to an end in 1714, many plunderers realized they preferred piracy to the life of an honest seaman. Others who might rather have stayed on the up and up were unable to find work as the world’s navies contracted.
So the great age of piracy began, and it lasted about a decade. During this period, between 1,000 and 2,000 pirates terrorized the seas at any given time. That may not seem like many, but keep in mind that the entire population of the North American colonies back then was only about 150,000. Navies and merchant sailors outnumbered pirates, with 13,000 men in the British Navy alone, but pirates had the better gig.
Leeson begins with a look inside the piratical pocketbook. In peaceful years, annual pay for legit sailors was £25, equivalent to around $4,000 today. A big haul for a pirate crew, on the other hand, might bring in between £300 and £1,000 per man for a few months’ work. If legally sanctioned sailor pay was bad, the working conditions were worse. Captains on merchant ships held absolute power over their crews, and they regularly ordered floggings, revoked pay or rations, or tied men to the mast. Sailors could sue when they got home, and they occasionally won, but that’s cold comfort when you’re six months at sea, stripes from the lash stinging your back, and ordered to forfeit your rum ration.
This commercial setup, Leeson argues, was the result of a bad incentive structure, not a surfeit of sadistic captains. A ship is a big investment. Once its owner sends it out to sea, lots of bad things can happen. Weather. Navigational errors. Even pirates. If you’re just a schmo sailor on the payroll, it makes sense to slack off when no one is looking and bail out as soon as things get rough. Why not steal from the cargo hold? Why not stay up late drinking and gambling? If pirates attack, of course you will hand over the cargo and beg them to spare your life. It’s not like the slaves, spices, or gold were yours to begin with. Indeed,
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Gas Giant Interiors
Jupiter's composition is mainly hydrogen and helium. In contrast to planetary bodies covered with a hard surface crust (the Earth, for example), the jovian surface is gaseous-liquid, rendering the boundary between the
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Gas Giant Interiors
Jupiter's composition is mainly hydrogen and helium. In contrast to planetary bodies covered with a hard surface crust (the Earth, for example), the jovian surface is gaseous-liquid, rendering the boundary between the atmosphere and the planet itself almost indistinguishable. Below the roughly 1000-kilometer-thick atmosphere, a layer of liquid hydrogen extends to a depth of 20,000 kilometers. Even deeper, it is believed that there is a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 3 million bars. The planet core is believed to comprise iron-nickel alloy, rock, etc., at a temperature estimated to exceed 20,000C.
As with Jupiter, Saturn is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium and is observed to be of extremely low density. In fact, Saturn's mean density is only about two-thirds that of water. The Saturn atmosphere comprises, in descending order of altitude, a layer of ammonia, a layer of ammonium hydrogen sulfide, and a layer of ice. Below this, the saturnian surface is a stratum of liquid hydrogen (as in the case of Jupiter) underlain with a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen. It is believed that th
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ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
Both install() and uninstall() are specific to the way ExtUtils::MakeMaker handles the installation and deinstallation of perl modules. They are not designed as general purpose tools.
install()
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ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
Both install() and uninstall() are specific to the way ExtUtils::MakeMaker handles the installation and deinstallation of perl modules. They are not designed as general purpose tools.
install() takes three arguments. A reference to a hash, a verbose switch and a don't-really-do-it switch. The hash ref contains a mapping of directories: each key/value pair is a combination of directories to be copied. Key is a directory to copy from, value is a directory to copy to. The whole tree below the "from" directory will be copied preserving timestamps and permissions.
There are two keys with a special meaning in the hash: "read" and "write".
After the copying is done,
install will write the list of target files to the file named by
If there is another file named by
the contents of this file will be merged into the written file.
The read and the written file may be identical,
but on AFS it is quite likely that people are installing to a different directory than the one where the files later appear.
install_default() takes one or less arguments.
If no arguments are specified,
it takes $ARGV as if it was specified as an argument.
The argument is the value of MakeMaker's
This function calls install() with the same arguments as the defaults the MakeMaker would use.
The argument-less form is convenient for install scripts like
perl -MExtUtils::Install -e install_default Tk/Canvas
Assuming this command is executed in a directory with a populated blib directory, it will proceed as if the blib was build by MakeMaker on this machine. This is usefu
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Spring has arrived, and following a relatively mild winter, southern Iowa corn is projected to be at high risk from Stewart's disease. This disease (also called Stewart's wilt) is a bacterial disease of corn caused by Pantoea (Erwin
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Spring has arrived, and following a relatively mild winter, southern Iowa corn is projected to be at high risk from Stewart's disease. This disease (also called Stewart's wilt) is a bacterial disease of corn caused by Pantoea (Erwinia) stewartii. The bacterium survives the winter in the gut of hibernating corn flea beetles. In the spring, flea beetles move from overwintering sites and while feeding on the corn, can transmit the bacterium. The bacteria can only spread plant to plant with the assistance of the beetle; it cannot be transmitted from plant to plant. Unfortunately, field corn inbreds and sweet corn are particularly susceptible to this disease. However, seed producers in moderate- to high-risk areas should scout for early-season flea beetle populations because, if left unchecked, substantial leaf damage during grain fill and yield loss can be expected.
Stewart's disease can occur at any stage of plant development, but symptoms are almost always associated with flea beetle feeding. At the seedling stage, infected plants wilt rapidly from systemic infection, death is common, and plants that do survive are stunted. Later in the growing season, usually after pollination, leaf blight occurs. Disease symptoms are long, wavy streaks that are initially water soaked, and then turn yellow and die. Corn flea beetle feeding scars are visible within the lesions. If the disease is severe, whole leaves may wilt and die. Mild winters during the past decade have resulted in an increased occurrence of Stewart's disease in Iowa. Two models are available to predict the risk of Stewart's disease: the Stevens-Boewe Index and the Iowa State Mean Monthly Temperature Model.
Figure 1. The Stevens-Boewe Index forecasts a high risk of the late leaf blight of Stewart's disease in southern Iowa in 2006.
The Stevens-Boewe Index predicts the severity (how much of the corn leaf tissue is infected) of the leaf blight stage of Stewart's disease in the late summer. The risk is calculated by summing the average monthly temperatures for December, January, and February. A sum below 80 °F indicates a slight risk, 80-90 °F is considered low to moderate risk, and greater than 90 °F is considered high risk. Forecasting with the Stevens-Boewe Index, southern Iowa has a high risk of the late leaf blight phase of Stewart's disease (Figure 1).
Iowa State Model
Figure 2. The Iowa State Model predicts moderate to high risk for Stewart’s disease to occur in 2006 in the lower two-thirds of the state.
The Iowa State Model predicts the prevalence (whether or not Stewart's disease occurs) for Stewart's disease. A high prevalence of Stewart's disease is predicted if the mean monthly air temperatures for December, January, and February are each above 24 °F. For December 2005, the mean temperature was greater than 24 °F only in crop reporting districts 7, 8, and 9 (all southern Iowa). In January 2006, the mean temperature was above 24 °F in all nine crop districts, while in February the temperature averaged above 24 °F in crop districts 4-7. The end result is that the model predicts that there will be a moderate to high risk for Stewart's disease to occur in 2006 in approximately the lower two-thirds of the state (Figure 2).
Insect Economic Thresholds
This disease can be controlled on susceptible corn by controlling the corn flea beetle with a foliar-applied insecticide, but timing of the applicat
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Key Stage 4
Pupils in KS4 are offered a wide range of Science courses. Some pupils have the option to study Physics, Chemistry and Biology as separate GCSEs. Others will follow a course leading to two GCSE grades
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Key Stage 4
Pupils in KS4 are offered a wide range of Science courses. Some pupils have the option to study Physics, Chemistry and Biology as separate GCSEs. Others will follow a course leading to two GCSE grades in Science. BTEC Science is also offered giving pupils the option of a different approach to assessing their level of achievement.
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Within hours one day in April, two children went missing hundreds of miles apart from each other.
On the surface they appear to have little in common.
Angelo Messineo is a 16-year-old from Georgia. He was found alive on
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Within hours one day in April, two children went missing hundreds of miles apart from each other.
On the surface they appear to have little in common.
Angelo Messineo is a 16-year-old from Georgia. He was found alive on a horse farm four days after he disappeared from school on April 16. Alyvia Navarro, 3, of Wareham, Mass., was pronounced dead hours after she was reported missing, drowned in a pond near her grandmother's home, on the same day.
They are just two of the thousands of children who went missing last month.
But Angelo and Alyvia have one thing in common, and it's a trait shared with at least one child who goes missing every day in America. They are autistic.
Nearly half of all children with autism will run away and potentially go missing at least once before their 17th birthday, according to a study by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Of those who run away, what clinicians call "eloping," many will be found dead.
The numbers alone present a challenge for law enforcement authorities, who regularly rank searches for missing children among the most difficult work they do.
But finding children with autism -- who shirk when their names are called out, who run away at the sound of police sirens, who are afraid of the dogs sent to find them, and who naturally are comforted by burrowing and hiding -- makes a hard job even harder, investigators say.
One in 50 children is diagnosed annually with autism, a spectrum of neurodevelopment disorders marked by problems with social interaction and communication, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. As the number of children who are diagnosed increases, so too does the number of kids who run off, leaving rescuers to learn quickly how best to handle a unique set of challenges.
The stories of Angelo and Alyvia, and dozens of children like them, present two sides of a phenomenon still not entirely understood.
WATCH MORE: Autism Awareness Has NYC Turning Blue
On the one hand, autistic children are more likely to run away than unaffected children. When they do runaway, they are more likely to die than unaffected children. And more often than not, 91 percent of the time, those deaths are a result of drowning.
But what is so perplexing to researchers and rescuers are the stories like Angelo's. Stories of almost super-human rates of survival for young childr
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In postwar years the African population of Nairobi doubled in size. More than half of the inhabitants were Kikuyu, their ranks swelled by a growing tide of desperate, impoverished vagrants. Adding to their numbers were groups of ex-s
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In postwar years the African population of Nairobi doubled in size. More than half of the inhabitants were Kikuyu, their ranks swelled by a growing tide of desperate, impoverished vagrants. Adding to their numbers were groups of ex-servicemen returning from the war with high expectations of a new life but finding little other than poverty and pass laws. Unemployment, poor housing, low wages, inflation and homelessness produced a groundswell of discontent and worsening crime. Mixing politics and crime, the ‘Forty Group’ – Anake wa 40 – consisting largely of former soldiers of the 1940 age group who had seen service during the war in India, Burma and Ethiopia and other militants were ready to employ strong-arm tactics in opposing the government’s policies and in dealing with its supporters. The trade unions, gathering strength in Nairobi, carried the agitation further, conducting a virulent campaign against the granting of a royal charter to Nairobi. In the African press, too, the tone was becoming increasingly strident. By 1948, the oathing campaign, started by squatters in the Rift Valley and taken up in the Kikuyu reserves and in Nairobi, was in full swing. At fervent gatherings, Kikuyu songs, adapted from church hymns, were sung in praise of Kenyatta and prayers recited to glorify him. In all, several hundred thousand Kikuyu took the oath.
The rising temper of the Kikuyu made little impression on the British governor, Sir Philip Mitchell, a solitary, unapproachable figure from the old colonial school, contemptuous of African nationalists, more preoccupied with the recalcitrant white community than with signs of African discontent, and singularly ill-equipped to deal with the crisis unfolding before him.
Kenyatta, too, found difficulty in controlling the surge of militancy. He favoured constitutional means to oppose colonial rule but was outflanked by militant activists prepared to use violence. In 1951 a hardened group, including two prominent trade unionists, Fred Kubai and Bildad Kaggia, captured control of the Nairobi branch of the KAU [Kenya African Union], proceeded to gain a virtual stranglehold over the national executive and then formed their own secret central committee with plans for an armed uprising. Kaggia, a former staff sergeant in the army, had seen wartime service in Africa, the Middle East and England. Outbreaks of violence – murder, sabotage, arson and forced oathing – became more frequent.
The move towards violence split the Kikuyu people. Both the old Kikuyu establishment – chiefs, headmen and landowners – and the aspiring middle class – businessmen, traders, civil servants and government teachers – opposed violence. So did large numbers of Christian Kikuyu. But by 1952, much of the Kikuyu tribe was caught up in rebellion.
Kenyatta tried to ride out the turbulence, seeking to defuse the crisis rather than to stir it up. Leading activists in Nairobi, while using his name to justify their actions, regarded him with profound suspicion. When the government asked him to denounce Mau Mau publicly, he duly obliged, using a traditional Kikuyu curse. ‘Let Mau Mau perish for ever,’ he told a huge crowd in Kiambu in August 1952, ‘All people should search for Mau Mau and kill it.’ His speech infuriated the central committee. Summoned to a meeting of the central committee at KAU headquarters in Nairobi, he was clearly surprised to discover who its members were. ‘We said, “We are Mau Mau and what you have said at this Kiambu meeting must not be said again”,’ recalled Fred Kubai. ‘If Kenyatta had continued to denounce Mau Mau, we would have denounced him. He would have lost his life. It was too dangerous and he knew it. He was a bit shaken by the way we looked at him. He was not happy. We weren’t the old men he was used to dealing with. We were young and we were serious.’
As the violence grew worse, with daily incidents.of murder, forced oathing and intimidation, a new governor, Sir Evelyn Baring, on the advice of his officials, concluded that the best way to deal with it was to lock up all KAU leaders. In October 1952, shortly after his arrival, Baring declared a state of emergency and ordered the detention of Kenyatta and 150 other political figures, a move taken by Mau Mau activists as tantamount to a declaration of war. In growing panic, white farmers in the Rift Valley expelled some 100,000 squatters, providing Mau Mau with a massive influx of recruits. Many headed straight for the forests of the Aberdares and Mount Kenya to join armed gangs recently established there. Far from snuffing out the rebellion, Baring’s action intensified it. It was only after the emergency was declared that the first white settler was murdered.
The brunt of the war, however, fell not on the whites but on loyalist Kikuyu. They became the target of Mau Mau leaders determined to enforce complete unity among the Kikuyu people before turning on the whites. Nearly 2,000 loyalists died. The official death toll of rebels and their supporters was listed as 11,500, though modern researchers put the real figure far higher. Some 80,000 Kikuyu were detained in camps, often subjected to harsh and brutal treatment. As the tide against Mau Mau turned, gang leaders in the forests tried to keep control by employing ever more perverted oaths, horrifying to the Kikuyu and to whites alike. By comparison, the white community escaped lightly. Though white farmers in isolated farmsteads often lived in fear of attack, after four years only thirty-two white civilians had been killed, less than the number who died in traffic accidents in Nairobi during the same period.
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Managing Wildlife Damage: MOLES
Biology and Behavior
Moles live underground and inhabit the lawns of residential homes, golf courses, cemeteries, and parks, as well as fallow fields, forest edges, or pastures
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Managing Wildlife Damage: MOLES
Biology and Behavior
Moles live underground and inhabit the lawns of residential homes, golf courses, cemeteries, and parks, as well as fallow fields, forest edges, or pastures where moist, sandy loam soils are common and digging is easy.
The type of soil, its moisture content, and the availability of food all can limit mole activity. In general, moles tend to avoid heavy clay or stony, coarse gravel soils where tunneling is difficult. Similarly, areas with soils that are either too dry or too wet to maintain the structure of their tunnel system usually are avoided.
Moles are approximately 4-8 inches in length from nose to tail. They have short, powerful forefeet with broad outward-turned palms and prominent digging claws, small eyes and ears, short, black or brownish-gray velvety fur, and a somewhat elongated head and snout. The snout of the star-nosed mole, as its name suggests, is characterized by a prominent fleshy protuberance with 22 short "tentacles" radiating from it. These tentacles are believed to aid the animal in sensing its environment and are found in no other mammal. Hairy-tailed moles may be distinguished by differences in their tails. The tail of the hairy-tailed is slightly longer (0.9-1.4 in.) and covered with short, stiff hairs. Male hairy-tailed moles typically are larger in size than respective females. Tactile hairs on the snout, forepaws, top of the head, and tail enhance a mole’s sense of touch; moles have a poor sense of smell and are virtually blind (but they do detect light and dark).
Although many people believe that moles are rodents, like mice or rats, they actually are members of the scientific order Insectivora, which includes animals like shrews and bats. The diet of a mole consists of earthworms, snails, slugs, and insects (both adult and larval stages), but also may include small amounts of vegetation and seeds taken inadvertently. Moles destroy very few plants or bulbs by direct feeding, but may dislodge plants while tunneling in search of food. Because they expend a tremendous amount of energy when constructing tunnels, moles often remain active day and night year-round in their search for food. They often consume an amount of food e
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Kids loves to play and it’s the best time to develop their creativity. They learn easily at an early stage and acquire more basic information so every interaction during childhood will contribute to his or her knowledge and experience. Educational games and toys can stimulate kid
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Kids loves to play and it’s the best time to develop their creativity. They learn easily at an early stage and acquire more basic information so every interaction during childhood will contribute to his or her knowledge and experience. Educational games and toys can stimulate kid’s overall growth.
Here are the benefits of incorporating mental challenges to kid games:
- It will clearly shows kids reaction and you can act upon it.
- Visual effects from software catches kids’ attention making them more attentive.
- Educational games make kids more interactive.
- The bond between parents and kids become stronger while supervising the kids in play.
- Every educational game played by a kid is a learning block to become an intellectual and social being.
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Here are some examples for clarity:
- 2,000 Calories In each day, minus 2,500 Calories Out each day, equals Weight Loss of 1 pound per week.
- 2,500 Calories In each day, minus
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Here are some examples for clarity:
- 2,000 Calories In each day, minus 2,500 Calories Out each day, equals Weight Loss of 1 pound per week.
- 2,500 Calories In each day, minus 2,000 Calories Out each day, equals Weight Gain of 1 pound per week.
Obviously, the quality of calories you eat has less to do with weight management than does the amount of calories you eat. You can consume the healthiest foods the earth can supply, but if you eat too much of them, weight gain will be the end result.
I often say the kind of calories you eat determines your health, while the amount determines your weight. Portions over the past 20 years have directly affected the weight of the nation. It is astounding how portions have been super-sized over time.
Twenty years ago vs. today
- A bagel 20 years ago was 3 inches in diameter/140 calories. Today it is 6 inches/350 calories.
- A cheeseburger had 333 calories. Today it has 590 calories.
- A plate of spaghetti with three meatballs had 500 calories. Today it is 1,025 calories.
- A 6 1/2-ounce serving of soda had 85 calories. Today's 20-ounce soda has 250 calories.
- A 3 1/2-ounce serving of fries had 210 calories. Today 6 1/2-ounce serving of fries has 610 calories.
- An 8-ounce cup of coffee had 45 calories. Today it's 16 ounces and has 350 calories.
- A muffin was 1 1/2 ounce and had 210 calories. Today it's 5 ounces and has 500 calories.
- A chicken Caesar salad had 390 calories. Today a chicken Caesar salad has 790 calories.
- A serving of chicken stir fry was 435 calories. Today it's 865 calories.
Clearly, we are enjoying too much of a good thing, and, in many cases, too much of a bad thing. Portion is a nutritional concept we must understand. The amount of calories listed on labels often represents more than one serving, so make note of how many servings are in the package or can you are purchasing.
A serving of cheese should be no larger than a pair of dice and a serving of meat should be about the size of a deck of cards. A healthy plate of food consists of this: one-half vegetables and/or fruits, one-fourth protein-rich foods, and one-fourth whole grains.
Before you throw in the towel, examine the size of your portions. And remember: You will be hungry when you cut the portion size. Understand that if you are slightly hungry, you are losing weight. No one loses weight feeling full all the time. It takes knowledge, commitment and a continued dedication to moving your body on a regular basis.
Cindy Boggs, corporate fitness presenter, author and Activate America director, has been an ACE-certified coordinator/instructor since 1989. Send your questions about fitness, training or health to YMCA of Kanawha Valley, 100 YMCA Drive, Charleston, WV 25311, or e-mail [email protected]. Look for her award-winning fitness advice book, "CindySays... You Can Find Health in Your Hectic World" on her website www.cindysays.com or contact her at 304-342-3533.
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Laboratory analysis is a vital part of assessing the potential effect of any release of radioactivity into the environment, such as in areas where depleted uranium (DU) munitions have been used. Samples taken from such areas can be screened and analyzed to
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Laboratory analysis is a vital part of assessing the potential effect of any release of radioactivity into the environment, such as in areas where depleted uranium (DU) munitions have been used. Samples taken from such areas can be screened and analyzed to determine whether or not DU is present and to estimate the possible doses from different sources in that environment.
The IAEA Laboratories
at Seibersdorf, Austria have a number of different analytical techniques
and associated equipment to analyze both radioactive and stable isotopes
from a wide range of environmental sources. Staff at the laboratory
are not only able to do such testing, but also have the expertise to
organize and execute a comprehensive sampling campaign to obtain the
requisite samples for analysis.
The techniques and equipment used to analyze DU depends upon the nature of the sample and the sensitivity required to detect the anticipated level of DU. In the recent sampling carried out in Kosovo as part of the UNEP-led study, the Seibersdorf laboratory initially used a gamma-spectrometer to screen all the samples in order to determine which samples required further testing to identify more precisely and quantify the source of radiation detected. The gamma-spectrometer is very useful for screening large size samples (100 g to 2000 g). The gamma-spectrometer can typically detect DU in soil once its concentration exceeds 50 to 100 mg per kg. The majority of the 13 environmental samples tested by the Agency were soil samples. The samples were first labelled, catalogued, air dried, homogenized, and divided into 3 parts: one for archival purposes, one to study the physical characteristics, and one for destructive analysis to determine the concentration of DU. The physical characteristics (particle size and concentration) of DU are important because the most dangerous route of exposure is inhalation of small particles.
To carry on with the destructive analysis, the samples were further processed - the organic matter was removed by either oxidizing it at 500° C in a furnace or through microwave digestion incorporating chemical acid digestion. The resulting solutions were then tested using a sophisticated instrument that quantifies and qualifies the radioactive isotopes present. This instrument, known as an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), is able to detect minute quantities of uranium isotopes and can distinguish between natural and depleted uranium at the parts per trillion level (on samples in solution).
In addition to DU, the Seibersdorf laboratory has been involved in number of efforts (Chernobyl, Mururoa/Fangataufa Atolls, Bikini/Marshall Islands and Semipalatinsk) to monitor a wide ra
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Last week the New York Daily News came out guns blazing against New York City’s bold innovation designed to rethink how students learn math, the School of One. The Daily News’s headline declared the project “a pricey reject.” This might have been fine
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Last week the New York Daily News came out guns blazing against New York City’s bold innovation designed to rethink how students learn math, the School of One. The Daily News’s headline declared the project “a pricey reject.” This might have been fine except that its information was based on a study that was far more nuanced in its findings and was commissioned with the purpose of helping to improve the program, not declaring with any finality the program a success or failure. Also worth noting is that the program didn’t cost taxpayer dollars, but was funded by private philanthropic dollars.
Innovation is a messy process. Although we have unearthed in our research several things that make the process of innovation far more predictable and ultimately successful, one of those fundamental findings is that using a “discovery-driven” process to identify what works—and only then scaling—is critical.
What that means is that rarely if ever does an innovation hatch out of someone’s mind as a perfectly formulated plan. The innovations that succeed are those that have the time and space to test and learn and the money left over to then iterate and tick and tack between different approaches until they nail the job of the user. Failure is actually a critical part of innovation—and its occurrence and learning from it is what allows for ultimate success. It would be awfully surprising if an innovation got everything right in its early days. The first personal computers and cell phones, to name just two, certainly didn’t.
Which brings us to New York City’s School of One. The fundamental truth that jump-started School of One’s, now Teach to One’s, approach was this: each student enters a classroom with different levels of background math knowledge and skills more generally.
Given this, teachers face an extraordinary challenge in being able to individualize for these different learning needs in the conventional classroom structure. The results are clear that today’s approach is not working for far too many students.
School of One blows apart that structure (quite literally) by administering a diagnostic assessment to each student, creating an individuali
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Smoking Linked to Lou Gehrig's Disease
Cigarette smoking, especially smoking during adolescence may increase the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS for short, which is more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease.
Tues
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Smoking Linked to Lou Gehrig's Disease
Cigarette smoking, especially smoking during adolescence may increase the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS for short, which is more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease.
Tues. Feb. 15, 2011 —
Cigarette smoking appears to be associated with an increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis — although the reasons for the relationship may be complex — according to data analysis of five large cohort studies.
The analysis — involving more than 1.1 million study participants, 832 of whom had ALS — found that smoking was associated with a 42 percent increase in risk of being diagnosed with ALS, wrote Dr. Éilis J. O'Reilly, ScD, of Harvard University in Boston, and colleagues, reported.
The 42 percent increased risk was for current smokers compared with persons who never smoked and was apparent even after adjusting for other risk factors, O’Reilly and colleagues reported in Archives of Neurology.
Get Tips to Help You Stop Smoking.
For former smokers the increased risk was slightly higher, 44 percent compared with never smokers.
Neurologists have searched for decades to find a cause for the motor neuron disorder, commonly called Lou Gehrig's disease after its most famous victim — but some researchers had previously suggested that cigarette smoking might play a role.
Yet, earlier studies looking at this association have had conflicting results, however, possibly because of small sample sizes and selection or survival bias.
To more fully explore the possible relationship between smoking and ALS, O'Reilly and colleagues analyzed data from the Nurses' Health Study, the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study, the Multiethnic Cohort, and the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort.
Among the entire sample, which included 562,804 men and 556,276 women, the researchers identified 832 cases of ALS.
In all five of the cohorts studied, more men were affected and the rates of ALS increased with age.
The risk of ALS also increased according to pack-years of smoking, though not in a linear fashion — people who smoked the equivalent of a pack a day for 20 years had a 31 percent increase in risk, which jumped to a 71 percent increased risk for those who smoked the equivalent of a pack a day for 21 to 35 years.
But the risk dropped to 43 percent among those with more than a 35-year pack history.
Handle Stress Without Going Through a Pack
In each case, the increased risk was the risk of smokers versus never smokers.
In addition, the relative risk for ALS increased by 10 percent for each additional 10 ci
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Potato Disease Risk Monitoring
Late Blight in Alaska
Late blight is a serious fungal disease affecting tomatoes and potatoes. It can be spread by spores over large areas in a very short time. The disease is caused by the fungus Phy
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Potato Disease Risk Monitoring
Late Blight in Alaska
Late blight is a serious fungal disease affecting tomatoes and potatoes. It can be spread by spores over large areas in a very short time. The disease is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans and requires a live host for reproduction. Late blight was discovered in commercial plantings in the Matanuska valley in September of 2010, and there is still concern that this disease can cause further problems.
Late blight has been identified in commercial plantings four times in the last two decades. It was first found in commercial fields in 1995, and again in 1998, 2005 and 2010. In all instances, late blight had been reported in the continental United States earlier in the growing season. It was thought that the disease had been brought in on infected plant material, and subsequently escaped to infect Alaskan fields.
DNA testing has shown the late blight found in Alaska in 1995 was the US 7 strain. Those from 1998, 2005 and 2010 were found to be the US 11 strain. The most common strains of late blight found in the continental United States during 2009 and 2010 were US 22, US 23 a
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ESC SV-311-331- Inside Real-Time Kernels, Part 1 and 2
This two-part class examines the inner workings of a real-time kernel. A real-time kernel (also known as an RTOS) is software that
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ESC SV-311-331- Inside Real-Time Kernels, Part 1 and 2
This two-part class examines the inner workings of a real-time kernel. A real-time kernel (also known as an RTOS) is software that manages the time of a microprocessor, microcontroller or DSP, allows multitasking and, provides valuable services to your embedded application. By understanding internals, attendees have a better grasp on the issues involved when using a kernel. This class uses a combination of code, graphics, animations and, running examples on an actual target CPU to show attendees how a kernel works. Attendees will experience the inner workings of a scheduler, see what's involved in a context switch, examines how semaphores, message queues, and many other common kernel services are typically implemented. This is the best class on the subject.
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Battle of Sagrajas
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (October 2011)|
|Battle of Sagrajas|
|Part of the Reconquista|
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Battle of Sagrajas
||This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (October 2011)|
|Battle of Sagrajas|
|Part of the Reconquista|
|Leon and Castile
Taifa of Seville
Taifa of Badajoz
Taifa of Granada
Taifa of Almería
Taifa of Málaga
|Commanders and leaders|
Sancho Ramírez of Aragon
|Yusuf ibn Tashfin
Al Mu'tamid ibn Abbad of Seville
Al Mutawakkil of Badajoz
Abdallah of Granada
|2,500 men||Reportedly 3 times as large as the Castilian army|
|Casualties and losses|
The Battle of Sagrajas (23 October 1086), also called Zalaca or Zallaqa, Arabic: معركة الزلاقة), was a battle between the Almoravid army led by general Yusuf ibn Tashfin and a Christian army led by the Castilian King Alfonso VI. The battleground was later called az-Zallaqah (in English "slippery ground") because the warriors were slipping all over the ground due to the tremendous amount of blood shed that day, and this gives rise to its name in Arabic.
After Alfonso VI, King of León and Castile captured Toledo in 1085 and invaded the taifa of Zaragoza, the emirs of the smaller taifa kingdoms of Islamic Iberia found that they could not resist against him without external assistance. In 1086 Yusuf ibn Tashfin was invited by them to fight against Alfonso VI. In that year, he replied to the call of three Andalusian leaders (Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad and others) and crossed the straits to Algeciras and moved to Seville. From there, accompanied by the emirs of Seville, Granada and Taifa of Málaga marched to Badajoz.
Alfonso VI abandoned the siege of Zaragoza, recalled his troops from Valencia and appealed to Sancho I of Aragon for help. Finally he set out to meet the enemy northeast of Badajoz. The two armies met each other on 23 October 1086.
Alfonso VI of Castile reached the battleground with some 2,500 men, including 1,500 cavalry, in which 750 were knights, but found himself outnumbered. The two leaders exchanged messages before the battle. Yusuf ibn Tashfin is reputed to have offered three choices to the Castilians: convert to Islam, to pay tribute (jizyah), or battle.
The battle started on Friday at dawn with an attack from Castile. Yusuf ibn Tashfin divided his army into 3 divisions. The first division was led by Abbad III al-Mu'tamid, the second division was led by Yusuf ibn Tashfin and the third division consisted of black African warriors with Indian swords and long javelins. Abbad III al-Mu'tamid and his division battled with Alfonso VI alone till the afternoon, then Yusuf ibn Tashfin and his division joined the battle and circled Alfonso VI and his troops. Alfonso's troops panicked and started to lose ground, then Yusuf ordered the third division of his army to attack and finish the battle.
At least half the Castilian army was lost. One lone source claims that only 500 knights returned to Castile, although others do not support this low figure, so it seems that most of the nobility survived. The dead included counts Rodrigo Muñoz and Vela Oveguez. King Alfonso VI sustained an injury to one leg that caused him to limp for the rest of his life.
Casualties were also heavy on the Almoravid side, specially for the hosts led by Dawud ibn Aysa, whose camp was even sacked in the first hours of battle, and by the emir of Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas. The Sevillan emir al-Mu'tamid had been wounded in the first clash but his personal example of valour rallied the al-Andalus forces in the difficult moments of the initial Castilian charge led by Alvar Fañez. Those killed included a very popular im
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Look up monthly U.S., Statewide, Divisional, and Regional Temperature, Precipitation, Degree Days, and Palmer (Drought) rankings for 1-12, 18, 24, 36, 48,
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Look up monthly U.S., Statewide, Divisional, and Regional Temperature, Precipitation, Degree Days, and Palmer (Drought) rankings for 1-12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60-month, and Year-to-Date time periods. Data and statistics are as of January 1895.
Please note, Degree Days are not available for Agricultural Belts
Contiguous U.S. Temperature Rankings, August 2001
More information on Climatological Rankings
(out of 119 years)
|Sep 2000 - Aug 2001
|68th Coldest||1917||Coldest since: 1997|
|51st Warmest||2012||Warmest since: 2000|
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Ayurvedic Definition of Health
Charaka & Vaghbhata in Sutrasthana define health as:
Prasanna atmenindriya manaha
Susruta has described the features of a healthy person in the above quote
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Ayurvedic Definition of Health
Charaka & Vaghbhata in Sutrasthana define health as:
Prasanna atmenindriya manaha
Susruta has described the features of a healthy person in the above quote. It follows that the doshas must be in equilibrium, the digestive fire must be in a balanced state and the tissues (dhatus) and malas (wastes) must work in a normal state. The sensory and motor organs and mind, atma must be also in a pleasant state. Such a person is called a healthy person or Swastha.
Samadosha: The doshas that are present in the body and mind, namely vata, pitta and kapha, must be in a balanced state in order to keep a person healthy. When the balance of the doshas is disturbed, either aggravated or decreased (vitiated) it produces a state of Dosha Vaishamya, which is called disease.
Samagni: In order to keep an individual healthy and digestive fire (koshtagni) and dhatuagni (tissue enzymes) must be in a proper state. When agni is less in quality (Mandagni) it will cause many diseases (“Rogaha Sarvepi Mande Agnou”). It is a well known that the health of an individual depends on the proper strength of his digestive power.
Sama dhatu mala kriya: (Balanced state of dhatus and malas): According to Ayurveda there are seven Dhatus namely Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Medas, Asthi, Majja and Shukra. And the excreta or Malas – purisa (faeces), Mutra (urine), Sweda (sweat). The dhatus of the body must function properly and so also the malas of the body.
Prasanna Atmendriya Manaha: In Ayurveda the functions of the sensory and motor organs and mind have been given special importance. When these are not in equilibrium and not discharging there functions properly, it will lead to a state called disease. Even though the above a functioning properly the bodily activities must not vitiate (decrease) the above. The state of mental health is more important than that of the physical health of a person.
Swastha or the healthy state is maintained from birth and the three doshas remain in a balanced state, then the person achieves a well balanced constitution, attractive appearance, good muscular strength and complete peace of mind.
Good health can be maintained until death. For this one should intelligently follow all the rules laid down according to this science. Only then will a person enjoy an optimum life span of a hundred years without contracting disease. He will also gain recognition in society, friendship with people and honour and wealth as he has the energy and ability to achieve all the goals in life.
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This visualization shows stacked time series of reported occupations in the United States Labor Force from 1850-2000. The data has been normalized: for each census year, the percentage of the polled labor force in each occupation is shown. The data
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This visualization shows stacked time series of reported occupations in the United States Labor Force from 1850-2000. The data has been normalized: for each census year, the percentage of the polled labor force in each occupation is shown. The data is originally from the United States Census Bureau and was provided by the University of Minnesota Population Center (ipums.org).
The categorization scheme used was devised in 1950. As a result, some category names may seem outdated and more modern occupations may be missing.
Data for the 1890 ce
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Measles in Mexico, 1941-2001: Interruption of Endemic Transmission and Lessons Learned. Santos JI, Nakamura MA, Godoy MV, Lucas CA, Kuri P, and Conyer RT. Journal
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Measles in Mexico, 1941-2001: Interruption of Endemic Transmission and Lessons Learned. Santos JI, Nakamura MA, Godoy MV, Lucas CA, Kuri P, and Conyer RT. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2004;189:243-250 (Suppl 1)
Could measles be eliminated in Mexico?
This study analyzed the historical distribution of measles in Mexico and evaluated the impact of measles control strategies used in that country.
Between 1989 and 1991, Mexico, like the rest of the American continent, experienced a measles pandemic. After the pandemic, the Mexican Ministry of Health implemented programs to eliminate endemic measles—the common low-level occurrence of the disease in the country.
These programs were based on the Pan American Health Organization’s strategies for measles elimination: Increasing vaccination coverage in children through 5 strategies (“catch-up”, “mop-up”, “keep-up”, “follow-up” and “push-up”); performing aggressive control measures in response to outbreaks; and developing a high-quality and specific s
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By Louise Greenwood
Africa Business Report, BBC World
Developed by students at South Africa's Stellenbosch University and local space technology firm SunSpace, the "SumbandilaSat" micro-satellite, took off from Kazakhstan
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By Louise Greenwood
Africa Business Report, BBC World
Developed by students at South Africa's Stellenbosch University and local space technology firm SunSpace, the "SumbandilaSat" micro-satellite, took off from Kazakhstan's Baikonur cosmodrome on 17 September.
In spite of the progress, Africa's space sector faces challenges.
Pictures of the momentous event were streamed live over the internet and South Africa's Science and Technology Minister, Naledi Pandor, was in Kazakhstan for the launch.
Taking its name from the Venda word meaning "pioneer", the SumbandilaSat will gather crucial information about weather patterns and how climate change is affecting Africa.
It heralds a huge milestone in Africa's space ambitions. Experts predict that before too long similar projects will be underway, at the cutting edge of communications and even defence.
While the SumbandilaSat was funded by the South African government, it was developed by the Sunspace lab, a commercial firm on the Western Cape that develops satellite technology, mostly for the telecoms and agriculture industries.
"We take off the shelf, technologies, putting them together cheaply efficiently, quickly and in such a way that our customers are able, with a small product, to outperform... the traditional space models," explains Ron Oliver, managing director of Sunspace.
But despite the huge strides Africa's space technology industry has made in recent years, it faces big problems.
As well as lack of infrastructure and funding, employers complain of a desperate shortage of trained staff.
Space ventures could help the continent prosper.
Until the end of apar
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How US May Lose Grip on Iraq
Attacks could miss deadly weapons, and likely end UN probe of whole Iraq military.
Behind a door of reinforced steel at United Nations headquarters in Baghdad, much of the real work of the UN weapons-inspections
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How US May Lose Grip on Iraq
Attacks could miss deadly weapons, and likely end UN probe of whole Iraq military.
Behind a door of reinforced steel at United Nations headquarters in Baghdad, much of the real work of the UN weapons-inspections teams takes place.Skip to next paragraph
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Deep inside, banks of television screens are said to be set up, on which inspectors watch some 300 sensitive sites across the country to ensure that Iraq complies with UN Security Council resolutions to give up its weapons of mass destruction. Chemical and radiation units at some locations sample the air, and X-rays and satellite images are used.
This elaborate weapons-inspection regime was designed to eradicate Iraq's chemical, biological, nuclear, and ballistic missile capability. Iraq was forced to accept it with the Gulf War cease-fire. By and large, with nudging, it has complied with inspections.
President Clinton says that the work of the UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) for disarmament has done more to erase such weapons from Iraq's arsenals than the entire Gulf War air campaign. And even as the current crisis unfolds - with one American-led team prevented from visiting sites the Iraqi government of President Saddam Hussein deems "sensitive" - other inspection teams work unhindered.
Officials in Washington say that the use - or threat - of force is meant to compel Iraq to allow unfettered access to all sites. Repeated denial of that access has been taken by Washington and the UN to mean that Iraq still harbors chemical and biological weapons that present a real, immediate danger to its neighbors.
But in the view of many Western analysts and diplomats here - who all declined to be identified further - the lack of an evident "endgame" by Washington means the risks of such an attack now far outweigh any benefit.
With a US and British armada building in the Persian Gulf, some diplomats warn that a military strike could put UN weapons-monitoring at risk, reverse its successes, and jeopardize humanitarian efforts meant to offset the impact of sanctions.
"If there is a military strike, the first result will be that the inspectors will be out of Iraq," says one diplomat. "As far as disarmament, we will lose our grip on Iraq. UNSCOM is the only instrument to bring Iraq to eliminate its weapons of mass destruction."
Analysts say that this point appears to have been lost in the flurry of diplomatic activity and strong signals from the Clinton administration that it does not expect a peaceful solution.
One source with experience in Washington notes that "all crises have two different dynamics," one on the ground and one in the US capital. "At a certain point, Washington gets a head of steam, and it doesn't matter what happens on the ground," the source says.
Other analysts say the costly dispatch of 2,000 US marines and more fighter planes may make an attack inevitable.
"Did they pass the point of no return?" asks a Western source. "I'm afraid [an attack] may now become a face-saving measure for Washington."
The current crisis was prefaced by events last November. Then, angry at what it said was the top-heavy presence of Americans in the UNSCOM inspection teams, Iraq kicked out American inspectors. UNSCOM chief Richard Butler, an Australian, decided to withdraw all inspectors.
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Building the Collection
Stewart Culin, an adventurous and energetic ethnologist, initiated the acquisition of Native American artworks in the early twentieth century, long before other American art museums became interested in the indigenous arts of North, Central, and South America
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Building the Collection
Stewart Culin, an adventurous and energetic ethnologist, initiated the acquisition of Native American artworks in the early twentieth century, long before other American art museums became interested in the indigenous arts of North, Central, and South America. Between 1903 and 1911, Culin acquired more than nine thousand objects for the collection through Museum-sponsored expeditions to the Southwest, Northwest Coast, California, and Oklahoma. Because of his efforts, the Museum's Native American collections are particularly strong in Northwest Coast material such as masks, hats, rattles, baskets, and carvings (both small and monumental) of the Nuu-chah-nulth, Heiltsuk, Kwakwaka'wakw, Tshimian, Haida, and Tlingit tribes; Southwest material such as polychrome ceramics, embroidered textiles, and elaborately costumed Kachina dolls made by Hopi and Zuni artisans; California material such as baskets, clothing, and feathered headdresses of the Pomo, Hupa, Yurok, and Maidu peoples; and Plains material such as the spectacular fur regalia and beadwork of the Osage of Oklahoma. Culin's comprehensive diaries and field notes provide unique information on the objects that he acquired and are available to researchers by appointment in the Museum's Libraries and Archives.
In 1929, Culin was succeeded by Herbert Spinden, an archaeologist already well known for his pioneering work on ancient Maya art. Spinden focused on building the pre-Columbian and ethnographic art collections from Mexico and Central and South America. During his twenty-one years at the Museum (he retired in 1950), Spinden conducted at least seven collecting expeditions to Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. He also acquired significant private collections such as a group of ancient Paracas textiles from Peru (the majority of which were acquired as a single purchase in 1934). The Museum's Paracas textile collection is one of the largest in the United States, and among the four most significant collections outside Peru. A famous ceremonial mantle made between 300 B.C. and A.D. 100, known as the Paracas Textile, is perhaps the most renowned of all the objects in the collection of the arts of the Americas. Spinden also acquired significant examples of ancient Mexican stonework, such as a Huastec life-death figure from north
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In 1309, he received Nocera and Isernia and exchanged Montescaglioso for Sorrento and Castellammare di Stabia. He began serving his brother, King Robert, against the Ghibellines
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In 1309, he received Nocera and Isernia and exchanged Montescaglioso for Sorrento and Castellammare di Stabia. He began serving his brother, King Robert, against the Ghibellines of Uguccione della Faggiuola in Tuscany. He led 300 knights and was given the title of "Vicar of Tuscany, Lombardy, Romagna, the city of Bertinoro, and the city of Ferrara and Captain-General of the Guelph party of Tuscany".
He celebrated a jubilee at Siena and then moved on to Florence, where he stayed with the Mozzi family and the commune granted him a stipend of 4,000 florins. He took Arezzo on 29 September 1314, but Uguccione took Lucca. At Robert's request, Philip I of Taranto brought reinforcements north and met with initial successes, but at the Battle of Montecatini, the combined forces of the Guelphs were defeated by Uguccione and the Ghibellines in a skirmish on the plain. Peter and Philip retreated to Fucecchio and the former died en route, in the marsh, his body was never found.
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Unless wildlife warnings heed ed pollution could trigger human health problems
24th May 2004
Indian River Lagoon pollution could trigger human health problems
Diseased marine life in the Indian River Lagoon could damage your health.
Yes, that
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Unless wildlife warnings heed ed pollution could trigger human health problems
24th May 2004
Indian River Lagoon pollution could trigger human health problems
Diseased marine life in the Indian River Lagoon could damage your health.
Yes, that's right, your health.
That's the troubling prediction of some experts who presented concerns about the lagoon's condition at a recent conference at Florida Tech.
There's no denying lagoon animals increasingly show signs of environmental distress, likely caused by pollution.
Scientists at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute in Fort Pierce and finding a high incidence of ulcer-like stomach conditions in dolphins this year.
Previous studies detected a laundry list of ailments in the mammals -- from hepatitis to heart disease, to skin and central nervous system disorders.
As for the sea turtles, they're plagued by tumour-like growths.
Are we asking for similar troubles in humans if we ignore the warnings these diseased creatures are sending?
Only time will tell, but as we've said repeatedly, the 156-mile long lagoon is severely imperilled, reaching what appears to be a critical mass of pollutants. And rapid growth along its shoreline is making the situation worse.
Every week, 400 more people move into the lagoon's watershed, which covers 40 percent of Florida's east coast. With them come more paving of undeveloped lands, loss of habitat, use of lawn chemicals, and more polluted storm water run-off headed towards the lagoon.
Conference experts say air pollution from cars, industry and power plants could be adding toxins to the lagoon's pollutant load.
Amid all this gloom, there is some good news: Substantial funds -- nearly $ 8.7 million to improve water quality in the estuary -- have been appropriated by the state Legislature this year, says Troy Rice, director of the Indian River Lagoon Program.
That's direly needed money which must be used for more studies to pinpoint what's causing diseases in dolphins and other creatures, acquisition of crucial wetlands and more storm water run-off projects to filter tainted water.
But, we reiterate, the big picture must be addressed, and that means putting in place a comprehensive federal-state-local plan to manage the entire ecosystem before human health problems linked to the lagoon start making headlines.
Think we're being alarmist?
Then consider the pocketbook angle. Imagine what would happen to area property values if signs were posted along the banks of the lagoon saying "No Swimming or Fishing."
That's not farfetched. The Environmental Protection Agency says nearly half the estuaries in the United States are unsuitable for human activities because of pollution.
And in 1998, southern parts of the Indian River Lagoon were closed to swimming after rainfall sent heavily polluted water from Lake Okeechobee surging through a canal into the estuary. The results were countless fish that died from gaping, oozing sores.
It could happen again, and will if residents don't get involved and demand quicker action to protect the endangered lagoon -- and so themselves
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Sinatra, Ningsy (2004) The Types of the illocutionary acts used by all the characters in the courtroom scenes of Ally mcBeal's TV series. Bachelor thesis, Petra Christian University.Full text not available from this
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Sinatra, Ningsy (2004) The Types of the illocutionary acts used by all the characters in the courtroom scenes of Ally mcBeal's TV series. Bachelor thesis, Petra Christian University.Full text not available from this repository.
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Sunspots linked to weather
German scientists say they've confirmed something long suspected: that the weather in some regions of Earth is influenced by the sun's 11-year cycle of activity.
While records of average, seasonal temperatures don't go back far
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Sunspots linked to weather
German scientists say they've confirmed something long suspected: that the weather in some regions of Earth is influenced by the sun's 11-year cycle of activity.
While records of average, seasonal temperatures don't go back far enough to confirm any patterns, the team's used the freezing of Germany's largest river, the Rhine, as a proxy for particularly cold winters in Central Europe.
"The advantage with studying the Rhine is because it's a very simple measurement," says Frank Sirocko of Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz.
"Freezing is special in that it's like an on-off mode. Either there is ice or there is no ice."
Using cargo transport data, the team was able to determine the number of freezing episodes since 1780, finding that between then and 1963, the Rhine froze in multiple places fourteen different times.
Mapping these freezing episodes against the 11-year solar cycle, they found that ten of the fourteen freezes occurred during years when the sun had minimal sunspots. Using statistical methods, the scientists calculated that there is a 99 percent chance that extremely cold Central European winters and low solar activity are inherently linked.
"We provide, for the first time, statistically robust evidence that the succession of cold winters during the last 230 years in Central Europe has a common cause," says Sirocko.
When sunspot numbers are down, the sun's emitting less ultraviolet radiation. This means less heating of Earth's atmosphere, changing the circulation patterns of the troposphere and stratosphere.
This affects the North Atlantic Oscillation, a pattern of atmospheric pressure variations that influences wind patterns in the North Atlantic and weather behavior in regions in and around Europe.
"Due to this indirect effect, the solar cycle does not impact hemispherically averaged temperatures, but only leads to regional temperature anomalies," says Stephan Pfahl of the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science in Zurich.
The authors show that this change in atmospheric circulation leads to cooling in parts of Central Europe but warming in other European countries, such as Iceland.
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|By goGreen | September 16, 2011|
People eat groundouts as fruit, or in the form of oil or as paste, sauce or flour.Groundnuts are a nourishing food. They are rich; they contain certain
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|By goGreen | September 16, 2011|
People eat groundouts as fruit, or in the form of oil or as paste, sauce or flour.Groundnuts are a nourishing food. They are rich; they contain certain substances necessary for human life. They contain 200 grammes of protein per kilogramme. Millet, sorghum, sweet potatoes, yams and cassava. All contain less protein than groundnuts. Oil is made from groundnuts. This oil is much used in cooking. 100 kilogrammes of shelled groundnuts may yield 40 to 60 kilogrammes of oil.
After the oil has been taken from groundnuts, oil cake is left. Oil cake is a very nourishing food for animals.
- Groundnuts bring in money for families and workers. The farmers sell their crop on the market, or to cooperatives, or to business companies. The cooperatives and companies turn the groundnuts into oil. The oil mills in the country make a livelihood for the workers.
- Groundnuts bring money into the country. Often the country resells the groundnuts abroad. Groundnuts can be sold shelled or in the form of oil. The money paid by foreign countries for groundnuts or groundnut oil helps the government to build schools and roads, to buy manufactured goods (machines, fertilizers, clothes), and pay government officials.
- The price of ‘groundnuts is rather low In all countries. Groundnuts do not fetch a very high price. The farmer who wants to earn money must produce more on his land; he must increase the yield. Even if the price of groundnuts is not high, the farmer who produces 1000 kilograms of groundnuts will earn more than the farmer who produces only 300 kilograms. In order to increase the groundnut yield, the farmer must prepare his fields very well and carefully follow the advice of the extension worker. In this way he will get good- quality groundnuts, sold at a better price, and he will have more groundnuts.
The seeds (the nuts you sow) must be good, disinfected, and from selected varieties.
How to choose good seeds?
When you separate the seeds from the pods, that is when you shell the nuts, throw away any seeds spoiled by insects or disease, and any misshapen seeds. A misshapen seed will not grow well. If the germ of a seed has been eaten by an insect, the seed will not germinate. Shell the nuts only a few days before sowing, otherwise the seeds will be dry. Seeds must not be dry before you sow them.
- Mix the disinfectant thoroughly with the seeds, so that it covers them all. Disinfectant protects seeds against molds and insects. The disinfectant is sold by the extension services. It is usual to mix one small tomato tin full of disinfectant with 1 cask full of shelled nuts – this means mixing 2 grammes of disinfectant for use with 1 kilograms of seeds.
- Disinfectant is poisonous. Be very careful in using it Wash your hands well after touching disinfectant. Never give disinfected seeds to animals. Never leave disinfectant where children can get at it.
- Disinfected seeds are not eaten by insects. Disinfected seeds do not rot. All the seeds will grow, there will be very few plants missing. Disinfection makes for good density, and so the yield is better.
A device for disinfecting seeds
Using selected seeds
- It is not enough to choose good seeds and to disinfect them. If you
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Kidney & Ureteral Stones
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) provides patients with a safe and effective way to remove kidney stones using a minimally invasive technique. Kidney stones are formed in the urinary
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Kidney & Ureteral Stones
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) provides patients with a safe and effective way to remove kidney stones using a minimally invasive technique. Kidney stones are formed in the urinary tract due to crystallization of chemical compounds in the urine. PCNL is a technique used to remove certain stones in the kidney or upper ureter.
This procedure has been used on many patients for the past 20 years, replacing the need for open surgery to remove kidney stones in a majority of patients. It has been accepted as a safe and reliable technique. Typically, the length of the surgery is 3-4 hours. The surgery is performed by making one or two small ½ inch incisions in the back flank area. A tube is placed through the incision into the kidney under x-ray guidance. A small telescope is passed through the tube to see the stone and remove it. If necessary a laser or other device called a li
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Many non-native plant species have made their way into Devils Tower National Monument, competing with native plants, and, in many cases, out-competing them. Biologists have identified at least 56 exotic (non-native) plant species in Devils Tower
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Many non-native plant species have made their way into Devils Tower National Monument, competing with native plants, and, in many cases, out-competing them. Biologists have identified at least 56 exotic (non-native) plant species in Devils Tower. Three of these - Leafy Spurge, Houndstongue, and non-native species of Thistles - are being actively managed.
Leafy Spurge is primarily controlled by biological means. Spurge Beetles have been introduced from Eurasia. These beetles live on and eat the plant. Beetles lay their eggs on the roots, and when the beetle larvae hatch, they eat the roots. This opens the roots to fungal invasion. It is actually the fungus which kills the Leafy Spurge. Although not a native species, Spurge Beetles eat only Leafy Spurge and do not affect other plants.
Houndstongue is a biennial and requires two years to complete its growth and produce seeds. During the plants' second year of growth, the seed heads are manually removed, preventing regeneration.
Three species of Thistles (Scotch, Musk and Bull) are controlled with herbicides. Biological controls are used on Canada Thistles. The Stem-mining Weevil attacks the stem, eating a hole in the stem and killing the plant. Gall Flies create galls on the thistle, preventing the plant from producing seeds. The Seed-head Weevil eats the seeds.
Did You Know?
Over 20 tribes have a cultural affiliation with Devils Tower. Many tribes have stories about how the Tower was created. Most of the stories talk about a bear using its claws to score the Tower's sides.
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John Boyle O'Reilly
From Athletics and Manly Sport,
Boston: Pilot Publishing Company, 1890, 350-452.
1. Canoeing the Connecticut
2. Down the Susquehanna in a Canoe
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John Boyle O'Reilly
From Athletics and Manly Sport,
Boston: Pilot Publishing Company, 1890, 350-452.
1. Canoeing the Connecticut
2. Down the Susquehanna in a Canoe
3. Down the Delaware River in a Canoe
4. Canoeing in the Dismal Swamp
Canoeing in the Dismal Swamp
THE Dismal Swamp of Virginia and North Carolina is one of the celebrated features of the American continent. Its name is almost as familiar as Niagara or the Rocky Mountains. Its limits are not easily defined, no careful survey or good map of the region having ever been made. It lies in two States, on the Virginia side in the counties of Nansemond and Princess Anne, and on the North Carolina side in the counties of Gates, Pasquotank, Camden, and Currituck. Almost in the centre lies Lake Drummond, or "the Lake of the Dismal Swamp," which is seven miles by five in extent, according to local records, but three miles by two and a half by our measurement. The area of the swamp is between eight hundred and one thousand square miles. Its reputation is that of a morass of forbidden and appalling gloom, a region impenetrable to the search of student or hunter; the fecund bed of fever and malaria, infested with deadly serpents and wild beasts; the old-time refuge of fugitive slaves, who preferred life in its lonely recesses to the life-in-death of the slave-quarter and the man-market. It is supposed by the outer world, and even by those who reside on its borders, to be a hopeless wilderness, an incurable ulcer on the earth's surface, a place that would have been long ago forgotten but for its shadowy romance,--for its depths were once enlightened, though it is over fourscore years ago, by the undying song of a famous poet. Some of this evil character is true, but most of it is untrue, and much of the slander has not been accidental, but deliberate.
It is true that the hunted slave often heard the baying of the bloodhounds as he crouched in the cane-brake of the Dismal Swamp, or plunged into its central lake to break the trail, and true also that its hundreds of miles of waterlogged forest is infested with repulsive and deadly creatures, reptile and beast, bear, panther, wild-cat and snake; but it is not true that the Dismal Swamp is an irreclaimable wilderness, the pestilent source of miasma and malaria.
The Dismal Swamp is an agony of perverted nature. It is Andromeda, not waiting for the monster, but already in his grasp, broken and silent under the intolerable embrace.
The Lake of the Dismal Swamp is the very eye of material anguish. Its circle of silvery beach is flooded and hidden, and still the pent-up water, vainly beseeching an outlet, is raised and driven in unnatural enmity to the roots of the tall juniper, cypress, and gum trees, that completely surround its shore. The waves that should murmur and break on a strand of incomparable brilliancy, are pushed beyond their proper limits, and compelled to soften and sap the productive earth; to w
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The intonations of declaration are classified in three types, symbolized by the comma (,), used to separate words or phrases for clarity; the semicolon (;), used to mark separation between elements in a series of related phrases, generally in a
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The intonations of declaration are classified in three types, symbolized by the comma (,), used to separate words or phrases for clarity; the semicolon (;), used to mark separation between elements in a series of related phrases, generally in a long sentence; and the full stop, or period (.), used to mark the end of a sentence. Other intonations are shown by the exclamation point (!); the interrogation point, or question mark (?); the parenthesis [( )], used to set off a word or phrase from a sentence that is complete without it; and the colon (:), typically used to introduce material that elaborates on what has already been said. Quotation marks (" ") indicate direct quotation or some borrowing, and usually demand special intonation. The ellipsis (…) is used to indicate the place in a passage where material has been omitted or a thought has trailed off. The long dash (—) is especially used in handwriting for incomplete intonation patterns.
Punctuation of material intended to be read silently rather than aloud—the far more usual case today—has introduced refinements designed to help the reader: brackets ([ ]), a secondary parenthesis; capital letters; paragraphing; and indentation. Two other frequent signs are the apostrophe ('), marking an omission of one or two letters, or a possessive case, and the hyphen (-), marking a line division or an intimate joining, as in compound words. These last two are practically extra letters, and their use, belonging with spelling rather than with punctuation, is highly arbitrary.
Each written language has its tradition of punctuation, often very different from that used in English; thus, in German nouns are capitalized, and in Spanish the beginnings of exclamations and of questions are marked with inverted signs. See also accent.
See W. D. Drake, The Way to Punctuate (1971); Words into Type (3d ed. 1974); D. Hacker, A Writer's Reference (4th ed. 1999); Univ. of Chicago Press, The Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed. 2003).
Standard set of marks used in written and printed texts to clarify meaning and to separate sentences, words, and parts of words. It often marks discourse features such as intonational contours and pauses. It may also convey information about a word (e.g., hyphens in compound words) unrelated to speech patterns. In English, the period (.) marks the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. The comma (,) usually separates clauses, phrases, or items in a series. The colon (:) often introduces an explanation or series of examples. The semicolon (;) usually separates independent clauses. The em-dash (—) marks an abrupt transition. The exclamation point (!) signals surprise. The question mark (?) signals a question. The apostrophe (') marks the possessive case or the omission of letters. Quotation marks (“ ”) set off either quoted words or words used with special significance. Interpolations in a sentence are marked by brackets ([ ]) or parentheses ( ).
Learn more about punctuation with a free trial on Britannica.com.
Punctuation marks are symbols that correspond to neither phonemes (sounds) of a language nor to lexemes (words and phrases), but which serve to indicate the structure and organization of writing, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading it aloud. See orthography.
In English, punctuation is vital to disambiguate the meaning of sentences. For example, "wo
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If spelling and grammar are not your strong suits, you will love this feature in Word. Read on to learn how to ramp up your writing skills to a whole new level.
Earlier versions of Word
In earlier versions of Word, spelling checker was
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If spelling and grammar are not your strong suits, you will love this feature in Word. Read on to learn how to ramp up your writing skills to a whole new level.
Earlier versions of Word
In earlier versions of Word, spelling checker was useful as long as you used the right word in the right context. Some of us, however, aren't always sure about which word to use when. For example, the words there (t h e r e), their (t h e i r), and they're (t h e y'r e) all sound the same and are all spelled "correctly." If used in the wrong context, however, they create an incorrect sentence. How would you know?
It is also common to type the instead of they (with a y), or some times (with a space between the words) as opposed to sometimes (as one word). These types of spelling errors are not detected by earlier versions of Word and change the meaning or readability of your sentence.
Help is on the way
Word (2007 and later) now offers a feature that catches most contextual spelling errors. If you use a screen reader, contextual errors are announced as misspelled words. I would not rely on this feature completely, though. For example, you could still write an incorrect sentence, such as, "They're (t h e y'r e) you go," and Word does not flag it as incorrect. So, don't fire your editor.
A little help from JAWS
When you are visually impaired, using the traditional spell checker in Word can be a bit cumbersome. For example, the little squiggly lines that appear under a misspelled word can be very difficult to see or not seen at all, and screen readers, such as JAWS, don’t always detect spelling errors by default.
Set up your environment
By default, JAWS is not configured to detect spelling and grammar errors. Word is generally configured by default, but just in case someone might have turned off these features, here is how to check the status of these settings and re-enable them if necessary:
- In Word, press ALT+F, and then press I.
- In the Word Options dialog box, press your DOWN ARROW key twice to open the Proofing page.
- To access the Check spelling as you type check box, press ALT+P. Make sure that this check box is selected. If it's not, press your SPACEBAR to select it.
- To access the Use contextual spelling check box, press your DOWN ARROW key once. Make sure this check box is selected. If it's not, press your SPACEBAR to select it.
- To access the Mark grammar errors as you type check box, press your DOWN ARROW key once. Make sure this check box is selected. If it's not, press your SPACEBAR to select it.
- To access the Check grammar with spelling check box, press your DOWN ARROW key once. Make sure this check box is selected. If it's not, press your SPACEBAR to select it.
- Press ENTER to save your changes and close the dialog box.
To configure JAWS to detect spelling and grammar errors, do the following:
- Make sure that JAWS is running and that a Word document is active.
- Press INSERT+V to open the verbosity settings for Word.
- Press your DOWN ARROW key to move through the selections.
- Under Editing Options, make sure that the following options are set. To change the setting, press your SPACEBAR:
- Set AutoCorrect Detection to On.
- Set Spelling Error Detection to On.
- Set Grammatical Error Detectionto On + Count (or On)
- Press ALT+C to save your changes, and then close the dialog box.
Check and correct your errors
If you press INSERT+UP ARROW to read the current line, JAWS reads the current line and informs you of any errors that you have on that line. If you set the Grammatical Error Detection setting to On + Count, JAWS informs you of how many errors are on that line.
To hear a list of spelling errors that are in your document, press ALT+SHIFT+L. Use your DOWN ARROW key to move through the
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By Tom Sanchez, Captain, Hollywood Police Department, Florida
|Courtesy Hollywood Police Department|
aw enforcement, social services agencies, community-based organizations, and schools all can play a role in helping a young person to develop and keep from entering the juvenile
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By Tom Sanchez, Captain, Hollywood Police Department, Florida
|Courtesy Hollywood Police Department|
aw enforcement, social services agencies, community-based organizations, and schools all can play a role in helping a young person to develop and keep from entering the juvenile justice systems. Prevention and intervention programs can address risk factors for troubled youths or provide services that give young people choices other than criminal activity.
To ensure that the school systems and police department personnel are familiar with the array of services that can assist at-risk kids in their own community, police leadership needs to develop and put in place an appropriate referral system providing adequate assistance to the at-risk youth. Law enforcements' contact with troubled youth puts officers in a position to make a difference in a child's life. The availability of law enforcement to respond around-the-clock makes police agencies very attractive to call for just about every problem and create the opportunities for the police to take proactive steps to make referrals to available services. When the officer coming into contact with troubled youth has firsthand knowledge of the youth, his or her surroundings, and the programs available to help, this knowledge plays a crucial role that extends beyond that of an enforcer. But this prevention and intervention does not happen by magic, it requires planning, communicating, and organizing a referral system and most importantly leadership in using the system.
Leading a police department into a proactive referral system for troubled youth requires conducting a needs assessment in the community, inventorying available programs, developing needed programs, continuously evaluating to ensure the programs work, preparing a formal referral system, and training personnel in the using these systems.
In establishing a referral system, the first step is to determine how many at-risk kids the department will be referring. The information obtained can be used as a guide as to whom, when, where and how the services are needed. When conducting the needs assessment, consider these elements:
- How many juveniles live in the jurisdiction?
- How many juvenile arrests?
- What is the most common age of the arrestees?
- What types of criminal charges are most common?
- Are there any geographical trends?
- Are there higher incident rates from youth that attend a particular school?
- Are there any social, racial, gender, or economical similarities?
- How often do officers come into contact with an at-risk youth outside of arrest situations?
- Are there jurisdictional issues (students living outside the jurisdiction or county but attends the local school)?
This information can be used as a baseline for determining the needs in a particular area. For instance, if there were a large number of at-risk Hispanic youth, then an intervention program tailored to Hispanics would have the greatest impact. Gang influence has spread from major cities to smaller towns; where there is a gang presence, gang intervention programs are most beneficial.
Troubled youth who live outside the jurisdiction but frequently have contact with officers present a special challenge. School boundaries and jurisdictional boundaries are rarely the same. The magnet schools concept is an example of drawing in youth that live outside of jurisdictional boundaries but may still require intervention. The two major issues in this situation are qualifying for the service and transportation to receive the service. Often the financial assistance provided for the service limits treatment to residents of the taxable jurisdictional area. Also, since most of these services are provided after school hours, transportation home can become another problem to overcome. When conducting the needs assessment, these unusual factors need to be considered.
The second step in providing a referral system is to identify services that are already available to youth. If a juvenile commits a crime and enters the juvenile justice system, he or she might be handled either with a judicial program or nonjudicial program. Figure 1 charts the different levels of possible actions. The decision about placement of the youth in the juvenile justice continuum must take into account the type of crime, the background of the juvenile, and the available resources at the time.
Usually, prevention and intervention services are divided into three subcategories: (1) school services, (2) county social services, and (3) community-based organizations. Resources need to be gathered from all three categories to develop an appropriate referral system.
Juvenile intervention facilities conduct evaluation, assessment, counseling, and referrals of juveniles that have been arrested to programs that address their needs. When developing a list of possible referrals, this is an ideal place to get acquainted with a number of different types of programs for at-risk kids. The counselors and caseworkers can provide insight into the effectiveness of the programs. However, this listing is not exhaustive, since many of the troubled youth will need services less intense than those provided to the juveniles already arrested. When developing this referral list, look to the community-based service organizations as well as official government agencies.
National organizations that deal with juveniles can furnish a list of referral programs that they use. These organizations also fund numerous other programs that may be available in the community. The grant-funded programs will have information on past programs and reports on their success rate. The local United Way can provide information also. For example, United Way of Broward County, Florida, distributes a brochure called Agency Listing that contains public assisting agencies. Other examples of organizations to seek out are the state office of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention, the children services board,
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From Our 2008 Archives
New Class of Drugs Might Treat Many Conditions
Latest Medications News
FRIDAY, May 9 (HealthDay News) — A new class of drugs called vaptans may be able to treat a
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From Our 2008 Archives
New Class of Drugs Might Treat Many Conditions
Latest Medications News
FRIDAY, May 9 (HealthDay News) — A new class of drugs called vaptans may be able to treat a wide variety of conditions including painful periods, brain hemorrhage, psychotic disorders and glaucoma, Belgian researchers report.
Vaptans, short for vasopressin-receptor antagonists, work by targeting the vasopressin hormone system, which plays an important role in controlling blood and water volume in the body. These drugs, which can be taken orally or intravenously, block the action of vasopressin, according to the report in the May 10 issue of The Lancet.
In the report, Dr. Guy Decaux, from Erasmus University Hospital in Brussels, and his colleagues reviewed the current state of vaptans, of which there are several subclasses, that have been development or are under development.
Among these new drugs are relcovaptan, which has shown initial positive results in treating painful periods, as well as Raynaud's disease, which affects blood flow to the arms and legs, and tocolysis, (premature labor, leading to premature birth).
Another subclass of vaptans that include mozavaptan, lixivaptan, satavaptan and tolvaptan are diuretics, which remove water from the body, while maintaining the body's electrolyte, or salt mineral, balance. Other diuretics don't maintain the body's electrolyte balance, the researchers noted.
Some vaptans can be used to treat hyponatremia, which is a life-threatening loss of salt. Currently, conivaptan is the only vaptan approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treating hyponatremia.
In addition, early studies of vaptans for treating glaucoma, Menire's disease — an inner ear condition affecting hearing and balance — brain hemorrhage, and small-cell lung cancer, have had promising results, Decaux's team noted.
Despite these promising results, one expert isn't ready to called vaptans a miracle
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"at" Word Family lesson Downloads 8,548 199
Complete lesson with video, reading practice and spelling practice of "at" word family words. Additional workshet attached for reinforcement.
File Type: SMART Notebook lesson
Subject:
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"at" Word Family lesson Downloads 8,548 199
Complete lesson with video, reading practice and spelling practice of "at" word family words. Additional workshet attached for reinforcement.
File Type: SMART Notebook lesson
Subject: English Language Arts
Grade: Kindergarten, Grade 1
Date submitted: March 9, 2010
Submitted by: S. Griffiths
Note: By using any resource from this site, you are agreeing to these Terms.
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Polysomnography is a sleep study. A sleep study monitors you as you sleep, or try to sleep.
There are two states of sleep:
- Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
- Non-rapid eye movement (NREM
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Polysomnography is a sleep study. A sleep study monitors you as you sleep, or try to sleep.
There are two states of sleep:
- Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
- Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
REM sleep is associated with dreaming. Your body muscles (except your eyes and lungs) do not move during this stage of sleep.
NREM sleep has four stages that can be detected by EEG waves.
REM sleep alternates with NREM sleep approximately every 90 minutes. A person with normal sleep usually has four to five cycles of REM and NREM sleep during a night.
A sleep study measures your sleep cycles and stages by recording the following information:
- Blood oxygen levels
- Body position
- Brain waves (EEG)
- Breathing rate
- Electrical activity of muscles
- Eye movement
- Heart rate
Sleep study; Polysomnogram; Rapid eye movement studies
The most common type of sleep study is performed at a special sleep center. You will be asked to arrive about 2 hours before bedtime. You will sleep in a bed at the center. Many sleep centers have rooms that are similar to hotel rooms, so that you are in a comfortable bedroom. The test is often done during the night so that your normal sleep patterns can be studied.
The health care provider will place electrodes on your chin, scalp, and the outer edge of your eyelids. These must remain in place while you sleep.
Signals from electrodes are recorded while you are awake (with your eyes closed) and during sleep. The time it takes you to fall asleep is measured, as well as the time it takes you to enter REM sleep.
Monitors to record your heart rate and breathing will be attached to your chest. These also must remain in place while you sleep. A specially trained health care provider will directly observe you while you sleep and note any changes in your breathing or heart rate. The number of times that you either stop breathing or almost stop breathing will be measured.
In some sleep study centers, a video camera records your movements during sleep.
Do not take any sleeping medication and do not drink alcohol or caffeine-containing beverages before the test.
The test is done to diagnose possible sleep disorders, including:
A normal test result shows usual or normal patterns of brain waves and muscle movements during sleep, without frequent breathing problems.
Abnormal results may confirm a suspected sleep disorder. For example, episodes of stopped breathing during sleep is called sleep apnea.
See: Obstructive sleep apnea
Collop NA, Anderson WM, Boehlecke B, Claman D, Goldberg R, Gottlieb DJ, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of unattended portable monitors in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in adult patients. Portable Monitoring Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007 Dec 15;3(7):737-47.
Ahmed M, Patel NP, Rosen I. Portable monitors in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2007 Nov;132(5):1672-7.
Patel NP, Ahmed M, Rosen I. Split-night polysomnography. Chest. 2007 Nov;132(5):1664-71.
Patil SP, Schneider H, Schwartz AR, Smith PL. Adult obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and diagnosis. Chest. 2007 Jul;132(1):325-37.
Review Date: 8/28/2009
Reviewed By: Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Anatomy Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2009 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
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Three out of every 10 people experience heartburn on occasion, so it can be somewhat arbitrary to decide when heartburn should be called acid reflux disease.
Also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), acid reflux disease is a
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Three out of every 10 people experience heartburn on occasion, so it can be somewhat arbitrary to decide when heartburn should be called acid reflux disease.
Also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), acid reflux disease is a chronic irritation of the lining of a person's esophagus by stomach acid. Usually, it's just annoying. GERD can, however, have serious consequences, including esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Barrett's esophagus is a condition that increases the likelihood of esophageal cancer.
Your description of your symptoms may be all a doctor requires to diagnose heartburn, but sometimes additional testing may be necessary. The esophagus can be viewed through an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube inserted through the mouth, or by X-ray.
Sometimes, your doctor may recommend a 24-hour esophageal pH probe study, especially if you have unusual symptoms, such as throat or chest or abdominal pain, coughing, or asthma-like symptoms. In this test, a long, narrow, flexible tube is inserted...
People with acid reflux disease often have some or all of the following symptoms:
Pain when swallowing
Bad breath and/or bad taste in the mouth
How Is Acid Reflux Diagnosed?
If you experience classic symptoms of acid reflux disease -- chronic heartburn and regurgitation -- without any troublesome complications, it may be relatively easy for your doctor to make an acid reflux diagnosis.
A few people have GERD that doesn't respond to treatment. Or they may have other concerning symptoms, such as weight loss, difficulty swallowing, anemia, or black stools. If you're one of them, you may need any of the following tests.
Diagnosing Acid Reflux With a Barium Swallow Radiograph
Your doctor may decide to use a special X-ray procedure -- the barium swallow radiograph -- to rule out any structural problems in your esophagus. In this painless acid reflux test, you will be asked to swallow a solution of barium. The barium enables doctors to take X-rays of your esophagus.
Barium swallow isn't a surefire method of diagnosing GERD. Only one out of every three people with GERD has esophageal changes that are visible on X-rays.
Diagnosing Acid Reflux With Endoscopy or EGD
During an endoscopy, the doctor inserts a small tube with a camera on the end through the mouth into the esophagus. This enables the doctor to see the lining of the esophagus and stomach.
Before inserting the tube, your gastroenterologist may administer a mild sedative to help you relax. The doctor may also spray your throat with an analgesic spray to make the procedure more comfortable for you.
This acid reflux test typically lasts about 20 minutes. It is not painful and will not interfere with your ability to breathe.
While this test may detect some complications of GERD, including Barrett's esophagus, only about half the people with acid reflux disease have visible changes to the lining of their esophagus.
Diagnosing Acid Reflux With a Biopsy
Depending on what the EGD shows, your doctor may decide to perform a biopsy during the procedure. If this is the case, your gastroenterologist will pass a tiny sur
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In 2009, and in absolute terms, about 19.9% (608 TWh) of Europe's total electricity consumption (3042 TWh) came from renewable energy sources. Hydro power contributed with the largest share (11.
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In 2009, and in absolute terms, about 19.9% (608 TWh) of Europe's total electricity consumption (3042 TWh) came from renewable energy sources. Hydro power contributed with the largest share (11.6%), followed by wind (4.2%), biomass (3.5%), and solar (0.4%).
With regards to the new capacity constructed that same year (27.5 GW), among the renewable sources, 37.1% was wind power, 21% photovoltaics (PV), 2.1% biomass, 1.4% hydro and 0.4% concentrated solar power, whereas the rest were gas fired power stations (24%), coal fired power stations (8.7%), oil (2.1%), waste incineration (1.6%) and nuclear (1.6%) (see figure1).
As not all installed technologies operate continuously 24 hours a day, figure 2 shows the expected yearly energy output (TWh) from the new capacity. The new gas-fired electricity plants will deliver yearly 28 TWh, followed by wind and PV with 20 TWh and 5.6 TWh, respectively.
If current growth rates are maintained, in 2020 up to 1400 TWh of electricity could be generated from renewable sources, the report concludes. This would account for approximately 35-40% of overall electricity consumption in the EU, depending on the success of community policies on electricity efficiency, and would contribute significantly to the fulfilment of the 20% target for energy generation from renewables.
However, it also advises that some issues need to be resolved if the targets are to be met. Particular areas of focus include ensuring fair access to grids, substantial public R&D support, and the adaptation of current electricity systems to accommodate renewable electricity. The study highlights that cost reduction and accelerated implementation will depend on the production volume and not on time.
Summary of 2010 snapshot findings
Wind energy: with more than 74 GW of total installed capacity in 2009, it has already exceeded the 2010 white paper target of 40 GW by more than 80%. The European Wind Association's new target aims for 230 GW of installed capacity (40 GW offshore) by 2020, capable of providing about 20% of Europe's electricity demand.
Biomass: if current growth continues, electricity output from biomass could double from 2008 to 2010 (from 108 TWh to 200 TWh). However, other energy uses such as heat and transport fuels compete for this particular source, which could potentially hinder the development of bioelectricity. Being storable for use on demand increases its importance as a source of electricity.
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP): installed capacity is still relatively small in Europe: 0.430 GW in May 2010, about 0.5% of the total, but is steadily increasing. An estimated 30 GW could be installed by 2020 if the European Solar Industry Initiative ESII is realised. Most CSP projects currently under construction are located in Spain.
Solar Photovoltaic: since 2003, the total installed capacity has doubled each year. In 2009 it reached 16 GW, which represents 2% of the overall capacity. The growth will continue, as for 2010, installations of up to 10 GW are expected. Solar photovoltaic has also exceeded the capacity predictions formulated by in the EU white paper on renewable sources of energy.
Other sources of power: technologies such as geothermal, tidal and wave power are still at the R&D stage, so they have not yet been included in the Renewable Energy Snapshots. Yet, they are likely to be introduced to the market within the next decade. As far as hydro generation is concerned, no major increase is expected, as most of the resources are already in use. However, pumped hydro will play an increasingly important role as in a storage capacity for the other renewable energy resources.
The JRC has produced the annual Renewable Energy Snapshots since 2007 to give an up-to-date picture of the EU's progress towards the binding target of 20% for energy generation from renewable sources by 2020.
These Renewable Energy Snapshots are based on two types of data: official figures from EU countries or EUROS
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The Woody Biomass Utilization Desk Guide is a valuable resource.
There are a variety of tools, methods, and process to achieve forest management, restoration, and fuels reduction including the utilization of woody biomass.
Select the subheadings below to
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The Woody Biomass Utilization Desk Guide is a valuable resource.
There are a variety of tools, methods, and process to achieve forest management, restoration, and fuels reduction including the utilization of woody biomass.
Select the subheadings below to expand or contract the lists of related links and documents, or you may Contract All or Expand All.
- Climate Change Resource Center (CCRC) - a reference Web site for resource managers and decisionmakers who need information and tools to address climate change in planning and project implementation on lands in the West.
- Fuels for Schools- a venture between public schools, State Foresters, and Regional Foresters of the Forest Service to helps public schools retrofit their current fuel or gas heating system to small-scale biomass heating systems.
- Renewable Electric Plant Information
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Modern medicine sustains life for many who only a few years ago would have died. In some cases, the intervention may not be curative, rather life sustaining. For survivors living with a congenital heart defect, a new study reports psychological therapy
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Modern medicine sustains life for many who only a few years ago would have died. In some cases, the intervention may not be curative, rather life sustaining. For survivors living with a congenital heart defect, a new study reports psychological therapy for recovering patients needs improvement.
Cases of congenital heart disease (CHD), in both adolescents and adults, have been on the rise for many years. An article in a recent issue of Congenital Heart Disease proposes that these numbers will continue to rise and that improving the quality of life for individuals will hinge on better assessment of psychological status.
With few exceptions, cardiac surgery of congenital heart defects is not curative. Complications such as arrhythmias and heart failure are common, often requiring further medical treatment and re-operations. According to background information found in the article, studies addressing the psychological effect this has on individuals have been lacking.
“The current results suggest that psychological measures of patients with operated congenital heart defects are not directly dependent on their physical fitness or on the severity of residual symptoms,” says Dr. Kambiz Norozi, M.D., lead author of the article.
“Patients’ subjective appraisals of the severity of the disease and to what degree the operated heart may be depended on are potentially important determinants of psychological state.”
Additionally, many of the patient’s psychological states regarding their own physical fitness after the operations vary depending upon their own perception of their recovery.
The findings impact healthcare practices, health and government policy as well as grants for further research in the field. The results raise the question as to which predictors influence the psychological status of patients with operated congenital heart defects.
Source: Blackwell Publishing
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Who cares about cancer?
Awareness and preventive measures go a long way in combating breast cancer
IT'S YOUR HEALTH And it's in your hands
When Janaki walked in on her mother Jalaja changing, she was horrified to see a large
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Who cares about cancer?
Awareness and preventive measures go a long way in combating breast cancer
IT'S YOUR HEALTH And it's in your hands
When Janaki walked in on her mother Jalaja changing, she was horrified to see a large lump on her chest. She forced her mother to the doctor and the diagnosis was devastating breast cancer. Out of embarrassment, fear, ignorance and excruciating shyness, Jalaja had not told anyone about it.
There are many Jalajas out there who would rather die than talk about something as intimate as abnormalities on their breasts. And that has to change.
What is breast cancer?
An abnormal or uncontrolled growth of cells in the breast forms a lump.
This occurs in the area of the breast or in the armpit area and could be malignant. It is advisable to consult a doctor immediately on detecting a lump. While all lumps are not cancerous, only a clinical test can tell the difference. Early detection is the best form of prevention.
What are the symptoms?
A lump in the breast or surrounding area
Skin irritation, discolouration and inflammation
Pain or retraction of the nipple
Discharge from the nipple
What are the tests to detect breast cancer?
Mammogram: It is a special kind of X-Ray where the breast is pressed between two plates. A radiologist interprets the results. A mammogram can detect a lump before it can be physically detected. The chances of effecting a cure are much better when the lump is small. The entire procedure takes not more than 15 minutes. The mammogram is normally a painless procedure.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC): If the mammogram reveals any abnormality, then FNAC is undertaken. This involves the insertion of a thin needle into the lump to withdraw fluid from it. This is tested for cancer. The FNAC has the same discomfort factor as an injection. If the FNAC turns up negative, then a Trucut biopsy is undertaken. If that is also inconclusive, then Excision biopsy is done.
Early detection is the key. Breast self-examination should start at the age of 18. Early detection means one can avoid the trauma of having the breast removed (mastectomy). Surgery and radiation and chemotherapy with their attendant discomforts can also be avoided.
Sadly, there is no systematic screening programme for breast cancer in our country. For example, the American Cancer Society Guidelines says all women over 40 should have annual mammogram and clinical examination. However, here, even access to a mammogram is difficult.
Mammograms do not spread cancer
While you are at higher risk of having breast cancer if any of your first degree relatives (grandmother, mother, sister) have had cancer, it is not necessary that you will get cancer.
However, it is advised that you should have a mammogram five years before the age of their diagnosis.
Breast cancer is not a communicable disease
(Information for the article came from Dr. N.R. Tulasi, Head of Department, Radiation, Oncology, GKNM Hospital, Coimbatore; Dr. P. Guhan, Dean, Oncology Department Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore and the Coimbatore Cancer Foundation.)
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Toxins produced by Clostridium difficile strains in the GI tract cause pseudomembranous colitis, typically after antibiotic use. Symptoms are diarrhea, sometimes bloody, rarely progressing to sepsis and acute abdomen. Diagnosis is by
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Toxins produced by Clostridium difficile strains in the GI tract cause pseudomembranous colitis, typically after antibiotic use. Symptoms are diarrhea, sometimes bloody, rarely progressing to sepsis and acute abdomen. Diagnosis is by identifying C. difficile toxin in stool. Treatment is with oral metronidazole or vancomycin.
C. difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated colitis and is typically hospital-acquired, but community-acquired cases are increasing. C. difficile–induced diarrhea occurs in up to 8% of hospitalized patients and is responsible for 20 to 30% of cases of hospital-acquired diarrhea. Extremes of age, severe underlying disease, prolonged hospital stay, and living in a nursing home are risk factors.
C. difficile is carried asymptomatically by 15 to 70% of neonates, 3 to 8% of healthy adults, and perhaps 20% of hospitalized adults (more in long-term care facilities) and is common in the environment (eg, soil, water, household pets). Disease may result from overgrowth of intrinsic intestinal organisms or infection from an external source. Health care workers are frequently the source of transmission.
Recently, a more virulent strain, BI/NAP1/027,(North American pulsed-field type 1 [NAP1]), has become prominent in hospital outbreaks. This strain produces substantially more toxin, causes more severe illness with greater chance of relapse, is more transmissible, and responds less well to antibiotic treatment.
Antibiotic-induced changes in GI flora are the dominant predisposing factor. Although most antibiotics have been implicated, cephalosporins (particularly 3rd-generation), penicillins (particularly ampicillin and amoxicillin), clindamycin, and fluoroquinolones pose the highest risk. C. difficile–induced colitis may also follow use of certain antineoplastic drugs.
The organism secretes both a cytotoxin and an enterotoxin. The main effect is on the colon, which secretes fluid and develops characteristic pseudomembranes—discrete yellow-white plaques that are easily dislodged. Plaques may coalesce in severe cases. Toxic megacolon, which rarely develops, is somewhat more likely after use of antimotility drugs. Limited tissue dissemination occurs very rarely, as do sepsis and acute abdomen. Reactive arthritis has occurred after C. difficile–induced diarrhea.
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms typically begin 5 to 10 days after starting antibiotics but may occur on the first day or up to 2 mo later. Diarrhea may be mild and semiformed or frequent and watery. Cramping or pain is common, but nausea and vomiting are rare. The abdomen may be slightly tender.
Patients with significant colitis or toxic megacolon have more pain and appear very ill, with tachycardia and abdominal distention and tenderness. Peritoneal signs are present in those with perforation.
Diagnosis should be suspected in any patient who develops diarrhea within 2 mo of antibiotic use or 72 h of hospital admission. Diagnosis is confirmed by stool (sample, not swab) assay for C. difficile toxin. A new real-time PCR test for the toxin gene tcdB may be superior to current assays. A single sample is usually adequate, but repeat samples should be submitted when suspicion is high and the first sample is negative. Fecal leukocytes are often present but not specific.
Sigmoidoscopy, which can confirm the presence of pseudomembranes, should be done if patients have ileus or if toxin assays are nondiagnostic. Abdominal x-rays, CT, or both are usually done if fulminant colitis, perforation, or megacolon is suspected.
Metronidazole 500 mg po q 8 h for 10 days is the therapy of choice. Alternatively, vancomycin 125 to 500 mg po q 6 h for 10 days may be given when severe illness is present (WBC count > 15,000 and/or creatinine > 1.5 times baseline). Fidaxomicin 200 mg po q 12 h, which is relatively new, is another alternative. Some patients require bacitracin 500 mg po q 6 h for 10 days, cholestyramine resin, or Saccharomyces boulardii yeast. Nitazoxanide 500 mg po q 12 h appears to be comparable to oral vancomycin 125 mg but is not commonly used in the US. A few patients require total colectomy for cure.
Disease recurs in 15 to 20% of patients, typically within a few weeks of stopping treatment. Recurrence often results from reinfection (with the same or different strain), but some cases may involve persistent spores from the initial infection. For recurrences, vancomycin is given at a higher dose (250 to 500 mg po q 6 h) than is used for initial treatment.
Infusion of donor feces (fecal transplant) increases the likelihood of resolution in patients who have frequent, severe recurrences; presumably, the mechanism is restoration of normal fecal microbiota. About 200 to 300 mL o
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well, to be blunt and un-helpful 1- "because Sun made it that way." But... to give a little bit more explanation: 2- Cause the JLS says so (real helpful there huh?) How's this one
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well, to be blunt and un-helpful 1- "because Sun made it that way." But... to give a little bit more explanation: 2- Cause the JLS says so (real helpful there huh?) How's this one --> 3- it wouldn't make sense to make a top-level class as private -- how would you access it to run it? No other
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We finally got rain. Hallelujah! And more was promised, but it does not seem to be arriving, at least not in the amounts I was hoping for. The lesson seems to be that we need to be always prepared for flood
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We finally got rain. Hallelujah! And more was promised, but it does not seem to be arriving, at least not in the amounts I was hoping for. The lesson seems to be that we need to be always prepared for flood or drought. The question is how do we do that.
Rain barrels, rain gardens and raised beds can help us to moderate, though not eliminate, both of those problems.
Rain barrels that collect the rain from our roof for use during a dry period have become more popular as we face these weather extremes. What quickly becomes apparent to people after they get their first rain barrel operational is that enormous amounts of rain come off our roofs, and a 50 gallon barrel fills up really fast. Many people have taken to adding a second or even a third rain barrel to capture more of that valuable water. A friend of mine in Houston, Texas has even set up a 200 gallon plastic cistern to catch her rain water. Capturing rain for use during dry periods is getting easier and easier.
A rain barrel can give us water for our garden wherever it is. A rain garden can be planted ten feet away from a roofline specifically to make use of the hundreds of gallons of water that come sheeting off a roof during a generous rainfall. They can also be sited where a slope leads water to a street or other undesirable location. The Greenfield Public Library has built a rain garden near their back door to capture runoff from sloping paths.
The concept of a rain garden is fairly simple. It requires a depression in the soil, four feet or more deep, and as wide and long as you think you need. If you have a long roof, and room on that side of your house, you might want to make the garden as long as the roof and perhaps six feet or more wide. The downloadable and well illustrated Vermont Rain Garden Manual (http://vacd.org/winooski/RGManual7.1.09FINAL.pdf gives specific instructions for calculating the appropriate size, as well as practical advice about locating and maintaining a rain garden.
The depression will first be filled with a layer of gravel and then with layers of soil and compost. These layers do not bring the level to where it was before. A depression must remain to allow rain to collect and pool.
Now you have a site for a beautiful garden of water tolerant plants whether your site is shady or sunny. There are perennials like asters, astilbe, echinacea, goatsbeard, Joe Pye weed, bee balm, coral bells, and daylilies, but there are also shrubs like various small willows, yellow or red twig dogwood, viburnams, and elderberry that will thrive in a rain garden and attract birds and butterflies as well.
Ornamental grasses can have a place in the rain garden, switch grass, feather reed grass and others. It is not hard to find over a hundred plants that are suitable for a rain garden.
I worried about mosquitoes when I first learned about rain gardens, but mosquitoes need 7-14 days of standing water to find the water and lay their eggs. The water in a rain garden will usually be absorbed within 24 hours, or 48 hours at the most.
A rain garden will give you a beautiful garden bed, and will keep all that water on your site. This is not only good for you, it is good for your town because it will keep excessive runoff out of town sewers, and thus out of our waterways. Storm water runoff pollutants typically include sediment; bacteria from animal waste; and oil, grease, and heavy metals from cars. We do not want that dirty water fouling our streams and rivers.
Rain gardens are such an efficient way of managing storm water run off that more and more towns are inaugurating programs to install rain gardens on town properties and in parking lots.
Finally, I want to mention raised beds for the garden. Raised beds seem to be quite fashionable right now and almost every garden supplier can offer kits or instructions on building raised beds out of lumber. The benefits of these constructions is that they can be laid out on your site and filled with good soil and compost and be ready for planting quickly. I would add a caveat. If these beds are set up on a grassy area, I would mow as low as possible and then lay down a couple of layers of cardboard to kill weeds before adding good soil and planting.
However, raised beds can also be created simply by removing some of the soil from paths between beds and mounding it on the bed. Adding compost every season will also help raise the level of the soil and keep it high over time. Raised beds drain better so plant roots don’t get waterlogged, but they also allow that moisture to be absorbed and kept on the site.
Keeping as much rain on our site as possible makes it easier
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Permanent-magnet alternating generator used mainly to produce electrical current for the ignition system in various types of internal-combustion engines, such as aircraft, marine, tractor, and motorcycle engines. The main parts of a magneto are a permanent-m
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Permanent-magnet alternating generator used mainly to produce electrical current for the ignition system in various types of internal-combustion engines, such as aircraft, marine, tractor, and motorcycle engines. The main parts of a magneto are a permanent-magnet rotor, a primary winding of a small number of turns of coarse wire, a secondary winding with a large number of turns of fine wire, a cam-type circuit breaker, and a capacitor. As the rotor turns, it produces a current in the primary winding, charging the capacitor. The cam breaks the circuit, and the magnetic field around the primary winding collapses. The capacitor releases its stored current into the primary winding, causing a reversed magnetic field. The collapse and reversal of the magnetic field produce a current in the secondary winding that is sent to the spark plugs.
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robots.txt is a useful file which sits in your web site’s root and controls how search engines index your pages. One of the most useful declarations is “Disallow” — it stops search engines accessing private or irrelevant sections of your website, e.g
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robots.txt is a useful file which sits in your web site’s root and controls how search engines index your pages. One of the most useful declarations is “Disallow” — it stops search engines accessing private or irrelevant sections of your website, e.g.
Disallow: /junk/ Disallow: /temp/ Disallow: /section1/mysecretpage.html
You can even block search engines indexing every page on your domain:
User-agent: * Disallow: /
I’m not sure why anyone would do this, but someone, somewhere will not want their site to appear in search engine results.
However, blocked pages can still appear in Google. Before you step on your soapbox to rant about Google’s violation of robots.txt and the company’s abusive control of the web, take a little while to understand how and why it happens.
Assume you have a page at http://www.mysite.com/secretpage.html containing confidential information about your company’s new Foozle project. You may want to share that page with partners, but don’t want the information to be public knowledge just yet. Therefore, you block the page using a declaration in http://www.mysite.com/robots.txt:
User-agent: * Disallow: /secretpage.html
A few weeks later, you’re searching for “Foozle” in Google and the following entry appears:
How cou
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|© UNICEF/NYHQ2012-0009/Jeoffrey Maitem|
|On 5 January, a child surveys land damaged by Tropical Storm Washi, in Hinaplanun, a village in the coastal city
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|© UNICEF/NYHQ2012-0009/Jeoffrey Maitem|
|On 5 January, a child surveys land damaged by Tropical Storm Washi, in Hinaplanun, a village in the coastal city of Iligan, Northern Mindanao Region, The Philippines.|
When an emergency strikes, whether a sudden onset natural disaster or an armed conflict, children require special protection to ensure their safety and well-being. UNICEF’s global mandate for children specifically provides for a focus on protecting children from the immediate and long-term effects of emergencies.
UNICEF’s actions to protect children in emergencies are varied and far-reaching and form part of UNICEF’s core commitments for children in humanitarian action. UNICEF’s objectives are to actively prevent children from being harmed; to monitor violations committed against them; and to develop programmes to respond to instances where children are at risk of or have been subjected to violence, exploitation or abuse.
Though devastating, emergencies can provide opportunities to work with governments to ‘build back better’ and strengthen systems, including through legal reform, policies and capacity building.
Further information on UNICEF’s initiatives and activities to protect children in emergencies can be accessed through the links below:
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FEATURE ARTICLE - WINTER 2010
Investing in Green Energy
You can invest in green businesses working to increase
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FEATURE ARTICLE - WINTER 2010
Investing in Green Energy
You can invest in green businesses working to increase US renewable energy generation and energy efficiency.
During World War II,
millions of Americans—
a staggering 65 percent of all households—bought Victory Bonds to support the US role in the war. The ten-year bonds raised roughly $185 billion for the war effort (about $2 trillion in today’s dollars), and everyone who bought one received a return on their investment of three percent, if held to maturity.
Green America is working to create the same kind of investment vehicle—a Clean Energy Victory Bond—to support the US fight to curb the climate crisis. These bonds would allow individuals to invest in the rapid deployment of renewable and energy efficiency projects, with a fixed rate of return—and with the full backing of the US government.
“With the world already feeling the effects of climate change, it’s vital that we use every possible avenue to finance green-energy solutions,” says Green America executive director Alisa Gravitz. “Clean Energy Victory Bonds would allow anyone with a savings account to help put new renewable projects on the ground, with just $25 to $1,000.” Clean Energy Victory Bonds aren’t yet available in the US, but Green America is working with White House and Hill staffers to include them in climate legislation.
In the meantime, if you’d like to put your investment dollars to work for a cooler planet, there are several avenues available right now.
Why Invest in Green Energy?
Climate change is affecting the market in significant ways. Since the consequences of business as usual will be catastrophic, many experts say that high-carbon technologies like dirty coal and low-mileage cars are becoming less attractive to investors.
Technologies that both meet consumer demand and address the climate crisis are increasingly being seen as the next big area of economic growth, even in the current depressed economy, says Todd Larsen, Green America’s director of corporate responsibility.
Jackson Robinson, president and chief investment officer of Winslow Management Company, concurs. “At Winslow, we’ve experienced a very significant increase in interest in past couple of years in investments that support long-term environmental sustainability—specifically investments in green energy and energy efficiency,” he says. “Investors from both the progressive community focused on environmental improvement and from the mainstream are seeing immense opportunities available in this rapidly growing market.”
With institutional investors and governments getting behind “clean tech,” investing in renewable and efficiency technologies may be a smart financial decision as well as a necessity for a healthy planet.
Indexes and Index-Tracking ETFs
If you enjoy picking individual stocks, on your own or with the help of a financial advisor, you can invest directly in clean-tech company stocks.
Stock indexes make a great starting point for ideas on picking individual stocks that fit certain criteria—and there are some indexes that focus specifically on tracking companies involved directly in renewable energy or energy efficiency. While you can’t purchase an index, there are exchange traded funds (ETFs) available that are based directly on clean-tech indexes:
• The WilderHill Clean Energy Index (ticker symbol: ECO) tracks companies directly involved in clean energy. These technologies include renewable energy harvesting or production, energy conversion, energy storage, pollution prevention, improving efficiency, power delivery, energy conservation, and monitoring information.
Market capitalization for the majority of the stocks in this index are generally $200 million and above, although the index does include a handful of stocks from some smaller companies with a market cap of $50 to $200 million. —The Powershares WilderHill Clean Energy Portfolio (PBW) is an ETF based on this index.
• The WilderHill New Energy Global innovation Index (NEX) tracks companies involved in clean tech that are traded primarily outside the US. Market capitalization for the majority of the stocks in this index is generally $200 million and above, although it includes some smaller companies with a market cap of $50 to $200 million. —The Powershares Global Clean Energy Portfolio (PBD) is an ETF based on this index.
• The NASDAQ Clean Edge Green Energy Index (CELS) tracks stocks in the clean-energy sector. The companies included are involved in renewable energy generation, renewable fuels, energy storage and conversion, energy intelligence (e.g. smart-grid technologies), and advanced materials (i.e. materials that enable renewable technologies or reduce the need for petroleum-based materials). Companies included must have a market capitalization of $150 million or more. —The First Trust NASDAQ Clean Edge Green Energy Index Fund (QCLN) is an ETF based on this index.
• The NASDAQ OMX Clean Edge Global Wind Energy Index (QWND) includes companies that are primarily involved in wind energy manufacture, development, distribution, installation, and use. Companies included must have a minimum market capitalization of $100 million. —The PowerShares Global Wind Energy Portfolio (PWND) is an ETF based on this index.
• The NASDAQ OMX Clean Edge Smart Grid Infrastructure
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