jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
1. To protect India’s core national interests and concerns in a	rapidly changing international environment by fostering	support and understanding in the international community.
2. To preserve the autonomy of the decision making process	and to play a pioneering role in the establishment of a	stable, prosperous and secure global order.
3. To strengthen the international campaign against terrorism	which is a global threat.	4. To build an international environment which is supportive of
India’s rapid economic growth including higher investments,	trade, access to technology and strengthening India’s	energy security.
5. To work closely with P-5 countries and to build strategic ties	with the major powers such as the USA, the EU, Japan,	Russia, and China.
6. To intensify and strengthen ties with neighbours through	mutually beneficial cooperation and by acknowledgement of	each other’s legitimate concerns.
7. To work for the realisation of SAARC as an economically	integrated region at peace with itself and engaged with the	world.
8. To ensure that cross-border terrorism is brought to an end	and the entire infrastructure of terrorism operating from	Pakistan is dismantled.
9. To further the gains from India’s ‘Act East’ Policy (erstwhile	‘Look East’ Policy) and aspire for substantive progress in	several areas of common interest to India and ASEAN.
10. To strengthen our ties with the countries of the Gulf region	that has become home to over 4 million Indians and is a	major source of supply of oil and gas.
11. To leverage economic growth through support to the	activities of regional organisations like the Bay of Bengal	Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Mekong-Ganga Cooperation and	trans-regional groupings like the India, Brazil and South	Africa (IBSA) Initiative and Indian Ocean Rim Association for
Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC).	12. To continue to work closely with regional groupings like the	EU and G-20 for furthering India’s interests in the
international arena.	13. To reform and restructure the UN Security Council and	espouse multi-polarity in a world order that respects the
principles of sovereignty and non-intervention.	14. To promote a more equitable equation between the	developed and the developing world in the political,
economic and technological domains.	15. To work towards the goal of global nuclear disarmament	within a timebound framework.
16. To closely interact with the Indian diaspora on a continuing	basis in order to strengthen their bonds with India and to	recognise their pivotal role in India’s international relations.
GUJRAL DOCTRINE OF INDIA	The Gujral Doctrine is a milestone in India’s foreign policy. It was	propounded and initiated in 1996 by I.K. Gujral, the then Foreign
Minister in the Deve Gowda Government.	The doctrine advocates that India, being the biggest country in	South Asia, should extend unilateral concessions to the smaller
neighbours. In other words, the doctrine is formulated on India’s	accommodating approach towards its smaller neighbours on the	basis of the principle of non-reciprocity. It recognises the supreme
importance of friendly and cordial relations with India’s	neighbours.	The doctrine is a five-point roadmap to guide the conduct of
India’s foreign relations with its immediate neighbours. These five	principles are as follows:	1. With the neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives,
Nepal and Sri Lanka, India should not ask for reciprocity, but	give to them what it can in good faith.	2. No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used
against the interest of another country of the region.	3. No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another	country.
4. All South Asian countries should respect each other’s	territorial integrity and sovereignty.	5. All South Asian countries should settle all their disputes
through peaceful bilateral negotiations.	Gujral himself explained: “The logic behind the Gujral Doctrine	was that since we had to face two hostile neighbours in the north
and the west, we had to be at ‘total peace’ with all other	immediate neighbours in order to contain Pakistan’s and China’s	influence in the region.”
NUCLEAR DOCTRINE OF INDIA	India adopted its nuclear doctrine in 2003. The salient features of	this doctrine are as follows:
1. Building and maintaining a credible minimum deterrent.	2. A posture of “No First Use” - nuclear weapons will only be	used in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory
or on Indian forces anywhere.	3. Nuclear retaliation to a first strike will be massive and	designed to inflict unacceptable damage.
4. Nuclear retaliatory attacks can only be authorised by the	civilian political leadership through the Nuclear Command	Authority.
5. Non-use of nuclear weapons against nonnuclear weapon	states.	6. However, in the event of a major attack against India, or
Indian forces anywhere, by biological or chemical weapons,	India will retain the option of retaliating with nuclear	weapons.
7. A continuance of strict controls on export of nuclear and	missile related materials and technologies, participation in	the Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty negotiations, and continued
observance of the moratorium on nuclear tests.	8. Continued commitment to the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free	world, through global, verifiable and non-discriminatory
nuclear disarmament.	The Nuclear Command Authority comprises a Political Council	and an Executive Council. The Political Council is chaired by the
Prime Minister. It is the sole body which can authorise the use of	nuclear weapons.	The Executive Council is chaired by the National Security
Advisor. It provides inputs for decision making by the Nuclear	Command Authority and executes the directives given to it by the	Political Council.
The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) reviewed the	progress in the operationalising of India’s nuclear doctrine. The	CCS reviewed the existing command and control structures, the
state of readiness, the targeting strategy for a retaliatory attack,	and operating procedures for various stages of alert and launch.	The CCS expressed satisfaction with the overall preparedness.
The CCS approved the appointment of a Commander-in-Chief,	Strategic Forces Command, to manage and administer all	Strategic Forces. The CCS also reviewed and approved the
CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA	India launched the “Connect Central Asia” Policy in 2012. This	policy is aimed at strengthening and expanding of India’s relations
with the Central Asian countries. These countries include	Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and	Uzbekistan.
India’s “Connect Central Asia” policy is a broad-based	approach including political, security, economic and cultural	connections. Its features (or elements) are as follows6 :
1. India will continue to build on its strong political relations	through the exchange of high level visits. India’s leaders will	continue to interact closely both in bilateral and multilateral
fora.	2. India will strengthen its strategic and security cooperation.	India already has strategic partnerships with some Central
Asian countries. The focus will be on military training, joint	research, counter-terrorism coordination and close	consultations on Afghanistan.
3. India will step up multilateral engagement with Central Asian	partners using the synergy of joint efforts through existing	fora like the SCO, Eurasian Economic Community (EEC)
and the Custom Union. India has already proposed a	Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement to	integrate its markets with the unifying Eurasian space.
4. India looks to Central Asia as a longterm partner in energy,	and natural resources. Central Asia possesses large	cultivable tracts of land and there is potential for India to
cooperate in production of profitable crops with value	addition.	5. The medical field is another area that offers huge potential
for cooperation. India is ready to extend cooperation by	setting up civil hospitals/clinics in Central Asia.	6. India’s higher education system delivers at a fraction of the
fees charged by Western universities. Keeping this in mind,	India would like to assist in the setting up of a Central Asian	University in Bishkek that could come up as a centre of
excellence to impart world class education in areas like IT,	management, philosophy and languages.	7. India is working on setting up a Central Asian e-network with
its hub in India, to deliver, tele-education and tele-medicine	connectivity, linking all the five Central Asian States.	8. Indian companies can showcase India’s capability in the
construction sector and build world class structures at	competitive rates. Central Asian countries, especially	Kazakhstan, have almost limitless reserves of iron ore and
coal, as well as abundant cheap electricity. India can help	set up several medium size steel rolling mills, producing its	requirement of specific products.
9. As for land connectivity, India has reactivated the	International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). There	is a need to discuss ways to bridge the missing links in the
Corridor at the earliest and also work on other connecting	spurs along the route.	10. Absence of a viable banking infrastructure in the region is a
major barrier to trade and investment. Indian banks can	expand their presence if they see a favourable policy	environment.
11. India and Central Asian nations will jointly work to improve	air connectivity between them. India is one of the biggest	markets for outbound travelers estimated at USD 21 billion
in 2011. Many countries have opened tourist offices in India	to woo Indian tourists. Central Asian countries could emerge	as attractive holiday destinations for tourists and even for the
Indian film industry which likes to depict exotic foreign	locales in its films.	12. Connections between the people are the most vital linkages
to sustain the deep engagement. There is particularly need	to emphasise exchanges between youth and the future	leaders of India and Central Asia. There is already a robust
exchange of students. India and Central Asian nations will	encourage regular exchanges of scholars, academics, civil	society and youth delegations to gain deeper insights into
India’s “Connect Central Asia” policy is consonant with its	overall policy of deepening engagement in Eurasia, its policy of	strengthening relations with China, with Pakistan, and building on
its traditional relationship with Russia. India hopes that its	membership in numerous regional forums including at the SCO,	would bolster India’s renewed linkages with the region.
ACT EAST POLICY OF INDIA	In 2014, the Modi Government upgraded India’s “Look East	Policy” and re-named it as the “Act East Policy”. The “Look East
Policy” was first initiated in 1992 by the then Prime Minister P.V.	Narasimha Rao.	While addressing the India-ASEAN Summit (2014), the Prime
Minister Narendra Modi said : “A new era of economic	development, industrialization and trade has begun in India.	Externally, India’s ‘Look East Policy’ has become ‘Act East
Policy’”. Similarly, the External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj,	during her visit to Vietnam in 2014, told Indian envoys to ‘Act East’	and not just ‘Look East’.
The features (or elements) of India’s “Act East Policy” are as	follows7 :	1. India’s Act East Policy focusses on the extended
neighbourhood in the Asia-Pacific region. The policy which	was originally conceived as an economic initiative, has	gained political, strategic and cultural dimensions including
establishment of institutional mechanisms for dialogue and	cooperation.	2. India has upgraded its relations to strategic partnership with
Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan, Republic of Korea,	Australia, Singapore and Association of Southeast Asian	Nations (ASEAN) and forged close ties with all countries in
the Asia-Pacific region.	3. Further, apart from ASEAN, ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)	and East Asia Summit (EAS), India has also been actively
engaged in regional fora such as Bay of Bengal Initiative for	Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation	(BIMSTEC), Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Mekong
Ganga Cooperation (MGC) and Indian Ocean Rim	Association (IORA).	4. Act East Policy has placed emphasis on India-ASEAN
cooperation in our domestic agenda on infrastructure,	manufacturing, trade, skills, urban renewal, smart cities,	Make in India and other initiatives. Connectivity projects,
cooperation in space, S&T and people-to-people exchanges	could become a springboard for regional integration and	prosperity.
5. The objective of ‘’Act East Policy” is to promote economic	cooperation, cultural ties and develop strategic relationship	with countries in the Asia-Pacific region through continuous
engagement at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels	thereby providing enhanced connectivity to the States of	North Eastern Region including Arunanchal Pradesh with
other countries in our neighbourhood.	6. The North East of India has been a priority in our Act East	Policy. The policy provides an interface between North East
India including the state of Arunachal Pradesh and the	ASEAN region.	7. Various plans at bilateral and regional levels include steady
efforts to develop and strengthen connectivity of Northeast	with the ASEAN region through trade, culture, people-to-	people contacts and physical infrastructure (road, airport,
telecommunication, power, etc.).	8. On the Civilizational front, Buddhist and Hindu links are	being energized to develop new contacts and connectivity
between people.	9. On Connectivity, special efforts are being made to develop a	coherent strategy, particularly for linking ASEAN with North
East India. Measures, including building transport	infrastructure, encouraging airlines to enhance connectivity	in the region, contacts between academic and cultural
institutions are underway.	10. India’s economic engagement with ASEAN has been	stepped up - regional integration and implementation of
projects are priorities. The ASEAN-India Agreement on	Trade in Service and Investments has entered into force for	India and seven ASEAN countries from 1 July 2015.
11. On strategic issues, India has increased convergence on	security interests with key partners both in bilateral and	multilateral format. Closer cooperation in combating
and promotion of maritime security based on international	norms and laws are being pursued.	NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. It includes world political climate, world public opinion	and world organisations.	2. India again re-established full diplomatic relations with
South Africa in 1994 when the policy of racial	discrimination was finally given up and democratic	government under Nelson Mandela came into
existence.	3. A.S. Narang: Indian Government and Politics, Gitanjali,	2000 Edition, p. 602.
4. D.N. Mallik: The Development of Non-Alignment in	India’s Foreign Policy, p. 165.	5. India 2009: A Reference Manual, Publications Division,
Government of India, p. 530.	6. Based on Keynote address delivered by Minister of	State for External Affairs, E. Ahamed, at the first India-
Central Asia Dialogue, June 12, 2012 at Bishkek,	Kyrgyzstan.	7. Press Information Bureau, Government of India,
PART-XI	WORKING OF THE CONSTITUTION	80. National Commission to Review the Working of the
80 National Commission to Review the	Working of the Constitution	T

1. To protect India’s core national interests and concerns in a

rapidly changing international environment by fostering

support and understanding in the international community.

2. To preserve the autonomy of the decision making process

and to play a pioneering role in the establishment of a

stable, prosperous and secure global order.

3. To strengthen the international campaign against terrorism

which is a global threat.

4. To build an international environment which is supportive of

India’s rapid economic growth including higher investments,

trade, access to technology and strengthening India’s

energy security.

5. To work closely with P-5 countries and to build strategic ties

with the major powers such as the USA, the EU, Japan,

Russia, and China.

6. To intensify and strengthen ties with neighbours through

mutually beneficial cooperation and by acknowledgement of

each other’s legitimate concerns.

7. To work for the realisation of SAARC as an economically

integrated region at peace with itself and engaged with the

world.

8. To ensure that cross-border terrorism is brought to an end

and the entire infrastructure of terrorism operating from

Pakistan is dismantled.

9. To further the gains from India’s ‘Act East’ Policy (erstwhile

‘Look East’ Policy) and aspire for substantive progress in

several areas of common interest to India and ASEAN.

10. To strengthen our ties with the countries of the Gulf region

that has become home to over 4 million Indians and is a

major source of supply of oil and gas.

11. To leverage economic growth through support to the

activities of regional organisations like the Bay of Bengal

Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic

Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Mekong-Ganga Cooperation and

trans-regional groupings like the India, Brazil and South

Africa (IBSA) Initiative and Indian Ocean Rim Association for

Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC).

12. To continue to work closely with regional groupings like the

EU and G-20 for furthering India’s interests in the

international arena.

13. To reform and restructure the UN Security Council and

espouse multi-polarity in a world order that respects the

principles of sovereignty and non-intervention.

14. To promote a more equitable equation between the

developed and the developing world in the political,

economic and technological domains.

15. To work towards the goal of global nuclear disarmament

within a timebound framework.

16. To closely interact with the Indian diaspora on a continuing

basis in order to strengthen their bonds with India and to

recognise their pivotal role in India’s international relations.

GUJRAL DOCTRINE OF INDIA

The Gujral Doctrine is a milestone in India’s foreign policy. It was

propounded and initiated in 1996 by I.K. Gujral, the then Foreign

Minister in the Deve Gowda Government.

The doctrine advocates that India, being the biggest country in

South Asia, should extend unilateral concessions to the smaller

neighbours. In other words, the doctrine is formulated on India’s

accommodating approach towards its smaller neighbours on the

basis of the principle of non-reciprocity. It recognises the supreme

importance of friendly and cordial relations with India’s

neighbours.

The doctrine is a five-point roadmap to guide the conduct of

India’s foreign relations with its immediate neighbours. These five

principles are as follows:

1. With the neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives,

Nepal and Sri Lanka, India should not ask for reciprocity, but

give to them what it can in good faith.

2. No South Asian country should allow its territory to be used

against the interest of another country of the region.

3. No country should interfere in the internal affairs of another

country.

4. All South Asian countries should respect each other’s

territorial integrity and sovereignty.

5. All South Asian countries should settle all their disputes

through peaceful bilateral negotiations.

Gujral himself explained: “The logic behind the Gujral Doctrine

was that since we had to face two hostile neighbours in the north

and the west, we had to be at ‘total peace’ with all other

immediate neighbours in order to contain Pakistan’s and China’s

influence in the region.”

NUCLEAR DOCTRINE OF INDIA

India adopted its nuclear doctrine in 2003. The salient features of

this doctrine are as follows:

1. Building and maintaining a credible minimum deterrent.

2. A posture of “No First Use” - nuclear weapons will only be

used in retaliation against a nuclear attack on Indian territory

or on Indian forces anywhere.

3. Nuclear retaliation to a first strike will be massive and

designed to inflict unacceptable damage.

4. Nuclear retaliatory attacks can only be authorised by the

civilian political leadership through the Nuclear Command

Authority.

5. Non-use of nuclear weapons against nonnuclear weapon

states.

6. However, in the event of a major attack against India, or

Indian forces anywhere, by biological or chemical weapons,

India will retain the option of retaliating with nuclear

weapons.

7. A continuance of strict controls on export of nuclear and

missile related materials and technologies, participation in

the Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty negotiations, and continued

observance of the moratorium on nuclear tests.

8. Continued commitment to the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free

world, through global, verifiable and non-discriminatory

nuclear disarmament.

The Nuclear Command Authority comprises a Political Council

and an Executive Council. The Political Council is chaired by the

Prime Minister. It is the sole body which can authorise the use of

nuclear weapons.

The Executive Council is chaired by the National Security

Advisor. It provides inputs for decision making by the Nuclear

Command Authority and executes the directives given to it by the

Political Council.

The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) reviewed the

progress in the operationalising of India’s nuclear doctrine. The

CCS reviewed the existing command and control structures, the

state of readiness, the targeting strategy for a retaliatory attack,

and operating procedures for various stages of alert and launch.

The CCS expressed satisfaction with the overall preparedness.

The CCS approved the appointment of a Commander-in-Chief,

Strategic Forces Command, to manage and administer all

Strategic Forces. The CCS also reviewed and approved the

CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA

India launched the “Connect Central Asia” Policy in 2012. This

policy is aimed at strengthening and expanding of India’s relations

with the Central Asian countries. These countries include

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and

Uzbekistan.

India’s “Connect Central Asia” policy is a broad-based

approach including political, security, economic and cultural

connections. Its features (or elements) are as follows6 :

1. India will continue to build on its strong political relations

through the exchange of high level visits. India’s leaders will

continue to interact closely both in bilateral and multilateral

fora.

2. India will strengthen its strategic and security cooperation.

India already has strategic partnerships with some Central

Asian countries. The focus will be on military training, joint

research, counter-terrorism coordination and close

consultations on Afghanistan.

3. India will step up multilateral engagement with Central Asian

partners using the synergy of joint efforts through existing

fora like the SCO, Eurasian Economic Community (EEC)

and the Custom Union. India has already proposed a

Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement to

integrate its markets with the unifying Eurasian space.

4. India looks to Central Asia as a longterm partner in energy,

and natural resources. Central Asia possesses large

cultivable tracts of land and there is potential for India to

cooperate in production of profitable crops with value

addition.

5. The medical field is another area that offers huge potential

for cooperation. India is ready to extend cooperation by

setting up civil hospitals/clinics in Central Asia.

6. India’s higher education system delivers at a fraction of the

fees charged by Western universities. Keeping this in mind,

India would like to assist in the setting up of a Central Asian

University in Bishkek that could come up as a centre of

excellence to impart world class education in areas like IT,

management, philosophy and languages.

7. India is working on setting up a Central Asian e-network with

its hub in India, to deliver, tele-education and tele-medicine

connectivity, linking all the five Central Asian States.

8. Indian companies can showcase India’s capability in the

construction sector and build world class structures at

competitive rates. Central Asian countries, especially

Kazakhstan, have almost limitless reserves of iron ore and

coal, as well as abundant cheap electricity. India can help

set up several medium size steel rolling mills, producing its

requirement of specific products.

9. As for land connectivity, India has reactivated the

International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). There

is a need to discuss ways to bridge the missing links in the

Corridor at the earliest and also work on other connecting

spurs along the route.

10. Absence of a viable banking infrastructure in the region is a

major barrier to trade and investment. Indian banks can

expand their presence if they see a favourable policy

environment.

11. India and Central Asian nations will jointly work to improve

air connectivity between them. India is one of the biggest

markets for outbound travelers estimated at USD 21 billion

in 2011. Many countries have opened tourist offices in India

to woo Indian tourists. Central Asian countries could emerge

as attractive holiday destinations for tourists and even for the

Indian film industry which likes to depict exotic foreign

locales in its films.

12. Connections between the people are the most vital linkages

to sustain the deep engagement. There is particularly need

to emphasise exchanges between youth and the future

leaders of India and Central Asia. There is already a robust

exchange of students. India and Central Asian nations will

encourage regular exchanges of scholars, academics, civil

society and youth delegations to gain deeper insights into

India’s “Connect Central Asia” policy is consonant with its

overall policy of deepening engagement in Eurasia, its policy of

strengthening relations with China, with Pakistan, and building on

its traditional relationship with Russia. India hopes that its

membership in numerous regional forums including at the SCO,

would bolster India’s renewed linkages with the region.

ACT EAST POLICY OF INDIA

In 2014, the Modi Government upgraded India’s “Look East

Policy” and re-named it as the “Act East Policy”. The “Look East

Policy” was first initiated in 1992 by the then Prime Minister P.V.

Narasimha Rao.

While addressing the India-ASEAN Summit (2014), the Prime

Minister Narendra Modi said : “A new era of economic

development, industrialization and trade has begun in India.

Externally, India’s ‘Look East Policy’ has become ‘Act East

Policy’”. Similarly, the External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj,

during her visit to Vietnam in 2014, told Indian envoys to ‘Act East’

and not just ‘Look East’.

The features (or elements) of India’s “Act East Policy” are as

follows7 :

1. India’s Act East Policy focusses on the extended

neighbourhood in the Asia-Pacific region. The policy which

was originally conceived as an economic initiative, has

gained political, strategic and cultural dimensions including

establishment of institutional mechanisms for dialogue and

cooperation.

2. India has upgraded its relations to strategic partnership with

Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan, Republic of Korea,

Australia, Singapore and Association of Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN) and forged close ties with all countries in

the Asia-Pacific region.

3. Further, apart from ASEAN, ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)

and East Asia Summit (EAS), India has also been actively

engaged in regional fora such as Bay of Bengal Initiative for

Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation

(BIMSTEC), Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Mekong

Ganga Cooperation (MGC) and Indian Ocean Rim

Association (IORA).

4. Act East Policy has placed emphasis on India-ASEAN

cooperation in our domestic agenda on infrastructure,

manufacturing, trade, skills, urban renewal, smart cities,

Make in India and other initiatives. Connectivity projects,

cooperation in space, S&T and people-to-people exchanges

could become a springboard for regional integration and

prosperity.

5. The objective of ‘’Act East Policy” is to promote economic

cooperation, cultural ties and develop strategic relationship

with countries in the Asia-Pacific region through continuous

engagement at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels

thereby providing enhanced connectivity to the States of

North Eastern Region including Arunanchal Pradesh with

other countries in our neighbourhood.

6. The North East of India has been a priority in our Act East

Policy. The policy provides an interface between North East

India including the state of Arunachal Pradesh and the

ASEAN region.

7. Various plans at bilateral and regional levels include steady

efforts to develop and strengthen connectivity of Northeast

with the ASEAN region through trade, culture, people-to-

people contacts and physical infrastructure (road, airport,

telecommunication, power, etc.).

8. On the Civilizational front, Buddhist and Hindu links are

being energized to develop new contacts and connectivity

between people.

9. On Connectivity, special efforts are being made to develop a

coherent strategy, particularly for linking ASEAN with North

East India. Measures, including building transport

infrastructure, encouraging airlines to enhance connectivity

in the region, contacts between academic and cultural

institutions are underway.

10. India’s economic engagement with ASEAN has been

stepped up - regional integration and implementation of

projects are priorities. The ASEAN-India Agreement on

Trade in Service and Investments has entered into force for

India and seven ASEAN countries from 1 July 2015.

11. On strategic issues, India has increased convergence on

security interests with key partners both in bilateral and

multilateral format. Closer cooperation in combating

and promotion of maritime security based on international

norms and laws are being pursued.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. It includes world political climate, world public opinion

and world organisations.

2. India again re-established full diplomatic relations with

South Africa in 1994 when the policy of racial

discrimination was finally given up and democratic

government under Nelson Mandela came into

existence.

3. A.S. Narang: Indian Government and Politics, Gitanjali,

2000 Edition, p. 602.

4. D.N. Mallik: The Development of Non-Alignment in

India’s Foreign Policy, p. 165.

5. India 2009: A Reference Manual, Publications Division,

Government of India, p. 530.

6. Based on Keynote address delivered by Minister of

State for External Affairs, E. Ahamed, at the first India-

Central Asia Dialogue, June 12, 2012 at Bishkek,

Kyrgyzstan.

7. Press Information Bureau, Government of India,

PART-XI

WORKING OF THE CONSTITUTION

80. National Commission to Review the Working of the

80 National Commission to Review the

Working of the Constitution

T