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8. United 8. 8. Kutch
Provinces Travancore-
Cochin
9. West 9. Vindhya 9. Manipur
Bengal Pradesh
10. Tripura
Table 5.2 Original Parts of the Constitution Dealing with States
and Territories
Parts Original Heading Articles covered
VI The States in Part A 152–237
of the First Schedule
VII The States in Part B 238
of the First Schedule
VIII The States in Part C 239–242
of the First Schedule
IX The Territories in 243
Part D of the First
Schedule and other
Territories not
specified in that
Schedule
However, in October, 1953, the Government of India was forced
to create the first linguistic state, known as Andhra state, by
separating the Telugu speaking areas from the Madras state. This
followed a prolonged popular agitation and the death of Potti
Sriramulu, a Congress person of standing, after a 56-day hunger
strike for the cause.
Fazl Ali Commission
The creation of Andhra state intensified the demand from other
regions for creation of states on linguistic basis. This forced the
Government of India to appoint (in December, 1953) a three-
member States Reorganisation Commission under the
chairmanship of Fazl Ali to re-examine the whole question. Its
other two members were K.M. Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru. It
submitted its report in September 1955 and broadly accepted
language as the basis of reorganisation of states. But, it rejected
the theory of ‘one language-one state’. Its view was that the unity
of India should be regarded as the primary consideration in any
redrawing of the country’s political units. It identified four major
factors that can be taken into account in any scheme of
reorganisation of states:
(a) Preservation and strengthening of the unity and security of
the country.
(b) Linguistic and cultural homogeneity.
(c) Financial, economic and administrative considerations.
(d) Planning and promotion of the welfare of the people in each
state as well as of the nation as a whole.
Table 5.3 Territory of India in 1956
States Union Territories
1. Andra Pradesh 1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2. Assam 2. Delhi
3. Bihar 3. Himachal Pradesh
4. Bombay 4. Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi
Islands
5. Jammu and Kashmir 5. Manipur
6. Kerala 6. Tripura
7. Madhya Pradesh
8. Madras
9. Mysore
10. Orissa
11. Punjab
12. Rajasthan
13. Uttar Pradesh
14. West Bengal
The commission suggested the abolition of the four-fold
classification of states and territories under the original
Constitution and creation of 16 states and 3 centrally administered
territories. The Government of India accepted these
recommendations with certain minor modifications. By the States
Act (1956), the distinction between Part A and Part B states was
done away with and Part C states were abolished. Some of them
were merged with adjacent states and some other were
designated as union territories. As a result, 14 states and 6 union
territories were created on November 1, 1956.7
The States Reorganisation Act (1956) established the new
state of Kerala by merging the Travancore - Cochin State with the
Malabar District of Madras state and Kasargode of South Canara
(Dakshina Kannada). It merged the Telugu-speaking areas of
Hyderabad state with the Andhra state to create the Andhra
Pradesh state. Further, it merged the Madya Bharat state, Vindya
Pradesh state and Bhopal state into the Madya Pradesh state.
Similarly, it merged the Saurashtra state and Kutch state into that
of the Bombay state, the Coorg state into that of Mysore state; the
Patiala and East Punjab States Union (Pepsu) into that of Punjab
state; and the Ajmer state into that of Rajastan state. Moreover, it
created the new union territory of Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi
Islands from the territory detached from the Madras state.
New States and Union Territories Created After 1956
Even after the large-scale reorganisation of the states in 1956, the
political map of India underwent continuous changes due to the
pressure of popular agitations and political conditions. The
demand for the creation of some more states on the basis of
language or cultural homogeneity resulted in the bifurcation of
existing states.
Maharashtra and Gujarat
In 1960, the bilingual state of Bombay was divided8 into two
separate states–Maharashtra for Marathispeaking people and
Gujarat for Gujaratispeaking people. Gujarat was established as
the 15th state of the Indian Union.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
The Portuguese ruled this territory until its liberation in 1954.
Subsequently, the administration was carried on till 1961 by an
into a union territory of India by the 10th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1961.
Goa, Daman and Diu
India acquired these three territories from the Portuguese by
means of a police action in 1961. They were constituted as a
union territory by the 12th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1962.
Later, in 1987, Goa was conferred a statehood.9 Consequently,
Daman and Diu was made a separate union territory.
Puducherry
The territory of Puducherry comprises the former French
establishments in India known as Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe and
Yanam. The French handed over this territory to India in 1954.
Subsequently, it was administered as an ‘acquired territory’, till
1962 when it was made a union territory by the 14th Constitutional
Amendment Act.
Nagaland
In 1963, the State of Nagaland was formed10 by taking the Naga
Hills and Tuensang area out of the state of Assam. This was done
to satisfy the movement of the hostile Nagas. However, before
giving Nagaland the status of the 16th state of the Indian Union, it
was placed under the control of governor of Assam in 1961.
Haryana, Chandigarh and Himachal Pradesh
In 1966, the State of Punjab was bifurcated11 to create Haryana,
the 17th state of the Indian Union, and the union territory of
Chandigarh. This followed the demand for a separate ‘Sikh
Homeland’ (Punjabi Subha) raised by the Akali Dal under the
leadership of Master Tara Singh. On the recommendation of the
Shah Commission (1966), the Punjabi-speaking areas were
constituted into the unilingual state of Punjab, the Hindi-speaking
areas were constituted into the State of Haryana and the hill areas
were merged with the adjoining union territory of Himachal
Pradesh. In 1971, the union territory of Himachal Pradesh was
elevated12 to the status of a state (18th state of the Indian Union).
In 1972, the political map of Northeast India underwent a major
change.13 Thus, the two union territories of Manipur and Tripura
and the sub-state of Meghalaya got statehood and the two union
territories of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh (originally known as
North-East Frontier Agency–NEFA) came into being. With this, the
number of states of the Indian Union increased to 21 (Manipur
19th, Tripura 20th and Meghalaya 21st). Initially, the 22nd
Constitutional Amendment Act (1969) created Meghalaya as an
‘autonomous state’ or ‘sub-state’ within the state of Assam with its
own legislature and council of ministers. However, this did not
satisfy the aspirations of the people of Meghalaya. The union
territories of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were also formed
out of the territories of Assam.
Sikkim
Till 1947, Sikkim was an Indian princely state ruled by Chogyal. In
1947, after the lapse of British paramountcy, Sikkim became a
‘protectorate’ of India, whereby the Indian Government assumed
responsibility for the defence, external affairs and communications
of Sikkim. In 1974, Sikkim expressed its desire for greater
association with India. Accordingly, the 35th Constitutional
Amendment Act (1974) was enacted by the parliament. This
amendment introduced a new class of statehood under the
constitution by conferring on Sikkim the status of an ‘associate
state’ of the Indian Union. For this purpose, a new Article 2-A and
a new schedule (10th Schedule containing the terms and
conditions of association) were inserted in the Constitution. This
experiment, however, did not last long as it could not fully satisfy
the aspirations of the people of Sikkim. In a referendum held in
1975, they voted for the abolition of the institution of Chogyal and
Sikkim becoming an integral part of India. Consequently, the 36th
Constitutional Amendment Act (1975) was enacted to make
Sikkim a full-fledged state of the Indian Union (the 22nd state).
This amendment amended the First and the Fourth Schedules to
the Constitution and added a new Article 371-F to provide for
certain special provisions with respect to the administration of
Sikkim. It also repealed Article 2-A and the 10th Schedule that
Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa
In 1987, three new States of Mizoram,14 Arunachal Pradesh15
and Goa16 came into being as the 23rd, 24th and 25th states of
the Indian Union respectively. The union territory of Mizoram was
conferred the status of a full state as a sequel to the signing of a
memorandum of settlement (Mizoram Peace Accord) in 1986
between the Central government and the Mizo National Front,
ending the two-decade-old insurgency. Arunachal Pradesh had
also been a union territory from 1972. The State of Goa was
created by separating the territory of Goa from the Union Territory
of Goa, Daman and Diu.
Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand
In 2000, three more new States of Chhattisgarh,17 Uttarakhand18
and Jharkhand19 were created out of the territories of Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, respectively. These became
the 26th, 27th and 28th states of the Indian Union, respectively.
Telangana
In 2014, the new state of Telangana came into existence as the
29th state of the Indian Union. It was carved out of the territories
of Andhra Pradesh.
The Andhra State Act (1953) formed the first linguistic state of
India, known as the state of Andhra, by taking out the Telugu
speaking areas from the State of Madras (now Tamil Nadu).
Kurnool was the capital of Andhra state and the state high court
was established at Guntur.
The States Reorganisation Act (1956) merged the Telugu-
speaking areas of Hyderabad state with the Andhra state to create
the enlarged Andhra Pradesh state. The capital of the state was
shifted to Hyderabad.
Again, the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act (2014)
bifurcated the Andhra Pradesh into two separate states, namely,
the Andhra Pradesh (residuary) and the Telangana.
Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh
Till 2019, the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir had its own
constitution and thus enjoyed a special status by virtue of Article
370 of the Constitution of India. In 2019, this special status was
abolished by a presidential order known as “The Constitution
(Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019”. This order
superseded the earlier order known as “The Constitution
(Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954”. The 2019
order extended all the provisions of the Constitution of India to
Jammu and Kashmir also. However, the inoperative Article 370
continue to remain in the text of the Constitution of India.
Further, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019,
bifurcated the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir into two
separate union territories, namely, the union territory of Jammu &
Kashmir and the union territory of Ladakh.
The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir comprises all the
districts of the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir except the
Kargil and Leh districts which have gone to the union territory of
Ladakh.
Thus, the number of states and union territories increased from
14 and 6 in 1956 to 28 and 9 in 2019, respectively20 .
Change of Names
The names of some states and union territories have also been
changed. The United Provinces was the first state to have a new
name. It was renamed ‘Uttar Pradesh’ in 1950. In 1969, Madras
was renamed21 ‘Tamil Nadu’. Similarly, in 1973, Mysore was
renamed22 ‘Karnataka’. In the same year, Laccadive, Minicoy and
Amindivi Islands were renamed23 ‘Lakshadweep’. In 1992, the
Union Territory of Delhi was redesignated as the National Capital
Territory of Delhi (without being conferred the status of a full-
fledged state) by the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1991.24
In 2006, Uttaranchal was renamed25 as ‘Uttarakhand’. In the
same year, Pondicherry was renamed26 as ‘Puducherry’. In 2011,
Orissa was renamed27 as ‘Odisha’.
Table 5.4 Territory of India in 2019
States Union Territories
1. Andhra Pradesh 1. Andaman and Nicobar
2. Arunachal Pradesh 2. Chandigarh
3. Assam 3. Dadra and Nagar Haveli
4. Bihar 4. Daman and Diu
5. Chhattisgarh 5. Delhi (National Capital
Territory)
6. Goa 6. Jammu and Kashmir
7. Gujarat 7. Ladakh
8. Haryana 8. Lakshadweep
9. Himachal Pradesh 9. Puducherry
10. Jharkhand
11. Karnataka
12. Kerala
13. Madhya Pradesh
14. Maharashtra
15. Manipur
16. Meghalaya
17. Mizoram
18. Nagaland
19. Odisha
20. Punjab
21. Rajasthan
22. Sikkim
23. Tamil Nadu
24. Telangana
25. Tripura
26. Uttarakhand
27. Uttar Pradesh
Table 5.5 Laws Made by Parliament Under Article 3 of the
Constitution
Sl. Acts Provisions
No.
1. Assam (Alteration of Altered the boundaries of
Boundaries) Act, 1951 the State of Assam by
ceding a strip of territory
comprised in that State to
Bhutan.
2. Andhra State Act, 1953 Formed the first linguistic
state, known as the State of
Andhra, by taking out the
Telugu speaking areas from
the State of Madras.
Kurnool was the capital of
Andhra State and the state
high court was established
at Guntur.
3. Himachal Pradesh and Formed the new state of
Bilaspur (New State) Act, Himachal Pradesh by
1954 Uniting the existing States of
Himachal Pradesh and
Bilaspur.
4. Chandernagore (Merger) Merged the territory of
Act, 1954 Chandernagore (a former
enclave of French India) into
the State of West Bengal.
5 States Reorganisation Act, Made the extensive
1956 changes in the boundaries
of various states for the
purpose of meeting the
linguistic, regional and local
demands. It created 14