jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
states and 6 union	territories. The States were:	Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Bihar, Bombay, Jammu and	Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya	Pradesh, Madras, Mysore,
Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan,	Uttar Pradesh and West	Bengal. The Union
Territories were: Andaman	and Nicobar Islands, Delhi,	Himachal Pradesh,
Laccadive, Minicoy and	Amindivi Islands, Manipur	and Tripura. It established
the new state of Kerala by	merging the Travancore-	Cochin State with the
Malabar district of Madras	State and the Kasargode of	South Canara (Dakshina
Kannada). It merged the	Teluguspeaking areas of	Hyderabad State with the
Andhra State to create the	Andhra Pradesh State.	Further, it merged the
Madhya Bharat State,	Vindhya Pradesh State and	Bhopal State into the
Madhya Pradesh State.	Similarly, it merged the	Saurashtra State and Kutch
State into that of the	Bombay State; the Coorg	State into that of Mysore
State; the Patiala and East	Punjab States Union	(Pepsu) into that of Punjab
Moreover, it created the new	union territory of Laccadive,	Minicoy and Amindivi
Islands from the territory	detached from the Madras	State.
6 Bihar and West Bengal Provided for the transfer of	(Transfer of Territories) Act, certain territories from the	1956 State of Bihar to the State of
West Bengal.	7. Rajasthan and Madhya Provided for the transfer of	Pradesh (Transfer of certain territories from the
Territories) Act, 1959 State of Rajasthan to the	State of Madhya Pradesh.	8. Andhra Pradesh and Provided for the alteration of
Madras (Alteration of boundaries of the States of	Boundaries) Act, 1959 Andhra Pradesh and	Madras.
9. Bombay Reorganisation Formed the new State of	Act, 1960 Gujarat (15th state) by taking	out the Gujarati speaking
areas from the state of	Bombay and renamed the	other part of the Bombay
State as Maharashtra State.	The city of Ahmedabad was	made the capital of Gujarat.
10. Acquired Territories Provided for the merger into	(Merger) Act, 1960 the States of Assam, Punjab	and West Bengal of Certain
territories acquired from	Pakistan under the	agreements entered into
between the Governments	of India and Pakistan, in	1958 and 1959.
11. State of Nagaland Act, 1962 Formed the new State of	Nagaland (16th state) by	taking out the Naga Hills -
Tuensang Area from the	State of Assam. The Naga	Hills - Tuensang Area was a
tribal area of Assam	specified in the Sixth	Schedule of the
Constitution.	12. Punjab Reorganisation Act, Formed the new State of	1966 Haryana (17th state) by
taking out the Hindi	speaking areas from the	State of Punjab. It also
made Chandigarh a new	Union Territory as well as a	common capital for both
Punjab and Haryana.	13. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh Provided for the alteration of	(Alteration of Boundaries) boundaries of the States of
Act, 1968 Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.	14. Andhra Pradesh and Provided for the transfer of	Mysore (Transfer of certain territory from the
Territory) Act, 1968 State of Mysore to the State	of Andhra Pradesh.	15. Madras State (Alteration of Changed the name of the
Name) Act, 1968 State of Madras to that of	State of Tamil Nadu.	16. Assam Reorganisation Formed an autonomous
(Meghalaya) Act, 1969 state (sub-state) known as	Meghalaya, within the State	of Assam.
17. State of Himachal Pradesh Elevated the Union Territory	Act, 1970 of Himachal Pradesh to the	status of a state (18th state).
18. North-Eastern Areas Elevated the two Union	(Reorganisation) Act, 1971 Territories of Manipur and	Tripura to the status of
states (19th state and 20th	state respectively). It also	conferred full statehood on
Meghalaya (21st state),	which was previously a sub-	state within the State of
Assam. Further, it formed	the two Union Territories of	Mizoram and Arunachal
Pradesh out of the territories	of Assam.	19. Mysore State (Alteration of Changed the name of the
Name) Act, 1973 state of Mysore to that of the	State of Karnataka.	20. Laccadive, Minicoy and Changed the name of the
Amindivi Islands (Alteration Union Territory of the	of Name) Act, 1973 Laccadive, Minicoy and	Amindivi Islands to that of
the Union Territory of	Lakshadweep.	21. Haryana and Uttar Pradesh Provided for the alteration of
(Alteration of Boundaries) boundaries of the States of	Act, 1979 Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.	22. State of Mizoram Act, 1986 Elevated the Union Territory
of Mizoram to the status of a	state (23rd state).	23. State of Arunachal Pradesh Elevated the Union Territory
Act, 1986 of Arunachal Pradesh to the	status of a State (24th state).	24. Goa, Daman and Diu Formed the new State of
Goa from the Union Territory	of Goa, Daman and Diu.	25. Madhya Pradesh Formed the new state of
Reorganisation Act, 2000 Chhattisgarh (26th state) out	of the territories of the State	of Madhya Pradesh.
26. Uttar Pradesh Created the new State of	Reorganisation Act, 2000 Uttaranchal (27th state) by	carving out its territory from
that of the territories of the	state of Uttar Pradesh.	27. Bihar Reorganisation Act, Established the new State of
2000 Jharkhand (28th state) by	separating its territory from	the territories of the State of
Bihar.	28. Uttaranchal (Alteration of Changed the name of the	Name) Act, 2006 State of Uttaranchal to that
of the State of Uttarakhand.	29. Pondicherry (Alteration of Renamed the Union	Name) Act, 2006 Territory of Pondicherry as
the Union Territory of	Puducherry.	30. Orissa (Alteration of Name) Changed the name of the
Act, 2011 State of Orissa to that of the	State of Odisha.	31. Andhra Pradesh Formed the new state of
Reorganisation Act, 2014 Telangana (29th state) by	carving out its territory from	the territories of the state of
Andhra Pradesh.	32. Jammu and Kashmir Bifurcated the erstwhile	Reorganisation Act, 2019 state of Jammu and
the Union territory of Jammu	& Kashmir and the Union	territory of Ladakh.
Table 5.6 Articles Related to Union and its Territory at a Glance	Article No. Subject-matter	1. Name and territory of the Union
2. Admission or establishment of new states	2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union–	(Repealed)
3. Formation of new states and alteration of areas,	boundaries or names of existing states	4. Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 to provide for
the amendment of the First and the Fourth	Schedules and supplemental, incidental and	consequential matters.
NOTES AND REFERENCES	1. Constituent Assembly Debates, volume 7, P, 43.	2. Till 2019, the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir
enjoyed a special position by virtue of Article 370 of the	Indian Constitution. It had its own separate State	Constitution.
3. Added by the 18th Constitutional Amendment Act of	1966.	4. Babulal v. State of Bombay (1960).
4a. This information is downloaded from the website of	Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department),	Government of India.
4b. Ibid.	5. See Table 5.1.	6. It had no chairman or convenor.
9. By the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987.	10. By the State of Nagaland Act, 1962, with effect from	December 1, 1963.
11. By Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966.	12. By the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970, with effect	from January 25, 1971.
13. By the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971,	with effect from January 21, 1972.	14. By the State of Mizoram Act, 1986, with effect from
February 20, 1987.	15. By the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986, with	effect from February 20, 1987.
16. By the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987.	17. By the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000.	18. By the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000.
19. By the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000.	20. See Table 5.4.	21. By the Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968,
with effect from January 14, 1969.	22. By the Mysore State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973.	23. By the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands
(Alteration of Name) Act, 1973.	24. With effect from February 1, 1992.	25. By the Uttaranchal (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006.
6 Citizenship	MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE	Like any other modern state, India has two kinds of people–citizens and
aliens. Citizens are full members of the Indian State and owe allegiance to	it. They enjoy all civil and political rights. Aliens, on the other hand, are the	citizens of some other state and hence, do not enjoy all the civil and
political rights. They are of two categories–friendly aliens or enemy aliens.	Friendly aliens are the subjects of those countries that have cordial	relations with India. Enemy aliens, on the other hand, are the subjects of
that country that is at war with India. They enjoy lesser rights than the	friendly aliens, eg, they do not enjoy protection against arrest and	detention (Article 22).
The Constitution confers the following rights and privileges on the	citizens of India (and denies the same to aliens):	1. Right against discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex
or place of birth (Article 15).	2. Right to equality of opportunity in the matter of public employment	(Article 16).
3. Right to freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association,	movement, residence and profession (Article 19).	4. Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29 and 30).
5. Right to vote in elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislative	assembly.	6. Right to contest for the membership of the Parliament and the state
legislature.	7. Eligibility to hold certain public offices, that is, President of India,	Vice-President of India, judges of the Supreme Court and the high
courts, Governor of states, Attorney General of India and Advocate	General of states.	Along with the above rights, the citizens also owe certain duties
towards the Indian State, as for example, paying taxes, respecting the	national flag and national anthem, defending the country and so on.	In India both a citizen by birth as well as a naturalised citizen are
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS	The Constitution deals with the citizenship from Articles 5 to 11 under Part	II. However, it contains neither any permanent nor any elaborate
provisions in this regard. It only identifies the persons who became	citizens of India at its commencement (i.e., on January 26, 1950). It does	not deal with the problem of acquisition or loss of citizenship subsequent
to its commencement. It empowers the Parliament to enact a law to	provide for such matters and any other matter relating to citizenship.	Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the Citizenship Act (1955), which
has been amended from time to time.	According to the Constitution, the following four categories of persons	became the citizens of India at its commencement i.e., on January 26,
1950:	1. A person who had his domicile in India and also fulfilled any one of	the three conditions, viz., if he was born in India; or if either of his
parents was born in India; or if he has been ordinarily resident in	India for five years immediately before the commencement of the	Constitution, became a citizen of India.
2. A person who migrated to India from Pakistan became an Indian	citizen if he or either of his parents or any of his grandparents was	born in undivided India and also fulfilled any one of the two
conditions viz., in case he migrated to India before July 19, 19481 ,	he had been ordinarily resident in India since the date of his	migration; or in case he migrated to India on or after July 19, 1948,
he had been registered as a citizen of India. But, a person could be	so registered only if he had been resident in India for six months	preceding the date of his application for registration.
3. A person who migrated to Pakistan from India after March 1, 1947,	but later returned to India for resettlement could become an Indian	citizen. For this, he had to be resident in India for six months
preceding the date of his application for registration2 .	4. A person who, or any of whose parents or grandparents, was born	in undivided India but who is ordinarily residing outside India shall
become an Indian citizen if he has been registered as a citizen of	India by the diplomatic or consular representative of India in the	country of his residence, whether before or after the commencement

states and 6 union

territories. The States were:

Andhra Pradesh, Assam,

Bihar, Bombay, Jammu and

Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya

Pradesh, Madras, Mysore,

Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh and West

Bengal. The Union

Territories were: Andaman

and Nicobar Islands, Delhi,

Himachal Pradesh,

Laccadive, Minicoy and

Amindivi Islands, Manipur

and Tripura. It established

the new state of Kerala by

merging the Travancore-

Cochin State with the

Malabar district of Madras

State and the Kasargode of

South Canara (Dakshina

Kannada). It merged the

Teluguspeaking areas of

Hyderabad State with the

Andhra State to create the

Andhra Pradesh State.

Further, it merged the

Madhya Bharat State,

Vindhya Pradesh State and

Bhopal State into the

Madhya Pradesh State.

Similarly, it merged the

Saurashtra State and Kutch

State into that of the

Bombay State; the Coorg

State into that of Mysore

State; the Patiala and East

Punjab States Union

(Pepsu) into that of Punjab

Moreover, it created the new

union territory of Laccadive,

Minicoy and Amindivi

Islands from the territory

detached from the Madras

State.

6 Bihar and West Bengal Provided for the transfer of

(Transfer of Territories) Act, certain territories from the

1956 State of Bihar to the State of

West Bengal.

7. Rajasthan and Madhya Provided for the transfer of

Pradesh (Transfer of certain territories from the

Territories) Act, 1959 State of Rajasthan to the

State of Madhya Pradesh.

8. Andhra Pradesh and Provided for the alteration of

Madras (Alteration of boundaries of the States of

Boundaries) Act, 1959 Andhra Pradesh and

Madras.

9. Bombay Reorganisation Formed the new State of

Act, 1960 Gujarat (15th state) by taking

out the Gujarati speaking

areas from the state of

Bombay and renamed the

other part of the Bombay

State as Maharashtra State.

The city of Ahmedabad was

made the capital of Gujarat.

10. Acquired Territories Provided for the merger into

(Merger) Act, 1960 the States of Assam, Punjab

and West Bengal of Certain

territories acquired from

Pakistan under the

agreements entered into

between the Governments

of India and Pakistan, in

1958 and 1959.

11. State of Nagaland Act, 1962 Formed the new State of

Nagaland (16th state) by

taking out the Naga Hills -

Tuensang Area from the

State of Assam. The Naga

Hills - Tuensang Area was a

tribal area of Assam

specified in the Sixth

Schedule of the

Constitution.

12. Punjab Reorganisation Act, Formed the new State of

1966 Haryana (17th state) by

taking out the Hindi

speaking areas from the

State of Punjab. It also

made Chandigarh a new

Union Territory as well as a

common capital for both

Punjab and Haryana.

13. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh Provided for the alteration of

(Alteration of Boundaries) boundaries of the States of

Act, 1968 Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

14. Andhra Pradesh and Provided for the transfer of

Mysore (Transfer of certain territory from the

Territory) Act, 1968 State of Mysore to the State

of Andhra Pradesh.

15. Madras State (Alteration of Changed the name of the

Name) Act, 1968 State of Madras to that of

State of Tamil Nadu.

16. Assam Reorganisation Formed an autonomous

(Meghalaya) Act, 1969 state (sub-state) known as

Meghalaya, within the State

of Assam.

17. State of Himachal Pradesh Elevated the Union Territory

Act, 1970 of Himachal Pradesh to the

status of a state (18th state).

18. North-Eastern Areas Elevated the two Union

(Reorganisation) Act, 1971 Territories of Manipur and

Tripura to the status of

states (19th state and 20th

state respectively). It also

conferred full statehood on

Meghalaya (21st state),

which was previously a sub-

state within the State of

Assam. Further, it formed

the two Union Territories of

Mizoram and Arunachal

Pradesh out of the territories

of Assam.

19. Mysore State (Alteration of Changed the name of the

Name) Act, 1973 state of Mysore to that of the

State of Karnataka.

20. Laccadive, Minicoy and Changed the name of the

Amindivi Islands (Alteration Union Territory of the

of Name) Act, 1973 Laccadive, Minicoy and

Amindivi Islands to that of

the Union Territory of

Lakshadweep.

21. Haryana and Uttar Pradesh Provided for the alteration of

(Alteration of Boundaries) boundaries of the States of

Act, 1979 Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

22. State of Mizoram Act, 1986 Elevated the Union Territory

of Mizoram to the status of a

state (23rd state).

23. State of Arunachal Pradesh Elevated the Union Territory

Act, 1986 of Arunachal Pradesh to the

status of a State (24th state).

24. Goa, Daman and Diu Formed the new State of

Goa from the Union Territory

of Goa, Daman and Diu.

25. Madhya Pradesh Formed the new state of

Reorganisation Act, 2000 Chhattisgarh (26th state) out

of the territories of the State

of Madhya Pradesh.

26. Uttar Pradesh Created the new State of

Reorganisation Act, 2000 Uttaranchal (27th state) by

carving out its territory from

that of the territories of the

state of Uttar Pradesh.

27. Bihar Reorganisation Act, Established the new State of

2000 Jharkhand (28th state) by

separating its territory from

the territories of the State of

Bihar.

28. Uttaranchal (Alteration of Changed the name of the

Name) Act, 2006 State of Uttaranchal to that

of the State of Uttarakhand.

29. Pondicherry (Alteration of Renamed the Union

Name) Act, 2006 Territory of Pondicherry as

the Union Territory of

Puducherry.

30. Orissa (Alteration of Name) Changed the name of the

Act, 2011 State of Orissa to that of the

State of Odisha.

31. Andhra Pradesh Formed the new state of

Reorganisation Act, 2014 Telangana (29th state) by

carving out its territory from

the territories of the state of

Andhra Pradesh.

32. Jammu and Kashmir Bifurcated the erstwhile

Reorganisation Act, 2019 state of Jammu and

the Union territory of Jammu

& Kashmir and the Union

territory of Ladakh.

Table 5.6 Articles Related to Union and its Territory at a Glance

Article No. Subject-matter

1. Name and territory of the Union

2. Admission or establishment of new states

2A. Sikkim to be associated with the Union–

(Repealed)

3. Formation of new states and alteration of areas,

boundaries or names of existing states

4. Laws made under Articles 2 and 3 to provide for

the amendment of the First and the Fourth

Schedules and supplemental, incidental and

consequential matters.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Constituent Assembly Debates, volume 7, P, 43.

2. Till 2019, the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir

enjoyed a special position by virtue of Article 370 of the

Indian Constitution. It had its own separate State

Constitution.

3. Added by the 18th Constitutional Amendment Act of

1966.

4. Babulal v. State of Bombay (1960).

4a. This information is downloaded from the website of

Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department),

Government of India.

4b. Ibid.

5. See Table 5.1.

6. It had no chairman or convenor.

9. By the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987.

10. By the State of Nagaland Act, 1962, with effect from

December 1, 1963.

11. By Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966.

12. By the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970, with effect

from January 25, 1971.

13. By the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971,

with effect from January 21, 1972.

14. By the State of Mizoram Act, 1986, with effect from

February 20, 1987.

15. By the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986, with

effect from February 20, 1987.

16. By the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987.

17. By the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000.

18. By the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000.

19. By the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000.

20. See Table 5.4.

21. By the Madras State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1968,

with effect from January 14, 1969.

22. By the Mysore State (Alteration of Name) Act, 1973.

23. By the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands

(Alteration of Name) Act, 1973.

24. With effect from February 1, 1992.

25. By the Uttaranchal (Alteration of Name) Act, 2006.

6 Citizenship

MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE

Like any other modern state, India has two kinds of people–citizens and

aliens. Citizens are full members of the Indian State and owe allegiance to

it. They enjoy all civil and political rights. Aliens, on the other hand, are the

citizens of some other state and hence, do not enjoy all the civil and

political rights. They are of two categories–friendly aliens or enemy aliens.

Friendly aliens are the subjects of those countries that have cordial

relations with India. Enemy aliens, on the other hand, are the subjects of

that country that is at war with India. They enjoy lesser rights than the

friendly aliens, eg, they do not enjoy protection against arrest and

detention (Article 22).

The Constitution confers the following rights and privileges on the

citizens of India (and denies the same to aliens):

1. Right against discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex

or place of birth (Article 15).

2. Right to equality of opportunity in the matter of public employment

(Article 16).

3. Right to freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association,

movement, residence and profession (Article 19).

4. Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29 and 30).

5. Right to vote in elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislative

assembly.

6. Right to contest for the membership of the Parliament and the state

legislature.

7. Eligibility to hold certain public offices, that is, President of India,

Vice-President of India, judges of the Supreme Court and the high

courts, Governor of states, Attorney General of India and Advocate

General of states.

Along with the above rights, the citizens also owe certain duties

towards the Indian State, as for example, paying taxes, respecting the

national flag and national anthem, defending the country and so on.

In India both a citizen by birth as well as a naturalised citizen are

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

The Constitution deals with the citizenship from Articles 5 to 11 under Part

II. However, it contains neither any permanent nor any elaborate

provisions in this regard. It only identifies the persons who became

citizens of India at its commencement (i.e., on January 26, 1950). It does

not deal with the problem of acquisition or loss of citizenship subsequent

to its commencement. It empowers the Parliament to enact a law to

provide for such matters and any other matter relating to citizenship.

Accordingly, the Parliament has enacted the Citizenship Act (1955), which

has been amended from time to time.

According to the Constitution, the following four categories of persons

became the citizens of India at its commencement i.e., on January 26,

1950:

1. A person who had his domicile in India and also fulfilled any one of

the three conditions, viz., if he was born in India; or if either of his

parents was born in India; or if he has been ordinarily resident in

India for five years immediately before the commencement of the

Constitution, became a citizen of India.

2. A person who migrated to India from Pakistan became an Indian

citizen if he or either of his parents or any of his grandparents was

born in undivided India and also fulfilled any one of the two

conditions viz., in case he migrated to India before July 19, 19481 ,

he had been ordinarily resident in India since the date of his

migration; or in case he migrated to India on or after July 19, 1948,

he had been registered as a citizen of India. But, a person could be

so registered only if he had been resident in India for six months

preceding the date of his application for registration.

3. A person who migrated to Pakistan from India after March 1, 1947,

but later returned to India for resettlement could become an Indian

citizen. For this, he had to be resident in India for six months

preceding the date of his application for registration2 .

4. A person who, or any of whose parents or grandparents, was born

in undivided India but who is ordinarily residing outside India shall

become an Indian citizen if he has been registered as a citizen of

India by the diplomatic or consular representative of India in the

country of his residence, whether before or after the commencement