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(Resigned)	2. K.S. Hegde 1977 to 1980	Seventh Balram Jakhar 1980 to 1985
Eighth Balram Jakhar 1985 to 1989	Ninth Rabi Ray 1989 to 1991	Tenth Shivraj Patil 1991 to 1996
Eleventh P.A. Sangma 1996 to 1998	Twelfth G.M.C. Balayogi 1998 to 1999	Thirteenth 1. G.M.C. Balayogi 1999 to 2002 (Died)
2. Manohar Joshi 2002 to 2004	Fourteenth Somnath Chatterjee 2004 to 2009	Fifteenth Ms. Meira Kumar 2009 – 2014
Sixteenth Ms. Sumitra Mahajan 2014 – 2019	Seventeenth Om Birla 2019 - till date	Table 22.9 Articles Related to Parliament at a Glance
Article No. Subject Matter	General	79. Constitution of Parliament
80. Composition of the Council of States	81. Composition of the House of the People	82. Readjustment after each census
83. Duration of Houses of Parliament	84. Qualification for membership of Parliament	85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and
dissolution	86. Right of President to address and send	messages to Houses
87. Special address by the President	88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as	respects Houses
Officers of Parliament	89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the	Council of States
90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from,	the office of Deputy Chairman	91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person
92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to	preside while a resolution for his removal from	office is under consideration
93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the	House of the People	94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from,
the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker	95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person	to perform the duties of the office of, or to act
as, Speaker	96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to	preside while a resolution for his removal from
office is under consideration	97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and	Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy
Speaker	98. Secretariat of Parliament	Conduct of Business
99. Oath or affirmation by members	100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act	notwithstanding vacancies and quorum
Disqualifications of Members	101. Vacation of seats	102. Disqualifications for membership
103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of	members	104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making
oath or affirmation under Article 99 or when not	qualified or when disqualified	Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its
Members	105. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of	Parliament and of the members and
committees thereof	106. Salaries and allowances of members	Legislative Procedure
107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of	Bills	108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills	110. Definition of “Money Bills”	111. Assent to Bills
Procedures in Financial Matters	112. Annual financial statement	113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to
estimates	114. Appropriation Bills	115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants
116. Votes on account, votes of credit and	exceptional grants	117. Special provisions as to financial Bills
Procedure Generally	118. Rules of procedure	119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament
in relation to financial business	120. Language to be used in Parliament	121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament
122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of	Parliament	Legislative Powers of the President
NOTES AND REFERENCES	1. Westminster is a place in London where the British	Parliament is located. It is often used as a symbol of the
British Parliament.	2. See Table 22.5 at the end of this chapter.	3. An Anglo-Indian is a person whose father or any of
whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was	of European descent but who is domiciled within the	territory of India and is or was born within such territory
of parents habitually resident therein and not merely	established there for temporary purposes.	4. See Table 22.5 at the end of this chapter.
5. This means that the number of Lok Sabha seats	reserved in a state or union territory for such castes and	tribes is to bear the same proportion to the total number
of seats allotted to that state or union territory in the Lok	Sabha as the population of such castes and tribes in the	concerned state or union territory bears to the total
population of state or union territory.	6. Under this, the president has made the Rajya Sabha	(Term of Office of Members) Order, 1952.
7. The term of the fifth Lok Sabha that was to expire on 18	March, 1976, was extended by one year upto 18 March,	1977 by the House of the People (Extension of
Duration) Act, 1976. It was extended for a further period	of one year up to 18 March, 1978 by the House of the	People (Extension of Duration) Amendment Act, 1976.
However, the House was dissolved on 18 January 1977,	after having been in existence for a period of five years,	10 months and six days.
8. A minister in the Union or state government is not	considered as holding the office of profit. Also, the	Parliament can declare that a particular office of profit
will notdisqualify its holder from parliamentary	membership.	9. According to the Prohibition of Simultaneous
9a. Section 3 of the Salaries and Allowances of Officers of	Parliament Act, 1953 (as amended).	9b. Ibid.
9c. Ibid.	9d. Ibid.	9e. Section 5 of the Salaries and Allowances of Officers of
Parliament Act, 1953 (as amended).	9f. Ibid.	10. Kihota Hollohan Vs. Zachilhu (1992).
11. In this context, V.V. Giri observed: “The holder of an	office provided with such extensive authority and power	must discharge the duties of his office impartially. So
impartiality is regarded as an indispensable condition of	the office of the Speaker, who is the guardian of the	powers and privileges of the House and not of the
political party with whose support he might have been	elected to the office. It is not possible for him to maintain	order in the House unless he enjoys the confidence of
the minority parties by safeguarding their rights and	privileges”. (‘Powers of the Presiding Officers in Indian	Legislature’ in Journal of Consitutional and
Parliamentary Studies, New Delhi, Vol II, No. 4, Oct-	Dec. 1968, p. 22)	12. For example, in the 13th Lok Sabha, Mr. Indrajit Gupta
was appointed as Speaker Pro Tem on 20 October 1999	and remained in that office till 22 October 1999 when	the new Speaker, Mr. G.M.C. Balayogi was elected.
13. Under Article 107 (3) of the Constitution, a bill pending	in Parliament shall not lapse by reason of the	prorogation of the Houses.
Under Rule 336 of the Lok Sabha, a motion, resolution	or an amendment, which has been moved and is	pending in the House, shall not lapse by reason only of
the prorogation of the House.	14. Subhash C. Kashyap: Our Parliament, National Book	Trust, 1999 Edition, P. 135–136.
15a. T.K. Viswanathan (Editor), The Indian Parliament, Lok	Sabha Secretariat, Fourteenth Edition, 2011, p.21.	16. Subhash C. Kashyap: Our Parliament, National Book
Trust, 1999 Edition, P. 139–141.	17. Ibid, P. 139.	18. Under Rule 64 of Lok Sabha, the Speaker may, on
request being made to him, order the publication of any	bill in the Gazette, although no motion has been made	for leave to introduce the bill. In that case, it shall not be
necessary to move for leave to introduce the bill and if	the bill is afterwards introduced, it shall not be	necessary to publish it again.
19. For different kinds of veto, see ‘Veto Power of the	President’ under Chapter 17.	20. The Lok Sabha did not agree to the amendments made
by the Rajya Sabha. A joint siting was held on 6 May	1961.	21. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha but rejected by
the Rajya Sabha. A joint sitting was held on 16 May	1978.	22. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha but rejected by
the Rajya Sabha. A joint sitting was held on 26 March	2002. The bill was passed when 425 members voted for	it and 296 against.
23. N.N. Mallya: Indian Parliament, P. 39.	24. Kesavananda Bharati V. State of Kerala (1973);	Minerva Mills V. Union of India (1980).
25. In 1977, the sixth Lok Sabha expelled Mrs. Indira	Gandhi from its membership and sentenced her to jail	for a week for committing a contempt of House while
she was Prime Minister. But, the seventh Lok Sabha	rescinded the resolution expelling her by describing it as	politically motivated. In 1990, a former Minister, K.K.
Tiwari, was reprimanded by the Rajya Sabha.	26. Article 121 of the Constitution says that no discussion	shall take place in Parliament with respect to the
motion for presenting an address to the president	praying for the removal of the judge. Under Rules 349 to	350 of the Lok Sabha, use of unparliamentary language
or unparliamentary conduct of a member is prohibited.	27. Kaul and Shakdher: Practice and Procedure of	Parliament, First Edition, P. 157.
28. Thomas Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice, 15th	Edition, P. 109.	29. Subhash C. Kashyap: Our Parliament, National Book
Trust, 1999 Edition, P. 241.	30. Thomas Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice, 16th	Edition, P. 43.
31. The then law minister gave the following reason for	dropping reference to the British House of Commons:	“That the original provision–there was no escape from
it–had referred to the British House of Commons. Now a	proud country like India would like to avoid making any	reference to a foreign institution in its own solemn
constitutional document. Therefore, this verbal change	is being introduced so that there may not be any	reference to a foreign institution.”
23 Parliamentary Committees	MEANING	The Parliament is too unwieldy a body to deliberate effectively the
issues that come up before it. The functions of the Parliament are	varied, complex and voluminous. Moreover, it has neither the	adequate time nor necessary expertise to make a detailed
scrutiny of all legislative measures and other matters. Therefore, it	is assisted by a number of committees in the discharge of its	duties.
The Constitution of India makes a mention of these committees	at different places, but without making any specific provisions	regarding their composition, tenure, functions, etc. All these
matters are dealt by the rules of two Houses. Accordingly, a	parliamentary committee means a committee that:	1. Is appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the
Speaker / Chairman1	2. Works under the direction of the Speaker / Chairman	3. Presents its report to the House or to the Speaker /
Chairman	4. Has a secretariat provided by the Lok Sabha / Rajya Sabha	The consultative committees, which also consist of members of
CLASSIFICATION	Broadly, parliamentary committees are of two kinds–Standing	Committees and Ad Hoc Committees. The former are permanent
(constituted every year or periodically) and work on a continuous	basis, while the latter are temporary and cease to exist on	completion of the task assigned to them.
Standing Committees	On the basis of the nature of functions performed by them,	standing committees can be classified into the following six
categories:	1. Financial Committees	(a) Public Accounts Committee
(b) Estimates Committee	(c) Committee on Public Undertakings	2. Departmental Standing Committees (24)
3. Committees to Inquire	(a) Committee on Petitions	(b) Committee of Privileges
(c) Ethics Committee	4. Committees to Scrutinise and Control	(a) Committee on Government Assurances
(b) Committee on Subordinate Legislation	(c) Committee on Papers Laid on the Table	(d) Committee on Welfare of SCs and STs
(e) Committee on Empowerment of Women	(f) Joint Committee3 on Offices of Profit	5. Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the
House	(a) Business Advisory Committee	(b) Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions
(c) Rules Committee	(d) Committee on Absence of Members from Sittings of the	House
6. House-Keeping Committees or Service Committees (i.e.,	Committees concerned with the Provision of Facilities and	Services to Members):
(a) General Purposes Committee	(b) House Committee	(c) Library Committee
(d) Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members	Ad Hoc Committees	Ad hoc committees can be divided into two categories, that is,
Inquiry Committees and Advisory Committees.	1. Inquiry Committees are constituted from time to time, either	by the two Houses on a motion adopted in that behalf, or by
the Speaker / Chairman, to inquire into and report on	specific subjects. For example:	(a) Committee on the Conduct of Certain Members during
President’s Address	(b) Committee on Draft Five-Year Plan	(c) Railway Convention Committee4
(d) Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area	Development Scheme (MPLADS)	(e) Joint Committee on Bofors Contract

(Resigned)

2. K.S. Hegde 1977 to 1980

Seventh Balram Jakhar 1980 to 1985

Eighth Balram Jakhar 1985 to 1989

Ninth Rabi Ray 1989 to 1991

Tenth Shivraj Patil 1991 to 1996

Eleventh P.A. Sangma 1996 to 1998

Twelfth G.M.C. Balayogi 1998 to 1999

Thirteenth 1. G.M.C. Balayogi 1999 to 2002 (Died)

2. Manohar Joshi 2002 to 2004

Fourteenth Somnath Chatterjee 2004 to 2009

Fifteenth Ms. Meira Kumar 2009 – 2014

Sixteenth Ms. Sumitra Mahajan 2014 – 2019

Seventeenth Om Birla 2019 - till date

Table 22.9 Articles Related to Parliament at a Glance

Article No. Subject Matter

General

79. Constitution of Parliament

80. Composition of the Council of States

81. Composition of the House of the People

82. Readjustment after each census

83. Duration of Houses of Parliament

84. Qualification for membership of Parliament

85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and

dissolution

86. Right of President to address and send

messages to Houses

87. Special address by the President

88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as

respects Houses

Officers of Parliament

89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the

Council of States

90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from,

the office of Deputy Chairman

91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person

92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to

preside while a resolution for his removal from

office is under consideration

93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the

House of the People

94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from,

the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker

95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person

to perform the duties of the office of, or to act

as, Speaker

96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to

preside while a resolution for his removal from

office is under consideration

97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and

Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy

Speaker

98. Secretariat of Parliament

Conduct of Business

99. Oath or affirmation by members

100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act

notwithstanding vacancies and quorum

Disqualifications of Members

101. Vacation of seats

102. Disqualifications for membership

103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of

members

104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making

oath or affirmation under Article 99 or when not

qualified or when disqualified

Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its

Members

105. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of

Parliament and of the members and

committees thereof

106. Salaries and allowances of members

Legislative Procedure

107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of

Bills

108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases

109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills

110. Definition of “Money Bills”

111. Assent to Bills

Procedures in Financial Matters

112. Annual financial statement

113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to

estimates

114. Appropriation Bills

115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants

116. Votes on account, votes of credit and

exceptional grants

117. Special provisions as to financial Bills

Procedure Generally

118. Rules of procedure

119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament

in relation to financial business

120. Language to be used in Parliament

121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament

122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of

Parliament

Legislative Powers of the President

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. Westminster is a place in London where the British

Parliament is located. It is often used as a symbol of the

British Parliament.

2. See Table 22.5 at the end of this chapter.

3. An Anglo-Indian is a person whose father or any of

whose other male progenitors in the male line is or was

of European descent but who is domiciled within the

territory of India and is or was born within such territory

of parents habitually resident therein and not merely

established there for temporary purposes.

4. See Table 22.5 at the end of this chapter.

5. This means that the number of Lok Sabha seats

reserved in a state or union territory for such castes and

tribes is to bear the same proportion to the total number

of seats allotted to that state or union territory in the Lok

Sabha as the population of such castes and tribes in the

concerned state or union territory bears to the total

population of state or union territory.

6. Under this, the president has made the Rajya Sabha

(Term of Office of Members) Order, 1952.

7. The term of the fifth Lok Sabha that was to expire on 18

March, 1976, was extended by one year upto 18 March,

1977 by the House of the People (Extension of

Duration) Act, 1976. It was extended for a further period

of one year up to 18 March, 1978 by the House of the

People (Extension of Duration) Amendment Act, 1976.

However, the House was dissolved on 18 January 1977,

after having been in existence for a period of five years,

10 months and six days.

8. A minister in the Union or state government is not

considered as holding the office of profit. Also, the

Parliament can declare that a particular office of profit

will notdisqualify its holder from parliamentary

membership.

9. According to the Prohibition of Simultaneous

9a. Section 3 of the Salaries and Allowances of Officers of

Parliament Act, 1953 (as amended).

9b. Ibid.

9c. Ibid.

9d. Ibid.

9e. Section 5 of the Salaries and Allowances of Officers of

Parliament Act, 1953 (as amended).

9f. Ibid.

10. Kihota Hollohan Vs. Zachilhu (1992).

11. In this context, V.V. Giri observed: “The holder of an

office provided with such extensive authority and power

must discharge the duties of his office impartially. So

impartiality is regarded as an indispensable condition of

the office of the Speaker, who is the guardian of the

powers and privileges of the House and not of the

political party with whose support he might have been

elected to the office. It is not possible for him to maintain

order in the House unless he enjoys the confidence of

the minority parties by safeguarding their rights and

privileges”. (‘Powers of the Presiding Officers in Indian

Legislature’ in Journal of Consitutional and

Parliamentary Studies, New Delhi, Vol II, No. 4, Oct-

Dec. 1968, p. 22)

12. For example, in the 13th Lok Sabha, Mr. Indrajit Gupta

was appointed as Speaker Pro Tem on 20 October 1999

and remained in that office till 22 October 1999 when

the new Speaker, Mr. G.M.C. Balayogi was elected.

13. Under Article 107 (3) of the Constitution, a bill pending

in Parliament shall not lapse by reason of the

prorogation of the Houses.

Under Rule 336 of the Lok Sabha, a motion, resolution

or an amendment, which has been moved and is

pending in the House, shall not lapse by reason only of

the prorogation of the House.

14. Subhash C. Kashyap: Our Parliament, National Book

Trust, 1999 Edition, P. 135–136.

15a. T.K. Viswanathan (Editor), The Indian Parliament, Lok

Sabha Secretariat, Fourteenth Edition, 2011, p.21.

16. Subhash C. Kashyap: Our Parliament, National Book

Trust, 1999 Edition, P. 139–141.

17. Ibid, P. 139.

18. Under Rule 64 of Lok Sabha, the Speaker may, on

request being made to him, order the publication of any

bill in the Gazette, although no motion has been made

for leave to introduce the bill. In that case, it shall not be

necessary to move for leave to introduce the bill and if

the bill is afterwards introduced, it shall not be

necessary to publish it again.

19. For different kinds of veto, see ‘Veto Power of the

President’ under Chapter 17.

20. The Lok Sabha did not agree to the amendments made

by the Rajya Sabha. A joint siting was held on 6 May

1961.

21. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha but rejected by

the Rajya Sabha. A joint sitting was held on 16 May

1978.

22. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha but rejected by

the Rajya Sabha. A joint sitting was held on 26 March

2002. The bill was passed when 425 members voted for

it and 296 against.

23. N.N. Mallya: Indian Parliament, P. 39.

24. Kesavananda Bharati V. State of Kerala (1973);

Minerva Mills V. Union of India (1980).

25. In 1977, the sixth Lok Sabha expelled Mrs. Indira

Gandhi from its membership and sentenced her to jail

for a week for committing a contempt of House while

she was Prime Minister. But, the seventh Lok Sabha

rescinded the resolution expelling her by describing it as

politically motivated. In 1990, a former Minister, K.K.

Tiwari, was reprimanded by the Rajya Sabha.

26. Article 121 of the Constitution says that no discussion

shall take place in Parliament with respect to the

motion for presenting an address to the president

praying for the removal of the judge. Under Rules 349 to

350 of the Lok Sabha, use of unparliamentary language

or unparliamentary conduct of a member is prohibited.

27. Kaul and Shakdher: Practice and Procedure of

Parliament, First Edition, P. 157.

28. Thomas Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice, 15th

Edition, P. 109.

29. Subhash C. Kashyap: Our Parliament, National Book

Trust, 1999 Edition, P. 241.

30. Thomas Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice, 16th

Edition, P. 43.

31. The then law minister gave the following reason for

dropping reference to the British House of Commons:

“That the original provision–there was no escape from

it–had referred to the British House of Commons. Now a

proud country like India would like to avoid making any

reference to a foreign institution in its own solemn

constitutional document. Therefore, this verbal change

is being introduced so that there may not be any

reference to a foreign institution.”

23 Parliamentary Committees

MEANING

The Parliament is too unwieldy a body to deliberate effectively the

issues that come up before it. The functions of the Parliament are

varied, complex and voluminous. Moreover, it has neither the

adequate time nor necessary expertise to make a detailed

scrutiny of all legislative measures and other matters. Therefore, it

is assisted by a number of committees in the discharge of its

duties.

The Constitution of India makes a mention of these committees

at different places, but without making any specific provisions

regarding their composition, tenure, functions, etc. All these

matters are dealt by the rules of two Houses. Accordingly, a

parliamentary committee means a committee that:

1. Is appointed or elected by the House or nominated by the

Speaker / Chairman1

2. Works under the direction of the Speaker / Chairman

3. Presents its report to the House or to the Speaker /

Chairman

4. Has a secretariat provided by the Lok Sabha / Rajya Sabha

The consultative committees, which also consist of members of

CLASSIFICATION

Broadly, parliamentary committees are of two kinds–Standing

Committees and Ad Hoc Committees. The former are permanent

(constituted every year or periodically) and work on a continuous

basis, while the latter are temporary and cease to exist on

completion of the task assigned to them.

Standing Committees

On the basis of the nature of functions performed by them,

standing committees can be classified into the following six

categories:

1. Financial Committees

(a) Public Accounts Committee

(b) Estimates Committee

(c) Committee on Public Undertakings

2. Departmental Standing Committees (24)

3. Committees to Inquire

(a) Committee on Petitions

(b) Committee of Privileges

(c) Ethics Committee

4. Committees to Scrutinise and Control

(a) Committee on Government Assurances

(b) Committee on Subordinate Legislation

(c) Committee on Papers Laid on the Table

(d) Committee on Welfare of SCs and STs

(e) Committee on Empowerment of Women

(f) Joint Committee3 on Offices of Profit

5. Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the

House

(a) Business Advisory Committee

(b) Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions

(c) Rules Committee

(d) Committee on Absence of Members from Sittings of the

House

6. House-Keeping Committees or Service Committees (i.e.,

Committees concerned with the Provision of Facilities and

Services to Members):

(a) General Purposes Committee

(b) House Committee

(c) Library Committee

(d) Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members

Ad Hoc Committees

Ad hoc committees can be divided into two categories, that is,

Inquiry Committees and Advisory Committees.

1. Inquiry Committees are constituted from time to time, either

by the two Houses on a motion adopted in that behalf, or by

the Speaker / Chairman, to inquire into and report on

specific subjects. For example:

(a) Committee on the Conduct of Certain Members during

President’s Address

(b) Committee on Draft Five-Year Plan

(c) Railway Convention Committee4

(d) Committee on Members of Parliament Local Area

Development Scheme (MPLADS)

(e) Joint Committee on Bofors Contract